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Oncology research output by country from OpenAlex (2021 to 2025), with growth, highly cited share, open access, ClinicalTrials.gov sites, cancer burden, and the national funder. Ranked by a disclosed composite score. In 2025 the leaders by volume were United States, China, United Kingdom.
| # | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | China CNDeep dive National Natural Science Foundation of China; NHC / NMPA programmes · NSFC total ≈ CN¥ 33 billion (2023), all fields | Asia | 17,535 | +52% | 4% | 72% | 54,606 | 33 | 202 / 129 | 75.7 |
| 2 | United States USDeep dive National Cancer Institute (NIH) · $7.35 billion (FY2026 appropriation) | North America | 23,279 | +0% | 4% | 64% | 195,124 | 151 | 367 / 82 | 73.2 |
| 3 | Netherlands NL KWF Dutch Cancer Society; ZonMw · KWF ≈ €150 million/year | Europe | 1,913 | -4% | 7% | 81% | 15,139 | 15 | 349 / 108 | 69.2 |
| 4 | Belgium BE Fondation contre le Cancer / Kom op tegen Kanker; FWO / FNRS | Europe | 1,353 | +25% | 7% | 76% | 15,198 | 13 | 360 / 97 | 68.8 |
| 5 | Switzerland CH Swiss Cancer Research; SNSF · Swiss Cancer Research ≈ CHF 30 million/year | Europe | 1,469 | +2% | 7% | 75% | 10,670 | 10 | 323 / 84 | 68.2 |
| 6 | Germany DEDeep dive DKFZ (Helmholtz) / BMBF; Deutsche Krebshilfe; DFG · DKFZ ≈ €400 million/year | Europe | 4,230 | -4% | 6% | 69% | 28,511 | 33 | 313 / 95 | 68.1 |
| 7 | United Kingdom GBDeep dive Cancer Research UK; NIHR; MRC · CRUK ≈ £400+ million research spend (2023/24) | Europe | 5,201 | -19% | 5% | 72% | 28,841 | 100 | 307 / 100 | 67.3 |
| 8 | Italy IT AIRC; Ministero della Salute · AIRC ≈ €140 million/year | Europe | 3,890 | -17% | 5% | 71% | 26,087 | 28 | 296 / 95 | 67.1 |
| 9 | France FR Institut National du Cancer (INCa); Inserm; ARC Foundation · INCa ≈ €100+ million/year for research | Europe | 3,121 | -6% | 6% | 63% | 42,896 | 33 | 341 / 96 | 67 |
| 10 | Spain ES Instituto de Salud Carlos III; AECC · AECC ≈ €100 million committed research | Europe | 2,955 | -7% | 5% | 68% | 25,467 | 24 | 289 / 91 | 65.3 |
| 11 | Hong Kong HK | Asia | 662 | +22% | 7% | 72% | 5,212 | 3 | - | 64.9 |
| 12 | United Arab Emirates AE | Other | 263 | +101% | 7% | 72% | 610 | 2 | - | 64.8 |
| 13 | Australia AU NHMRC; Medical Research Future Fund; Cancer Australia · MRFF ≈ A$ 650 million/year, all fields | Oceania | 2,216 | -11% | 6% | 70% | 12,457 | 17 | 462 / 88 | 64.5 |
| 14 | Canada CA CIHR; Canadian Cancer Society; Terry Fox Research Institute · CIHR ≈ C$ 1.3 billion (2024-25), all fields | North America | 2,497 | -3% | 5% | 68% | 32,451 | 25 | 348 / 89 | 64.5 |
| 15 | Singapore SG National Medical Research Council (NMRC) | Asia | 576 | +18% | 7% | 69% | 4,090 | 2 | 240 / 78 | 64 |
| 16 | Sweden SE Swedish Cancer Society (Cancerfonden); Swedish Research Council · Cancerfonden ≈ SEK 1 billion/year | Europe | 954 | +3% | 6% | 80% | 9,777 | 9 | 312 / 88 | 62.8 |
| 17 | Israel ILDeep dive Israel Cancer Association (a charity, on donations); Israel Science Foundation; Israel Innovation Authority | Middle East | 685 | -5% | 7% | 67% | 13,935 | 14 | 246 / 83 | 62.3 |
| 18 | Poland PL National Science Centre; Medical Research Agency | Europe | 1,089 | +8% | 5% | 80% | 11,608 | 7 | 262 / 128 | 62.1 |
| 19 | Denmark DK Danish Cancer Society; Novo Nordisk Foundation · Danish Cancer Society ≈ DKK 400 million/year | Europe | 797 | +3% | 6% | 77% | 12,732 | 7 | 375 / 110 | 61.9 |
| 20 | Saudi Arabia SA King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology; Ministry of Health | Middle East | 957 | +32% | 6% | 71% | 1,744 | 1 | 122 / 56 | 61.8 |
| 21 | Bangladesh BD | Other | 469 | +124% | 4% | 70% | 823 | 1 | - | 61.7 |
| 22 | Pakistan PK | Asia | 1,023 | +78% | 3% | 73% | 6,058 | 2 | - | 61.5 |
| 23 | South Korea KR KHIDI / Ministry of Health and Welfare; NRF · National Cancer Control programme; NRF ≈ ₩ 9 trillion (2024), all fields | Asia | 2,095 | -3% | 4% | 73% | 17,673 | 7 | 300 / 72 | 60.6 |
| 24 | Austria AT FWF; Austrian Cancer Aid | Europe | 628 | -12% | 6% | 74% | 7,754 | 4 | 298 / 92 | 60.2 |
| 25 | Norway NO Norwegian Cancer Society; Research Council of Norway | Europe | 520 | -7% | 6% | 77% | 5,761 | 3 | 358 / 95 | 59.9 |
| 26 | Ethiopia ET | Other | 327 | +46% | 6% | 79% | 364 | 1 | - | 59.7 |
| 27 | Hungary HU | Other | 438 | +38% | 5% | 79% | 5,872 | 2 | - | 59.3 |
| 28 | Japan JPDeep dive AMED; JSPS; National Cancer Center · AMED ≈ ¥ 140 billion (FY2024), all fields | Asia | 4,604 | -7% | 3% | 68% | 9,840 | 17 | 267 / 82 | 59.3 |
| 29 | Egypt EG Academy of Scientific Research and Technology | Africa | 893 | +8% | 4% | 67% | 17,478 | 2 | 159 / 99 | 58.3 |
| 30 | Iraq IQ | Other | 521 | +118% | 2% | 79% | 507 | - | - | 58.2 |
| 31 | India INDeep dive ICMR; DBT; Department of Atomic Energy (Tata Memorial) · ICMR ≈ ₹ 2,700 crore (2024-25), all fields | Asia | 5,149 | +8% | 2% | 54% | 6,609 | 27 | 100 / 65 | 57.3 |
| 32 | Türkiye TR TÜBİTAK; Ministry of Health | Europe | 2,209 | +20% | 2% | 72% | 26,123 | 4 | 231 / 106 | 57.2 |
| 33 | Taiwan TW National Science and Technology Council; Ministry of Health and Welfare | Asia | 912 | +4% | 4% | 71% | 12,924 | 4 | 292 / 105 | 56.9 |
| 34 | South Africa ZA | Africa | 436 | +17% | 5% | 78% | 3,864 | 6 | - | 56.8 |
| 35 | Finland FI | Europe | 395 | +16% | 5% | 81% | 4,351 | 7 | - | 56.6 |
| 36 | Chile CL | Latin America | 308 | +11% | 6% | 74% | 2,849 | 2 | - | 56.5 |
| 37 | Jordan JO | Other | 296 | +135% | 2% | 67% | 934 | 1 | - | 56.2 |
| 38 | Czechia CZ | Europe | 453 | +4% | 5% | 76% | 7,039 | 4 | - | 56.1 |
| 39 | Greece GR Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation | Europe | 645 | -2% | 5% | 73% | 5,304 | 4 | 273 / 108 | 56.1 |
| 40 | Brazil BR INCA; CNPq; FAPESP · FAPESP ≈ R$ 1.9 billion (2024), all fields | Latin America | 1,672 | +3% | 3% | 77% | 11,657 | 10 | 216 / 88 | 56 |
| 41 | Romania RO | Other | 475 | +26% | 4% | 83% | 3,681 | 2 | - | 55.9 |
| 42 | Iran IR Ministry of Health and Medical Education; NIMAD | Middle East | 1,225 | -3% | 4% | 67% | 1,463 | 1 | 159 / 87 | 55 |
| 43 | Ireland IE | Europe | 580 | -1% | 4% | 74% | 3,141 | 10 | - | 54.7 |
| 44 | Portugal PT FCT; Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro | Europe | 566 | -16% | 4% | 75% | 3,980 | 4 | 300 / 100 | 53.7 |
| 45 | Malaysia MY | Asia | 499 | +25% | 4% | 71% | 2,618 | 1 | - | 53.5 |
| 46 | Russia RUDeep dive Russian Science Foundation; Ministry of Health | Europe | 1,094 | -7% | 3% | 71% | 6,893 | 7 | 248 / 110 | 53.2 |
| 47 | Thailand TH | Asia | 383 | +24% | 3% | 75% | 4,324 | 3 | - | 52.7 |
| 48 | Mexico MX CONAHCYT; Instituto Nacional de Cancerología | North America | 527 | +18% | 2% | 77% | 7,890 | 4 | 141 / 65 | 51.5 |
| 49 | Indonesia ID | Asia | 782 | +34% | 1% | 87% | 1,713 | 1 | - | 50.4 |
| 50 | New Zealand NZ | Oceania | 251 | -16% | 4% | 67% | 2,918 | 1 | - | 50.4 |
| 51 | Ukraine UA | Other | 262 | +19% | 3% | 80% | 2,715 | 2 | - | 50.2 |
| 52 | Argentina AR | Latin America | 286 | -9% | 4% | 73% | 4,776 | 4 | - | 50 |
| 53 | Vietnam VN | Asia | 233 | +61% | 2% | 71% | 1,304 | 2 | - | 49.6 |
| 54 | Croatia HR | Other | 158 | -12% | 4% | 81% | 1,719 | 1 | - | 47.3 |
| 55 | Nigeria NG | Africa | 356 | +35% | 2% | 81% | 459 | 2 | - | 46.9 |
| 56 | Serbia RS | Other | 199 | +5% | 3% | 78% | 1,890 | 1 | - | 46.4 |
| 57 | Philippines PH | Other | 165 | +27% | 2% | 75% | 1,353 | 1 | - | 45.8 |
| 58 | Morocco MA | Other | 330 | +57% | 1% | 72% | 178 | 1 | - | 45.6 |
| 59 | Puerto Rico PR | Other | 148 | +92% | 4% | 63% | - | - | - | 45.5 |
| 60 | Colombia CO | Latin America | 283 | -7% | 2% | 78% | 2,308 | 2 | - | 44.1 |
| 61 | Qatar QA | Other | 148 | +3% | 6% | 80% | - | 1 | - | 43.5 |
| 62 | Lebanon LB | Other | 133 | -7% | 5% | 70% | - | 1 | - | 40.9 |
| 63 | Tunisia TN | Other | 209 | +19% | 1% | 59% | 655 | 1 | - | 38.6 |
| 64 | Slovenia SI | Other | 137 | -10% | 4% | 81% | - | 1 | - | 37.6 |
| 65 | Bulgaria BG | Other | 158 | +35% | 2% | 84% | - | 2 | - | 36.2 |
| 66 | Nepal NP | Other | 140 | +9% | 2% | 82% | - | - | - | 33.4 |
| 67 | Peru PE | Latin America | 129 | 0% | 2% | 79% | - | 2 | - | 33.2 |
Hover a score for its breakdown. Per-capita mode needs a population figure (top ~30 countries have one); others keep absolute values.
Research intensity (0 to 100) = 40% works in 2025 (log-scaled against the leader) + 20% highly cited share (works with more than 50 citations, 2021 to 2025, scaled to the best country with at least 500 works) + 15% five-year growth (capped at +150%) + 15% registered trials with a site in the country (log-scaled) + 10% open-access share. Per-capita mode divides works and trials by population in millions. The formula is deliberately simple; argue with it in the repository.
query.locn counts.