New England Journal of Medicine

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT02912559 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the ATOMIC trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT05379985 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

One of the most cited trial reports Europe PMC returns for Daraxonrasib in Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, so it is a natural first reading for anyone weighing the idea it is linked from. The record was linked automatically by title and abstract; read the abstract above and the paper itself before relying on any figure.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT05668988 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the WU-KONG28 trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT02947685 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the PATINA trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT04821622 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the TALAPRO-3 trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT03767244 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the PROTEUS trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT04585750 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the PYNNACLE trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT05382286 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the ASCENT-04 trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT05870319 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT04819100 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the LIBRETTO-432 trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

For survivors of craniopharyngioma and other hypothalamic injuries, whose weight gain has resisted diet and conventional drugs, this is the first randomised evidence of a treatment that works on the damaged satiety pathway itself. The FDA extended the Imcivree label to acquired hypothalamic obesity in March 2026 on this trial.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT06612151 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the TAISHAN-302 trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT04622319 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the DESTINY-Breast05 trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT04784715 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the DESTINY-Breast09 trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

AMPLIFY delivered the first all-oral, fixed-duration doublet for front-line CLL and supported its approval, giving fit patients a way to avoid both chemotherapy and years of continuous BTK inhibitor. It does not settle whether a doublet or triplet is best, or how AV compares with venetoclax-obinutuzumab. Patients with TP53 aberration were excluded and still need different strategies.

Early single-agent treatment of high-risk smouldering myeloma is now an option with regulatory approval, though monitoring remains acceptable and the definition of high risk matters.

Zongertinib gives HER2-mutant lung cancer an oral targeted option with brain activity, used after platinum chemotherapy and increasingly before or after trastuzumab deruxtecan.

Patients with newly diagnosed metastatic colorectal cancer whose tumour carries a BRAF V600E mutation, which is about 8-12% of cases, should now be offered encorafenib and cetuximab together with FOLFOX from the start rather than after chemotherapy fails; median survival has roughly doubled to about two and a half years. BRAF testing at diagnosis is therefore essential, alongside RAS and mismatch repair testing. The regimen is more toxic than chemotherapy alone.

Adjuvant cemiplimab is a new standard for high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma after surgery and radiotherapy, particularly in patients with extracapsular nodal extension.

Cabozantinib is approved for previously treated neuroendocrine tumours of any origin and is a standard later-line choice, including for lung carcinoids.

For colon cancer survivors, a prescribed, supported exercise programme is now an evidence-based treatment with a survival benefit comparable to many drugs. Health systems will need to fund exercise consultants as they fund chemotherapy. The trial does not tell us whether unsupervised advice achieves the same.

For patients with advanced melanoma, immunotherapy offers a realistic chance of long-term survival and probably cure, and the ten-year data show that patients who are alive and progression-free at three years rarely die of melanoma afterwards. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab gives the best long-term results but at a high price in serious side effects; nivolumab alone or nivolumab plus relatlimab are alternatives for patients at lower risk or with autoimmune concerns. The trial is also a caution about surrogate endpoints: the survival plateau took years to become visible.

AALL1731 brings immunotherapy into the front-line treatment of the commonest childhood cancer, in the group of children where most relapses were occurring despite good initial risk. Blinatumomab was approved for this use in 2024 and paediatric protocols worldwide are being amended. Whether it can allow less chemotherapy, and its effect on very low-risk children, are the next questions.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT05587296 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the OASIS-4 trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Every KRAS wild-type pancreatic cancer should be tested for NRG1 fusions because a specific, approved antibody now exists; zenocutuzumab is the first targeted drug approved for a pancreatic cancer driver.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT04964934 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the SERENA-6 trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT04975308 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the EMBER-3 trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

After bladder removal, a blood test can now tell who needs immunotherapy and who can safely be spared it. This is the model for MRD-guided adjuvant therapy across cancers: treat the blood-positive, watch the blood-negative.

Perioperative pembrolizumab is a new standard for resectable head and neck cancer with PD-L1 expression, adding immunotherapy to a treatment pathway that had not changed since postoperative chemoradiation was defined.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT02647099 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the ALASCCA trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Perioperative durvalumab with FLOT is a new standard for resectable gastric and junctional adenocarcinoma irrespective of PD-L1 expression.

For mismatch repair-deficient rectal cancer, six months of a single antibody now replaces chemotherapy, radiotherapy and an operation, and the same appears to be true for early-stage mismatch repair-deficient cancers of other organs.

A second publication from the INAVO120 trial, later than the first and described in its title as an update or longer-term analysis. Read it with the primary publication linked from the trial page; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

A second publication from the CheckMate 816 trial, later than the first and described in its title as an update or longer-term analysis. Read it with the primary publication linked from the trial page; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT05382299 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the ASCENT-03 trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT05099172 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the SOHO-01 trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

One of the most cited trial reports Europe PMC returns for Tarlatamab in Small-cell lung cancer, so it is a natural first reading for anyone weighing the idea it is linked from. The record was linked automatically by title and abstract; read the abstract above and the paper itself before relying on any figure.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT04136002 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the ECLIPSE trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Patients with limited-stage small-cell lung cancer who complete chemoradiotherapy without progression should now be offered up to two years of durvalumab consolidation, which extends life by almost two years on average. This is the first survival improvement for limited-stage disease since twice-daily radiotherapy and prophylactic cranial irradiation, and small-cell lung cancer is no longer a disease where immunotherapy gives only marginal gains.

Adjuvant treatment for lung cancer is now chosen by genotype. A resected ALK-positive tumour is treated with two years of a tablet instead of four cycles of platinum, which is a different life as well as a different outcome.

Patients with hormone-receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer that has stopped responding to endocrine therapy can be offered trastuzumab deruxtecan as their first chemotherapy-type treatment if the tumour shows any HER2 staining, rather than waiting until after conventional chemotherapy. Whether to use it before or after chemotherapy is now a choice, since overall survival was not shown to differ and the drug carries a risk of lung inflammation.

E1910 changed the standard of care for adult B-ALL: immunotherapy is now part of front-line consolidation even for patients with no detectable leukaemia, because MRD-negative by flow cytometry does not mean cured. It also demonstrated that a T-cell engager can improve overall survival in a curative setting. Chemotherapy-light or chemotherapy-free regimens built on blinatumomab and inotuzumab are the next step.

Almost every patient newly diagnosed with advanced bladder or urothelial cancer should now be offered enfortumab vedotin plus pembrolizumab rather than chemotherapy, with median survival extended from about 16 months to over two and a half years. Neuropathy and skin toxicity need monitoring and dose adjustment, and patients with severe diabetes or pre-existing neuropathy need care. Platinum chemotherapy remains an option for those who cannot receive the combination.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT04191499 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the INAVO120 trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Tisotumab vedotin is the standard second-line treatment for recurrent cervical cancer after chemo-immunotherapy, with a mandatory eye-care protocol.

Brigatinib is the first drug shown to act across the tumour types of NF2-related schwannomatosis and is now offered for progressive tumours; the platform design lets further drugs be tested against the same benchmark.

Patients newly diagnosed with EGFR-mutated advanced lung cancer now have a first-line option that improves survival over osimertinib, particularly if they have high-risk features. The trade-off is intravenous (now subcutaneous) infusions and considerably more skin, nail and clotting toxicity, so osimertinib alone remains reasonable for those who prioritise convenience and tolerability. Both this regimen and osimertinib plus chemotherapy (FLAURA2) are approved; there is no direct comparison.

Patients with melanoma that has spread to palpable lymph nodes should now be offered immunotherapy before rather than only after surgery: two cycles of low-dose ipilimumab with nivolumab, then surgery, with the pathology result deciding whether any more treatment is needed. Most patients respond well and are spared a year of adjuvant therapy. Serious side effects are more common than with nivolumab alone, mostly endocrine, and the approach requires close coordination between oncologists, surgeons and pathologists.

Ribociclib is a second adjuvant CDK4/6 option, and the only one with data in node-negative stage II disease. Roughly 3 in 100 patients avoid a relapse or death at three years, so the decision depends heavily on individual risk, tolerance of a three-year oral drug, and cost. Whether the benefit persists after treatment ends, as it did with abemaciclib, needs longer follow-up.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT04144738 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the BLUE-C trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Patients fit enough for cisplatin whose bladder cancer has invaded the muscle wall should now be offered durvalumab with their pre-operative chemotherapy and for about a year after surgery, which improves the chance of cure without compromising the operation. The trial cannot say whether the adjuvant phase is necessary, or how to treat cisplatin-ineligible patients, for whom other trials are ongoing.

For colon cancer that is mismatch-repair deficient (about 10-15% of colon cancers, more in older patients), a single short course of immunotherapy before surgery is now a reasonable standard and is far more effective than chemotherapy, which has little effect in this subtype. It requires testing every colon cancer for mismatch repair at diagnosis, before surgery. Whether some patients can safely skip surgery, as in dMMR rectal cancer, is the next question.

Combination checkpoint blockade became a first-line standard for mismatch repair-deficient metastatic colorectal cancer in 2025; the later all-lines comparison against nivolumab alone showed the CTLA-4 antibody adds to the PD-1 antibody, the first phase 3 to prove that in this disease.

Stage III lung cancer is now treated by genotype as well as by stage: an EGFR mutation moves a patient from durvalumab consolidation to osimertinib consolidation. It is also the strongest hazard ratio in the lung cancer literature, which is a reason to read the overall survival data carefully when they arrive.

A second publication from the KEYNOTE-522 trial, later than the first and described in its title as an update or longer-term analysis. Read it with the primary publication linked from the trial page; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT04025879 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the CheckMate 77T trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

PERSEUS, with the earlier GRIFFIN and CASSIOPEIA trials, made a four-drug daratumumab quadruplet the standard for fit patients heading to transplant. It also introduced MRD-directed stopping of the antibody, a step towards treatment that is deep but not indefinite. Whether transplant itself remains necessary on top of a quadruplet is now the open question.

One trial page on OnCo cites this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing page listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

The first drug to reverse cancer cachexia mechanistically rather than by appetite stimulation, in a disease where weight loss stops chemotherapy being delivered; the phase 3 programme and the question of survival remain.

Women with low-risk early cervical cancer can be offered simple hysterectomy, sparing them the bladder and sexual morbidity of parametrectomy, provided strict eligibility criteria are applied.

S1826 moved checkpoint blockade into first-line Hodgkin lymphoma and made N-AVD a preferred regimen for advanced disease in patients from adolescence to older age, while removing radiotherapy for most. It also showed the value of a single trial spanning paediatric and adult groups. Longer follow-up is needed for overall survival and late immune effects in young patients.

Repotrectinib is a preferred first-line ROS1 inhibitor because of its durability and coverage of resistance mutations, and it is also approved for NTRK fusion-positive tumours after prior TRK inhibitors.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT04538664 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the PAPILLON trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Atezolizumab is the first-line systemic treatment for advanced alveolar soft part sarcoma, a rare, slow-growing but ultimately metastatic sarcoma of young adults for which chemotherapy never worked.

Blinatumomab after induction is now standard for KMT2A-rearranged infant ALL through the Interfant-21 protocol.

One trial page on OnCo cites this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing page listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Capivasertib-fulvestrant is a standard option for tumours with PIK3CA, AKT1 or PTEN alterations after a CDK4/6 inhibitor, adding a second targeted pathway to endocrine therapy.

CARTITUDE-4 is the first randomised trial to show that a CAR-T improves survival in myeloma, and it moved cilta-cel into second-line use (FDA approval 2024). For patients whose disease returns after first-line lenalidomide, a one-off cell therapy now competes with continuous drug combinations. Capacity, cost and the need for bridging therapy still limit who actually receives it.

Sotorasib is a guideline-listed later-line option for the 1 to 2 percent of pancreatic cancers with KRAS G12C, and the proof that KRAS in pancreatic cancer is druggable; the larger opportunity lies with inhibitors of G12D and pan-RAS drugs.

Patients with metastatic colorectal cancer carrying a KRAS G12C mutation (about 3-4% of cases) who have exhausted standard chemotherapy now have a targeted option that works far better than trifluridine-tipiracil or regorafenib. The higher sotorasib dose is clearly superior, and the EGFR antibody is essential because KRAS inhibition alone has little effect in bowel cancer. Responses are still modest and short-lived compared with EGFR or ALK inhibitors in lung cancer.

One cancer page and one trial page on OnCo cite this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing pages listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Patients with small-cell lung cancer that has relapsed after chemotherapy now have a drug that works far better than topotecan or lurbinectedin, and it is the first T-cell engager approved for a solid tumour. Treatment requires inpatient monitoring for the first doses because of cytokine release syndrome, which most centres now manage on a short-stay basis. It does not yet apply to first-line treatment, where trials are ongoing.

Enzalutamide, with or without androgen deprivation, is now approved for high-risk biochemical recurrence, and intermittent therapy with treatment suspension is built into the regimen.

Young adults with a grade 2 IDH-mutant glioma who have had surgery can now take a daily tablet that slows or reverses tumour growth and defers radiotherapy and chemotherapy, both of which carry long-term cognitive costs, by years. It confirms that the IDH mutation is a driver that can be targeted, not just a marker. Whether it improves survival or cognition over the long term, and whether it helps in higher-grade or previously treated tumours, is unknown.

One technology page on OnCo cites this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing page listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

KarMMa-3 was the first randomised evidence that CAR-T beats conventional drugs in myeloma and led to ide-cel's approval after two prior lines. It confirmed that earlier use of CAR-T produces deeper and longer remissions than in the end-stage setting. Because responses are shorter than with cilta-cel and OS was not improved, it also sharpened debate about which BCMA CAR-T to use and when.

Adagrasib plus cetuximab is an approved option for previously treated KRAS G12C colorectal cancer, alongside sotorasib plus panitumumab; monotherapy is not enough because EGFR signalling reactivates the pathway.

Selpercatinib is the established first-line treatment for RET fusion-positive lung cancer, and the trial adds to evidence that targeted therapy should precede chemo-immunotherapy in driver-positive disease.

Selpercatinib is the first-line standard for advanced RET-mutant medullary thyroid cancer; RET testing at diagnosis is essential.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT00499330 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the CALGB 140503 trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Folate receptor alpha testing is now standard in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer and mirvetuximab is the preferred treatment for high-expressing tumours, with an eye-care protocol.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT03698019 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the SWOG S1801 trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

One cancer page on OnCo cites this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing page listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Together with RUBY, this trial made chemo-immunotherapy the first-line standard for advanced endometrial cancer in both molecular groups, with the largest effect in mismatch repair-deficient tumours.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT01791829 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the LUMINA trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Adding chemotherapy to osimertinib delays progression. Whether it extends life, and whether the same benefit could be had by giving the chemotherapy later to the patients who need it, is what the overall survival analysis and the registry watch on this roadmap are for.

Perioperative immunotherapy is now standard for resectable lung cancer without a targetable driver. The updated overall survival hazard ratio of 0.89, with a confidence interval crossing one, is the honest state of the evidence on whether it cures more people.

The strongest signal that neoadjuvant immunotherapy makes stage III lung cancer operable as well as more often curable. Twenty-four percentage points more patients reaching surgery is a result that only a neoadjuvant design can produce.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT03425643 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the KEYNOTE-671 trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Selected patients with intermediate-risk rectal cancer can avoid radiotherapy altogether, with chemotherapy alone before surgery, trading neuropathy for better long-term bowel and sexual function.

Long-term data support active surveillance as a safe choice for low and much intermediate-risk disease, while the lower metastasis rate with treatment informs the discussion for men with longer life expectancy.

Women with newly diagnosed advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer should receive a PD-1 antibody (dostarlimab or pembrolizumab) with their chemotherapy, and mismatch repair testing is now essential because women with dMMR tumours gain a very large and durable benefit. The gain in mismatch-repair-proficient tumours is real but smaller, and molecular classification (POLE, p53, MMR) is increasingly used to decide who benefits most.

One technology page on OnCo cites this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing page listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

A second publication from the IMCgp100-202 trial, later than the first and described in its title as an update or longer-term analysis. Read it with the primary publication linked from the trial page; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Trifluridine-tipiracil with bevacizumab is the refractory-line standard, and a reminder that combining two drugs already on the shelf can beat anything new in the same line.

The randomised proof for PARP inhibition in BRCA-altered prostate cancer, and the clearest evidence that the homologous recombination repair gene list should not be used as a single yes-or-no test. ATM-altered disease needs a different answer, and does not yet have one.

One of the most cited trial reports Europe PMC returns for Zanubrutinib in Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, so it is a natural first reading for anyone weighing the idea it is linked from. The record was linked automatically by title and abstract; read the abstract above and the paper itself before relying on any figure.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT03785249 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the Phase 1 trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

AGILE showed that for the roughly 6-10% of AML patients with an IDH1 mutation, a targeted doublet produces survival in the range of two years, an outcome previously unimaginable in unfit patients. Ivosidenib-azacitidine is approved and is one option alongside venetoclax-azacitidine for these patients. Which regimen, or triplet, is best for IDH1-mutated disease has not been settled by a randomised trial.

Brentuximab vedotin with AVEPC is the new standard for high-risk paediatric Hodgkin lymphoma and led to the first paediatric approval of the drug in November 2022.

People living with HIV who have anal HSIL should be offered treatment rather than observation, and screening programmes to find those lesions are now justified. High-resolution anoscopy capacity is the limiting step.

Triplet therapy with darolutamide is a standard for fit men with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer, particularly high-volume disease; PEACE-1 showed the same with abiraterone.

Cercek's dostarlimab study is the clearest demonstration that immunotherapy can replace surgery in a solid tumour: patients with dMMR rectal cancer can keep their rectum and avoid the permanent effects of pelvic radiotherapy and surgery. Non-operative management after PD-1 blockade is now in guidelines for this group, and MMR testing before treatment of rectal cancer is essential. The approach applies only to the 5-10% of rectal cancers that are dMMR.

Nivolumab plus chemotherapy or nivolumab plus ipilimumab are first-line standards for advanced oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, joining pembrolizumab-chemotherapy from KEYNOTE-590.

Patients with operable stage II-III lung cancer without EGFR or ALK alterations should have chemo-immunotherapy discussed before surgery rather than only afterwards. Three pre-operative cycles do not compromise the operation and improve cure rates. Whether to continue immunotherapy after surgery, as the perioperative trials do, and whether patients with pCR need any further treatment, remain open questions.

For HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer that has progressed after trastuzumab and a taxane, trastuzumab deruxtecan is now the standard second-line treatment and T-DM1 has moved later in the sequence. The benefit is large enough that ADC design, not just the target, is understood to be what matters. Patients need lung monitoring because of the risk of pneumonitis.

Patients whose breast cancer was previously called HER2-negative may now be eligible for an effective HER2-directed drug if their tumour has even low-level HER2 staining, so pathology reports must now distinguish HER2-low (1+ or 2+/ISH-negative) from HER2-zero. This applies to metastatic disease after at least one line of chemotherapy; it does not mean these patients benefit from trastuzumab or other older HER2 drugs.

HER2 mutations, present in about 3 percent of lung adenocarcinomas, became actionable; trastuzumab deruxtecan received the first approval for a HER2-mutant lung cancer, at the lower 5.4 mg/kg dose validated in DESTINY-Lung02.

For stage II colon cancer, where most patients are cured by surgery alone, a blood test can identify the minority who benefit from chemotherapy and spare everyone else its side effects. It does not yet prove that treating ctDNA-positive patients improves survival compared with not treating them.

Cemiplimab is an option for second-line cervical cancer in patients who have not had immunotherapy, though most now receive pembrolizumab first line, moving cemiplimab later or out of sequence.

Radioactive iodine is no longer recommended routinely for low-risk differentiated thyroid cancer, supported also by the UK IoN trial.

One of the most cited trial reports Europe PMC returns for Glofitamab in Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, so it is a natural first reading for anyone weighing the idea it is linked from. The record was linked automatically by title and abstract; read the abstract above and the paper itself before relying on any figure.

Twenty-eight extra months of progression-free survival, with no survival gain and a high rate of severe adverse events in both arms. It set up the two trials that followed: ECHO, which substituted a more selective inhibitor, and ENRICH, which removed the chemotherapy.

The early-onset colorectal cancer page's emphasis on investigating rectal bleeding at any age, universal germline testing and avoiding treatment escalation on age alone follows this framing.

PD-L1 testing with the combined positive score decides first-line treatment in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer; pembrolizumab-chemotherapy is the standard for scores of 10 or more.

For stage II-III triple-negative breast cancer, chemotherapy plus pembrolizumab before surgery and pembrolizumab alone afterwards is now the standard approach worldwide, and the survival gain is real, not just a surrogate. It does not apply to stage I disease or to hormone-receptor-positive or HER2-positive cancers. The price is a year of immunotherapy with a meaningful chance of a permanent endocrine side effect such as hypothyroidism or adrenal insufficiency.

Lenvatinib-pembrolizumab is the standard second-line treatment for mismatch repair-proficient endometrial cancer after platinum, though its toxicity is considerable and its place after first-line immunotherapy is unclear.

Teclistamab showed that an off-the-shelf bispecific can approach CAR-T-like response rates in late myeloma, giving patients who cannot wait for or access cell therapy a real option. It also exposed the price: prolonged T-cell engagement causes profound immunosuppression, so infection prophylaxis and immunoglobulin replacement are now routine. Less frequent dosing after response is being adopted to reduce this burden.

A second bispecific target beyond BCMA gives patients an option after BCMA-directed CAR-T or bispecifics have failed; it was approved in 2023.

Neoadjuvant cemiplimab is now used to shrink large or function-threatening cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas before surgery, and pathological response is being studied as a guide to omitting adjuvant radiotherapy.

A colonoscopy probably does reduce bowel cancer risk for the person who has it, but a programme that offers colonoscopy achieves much less if most people decline. Programmes based on stool tests with high uptake may deliver as much population benefit at lower cost and risk.

A second publication from the MONALEESA-2 trial, later than the first and described in its title as an update or longer-term analysis. Read it with the primary publication linked from the trial page; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

POLARIX gave the first new first-line standard for DLBCL since rituximab was added to CHOP, and pola-R-CHP is now approved and widely used, especially in higher-risk or ABC-type disease. The gain is modest and survival is unchanged, so many clinicians still use R-CHOP in lower-risk or GCB-type patients. Cost and subgroup uncertainty drive ongoing debate.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id ISRCTN94604465 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Patients with newly diagnosed advanced melanoma have a dual-checkpoint option that improves on nivolumab alone with only a modest increase in serious side effects, making it attractive for those unable to tolerate or unwilling to risk the toxicity of ipilimumab. It did not prove superior survival, and it has not been compared with nivolumab plus ipilimumab, which remains preferred for patients with brain metastases or other high-risk features. LAG-3 is now an established target under study in many other cancers.

This trial supplied the randomised proof that was missing for TIL therapy and showed academic centres can run cell-therapy phase 3 trials without industry. It supports TIL as a standard option after checkpoint inhibitor failure in melanoma and underpinned reimbursement in the Netherlands. The comparator, ipilimumab, is itself only modestly effective in this setting, and overall survival did not differ significantly.

The reason second-line CAR-T is offered with axicabtagene ciloleucel or lisocabtagene maraleucel rather than tisagenlecleucel. The trial is also the strongest evidence in the field that the interval between apheresis and infusion, and what is given during it, is part of the treatment rather than logistics around it.

ZUMA-7 rewrote second-line treatment for aggressive lymphoma: patients whose disease returns within a year of R-CHOP should be offered CAR-T rather than salvage chemotherapy and transplant. It is also one of the few cell-therapy trials to show an overall survival benefit despite crossover. Patients relapsing later than 12 months were not studied and transplant remains standard for them if chemosensitive.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT01272037 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the RxPONDER trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Sacituzumab govitecan is a standard second-line or later treatment for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer, roughly doubling survival compared with the chemotherapies it was tested against. Patients should expect neutropenia and diarrhoea, which are manageable with growth factor support and loperamide. Trials are now testing it earlier, in first-line combinations with pembrolizumab and after surgery for residual disease.

Belzutifan is the first systemic therapy for von Hippel-Lindau disease, approved for renal, central nervous system and pancreatic tumours not needing immediate surgery, changing a lifetime of surveillance and surgery for many patients.

Adjuvant nivolumab is standard for patients with residual disease after trimodality therapy for oesophageal cancer.

Patients with newly diagnosed advanced clear-cell kidney cancer should receive an immunotherapy-based combination; lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab gives the highest response rate and longest PFS of the available options, at the cost of more side effects requiring dose adjustment. Sunitinib alone is no longer an appropriate standard. Choosing among the combinations depends on risk group, symptoms, comorbidity and the value placed on treatment-free survival, which favours nivolumab plus ipilimumab in intermediate and poor risk.

Secondary cytoreduction is recommended for AGO score-positive patients at first platinum-sensitive relapse in centres where complete resection can be achieved in most cases.

The dose on the label is often not the best dose for patients; it is the highest one that was tolerable for a few weeks. Project Optimus means new cancer drugs should arrive with evidence on dose, and it gives clinicians licence to consider dose reduction for toxicity. For older drugs, the evidence gap persists.

Patients whose kidney cancer has been removed but who are at high risk of recurrence (large or high-grade tumours, node involvement, or resected metastases) can now be offered a year of pembrolizumab, which increases the chance of being alive and cancer-free several years later. Roughly nine patients need treatment to prevent one recurrence at two years, and some will have permanent side effects, so shared decision-making matters. Why pembrolizumab succeeded where similar drugs failed is not fully understood.

Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy with bevacizumab is the first-line standard for recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer with PD-L1 expression, which covers about nine in ten patients.

Everyone with HER2-negative early breast cancer that meets high-risk criteria should be offered germline BRCA testing, because a positive result now changes treatment: a year of olaparib after chemotherapy reduces relapse and death. It does not apply to low-risk tumours, HER2-positive disease, or somatic-only BRCA mutations.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT03070392 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the IMCgp100-202 trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

One of the most cited trial reports Europe PMC returns for KRAS in Non-small-cell lung cancer, so it is a natural first reading for anyone weighing the idea it is linked from. The record was linked automatically by title and abstract; read the abstract above and the paper itself before relying on any figure.

The observation-first approach and the framing of treatment as a trade between facial nerve function, hearing and tumour control on the vestibular schwannoma page reflect this review.

Men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer that has progressed after hormonal therapy and chemotherapy, and whose tumours show PSMA on a PET scan, can now receive lutetium-PSMA, which extends life, controls pain and is usually better tolerated than further chemotherapy. It has established a new treatment class in which a scan decides who gets the matching radioactive drug, and it is now being tested earlier in the disease (PSMAfore, PSMAddition).

Every resected non-squamous lung cancer should be tested for EGFR mutations, because patients who carry one live longer if they take osimertinib for three years after surgery. The trial does not tell us whether adjuvant chemotherapy can be omitted, nor what happens on relapse after osimertinib, and the three-year duration was chosen empirically.

For the minority of patients whose tumours express a lot of PD-L1, a single antibody outperforms chemotherapy and is far easier to take. The word minority is the point: the same drug in the same disease at lower PD-L1 gives much less.

A rare driver with a real drug, and a warning about biomarker thresholds: the same gene, tested the same way, predicts response or does not depending on a copy-number cut-off that has to be measured rather than assumed.

Trastuzumab deruxtecan is the standard second- or third-line treatment for HER2-positive gastric cancer, later confirmed against ramucirumab-paclitaxel in DESTINY-Gastric04.

The current first choice for ALK-positive lung cancer in most guidelines, and the strongest evidence in solid tumour oncology that a drug can be designed to work inside the brain. Five-year follow-up has since shown the majority of patients still progression-free.

A second publication from the COMBI-AD trial, later than the first and described in its title as an update or longer-term analysis. Read it with the primary publication linked from the trial page; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Tucatinib-based therapy is the standard for HER2-positive disease with active brain metastases and a standard later-line option overall; it was the first trial to enrol progressing brain metastases and show a systemic drug helps them.

Patients with advanced liver cancer and good liver function should be offered atezolizumab plus bevacizumab (or durvalumab plus tremelimumab) rather than sorafenib as first treatment; median survival is now around 19 months and about a quarter of patients respond. Endoscopy to treat varices before starting bevacizumab is essential because of bleeding risk. Patients with poorer liver function (Child-Pugh B) or autoimmune disease or transplants were not studied.

For patients who still receive platinum chemotherapy first, avelumab maintenance rather than observation is the standard next step. Where enfortumab vedotin plus pembrolizumab is available first line, this sequence is used less.

Every colorectal cancer should be tested for mismatch repair deficiency, because patients whose metastatic tumour is dMMR should receive pembrolizumab rather than chemotherapy as first treatment, gaining a much better chance of durable remission with fewer side effects. About a third of dMMR tumours do not respond initially, so early scans are essential and chemotherapy remains available. The trial does not apply to the 95% of metastatic colorectal cancers that are mismatch-repair proficient (the deficient share is higher in localised disease, about 15%).

RET fusion testing is standard in lung adenocarcinoma and selpercatinib the preferred first-line RET inhibitor, confirmed against chemo-immunotherapy in LIBRETTO-431.

One of the most cited papers Europe PMC returns for Amer M. Zeidan at Yale Cancer Center / Smilow Cancer Hospital, so it is a natural starting point for reading their work. The record was linked automatically from the author list and affiliation; read the abstract above and the paper itself before relying on any figure.

Lung screening works when it uses volumetric nodule management, and it works against a no-screening control. The protocol underpins the UK Targeted Lung Health Check programme and European recommendations. Benefit in women remains less precisely estimated.

One of the most cited trial reports Europe PMC returns for Osimertinib in Non-small-cell lung cancer, so it is a natural first reading for anyone weighing the idea it is linked from. The record was linked automatically by title and abstract; read the abstract above and the paper itself before relying on any figure.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT03036488 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the KEYNOTE-522 trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Germline and tumour testing for homologous recombination repair genes is now standard in metastatic prostate cancer, and olaparib is approved for BRCA-mutated disease after a hormonal agent.

The first maintenance therapy shown to lengthen survival in acute myeloid leukaemia; oral azacitidine (Onureg) was approved in the United States in 2020 for patients in first remission who cannot complete intensive curative therapy.

One cancer page and one trial page on OnCo cite this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing pages listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Vaccinating girls before they are exposed to HPV prevents most cervical cancers. Catch-up vaccination in young adults still helps, but less. Combined with HPV screening, elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem is a realistic goal.

One of the most cited trial reports Europe PMC returns for Trastuzumab deruxtecan in HER2-positive breast cancer, so it is a natural first reading for anyone weighing the idea it is linked from. The record was linked automatically by title and abstract; read the abstract above and the paper itself before relying on any figure.

One technology page on OnCo cites this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing page listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

VIALE-A turned a palliative regimen into one that produces remission in two-thirds of older AML patients and is now the reference treatment for anyone not fit for intensive chemotherapy. It shifted the field towards lower-intensity targeted combinations and opened the door to adding FLT3, IDH and menin inhibitors to the backbone. Cure remains uncommon and most patients relapse within two years.

Tepotinib is an approved alternative to capmatinib for MET exon 14 lung cancer, and the trial validated circulating tumour DNA as a way to find the alteration.

ZUMA-2 gave patients with BTK-inhibitor-refractory mantle cell lymphoma, who previously had a median survival under a year, a therapy with durable remissions in a substantial fraction. Brexu-cel is now standard after BTK inhibitor failure and CAR-T is being tested earlier in the disease. Neurotoxicity rates are higher than in other lymphoma CAR-T trials.

ADMIRAL showed that a targeted oral drug can beat chemotherapy outright in relapsed AML, and made gilteritinib the standard bridge to transplant for FLT3-mutated relapse. Its success also underpinned FLT3 inhibitor use in first-line combinations. Resistance through FLT3-independent clones and RAS pathway mutations limits durability without transplant.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT02489318 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the TITAN trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Darolutamide is often preferred in older men or those with fall or cognitive concerns because of its favourable tolerability among the three approved agents.

CLL14 established the first chemotherapy-free, fixed-duration regimen for front-line CLL and made MRD-guided thinking mainstream in the disease. Patients get a year of treatment and then a treatment-free period rather than indefinite therapy. The choice today is between fixed-duration venetoclax combinations and continuous BTK inhibitors, with no proven survival difference.

Encorafenib with cetuximab became the standard second-line treatment for BRAF V600E disease, and the platform BREAKWATER later moved into first line with chemotherapy added, doubling survival again.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT02446405 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the ENZAMET trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Induction gemcitabine and cisplatin followed by chemoradiotherapy is the standard for locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma in endemic regions and in guidelines internationally.

JULIET, with ZUMA-1, showed that CAR-T could rescue a substantial minority of adults with chemotherapy-refractory lymphoma and that complete responders often stay in remission. The lower toxicity of a 4-1BB construct and the option of bridging therapy made it usable in a broader population. The high drop-out between enrolment and infusion remains a lesson about turnaround time.

HER2-positive breast cancer is now routinely treated before surgery so that the pathology result can guide what comes after: patients with no residual cancer continue trastuzumab (with or without pertuzumab), while those with residual disease switch to T-DM1. This model of using the tumour's response as a test has since been copied in triple-negative and other cancers.

Immunotherapy plus a VEGF kinase inhibitor is a first-line standard for advanced clear cell kidney cancer in all risk groups; comparable regimens include nivolumab-cabozantinib and lenvatinib-pembrolizumab.

MAIA made a daratumumab-based triplet the standard first treatment for older or frail myeloma patients, replacing Rd alone. It proved an anti-CD38 antibody could improve survival, not just delay progression, when used up front. Quadruplets built on this backbone are now being tested in the same population.

The mucinous ovarian cancer page's emphasis on excluding a gastrointestinal primary, omitting chemotherapy for early expansile tumours, and considering gastrointestinal-type regimens follows this review.

One of the most cited papers Europe PMC returns for Keunchil Park at Samsung Medical Center, so it is a natural starting point for reading their work. The record was linked automatically from the author list and affiliation; read the abstract above and the paper itself before relying on any figure.

Women with newly diagnosed advanced ovarian cancer should have their tumour tested for BRCA mutations and homologous recombination deficiency, because those who are HRD-positive gain years of additional disease control and better survival from adding olaparib to bevacizumab maintenance. Those who are HRD-negative gain nothing from olaparib in this combination and should not be exposed to its toxicity and cost. HRD testing has become a routine part of ovarian cancer care as a result.

Germline testing for every pancreatic cancer patient, platinum first line for BRCA carriers, and olaparib maintenance for those who respond are all downstream of POLO.

Niraparib is approved as first-line maintenance for all comers, making PARP inhibitor maintenance available beyond BRCA-mutated disease, though the benefit in proficient tumours is modest and long-term survival data are neutral.

One of the most cited trial reports Europe PMC returns for Sacituzumab govitecan in Triple-negative breast cancer, so it is a natural first reading for anyone weighing the idea it is linked from. The record was linked automatically by title and abstract; read the abstract above and the paper itself before relying on any figure.

PIK3CA testing became routine in advanced hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, with alpelisib-fulvestrant the first approved PI3K-targeted regimen; capivasertib and inavolisib now offer alternatives.

One technology page on OnCo cites this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing page listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

One cancer page on OnCo cites this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing page listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

One trial page and one technology page on OnCo cite this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing pages listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT02425891 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the IMpassion130 trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT02737501 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the ALTA-1L trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Nivolumab-ipilimumab is a first-line standard for intermediate- and poor-risk clear cell kidney cancer, notable for durable complete responses and treatment-free intervals.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT02320058 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the CheckMate 204 trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

IDH1 testing at diagnosis and relapse now directs patients to a targeted oral drug; ivosidenib went on to be combined with azacitidine in newly diagnosed disease (AGILE).

The largest de-escalation exercise in adjuvant oncology, and the reason a patient with a T3 N1 colon cancer is now offered four cycles of CAPOX rather than twelve of FOLFOX, with a fraction of the neuropathy.

ECHELON-1 made a targeted antibody-drug conjugate part of first-line Hodgkin therapy and eventually showed that this saves lives, not just relapses. It set the reference arm against which nivolumab-AVD (SWOG S1826) and BrECADD (HD21) were later compared. Neuropathy is the main price and needs proactive dose modification.

One trial page and one technology page on OnCo cite this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing pages listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

ELIANA turned CAR-T from a single-centre experiment into a licensed product and created the regulatory and logistical template every later cell therapy has followed. For children with refractory leukaemia it offers a chance of durable remission without transplant. The trial also exposed the gaps: manufacturing failures, patients dying while waiting, and roughly half relapsing within a few years.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT02763579 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the IMpower133 trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Anyone diagnosed with advanced lung cancer should have EGFR testing before treatment, because osimertinib as the first drug gives the longest disease control, protects the brain, and is well tolerated. Chemotherapy is not the first step for these patients. The remaining questions are whether to intensify upfront (adding chemotherapy or amivantamab) and how to treat resistance when it develops.

The genetic nosology that precision-medicine trials in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma now use to pick patients. It gives a mechanism, not just a label: two of the four subtypes point at a drug class that already exists.

Adjuvant pembrolizumab is a standard for resected stage III melanoma, with subsequent trials extending it to stage II and to the neoadjuvant setting.

Most patients with newly diagnosed advanced non-squamous lung cancer that lacks a targetable mutation should receive chemotherapy plus pembrolizumab; those with PD-L1 of 50% or more may reasonably receive pembrolizumab alone. About one in five patients is alive at five years, compared with roughly one in ten with chemotherapy alone. Patients with EGFR or ALK alterations were excluded and should have targeted therapy first.

Open radical hysterectomy is again the standard for early cervical cancer; minimally invasive approaches are used only within protocols that avoid tumour spillage, and the trial is a lesson in adopting surgical innovation without randomised evidence.

NTRK fusion testing is now recommended in lung and other cancers without a common driver, and larotrectinib or entrectinib is the standard treatment when a fusion is found.

MURANO made fixed-duration venetoclax the standard for relapsed CLL and showed that stopping therapy after a deep response is safe for most patients. It also established MRD at end of treatment as a practical guide to who is likely to stay in remission. Retreatment with venetoclax at relapse appears feasible.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT02477826 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the CheckMate 227 trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

A second publication from the PACIFIC trial, later than the first and described in its title as an update or longer-term analysis. Read it with the primary publication linked from the trial page; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

PD-1 blockade is the first-line systemic treatment for advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, including on the lip, and cemiplimab has since moved into neoadjuvant and adjuvant use.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT02775435 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the KEYNOTE-407 trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Pre-biopsy MRI with targeted sampling is now the standard diagnostic pathway for suspected prostate cancer, reducing overdiagnosis of low-risk disease.

Modified FOLFIRINOX is the adjuvant standard for patients who recover well from a pancreatic resection and can tolerate combination chemotherapy; gemcitabine-based regimens remain for those who cannot.

Enzalutamide is one of three androgen receptor inhibitors standard for high-risk non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Rituximab-lenalidomide is an accepted chemotherapy-free first-line alternative for follicular lymphoma, chosen on toxicity profile and patient preference rather than efficacy.

Two cancer pages and one treatment page on OnCo cite this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing pages listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Every woman diagnosed with advanced high-grade ovarian cancer should be tested for BRCA mutations at diagnosis, because those who carry one should receive two years of olaparib after chemotherapy, which greatly extends the time in remission and improves long-term survival. The plateau in the survival curves suggests some patients are cured by this approach. Toxicity is mostly anaemia, fatigue and nausea, and the two-year limit appears sufficient.

Apalutamide, enzalutamide or darolutamide are standard for high-risk non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, a setting largely defined by conventional imaging.

The clearest evidence that radical treatment of localised prostate cancer saves lives when the cancer was found clinically rather than by a blood test, and the clearest single statement of what grade does: a Gleason score above 7 carried ten times the risk of death of a score of 6 or lower in the same trial.

Most women with node-negative hormone receptor-positive breast cancer can safely skip chemotherapy on the basis of a genomic assay; the exception is premenopausal women with scores in the upper part of the intermediate range.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT01945775 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the EMBRACA trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

One term page and one bottleneck page on OnCo cite this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing pages listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Established that residual disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy is a treatable state, the principle behind OlympiA and the post-neoadjuvant antibody-drug conjugate trials; capecitabine remains the option for residual triple-negative disease without a BRCA variant in ESMO, NCCN and UK practice.

First-line ALK treatment moved to a drug designed for the brain, and brain metastasis prevention became an explicit design goal rather than a hoped-for side effect. ALK-positive lung cancer is now among the longest-surviving metastatic solid tumours.

One cancer page and one term page on OnCo cite this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing pages listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Dual HER2 blockade after surgery is reserved for node-positive or otherwise higher-risk disease, where the benefit is real but small; node-negative patients can be spared the extra drug.

One of the most cited trial reports Europe PMC returns for Blinatumomab in Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, so it is a natural first reading for anyone weighing the idea it is linked from. The record was linked automatically by title and abstract; read the abstract above and the paper itself before relying on any figure.

Read beside the pembrolizumab trial that succeeded at a 50% threshold in the same setting, it is the cleanest demonstration that a PD-L1 threshold is not a property of the protein but of the trial that drew the line.

Adjuvant nivolumab (or pembrolizumab) is standard for resected stage III and IV melanoma; ipilimumab is no longer used in the adjuvant setting.

Adjuvant dabrafenib-trametinib is a standard for resected stage III BRAF-mutant melanoma alongside adjuvant PD-1 blockade; the choice weighs a finite year of oral therapy against immune side effects.

Obinutuzumab-based immunochemotherapy is a first-line option for follicular lymphoma; the choice against rituximab weighs longer progression-free survival against toxicity and cost.

Upfront transplant remains standard for fit patients because it lengthens the first remission, but deferring it to first relapse is a reasonable choice for some, particularly with deeper modern induction.

Abiraterone with androgen deprivation is a standard first-line doublet for metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer, consistent with the STAMPEDE result.

Two term pages on OnCo cite this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing pages listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Patients with a positive sentinel node are now managed with surveillance and adjuvant systemic therapy rather than completion dissection.

Lutetium-177 dotatate is a standard treatment for progressive small bowel neuroendocrine tumours after somatostatin analogues, and NETTER-2 has since moved it into first-line use for higher-grade tumours.

Germline BRCA testing became part of metastatic breast cancer work-up, and olaparib (with talazoparib after EMBRACA) is a standard option, especially for triple-negative disease.

One of the most cited trial reports Europe PMC returns for Osimertinib in Non-small-cell lung cancer, so it is a natural first reading for anyone weighing the idea it is linked from. The record was linked automatically by title and abstract; read the abstract above and the paper itself before relying on any figure.

Patients with stage III lung cancer that cannot be removed surgically should receive a year of durvalumab after completing chemoradiotherapy, provided they have not progressed. This roughly doubles the chance of being alive without progression at five years. Whether the benefit extends to PD-L1-negative tumours is contested, and the EGFR-mutated subgroup is better served by osimertinib (LAURA).

One of the most cited trial reports Europe PMC returns for Pembrolizumab in Bladder & urothelial cancer, so it is a natural first reading for anyone weighing the idea it is linked from. The record was linked automatically by title and abstract; read the abstract above and the paper itself before relying on any figure.

The trial that made observation a defensible choice for low-risk prostate cancer found by a blood test, and that supplied the number a man needs when weighing surgery: the progression it prevents is mostly progression on a scan or a blood test, and the harms it causes are felt every day.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT00002874 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the RTOG 9601 trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

FLT3 testing at diagnosis and a FLT3 inhibitor during chemotherapy became standard. Quizartinib (QuANTUM-First) is an alternative for FLT3-ITD, and the approach extended FLT3 inhibitors into maintenance and relapse.

One of the few maintenance strategies in lymphoma that improved overall survival rather than only progression-free survival, and the reason three years of rituximab became standard after autologous transplantation in mantle cell lymphoma.

One trial page on OnCo cites this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing page listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Men diagnosed with prostate cancer that has already spread, or that is locally advanced and high risk, should start abiraterone (or another androgen-receptor pathway inhibitor) at the same time as testosterone suppression rather than waiting for resistance. This roughly halves the risk of death over several years. The same platform later showed that docetaxel chemotherapy and, in high-volume metastatic disease, triple therapy also help, and that abiraterone benefits men with high-risk disease treated with radiotherapy.

Lung cancers keep evolving after they form, and it is ongoing chromosomal instability rather than the number of mutations that best predicts who will relapse. This gives a rationale for targeting the earliest (clonal) drivers and neoantigens and for tracking evolution in blood after surgery.

ZUMA-1 showed that CAR-T can cure a meaningful fraction of adults whose aggressive lymphoma no longer responds to chemotherapy, a group with a historical median survival of about six months (SCHOLAR-1). Axi-cel became the first CAR-T approved for lymphoma and later the first to beat standard second-line therapy in ZUMA-7. The comparatively high neurotoxicity of CD28-costimulated products was also first characterised here.

One trial page on OnCo cites this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing page listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

One of the most cited trial reports Europe PMC returns for Acalabrutinib in Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, so it is a natural first reading for anyone weighing the idea it is linked from. The record was linked automatically by title and abstract; read the abstract above and the paper itself before relying on any figure.

PD-1 blockade after platinum became standard, and the trial opened the way for first-line pembrolizumab in KEYNOTE-048.

Papillary renal cell carcinoma is several diseases; the finding of MET dependence in type 1 tumours underpins the use of cabozantinib and savolitinib, and the 2022 WHO classification dropped the type 1 and 2 split in favour of molecular entities.

One of the most cited trial reports Europe PMC returns for Lenalidomide in Multiple myeloma, so it is a natural first reading for anyone weighing the idea it is linked from. The record was linked automatically by title and abstract; read the abstract above and the paper itself before relying on any figure.

Midostaurin was the first effective targeted therapy for advanced systemic mastocytosis and remains an option, particularly where avapritinib is unsuitable or unavailable.

Maintaining a healthy weight is now established cancer prevention for over a dozen cancer types. For clinicians and policymakers, obesity belongs alongside tobacco and alcohol in prevention strategy. Whether intentional weight loss in adulthood reverses risk is still being studied, including in trials of GLP-1 drugs.

The evidence that made germline testing standard for every man with metastatic prostate cancer, whatever his family history. It changes his treatment, because PARP inhibitors and platinum work better in these tumours, and it changes his relatives' screening, because BRCA2 carries breast, ovarian and pancreatic risk as well.

INO-VATE made inotuzumab a standard salvage therapy for adult ALL and a common route to transplant, and, with the TOWER trial of blinatumomab, moved adult ALL from chemotherapy-only salvage to immunotherapy. Both drugs have since been pulled into front-line regimens. The liver toxicity signal shaped how transplant conditioning is chosen after inotuzumab.

This trial is why PD-L1 is measured on every new advanced lung cancer and why a patient with a high score can start immunotherapy without chemotherapy. Together with KEYNOTE-189 for the rest of the population, it moved checkpoint inhibitors from second-line rescue to the first treatment most lung cancer patients receive.

Molecular monitoring of NPM1 now decides whether a patient with otherwise favourable-risk disease should go to transplant in first remission, and molecular relapse can be treated pre-emptively.

One pathway page on OnCo cites this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing page listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

One of the most cited trial reports Europe PMC returns for Niraparib in Ovarian cancer, so it is a natural first reading for anyone weighing the idea it is linked from. The record was linked automatically by title and abstract; read the abstract above and the paper itself before relying on any figure.

One technology page on OnCo cites this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing page listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT01740427 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the PALOMA-2 trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT02267603 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the KEYNOTE-017 trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Most men with low- and favourable intermediate-risk prostate cancer can safely choose monitoring, and treatment choice should weigh urinary, sexual and bowel side effects against a small difference in progression.

An interim PET scan after two cycles guides treatment of advanced Hodgkin lymphoma: drop bleomycin if negative, intensify if positive.

One trial page on OnCo cites this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing page listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

One technology page on OnCo cites this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing page listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

It is the cleanest demonstration in oncology that resistance is a property of a particular drug bound to a particular protein rather than a property of the tumour, and that genotyping at every progression can reopen an option that looked closed.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT01958021 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the MONALEESA-2 trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Radiotherapy followed by PCV is the standard for high-risk grade 2 IDH-mutant glioma; whether temozolomide can replace PCV, and whether vorasidenib can defer both, are the current questions.

The structure of the paediatric ALL subtype pages, from risk groups to new targeted and immune therapies, follows the framework in this review.

One pathway page on OnCo cites this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing page listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT00066690 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the SOFT trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Women with small HER2-positive tumours can avoid anthracyclines and multi-agent chemotherapy; the APT regimen is a guideline standard for stage I HER2-positive disease.

One of the most cited trial reports Europe PMC returns for Lenalidomide in Multiple myeloma, so it is a natural first reading for anyone weighing the idea it is linked from. The record was linked automatically by title and abstract; read the abstract above and the paper itself before relying on any figure.

Docetaxel with androgen deprivation is a standard for high-volume metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer, now usually combined with an androgen receptor pathway inhibitor as triplet therapy.

With CheckMate 057 this trial ended docetaxel's role as the default second-line treatment in lung cancer and gave the first phase 3 proof that PD-1 blockade extends life in a common carcinoma. Its PD-L1-independent benefit in squamous disease still shapes how the biomarker is used.

With CheckMate 017 in squamous disease, this trial ended docetaxel's reign as the default second-line treatment for lung cancer and established PD-1 blockade as standard after chemotherapy. Its PD-L1 finding shaped how later first-line trials were designed and how the biomarker is used in the clinic.

One of the most cited trial reports Europe PMC returns for Nivolumab in Melanoma, so it is a natural first reading for anyone weighing the idea it is linked from. The record was linked automatically by title and abstract; read the abstract above and the paper itself before relying on any figure.

One bottleneck page and 14 idea pages on OnCo cite this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing pages listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Elective neck dissection is now the standard for early oral cancer everywhere. The trial shows what high-volume Indian centres can contribute: a definitive answer to a surgical question that had been debated for half a century and that Western centres, with far fewer oral cancers, could not resolve.

One of the most cited papers Europe PMC returns for Jan A. Burger at MD Anderson Cancer Center, so it is a natural starting point for reading their work. The record was linked automatically from the author list and affiliation; read the abstract above and the paper itself before relying on any figure.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT00002851 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the EORTC 22922 trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

This trial gave lung cancer its immunotherapy biomarker. The 50% PD-L1 cut-off decides today whether a patient with advanced lung cancer can start immunotherapy alone or needs chemotherapy added, and the five-year follow-up later showed long-term survivors among first-line responders.

This trial settled which checkpoint to block first in melanoma and set the pattern for PD-1 antibodies displacing ipilimumab across cancers. Long-term follow-up later showed that many responders remained free of progression years after stopping treatment.

This small trial explained why colorectal cancer had seemed immune-resistant (most is MMR-proficient) and established the principle that a genomic feature, not the tissue of origin, can predict immunotherapy response. It led directly to the 2017 tissue-agnostic approval of pembrolizumab and to routine MMR/MSI testing of many cancers. Every patient with advanced dMMR cancer should now be considered for checkpoint blockade.

One of the most cited trial reports Europe PMC returns for BRAF in Melanoma, so it is a natural first reading for anyone weighing the idea it is linked from. The record was linked automatically by title and abstract; read the abstract above and the paper itself before relying on any figure.

One term page on OnCo cites this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing page listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Trifluridine-tipiracil became the other refractory-line standard alongside regorafenib, and the backbone that SUNLIGHT later improved on by adding bevacizumab.

PET-negative early Hodgkin lymphoma can be treated with chemotherapy alone at a small cost in relapse, an option many younger patients take to avoid radiation to the chest and neck.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT00005957 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

The reason every current Hodgkin lymphoma trial is a de-escalation trial, and the reason survivors need lifelong surveillance rather than discharge at five years. It is also a warning about assuming that a gentler protocol is a safer one until a cohort has been followed long enough to say.

Lenvatinib is the first-choice kinase inhibitor for progressive iodine-refractory papillary and follicular thyroid cancer, reserved for symptomatic or rapidly progressing disease because of its toxicity.

The first molecularly stratified treatment in prostate cancer, and the proof that the synthetic lethality that works in ovarian and breast cancer works here too. Every PARP inhibitor now licensed in prostate cancer traces back to this trial.

One of the most cited trial reports Europe PMC returns for BRAF in Thyroid cancer, so it is a natural first reading for anyone weighing the idea it is linked from. The record was linked automatically by title and abstract; read the abstract above and the paper itself before relying on any figure.

The first predictive resistance biomarker in prostate cancer, and a mechanism rather than a correlation: a receptor with no ligand-binding domain cannot be blocked by a drug that binds the ligand-binding domain. It is also the origin of the case for androgen receptor degraders, which destroy the protein rather than blocking a site the protein no longer has.

One of the most cited papers Europe PMC returns for Olivier L. Chinot at Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, so it is a natural starting point for reading their work. The record was linked automatically from the author list and affiliation; read the abstract above and the paper itself before relying on any figure.

Somatostatin analogues are the standard first-line antiproliferative treatment for grade 1 to 2 gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours whether or not they cause a hormone syndrome.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT01584648 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the COMBI-d trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT01689519 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the coBRIM trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

ROS1 testing became standard in lung adenocarcinoma; crizotinib was the first approved ROS1 inhibitor and remains an option, though entrectinib, repotrectinib and taletrectinib now offer brain penetration and resistance coverage.

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Platinum-paclitaxel with bevacizumab became the first-line standard for advanced cervical cancer and remains the backbone to which pembrolizumab is added.

Many older people carry blood clones one or two steps from leukaemia, and those clones also drive heart disease through inflammation. CHIP is why blood-based cancer tests must filter out mutations from blood cells, and it opens a route to preventing both leukaemia and cardiovascular events in carriers.

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This paper is the proof-of-concept for a living drug: a single infusion of a patient's own engineered T cells could eradicate leukaemia that had survived chemotherapy, transplant and antibody therapy. It defined cytokine release syndrome and its antidote, tocilizumab, and revealed antigen-loss relapse. It led directly to the first approved gene-modified cell therapy three years later.

The first molecular stool test to reach approval, and the template for the blood tests that followed: more sensitive for cancer, much less specific, and still poor at the precancerous lesions that screening is supposed to remove.

The trial that made an androgen receptor inhibitor the usual first treatment for castration-resistant prostate cancer, and that delayed chemotherapy by a long margin for most men. Its effect sizes are why later trials in this setting are judged against a hazard ratio near 0.7 for survival.

Screening for Ph-like ALL and its underlying kinase lesion is now part of high-risk ALL protocols, directing ABL-class cases to imatinib or dasatinib and JAK-pathway cases to ruxolitinib trials.

One of the most cited trial reports Europe PMC returns for Abiraterone acetate in Prostate cancer, so it is a natural first reading for anyone weighing the idea it is linked from. The record was linked automatically by title and abstract; read the abstract above and the paper itself before relying on any figure.

Radium-223 is an option for symptomatic bone-predominant castration-resistant prostate cancer, now less used since lutetium-PSMA, and should not be combined with abiraterone after the ERA 223 fracture signal.

Low- and intermediate-risk APL is now treated without cytotoxic chemotherapy. The regimen has become the standard worldwide and made APL the most curable adult acute leukaemia.

One of the most cited trial reports Europe PMC returns for ALK in Non-small-cell lung cancer, so it is a natural first reading for anyone weighing the idea it is linked from. The record was linked automatically by title and abstract; read the abstract above and the paper itself before relying on any figure.

Dose-adjusted EPOCH-R without radiotherapy became a standard for primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma, particularly in the United States, and the IELSG37 trial later confirmed radiotherapy can be omitted after a negative PET.

With FOLFIRINOX this trial defined the two chemotherapy standards for metastatic pancreatic cancer that still apply, and the gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel backbone is the comparator in most current first-line pancreatic trials.

Ponatinib is the drug for T315I-mutated disease and for patients who have failed several inhibitors, including in accelerated and blast phase as a bridge to transplant. Cardiovascular risk must be managed actively.

Extended RAS testing (KRAS and NRAS exons 2, 3 and 4) became the standard before any EGFR antibody, and about one in six patients who would previously have been treated is now spared a drug that would have made things worse.

The reason intermittent androgen deprivation is offered as a choice in metastatic disease rather than recommended, and a case study in what an inconclusive non-inferiority trial should say. For a man weighing the side effects, the honest statement is that the quality-of-life gain is real but brief and the survival question is open.

An oral drug that works after chemotherapy has failed, in a disease where the previous option was more chemotherapy. Together with abiraterone it moved castration-resistant prostate cancer from a chemotherapy disease to a hormonal one, and set up the sequencing questions the field is still arguing about.

The clinical proof of Vogelstein's sequence: interrupting the adenoma-carcinoma pathway with a snare prevents the cancer, which is why colonoscopy is the only screening test that both detects and prevents.

COMFORT-I turned the 2005 discovery of the JAK2 V617F mutation into the first effective medicine for myelofibrosis, transforming symptom control for a disease with no prior standard. Ruxolitinib is still the reference first-line therapy, with fedratinib, pacritinib and momelotinib as alternatives for cytopenic patients. It does not eliminate the malignant clone or reverse fibrosis in most patients.

With COMFORT-I, the evidence for ruxolitinib as the first approved treatment for myelofibrosis and for JAK inhibition as the standard for spleen and symptom control.

CROSS chemoradiotherapy is a standard for locally advanced oesophageal cancer, particularly squamous cell carcinoma; for adenocarcinoma, perioperative FLOT is now often preferred after ESOPEC.

Vismodegib (and sonidegib) is the first-line systemic treatment for locally advanced or metastatic basal cell carcinoma, often given intermittently to manage side effects.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT00863655 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the BOLERO-2 trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

EDP-mitotane is the first-line chemotherapy for adrenocortical carcinoma that cannot be removed, and the comparator arm for new trials; outcomes remain poor and better drugs are needed.

A single biopsy is an incomplete picture of a patient's cancer. Truncal mutations shared by all cells (in kidney cancer, VHL) are the most reliable drug targets, whereas mutations in only some branches predict resistance. This is why liquid biopsy and multi-region sampling matter.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT00567190 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the CLEOPATRA trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

One bottleneck page on OnCo cites this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing page listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

The trial that opened the PD-L1 era for other cancers is also the first evidence that pancreatic cancer would be left out of it.

This study is why PD-1 inhibitors were developed across cancers rather than in melanoma alone: unexpected activity in lung cancer, historically thought immune-resistant, changed drug development priorities industry-wide. It also introduced PD-L1 immunohistochemistry as a candidate biomarker and pneumonitis as a signature toxicity. Within five years PD-1 blockade was approved in more than ten cancers.

One of the most cited trial reports Europe PMC returns for Trastuzumab in HER2-positive breast cancer, so it is a natural first reading for anyone weighing the idea it is linked from. The record was linked automatically by title and abstract; read the abstract above and the paper itself before relying on any figure.

One cancer page on OnCo cites this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing page listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

BRAF testing became mandatory in advanced melanoma and vemurafenib the first approved BRAF inhibitor; combination with MEK inhibitors soon replaced monotherapy.

FOLFIRINOX and, soon after, gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel ended the era of single-agent gemcitabine for metastatic pancreatic cancer. The regimen's modified form later improved survival after surgery in PRODIGE 24, and its toxicity is why fitness, not just stage, decides which treatment a patient is offered.

Abiraterone became a standard treatment for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and, after later trials, for hormone-sensitive and high-risk localised disease.

For people with a heavy smoking history, an annual low-dose CT scan is one of the few screening tests proven to reduce cancer deaths. Most abnormal scans are not cancer, so screening must be paired with careful nodule management. It does not apply to never-smokers or light smokers.

Everolimus is a standard option for progressive pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours, alongside sunitinib, chemotherapy and radioligand therapy.

Short-term androgen deprivation with radiotherapy is standard for unfavourable intermediate-risk prostate cancer; low-risk men do not need it.

Sunitinib is a standard targeted option for progressive pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours; the choice between it and everolimus is guided by comorbidity and side-effect profile.

Biology-based reduction of chemotherapy is the standard for intermediate-risk neuroblastoma, and the successor trial ANBL0531 reduced it further.

Gemcitabine-cisplatin is the backbone of first-line treatment for advanced biliary tract cancer, now combined with durvalumab or pembrolizumab.

The trial that made ALK testing worth doing. It is also the clearest case in oncology of a drug finding its disease after the fact: crizotinib entered the clinic as a MET inhibitor and became an ALK drug because somebody checked.

Anti-GD2 immunotherapy after consolidation is standard for high-risk neuroblastoma worldwide; interleukin-2 was later dropped after the SIOPEN trial showed no added benefit.

ARID1A loss defines the biology of clear cell ovarian cancer and is the target of current trials of synthetic-lethal drugs such as ATR and EZH2 inhibitors.

One of the most cited trial reports Europe PMC returns for EGFR in Non-small-cell lung cancer, so it is a natural first reading for anyone weighing the idea it is linked from. The record was linked automatically by title and abstract; read the abstract above and the paper itself before relying on any figure.

Patients with early favourable Hodgkin lymphoma are cured with two cycles of ABVD and 20 Gy of involved-site radiotherapy; later trials tested whether PET can spare radiotherapy altogether.

This paper launched the immunotherapy era. It was the first randomised evidence that taking a brake off the immune system could extend life in a solid cancer, and it introduced clinicians to immune-related adverse events and to responses that arrive late or after apparent progression. Ipilimumab alone has since been superseded by PD-1 antibodies and combinations, but every checkpoint programme traces back to this result.

HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer is now staged and studied separately, and this risk model underlies de-escalation trials and the eighth-edition staging system.

A fixed point for readers who want to see how much, and how little, has changed since 2010.

The paper that made the adenoma detection rate the central quality measure of every screening endoscopy service, and the reason endoscopist-level auditing is a condition of accreditation.

One treatment page on OnCo cites this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing page listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Palliative care is not what happens when treatment stops; it works best alongside cancer treatment from the start. Patients feel better, are less depressed and may live longer. Access remains the constraint: most of the world's patients never see a palliative care specialist.

Biomarker-directed treatment in colorectal cancer starts here: RAS testing became mandatory before an EGFR antibody, and the corpus's updated CRYSTAL analysis (paper-kras-colorectal-j-clin-oncol-2011) carries the mature survival figures in the wild-type group.

IKZF1 status is part of risk stratification in several paediatric ALL protocols and is a hallmark of Ph-like ALL.

The evidence that prostate-specific antigen screening works, stated together with the price. It is the reason screening programmes are debated rather than simply adopted, and the reason every subsequent proposal, from magnetic resonance imaging first to risk-model invitation, is judged on whether it keeps the mortality benefit while reducing the 48.

The trial that turned EGFR testing into a standard of care rather than a research assay, and the clearest demonstration in oncology that a clinically selected population can hide two opposite treatment effects inside one positive result.

Bevacizumab is used off label for NF2-related schwannomatosis with growing tumours or declining hearing, supported by later phase 2 trials, and the study opened the search for medical therapy of schwannoma.

HPV DNA testing is the screening test that saves lives in low-resource settings, even when done once. The result underpins WHO's HPV-first screening guidance and India's operational guidelines, and gives the rationale for self-sampled HPV tests as the route to cervical cancer elimination.

One technology page on OnCo cites this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing page listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

FOXL2 mutation testing is now used to confirm the diagnosis of adult granulosa cell tumour, and the mutation is central to understanding and treating the disease.

The trial that made prostate screening contested in the United States, and the reason the 2012 task force recommended against it. Its main lesson is methodological: a screening trial whose control group screens itself cannot measure the effect of screening.

Cisplatin monotherapy with delayed surgery is the standard for standard-risk hepatoblastoma; later SIOPEL-6 added sodium thiosulfate to protect hearing.

One technology page on OnCo cites this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing page listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

EXTREME was the first-line standard for a decade and remains the option for patients unsuitable for pembrolizumab; it was the comparator that KEYNOTE-048 improved upon.

It created the negative predictive biomarker in solid tumour oncology and, with the panitumumab analysis of the same year, restricted EGFR antibodies to RAS wild-type disease worldwide.

This trial, with its single-dose companion MNTX 301, is the evidence behind the 2008 US approval of Relistor for opioid-induced constipation in palliative care when laxatives fail. For a patient on strong opioids, it shows that the constipation can be reversed at the gut without touching the pain relief.

Sorafenib became the reference standard against which lenvatinib, atezolizumab-bevacizumab and durvalumab-tremelimumab were tested, and remains an option where immunotherapy is unsuitable.

One of the most cited trial reports Europe PMC returns for Lenalidomide in Multiple myeloma, so it is a natural first reading for anyone weighing the idea it is linked from. The record was linked automatically by title and abstract; read the abstract above and the paper itself before relying on any figure.

One trial page on OnCo cites this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing page listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

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The first time a targeted biological agent extended survival in lung cancer, and the first time median survival in the advanced setting crossed twelve months. It also set the pattern that a drug's exclusion criteria can matter as much as its mechanism.

Cetuximab-radiotherapy is the standard for patients who cannot receive cisplatin; head-to-head trials in HPV-positive disease (RTOG 1016, De-ESCALaTE) later showed it inferior to cisplatin where cisplatin is possible.

One target page on OnCo cites this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing page listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

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NPM1-mutated AML is now its own WHO category. The mutation is a stable target for measurable residual disease monitoring and the disease is one of the two indications for menin inhibitors.

This paper founded the site-based molecular classification of melanoma that underpins separate pages for acral and mucosal disease and their different treatment responses.

Resistance to a targeted drug usually has a cause you can read off a sequence, which means it can be targeted in turn. Osimertinib exists because of this paper.

Patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma who are fit and under about 70 receive six weeks of radiotherapy with daily temozolomide followed by six monthly cycles of temozolomide; this is still the backbone of treatment two decades later. Testing MGMT methylation identifies who benefits most and guides decisions in older patients. Median survival with the regimen remains only around 15-20 months, and no drug since has clearly improved on it, which is why glioblastoma is a priority for new approaches.

This is the paper Europe PMC returns for registry id NCT00045032 with the most citations, so it is the natural first reading for anyone following the HERA trial. Read the abstract above alongside the trial page and the registry entry; the record was linked automatically and its figures have not been checked by hand.

One of the most cited trial reports Europe PMC returns for Trastuzumab in HER2-positive breast cancer, so it is a natural first reading for anyone weighing the idea it is linked from. The record was linked automatically by title and abstract; read the abstract above and the paper itself before relying on any figure.

The origin of the European position that adjuvant treatment means chemotherapy alone; CONKO-001, ESPAC-3, ESPAC-4 and PRODIGE 24 all built on it, and the role of radiotherapy remains contested (LAP07, PREOPANC).

The template for every driver mutation since: find the responders, sequence them, and give the drug only to people whose tumour carries the lesion it was built for. Gefitinib had been close to abandonment on the strength of unselected trials.

One technology page on OnCo cites this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing page listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Cisplatin chemoradiation after surgery is standard for extranodal extension or involved margins; radiotherapy alone suffices for other adverse features.

This trial opened anti-angiogenic therapy as a class, and bevacizumab went on to approvals in lung, kidney, ovarian, cervical and brain cancers. It also set the pattern of modest but real survival gains from adding a biologic to chemotherapy, and introduced hypertension, proteinuria and perforation as the signature side effects clinicians now monitor.

One trial page on OnCo cites this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing page listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

FOLFOX after surgery for stage III colon cancer, still the standard 22 years later, and the reason every later adjuvant trial in this disease is an oxaliplatin trial.

With EORTC 22931, this trial defines who receives postoperative chemoradiation: patients with extranodal extension or positive margins, not those whose only risk factor is multiple nodes.

This trial made preoperative chemoradiotherapy the standard for locally advanced rectal cancer worldwide and is the foundation on which total neoadjuvant therapy and watch-and-wait organ preservation were later built.

The confirmatory half of the 2004 result. Two independent trials, two different docetaxel regimens, the same direction of effect: this is why docetaxel was adopted quickly and why it survived the move into hormone-sensitive disease a decade later.

The end of therapeutic nihilism in castration-resistant prostate cancer. It is also the trial that set the field's expectation of what a positive result looks like in this disease: a hazard ratio near 0.75 and a median gain measured in months, not years.

This is the study most often cited for the size of the obesity and cancer link, and it broadened the list of weight-related cancers well beyond the few known before. It underlies weight management advice in cancer prevention guidance and the current interest in whether GLP-1 drugs change cancer risk.

IRIS made imatinib the first-line standard for CML worldwide and established the tyrosine kinase inhibitor as a chronic, life-long oral therapy. For most patients CML became a manageable condition with near-normal life expectancy. Later generations of TKIs (dasatinib, nilotinib, asciminib) produce faster, deeper responses but have not shown a survival advantage over imatinib.

Concurrent cisplatin chemoradiation is the standard larynx-preserving treatment for advanced laryngeal cancer where the larynx is still functioning; laryngectomy is reserved for extensive disease or salvage.

One cancer page on OnCo cites this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing page listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Fit patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer should be offered cisplatin-based chemotherapy before cystectomy; a complete pathological response predicts cure. Newer regimens such as gemcitabine-cisplatin and dose-dense MVAC, and now durvalumab, build on this result.

The ceiling of undirected cytotoxic chemotherapy, measured precisely. Everything that came afterwards, from histology-directed pemetrexed to EGFR inhibitors to checkpoint blockade, is an attempt to break a plateau this trial demonstrated could not be broken by changing the drugs.

Imatinib is the standard first-line treatment for advanced GIST and the model for kinase-targeted therapy in solid tumours.

Every patient with a pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma is now offered germline testing, which directs surveillance of the patient and relatives and, with SDHB, warns of metastatic risk.

One term page on OnCo cites this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing page listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

The reason a pathology report on diffuse large B-cell lymphoma says germinal-centre or non-germinal-centre, and the origin of every attempt since to treat the two differently. It also made the case that microarray profiling could do something the clinical index could not, which is what pulled genomics into haematology.

One trial page on OnCo cites this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing page listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.

Druker's 2001 imatinib paper turned the idea of hitting a cancer's specific molecular engine into a working medicine. For people with CML it began the shift from a fatal disease treated with interferon or transplant to one managed with a daily tablet. It also set expectations, later tempered, that every cancer might have its own imatinib.

The modern basis for offering short-course radiotherapy selectively: it buys local control, not survival, so the decision turns on the predicted recurrence risk from MRI against the long-term bowel and sexual morbidity of pelvic irradiation.

This was the first proof that a monoclonal antibody against a growth receptor could extend life in a common solid tumour, and it created HER2-positive breast cancer as a disease treated differently from the rest. Its cardiac finding shaped every later HER2 regimen, which pair trastuzumab with taxanes rather than anthracyclines.

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Weekly cisplatin with external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy remains the backbone of curative treatment for locally advanced cervical cancer; INTERLACE and KEYNOTE-A18 build on it.

Treating the brain before the cancer gets there works in small-cell lung cancer, and it is the proof of principle behind every later attempt to prevent rather than treat brain metastases.

The standard of care in limited-stage small-cell lung cancer from 1999 until ADRIATIC added immunotherapy in 2024, and a rare example of a curative gain in a disease that has had almost none.

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Long-term androgen deprivation (18 to 36 months) with radiotherapy remains the backbone for high-risk localised prostate cancer, to which abiraterone is now added for the highest-risk men.

The origin of short-course preoperative radiotherapy, still the standard schedule across northern Europe and the backbone of the RAPIDO regimen 24 years later.

Differentiation therapy, making leukaemic cells mature rather than killing them, became the first targeted treatment in leukaemia. Every modern APL regimen starts with retinoic acid on suspicion of the diagnosis.

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Founder mutations make population-level testing feasible because a three-variant panel finds most carriers; the BRCA1 founder variants in particular predispose to basal-like, triple-negative tumours, so ancestry shapes who gets this disease and who is eligible for PARP inhibitors.

Supplements are drugs, and drugs have to be tested. A plausible mechanism, a consistent observational signal and a safe-sounding intervention still produced measurable harm in the people it was meant to protect.

The Milan criteria remain the global standard for transplant eligibility in hepatocellular carcinoma, with downstaging protocols extending access to patients just outside them.

It established that the receptor in resistant prostate cancer is not silent but promiscuous, which is why the specific allele matters clinically: a receptor that will accept a glucocorticoid or a progestogen changes what should and should not be prescribed alongside the hormonal agent.

A cheap home stool test, repeated yearly or every two years and followed by colonoscopy when positive, prevents bowel cancer deaths. This is what national bowel screening programmes do today, with FIT replacing the older guaiac test.

Organ preservation became a legitimate goal in laryngeal cancer; RTOG 91-11 later refined the approach to concurrent chemoradiation.

The paper that made opportunistic prostate-specific antigen testing routine, and the source of the threshold still printed on laboratory reports. Everything in the overdiagnosis literature is, in effect, an audit of what this recommendation did when it was applied to whole populations.

The start of adjuvant treatment for colon cancer. Levamisole was later dropped, but fluorouracil with folinic acid remained the backbone that oxaliplatin was added to in MOSAIC fourteen years later.

Every screening programme rests on this paper: if cancer arrives through a polyp that takes years to progress, then finding and removing polyps prevents cancer rather than merely catching it early.

The origin of the blood test that defines how prostate cancer is found, monitored and declared to have recurred. Its strength was always monitoring a known cancer; the problems began when the same test was used to look for cancer in men who had no symptoms.

BEP has been the backbone of curative chemotherapy for testicular cancer for nearly forty years.

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Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina is the archetype of a cancer caused by exposure before birth; DES-exposed daughters still need lifelong gynaecological surveillance, and the paper is the reason drugs in pregnancy are now scrutinised for effects on the child.