[{"id":"page:/find/","kind":"page","name":"Start here","aka":"","tldr":"Begin from your situation or your question: your cancer, your biomarkers, what to compare, where the cancer is in the body.","tags":"page","route":"/find/","status":""},{"id":"page:/explore/","kind":"page","name":"Browse by cancer","aka":"Explore","tldr":"Pick a cancer, switch kind, get a ranked and sortable list.","tags":"page","route":"/explore/","status":""},{"id":"page:/tagged/","kind":"page","name":"Tags","aka":"","tldr":"Every tag with its count; each opens a filterable table of the records carrying it, whatever their kind.","tags":"page","route":"/tagged/","status":""},{"id":"page:/search/","kind":"page","name":"Search","aka":"","tldr":"Word and concept search side by side, each result explaining why it matched.","tags":"page","route":"/search/","status":""},{"id":"page:/path/","kind":"page","name":"Connections","aka":"Path finder","tldr":"How any two objects are related: shortest routes with every relationship named.","tags":"page","route":"/path/","status":""},{"id":"page:/for-me/","kind":"page","name":"For me","aka":"","tldr":"Choose your cancer type(s) and see what works and what could work.","tags":"page","route":"/for-me/","status":""},{"id":"page:/navigator/","kind":"page","name":"Navigator","aka":"","tldr":"Standard of care for your stage, what you have tried, cautions, next options, trials near you.","tags":"page","route":"/navigator/","status":""},{"id":"page:/biomarker-matrix/","kind":"page","name":"Biomarker matrix","aka":"","tldr":"Every biomarker against every cancer: approved products in your region versus trials, one grid.","tags":"page","route":"/biomarker-matrix/","status":""},{"id":"page:/calculators/","kind":"page","name":"Calculators","aka":"","tldr":"BSA, Calvert, creatinine clearance, ANC, corrected calcium, RECIST 1.1, anthracycline dose, dose banding.","tags":"page","route":"/calculators/","status":""},{"id":"page:/interactions/","kind":"page","name":"Interactions","aka":"","tldr":"Pick two or more drugs and see flagged pairs: CYP3A4, QT, PPIs, P-gp, bleeding, plus food and organ flags.","tags":"page","route":"/interactions/","status":""},{"id":"page:/tools/","kind":"page","name":"Decision aids","aka":"","tldr":"Answer a few questions from a report and read the guideline statement that applies, quoted with its source: gallbladder polyps, incidental gallbladder cancer, cancers compared.","tags":"page","route":"/tools/","status":""},{"id":"page:/irae/","kind":"page","name":"Checkpoint side effects","aka":"irAE guide, immune-related adverse events","tldr":"Checkpoint-inhibitor toxicity by organ and grade: hold, steroids, escalation, rechallenge. Printable.","tags":"page","route":"/irae/","status":""},{"id":"page:/tumor-board/","kind":"page","name":"Tumour board","aka":"","tldr":"Tick biomarkers and alterations, get matched options and cautions.","tags":"page","route":"/tumor-board/","status":""},{"id":"page:/compare/","kind":"page","name":"Compare","aka":"","tldr":"Up to five products, technologies, targets, trials, or cancers side by side, differences highlighted.","tags":"page","route":"/compare/","status":""},{"id":"page:/pivot/","kind":"page","name":"Counts by category","aka":"Landscape grid, pivot table","tldr":"Count products, trials, or technologies by cancer, target, treatment type, or company in one grid.","tags":"page","route":"/pivot/","status":""},{"id":"page:/rankings/","kind":"page","name":"Rankings","aka":"","tldr":"League tables computed from the corpus: cancers by trials, targets by products, companies by approvals, trials by enrolment, each stating its basis.","tags":"page","route":"/rankings/","status":""},{"id":"page:/timeline/","kind":"page","name":"Timeline","aka":"","tldr":"Every dated fact on one timeline: the shape of the whole field, what that shape shows, and a page for every year.","tags":"page","route":"/timeline/","status":""},{"id":"page:/years/","kind":"page","name":"Year by year","aka":"","tldr":"One page per year: everything the corpus dates to it, from approvals to landmarks, each line linking to the record it came from.","tags":"page","route":"/years/","status":""},{"id":"page:/query/","kind":"page","name":"Query builder","aka":"Query","tldr":"Build a graph query and get a table.","tags":"page","route":"/query/","status":""},{"id":"page:/graph/","kind":"page","name":"Graph explorer","aka":"","tldr":"Navigate the knowledge graph visually.","tags":"page","route":"/graph/","status":""},{"id":"page:/saved/","kind":"page","name":"Saved","aka":"","tldr":"Your saved table views and watched pages, with what changed since you looked. Stored in your browser only.","tags":"page","route":"/saved/","status":""},{"id":"page:/body/","kind":"page","name":"Body map","aka":"","tldr":"Start from where the cancer is.","tags":"page","route":"/body/","status":""},{"id":"page:/map/","kind":"page","name":"Cancers & treatments","aka":"","tldr":"Every cancer, every way to detect and treat it, every drug, target, trial, and term. One page each, in plain English first.","tags":"page","route":"/map/","status":""},{"id":"page:/cancers/","kind":"page","name":"Cancers","aka":"","tldr":"State of the art, standard of care, history, pipeline.","tags":"page","route":"/cancers/","status":""},{"id":"page:/cancers/map/","kind":"page","name":"Cancer map","aka":"","tldr":"Every cancer type on one layered map: organ system to cancer to subtype, with a cancer under more than one node where it belongs to both. Badges count trials, products, approvals or ideas.","tags":"page","route":"/cancers/map/","status":""},{"id":"page:/fronts/","kind":"page","name":"Fronts","aka":"","tldr":"The fronts of the war: imaging to cell therapy.","tags":"page","route":"/fronts/","status":""},{"id":"page:/technologies/","kind":"page","name":"Technologies","aka":"","tldr":"Every way we see, measure, or attack a tumour.","tags":"page","route":"/technologies/","status":""},{"id":"page:/targets/","kind":"page","name":"Targets","aka":"","tldr":"The molecules drugs and tracers aim at.","tags":"page","route":"/targets/","status":""},{"id":"page:/biomarkers/","kind":"page","name":"Biomarkers","aka":"","tldr":"PD-L1 CPS, HER2 IHC 3+, MSI-high: each readout under its gene, with the thresholds approvals use and the tests that measure it.","tags":"page","route":"/biomarkers/","status":""},{"id":"page:/drugs/","kind":"page","name":"Treatments & tests","aka":"","tldr":"Approved and pipeline products, with rotating molecules.","tags":"page","route":"/drugs/","status":""},{"id":"page:/pathways/","kind":"page","name":"Pathways","aka":"","tldr":"Signalling circuits, drawn and explained.","tags":"page","route":"/pathways/","status":""},{"id":"page:/checkpoints/","kind":"page","name":"Checkpoint families","aka":"","tldr":"One word, two biologies: immune checkpoints on the synapse and cell-cycle gates on the ring, each member with its partner, expression, drugs and approvals.","tags":"page","route":"/checkpoints/","status":""},{"id":"page:/virotherapy/","kind":"page","name":"Oncolytic viruses","aka":"","tldr":"Why a virus kills a cancer cell and not its neighbour, every approved product with what its trial really showed, and the failures.","tags":"page","route":"/virotherapy/","status":""},{"id":"page:/dossiers/","kind":"page","name":"Target dossiers","aka":"","tldr":"Everything about a target on one page: biology, prevalence, hotspots, products by phase, trials, resistance, assays, models, open questions, external ids.","tags":"page","route":"/dossiers/","status":""},{"id":"page:/pathway-drugs/","kind":"page","name":"Pathway-to-drug matrix","aka":"","tldr":"Which pathway nodes have a drug, at what phase, and which druggable nodes have none.","tags":"page","route":"/pathway-drugs/","status":""},{"id":"page:/tumour-testing/","kind":"page","name":"Tumour sequencing tests","aka":"","tldr":"BostonGene, Tempus, Foundation Medicine, Caris, Guardant and the rest side by side: tissue or blood, panel or exome, what the report returns, and regulatory status where certain.","tags":"page","route":"/tumour-testing/","status":""},{"id":"page:/models/","kind":"page","name":"Models & datasets","aka":"","tldr":"Foundation models and the datasets they train on, with parameters, weights, licence and benchmarks.","tags":"page","route":"/models/","status":""},{"id":"page:/machines/","kind":"page","name":"Machines","aka":"","tldr":"The scanners, accelerators, robots and ablation devices hospitals use against cancer: what each does, its advantages and limits, who makes it, and which centres run the rare ones.","tags":"page","route":"/machines/","status":""},{"id":"page:/open-questions/","kind":"page","name":"Open questions","aka":"","tldr":"Unresolved questions per target and technology: why open, what would answer them, who acts.","tags":"page","route":"/open-questions/","status":""},{"id":"page:/preclinical-models/","kind":"page","name":"Preclinical models","aka":"","tldr":"Cell lines with Cellosaurus and DepMap ids, PDX banks, mouse models and organoids per cancer and target.","tags":"page","route":"/preclinical-models/","status":""},{"id":"page:/regimens/","kind":"page","name":"Regimens","aka":"","tldr":"Named regimens with doses, days, cycles, emetogenicity and G-CSF need; calendar strip per regimen.","tags":"page","route":"/regimens/","status":""},{"id":"page:/sequencing/","kind":"page","name":"Lines of therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Per cancer, the standard of care by line and biomarker subgroup, with sequence and caution pairings.","tags":"page","route":"/sequencing/","status":""},{"id":"page:/staging/","kind":"page","name":"Staging & risk scores","aka":"","tldr":"TNM, FIGO, Lugano, BCLC, R-ISS and interactive IPI, IMDC, CLL-IPI, Child-Pugh, Khorana scorers.","tags":"page","route":"/staging/","status":""},{"id":"page:/journeys/","kind":"page","name":"Treatment journeys","aka":"","tldr":"What the next twelve months look like for a cancer at a stage, phase by phase, with the decision points.","tags":"page","route":"/journeys/","status":""},{"id":"page:/atlas/","kind":"page","name":"Organ maps","aka":"Atlas","tldr":"Organ schematics with subsites and node stations, and where each cancer spreads.","tags":"page","route":"/atlas/","status":""},{"id":"page:/molecules/","kind":"page","name":"Molecule gallery","aka":"","tldr":"Every product with a 3D structure, filterable by modality, payload, target and status.","tags":"page","route":"/molecules/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/","kind":"page","name":"Mechanics of cancer","aka":"","tldr":"How cancer works, drawn stage by stage, with the drugs that act on each mechanism.","tags":"page","route":"/mechanics/","status":""},{"id":"page:/prevalence/","kind":"page","name":"Prevalence","aka":"","tldr":"How common each target is in each cancer.","tags":"page","route":"/prevalence/","status":""},{"id":"page:/trials/","kind":"page","name":"Trials","aka":"","tldr":"Landmark and current trials.","tags":"page","route":"/trials/","status":""},{"id":"page:/pairings/","kind":"page","name":"Pairings","aka":"","tldr":"What works together, and what does not.","tags":"page","route":"/pairings/","status":""},{"id":"page:/roadmaps/","kind":"page","name":"Roadmaps","aka":"","tldr":"History to horizon for each technology family.","tags":"page","route":"/roadmaps/","status":""},{"id":"page:/dependencies/","kind":"page","name":"Dependency map","aka":"","tldr":"What each technology needs to exist, drawn in layers from foundations to end products: what CAR-T cannot run without, and what stops if one step fails.","tags":"page","route":"/dependencies/","status":""},{"id":"page:/bottlenecks/","kind":"page","name":"Bottlenecks","aka":"","tldr":"The constraints slowing the whole war on cancer, and the ideas that could break each one.","tags":"page","route":"/bottlenecks/","status":""},{"id":"page:/ideas/","kind":"page","name":"Ideas","aka":"","tldr":"Hypotheses and fixes, each with a proposed test.","tags":"page","route":"/ideas/","status":""},{"id":"page:/terms/","kind":"page","name":"Glossary","aka":"","tldr":"Terms with TL;DRs and Wikipedia links.","tags":"page","route":"/terms/","status":""},{"id":"page:/collections/","kind":"page","name":"Collections","aka":"","tldr":"The open databases the field runs on.","tags":"page","route":"/collections/","status":""},{"id":"page:/intel/","kind":"page","name":"News & 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each target is.","tags":"page","route":"/pipeline/","status":""},{"id":"page:/pipeline/engine/","kind":"page","name":"Open drug engine","aka":"","tldr":"Every medicine taken apart into its modules, and the grid of every combination: approved, in development, tried and stopped with the reason, or never tried.","tags":"page","route":"/pipeline/engine/","status":""},{"id":"page:/modalities/","kind":"page","name":"Medicine types","aka":"Modalities","tldr":"One hub per shape of medicine (ADC, radioligand, CAR-T, bispecific, degrader and the rest): how it works, approved medicines, phase 3, parts, companies, trials, side effects, resistance, papers, roadmaps, ideas and manufacturing, each section naming its records.","tags":"page","route":"/modalities/","status":""},{"id":"page:/market/","kind":"page","name":"Patients per year","aka":"Addressable population","tldr":"Incidence times prevalence times setting share, every input linked, as a range.","tags":"page","route":"/market/","status":""},{"id":"page:/calendar/","kind":"page","name":"Readout calendar","aka":"","tldr":"Decisions, readouts, advisory committees, congresses.","tags":"page","route":"/calendar/","status":""},{"id":"page:/digests/","kind":"page","name":"Congress digests","aka":"","tldr":"ASCO, ESMO, AACR, ASCO GU, sourced item by item.","tags":"page","route":"/digests/","status":""},{"id":"page:/failures/","kind":"page","name":"Failure museum","aka":"","tldr":"What did not work, and the lesson.","tags":"page","route":"/failures/","status":""},{"id":"page:/resistance/","kind":"page","name":"Resistance","aka":"Resistance atlas","tldr":"Escape routes per drug class and the countermeasures.","tags":"page","route":"/resistance/","status":""},{"id":"page:/resistance/gaps/","kind":"page","name":"Unaddressed resistance","aka":"","tldr":"Escape routes with no countermeasure, or only preclinical ones: the drug-design opportunities.","tags":"page","route":"/resistance/gaps/","status":""},{"id":"page:/assays/","kind":"page","name":"Companion diagnostics","aka":"","tldr":"Every assay and its cut-off: PD-L1 CPS, HER2-low, MSI, TMB, HRD and the multi-gene panels, linked to the drugs they gate.","tags":"page","route":"/assays/","status":""},{"id":"page:/preprints/","kind":"page","name":"Preprint tracker","aka":"","tldr":"bioRxiv and medRxiv preprints of the last 90 days per target, product and technology, and which have since been published.","tags":"page","route":"/preprints/","status":""},{"id":"page:/payloads/","kind":"page","name":"Payloads & linkers","aka":"","tldr":"The chemistry inside ADCs.","tags":"page","route":"/payloads/","status":""},{"id":"page:/regulatory/","kind":"page","name":"Regulatory timeline","aka":"","tldr":"Every dated filing, approval, CRL, and label change.","tags":"page","route":"/regulatory/","status":""},{"id":"page:/law/","kind":"page","name":"Laws around oncology","aka":"","tldr":"The statutes, regulations and court rulings that decide how cancer drugs are approved, paid for and tested, and how data and genes are protected, by jurisdiction and theme.","tags":"page","route":"/law/","status":""},{"id":"page:/coverage/us/","kind":"page","name":"Paying for care in the US","aka":"","tldr":"Medicare Part B or D, prior authorisation, list prices and assistance programmes for every approved product.","tags":"page","route":"/coverage/us/","status":""},{"id":"page:/coverage/uk/","kind":"page","name":"NHS coverage","aka":"","tldr":"NICE, Cancer Drugs Fund and SMC decisions for every approved product, and how NHS cancer care works.","tags":"page","route":"/coverage/uk/","status":""},{"id":"page:/coverage/rankings/","kind":"page","name":"Coverage rankings","aka":"","tldr":"US insurers and plan types ranked by one published metric at a time, UK NHS entitlement against private medical insurance, and how ten countries pay for cancer drugs.","tags":"page","route":"/coverage/rankings/","status":""},{"id":"page:/costs/","kind":"page","name":"Cutting cancer care costs","aka":"","tldr":"Each cost driver paired with what is being done and the ideas that could do more: biosimilars, negotiation, dose optimisation, shorter courses, parity, prior authorisation.","tags":"page","route":"/costs/","status":""},{"id":"page:/hta/","kind":"page","name":"Funding verdicts","aka":"HTA decisions","tldr":"NICE, SMC, G-BA and PBAC verdicts per product and country, with dates and links to the appraisal.","tags":"page","route":"/hta/","status":""},{"id":"page:/survival/","kind":"page","name":"Survival statistics","aka":"","tldr":"Five-year relative survival by cancer and stage from SEER, with the period and caveats.","tags":"page","route":"/survival/","status":""},{"id":"page:/regulatory/regions/","kind":"page","name":"Approvals by country","aka":"Regulatory regions","tldr":"Which products are approved in the US, EU, UK, Japan, China and Australia, and which are missing where.","tags":"page","route":"/regulatory/regions/","status":""},{"id":"page:/papers/","kind":"page","name":"Publishing trends","aka":"","tldr":"Fastest-growing topics in the literature, refreshed weekly from Europe PMC.","tags":"page","route":"/papers/","status":""},{"id":"page:/pulse/","kind":"page","name":"This month","aka":"Research pulse","tldr":"What the leading journals, regulators and news sources are saying this month.","tags":"page","route":"/pulse/","status":""},{"id":"page:/toxicity/","kind":"page","name":"Side effect rates","aka":"Toxicity compare","tldr":"Grade 3+ adverse events across products of the same class.","tags":"page","route":"/toxicity/","status":""},{"id":"page:/isotopes/","kind":"page","name":"Isotope supply","aka":"","tldr":"Lu-177, Ac-225, Pb-212 and who makes them.","tags":"page","route":"/isotopes/","status":""},{"id":"page:/report/","kind":"page","name":"Annual report","aka":"","tldr":"The state of the war on cancer, year by year, generated from the corpus.","tags":"page","route":"/report/","status":""},{"id":"page:/changelog/","kind":"page","name":"Changelog","aka":"","tldr":"What changed in OnCo, and when.","tags":"page","route":"/changelog/","status":""},{"id":"page:/status/","kind":"page","name":"Feed status","aka":"Data currency","tldr":"When each automated feed last ran, what is stale, and the incident log.","tags":"page","route":"/status/","status":""},{"id":"page:/freshness/","kind":"page","name":"Re-check dates","aka":"Freshness","tldr":"How old is too old for each kind of record, by review track, and what is past due.","tags":"page","route":"/freshness/","status":""},{"id":"page:/history/","kind":"page","name":"Recent changes","aka":"","tldr":"What changed on which record, field by field, from the git history.","tags":"page","route":"/history/","status":""},{"id":"page:/audit/","kind":"page","name":"Automated checks","aka":"Audit","tldr":"Staleness, contradictions, and registry mismatches, recomputed each build.","tags":"page","route":"/audit/","status":""},{"id":"page:/corrections/","kind":"page","name":"Corrections","aka":"","tldr":"Every factual correction, what was wrong and how it was found.","tags":"page","route":"/corrections/","status":""},{"id":"page:/institutions/","kind":"page","name":"Institutions & people","aka":"","tldr":"The hospitals, universities, doctors, scientists, companies, countries, and funders behind the field, mapped and ranked with disclosed formulas.","tags":"page","route":"/institutions/","status":""},{"id":"page:/universities/","kind":"page","name":"Universities","aka":"","tldr":"Research output from OpenAlex, Nature Index, SCImago.","tags":"page","route":"/universities/","status":""},{"id":"page:/leadership/","kind":"page","name":"Trial leadership","aka":"","tldr":"Who led the pivotal trials.","tags":"page","route":"/leadership/","status":""},{"id":"page:/people/","kind":"page","name":"People","aka":"","tldr":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers.","tags":"page","route":"/people/","status":""},{"id":"page:/heroes/","kind":"page","name":"Heroes and heroines","aka":"","tldr":"The patients, families, advocates and pioneers whose lives and cases changed cancer.","tags":"page","route":"/heroes/","status":""},{"id":"page:/companies/","kind":"page","name":"Companies","aka":"","tldr":"Pharma, biotech, diagnostics, devices, AI.","tags":"page","route":"/companies/","status":""},{"id":"page:/startups/","kind":"page","name":"Startups","aka":"","tldr":"Y Combinator and venture-backed companies attacking cancer, by stage, modality, cancer, batch, investor and country.","tags":"page","route":"/startups/","status":""},{"id":"page:/startup-requests/","kind":"page","name":"Requests for startups","aka":"","tldr":"Problems with no company on them: ideas that need a builder, druggable targets with no product, bottlenecks with no market entrant.","tags":"page","route":"/startup-requests/","status":""},{"id":"page:/investors/","kind":"page","name":"Investors","aka":"","tldr":"The venture funds, corporate venture arms and disease foundations that back oncology companies, each with its portfolio.","tags":"page","route":"/investors/","status":""},{"id":"page:/scorecards/","kind":"page","name":"Company scorecards","aka":"","tldr":"Every company ranked by one disclosed formula, with financial snapshots from annual reports.","tags":"page","route":"/scorecards/","status":""},{"id":"page:/sponsors/","kind":"page","name":"Trial sponsors","aka":"","tldr":"Who runs the most phase 2 and 3 trials, by cancer, from the registry and the corpus.","tags":"page","route":"/sponsors/","status":""},{"id":"page:/manufacturing/","kind":"page","name":"Manufacturing map","aka":"","tldr":"Where ADCs are conjugated, cell therapies made and isotopes produced.","tags":"page","route":"/manufacturing/","status":""},{"id":"page:/countries/","kind":"page","name":"Countries","aka":"","tldr":"Who is doing the most cancer research: output, growth, trials, burden, funders.","tags":"page","route":"/countries/","status":""},{"id":"page:/countries/us/","kind":"page","name":"United States deep dive","aka":"","tldr":"What the United States is up to: who pays and what it costs a person, the FDA, why coverage is not approval, the NCI trial network, and the disparities.","tags":"page","route":"/countries/us/","status":""},{"id":"page:/countries/in/","kind":"page","name":"India deep dive","aka":"","tldr":"What India is up to: cancer profile, paying for care, CDSCO, institutions, companies, trials and people.","tags":"page","route":"/countries/in/","status":""},{"id":"page:/countries/cn/","kind":"page","name":"China deep dive","aka":"","tldr":"What China is up to: cancer profile, the NMPA, national insurance listing, institutions, companies, trials and people.","tags":"page","route":"/countries/cn/","status":""},{"id":"page:/countries/de/","kind":"page","name":"Germany deep dive","aka":"","tldr":"What Germany does differently: reimbursement from day one and the benefit assessment that follows, certified cancer centres, mandatory clinical cancer registration, institutions, companies, trials and people.","tags":"page","route":"/countries/de/","status":""},{"id":"page:/countries/il/","kind":"page","name":"Israel deep dive","aka":"","tldr":"What Israel is up to: the public committee that decides each year which drugs the state pays for, the four health funds, founder genetics and population testing, and the trial and device industry.","tags":"page","route":"/countries/il/","status":""},{"id":"page:/countries/gb/","kind":"page","name":"United Kingdom deep dive","aka":"","tldr":"What the UK does: four health services under one name, who pays, NICE and the SMC, the trials and the genomics, and what the figures say it does 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nothing.","tags":"page","route":"/first-60-days/","status":""},{"id":"page:/prep/","kind":"page","name":"Appointment prep pack","aka":"","tldr":"Tick the questions to ask for your cancer, add your own, and print or download one page for the appointment; each cancer also has a one-page sheet with room for the answers.","tags":"page","route":"/prep/","status":""},{"id":"page:/side-effects/","kind":"page","name":"Side effects","aka":"","tldr":"Start from the symptom: which treatments cause it, how often, and when to call.","tags":"page","route":"/side-effects/","status":""},{"id":"page:/symptoms/","kind":"page","name":"Symptom to test","aka":"","tldr":"Start from a worrying symptom: what it can mean, which test comes first, and the referral thresholds guidelines state.","tags":"page","route":"/symptoms/","status":""},{"id":"page:/report-reader/","kind":"page","name":"Report reader","aka":"","tldr":"Type the values from a pathology report and read what each one means. Nothing is stored.","tags":"page","route":"/report-reader/","status":""},{"id":"page:/survivorship/","kind":"page","name":"Survivorship planner","aka":"","tldr":"Late effects to watch for after each treatment, the screening test, how often, and the guideline that says so.","tags":"page","route":"/survivorship/","status":""},{"id":"page:/second-opinion/","kind":"page","name":"Second opinion","aka":"","tldr":"Expert centres for your cancer in your country, the people who work on it, and how referral works where you live.","tags":"page","route":"/second-opinion/","status":""},{"id":"page:/assistance/","kind":"page","name":"Financial help","aka":"","tldr":"Manufacturer programmes, reimbursement and generics by country and product, plus national schemes and charities.","tags":"page","route":"/assistance/","status":""},{"id":"page:/free/","kind":"page","name":"Free in oncology","aka":"","tldr":"Everything you can get for nothing: free tumour and gene testing, screening and HPV vaccination, nurse helplines, rides and lodging, second opinions, trial travel help, wigs and prostheses, and open data. Who is eligible and where.","tags":"page","route":"/free/","status":""},{"id":"page:/fronts/nutrition-lifestyle/","kind":"page","name":"Diet, exercise and lifestyle","aka":"","tldr":"What people eat, drink, weigh and do: what the evidence says and what is hype.","tags":"page","route":"/fronts/nutrition-lifestyle/","status":""},{"id":"page:/fronts/supportive-care/","kind":"page","name":"Supportive care","aka":"","tldr":"Treating the person, not just the tumour: symptoms, side effects, nutrition, mental health.","tags":"page","route":"/fronts/supportive-care/","status":""},{"id":"page:/fronts/rejuvenation/","kind":"page","name":"Recovery and rejuvenation","aka":"","tldr":"What treatment took and whether it comes back: hair, hearing, fertility, bone, nerves, memory and the heart.","tags":"page","route":"/fronts/rejuvenation/","status":""},{"id":"page:/live/complementary/","kind":"page","name":"Complementary and supportive approaches","aka":"","tldr":"Acupuncture, mindfulness, yoga, herbs, diets, cannabis, cold caps and more: what the trials show, graded honestly, and what to avoid or never use instead of treatment.","tags":"page","route":"/live/complementary/","status":""},{"id":"page:/live/hair/","kind":"page","name":"Hair loss and regrowth","aka":"","tldr":"Scalp cooling and the regimens it suits, minoxidil for lasting thinning, eyebrows and lashes, wigs on the NHS and by prescription in the US, which drugs cause it and when hair returns.","tags":"page","route":"/live/hair/","status":""},{"id":"page:/live/recovery/","kind":"page","name":"What comes back after treatment","aka":"","tldr":"Treatment by treatment and effect by effect: whether recovery is usual, partial or unlikely, how long it takes, in what proportion, and the source for each answer.","tags":"page","route":"/live/recovery/","status":""},{"id":"page:/learn/","kind":"page","name":"Learn & contribute","aka":"","tldr":"Curated paths through the material, how the site works, and how to make it better.","tags":"page","route":"/learn/","status":""},{"id":"page:/paths/","kind":"page","name":"Reading paths","aka":"","tldr":"ADCs in 30 minutes, understanding a diagnosis, and more.","tags":"page","route":"/paths/","status":""},{"id":"page:/about/","kind":"page","name":"About & methodology","aka":"","tldr":"Rules for facts, ranking formulas, licence.","tags":"page","route":"/about/","status":""},{"id":"page:/roadmap/","kind":"page","name":"Roadmap","aka":"","tldr":"Corpus health gauges, every idea by status, and how OnCo expands and stays current.","tags":"page","route":"/roadmap/","status":""},{"id":"page:/gaps/","kind":"page","name":"Gaps to fill","aka":"","tldr":"Objects and fields that need work.","tags":"page","route":"/gaps/","status":""},{"id":"page:/completeness/","kind":"page","name":"Coverage of the field","aka":"Completeness","tldr":"Coverage of the field: OnCo against what exists: each kind against a sourced count of the world, with the missing items named.","tags":"page","route":"/completeness/","status":""},{"id":"page:/review/","kind":"page","name":"Review queue","aka":"","tldr":"Which pages most need a named reviewer, coverage by kind and track, translation coverage.","tags":"page","route":"/review/","status":""},{"id":"page:/reviewers/","kind":"page","name":"Reviewer roster","aka":"","tldr":"Who has signed off pages, on which track, with declared conflicts of interest.","tags":"page","route":"/reviewers/","status":""},{"id":"page:/contributors/","kind":"page","name":"Contributors","aka":"","tldr":"Everyone who wrote or reviewed records, from the repository history.","tags":"page","route":"/contributors/","status":""},{"id":"page:/idea-votes/","kind":"page","name":"Idea votes","aka":"","tldr":"Which ideas people want tested, and which have been picked up, with sources.","tags":"page","route":"/idea-votes/","status":""},{"id":"page:/teach/","kind":"page","name":"Teaching packs","aka":"","tldr":"A slide deck and quiz per cancer and front; print to PDF.","tags":"page","route":"/teach/","status":""},{"id":"page:/newsletter/","kind":"page","name":"Weekly issue","aka":"","tldr":"What changed, regulatory events, upcoming readouts, what the journals said. No tracking.","tags":"page","route":"/newsletter/","status":""},{"id":"page:/suggest/","kind":"page","name":"Suggest an edit","aka":"","tldr":"Propose a correction; organisations can edit their own records.","tags":"page","route":"/suggest/","status":""},{"id":"page:/eval/","kind":"page","name":"Answer quality","aka":"Open evaluation","tldr":"100 questions, a rubric, and a public leaderboard.","tags":"page","route":"/eval/","status":""},{"id":"page:/schema/","kind":"page","name":"Data dictionary","aka":"","tldr":"Every kind, every field, its type and meaning, with a real example per kind.","tags":"page","route":"/schema/","status":""},{"id":"page:/build/","kind":"page","name":"Build on OnCo","aka":"","tldr":"Recipes, OpenAPI spec, TypeScript types, embeddable cards and the MCP server.","tags":"page","route":"/build/","status":""},{"id":"page:/api/","kind":"page","name":"Open API","aka":"","tldr":"The corpus as JSON.","tags":"page","route":"/api/","status":""},{"id":"page:/data-sources/","kind":"page","name":"Open data","aka":"","tldr":"Every open database OnCo pulls from, with licences and cadence, and the ones we could add next.","tags":"page","route":"/data-sources/","status":""},{"id":"page:/open-tools/","kind":"page","name":"Open tools","aka":"","tldr":"Open-source viewers, planners, pipelines and hardware you can use or build on, by front, from the Open Medical Registry.","tags":"page","route":"/open-tools/","status":""},{"id":"page:/open-source/","kind":"page","name":"Open source in oncology","aka":"","tldr":"Every open-source project the field runs on, from variant callers to planning systems and foundation models, with licence, openness and maintainer.","tags":"page","route":"/open-source/","status":""},{"id":"page:/software/","kind":"page","name":"The software of oncology","aka":"","tldr":"The rest of the field's software, most of it commercial: records, prescribing, planning, cleared algorithms, genomics, trial matching and case review, each row marked with what is behind it.","tags":"page","route":"/software/","status":""},{"id":"page:https://github.com/judegomila/OnCo","kind":"page","name":"GitHub","aka":"","tldr":"Code and data. Propose changes through the issue forms.","tags":"page","route":"https://github.com/judegomila/OnCo","status":""},{"id":"page:/ideas/rankings/","kind":"page","name":"Idea rankings","aka":"","tldr":"The ideas ordered six ways: best bang for buck, most important, hardest, closest to reality, cherry picked and most wanted, every score with its formula.","tags":"page","route":"/ideas/rankings/","status":""},{"id":"page:/terms-of-use/","kind":"page","name":"Terms of use","aka":"","tldr":"The rules for using OnCo: not medical advice, accuracy not guaranteed, accounts, licences, liability and contact.","tags":"page","route":"/terms-of-use/","status":""},{"id":"page:/privacy/","kind":"page","name":"Privacy policy","aka":"","tldr":"What OnCo collects and where it lives: hosting, analytics, accounts, browser storage, your rights and how to contact us.","tags":"page","route":"/privacy/","status":""},{"id":"page:/pipeline/engine/adc/","kind":"page","name":"Antibody-drug conjugates: open drug engine","aka":"","tldr":"A carrier that finds the cell, a linker that lets go at the right moment, and a payload that does the killing; the drug-to-antibody ratio says how many payloads ride along. Peptide and bicyclic conjugates and protein-toxin fusions are here too, since they swap the carrier and keep the idea.","tags":"page","route":"/pipeline/engine/adc/","status":""},{"id":"page:/pipeline/engine/radioligand/","kind":"page","name":"Radioligands: open drug engine","aka":"","tldr":"A ligand that binds the target, a chelator that holds the metal, and an isotope whose emission does the work; beta emitters travel millimetres, alpha emitters micrometres.","tags":"page","route":"/pipeline/engine/radioligand/","status":""},{"id":"page:/pipeline/engine/car-t/","kind":"page","name":"CAR cell therapies: open drug engine","aka":"","tldr":"An antigen to recognise, a binder that recognises it, a costimulatory domain that sets the tempo (4-1BB slow and durable, CD28 fast and sharp), a vector that installs the receptor, and the cell that carries it, taken from the patient or from a donor.","tags":"page","route":"/pipeline/engine/car-t/","status":""},{"id":"page:/pipeline/engine/tcr-t/","kind":"page","name":"TCR-T cell therapies: open drug engine","aka":"","tldr":"A T-cell receptor engineered to see a peptide from inside the cell presented on an HLA molecule: the antigen and the HLA restriction together decide who the medicine can treat.","tags":"page","route":"/pipeline/engine/tcr-t/","status":""},{"id":"page:/pipeline/engine/bispecific/","kind":"page","name":"Bispecific antibodies: open drug engine","aka":"","tldr":"Two arms, two targets: a tumour antigen with CD3 to pull in T cells, two checkpoints at once, or two tumour receptors so escape through one is blocked by the other. The format (BiTE, DuoBody, 2:1, ImmTAC) sets half-life and dosing.","tags":"page","route":"/pipeline/engine/bispecific/","status":""},{"id":"page:/pipeline/engine/degrader/","kind":"page","name":"Degraders and molecular glues: open drug engine","aka":"","tldr":"A ligand for the target, a recruiter for an E3 ligase, and a cell that does the rest: the protein is tagged and destroyed rather than blocked. Cereblon is the ligase almost everything uses today.","tags":"page","route":"/pipeline/engine/degrader/","status":""},{"id":"page:/pipeline/engine/small-molecule/","kind":"page","name":"Small-molecule inhibitors: open drug engine","aka":"","tldr":"A target and a way of hitting it: ATP-competitive, allosteric or covalent kinase inhibitors, PARP trapping, hormone receptor blockade. The grid asks which targets have been hit with which mechanism class.","tags":"page","route":"/pipeline/engine/small-molecule/","status":""},{"id":"page:/pipeline/engine/antibody/","kind":"page","name":"Naked antibodies: open drug engine","aka":"","tldr":"A target and an antibody format: whether the Fc is engineered to recruit killer cells, silenced to avoid them, fused to a trap, or copied as a biosimilar.","tags":"page","route":"/pipeline/engine/antibody/","status":""},{"id":"page:/pipeline/engine/cytokine/","kind":"page","name":"Cytokines: open drug engine","aka":"","tldr":"A signalling protein and the engineering that tames it: PEGylation for half-life, Fc fusion, receptor bias, an antibody to aim it at the tumour.","tags":"page","route":"/pipeline/engine/cytokine/","status":""},{"id":"page:/pipeline/engine/vaccine/","kind":"page","name":"Cancer vaccines: open drug engine","aka":"","tldr":"An antigen to teach the immune system and a platform to deliver the lesson: mRNA in lipid nanoparticles, peptides, DNA plasmids, viral vectors, dendritic cells, whole cells or virus-like particles.","tags":"page","route":"/pipeline/engine/vaccine/","status":""},{"id":"page:/pipeline/engine/oncolytic-virus/","kind":"page","name":"Oncolytic viruses: open drug engine","aka":"","tldr":"A virus backbone edited to replicate only in tumour cells and a transgene it carries to call the immune system in.","tags":"page","route":"/pipeline/engine/oncolytic-virus/","status":""},{"id":"page:/pipeline/engine/cell-therapy/","kind":"page","name":"Other cell therapies: open drug engine","aka":"","tldr":"Cells without an engineered receptor: tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes, natural killer cells, cord blood grafts and virus-specific T cells, from the patient or from a donor.","tags":"page","route":"/pipeline/engine/cell-therapy/","status":""},{"id":"page:/modalities/adc/","kind":"page","name":"Antibody-drug conjugates: modality hub","aka":"","tldr":"Everything OnCo records about antibody-drug conjugates: how they work, approved medicines, phase 3, parts, companies, trials, side effects, resistance, papers, roadmaps, ideas and manufacturing. A carrier that finds the cell, a linker that lets go at the right moment, and a payload that does the killing; the drug-to-antibody ratio says how many payloads ride along. Peptide and bicyclic conjugates and protein-toxin fusions are here too, since they swap the carrier and keep the idea.","tags":"page","route":"/modalities/adc/","status":""},{"id":"page:/modalities/radioligand/","kind":"page","name":"Radioligands: modality hub","aka":"","tldr":"Everything OnCo records about radioligands: how they work, approved medicines, phase 3, parts, companies, trials, side effects, resistance, papers, roadmaps, ideas and manufacturing. A ligand that binds the target, a chelator that holds the metal, and an isotope whose emission does the work; beta emitters travel millimetres, alpha emitters micrometres.","tags":"page","route":"/modalities/radioligand/","status":""},{"id":"page:/modalities/car-t/","kind":"page","name":"CAR cell therapies: modality hub","aka":"","tldr":"Everything OnCo records about car cell therapies: how they work, approved medicines, phase 3, parts, companies, trials, side effects, resistance, papers, roadmaps, ideas and manufacturing. An antigen to recognise, a binder that recognises it, a costimulatory domain that sets the tempo (4-1BB slow and durable, CD28 fast and sharp), a vector that installs the receptor, and the cell that carries it, taken from the patient or from a donor.","tags":"page","route":"/modalities/car-t/","status":""},{"id":"page:/modalities/tcr-t/","kind":"page","name":"TCR-T cell therapies: modality hub","aka":"","tldr":"Everything OnCo records about tcr-t cell therapies: how they work, approved medicines, phase 3, parts, companies, trials, side effects, resistance, papers, roadmaps, ideas and manufacturing. A T-cell receptor engineered to see a peptide from inside the cell presented on an HLA molecule: the antigen and the HLA restriction together decide who the medicine can treat.","tags":"page","route":"/modalities/tcr-t/","status":""},{"id":"page:/modalities/bispecific/","kind":"page","name":"Bispecific antibodies: modality hub","aka":"","tldr":"Everything OnCo records about bispecific antibodies: how they work, approved medicines, phase 3, parts, companies, trials, side effects, resistance, papers, roadmaps, ideas and manufacturing. Two arms, two targets: a tumour antigen with CD3 to pull in T cells, two checkpoints at once, or two tumour receptors so escape through one is blocked by the other. The format (BiTE, DuoBody, 2:1, ImmTAC) sets half-life and dosing.","tags":"page","route":"/modalities/bispecific/","status":""},{"id":"page:/modalities/degrader/","kind":"page","name":"Degraders and molecular glues: modality hub","aka":"","tldr":"Everything OnCo records about degraders and molecular glues: how they work, approved medicines, phase 3, parts, companies, trials, side effects, resistance, papers, roadmaps, ideas and manufacturing. A ligand for the target, a recruiter for an E3 ligase, and a cell that does the rest: the protein is tagged and destroyed rather than blocked. Cereblon is the ligase almost everything uses today.","tags":"page","route":"/modalities/degrader/","status":""},{"id":"page:/modalities/small-molecule/","kind":"page","name":"Small-molecule inhibitors: modality hub","aka":"","tldr":"Everything OnCo records about small-molecule inhibitors: how they work, approved medicines, phase 3, parts, companies, trials, side effects, resistance, papers, roadmaps, ideas and manufacturing. A target and a way of hitting it: ATP-competitive, allosteric or covalent kinase inhibitors, PARP trapping, hormone receptor blockade. The grid asks which targets have been hit with which mechanism class.","tags":"page","route":"/modalities/small-molecule/","status":""},{"id":"page:/modalities/antibody/","kind":"page","name":"Naked antibodies: modality hub","aka":"","tldr":"Everything OnCo records about naked antibodies: how they work, approved medicines, phase 3, parts, companies, trials, side effects, resistance, papers, roadmaps, ideas and manufacturing. A target and an antibody format: whether the Fc is engineered to recruit killer cells, silenced to avoid them, fused to a trap, or copied as a biosimilar.","tags":"page","route":"/modalities/antibody/","status":""},{"id":"page:/modalities/cytokine/","kind":"page","name":"Cytokines: modality hub","aka":"","tldr":"Everything OnCo records about cytokines: how they work, approved medicines, phase 3, parts, companies, trials, side effects, resistance, papers, roadmaps, ideas and manufacturing. A signalling protein and the engineering that tames it: PEGylation for half-life, Fc fusion, receptor bias, an antibody to aim it at the tumour.","tags":"page","route":"/modalities/cytokine/","status":""},{"id":"page:/modalities/vaccine/","kind":"page","name":"Cancer vaccines: modality hub","aka":"","tldr":"Everything OnCo records about cancer vaccines: how they work, approved medicines, phase 3, parts, companies, trials, side effects, resistance, papers, roadmaps, ideas and manufacturing. An antigen to teach the immune system and a platform to deliver the lesson: mRNA in lipid nanoparticles, peptides, DNA plasmids, viral vectors, dendritic cells, whole cells or virus-like particles.","tags":"page","route":"/modalities/vaccine/","status":""},{"id":"page:/modalities/oncolytic-virus/","kind":"page","name":"Oncolytic viruses: modality hub","aka":"","tldr":"Everything OnCo records about oncolytic viruses: how they work, approved medicines, phase 3, parts, companies, trials, side effects, resistance, papers, roadmaps, ideas and manufacturing. A virus backbone edited to replicate only in tumour cells and a transgene it carries to call the immune system in.","tags":"page","route":"/modalities/oncolytic-virus/","status":""},{"id":"page:/modalities/cell-therapy/","kind":"page","name":"Other cell therapies: modality hub","aka":"","tldr":"Everything OnCo records about other cell therapies: how they work, approved medicines, phase 3, parts, companies, trials, side effects, resistance, papers, roadmaps, ideas and manufacturing. Cells without an engineered receptor: tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes, natural killer cells, cord blood grafts and virus-specific T cells, from the patient or from a donor.","tags":"page","route":"/modalities/cell-therapy/","status":""},{"id":"page:/tools/gallbladder-polyp/","kind":"page","name":"Polyp decision aid: Gallbladder polyp: what the European guideline says for your findings","aka":"","tldr":"Enter the polyp's size and shape, what earlier scans showed, and the risk factors the guideline names, and read the recommendation that applies, quoted word for word from the 2022 joint guideline of the European radiology, endoscopic surgery, digestive surgery and endoscopy societies. An educational aid to prepare for the conversation with your surgeon, not advice. Nothing you enter leaves this page.","tags":"page","route":"/tools/gallbladder-polyp/","status":""},{"id":"page:/tools/incidental-gallbladder-cancer/","kind":"page","name":"Incidental cancer aid: Incidental gallbladder cancer: what the reports mean for the next step","aka":"","tldr":"A gallbladder removed for stones has come back from the pathologist with a cancer in it. Enter the four items from the pathology and operation reports and read what the expert consensus, the UK systematic review, the timing study and the UK-wide CAPBIL series say for that combination, each quoted word for word, with the staging a second operation needs and the NHS route. An educational aid for the conversation with your surgeon, not advice. Nothing you enter leaves this page.","tags":"page","route":"/tools/incidental-gallbladder-cancer/","status":""},{"id":"page:/tools/tnbc-after-chemotherapy/","kind":"page","name":"After chemotherapy aid: Triple-negative breast cancer after chemotherapy: what the pathology report means for the treatment that follows","aka":"","tldr":"Enter what the pathology report at surgery showed, your germline BRCA result and whether pembrolizumab was part of the treatment before surgery, and read the statements that apply, quoted word for word from NICE, the trials and the residual cancer burden studies. An educational aid to prepare for the conversation with your oncologist, not advice. Nothing you enter leaves this page.","tags":"page","route":"/tools/tnbc-after-chemotherapy/","status":""},{"id":"page:/tools/pancreatic-first-treatment/","kind":"page","name":"First treatment aid: Pancreatic cancer at diagnosis: what the resectability class, jaundice and fitness usually mean for the order of treatment","aka":"","tldr":"Enter the class the team gave your scan (resectable, borderline resectable, locally advanced or metastatic), whether you have jaundice, and how well you are, and read the statements that apply, quoted word for word from NICE NG85, the NICE appraisals and UK patient pages. An educational aid to prepare for the conversation with your team, not advice. Nothing you enter leaves this page.","tags":"page","route":"/tools/pancreatic-first-treatment/","status":""},{"id":"page:/tools/colorectal-adjuvant-chemotherapy/","kind":"page","name":"After surgery aid: Chemotherapy after surgery for bowel cancer: what NICE NG151 says by site, stage and fitness for oxaliplatin","aka":"","tldr":"Enter where the cancer was, the stage on your pathology report, what was given before the operation and whether oxaliplatin is suitable for you, and read the statements that apply, quoted word for word from NICE NG151. An educational aid to prepare for the conversation with your team, not advice. Nothing you enter leaves this page.","tags":"page","route":"/tools/colorectal-adjuvant-chemotherapy/","status":""},{"id":"page:/tools/lung-early-stage/","kind":"page","name":"Surgery or radiotherapy aid: Surgery, radiotherapy or both for lung cancer that has not spread: what NICE NG122 says by stage, lung function and your own preference","aka":"","tldr":"Enter the stage, what your breathing tests showed and whether you want an operation, and read the statements that apply, quoted word for word from NICE NG122. An educational aid to prepare for the conversation with your team, not advice. Nothing you enter leaves this page.","tags":"page","route":"/tools/lung-early-stage/","status":""},{"id":"page:/tools/prostate-localised/","kind":"page","name":"Localised prostate cancer: Prostate cancer that has not spread: monitoring, surgery or radiotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"An educational aid, not advice for your case. Enter your Cambridge Prognostic Group and it shows what NICE NG131 offers at that group, word for word, together with NICE's own numbers for what each option did to survival, progression, continence, erections and bowels in a UK randomised trial.","tags":"page","route":"/tools/prostate-localised/","status":""},{"id":"page:/tools/breast-surgery-choice/","kind":"page","name":"Surgery choice aid: Breast-conserving surgery or mastectomy: what NICE NG101 and the twenty-year trials say, and what actually differs","aka":"","tldr":"Answer five questions about the cancer and about what you want, and read the statements that apply, quoted word for word from NICE NG101 and from the trials that followed people for twenty years. An educational aid to prepare for the conversation with your surgeon, not advice, and not a prediction about you. Nothing you enter leaves this page.","tags":"page","route":"/tools/breast-surgery-choice/","status":""},{"id":"page:/tools/bcc-low-risk-treatment/","kind":"page","name":"Choosing how a basal cell carcinoma is treated: A basal cell carcinoma: surgery, curettage, freezing, a cream, or photodynamic therapy","aka":"","tldr":"An educational aid, not advice for your case. For a superficial or low-risk basal cell carcinoma there is a genuine choice, and it is usually summarised in a way that hides what is being traded. Answer four questions and this sets out, for your situation, what the randomised trials found about cure rate, about how the result looks, and about what each treatment does to your skin while it works, quoted word for word with the study it came from. It gives no score and makes no prediction about you.","tags":"page","route":"/tools/bcc-low-risk-treatment/","status":""},{"id":"page:/cancers/gallbladder/compared/","kind":"page","name":"Gallbladder cancer compared with its neighbours","aka":"","tldr":"Gallbladder cancer beside intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and ampullary cancer: anatomy, incidence, risk factors, presentation, HER2, FGFR2, IDH1 and KRAS rates, surgery, first-line treatment and trial legacy, every cell from a record field or a cited paper.","tags":"page","route":"/cancers/gallbladder/compared/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/tissue-architecture/","kind":"page","name":"Tissue architecture and the basement membrane","aka":"mechanics The body's defences","tldr":"Organs are built like walled towns. Lining cells sit on a dense protein sheet, the basement membrane, and hold hands through junctions. A growth that stays above the sheet is 'in situ' and almost always curable; the disease becomes cancer proper when it cuts through.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/tissue-architecture/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/immune-surveillance/","kind":"page","name":"Immune surveillance","aka":"mechanics The body's defences","tldr":"The immune system removes abnormal cells all the time. Seven steps have to work: antigen released, picked up, T cells trained, dispatched, let in, target recognised, target killed. Tumours that exist are the ones that broke a step.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/immune-surveillance/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/dna-damage-checkpoints/","kind":"page","name":"DNA damage checkpoints","aka":"mechanics The body's defences","tldr":"Before a cell copies or divides, sensors check the DNA. Damage halts the cycle until repair crews finish; severe damage triggers suicide. Cancers cut the sensors and, in doing so, become dependent on the few repair routes they have left.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/dna-damage-checkpoints/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/apoptosis-defence/","kind":"page","name":"Apoptosis: the self-destruct switch","aka":"mechanics The body's defences","tldr":"Every cell carries a demolition kit. Internal alarms (damage, oncogene stress) or external orders (from immune cells) set it off. Cancer cells wire the kit shut with proteins such as BCL-2, and venetoclax proved that cutting that wire can put leukaemia into remission.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/apoptosis-defence/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/senescence-defence/","kind":"page","name":"Senescence: permanent retirement","aka":"mechanics The body's defences","tldr":"A stressed cell can stop dividing for good but stay alive. That protects against cancer in the short run, but retired cells leak inflammatory signals that help neighbouring tumours grow and resist treatment.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/senescence-defence/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/tumour-suppressors/","kind":"page","name":"Tumour suppressors: p53 and RB","aka":"mechanics The body's defences","tldr":"Two master brakes. p53 coordinates the response to any emergency; RB holds the door to DNA copying shut. Half of cancers break p53; most of the rest disable it indirectly. RB is bypassed by over-active CDK4/6 or lost outright.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/tumour-suppressors/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/contact-inhibition/","kind":"page","name":"Contact inhibition","aka":"mechanics The body's defences","tldr":"Normal cells stop dividing when they touch neighbours or feel a stiff, crowded tissue. The Hippo pathway relays that signal by locking YAP/TAZ out of the nucleus. Tumours ignore the crowd.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/contact-inhibition/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/telomere-limits/","kind":"page","name":"Telomere limits","aka":"mechanics The body's defences","tldr":"Chromosome ends shorten with every division, a built-in counter that retires cells after roughly 50 divisions. Cancers reset the counter by switching telomerase back on.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/telomere-limits/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/mutation-signatures/","kind":"page","name":"Mutation and mutational signatures","aka":"mechanics How a cell becomes cancer","tldr":"Every cause of DNA damage leaves its own fingerprint. Sunlight, tobacco, a missing repair enzyme, even a gut bacterium, each write a recognisable pattern into the genome. Those patterns say what caused a cancer and which repair crews it lacks.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/mutation-signatures/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/driver-passenger/","kind":"page","name":"Drivers versus passengers","aka":"mechanics How a cell becomes cancer","tldr":"Of the thousands of mutations in a tumour, only a handful drive it: a stuck accelerator (oncogene, one hit) or cut brakes (tumour suppressor, both copies). The rest are passengers, though they make the tumour visible to the immune system.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/driver-passenger/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/clonal-evolution/","kind":"page","name":"Clonal evolution","aka":"mechanics How a cell becomes cancer","tldr":"A tumour is a population, not a clone. Subclones compete, therapy selects the fittest, and relapse is usually a minority that was there all along. Chromosome shuffling speeds evolution; blood tests can follow it in real time.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/clonal-evolution/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/epigenetic-reprogramming/","kind":"page","name":"Epigenetic reprogramming","aka":"mechanics How a cell becomes cancer","tldr":"Cells can change behaviour without changing their DNA sequence, by rewriting the chemical tags that decide which genes are read. Cancers silence brakes and antigens this way, and switch identity under drug pressure. Unlike mutations, tags can be erased.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/epigenetic-reprogramming/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/field-cancerisation/","kind":"page","name":"Field cancerisation","aka":"mechanics How a cell becomes cancer","tldr":"Years before a tumour, whole patches of normal-looking tissue are already colonised by mutant clones (a smoker's airway, sun-exposed skin, Barrett's oesophagus). The cancer is the one clone that got further; the field explains second cancers and local recurrence.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/field-cancerisation/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/viral-inflammatory/","kind":"page","name":"Viral and inflammatory causes","aka":"mechanics How a cell becomes cancer","tldr":"One cancer in eight is caused by a virus, and many more by chronic inflammation. HPV and hepatitis B carry master keys to the cell's brakes; long-running inflammation supplies growth signals and mutagens. Vaccines and anti-infectives are among the most effective anti-cancer drugs ever made.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/viral-inflammatory/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/cell-cycle-cdks/","kind":"page","name":"The cell cycle and CDKs","aka":"mechanics Replication and growth machinery","tldr":"Division runs on a clock of cyclins and CDKs firing in order. Cancers flood the first step (cyclin D) or remove the throttle (p16). CDK4/6 inhibitors slow the clock and changed breast cancer treatment.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/cell-cycle-cdks/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/dna-replication/","kind":"page","name":"DNA replication and replication stress","aka":"mechanics Replication and growth machinery","tldr":"Copying three billion letters exactly once means licensing thousands of start points and firing them in waves. Cancers fire too many with too little ink; the forks stall and break. Most classic chemotherapy starves or jams this machinery.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/dna-replication/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/mitosis/","kind":"page","name":"Mitosis and chromosome segregation","aka":"mechanics Replication and growth machinery","tldr":"A scaffold of microtubules pulls one copy of each chromosome to each daughter, and a checkpoint holds the split until every chromosome is hooked on. Taxanes freeze the scaffold; cells without p53 slip through with the wrong number of chromosomes.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/mitosis/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/growth-factor-signalling/","kind":"page","name":"Growth-factor signalling: RTKs and RAS/RAF/MEK","aka":"mechanics Replication and growth machinery","tldr":"Antennas on the surface pair up when a signal lands and switch on the 'divide' relay: RAS to RAF to MEK to ERK. Cancers glue the antennas on or jam RAS. Most targeted pills work here, and so do the escape routes.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/growth-factor-signalling/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/pi3k-akt-mtor/","kind":"page","name":"PI3K/AKT/mTOR","aka":"mechanics Replication and growth machinery","tldr":"The 'grow and survive' circuit: PI3K to AKT to mTOR, with PTEN as the off switch. The most frequently altered pathway in cancer, and one of the hardest to drug without hitting blood sugar and skin.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/pi3k-akt-mtor/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/transcription-myc/","kind":"page","name":"Transcription and MYC","aka":"mechanics Replication and growth machinery","tldr":"Cancers run a few genes at deafening volume from super-enhancers, and MYC is the master amplifier. The machinery is shared with normal cells, but tumours depend on it more, and hormone receptors are the oldest transcription drugs.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/transcription-myc/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/translation/","kind":"page","name":"Translation","aka":"mechanics Replication and growth machinery","tldr":"Genes are read into RNA, then RNA into protein. mTOR controls the rate, and the short-lived oncoproteins MYC, cyclin D1 and MCL-1 are the first casualties when translation slows.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/translation/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/proteostasis/","kind":"page","name":"Protein homeostasis and the proteasome","aka":"mechanics Replication and growth machinery","tldr":"Unwanted proteins are tagged with ubiquitin and fed into a shredder. Myeloma dies when the shredder jams; and the newest drugs forge the tags so that a cancer destroys its own oncoproteins.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/proteostasis/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/apoptosis-bcl2/","kind":"page","name":"Apoptosis and the BCL-2 family","aka":"mechanics Evading death and repair","tldr":"A dam (the mitochondrial membrane) held by guards (BCL-2, MCL-1, BCL-XL) against demolition crews (BAX, BAK). Cancer hires extra guards; venetoclax fires the BCL-2 guards. Immune killing uses the same dam from the outside.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/apoptosis-bcl2/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/dna-repair-synthetic-lethality/","kind":"page","name":"DNA repair pathways and synthetic lethality","aka":"mechanics Evading death and repair","tldr":"Double-strand breaks (HR versus end joining), copying errors (mismatch repair), and single damaged letters (base excision, PARP) each have their crew. Tumours that lost one crew survive on the others, and that dependence is the first widely successful way to drug a lost gene.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/dna-repair-synthetic-lethality/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/autophagy/","kind":"page","name":"Autophagy","aka":"mechanics Evading death and repair","tldr":"Under famine or drug stress a cell eats its own components to survive. KRAS-driven cancers depend on it, and it also destroys the molecules that display antigens to T cells.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/autophagy/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/ferroptosis/","kind":"page","name":"Ferroptosis","aka":"mechanics Evading death and repair","tldr":"A form of death by rusting: iron-driven oxidation of membrane lipids. Cancer cells in mesenchymal or drug-tolerant states depend on the GPX4 enzyme to prevent it, and the NRF2 antioxidant programme protects them further.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/ferroptosis/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/warburg/","kind":"page","name":"Warburg metabolism","aka":"mechanics Feeding the tumour","tldr":"Cancer cells burn glucose into lactate even with oxygen around: inefficient but fast, and it supplies building blocks. This is why an FDG PET scan lights up tumours.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/warburg/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/glutamine/","kind":"page","name":"Glutamine","aka":"mechanics Feeding the tumour","tldr":"The tumour's second favourite food: it feeds the energy cycle, donates nitrogen for DNA letters, and makes antioxidants. MYC- and KRAS-driven cancers eat so much that the T cells next door go hungry.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/glutamine/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/lipids/","kind":"page","name":"Lipids","aka":"mechanics Feeding the tumour","tldr":"Dividing cells need membranes, and membranes are fat. Cancers switch on fat-building enzymes adults normally keep off and steal lipids from nearby fat cells, which links obesity to thirteen cancers.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/lipids/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/hypoxia-hif/","kind":"page","name":"Hypoxia and HIF","aka":"mechanics Feeding the tumour","tldr":"When oxygen runs low, HIF proteins switch on a survival programme: new vessels, more glucose uptake, escape. VHL normally destroys HIF; kidney cancer loses VHL and runs the programme permanently. Belzutifan blocks HIF-2α directly.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/hypoxia-hif/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/angiogenesis/","kind":"page","name":"Angiogenesis and VEGF","aka":"mechanics Feeding the tumour","tldr":"A tumour cannot grow past a couple of millimetres without new blood vessels. VEGF calls them in; the result is a leaky, chaotic network that starves the tumour, blocks drugs and lets cells escape. Anti-VEGF drugs cancel the order and, at the right dose, straighten the roads that remain.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/angiogenesis/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/nutrient-competition/","kind":"page","name":"Nutrient competition","aka":"mechanics Feeding the tumour","tldr":"Tumour and immune cells eat from the same plate. Cancer hoards glucose, dumps lactate and acid, and burns tryptophan and arginine into by-products that paralyse T cells. Fixing the food fight is part of making immunotherapy work.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/nutrient-competition/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/antigen-presentation/","kind":"page","name":"Antigen presentation","aka":"mechanics Escaping the immune system","tldr":"Cells pin fragments of their proteins on MHC molecules like wanted posters. T cells read them. Tumours take the posters down (MHC or B2M loss) or lose the mutant proteins that made them visible. Engagers and CAR-T bypass the posters entirely.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/antigen-presentation/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/checkpoints/","kind":"page","name":"Checkpoints: PD-1, CTLA-4, LAG-3","aka":"mechanics Escaping the immune system","tldr":"T cells carry brakes so they do not attack the body. Tumours lean on them: PD-L1 on their surface, Tregs with CTLA-4, LAG-3 and TIGIT on exhausted T cells. Checkpoint inhibitors release the brakes; exhausted cells that are only tired recover, the broken do not.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/checkpoints/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/cold-tumours/","kind":"page","name":"Cold tumours: deserts and exclusion","aka":"mechanics Escaping the immune system","tldr":"Three immune weathers: inflamed (T cells inside), excluded (stuck at the edge), desert (none). Most common cancers are cold. Radiation, viruses, STING agonists and vessel-opening drugs try to warm them; engagers and CAR-T bring their own T cells.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/cold-tumours/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/myeloid-suppression/","kind":"page","name":"Myeloid suppression","aka":"mechanics Escaping the immune system","tldr":"Tumours recruit macrophages and immature myeloid cells and re-train them as bodyguards that switch off T cells, build vessels, and obey 'don't eat me' signals such as CD47.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/myeloid-suppression/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/tgf-beta/","kind":"page","name":"TGF-β","aka":"mechanics Escaping the immune system","tldr":"A growth factor that starts as a brake and becomes an accelerator: late in cancer it drives invasion, activates fibroblasts, and walls T cells out of the tumour.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/tgf-beta/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/complement/","kind":"page","name":"Complement","aka":"mechanics Escaping the immune system","tldr":"A cascade of blood proteins that punches holes in cells flagged by antibodies and calls in inflammatory cells. Rituximab uses it; tumours shield themselves with CD55 and CD59, and the cascade's own by-products recruit suppressive myeloid cells.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/complement/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/nk-evasion/","kind":"page","name":"NK-cell evasion","aka":"mechanics Escaping the immune system","tldr":"Natural killer cells hunt cells that lost their identity papers (MHC-I) or show stress flags. Tumours that hide from T cells by dropping MHC-I become visible to NK cells unless they also shed the flags or borrow a second badge (HLA-E).","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/nk-evasion/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/emt/","kind":"page","name":"Epithelial-mesenchymal transition","aka":"mechanics Invasion and metastasis","tldr":"A brick in a wall becomes a nomad: it lets go of its neighbours, packs pumps to spit out drugs, and puts on camouflage. Most tumour cells stop halfway, in a partial state that is the most dangerous of all.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/emt/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/invasion/","kind":"page","name":"Invasion","aka":"mechanics Invasion and metastasis","tldr":"Grip the scaffolding (integrins), dissolve a path (MMPs), haul forward (myosin), often along tracks that fibroblasts cut first. The protease blockers of the 1990s failed; the grip (FAK) is the modern target.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/invasion/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/intravasation-ctc/","kind":"page","name":"Intravasation and circulating tumour cells","aka":"mechanics Invasion and metastasis","tldr":"Getting into the blood and surviving there kills all but one cell in a thousand. Survivors travel in clusters, under a cloak of platelets, or with a neutrophil escort. Liquid biopsies catch what is left.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/intravasation-ctc/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/pre-metastatic-niche/","kind":"page","name":"The pre-metastatic niche","aka":"mechanics Invasion and metastasis","tldr":"Before a single cancer cell arrives, the primary tumour sends parcels ahead: vesicles and hormones that recruit bone-marrow cells to a distant organ and turn it into fertile soil.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/pre-metastatic-niche/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/dormancy/","kind":"page","name":"Dormancy","aka":"mechanics Invasion and metastasis","tldr":"Disseminated cells can sleep for years, held quiet by their niche and watched by immune cells, then wake after inflammation, injury or ageing. Late relapse in breast and prostate cancer is dormancy ending.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/dormancy/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/organ-tropism/","kind":"page","name":"Organ tropism","aka":"mechanics Invasion and metastasis","tldr":"Breast cancer goes to bone, lung, liver and brain; prostate to bone; colon to liver. Seed and soil: the cell's programme and the organ's welcome. Bone's vicious cycle of tumour and osteoclast is the one we can already drug.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/organ-tropism/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/brain-barrier/","kind":"page","name":"The brain barrier","aka":"mechanics Invasion and metastasis","tldr":"The brain's vessels are sealed tight and fitted with pumps that eject most drugs. Cancer cells that squeeze through recruit astrocytes to feed and shield them. Brain-penetrant pills, focused ultrasound and radiosurgery are the answers so far.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/brain-barrier/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/cafs-ecm/","kind":"page","name":"Fibroblasts and the extracellular matrix","aka":"mechanics The tumour ecosystem","tldr":"Tumours keep the body's repair cells in wound-healing mode forever. The scar they lay down squeezes vessels shut, walls out immune cells, and its very stiffness tells cancer cells to grow. Demolishing it made pancreatic cancer worse; retraining it is the new plan.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/cafs-ecm/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/vasculature/","kind":"page","name":"Vasculature","aka":"mechanics The tumour ecosystem","tldr":"Chaotic, leaky vessels create pockets of hypoxia, high pressure that collapses capillaries, and easy exits for cancer cells. Normalising rather than destroying them improves drug and immune delivery.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/vasculature/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/nerves/","kind":"page","name":"Nerves","aka":"mechanics The tumour ecosystem","tldr":"Tumours grow their own nerve supply and use it: adrenaline and acetylcholine signal growth, gliomas form synapses with neurons, and nerve invasion causes pain. Old drugs (beta blockers) are being retested.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/nerves/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/microbiome/","kind":"page","name":"Microbiome","aka":"mechanics The tumour ecosystem","tldr":"Gut bacteria shape whether immunotherapy works, bacteria inside tumours degrade chemotherapy and inflame tissue, and one strain's toxin leaves a mutational fingerprint. Diet, antibiotics and stool transplants all move the needle.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/microbiome/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/cachexia/","kind":"page","name":"Cachexia signals","aka":"mechanics The tumour ecosystem","tldr":"Tumours send hormones (GDF-15, IL-6) that switch off appetite and melt muscle and fat. Cachexia kills a fifth of patients directly and stops treatment in many more; the first drugs against it are now in phase 3.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/cachexia/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/resistance-mechanics/","kind":"page","name":"Resistance mechanics","aka":"mechanics Why treatments fail","tldr":"Five routes back when a pathway is blocked: mutate the target, make more of it, bypass, mutate downstream, or change identity. Plus the pharmacological escapes: pumps, sanctuaries, lost antigens.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/resistance-mechanics/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/heterogeneity/","kind":"page","name":"Heterogeneity","aka":"mechanics Why treatments fail","tldr":"A biopsy samples one place at one time; the tumour is many places changing over time. Subclones with different drivers coexist, and the one that survives treatment was often a minority nobody sequenced.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/heterogeneity/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/persisters/","kind":"page","name":"Persisters","aka":"mechanics Why treatments fail","tldr":"Even when a drug wipes out 99% of a tumour, a few cells survive without any resistance mutation. They go quiet, stop dividing, and wait; true resistance often grows out of them. They are hard to kill because they do so little, but they have weaknesses of their own.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/persisters/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/efflux/","kind":"page","name":"Efflux pumps","aka":"mechanics Why treatments fail","tldr":"Cancer cells can install pumps that throw chemotherapy back out. The same pumps guard gut, brain and marrow, which is why blocking them failed and why ADC designers now pick payloads the pumps cannot grip.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/efflux/","status":""},{"id":"page:/mechanics/lineage-plasticity/","kind":"page","name":"Lineage plasticity","aka":"mechanics Why treatments fail","tldr":"Under a drug that blocks its identity, a tumour can become a different kind of cell, most dramatically a small-cell neuroendocrine cancer that no longer needs the blocked signal. Not a new mutation in the engine: a new engine.","tags":"page mechanics","route":"/mechanics/lineage-plasticity/","status":""},{"id":"tnbc","kind":"cancer","name":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)","aka":"ER negative PR negative HER2 negative\nall three receptors negative\nreceptor negative breast cancer\ngrade 3 triple negative breast cancer\nER- PR- HER2- breast cancer","tldr":"A breast cancer that lacks the three receptors (oestrogen, progesterone, HER2) that other breast cancers can be treated through. It was the hardest subtype for decades; since 2020 immunotherapy and ADCs have changed that.","tags":"spike breast","route":"/cancers/tnbc/","parent":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"breast-hr-positive","kind":"cancer","name":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","aka":"ER positive HER2 negative breast cancer\nER-positive, HER2-negative\noestrogen receptor positive breast cancer\nhormone-positive breast cancer\nER+ PR+ HER2-\nER positive PR positive HER2 negative\nhormone sensitive breast cancer","tldr":"HR-positive breast cancer is the most common breast cancer, driven by oestrogen. It was treated for years with hormone-blocking pills, now joined by CDK4/6 inhibitors, PI3K-pathway drugs, degraders, and ADCs.","tags":"breast spike","route":"/cancers/breast-hr-positive/","parent":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"breast-her2-positive","kind":"cancer","name":"HER2-positive breast cancer","aka":"HER2 positive ER positive breast cancer\ntriple positive breast cancer\nER positive HER2 positive\nHER2+ HR+\nHER2-positive hormone receptor-positive\nHER2 3+ breast cancer\nHER2 amplified breast cancer","tldr":"HER2-positive breast cancer was once the most aggressive subtype and is now one of the most treatable, thanks to trastuzumab and, more recently, Enhertu.","tags":"breast spike","route":"/cancers/breast-her2-positive/","parent":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"nsclc","kind":"cancer","name":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","aka":"LUAD\nLUSC\nLSCC\nTCGA-LUAD\nTCGA-LUSC\nlung adenocarcinoma (TCGA LUAD cohort)\nlung squamous cell carcinoma (TCGA LUSC and CPTAC LSCC cohorts)\nNon-small-cell lung cancer (adenocarcinoma, squamous, large cell)\nNSCLC\nNon-small cell lung carcinoma\nNon-small-cell carcinoma of the lung","tldr":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story.","tags":"lung spike","route":"/cancers/nsclc/","parent":"lung-cancer"},{"id":"sclc","kind":"cancer","name":"Small-cell lung cancer","aka":"Small cell lung carcinoma\nSCLC\nOat cell carcinoma\nSmall cell carcinoma of the lung","tldr":"A fast-growing lung cancer. About a third of cases are confined to one side of the chest and are treated to cure with chemotherapy and radiotherapy together; the rest respond to chemotherapy and relapse quickly. After 30 years without progress, durvalumab consolidation, the T-cell engager tarlatamab and antibody-drug conjugates have each lengthened survival since 2024.","tags":"lung","route":"/cancers/sclc/","parent":"lung-cancer"},{"id":"colorectal","kind":"cancer","name":"Colorectal cancer","aka":"COAD\nCOADREAD\nTCGA-COAD\nTCGA-COADREAD\ncolorectal adenocarcinoma (TCGA COAD and READ cohorts)\nRectal Cancer\nBowel cancer\nColorectal adenocarcinoma\nCancer of the colon and rectum\nLarge bowel cancer\nCRC","tldr":"The cancer where screening works best and where immunotherapy can make some tumours disappear entirely; chemotherapy still carries most metastatic disease, now with antibodies and targeted combinations chosen by RAS, BRAF, mismatch repair and which side of the bowel the tumour started on.","tags":"gi spike","route":"/cancers/colorectal/"},{"id":"pancreatic","kind":"cancer","name":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","aka":"Pancreatic cancer\nPDAC\nCancer of the pancreas\nExocrine pancreatic cancer\nPancreatic adenocarcinoma","tldr":"Almost every pancreatic tumour carries a KRAS mutation, and for the first time drugs against it work: daraxonrasib nearly doubled survival in previously treated disease in 2026. Pancreatic cancer has been the hardest common cancer to treat once advanced; that is what is starting to change.","tags":"gi spike","route":"/cancers/pancreatic/"},{"id":"gastric","kind":"cancer","name":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","aka":"STAD\nTCGA-STAD\nstomach adenocarcinoma (TCGA STAD cohort)","tldr":"A cancer with three new targets in five years: Claudin 18.2, FGFR2b, and HER2 with new ADCs, plus immunotherapy in first line.","tags":"gi spike","route":"/cancers/gastric/"},{"id":"esophageal","kind":"cancer","name":"Oesophageal cancer","aka":"ESCA\nTCGA-ESCA\noesophageal carcinoma (TCGA ESCA cohort)","tldr":"Oesophageal cancer is really two diseases sharing one organ: squamous cell carcinoma, which dominates in Asia, and adenocarcinoma, which dominates in the West and is treated like gastric cancer. Immunotherapy is now standard, and the bispecific ADC iza-bren posted a positive phase 3 in the squamous type in 2026.","tags":"gi spike","route":"/cancers/esophageal/"},{"id":"hcc","kind":"cancer","name":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","aka":"LIHC\nTCGA-LIHC\nliver hepatocellular carcinoma (TCGA LIHC cohort)\nLiver Cancer","tldr":"Liver cancer almost always grows in a liver already damaged by hepatitis, alcohol or fatty liver disease. It is one of the most preventable cancers, and since 2020 immunotherapy combinations have roughly doubled how long people with advanced disease live.","tags":"gi spike","route":"/cancers/hcc/"},{"id":"cholangiocarcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Biliary tract cancer (cholangiocarcinoma)","aka":"Bile Duct Cancer","tldr":"Cholangiocarcinoma is cancer of the bile ducts or gallbladder. It is rare and often found late, but it turned out to carry more targetable mutations than almost any other gastrointestinal cancer, and immunotherapy now adds to chemotherapy from the first treatment.","tags":"gi spike","route":"/cancers/cholangiocarcinoma/","parent":"biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"prostate","kind":"cancer","name":"Prostate cancer","aka":"Prostatic acinar adenocarcinoma\nAcinar adenocarcinoma of the prostate\nAdenocarcinoma of the prostate\nProstate carcinoma\nCarcinoma of the prostate\nCaP","tldr":"Prostate cancer is the home of theranostics: PSMA PET finds it, PSMA radioligands treat it. Hormonal therapy remains the foundation, with PARP and AKT inhibitors added by genotype.","tags":"gu spike","route":"/cancers/prostate/"},{"id":"urothelial","kind":"cancer","name":"Bladder & urothelial cancer","aka":"BLCA\nTCGA-BLCA\nbladder urothelial carcinoma (TCGA BLCA cohort)\nTransitional Cell Cancer of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter","tldr":"Bladder cancer went from 40 years of cisplatin to an ADC-immunotherapy combination that nearly doubled survival, and in 2026 the first blood-test-guided drug approval.","tags":"gu","route":"/cancers/urothelial/"},{"id":"rcc","kind":"cancer","name":"Renal cell carcinoma","aka":"RCC","tldr":"Kidney cancer is where anti-angiogenic drugs and immunotherapy came together, and where a Nobel-winning oxygen-sensing pathway yielded a drug, belzutifan.","tags":"gu","route":"/cancers/rcc/"},{"id":"ovarian","kind":"cancer","name":"Ovarian cancer","aka":"OV\nTCGA-OV\novarian serous cystadenocarcinoma (TCGA OV cohort)\nFallopian Tube Cancer\nPrimary Peritoneal Cancer","tldr":"Usually found late. PARP inhibitors transformed maintenance therapy, and ADCs against folate receptor and CDH6 are arriving for platinum-resistant disease.","tags":"gyn spike","route":"/cancers/ovarian/"},{"id":"endometrial","kind":"cancer","name":"Endometrial cancer","aka":"UCEC\nTCGA-UCEC\nuterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (TCGA and CPTAC UCEC cohorts)","tldr":"The gynaecological cancer where immunotherapy has had the biggest impact, guided by molecular classification.","tags":"gyn spike","route":"/cancers/endometrial/"},{"id":"cervical","kind":"cancer","name":"Cervical cancer","aka":"CESC\nTCGA-CESC\ncervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (TCGA CESC cohort)","tldr":"A cancer that could be eliminated by HPV vaccination and screening. For those who develop it, immunotherapy and a tissue-factor ADC have improved survival.","tags":"gyn spike","route":"/cancers/cervical/"},{"id":"melanoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"The skin cancer that proved immunotherapy works: half of advanced patients now live 10 years. Also the first with an approved TIL therapy, an oncolytic virus, and a positive phase 3 personalised vaccine.","tags":"skin spike","route":"/cancers/melanoma/","parent":"skin-cancer"},{"id":"glioblastoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Glioma & glioblastoma","aka":"","tldr":"Gliomas are now diagnosed by molecular class, and three classes got their first targeted drugs in 2024-25 (vorasidenib for IDH-mutant glioma, tovorafenib for BRAF-altered paediatric glioma, dordaviprone for H3 K27M). Glioblastoma is the hardest to treat: surgery, radiotherapy with temozolomide and tumour treating fields are its backbone, with CAR-T into the brain and focused ultrasound in trials.","tags":"cns spike","route":"/cancers/glioblastoma/","parent":"brain-tumours"},{"id":"head-and-neck","kind":"cancer","name":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","aka":"HNSC\nHNSCC\nTCGA-HNSC\nhead and neck squamous cell carcinoma (TCGA HNSC cohort)","tldr":"Cancers of the mouth and throat, increasingly caused by HPV. Immunotherapy is first line for advanced disease and now used before surgery.","tags":"head-neck spike","route":"/cancers/head-and-neck/"},{"id":"sarcoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Sarcomas (soft tissue, bone, GIST)","aka":"Soft Tissue Sarcoma","tldr":"Sarcomas are dozens of rare cancers of bone and connective tissue. GIST was the first solid tumour cured-in-practice by a targeted pill; synovial sarcoma got the first TCR-T therapy.","tags":"rare spike","route":"/cancers/sarcoma/"},{"id":"thyroid","kind":"cancer","name":"Thyroid cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Thyroid cancer is usually curable with surgery and radioactive iodine, the original theranostic. Rare aggressive forms respond to RET and BRAF inhibitors.","tags":"endocrine spike","route":"/cancers/thyroid/"},{"id":"neuroendocrine","kind":"cancer","name":"Neuroendocrine tumours","aka":"Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors\nPancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (Islet Cell Tumors)","tldr":"A family of usually slow-growing tumours that start in hormone-producing cells of the gut, pancreas and lungs. They pioneered the idea of using the same molecule to see a tumour on a scan and then to treat it with radiation.","tags":"endocrine spike","route":"/cancers/neuroendocrine/"},{"id":"mesothelioma","kind":"cancer","name":"Mesothelioma","aka":"","tldr":"An asbestos-caused cancer of the lung lining. Immunotherapy doublets replaced chemotherapy in 2020, and mesothelin CAR-T is under study.","tags":"thoracic","route":"/cancers/mesothelioma/"},{"id":"neuroblastoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Neuroblastoma (paediatric)","aka":"","tldr":"Neuroblastoma is a childhood nerve-cell cancer where anti-GD2 antibodies and, recently, GD2 CAR-T have improved survival in high-risk disease.","tags":"paediatric spike","route":"/cancers/neuroblastoma/","parent":"childhood-cancers"},{"id":"aml","kind":"cancer","name":"Acute myeloid leukaemia","aka":"","tldr":"Acute myeloid leukaemia is an aggressive blood cancer where, after 40 years of the same chemotherapy, a wave of targeted drugs (FLT3, IDH, BCL-2, menin) arrived.","tags":"heme","route":"/cancers/aml/","parent":"leukaemia"},{"id":"all-leukemia","kind":"cancer","name":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","aka":"","tldr":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the childhood cancer success story, and was the first disease treated with CAR-T and with a T-cell engager.","tags":"heme","route":"/cancers/all-leukemia/","parent":"leukaemia"},{"id":"dlbcl","kind":"cancer","name":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved.","tags":"heme spike","route":"/cancers/dlbcl/","parent":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"cll","kind":"cancer","name":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","aka":"","tldr":"A slow leukaemia that no longer needs chemotherapy: BTK inhibitors and venetoclax control it for years, often in fixed-duration courses.","tags":"heme","route":"/cancers/cll/","parent":"leukaemia"},{"id":"multiple-myeloma","kind":"cancer","name":"Multiple myeloma","aka":"","tldr":"Multiple myeloma is a plasma-cell cancer with more new drug classes than any other: proteasome inhibitors, IMiDs, CD38 antibodies, BCMA CAR-T, bispecifics, and an ADC.","tags":"heme spike","route":"/cancers/multiple-myeloma/"},{"id":"hodgkin-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Hodgkin lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab.","tags":"heme spike","route":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/"},{"id":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (all types)","aka":"Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma\nNHL\nNon-Hodgkin's lymphoma\nLymphoma (non-Hodgkin)\nLymphoma\nMature B-cell neoplasms\nMature T-cell and NK-cell neoplasms\nB-cell lymphoma\nT-cell lymphoma\nNK-cell lymphoma\nLymphatic cancer\nCancer of the lymph glands\nC82\nC83\nC84\nC85\nC86","tldr":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. The family is the map; the subtype is the disease, and the subtype is what decides the treatment.","tags":"heme umbrella","route":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/"},{"id":"skin-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Skin cancer (all types)","aka":"Skin Cancer\nSkin cancers\nCutaneous malignancies\nKeratinocyte cancer\nNon-melanoma skin cancer\nNMSC\nSkin carcinoma\nCancer of the skin\nC44\nC43","tldr":"Skin cancer covers the very common and rarely dangerous basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas, the less common but more serious melanoma, and rarer tumours such as Merkel cell carcinoma and Kaposi sarcoma. Almost all of it is caused by ultraviolet light and most of it is found and cured by simple surgery.","tags":"umbrella","route":"/cancers/skin-cancer/"},{"id":"brain-tumours","kind":"cancer","name":"Brain and spinal cord tumours (all types)","aka":"Brain Tumors\nBrain tumors\nCNS tumours\nCentral nervous system tumours\nBrain cancer","tldr":"Brain and spinal cord tumours range from slow-growing meningiomas and low-grade gliomas to glioblastoma, the commonest malignant brain tumour in adults, and a distinct set of childhood tumours such as medulloblastoma and diffuse midline glioma. Molecular markers now define them, and treatment is surgery, radiotherapy and, for some, drugs chosen by those markers.","tags":"umbrella","route":"/cancers/brain-tumours/"},{"id":"childhood-cancers","kind":"cancer","name":"Childhood cancers (all types)","aka":"Childhood Cancers\nPaediatric cancers\nPediatric cancers\nCancer in children\nYoung Adults, Cancer in\nAdolescent and young adult cancer","tldr":"Cancer in children is rare and different from adult cancer: the common types are leukaemias, brain tumours, lymphomas and embryonal tumours such as neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour, most are curable in well-resourced health systems, and the great challenge is bringing the same cures to the majority of children who live where they are not available.","tags":"paediatric umbrella","route":"/cancers/childhood-cancers/"},{"id":"extragonadal-germ-cell-tumour","kind":"cancer","name":"Extragonadal germ cell tumour","aka":"Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumor\nExtragonadal germ cell tumor\nMediastinal germ cell tumour\nRetroperitoneal germ cell tumour\nPrimary mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumour","tldr":"Extragonadal germ cell tumours are the same cancers as testicular germ cell tumours but arising in the midline of the body, most often the chest or the back of the abdomen. Seminomas are highly curable with chemotherapy; non-seminomas of the chest are the hardest germ cell tumours to cure and are treated with intensive chemotherapy followed by surgery.","tags":"rare","route":"/cancers/extragonadal-germ-cell-tumour/"},{"id":"metastatic-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Metastatic cancer (cancer that has spread)","aka":"Metastatic Cancer\nSecondary cancer\nAdvanced cancer\nStage 4 cancer\nStage IV cancer\nCancer that has spread","tldr":"Metastatic cancer means the original cancer has spread to other parts of the body, most often the bones, liver, lungs or brain. It keeps the name of where it started, is treated with therapies that reach the whole body, and can increasingly be controlled for years; with limited spread it is sometimes treated with the aim of cure.","tags":"umbrella","route":"/cancers/metastatic-cancer/"},{"id":"nlst-nelson","kind":"trial","name":"NLST & NELSON (low-dose CT screening)","aka":"","tldr":"The two trials that proved a yearly low-dose CT scan cuts lung cancer deaths in heavy smokers.","tags":"","route":"/trials/nlst-nelson/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"crown","kind":"trial","name":"CROWN","aka":"","tldr":"The trial with the longest disease control ever seen for a targeted lung cancer pill: most patients still progression-free at five years.","tags":"","route":"/trials/crown/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc secondary-brain-tumours alk-positive-nsclc"},{"id":"alina","kind":"trial","name":"ALINA","aka":"","tldr":"Showed that giving an ALK pill after surgery, instead of chemotherapy, sharply reduces recurrence, including in the brain.","tags":"","route":"/trials/alina/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc alk-positive-nsclc resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"pacific","kind":"trial","name":"PACIFIC","aka":"","tldr":"Made a year of immunotherapy after chemoradiation the standard for stage III lung cancer, with a survival benefit that held at five years.","tags":"","route":"/trials/pacific/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc"},{"id":"laura","kind":"trial","name":"LAURA","aka":"","tldr":"For stage III lung cancers with an EGFR mutation, a targeted pill after chemoradiation cut progression by more than 80%.","tags":"","route":"/trials/laura/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc"},{"id":"checkmate-816","kind":"trial","name":"CheckMate 816","aka":"","tldr":"CheckMate 816 was the first trial to show that immunotherapy before lung cancer surgery improves survival.","tags":"","route":"/trials/checkmate-816/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"keynote-671","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-671","aka":"","tldr":"Showed that immunotherapy given both before and after lung cancer surgery lengthens survival.","tags":"","route":"/trials/keynote-671/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"keynote-024-189","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-024 & KEYNOTE-189","aka":"","tldr":"The two trials that made immunotherapy, alone or with chemotherapy, the first treatment for most advanced lung cancers.","tags":"","route":"/trials/keynote-024-189/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc pdl1-high-nsclc"},{"id":"harmoni-2","kind":"trial","name":"HARMONi-2","aka":"","tldr":"The first head-to-head trial in which a new drug beat Keytruda, in China; a survival benefit followed in 2026.","tags":"","route":"/trials/harmoni-2/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc pdl1-high-nsclc"},{"id":"harmoni-3","kind":"trial","name":"HARMONi-3","aka":"","tldr":"The global test of whether ivonescimab plus chemotherapy beats the Keytruda-chemotherapy standard. An interim look in May 2026 fell short on progression; final results are due later in 2026.","tags":"","route":"/trials/harmoni-3/","status":"mixed","cancers":"nsclc pdl1-high-nsclc"},{"id":"herthena-lung02","kind":"trial","name":"HERTHENA-Lung02","aka":"","tldr":"A HER3 ADC delayed progression by only a few days more than chemotherapy and did not extend survival, so its US application was withdrawn.","tags":"","route":"/trials/herthena-lung02/","status":"mixed","cancers":"nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"tropion-lung05","kind":"trial","name":"TROPION-Lung05","aka":"","tldr":"The study that got Datroway approved for EGFR-mutant lung cancer after other treatments fail.","tags":"","route":"/trials/tropion-lung05/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"krystal-12","kind":"trial","name":"KRYSTAL-12","aka":"","tldr":"Confirmed that the KRAS pill adagrasib beats chemotherapy after first-line treatment, though the gain is modest.","tags":"","route":"/trials/krystal-12/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc kras-g12c-nsclc"},{"id":"codebreak-200","kind":"trial","name":"CodeBreaK 200","aka":"","tldr":"The first randomised trial of a KRAS drug: better than chemotherapy on progression, not on survival.","tags":"","route":"/trials/codebreak-200/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc kras-g12c-nsclc"},{"id":"krascendo-1","kind":"trial","name":"Krascendo 1","aka":"","tldr":"The first head-to-head trial among KRAS drugs: Roche's divarasib beat the two approved pills on progression and survival.","tags":"","route":"/trials/krascendo-1/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc kras-g12c-nsclc"},{"id":"libretto-431","kind":"trial","name":"LIBRETTO-431","aka":"","tldr":"Proved that a RET pill is better than chemotherapy with or without immunotherapy as first treatment for RET-fusion lung cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/libretto-431/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc ret-fusion-nsclc"},{"id":"telimet-nsclc-01","kind":"trial","name":"TeliMET NSCLC-01","aka":"","tldr":"The confirmatory trial for the first c-MET ADC, which was approved early on response rate alone.","tags":"","route":"/trials/telimet-nsclc-01/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc met-altered-nsclc"},{"id":"alkove-1","kind":"trial","name":"ALKOVE-1","aka":"","tldr":"The registrational study of a fourth-generation ALK pill designed to work after lorlatinib and to spare the brain-related side effects.","tags":"","route":"/trials/alkove-1/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc alk-positive-nsclc"},{"id":"soho-01","kind":"trial","name":"SOHO-01","aka":"","tldr":"SOHO-01 is the study behind the second oral HER2 pill for lung cancer, approved in November 2025.","tags":"","route":"/trials/soho-01/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc her2-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"alectinib","kind":"drug","name":"Alectinib","aka":"","tldr":"Alectinib is a well-tolerated ALK pill, standard first line for years and, since 2024, the first targeted therapy given after surgery for ALK-positive lung cancer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/alectinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc alk-positive-nsclc resectable-nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"lazertinib","kind":"drug","name":"Lazertinib","aka":"","tldr":"A third-generation EGFR pill used together with amivantamab as the first regimen to beat osimertinib in EGFR-mutant lung cancer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/lazertinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"repotrectinib","kind":"drug","name":"Repotrectinib","aka":"","tldr":"A ROS1 and NTRK pill that also works after other ROS1 drugs fail, with dizziness as its signature side effect.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/repotrectinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc ros1-positive-nsclc ntrk-fusion-nsclc"},{"id":"capmatinib-tepotinib","kind":"drug","name":"Capmatinib & tepotinib","aka":"","tldr":"Capmatinib and tepotinib are two pills for the roughly 3% of lung cancers with a MET exon 14 skipping mutation.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/capmatinib-tepotinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc met-altered-nsclc"},{"id":"pralsetinib","kind":"drug","name":"Pralsetinib","aka":"","tldr":"Pralsetinib is the second selective RET pill for lung cancer, less used than selpercatinib after a change of owner and label.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/pralsetinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc medullary-thyroid-cancer ret-fusion-nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"dabrafenib-trametinib","kind":"drug","name":"Dabrafenib + trametinib","aka":"","tldr":"Dabrafenib plus trametinib is the BRAF-plus-MEK pill combination, approved for BRAF V600E lung cancer and, since 2022, for any solid tumour with that mutation.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/dabrafenib-trametinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc melanoma thyroid paediatric-low-grade-glioma paediatric-high-grade-glioma secondary-brain-tumours braf-v600e-nsclc braf-v600-melanoma stage-iii-melanoma advanced-melanoma lung-cancer"},{"id":"sevabertinib","kind":"drug","name":"Sevabertinib","aka":"","tldr":"Sevabertinib is an oral HER2 inhibitor for lung cancers with HER2 mutations, approved in November 2025 as an alternative to Enhertu and zongertinib.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/sevabertinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc her2-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"divarasib","kind":"drug","name":"Divarasib","aka":"","tldr":"Divarasib is Roche's KRAS G12C pill, the first to beat the two approved KRAS drugs head-to-head (July 2026).","tags":"","route":"/drugs/divarasib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc colorectal kras-g12c-nsclc"},{"id":"olomorasib","kind":"drug","name":"Olomorasib","aka":"","tldr":"Olomorasib is Lilly's KRAS G12C pill, designed to combine safely with immunotherapy in first-line lung cancer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/olomorasib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc pancreatic kras-g12c-pdac kras-g12c-nsclc"},{"id":"neladalkib","kind":"drug","name":"Neladalkib","aka":"","tldr":"A fourth-generation ALK pill that works after lorlatinib and avoids the TRK-related brain side effects; under FDA priority review with a decision due 27 November 2026.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/neladalkib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc alk-positive-nsclc"},{"id":"tremelimumab","kind":"drug","name":"Tremelimumab","aka":"","tldr":"Tremelimumab is AstraZeneca's CTLA-4 antibody, given as a single priming dose with durvalumab and chemotherapy in lung and liver cancer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/tremelimumab/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc hcc hcc-advanced limited-stage-sclc"},{"id":"ros1","kind":"target","name":"ROS1","aka":"","tldr":"A gene fusion in about 1-2% of lung cancers that responds for years to targeted pills, now in their third generation.","tags":"driver kinase","route":"/targets/ros1/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"low-dose-ct-screening","kind":"technology","name":"Low-dose CT lung screening","aka":"","tldr":"A yearly low-radiation CT scan for current and former heavy smokers that finds lung cancer early enough to cure it.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/low-dose-ct-screening/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"nsclc sclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"robotic-bronchoscopy","kind":"technology","name":"Robotic and navigational bronchoscopy","aka":"","tldr":"A robot-guided flexible scope that reaches small lung nodules through the airways to biopsy them without a needle through the chest wall.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/robotic-bronchoscopy/","status":"established","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"tps","kind":"term","name":"Tumour proportion score (TPS)","aka":"","tldr":"The PD-L1 score used in lung cancer: the percentage of tumour cells that stain positive.","tags":"","route":"/terms/tps/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"egfr-exon19-l858r","kind":"term","name":"EGFR exon 19 deletion & L858R","aka":"","tldr":"Exon 19 deletion and L858R are the two common EGFR mutations, together ~85% of EGFR-mutant lung cancer, and both respond to EGFR pills.","tags":"","route":"/terms/egfr-exon19-l858r/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"egfr-exon20-insertion","kind":"term","name":"EGFR exon 20 insertion","aka":"","tldr":"A rarer EGFR mutation (~2% of lung cancers) that does not respond to standard EGFR pills and needs its own drugs.","tags":"","route":"/terms/egfr-exon20-insertion/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"c797s","kind":"term","name":"EGFR C797S","aka":"","tldr":"A mutation that stops osimertinib from binding to EGFR; the main on-target way lung cancers escape it.","tags":"","route":"/terms/c797s/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"met-amplification","kind":"term","name":"MET amplification (bypass resistance)","aka":"","tldr":"When lung cancer switches on the MET receptor to bypass a blocked EGFR pill.","tags":"","route":"/terms/met-amplification/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"histologic-transformation","kind":"term","name":"Histologic transformation","aka":"","tldr":"When a lung adenocarcinoma escapes targeted therapy by turning into a different cell type, usually small-cell.","tags":"","route":"/terms/histologic-transformation/","cancers":"nsclc sclc prostate prostate-mcrpc prostate-nepc"},{"id":"oligoprogression","kind":"term","name":"Oligoprogression","aka":"","tldr":"When only one or two spots grow on an otherwise working targeted therapy; treat the spots and keep the pill.","tags":"","route":"/terms/oligoprogression/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"amivantamab-plus-lazertinib","kind":"pairing","name":"Amivantamab + lazertinib (first-line EGFR NSCLC)","aka":"","tldr":"Blocking EGFR from inside (a pill) and outside (an antibody that also blocks MET) beat osimertinib and added more than a year of survival.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/amivantamab-plus-lazertinib/","cancers":"nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"pd1-plus-chemo-pdl1-low","kind":"pairing","name":"PD-1 blockade + chemotherapy in PD-L1-low NSCLC","aka":"","tldr":"When the tumour shows little PD-L1, immunotherapy alone is weak, but adding chemotherapy makes it work for most patients.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/pd1-plus-chemo-pdl1-low/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"targeted-before-io-nsclc","kind":"pairing","name":"Sequence: targeted therapy before immunotherapy in driver-positive NSCLC","aka":"","tldr":"If a lung cancer has a targetable mutation, give the pill first; immunotherapy works poorly in these tumours and raises the risk of severe side effects when a pill follows.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/targeted-before-io-nsclc/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"curium","kind":"company","name":"Curium","aka":"","tldr":"Curium is one of the largest nuclear-medicine companies, developing 177Lu-PSMA-I&T (ECLIPSE) as a competitor to Pluvicto.","tags":"","route":"/companies/curium/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"sumitomo-pharma","kind":"company","name":"Sumitomo Pharma (Myovant)","aka":"","tldr":"Sumitomo Pharma makes Orgovyx (relugolix), the first oral GnRH antagonist for prostate cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/sumitomo-pharma/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"veracyte","kind":"company","name":"Veracyte (Decipher)","aka":"","tldr":"Veracyte makes the Decipher genomic classifier, the most-used gene-expression test in localised prostate cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/veracyte/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"blue-earth-diagnostics","kind":"company","name":"Blue Earth Diagnostics (Bracco)","aka":"","tldr":"Blue Earth Diagnostics makes Posluma (18F-rhPSMA-7.3) and Axumin (fluciclovine) PET agents for prostate cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/blue-earth-diagnostics/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"essa-pharma","kind":"company","name":"ESSA Pharma","aka":"","tldr":"ESSA Pharma developed masofaniten, an AR N-terminal-domain inhibitor whose phase 2 was stopped for futility in 2024-25.","tags":"failed-so-far","route":"/companies/essa-pharma/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"steap1","kind":"target","name":"STEAP1","aka":"","tldr":"STEAP1 is a protein on the surface of most prostate cancer cells, now the address for a T-cell engager in phase 3.","tags":"t-cell-engager-target","route":"/targets/steap1/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"klk2","kind":"target","name":"KLK2 (kallikrein-2)","aka":"","tldr":"A relative of PSA that stays attached to prostate cancer cells, used as a T-cell engager address by J&J.","tags":"t-cell-engager-target","route":"/targets/klk2/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"grpr","kind":"target","name":"GRPR (gastrin-releasing peptide receptor)","aka":"","tldr":"GRPR is a hormone receptor abundant in early and hormone-sensitive prostate cancer, imaged and treated with bombesin-like radioligands.","tags":"theranostic","route":"/targets/grpr/","cancers":"prostate breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"active-surveillance","kind":"technology","name":"Active surveillance","aka":"","tldr":"For low-risk prostate cancer, monitoring with PSA, MRI, and repeat biopsy instead of treating, because most such cancers never cause harm.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/active-surveillance/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"mp-mri","kind":"technology","name":"Multiparametric prostate MRI (PI-RADS)","aka":"","tldr":"Multiparametric prostate MRI combines three scan sequences, scored 1 to 5 under PI-RADS, and is done before a first biopsy in men with a raised PSA. Needles go to suspicious areas and men with a negative scan can often avoid biopsy altogether, but about one in ten clinically significant cancers is missed.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/mp-mri/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"psa","kind":"term","name":"PSA (prostate-specific antigen)","aka":"","tldr":"A blood protein made by the prostate; raised levels prompt further tests, and falling levels show treatment is working.","tags":"","route":"/terms/psa/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"gleason-grade-group","kind":"term","name":"Gleason score / Grade Group","aka":"Gleason\nGleason score\nGleason grade\nGrade Group\nISUP grade\nGleason 6\nGleason 7\n3+4\n4+3\ngrade groups\ngleason\ngrade group\nISUP grade group\nWHO grade group\nGG1\nGG2\nGG3\nGG4\nGG5\nGleason 3+3\nGleason 8\nGleason 9\nGleason 10","tldr":"The pathologist's 1-to-5 grade of how abnormal prostate cancer looks, which drives most treatment decisions.","tags":"","route":"/terms/gleason-grade-group/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"castration-resistance","kind":"term","name":"Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC)","aka":"hormone-relapsed prostate cancer\nhormone-relapsed\nhormone relapsed\nhormone-refractory prostate cancer","tldr":"Prostate cancer that keeps growing even though testosterone has been reduced to castrate levels.","tags":"","route":"/terms/castration-resistance/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"biochemical-recurrence","kind":"term","name":"Biochemical recurrence (BCR)","aka":"","tldr":"PSA rising again after surgery or radiation, usually years before anything shows on a scan.","tags":"","route":"/terms/biochemical-recurrence/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"psa50","kind":"term","name":"PSA50 / PSA90 response","aka":"PSA50 response\nPSA50\nPSA90\nPSA90 response\n50 percent PSA decline\nprostate-specific antigen response rate","tldr":"PSA50 is the share of patients whose PSA falls by at least half on treatment, and PSA90 the share whose PSA falls by 90%.","tags":"","route":"/terms/psa50/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"ar-v7","kind":"term","name":"AR-V7 splice variant","aka":"androgen receptor splice variant\nandrogen receptor splice variant 7\nAR splice variant\nAR-V7 positive\nAR variant\nAR-V9\nAR-V567es\ntruncated androgen receptor","tldr":"A truncated form of the androgen receptor that is permanently switched on and ignores hormone-blocking pills.","tags":"","route":"/terms/ar-v7/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"abiraterone","kind":"drug","name":"Abiraterone acetate","aka":"Abiraterone","tldr":"Abiraterone is a pill that shuts down testosterone production everywhere, including inside the tumour. Discovered at the Institute of Cancer Research, now generic and used from the first metastatic diagnosis.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/abiraterone/","status":"approved","cancers":"prostate prostate-mhspc prostate-mcrpc prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"enzalutamide","kind":"drug","name":"Enzalutamide","aka":"","tldr":"Enzalutamide is a second-generation androgen-receptor blocker that stops the receptor binding testosterone, entering the nucleus and switching on genes. It is approved at every stage of advanced prostate cancer, from rising PSA after surgery to castration-resistant disease, and fatigue, falls and memory problems are its main drawbacks.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/enzalutamide/","status":"approved","cancers":"prostate salivary-duct-carcinoma prostate-mhspc prostate-nmcrpc prostate-mcrpc prostate-bcr tnbc"},{"id":"apalutamide","kind":"drug","name":"Apalutamide","aka":"","tldr":"An AR blocker approved for prostate cancer that has spread and for high-risk disease before it shows on scans.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/apalutamide/","status":"approved","cancers":"prostate prostate-nmcrpc prostate-mhspc salivary-duct-carcinoma"},{"id":"darolutamide","kind":"drug","name":"Darolutamide","aka":"","tldr":"Darolutamide is an AR blocker that barely enters the brain, so it causes fewer falls and cognitive side effects; it is approved with and without chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/darolutamide/","status":"approved","cancers":"prostate prostate-nmcrpc prostate-mhspc"},{"id":"relugolix","kind":"drug","name":"Relugolix","aka":"","tldr":"Relugolix is the first hormone-suppressing pill for prostate cancer, working within days and wearing off quickly when stopped.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/relugolix/","status":"approved","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"docetaxel","kind":"drug","name":"Docetaxel","aka":"","tldr":"The first chemotherapy to extend life in prostate cancer (2004), now part of triplet therapy at first metastatic diagnosis.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/docetaxel/","status":"approved","cancers":"prostate nsclc breast-hr-positive gastric head-and-neck prostate-mhspc prostate-mcrpc tnbc tnbc-metastatic tnbc-early lung-cancer"},{"id":"cabazitaxel","kind":"drug","name":"Cabazitaxel","aka":"","tldr":"A second taxane that works after docetaxel and beat a second hormone pill head-to-head (CARD).","tags":"","route":"/drugs/cabazitaxel/","status":"approved","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"radium-223","kind":"drug","name":"Radium-223 dichloride","aka":"","tldr":"Radium-223 was the first alpha-emitting drug ever approved (2013). It homes to bone like calcium and treats prostate cancer that has spread only to bone.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/radium-223/","status":"approved","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"lu177-psma-it","kind":"drug","name":"177Lu-PSMA-I&T","aka":"","tldr":"177Lu-PSMA-I&T is a second PSMA radioligand, chemically different from Pluvicto, that has passed two phase 3 trials on progression but has not yet shown a survival benefit.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/lu177-psma-it/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"xaluritamig","kind":"drug","name":"Xaluritamig","aka":"","tldr":"Xaluritamig is Amgen's T-cell engager for prostate cancer, now in two phase 3 trials, aiming to do for prostate cancer what tarlatamab did for small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/xaluritamig/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"pasritamig","kind":"drug","name":"Pasritamig","aka":"","tldr":"Pasritamig is Johnson & Johnson's bispecific T-cell engager that binds KLK2 on prostate cancer cells and CD3 on T cells, with a deliberately low-affinity CD3 arm. In phase 1 about 40% of patients had a PSA50 response with far less cytokine release syndrome than other engagers, and a phase 3 trial began in 2025.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/pasritamig/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"ga68-psma-11","kind":"drug","name":"Gallium-68 gozetotide (PSMA-11)","aka":"","tldr":"Gallium-68 PSMA-11 was the first PSMA PET tracer approved in the US (2020), and is made on site from a generator or cyclotron.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/ga68-psma-11/","status":"approved","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"flotufolastat","kind":"drug","name":"Flotufolastat F-18","aka":"","tldr":"Flotufolastat is a third PSMA PET tracer, with a radiohybrid chemistry designed to be reused for therapy.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/flotufolastat/","status":"approved","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"mevrometostat","kind":"drug","name":"Mevrometostat","aka":"","tldr":"An epigenetic drug that may re-sensitise prostate cancer to hormone therapy, in three phase 3 trials with enzalutamide.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/mevrometostat/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"masofaniten","kind":"drug","name":"Masofaniten","aka":"","tldr":"A drug designed to block the part of the androgen receptor that resistant variants keep; its phase 2 was stopped for futility and development ended.","tags":"failed-so-far","route":"/drugs/masofaniten/","status":"withdrawn","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"decipher-prostate","kind":"drug","name":"Decipher Prostate","aka":"","tldr":"A 22-gene test on the biopsy or surgical specimen that predicts spread and death, used to decide on surveillance or adding hormone therapy.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/decipher-prostate/","status":"established","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"protect","kind":"trial","name":"ProtecT","aka":"","tldr":"Showed that men with screen-detected prostate cancer die of it rarely, whether monitored or treated, establishing active surveillance.","tags":"","route":"/trials/protect/","status":"completed","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk"},{"id":"precision-mri","kind":"trial","name":"PRECISION","aka":"","tldr":"PRECISION proved that an MRI first finds more dangerous cancers with fewer biopsies.","tags":"","route":"/trials/precision-mri/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk"},{"id":"stampede","kind":"trial","name":"STAMPEDE","aka":"STAMPEDE trial\nMRC PR08\nSystemic Therapy in Advancing or Metastatic Prostate Cancer: Evaluation of Drug Efficacy\nSTAMPEDE platform","tldr":"STAMPEDE is the longest-running platform trial in oncology, and showed that both docetaxel and abiraterone extend life when started at first diagnosis of metastatic disease.","tags":"","route":"/trials/stampede/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-mhspc prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"chaarted","kind":"trial","name":"CHAARTED (E3805)","aka":"","tldr":"The first trial to show chemotherapy at the start of hormone therapy prolongs life in metastatic prostate cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/chaarted/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-mhspc"},{"id":"latitude","kind":"trial","name":"LATITUDE","aka":"","tldr":"LATITUDE established abiraterone at first metastatic diagnosis for high-risk disease.","tags":"","route":"/trials/latitude/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-mhspc"},{"id":"arches","kind":"trial","name":"ARCHES","aka":"","tldr":"Brought enzalutamide into first-line metastatic treatment, with an overall survival benefit confirmed in 2021.","tags":"","route":"/trials/arches/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-mhspc"},{"id":"arasens","kind":"trial","name":"ARASENS","aka":"","tldr":"Proved 'triplet therapy': adding darolutamide to hormone therapy plus chemotherapy reduces death by a third.","tags":"","route":"/trials/arasens/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-mhspc"},{"id":"peace-1","kind":"trial","name":"PEACE-1","aka":"","tldr":"PEACE-1 is the European triplet trial: abiraterone added to hormone therapy and docetaxel improves survival, especially in high-volume disease.","tags":"","route":"/trials/peace-1/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-mhspc"},{"id":"embark","kind":"trial","name":"EMBARK","aka":"","tldr":"Showed that treating a fast-rising PSA after surgery or radiation with enzalutamide delays spread.","tags":"","route":"/trials/embark/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-bcr"},{"id":"profound","kind":"trial","name":"PROfound","aka":"","tldr":"The first biomarker-selected trial in prostate cancer to improve survival, using a PARP inhibitor in men with BRCA-type mutations.","tags":"","route":"/trials/profound/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"propel","kind":"trial","name":"PROpel","aka":"","tldr":"Showed PARP inhibitor plus abiraterone delays progression in first-line mCRPC, with the largest benefit in BRCA-mutant men.","tags":"","route":"/trials/propel/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"talapro-2","kind":"trial","name":"TALAPRO-2","aka":"","tldr":"The PARP-plus-hormone combination that eventually showed an overall survival benefit, in 2024-25.","tags":"","route":"/trials/talapro-2/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"magnitude","kind":"trial","name":"MAGNITUDE","aka":"","tldr":"PARP inhibitor plus abiraterone helped men with BRCA mutations and did nothing for those without, settling a debate.","tags":"","route":"/trials/magnitude/","status":"mixed","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"capitello-281","kind":"trial","name":"CAPItello-281","aka":"","tldr":"CAPItello-281 delivered the first AKT inhibitor success in prostate cancer, for the ~25% of men whose tumours have lost PTEN on the trial's own immunohistochemistry cut-off.","tags":"","route":"/trials/capitello-281/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-mhspc"},{"id":"alsympca","kind":"trial","name":"ALSYMPCA","aka":"","tldr":"ALSYMPCA is the trial that won approval for the first alpha-emitting drug.","tags":"","route":"/trials/alsympca/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"propsma","kind":"trial","name":"proPSMA","aka":"","tldr":"Proved PSMA PET is far more accurate than conventional scans for staging, with less radiation.","tags":"","route":"/trials/propsma/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"therap","kind":"trial","name":"TheraP (ANZUP 1603)","aka":"","tldr":"The randomised trial that first pitted a radioligand against chemotherapy and won on response, with fewer side effects.","tags":"","route":"/trials/therap/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"psmaddition","kind":"trial","name":"PSMAddition","aka":"","tldr":"PSMAddition moved the radioligand Pluvicto into the first treatment of metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer, given alongside hormone therapy, and the FDA approved this use on 31 July 2026. It delayed progression on scans, but severe side effects were more common and whether it lengthens life is not yet known.","tags":"","route":"/trials/psmaddition/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-mhspc"},{"id":"splash","kind":"trial","name":"SPLASH","aka":"","tldr":"In SPLASH, a second PSMA radioligand improved progression-free survival but not, so far, survival.","tags":"","route":"/trials/splash/","status":"mixed","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"eclipse-psma","kind":"trial","name":"ECLIPSE","aka":"","tldr":"Curium's PSMA radioligand met its progression endpoint; survival data and an FDA filing are pending.","tags":"","route":"/trials/eclipse-psma/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"alphabreak","kind":"trial","name":"AlphaBreak (FPI-2265) & AcTION (225Ac-PSMA-617)","aka":"","tldr":"The phase 3 trials that will decide whether alpha-emitting PSMA drugs become the next step after Pluvicto.","tags":"","route":"/trials/alphabreak/","status":"active","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"xalute","kind":"trial","name":"XALute","aka":"","tldr":"XALute is the phase 3 test of the first T-cell engager for prostate cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/xalute/","status":"active","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"mevpro-1","kind":"trial","name":"MEVPRO-1","aka":"","tldr":"MEVPRO-1 is the phase 3 trial of the first EZH2 inhibitor combination in prostate cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/mevpro-1/","status":"active","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"idea-psma-pet-guided-mdt","kind":"idea","name":"PSMA-PET-guided metastasis-directed therapy as a curative strategy in oligorecurrent prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"When PSMA PET finds only a few spots after surgery, zap each spot with focused radiation and delay or avoid lifelong hormone therapy.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-psma-pet-guided-mdt/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"idea-alpha-first-mhspc","kind":"idea","name":"Alpha-emitting PSMA therapy at first metastatic diagnosis","aka":"","tldr":"If Pluvicto helps at first diagnosis, an alpha version might do more against microscopic disease, when tumour burden is smallest.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-alpha-first-mhspc/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"folfirinox","kind":"drug","name":"FOLFIRINOX / mFOLFIRINOX","aka":"","tldr":"FOLFIRINOX is a four-drug chemotherapy combination that, in 2011, became the first treatment to meaningfully extend life in metastatic pancreatic cancer; it is now the standard before and after surgery.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/folfirinox/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac borderline-resectable-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nalirifox","kind":"drug","name":"NALIRIFOX (liposomal irinotecan + oxaliplatin + 5-FU/LV)","aka":"","tldr":"NALIRIFOX is a version of FOLFIRINOX using a liposome-wrapped irinotecan, approved in 2024 as a first-line option for metastatic pancreatic cancer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/nalirifox/","status":"approved","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"gemcitabine-nab-paclitaxel","kind":"drug","name":"Gemcitabine + nab-paclitaxel","aka":"","tldr":"Gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel is the gentler of the two standard chemotherapy backbones for pancreatic cancer, and the base on which most new drugs are being tested.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/gemcitabine-nab-paclitaxel/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"pancreatic locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"zoldonrasib","kind":"drug","name":"Zoldonrasib","aka":"","tldr":"The first drug aimed specifically at KRAS G12D, the single most common mutation in pancreatic cancer. Early combination data in 2026 showed half of previously treated patients responding.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/zoldonrasib/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac nsclc colorectal"},{"id":"elironrasib","kind":"drug","name":"Elironrasib","aka":"","tldr":"A next-generation KRAS G12C drug that hits the active form of the protein, from the same company as daraxonrasib.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/elironrasib/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"nsclc colorectal pancreatic kras-g12c-pdac"},{"id":"mrtx1133","kind":"drug","name":"MRTX1133","aka":"","tldr":"MRTX1133 was the first potent chemical tool against KRAS G12D, and proved the mutation could be drugged even though it lacks the reactive handle G12C has.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/mrtx1133/","status":"phase-1","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac colorectal"},{"id":"eli-002-7p","kind":"drug","name":"ELI-002 7P","aka":"","tldr":"A ready-made vaccine against the seven commonest KRAS mutations, given after pancreatic cancer surgery. Its phase 2 missed the main goal in 2026 but showed signs of activity.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/eli-002-7p/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac colorectal"},{"id":"rasolute-302","kind":"trial","name":"RASolute 302","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that nearly doubled survival in previously treated pancreatic cancer, presented in the ASCO 2026 plenary. The biggest result in the disease's history.","tags":"","route":"/trials/rasolute-302/","status":"positive","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"napoli-3","kind":"trial","name":"NAPOLI 3","aka":"","tldr":"The first head-to-head trial of the two chemotherapy backbones, won narrowly by the four-drug regimen.","tags":"","route":"/trials/napoli-3/","status":"positive","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"prodige-24","kind":"trial","name":"PRODIGE 24 / CCTG PA6","aka":"","tldr":"Showed that giving the strong four-drug chemotherapy after pancreatic surgery adds years of life for fit patients.","tags":"","route":"/trials/prodige-24/","status":"positive","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac"},{"id":"preopanc","kind":"trial","name":"PREOPANC-1","aka":"PREOPANC\nPREOPANC-1\nPREOPANC 1","tldr":"The Dutch trial testing whether treating before surgery beats operating first. Chemoradiation first fell short at the primary analysis but won at five years, with one in five patients alive against one in fifteen.","tags":"","route":"/trials/preopanc/","status":"mixed","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac borderline-resectable-pdac"},{"id":"polo","kind":"trial","name":"POLO","aka":"","tldr":"The first biomarker-directed drug approval in pancreatic cancer, for the roughly 5-7% with inherited BRCA mutations, though it did not extend overall survival.","tags":"","route":"/trials/polo/","status":"mixed","cancers":"pancreatic brca-palb2-pdac"},{"id":"panova-3","kind":"trial","name":"PANOVA-3","aka":"","tldr":"PANOVA-3 is the trial behind the 2026 approval of a wearable electric-field device for pancreatic cancer, the first new approval in locally advanced disease in decades.","tags":"","route":"/trials/panova-3/","status":"positive","cancers":"pancreatic locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"amplify-7p","kind":"trial","name":"AMPLIFY-7P","aka":"","tldr":"The randomised test of an off-the-shelf KRAS vaccine after pancreatic surgery. It missed its primary goal in June 2026.","tags":"","route":"/trials/amplify-7p/","status":"negative","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac"},{"id":"pancreatic-surveillance","kind":"technology","name":"High-risk pancreatic surveillance (CAPS / PRECEDE)","aka":"","tldr":"Yearly MRI or endoscopic ultrasound for people with inherited risk, which catches pancreatic cancers while they are still operable.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/pancreatic-surveillance/","status":"established","cancers":"pancreatic ipmn-cystic-precursors brca-palb2-pdac"},{"id":"pdac-organoid-pharmacotyping","kind":"technology","name":"PDAC organoid pharmacotyping","aka":"","tldr":"Growing a patient's pancreatic tumour as mini-organs in a dish and testing chemotherapies on them to pick the regimen most likely to work.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/pdac-organoid-pharmacotyping/","status":"emerging","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"ca19-9","kind":"term","name":"CA 19-9","aka":"","tldr":"A sugar molecule shed into the blood by most pancreatic cancers; useful to follow treatment, not to screen.","tags":"","route":"/terms/ca19-9/","cancers":"pancreatic ipmn-cystic-precursors cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"desmoplasia","kind":"term","name":"Desmoplasia (tumour stroma)","aka":"","tldr":"The dense scar-like tissue that makes up most of a pancreatic tumour, walling off cancer cells from drugs and immune cells.","tags":"","route":"/terms/desmoplasia/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"ipsen","kind":"company","name":"Ipsen","aka":"","tldr":"Ipsen is the French pharma behind Onivyde (liposomal irinotecan) and the NALIRIFOX regimen, and marketer of tovorafenib in Europe.","tags":"","route":"/companies/ipsen/","cancers":"pancreatic glioblastoma"},{"id":"elicio-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Elicio Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Small biotech developing lymph-node-targeted KRAS vaccines for pancreatic and colorectal cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/elicio-therapeutics/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"idea-ras-inhibitor-neoadjuvant-pdac","kind":"idea","name":"RAS(ON) inhibitors to convert unresectable pancreatic cancer to resectable","aka":"","tldr":"If daraxonrasib shrinks metastatic tumours this well, use it before surgery to make more locally advanced tumours operable.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-ras-inhibitor-neoadjuvant-pdac/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"idea-mced-new-onset-diabetes","kind":"idea","name":"Blood-based pancreatic cancer detection in new-onset diabetes","aka":"","tldr":"Adults who suddenly develop diabetes after 50 have several times the usual risk of pancreatic cancer. Test their blood.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-mced-new-onset-diabetes/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"g12d-plus-pan-ras","kind":"pairing","name":"G12D-selective + pan-RAS(ON) inhibitor (zoldonrasib + daraxonrasib)","aka":"","tldr":"A drug that hits the exact mutation plus a drug that hits every RAS protein, so the tumour cannot escape through a wild-type RAS cousin.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/g12d-plus-pan-ras/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"pancreatic-adenosquamous-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas","aka":"Adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas (squamous component of at least 30 percent; about 1 percent of cases; body and tail; worse after resection)\nPancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma\nASCP\nAdenosquamous pancreatic cancer\nMixed adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the pancreas","tldr":"Adenosquamous carcinoma is a rare form of pancreatic cancer in which at least three tenths of the tumour has turned into squamous cells, the flat cells of skin-like linings. It is found more often in the body and tail, tends to be larger and poorly differentiated, and does worse after surgery than ordinary pancreatic cancer, though surgery remains the strongest predictor of survival.","tags":"gi pancreatic subtype-page","route":"/cancers/pancreatic-adenosquamous-carcinoma/","parent":"pancreatic"},{"id":"pancreatic-colloid-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Colloid (mucinous non-cystic) carcinoma of the pancreas","aka":"Colloid (mucinous non-cystic) carcinoma of the pancreas (mucin pools; usually the invasive part of an intestinal-type IPMN; better outlook)\nColloid carcinoma of the pancreas\nMucinous non-cystic carcinoma of the pancreas\nMucinous noncystic carcinoma\nColloid carcinoma","tldr":"Colloid carcinoma is a rare form of pancreatic cancer in which the cancer cells float in large pools of mucus rather than forming glands in dense scar. It usually grows out of an intestinal-type IPMN in the main pancreatic duct, presents as a larger but lower-stage tumour, and has a clearly better outlook after surgery than ordinary pancreatic cancer.","tags":"gi pancreatic subtype-page","route":"/cancers/pancreatic-colloid-carcinoma/","parent":"pancreatic"},{"id":"pancreatic-undifferentiated-carcinoma-ogc","kind":"cancer","name":"Undifferentiated carcinoma of the pancreas with osteoclast-like giant cells","aka":"Undifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells (1.4 percent of resected pancreatic cancers; five-year survival 59 percent)\nOsteoclastic giant cell tumour of the pancreas\nUC-OGC\nUndifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclastic giant cells\nGiant cell carcinoma of the pancreas","tldr":"Undifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells is a rare form of pancreatic cancer studded with large bone-eating-type cells that are not themselves cancerous. It grows as a big, well-circumscribed mass, often within a cyst, spreads to nerves and lymph nodes far less often than ordinary pancreatic cancer, and about six in ten patients are alive five years after surgery.","tags":"gi pancreatic subtype-page","route":"/cancers/pancreatic-undifferentiated-carcinoma-ogc/","parent":"pancreatic"},{"id":"ipmn-associated-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Invasive carcinoma arising in an intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN-associated carcinoma)","aka":"Invasive carcinoma arising in an IPMN (tubular or colloid type; treated as ductal PDAC)\nInvasive carcinoma arising in an IPMN (tubular or colloid type; 10 percent of resections; staged and treated as ductal adenocarcinoma)\nIPMN with associated invasive carcinoma\nInvasive IPMN\nIPMN-associated invasive adenocarcinoma\nIPMN-derived pancreatic cancer","tldr":"IPMN-associated carcinoma is pancreatic cancer that has grown out of a mucus-producing cyst in the pancreatic duct. Because the cyst is often being watched, the cancer is found smaller and earlier, and about four in ten patients are alive five years after surgery against two in ten for ordinary pancreatic cancer; the advantage belongs to the colloid type, not the tubular type.","tags":"gi pancreatic subtype-page","route":"/cancers/ipmn-associated-carcinoma/","parent":"pancreatic"},{"id":"mcn-associated-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Mucinous cystic neoplasm of the pancreas with associated invasive carcinoma (MCN-associated carcinoma)","aka":"Mucinous cystic neoplasm with associated invasive carcinoma (women, body and tail; 4 to 12 percent of resected MCNs)\nInvasive MCN\nMucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas\nMCN with invasive carcinoma\nMalignant mucinous cystic neoplasm","tldr":"MCN-associated carcinoma is pancreatic cancer that has developed inside a mucinous cystic neoplasm, a thick-walled cyst with ovary-like tissue in its wall that occurs almost only in women, usually in the tail of the pancreas. Most such cysts are benign when removed; the minority with invasive cancer are larger, carry nodules and occur in older women, and about six in ten survive five years.","tags":"gi pancreatic subtype-page","route":"/cancers/mcn-associated-carcinoma/","parent":"pancreatic"},{"id":"solid-pseudopapillary-neoplasm","kind":"cancer","name":"Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas","aka":"Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (young women; CTNNB1; low-grade malignant; cured by resection in about 95 percent)\nSolid pseudopapillary tumour\nSPN\nSPT\nFrantz tumour\nHamoudi tumour\nPapillary cystic neoplasm of the pancreas\nSolid and papillary epithelial neoplasm","tldr":"Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm is a rare, slow-growing pancreatic tumour of young women that is classed as a low-grade cancer. It is driven by a fault in the beta-catenin gene rather than the KRAS mutation of ordinary pancreatic cancer, is often found by chance as a large mass, and surgery cures more than nineteen in twenty patients, although it can recur years later.","tags":"gi pancreatic subtype-page","route":"/cancers/solid-pseudopapillary-neoplasm/","parent":"pancreatic"},{"id":"nccn-resectability-criteria-pancreatic","kind":"term","name":"Resectability classes for pancreatic cancer (NCCN anatomical criteria and the 2017 international consensus)","aka":"Anatomical resectability criteria\n180 degrees rule\nVessel contact criteria\nIsaji criteria\nAnatomical, biological and conditional borderline resectability\nNCCN resectability classification","tldr":"Surgeons class a pancreatic cancer as resectable, borderline resectable or locally advanced by how far it wraps around the arteries and veins behind the pancreas on the CT scan, measured in degrees of contact. Less than half way round an artery, or a vein the surgeon can rebuild, is borderline; more is locally advanced. A very high CA 19-9 or poor fitness can also make a tumour borderline.","tags":"gi pancreatic","route":"/terms/nccn-resectability-criteria-pancreatic/","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac borderline-resectable-pdac locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"pancreas-protocol-ct","kind":"term","name":"Pancreas protocol CT (pancreatic protocol CT, dual-phase thin-slice CT with structured reporting)","aka":"Pancreatic protocol CT\nPancreas protocol CT scan\nDual-phase pancreatic CT\nTriple-phase pancreatic CT\nPancreatic CT reporting template\nStructured CT report for pancreatic cancer","tldr":"A pancreas protocol CT is a scan tuned for the pancreas: thin slices taken at two timed moments after contrast dye so that the tumour, the arteries and the veins all show up sharply. It is the first test NICE asks for when pancreatic cancer is suspected, before any stent is placed, and the report follows a template that lists every vessel the tumour touches and by how many degrees.","tags":"gi pancreatic","route":"/terms/pancreas-protocol-ct/","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac borderline-resectable-pdac ipmn-cystic-precursors"},{"id":"distal-pancreatectomy","kind":"term","name":"Distal pancreatectomy (removal of the body and tail of the pancreas, usually with the spleen)","aka":"Left pancreatectomy\nDistal pancreatectomy with splenectomy\nSpleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy\nMinimally invasive distal pancreatectomy\nLaparoscopic distal pancreatectomy\nRobotic distal pancreatectomy\nRadical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy\nRAMPS","tldr":"Distal pancreatectomy removes the body and tail of the pancreas, the part to the left of the main vessels, usually with the spleen when the cause is cancer. The bile duct and duodenum are left alone, so there is no Whipple-type reconstruction; keyhole and robotic versions recover faster and, in a randomised trial, removed pancreatic cancer as completely as open surgery.","tags":"gi pancreatic","route":"/terms/distal-pancreatectomy/","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac mcn-associated-carcinoma solid-pseudopapillary-neoplasm pancreatic-net"},{"id":"vascular-resection-pancreatic","kind":"term","name":"Vascular resection in pancreatic cancer surgery (portal and superior mesenteric vein resection; arterial resection)","aka":"Venous resection in pancreatectomy\nPortal vein resection\nSuperior mesenteric vein resection and reconstruction\nArterial resection in pancreatic surgery\nAppleby procedure\nVascular reconstruction pancreatoduodenectomy","tldr":"When a pancreatic cancer touches or narrows the big vein behind the pancreas, surgeons can cut out that segment of vein and rebuild it during the operation, which turns a borderline tumour into a removable one. Removing and rebuilding an artery is far riskier and is done only in selected patients in specialist centres, usually after chemotherapy has shrunk the tumour.","tags":"gi pancreatic","route":"/terms/vascular-resection-pancreatic/","cancers":"pancreatic borderline-resectable-pdac locally-advanced-pdac resectable-pdac"},{"id":"pancreatic-enzyme-replacement","kind":"term","name":"Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT, pancreatin, Creon) for pancreatic exocrine insufficiency: why and how to take it","aka":"PERT\nPancreatin\nCreon\nPancreatic enzyme supplements\nEnzyme capsules\nPancreatic exocrine insufficiency\nPEI\nSteatorrhoea\nMalabsorption in pancreatic cancer\nPancrelipase\nHow to take PERT\nNutrizym\nPancrex","tldr":"Most pancreatic cancers stop the gland's digestive enzymes reaching the gut, so fat passes through undigested and weight falls. Enzyme capsules taken with every meal and snack replace what is missing. NICE says everyone whose cancer cannot be removed should have them and that they should be considered before and after surgery, yet in UK records only about one patient in five was prescribed them.","tags":"gi pancreatic","route":"/terms/pancreatic-enzyme-replacement/","cancers":"pancreatic locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac resectable-pdac pancreatoblastoma"},{"id":"lewis-negative","kind":"term","name":"Lewis-negative (Lewis antigen-negative, CA 19-9 non-secretor) status","aka":"Lewis antigen-negative\nLewis negative phenotype\nCA 19-9 non-secretor\nFUT3 null\nLewis blood group negative\nLe(a-b-)","tldr":"About one person in ten to twenty cannot make the sugar that the CA 19-9 blood test measures, because they lack a working copy of the Lewis blood-group gene. In these Lewis-negative people the test stays low however large the cancer, so a normal CA 19-9 does not rule pancreatic cancer out, and their cancers appear to behave more aggressively.","tags":"gi pancreatic","route":"/terms/lewis-negative/","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"panin","kind":"term","name":"Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), the microscopic precursor of pancreatic cancer","aka":"PanIN\nPanIN-1\nPanIN-2\nPanIN-3\nLow-grade PanIN\nHigh-grade PanIN\nPancreatic precursor lesion\nCarcinoma in situ of the pancreas\nIncipient IPMN","tldr":"PanIN is the name for abnormal cells lining the small pancreatic ducts that can, over years, turn into pancreatic cancer. It is too small to see on any scan and is found only under the microscope, so it cannot be screened for directly. Pathologists now grade it as low or high grade, and high-grade PanIN was found in about one in twenty-five older people who died without pancreatic cancer.","tags":"gi pancreatic","route":"/terms/panin/","cancers":"pancreatic ipmn-cystic-precursors ipmn-associated-carcinoma"},{"id":"pancreatic-cyst-high-risk-stigmata","kind":"term","name":"High-risk stigmata and worrisome features of pancreatic cysts (IPMN and MCN surgical criteria)","aka":"High-risk stigmata\nWorrisome features\nMural nodule\nMain duct dilatation\nEnhancing solid component in a pancreatic cyst\nFukuoka criteria\nKyoto criteria\nPancreatic cyst surveillance criteria","tldr":"Most pancreatic cysts never become cancer, so doctors watch them and operate only when warning signs appear. The strongest signs, the high-risk stigmata, are jaundice from a cyst in the head of the pancreas, a solid lump inside the cyst that lights up with dye, or a main duct widened to a centimetre or more. Lesser signs, the worrisome features, prompt a closer look with endoscopic ultrasound.","tags":"gi pancreatic","route":"/terms/pancreatic-cyst-high-risk-stigmata/","cancers":"pancreatic ipmn-cystic-precursors ipmn-associated-carcinoma mcn-associated-carcinoma"},{"id":"new-onset-diabetes-pancreatic-cancer","kind":"term","name":"New-onset diabetes as a signal of pancreatic cancer (and the ENDPAC score)","aka":"New-onset diabetes and pancreatic cancer\nPancreatic cancer-associated diabetes\nENDPAC score\nEND-PAC\nEnriching New-Onset Diabetes for Pancreatic Cancer\nDiabetes with weight loss","tldr":"A pancreatic cancer can cause diabetes before any other symptom, so new diabetes after the age of 50, especially with weight loss rather than weight gain, is a recognised warning sign. About one in a hundred such people is found to have pancreatic cancer within three years; a simple score using weight change, blood sugar change and age picks out the smaller group who should have a scan.","tags":"gi pancreatic","route":"/terms/new-onset-diabetes-pancreatic-cancer/","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac ipmn-cystic-precursors"},{"id":"r0-r1-margin-pancreatic","kind":"term","name":"R0 and R1 margins in pancreatic cancer: the 1 mm rule and standardised specimen reporting","aka":"1 mm rule\nR1 within 1 mm\nR1 direct\nRoyal College of Pathologists pancreatic margin\nLeeds protocol\nAxial slicing of pancreatoduodenectomy specimens\nCircumferential resection margin of the pancreas\nPosterior margin\nSuperior mesenteric vein groove margin\nSuperior mesenteric artery margin","tldr":"After a pancreatic cancer is removed, the pathologist checks whether cancer reaches the cut edges of the specimen. In the UK, cancer within one millimetre of an edge counts as an incomplete (R1) resection even if it does not touch it. Reported this way most operations are R1, because the tumour creeps along nerves behind the gland; cancer touching the edge carries a worse outlook.","tags":"gi pancreatic","route":"/terms/r0-r1-margin-pancreatic/","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac borderline-resectable-pdac ipmn-associated-carcinoma"},{"id":"neoadjuvant-versus-upfront-surgery-pancreatic","kind":"term","name":"Neoadjuvant therapy versus surgery first for resectable and borderline resectable pancreatic cancer","aka":"Surgery-first versus chemotherapy-first in pancreatic cancer\nPerioperative chemotherapy pancreatic cancer\nTotal neoadjuvant therapy for pancreatic cancer\nPreoperative chemotherapy pancreatic cancer\nPREOPANC question\nNORPACT question","tldr":"For pancreatic cancers that look removable, doctors debate whether to operate at once and give chemotherapy afterwards, or to give chemotherapy first. Trials show chemotherapy first helps when the tumour is borderline, touching the big vessels, but it is not yet proven better for clearly removable tumours, where the largest trial found no gain and a US trial is still running.","tags":"gi pancreatic","route":"/terms/neoadjuvant-versus-upfront-surgery-pancreatic/","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac borderline-resectable-pdac"},{"id":"emergency-presentation","kind":"term","name":"Emergency presentation (route to diagnosis)","aka":"Emergency route to diagnosis\nEmergency cancer diagnosis\nDiagnosed as an emergency\nRoutes to diagnosis\nEmergency admission before cancer diagnosis\nTwo week wait versus emergency presentation","tldr":"An emergency presentation means a cancer was diagnosed after the person arrived as an emergency, through A&E or an urgent admission, rather than through a GP referral or screening. It is the route with the worst survival because the cancer is usually advanced by then. Almost half of pancreatic cancers in England are diagnosed this way, more than for almost any other common cancer.","tags":"gi pancreatic","route":"/terms/emergency-presentation/","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac cancer-of-unknown-primary"},{"id":"familial-pancreatic-cancer","kind":"term","name":"Familial pancreatic cancer and inherited risk (who qualifies for surveillance)","aka":"Familial pancreatic cancer kindred\nFPC\nHereditary pancreatic cancer\nInherited pancreatic cancer risk\nPancreatic cancer in the family\nTwo first-degree relatives with pancreatic cancer\nHigh-risk individual for pancreatic cancer\nHigh-risk individual\nHRI\nHigh-risk individuals in pancreatic surveillance","tldr":"Familial pancreatic cancer means at least two close relatives on the same side of the family have had the disease without a known gene fault to explain it. Members of such families have several times the usual risk, rising steeply with the number of relatives affected. With carriers of certain gene faults, they are the people offered yearly MRI or endoscopic ultrasound in surveillance programmes.","tags":"gi pancreatic","route":"/terms/familial-pancreatic-cancer/","cancers":"pancreatic brca-palb2-pdac ipmn-cystic-precursors"},{"id":"classical-vs-basal-like","kind":"term","name":"Classical versus basal-like (squamous) subtypes of pancreatic cancer, and GATA6","aka":"Classical subtype of pancreatic cancer\nBasal-like pancreatic cancer\nSquamous subtype of pancreatic cancer\nQuasimesenchymal subtype\nMoffitt subtypes\nBailey subtypes\nCollisson subtypes\nGATA6 expression\nGATA6-low\nGATA6-high\nTranscriptional subtypes of PDAC","tldr":"Gene expression divides pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma into two main types: classical, the commoner, which keeps its pancreatic identity and responds better to chemotherapy, and basal-like or squamous, which has lost it and carries a worse outlook. One gene, GATA6, is high in classical and low in basal-like tumours, so it can stand in for the whole test; it is used in trials, not routine care.","tags":"gi pancreatic","route":"/terms/classical-vs-basal-like/","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac resectable-pdac kras-wild-type-pdac"},{"id":"clinical-benefit-response","kind":"term","name":"Clinical benefit response (the gemcitabine trial endpoint)","aka":"CBR (pancreatic cancer)\nClinical benefit rate in pancreatic cancer\nBurris endpoint\nComposite endpoint of pain, performance status and weight","tldr":"Clinical benefit response was the measure invented for the 1997 trial that got gemcitabine approved for pancreatic cancer: a patient counted as benefiting if pain, painkiller use, day-to-day function or weight improved for at least four weeks without any of the others getting worse. It is a symptom endpoint, and it is why gemcitabine was accepted on a survival gain of about five weeks.","tags":"gi pancreatic","route":"/terms/clinical-benefit-response/","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"type-3c-diabetes-pancreatic-cancer","kind":"term","name":"Type 3c diabetes with pancreatic cancer","aka":"type 3c diabetes\npancreatogenic diabetes\ndiabetes after Whipple","tldr":"Pancreatic cancer or surgery to remove part or all of the pancreas can stop it making enough insulin and glucagon; the result is type 3c diabetes, which behaves differently from type 1 and type 2, usually needs tablets or insulin, and is best managed by a diabetes nurse and a specialist dietitian who know you have pancreatic cancer.","tags":"gi pancreatic","route":"/terms/type-3c-diabetes-pancreatic-cancer/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"coeliac-plexus-block","kind":"term","name":"Coeliac plexus block for pancreatic cancer pain","aka":"celiac plexus block\ncoeliac plexus neurolysis\nEUS-guided coeliac plexus neurolysis\nnerve block","tldr":"An injection that deadens the bundle of nerves behind the pancreas, done through the back under X-ray or ultrasound guidance or from inside the stomach during an endoscopic ultrasound; NICE suggests considering it when pancreatic pain is not controlled, opioid side effects are unacceptable or doses keep rising.","tags":"gi pancreatic","route":"/terms/coeliac-plexus-block/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"eating-after-whipple","kind":"term","name":"Eating after a Whipple operation: slow stomach emptying, dumping and bowel changes","aka":"delayed gastric emptying\ngastroparesis after surgery\ndumping syndrome\nsteatorrhoea after surgery\npost-Whipple diet","tldr":"After a Whipple operation the stomach can be slow to empty for days or weeks, meals feel full quickly, and pale, oily stools mean enzymes are needed; small frequent meals, enzyme capsules with everything, a dietitian's review and patience over several months are the pattern most people describe.","tags":"gi pancreatic","route":"/terms/eating-after-whipple/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"chemotherapy-side-effects-pancreatic","kind":"term","name":"Living with FOLFIRINOX, NALIRIFOX and gemcitabine with nab-paclitaxel","aka":"FOLFIRINOX side effects\nirinotecan diarrhoea\noxaliplatin cold sensitivity\nnab-paclitaxel side effects\nDPD test","tldr":"The three main regimens share low blood counts, tiredness, sickness and sore mouth; FOLFIRINOX and NALIRIFOX add irinotecan diarrhoea and oxaliplatin's cold-triggered tingling and rare throat spasm, gemcitabine with nab-paclitaxel adds hair loss and neuropathy, and every regimen comes with the same temperature rule for ringing the 24-hour line.","tags":"gi pancreatic","route":"/terms/chemotherapy-side-effects-pancreatic/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"urgent-help-pancreatic-cancer","kind":"term","name":"When to seek urgent help with pancreatic cancer (NHS 111 and 999)","aka":"","tldr":"Call 999 for signs of sepsis, vomiting blood with feeling faint, or a swollen painful leg with breathlessness or chest pain. Ring the hospital's 24-hour line at once for a temperature over 37.5 C or below 36 C, shivering with a stent or jaundice, vomiting large amounts, heavy diarrhoea or uncontrolled pain. Ask for an urgent GP appointment or use 111 for returning yellow eyes or skin.","tags":"gi pancreatic","route":"/terms/urgent-help-pancreatic-cancer/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"work-and-money-pancreatic-cancer-uk","kind":"term","name":"Work and money with pancreatic cancer (UK)","aka":"sick pay\nreasonable adjustments\nSR1 form\nfree prescriptions\nPIP","tldr":"Cancer counts as a disability, so your employer must consider reasonable adjustments; benefits such as PIP, Attendance Allowance and Carer's Allowance may apply, an SR1 form from your doctor speeds claims where the cancer cannot be cured, prescriptions are free in England with an FP92A certificate, and Macmillan's advisers and calculator work out what you can claim.","tags":"gi pancreatic","route":"/terms/work-and-money-pancreatic-cancer-uk/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"carers-pancreatic-cancer-uk","kind":"term","name":"Carers: what you can do and UK carer support (pancreatic cancer)","aka":"caregiver\ncaring for someone with pancreatic cancer\nfamily and friends","tldr":"A carer is anyone giving unpaid help to someone with cancer who could not manage without it; you can come to appointments, keep the enzyme dose and the medicine list, learn the sepsis, stent, clot and blocked-bowel signs, tell the team you are the carer, ask the council for a free carer's assessment, and use Pancreatic Cancer UK's nurses, carer booklet and Circles community for yourself.","tags":"gi pancreatic","route":"/terms/carers-pancreatic-cancer-uk/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"pancreatic-cancer-uk","kind":"institution","name":"Pancreatic Cancer UK","aka":"PCUK","tldr":"The UK's pancreatic cancer charity: a specialist nurse Support Line, the list of NHS specialist centres, the Optimal Care Pathway that GIRFT and the national audit measure against, research funding and the campaign to end PERT shortages.","tags":"charity uk pancreatic","route":"/institutions/pancreatic-cancer-uk/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"pancreatic-cancer-action","kind":"institution","name":"Pancreatic Cancer Action","aka":"","tldr":"A UK charity founded by a pancreatic cancer survivor that works on early diagnosis: symptom awareness campaigns and education for GPs and the public.","tags":"charity uk pancreatic early-detection","route":"/institutions/pancreatic-cancer-action/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"wolfson-wohl-cancer-research-centre","kind":"institution","name":"Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow","aka":"Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow\nGlasgow Precision Oncology Laboratory","tldr":"The University of Glasgow's cancer research centre on the Garscube estate, home to Andrew Biankin's pancreatic cancer genomics group and the Precision-Panc programme that ran the PRIMUS trials through NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde.","tags":"research uk pancreatic genomics","route":"/institutions/wolfson-wohl-cancer-research-centre/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"hull-castle-hill","kind":"institution","name":"Castle Hill Hospital, Hull (Queen's Centre)","aka":"Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust\nHull and East Yorkshire Hospitals","tldr":"The HPB specialist centre for Hull and East Yorkshire, one of the 23 English surgical hubs in the National Pancreatic Cancer Audit and a Precision-Panc site.","tags":"hpb nhs uk","route":"/institutions/hull-castle-hill/","cancers":"pancreatic gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer cholangiocarcinoma hcc"},{"id":"royal-stoke-uhnm","kind":"institution","name":"Royal Stoke University Hospital","aka":"University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust\nUHNM","tldr":"The HPB specialist centre for Staffordshire, Shropshire (including part of mid Wales) and Wolverhampton.","tags":"hpb nhs uk","route":"/institutions/royal-stoke-uhnm/","cancers":"pancreatic gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer cholangiocarcinoma hcc"},{"id":"uhcw-coventry","kind":"institution","name":"University Hospital Coventry","aka":"University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust\nUHCW","tldr":"The HPB specialist centre for Coventry and Warwickshire; its Macmillan HPB clinical nurse specialist sits on the GIRFT pancreatic cancer team.","tags":"hpb nhs uk","route":"/institutions/uhcw-coventry/","cancers":"pancreatic gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer cholangiocarcinoma hcc"},{"id":"royal-surrey-guildford","kind":"institution","name":"Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford","aka":"Royal Surrey NHS Foundation Trust\nRegional HPB Unit, Guildford","tldr":"The regional hepato-pancreato-biliary unit for Surrey and its neighbours, one of the 23 English HPB specialist centres.","tags":"hpb nhs uk","route":"/institutions/royal-surrey-guildford/","cancers":"pancreatic gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer cholangiocarcinoma hcc"},{"id":"royal-blackburn-elht","kind":"institution","name":"Royal Blackburn Hospital (East Lancashire HPB MDT)","aka":"East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust\nELHT","tldr":"The East Lancashire specialist HPB cancer MDT, one of the 23 English HPB specialist centres; the trust site blocks automated readers, so its listing rests on the audit and Pancreatic Cancer UK.","tags":"hpb nhs uk","route":"/institutions/royal-blackburn-elht/","cancers":"pancreatic gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer cholangiocarcinoma hcc"},{"id":"ninewells-dundee","kind":"institution","name":"Ninewells Hospital, Dundee","aka":"NHS Tayside\nTayside HPB unit","tldr":"A surgical centre for NHS Scotland North; a Precision-Panc and ginisortamab trial site and home of the TAYCAN liquid biopsy study.","tags":"hpb nhs uk","route":"/institutions/ninewells-dundee/","cancers":"pancreatic gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer cholangiocarcinoma hcc"},{"id":"aberdeen-royal-infirmary","kind":"institution","name":"Aberdeen Royal Infirmary","aka":"NHS Grampian","tldr":"A surgical centre for NHS Scotland North, serving Grampian and the islands; a Precision-Panc and ginisortamab trial site.","tags":"hpb nhs uk","route":"/institutions/aberdeen-royal-infirmary/","cancers":"pancreatic gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer cholangiocarcinoma hcc"},{"id":"raigmore-inverness","kind":"institution","name":"Raigmore Hospital, Inverness","aka":"NHS Highland","tldr":"The surgical centre for the Highland area of NHS Scotland North.","tags":"hpb nhs uk","route":"/institutions/raigmore-inverness/","cancers":"pancreatic gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer cholangiocarcinoma hcc"},{"id":"andrew-biankin","kind":"person","name":"Andrew Biankin","aka":"","tldr":"The Glasgow surgeon-scientist who mapped the genomic subtypes of pancreatic cancer and built Precision-Panc, the UK programme that profiled tumours to route patients into the PRIMUS trials.","tags":"pancreatic genomics uk surgeon","route":"/people/andrew-biankin/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paula-ghaneh","kind":"person","name":"Paula Ghaneh","aka":"","tldr":"Liverpool pancreatic surgeon, chief investigator of ESPAC5, the UK trial of short-course neoadjuvant treatment for borderline resectable pancreatic cancer, and a co-author of ESPAC-3 and ESPAC-4.","tags":"pancreatic trialist uk surgeon","route":"/people/paula-ghaneh/","cancers":"pancreatic borderline-resectable-pdac resectable-pdac"},{"id":"daniel-palmer","kind":"person","name":"Daniel Palmer","aka":"","tldr":"Liverpool medical oncologist, second author of ESPAC-4 and co-lead of ESPAC5, who directs the Liverpool Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre and leads the national GIRFT review of pancreatic cancer services.","tags":"pancreatic trialist uk girft","route":"/people/daniel-palmer/","cancers":"pancreatic hcc biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"chris-halloran","kind":"person","name":"Chris Halloran","aka":"","tldr":"Liverpool pancreatic surgeon who leads EUROPAC, the UK registry and surveillance programme for families with inherited pancreatic cancer risk and hereditary pancreatitis.","tags":"pancreatic surgeon uk surveillance","route":"/people/chris-halloran/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"bill-greenhalf","kind":"person","name":"Bill Greenhalf","aka":"","tldr":"Liverpool molecular scientist behind the EUROPAC registry's laboratory work and the biomarker analyses of the ESPAC trial samples.","tags":"pancreatic uk biomarkers","route":"/people/bill-greenhalf/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"europac","kind":"trial","name":"EUROPAC","aka":"European Registry of Familial Pancreatic Cancer and Hereditary Pancreatitis\nEuropac-PRIME\nEuropac-PLUS\nISRCTN62546421","tldr":"The UK's registry and screening programme for families with inherited pancreatic cancer risk, run from Liverpool since 2000; its 2026 outcomes paper shows risk-stratified surveillance finds four times more actionable lesions.","tags":"uk surveillance familial pancreatic","route":"/trials/europac/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"pancreatic ipmn-cystic-precursors"},{"id":"precision-panc","kind":"trial","name":"Precision-Panc","aka":"Precision Panc master protocol\nPRIMUS trials\nISRCTN14879538","tldr":"The UK precision medicine platform for pancreatic cancer, led from Glasgow: profile the tumour at diagnosis, then route the patient to a matching PRIMUS trial.","tags":"uk precision-medicine platform pancreatic","route":"/trials/precision-panc/","status":"completed","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"temozolomide","kind":"drug","name":"Temozolomide","aka":"","tldr":"The only chemotherapy proven to extend life in glioblastoma, given during and after radiation. It works best when the tumour has switched off a repair gene called MGMT.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/temozolomide/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"glioblastoma idh-mutant-astrocytoma paediatric-high-grade-glioma"},{"id":"lomustine","kind":"drug","name":"Lomustine (CCNU)","aka":"","tldr":"An old chemotherapy pill used when glioblastoma comes back, and the control arm most new glioblastoma drugs must beat.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/lomustine/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"glioblastoma idh-mutant-astrocytoma oligodendroglioma"},{"id":"bevacizumab-glioma","kind":"drug","name":"Bevacizumab (glioblastoma use)","aka":"","tldr":"A blood-vessel-blocking antibody that shrinks glioblastoma on scans and reduces swelling, but has never been shown to help patients live longer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/bevacizumab-glioma/","status":"approved","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"dordaviprone","kind":"drug","name":"Dordaviprone","aka":"","tldr":"Dordaviprone is the first drug ever approved for a childhood and young-adult brain tumour that had none, diffuse midline glioma with the H3 K27M mutation (August 2025).","tags":"","route":"/drugs/dordaviprone/","status":"approved","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"tovorafenib","kind":"drug","name":"Tovorafenib","aka":"","tldr":"Tovorafenib is a pill for the most common childhood brain tumour, low-grade glioma driven by BRAF changes, approved in 2024.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/tovorafenib/","status":"approved","cancers":"glioblastoma paediatric-low-grade-glioma"},{"id":"dcvax-l","kind":"drug","name":"DCVax-L","aka":"","tldr":"A personalised vaccine made from the patient's own immune cells and tumour. Its 20-year-old phase 3 trial reported longer survival, but the way the result was analysed has divided the field.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/dcvax-l/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"rindopepimut","kind":"drug","name":"Rindopepimut","aka":"","tldr":"Rindopepimut is a peptide vaccine against EGFRvIII, a mutant protein found only on some glioblastomas. After a phase 2 that beat historical controls, the 745-patient double-blind phase 3 ACT IV found no benefit in 2016, and tumours in both arms had lost EGFRvIII at recurrence, a lesson in antigen escape.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/rindopepimut/","status":"negative","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"eortc-26981","kind":"trial","name":"EORTC 26981 / NCIC CE.3 (Stupp trial)","aka":"","tldr":"The 2005 trial that set the treatment every glioblastoma patient still receives. Nothing has replaced it in twenty years.","tags":"","route":"/trials/eortc-26981/","status":"positive","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"ef-14","kind":"trial","name":"EF-14","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that made a wearable electric-field device part of glioblastoma care, extending median survival by about five months.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ef-14/","status":"positive","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"indigo","kind":"trial","name":"INDIGO","aka":"","tldr":"The first targeted-therapy win in low-grade brain tumours: a pill that more than doubled the time before the tumour grew, delaying radiation and chemotherapy by years.","tags":"","route":"/trials/indigo/","status":"positive","cancers":"glioblastoma idh-mutant-astrocytoma oligodendroglioma"},{"id":"checkmate-143","kind":"trial","name":"CheckMate 143","aka":"","tldr":"CheckMate 143 was the first large randomised test of an immune checkpoint drug in glioblastoma. When the tumour came back, nivolumab kept patients alive no longer than bevacizumab.","tags":"","route":"/trials/checkmate-143/","status":"negative","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"checkmate-498","kind":"trial","name":"CheckMate 498","aka":"","tldr":"CheckMate 498 asked whether nivolumab could replace temozolomide in the glioblastoma patients who gain least from it. Patients given nivolumab lived a shorter time.","tags":"","route":"/trials/checkmate-498/","status":"negative","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"checkmate-548","kind":"trial","name":"CheckMate 548","aka":"","tldr":"CheckMate 548 added nivolumab to standard radiotherapy and temozolomide in newly diagnosed glioblastoma and found no benefit. With CheckMate 143 and 498 it makes three large negative trials: the immunotherapy that transformed melanoma and lung cancer did nothing in glioblastoma.","tags":"","route":"/trials/checkmate-548/","status":"negative","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"cctg-ce6","kind":"trial","name":"CCTG CE.6 / EORTC 26062-22061 (Perry trial)","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that set treatment for older patients with glioblastoma: three weeks of radiotherapy instead of six, with temozolomide added, extended survival without worsening quality of life.","tags":"","route":"/trials/cctg-ce6/","status":"positive","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"act-iv","kind":"trial","name":"ACT IV","aka":"","tldr":"ACT IV was a double-blind phase 3 test of rindopepimut, a vaccine against the EGFRvIII mutant protein, in 745 patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. It showed no benefit over a control vaccine, and because both arms beat historical expectations it taught the field how misleading historical-control comparisons can be.","tags":"","route":"/trials/act-iv/","status":"negative","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"litt","kind":"technology","name":"Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT)","aka":"","tldr":"Laser interstitial thermal therapy guides a laser fibre through a small skull hole, monitored by real-time MRI, to heat and destroy deep brain tumours a surgeon could not safely reach.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/litt/","status":"established","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"bbb-focused-ultrasound","kind":"technology","name":"Focused-ultrasound blood-brain barrier opening","aka":"","tldr":"Sound waves plus microbubbles briefly open the brain's protective barrier so chemotherapy or antibodies can get to the tumour.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/bbb-focused-ultrasound/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"glioma-car-t","kind":"technology","name":"CAR-T for glioma (IL13Rα2, GD2, EGFRvIII, multi-target)","aka":"","tldr":"Engineered immune cells delivered directly into the brain or spinal fluid. Some children with diffuse midline glioma, a brainstem tumour with no curative treatment, have had striking, if temporary, responses.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/glioma-car-t/","status":"phase-1","cancers":"glioblastoma neuroblastoma"},{"id":"mgmt","kind":"term","name":"MGMT promoter methylation","aka":"","tldr":"A chemical switch that turns off a DNA-repair gene. When it is off, temozolomide works much better.","tags":"","route":"/terms/mgmt/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"h3k27m","kind":"term","name":"H3 K27M (diffuse midline glioma)","aka":"","tldr":"A single change in a histone protein that defines diffuse midline glioma, the childhood brain tumour with the fewest treatment options, and now the target of the first approved drug for it.","tags":"","route":"/terms/h3k27m/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"egfrviii","kind":"term","name":"EGFRvIII","aka":"","tldr":"EGFRvIII is a mutant, tumour-only version of the EGFR receptor found in about a third of glioblastomas. It is an ideal-looking target, yet every drug against it has failed so far.","tags":"","route":"/terms/egfrviii/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"blood-brain-barrier","kind":"term","name":"Blood-brain barrier (BBB)","aka":"","tldr":"The tight seal around brain blood vessels that keeps most drugs out, one of the two main reasons brain cancer is so hard to treat.","tags":"","route":"/terms/blood-brain-barrier/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"extent-of-resection","kind":"term","name":"Extent of resection (RANO resect classes)","aka":"","tldr":"How much of a brain tumour the surgeon removes, measured on an MRI scan soon after the operation. In glioblastoma, the less tumour left behind, the longer patients tend to live, provided the surgery does not cause new disability.","tags":"","route":"/terms/extent-of-resection/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"day-one-biopharmaceuticals","kind":"company","name":"Day One Biopharmaceuticals","aka":"","tldr":"Paediatric-first oncology company whose tovorafenib became the first targeted therapy approved for childhood low-grade glioma driven by BRAF fusions, following dabrafenib with trametinib (2023) for BRAF V600E tumours.","tags":"","route":"/companies/day-one-biopharmaceuticals/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"northwest-biotherapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Northwest Biotherapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Northwest Biotherapeutics developed the DCVax-L dendritic cell vaccine for glioblastoma and is seeking UK approval on contested phase 3 data.","tags":"","route":"/companies/northwest-biotherapeutics/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"idea-neoadjuvant-io-glioblastoma","kind":"idea","name":"Neoadjuvant immunotherapy with surgical window for glioblastoma","aka":"","tldr":"Give immunotherapy before surgery rather than after, so the tumour is still present to teach the immune system, then look inside it to learn what happened.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-neoadjuvant-io-glioblastoma/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"idea-fus-plus-adc-glioma","kind":"idea","name":"Focused-ultrasound BBB opening to deliver ADCs and radioligands to glioma","aka":"","tldr":"Brain tumours have targets that ADCs could hit, but antibodies cannot cross the barrier. Open the barrier with ultrasound first.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fus-plus-adc-glioma/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"monaleesa-2","kind":"trial","name":"MONALEESA-2","aka":"","tldr":"The first CDK4/6 inhibitor trial to show that adding the pill to hormone therapy makes women live longer, by about a year.","tags":"","route":"/trials/monaleesa-2/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"monarch-3","kind":"trial","name":"MONARCH 3","aka":"","tldr":"Abemaciclib roughly doubled the time to progression when added to an aromatase inhibitor; the survival gain of about 13 months narrowly missed statistical significance.","tags":"","route":"/trials/monarch-3/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"paloma-2","kind":"trial","name":"PALOMA-2","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that made palbociclib the first CDK4/6 inhibitor in routine use. It doubled progression-free time but did not extend life.","tags":"","route":"/trials/paloma-2/","status":"mixed","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"solar-1","kind":"trial","name":"SOLAR-1","aka":"","tldr":"The first trial to show a PI3K inhibitor helps in breast cancers carrying a PIK3CA mutation, at the cost of high blood sugar and rash.","tags":"","route":"/trials/solar-1/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46"},{"id":"capitello-291","kind":"trial","name":"CAPItello-291","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the AKT inhibitor capivasertib to fulvestrant doubled progression-free time, especially in tumours with PI3K-pathway mutations.","tags":"","route":"/trials/capitello-291/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46"},{"id":"inavo120","kind":"trial","name":"INAVO120","aka":"","tldr":"A triple combination that doubled progression-free time and, unusually for this disease, extended survival by seven months in a hard-to-treat group.","tags":"","route":"/trials/inavo120/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46"},{"id":"emerald","kind":"trial","name":"EMERALD","aka":"","tldr":"The first oral oestrogen-receptor degrader to beat standard hormone therapy, with the benefit concentrated in tumours carrying ESR1 mutations.","tags":"","route":"/trials/emerald/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46"},{"id":"ember-3","kind":"trial","name":"EMBER-3","aka":"","tldr":"An oral SERD that works alone in ESR1-mutant tumours and, combined with abemaciclib, doubles progression-free time in everyone regardless of mutation.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ember-3/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46"},{"id":"serena-6","kind":"trial","name":"SERENA-6","aka":"","tldr":"The first trial to change treatment because of a blood test rather than a scan: switching to camizestrant when an ESR1 mutation appeared in the blood delayed progression by seven months.","tags":"","route":"/trials/serena-6/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46"},{"id":"evera","kind":"trial","name":"evERA","aka":"","tldr":"In evERA, pairing an oral SERD with everolimus after CDK4/6 failure delayed progression by more than three months, and by four and a half months in ESR1-mutant tumours.","tags":"","route":"/trials/evera/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46"},{"id":"persevera","kind":"trial","name":"persevERA","aka":"","tldr":"An oral SERD did not beat the aromatase inhibitor in first-line treatment when both were combined with palbociclib. Oral SERDs earn their place after resistance, not before it.","tags":"failure lesson:selection","route":"/trials/persevera/","status":"negative","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"lidera","kind":"trial","name":"lidERA","aka":"","tldr":"The first oral SERD to reduce recurrence after surgery, by about 30%, compared with today's hormone pills.","tags":"","route":"/trials/lidera/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-early-high-risk"},{"id":"postmonarch","kind":"trial","name":"postMONARCH","aka":"","tldr":"Continuing CDK4/6 blockade with a different drug after the first one fails gives a small but real benefit.","tags":"","route":"/trials/postmonarch/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46"},{"id":"tailorx","kind":"trial","name":"TAILORx","aka":"","tldr":"Showed that most women with the commonest breast cancer can safely skip chemotherapy if a gene test says their risk is low or intermediate.","tags":"","route":"/trials/tailorx/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-early-high-risk"},{"id":"rxponder","kind":"trial","name":"RxPONDER (SWOG S1007)","aka":"","tldr":"Postmenopausal women with a few positive lymph nodes and a low gene-test score can skip chemotherapy; premenopausal women still benefit from it.","tags":"","route":"/trials/rxponder/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-early-high-risk"},{"id":"soft-text","kind":"trial","name":"SOFT & TEXT","aka":"","tldr":"For younger women, shutting down the ovaries and adding an aromatase inhibitor prevents more recurrences than tamoxifen alone, with the largest gains in the highest-risk women.","tags":"","route":"/trials/soft-text/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-early-high-risk"},{"id":"pallas-penelope-b","kind":"trial","name":"PALLAS & PENELOPE-B","aka":"","tldr":"Two large trials found that adding palbociclib after surgery does not prevent recurrence, even though the same drug helps in metastatic disease.","tags":"failure lesson:drug-not-class","route":"/trials/pallas-penelope-b/","status":"negative","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-early-high-risk"},{"id":"tropics-02","kind":"trial","name":"TROPiCS-02","aka":"","tldr":"The TROP2 ADC extended survival by about three months in heavily pretreated hormone-positive breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/tropics-02/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46"},{"id":"fourlight-1","kind":"trial","name":"FOURLIGHT-1","aka":"","tldr":"In FOURLIGHT-1, a CDK4-only inhibitor designed to avoid the low blood counts of current CDK4/6 drugs improved progression-free survival in second line.","tags":"","route":"/trials/fourlight-1/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"cambria","kind":"trial","name":"CAMBRIA-1 & CAMBRIA-2","aka":"","tldr":"CAMBRIA-1 and CAMBRIA-2 are two adjuvant trials enrolling close to 10,000 women with early hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer to test whether the oral oestrogen-receptor degrader camizestrant should replace today's adjuvant hormone tablets, either as a switch after two to five years or from the start. Results are awaited.","tags":"","route":"/trials/cambria/","status":"active","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"letrozole","kind":"drug","name":"Letrozole (and other aromatase inhibitors)","aka":"","tldr":"Daily pills that stop the body making oestrogen after menopause, the backbone of hormone therapy for most breast cancers.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/letrozole/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive ovarian endometrial granulosa-cell-tumour low-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"exemestane","kind":"drug","name":"Exemestane","aka":"","tldr":"Exemestane is a steroidal aromatase inhibitor, the partner of everolimus and the agent tested with ovarian suppression in young women.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/exemestane/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-early-high-risk"},{"id":"tamoxifen","kind":"drug","name":"Tamoxifen","aka":"","tldr":"The original targeted cancer drug (1977): a pill that blocks oestrogen's effect on breast cancer and halves recurrence, still essential for premenopausal women.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/tamoxifen/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"fulvestrant","kind":"drug","name":"Fulvestrant","aka":"","tldr":"Fulvestrant is a monthly intramuscular injection that degrades the oestrogen receptor rather than blocking it, the endocrine backbone paired with CDK4/6, PI3K and AKT inhibitors once aromatase inhibitors fail. Slow uptake and incomplete receptor degradation drove the search for oral degraders.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/fulvestrant/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"camizestrant","kind":"drug","name":"Camizestrant","aka":"","tldr":"Camizestrant is an oral oestrogen-receptor degrader approved in September 2026 for a new kind of decision: switching treatment when a blood test shows resistance developing, before the cancer visibly grows.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/camizestrant/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46"},{"id":"imlunestrant","kind":"drug","name":"Imlunestrant","aka":"","tldr":"Imlunestrant is Lilly's oral oestrogen-receptor degrader, approved in 2025 for ESR1-mutant breast cancer and shown to work with abemaciclib regardless of mutation.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/imlunestrant/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46"},{"id":"giredestrant","kind":"drug","name":"Giredestrant","aka":"","tldr":"Giredestrant is Roche's oral SERD: it failed to beat an aromatase inhibitor in first-line metastatic disease but succeeded after surgery and after CDK4/6 failure.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/giredestrant/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"alpelisib","kind":"drug","name":"Alpelisib","aka":"","tldr":"Alpelisib was the first PI3K drug for PIK3CA-mutant breast cancer (2019). It is effective, but high blood sugar and rash limited its use, and newer drugs are displacing it.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/alpelisib/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46"},{"id":"everolimus","kind":"drug","name":"Everolimus","aka":"","tldr":"An mTOR-blocking pill that doubled progression-free time with exemestane in 2012 and is now paired with the oral SERD giredestrant.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/everolimus/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive rcc neuroendocrine hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46 chromophobe-rcc"},{"id":"atirmociclib","kind":"drug","name":"Atirmociclib","aka":"","tldr":"A next-generation pill that blocks only CDK4, not CDK6, to keep the benefit of today's drugs without the low blood counts.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/atirmociclib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"goserelin","kind":"drug","name":"Goserelin / leuprolide (ovarian function suppression)","aka":"","tldr":"Monthly or 3-monthly injections that switch off the ovaries, letting premenopausal women use aromatase inhibitors and lowering recurrence in higher-risk cases.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/goserelin/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-early-high-risk"},{"id":"mammaprint","kind":"drug","name":"MammaPrint (70-gene signature)","aka":"","tldr":"A 70-gene test that tells whether an early breast cancer is genomically low or high risk, used to decide who can skip chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/mammaprint/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-early-high-risk"},{"id":"esr1-mutation","kind":"term","name":"ESR1 mutation","aka":"ESR1\nESR1 mutations\nESR1-mutant\nESR1-mutated\nESR1m\nESR1 mutation on ctDNA\nESR1 ctDNA testing\noestrogen receptor gene mutation\nestrogen receptor gene mutation\nY537S\nD538G\nESR1 ligand-binding domain mutation","tldr":"A change in the oestrogen receptor gene that lets the cancer grow without oestrogen, so aromatase inhibitors stop working. Found in the blood in about a third of patients after hormone therapy.","tags":"","route":"/terms/esr1-mutation/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"oral-serd","kind":"term","name":"Oral SERD","aka":"","tldr":"An oral SERD is a pill that destroys the oestrogen receptor rather than just blocking it, replacing the monthly fulvestrant injection.","tags":"","route":"/terms/oral-serd/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"endocrine-resistance","kind":"term","name":"Endocrine resistance","aka":"endocrine-resistant","tldr":"When hormone therapy stops controlling a hormone-driven breast cancer, either quickly (primary) or after years (acquired).","tags":"","route":"/terms/endocrine-resistance/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"ovarian-function-suppression","kind":"term","name":"Ovarian function suppression (OFS)","aka":"","tldr":"Temporarily switching off the ovaries with injections (or removing them) so a premenopausal woman's cancer is starved of oestrogen.","tags":"","route":"/terms/ovarian-function-suppression/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"late-recurrence","kind":"term","name":"Late recurrence","aka":"","tldr":"Hormone-driven breast cancer can come back 10 or even 20 years after treatment, unlike most cancers, which is why hormone therapy lasts so long.","tags":"","route":"/terms/late-recurrence/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"oral-serd-plus-cdk46-after-esr1","kind":"pairing","name":"Oral SERD + CDK4/6 inhibitor after ESR1 emergence","aka":"","tldr":"When an ESR1 mutation appears, swap the aromatase inhibitor for an oral SERD and keep the CDK4/6 inhibitor going.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/oral-serd-plus-cdk46-after-esr1/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"pi3k-pathway-plus-endocrine","kind":"pairing","name":"PI3K/AKT-pathway inhibitor + endocrine therapy (± CDK4/6)","aka":"","tldr":"Blocking the PI3K growth pathway alongside hormone therapy works only when the tumour carries a mutation in that pathway, and works best early.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/pi3k-pathway-plus-endocrine/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"genomic-assay-to-chemo-omission","kind":"pairing","name":"Gene-expression assay → chemotherapy omission","aka":"","tldr":"A gene test on the tumour decides who can skip chemotherapy without losing protection.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/genomic-assay-to-chemo-omission/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-ctdna-switch-generalised","kind":"idea","name":"Molecular-progression switching beyond ESR1","aka":"","tldr":"SERENA-6 showed you can act on a blood test before the scan changes. The same logic could apply to PIK3CA, AKT1, or HER2 mutations emerging on treatment.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-ctdna-switch-generalised/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-cdk4-selective-first-line","kind":"idea","name":"CDK4-selective inhibitors as the new first-line backbone","aka":"","tldr":"If a CDK4-only drug matches CDK4/6 inhibitors on efficacy with less neutropenia, continuous dosing and better adherence could translate into longer control.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cdk4-selective-first-line/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-late-recurrence-interception","kind":"idea","name":"Intercepting late recurrence with ctDNA surveillance and oral SERDs","aka":"","tldr":"Half of hormone-positive recurrences happen after year five. Blood tests during long-term follow-up could find them early and an oral SERD might stop them.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-late-recurrence-interception/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"hengrui","kind":"company","name":"Jiangsu Hengrui Pharmaceuticals","aka":"Hengrui\nJiangsu Hengrui\nHengrui Pharma\njiangsu-hengrui","tldr":"Jiangsu Hengrui is China's largest oncology pharma, maker of pyrotinib and the HER2 ADC trastuzumab rezetecan, and one of the biggest out-licensers of Chinese assets.","tags":"china","route":"/companies/hengrui/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive nsclc hcc sclc breast-hr-positive esophageal"},{"id":"puma-biotechnology","kind":"company","name":"Puma Biotechnology","aka":"","tldr":"Puma Biotechnology developed neratinib (Nerlynx), the extended-adjuvant HER2 pill.","tags":"","route":"/companies/puma-biotechnology/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"macrogenics","kind":"company","name":"MacroGenics","aka":"","tldr":"MacroGenics is the antibody engineering company behind margetuximab and several bispecific and ADC programmes.","tags":"","route":"/companies/macrogenics/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"hera-b31-n9831","kind":"trial","name":"HERA, NSABP B-31 & NCCTG N9831 (adjuvant trastuzumab)","aka":"","tldr":"Three trials reported together in 2005 showed that a year of trastuzumab after surgery cuts the risk of dying from HER2-positive breast cancer by about a third.","tags":"","route":"/trials/hera-b31-n9831/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-her2-positive her2-positive-early-breast-cancer"},{"id":"cleopatra","kind":"trial","name":"CLEOPATRA","aka":"","tldr":"Adding a second HER2 antibody, pertuzumab, extended survival by 16 months, the largest gain ever seen in metastatic breast cancer at the time.","tags":"","route":"/trials/cleopatra/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"aphinity","kind":"trial","name":"APHINITY","aka":"","tldr":"Adding pertuzumab after surgery helps women whose cancer had reached the lymph nodes, by a few percentage points, and does not help those with node-negative disease.","tags":"","route":"/trials/aphinity/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-her2-positive her2-positive-early-breast-cancer"},{"id":"katherine","kind":"trial","name":"KATHERINE","aka":"","tldr":"Switching to an ADC after surgery when pre-surgery treatment left cancer behind halved the risk of recurrence and improved survival.","tags":"","route":"/trials/katherine/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-her2-positive her2-positive-early-breast-cancer"},{"id":"destiny-breast05","kind":"trial","name":"DESTINY-Breast05","aka":"","tldr":"Enhertu cut recurrence or death by more than half compared with Kadcyla in women with cancer left after pre-surgery treatment, replacing the KATHERINE standard.","tags":"","route":"/trials/destiny-breast05/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-her2-positive her2-positive-early-breast-cancer"},{"id":"her2climb","kind":"trial","name":"HER2CLIMB","aka":"","tldr":"The first trial to prove a drug helps HER2-positive brain metastases, extending survival by four and a half months overall.","tags":"","route":"/trials/her2climb/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-her2-positive secondary-brain-tumours her2-positive-breast-brain-metastases"},{"id":"her2climb-02","kind":"trial","name":"HER2CLIMB-02","aka":"","tldr":"Adding tucatinib to Kadcyla helped a little, mostly in patients with brain metastases, but did not extend survival.","tags":"","route":"/trials/her2climb-02/","status":"mixed","cancers":"breast-her2-positive her2-positive-breast-brain-metastases"},{"id":"her2climb-05","kind":"trial","name":"HER2CLIMB-05","aka":"","tldr":"In HER2CLIMB-05, adding the brain-penetrant pill tucatinib to maintenance antibodies after first-line chemotherapy delayed progression by more than eight months.","tags":"","route":"/trials/her2climb-05/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-her2-positive her2-positive-breast-brain-metastases"},{"id":"destiny-breast12","kind":"trial","name":"DESTINY-Breast12","aka":"","tldr":"Enhertu shrank brain metastases in most patients, including those with untreated lesions, answering a question its earlier trials had excluded.","tags":"","route":"/trials/destiny-breast12/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-her2-positive secondary-brain-tumours her2-positive-breast-brain-metastases"},{"id":"phergain","kind":"trial","name":"PHERGain","aka":"","tldr":"Using an early PET scan to spot responders let a third of women be cured of HER2-positive breast cancer without any chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/trials/phergain/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-her2-positive her2-positive-early-breast-cancer"},{"id":"persephone","kind":"trial","name":"PERSEPHONE","aka":"","tldr":"Six months of trastuzumab was almost as good as twelve, with half the heart toxicity, though twelve remains the global standard.","tags":"","route":"/trials/persephone/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-her2-positive her2-positive-early-breast-cancer"},{"id":"apt-trial","kind":"trial","name":"APT (adjuvant paclitaxel-trastuzumab)","aka":"","tldr":"For small HER2-positive tumours, a gentle regimen of weekly paclitaxel plus trastuzumab gives excellent cure rates, avoiding harsher chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/trials/apt-trial/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-her2-positive her2-positive-early-breast-cancer"},{"id":"horizon-breast01","kind":"trial","name":"HORIZON-Breast01","aka":"","tldr":"A Chinese HER2 ADC cut the risk of progression by nearly 80% versus a pill-plus-chemotherapy standard, matching the scale of Enhertu's results.","tags":"","route":"/trials/horizon-breast01/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"ace-breast-02","kind":"trial","name":"ACE-Breast-02","aka":"","tldr":"A site-specifically conjugated HER2 ADC beat lapatinib-capecitabine on progression-free survival in China.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ace-breast-02/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"pertuzumab","kind":"drug","name":"Pertuzumab","aka":"","tldr":"A second HER2 antibody that binds a different spot from trastuzumab, blocking HER2 from pairing with HER3; together they extended survival by 16 months in CLEOPATRA.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/pertuzumab/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-her2-positive her2-positive-early-breast-cancer gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma colorectal biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"neratinib","kind":"drug","name":"Neratinib","aka":"","tldr":"A pill taken for a year after trastuzumab to further reduce recurrence in HER2-positive, hormone-positive breast cancer, limited by severe diarrhoea.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/neratinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-her2-positive her2-positive-breast-brain-metastases"},{"id":"lapatinib","kind":"drug","name":"Lapatinib","aka":"","tldr":"Lapatinib was the first HER2-blocking pill (2007) and is now mostly a comparator arm and a late-line option, displaced by tucatinib and ADCs.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/lapatinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-her2-positive her2-positive-breast-brain-metastases colorectal"},{"id":"pyrotinib","kind":"drug","name":"Pyrotinib","aka":"","tldr":"Pyrotinib is an irreversible pan-ErbB kinase inhibitor pill (EGFR, HER2, HER4) from Jiangsu Hengrui, approved in China since 2018 but not in the US or EU. It is the standard HER2 pill there, given with capecitabine after trastuzumab, and the comparator that new Chinese HER2 ADCs are beating; diarrhoea affects nearly every patient.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/pyrotinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"margetuximab","kind":"drug","name":"Margetuximab","aka":"","tldr":"A trastuzumab look-alike with an engineered tail that binds immune cells more tightly; approved in 2020 but rarely used after ADCs arrived.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/margetuximab/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"trastuzumab-rezetecan","kind":"drug","name":"Trastuzumab rezetecan","aka":"","tldr":"Hengrui's HER2 ADC, approved in China for lung cancer and showing Enhertu-scale results in breast cancer, part of a wave of Chinese ADCs heading for global trials.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/trastuzumab-rezetecan/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-her2-positive nsclc"},{"id":"trastuzumab-brengitecan","kind":"drug","name":"Trastuzumab brengitecan","aka":"","tldr":"SystImmune's HER2 ADC, sharing its payload with iza-bren, now in a 1,450-patient trial to replace Kadcyla after surgery.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/trastuzumab-brengitecan/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"arx788","kind":"drug","name":"ARX788","aka":"","tldr":"ARX788 is a HER2 ADC with a precisely placed, non-cleavable payload that beat lapatinib-capecitabine in China and showed activity in brain metastases.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/arx788/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"trastuzumab-biosimilars","kind":"drug","name":"Trastuzumab biosimilars","aka":"","tldr":"Near-identical copies of Herceptin, approved since 2017, that cut the price of HER2 treatment and widened access worldwide.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/trastuzumab-biosimilars/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-her2-positive gastric"},{"id":"dual-her2-blockade","kind":"term","name":"Dual HER2 blockade","aka":"","tldr":"Using two HER2 antibodies (trastuzumab and pertuzumab) at once, which works better than one.","tags":"","route":"/terms/dual-her2-blockade/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"her2-brain-metastases","kind":"term","name":"HER2-positive brain metastases","aka":"","tldr":"Up to half of women with metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer develop brain metastases, because antibodies control the body but historically not the brain.","tags":"","route":"/terms/her2-brain-metastases/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"trastuzumab-cardiotoxicity","kind":"term","name":"Trastuzumab cardiotoxicity","aka":"","tldr":"HER2 drugs can weaken the heart's pumping, usually reversibly, so heart function is checked every three months during treatment.","tags":"","route":"/terms/trastuzumab-cardiotoxicity/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"biosimilar","kind":"term","name":"Biosimilar","aka":"biosimilars\nbiosimilar competition\nbiosimilar uptake\nbiosimilar versions\nbiosimilar entry\nbiosimilar switching","tldr":"A biosimilar is a copy of a biologic drug such as trastuzumab, shown to be as safe and effective as the original once its patent expires, usually at a lower price.","tags":"","route":"/terms/biosimilar/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"tucatinib-triplet-brain-mets","kind":"pairing","name":"Tucatinib + trastuzumab + capecitabine for brain metastases","aka":"","tldr":"The one regimen proven in a randomised trial to help HER2-positive brain metastases, extending survival in those patients by six months.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/tucatinib-triplet-brain-mets/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"pet-adapted-her2-deescalation","kind":"pairing","name":"Early FDG-PET response → chemotherapy omission (HER2+)","aka":"","tldr":"A PET scan after two cycles of antibodies alone identifies women who can be cured without chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/pet-adapted-her2-deescalation/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"idea-tdxd-first-then-nothing","kind":"idea","name":"Can T-DXd alone cure early HER2-positive disease?","aka":"","tldr":"If Enhertu produces complete responses in two-thirds of patients before surgery, a trial should test whether some need no chemotherapy, antibodies, or even radiation afterwards.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tdxd-first-then-nothing/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"idea-cns-first-adc-strategy","kind":"idea","name":"Systemic-first management of HER2-positive brain metastases","aka":"","tldr":"With Enhertu and tucatinib controlling brain metastases in most patients, radiation could be reserved for those who do not respond, sparing cognitive side effects.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cns-first-adc-strategy/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"idea-her2-adc-sequencing-payload","kind":"idea","name":"Sequencing HER2 ADCs by payload after T-DXd","aka":"","tldr":"When Enhertu stops working, the next ADC should probably carry a different kind of payload, such as the tubulin inhibitors in Kadcyla or ARX788, rather than another topoisomerase drug.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-her2-adc-sequencing-payload/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"eisai","kind":"company","name":"Eisai","aka":"","tldr":"Japanese pharma that makes lenvatinib (Lenvima), a first-line option in liver cancer and a partner of pembrolizumab in several tumours.","tags":"","route":"/companies/eisai/","cancers":"hcc thyroid rcc endometrial"},{"id":"exelixis","kind":"company","name":"Exelixis","aka":"","tldr":"Exelixis makes cabozantinib (Cabometyx), used in kidney, liver, thyroid and, since 2025, neuroendocrine 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colorectal"},{"id":"tace","kind":"technology","name":"Transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE)","aka":"","tldr":"A catheter threaded into the artery feeding a liver tumour delivers chemotherapy and then blocks the vessel, starving the tumour from inside.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/tace/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"hcc neuroendocrine"},{"id":"radioembolisation-tare","kind":"technology","name":"Radioembolisation (TARE / SIRT, yttrium-90)","aka":"","tldr":"Millions of tiny radioactive glass or resin beads are injected into the liver artery, lodging in the tumour and irradiating it from within.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/radioembolisation-tare/","status":"established","cancers":"hcc colorectal neuroendocrine cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"liver-transplant-oncology","kind":"technology","name":"Liver transplantation for cancer (Milan criteria and beyond)","aka":"","tldr":"Replacing the whole diseased liver cures both the cancer and the cirrhosis underneath it, for patients whose tumours are small enough.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/liver-transplant-oncology/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"hcc cholangiocarcinoma colorectal"},{"id":"hcc-surveillance","kind":"technology","name":"HCC surveillance in cirrhosis (ultrasound + AFP)","aka":"","tldr":"People with cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis B get a liver ultrasound and a blood test every six months so cancer is caught while it is still curable.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/hcc-surveillance/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"afp","kind":"term","name":"Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)","aka":"","tldr":"Alpha-fetoprotein is a protein made by the fetal liver that a substantial share of hepatocellular carcinomas switch back on. It is measured in blood alongside ultrasound for surveillance, for prognosis, and to select patients for ramucirumab, but it also rises in hepatitis flares and germ-cell tumours.","tags":"","route":"/terms/afp/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"child-pugh-albi","kind":"term","name":"Child-Pugh and ALBI liver-function scores","aka":"","tldr":"Scores for how well the liver still works; in liver cancer they decide whether a patient can tolerate treatment at all.","tags":"","route":"/terms/child-pugh-albi/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"bclc-staging","kind":"term","name":"BCLC staging","aka":"","tldr":"The liver-cancer staging system that combines tumour size, liver function and fitness to recommend treatment: ablation or surgery, transplant, TACE, or drugs.","tags":"","route":"/terms/bclc-staging/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"hbv-hcv","kind":"term","name":"Hepatitis B and C as cancer causes","aka":"","tldr":"Two viruses cause most liver cancer worldwide. One is preventable by vaccine, the other curable with pills, which makes liver cancer one of the most preventable cancers.","tags":"","route":"/terms/hbv-hcv/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"sorafenib","kind":"drug","name":"Sorafenib","aka":"","tldr":"The first drug ever to extend life in advanced liver cancer (2007), now mostly a comparator arm that newer combinations are measured against.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/sorafenib/","status":"approved","cancers":"hcc hcc-advanced rcc thyroid papillary-thyroid-cancer follicular-thyroid-cancer"},{"id":"lenvatinib","kind":"drug","name":"Lenvatinib","aka":"","tldr":"An oral anti-angiogenic pill that matched sorafenib in liver cancer with higher response rates, and partners with pembrolizumab in kidney and endometrial cancer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/lenvatinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"hcc hcc-advanced hcc-intermediate thyroid rcc endometrial papillary-thyroid-cancer follicular-thyroid-cancer anaplastic-thyroid-cancer"},{"id":"regorafenib","kind":"drug","name":"Regorafenib","aka":"","tldr":"A sorafenib successor that became the first second-line drug proven to prolong life in liver cancer (2017).","tags":"","route":"/drugs/regorafenib/","status":"approved","cancers":"hcc hcc-advanced colorectal sarcoma gist-imatinib-resistant"},{"id":"cabozantinib","kind":"drug","name":"Cabozantinib","aka":"","tldr":"A pill that blocks both blood-vessel growth and the MET escape pathway, used in kidney, liver, thyroid and, since 2025, neuroendocrine cancers.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/cabozantinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"hcc hcc-advanced rcc neuroendocrine thyroid medullary-thyroid-cancer clear-cell-rcc papillary-rcc"},{"id":"camrelizumab-rivoceranib","kind":"drug","name":"Camrelizumab + rivoceranib","aka":"","tldr":"A Chinese immunotherapy-plus-anti-angiogenic pill combination that clearly beat sorafenib in liver cancer, yet remains unapproved in the US after three manufacturing-related rejections.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/camrelizumab-rivoceranib/","status":"approved","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"ramucirumab","kind":"drug","name":"Ramucirumab","aka":"","tldr":"An antibody that blocks the VEGF receptor, approved in liver cancer only for patients with a high AFP blood level, the first biomarker-selected HCC drug.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/ramucirumab/","status":"approved","cancers":"hcc gastric nsclc colorectal lung-cancer"},{"id":"sharp","kind":"trial","name":"SHARP","aka":"","tldr":"SHARP was the 2008 trial that gave liver cancer its first life-extending drug.","tags":"","route":"/trials/sharp/","status":"positive","cancers":"hcc hcc-advanced"},{"id":"reflect","kind":"trial","name":"REFLECT","aka":"","tldr":"Lenvatinib matched sorafenib on survival with more tumour shrinkage, giving a second first-line option after a decade.","tags":"","route":"/trials/reflect/","status":"positive","cancers":"hcc hcc-advanced"},{"id":"resorce","kind":"trial","name":"RESORCE","aka":"","tldr":"RESORCE delivered the first second-line survival benefit in liver cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/resorce/","status":"positive","cancers":"hcc hcc-advanced"},{"id":"celestial","kind":"trial","name":"CELESTIAL","aka":"","tldr":"Cabozantinib extended survival in previously treated liver cancer, including after two prior therapies.","tags":"","route":"/trials/celestial/","status":"positive","cancers":"hcc hcc-advanced"},{"id":"imbrave150","kind":"trial","name":"IMbrave150","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that ended the sorafenib era: immunotherapy plus an anti-VEGF antibody became the new first-line standard for liver cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/imbrave150/","status":"positive","cancers":"hcc hcc-advanced"},{"id":"himalaya","kind":"trial","name":"HIMALAYA","aka":"","tldr":"A single dose of a CTLA-4 antibody added to PD-L1 blockade doubled five-year survival in liver cancer without needing an anti-VEGF drug.","tags":"","route":"/trials/himalaya/","status":"positive","cancers":"hcc hcc-advanced"},{"id":"checkmate-9dw","kind":"trial","name":"CheckMate 9DW","aka":"","tldr":"Dual immune checkpoint blockade gave the longest median survival yet seen in a first-line liver cancer trial.","tags":"","route":"/trials/checkmate-9dw/","status":"positive","cancers":"hcc hcc-advanced"},{"id":"leap-002","kind":"trial","name":"LEAP-002","aka":"","tldr":"LEAP-002 randomised 794 patients with untreated advanced liver cancer to lenvatinib with or without pembrolizumab. Adding the immunotherapy did not lengthen life beyond lenvatinib alone, partly because the control arm did unusually well, a reminder that not every immunotherapy plus anti-angiogenic pairing works.","tags":"failure lesson:control-arm","route":"/trials/leap-002/","status":"negative","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"cares-310","kind":"trial","name":"CARES-310","aka":"","tldr":"A PD-1 antibody plus an oral anti-VEGF pill beat sorafenib on survival, one of the largest benefits seen in liver cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/cares-310/","status":"positive","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"imbrave050","kind":"trial","name":"IMbrave050","aka":"","tldr":"The first adjuvant immunotherapy trial in liver cancer looked positive early, then the benefit vanished with longer follow-up.","tags":"failure lesson:interim-analysis","route":"/trials/imbrave050/","status":"negative","cancers":"hcc hcc-early"},{"id":"emerald-1","kind":"trial","name":"EMERALD-1","aka":"","tldr":"The first trial to show that adding immunotherapy and an anti-VEGF drug to TACE delays progression in intermediate-stage liver cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/emerald-1/","status":"mixed","cancers":"hcc hcc-intermediate"},{"id":"leap-012","kind":"trial","name":"LEAP-012","aka":"","tldr":"Adding lenvatinib and pembrolizumab to TACE delayed progression by four and a half months but did not help patients live longer.","tags":"lesson:surrogate-endpoint","route":"/trials/leap-012/","status":"mixed","cancers":"hcc hcc-intermediate"},{"id":"emerald-3","kind":"trial","name":"EMERALD-3","aka":"","tldr":"In 2026 a dual-immunotherapy regimen plus lenvatinib added to TACE cut the risk of progression by about 30%; whether it extends life is not yet known.","tags":"","route":"/trials/emerald-3/","status":"positive","cancers":"hcc hcc-intermediate"},{"id":"sarah-sirvenib","kind":"trial","name":"SARAH and SIRveNIB","aka":"","tldr":"Two large trials found radioactive beads were gentler than sorafenib but did not help patients live longer.","tags":"failure lesson:patient-selection","route":"/trials/sarah-sirvenib/","status":"negative","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"tace-plus-systemic","kind":"pairing","name":"TACE + immunotherapy/anti-VEGF","aka":"","tldr":"Adding drugs to the catheter procedure keeps intermediate-stage liver cancer under control for longer, though a survival gain is still unproven.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/tace-plus-systemic/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"io-varices-caution","kind":"pairing","name":"Caution: bevacizumab-based regimens with untreated varices","aka":"","tldr":"Immunotherapy plus bevacizumab is standard in liver cancer, but the anti-VEGF part can cause fatal bleeding from swollen veins in the oesophagus unless they are checked first.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/io-varices-caution/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"idea-hcc-io-before-transplant","kind":"idea","name":"Immunotherapy downstaging to transplant with a safe washout","aka":"","tldr":"Use immunotherapy to shrink liver cancer enough for a transplant, and find the safe gap between the last dose and surgery so the new liver is not rejected.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-hcc-io-before-transplant/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"idea-hcc-blood-surveillance","kind":"idea","name":"Blood-based HCC surveillance to replace six-monthly ultrasound","aka":"","tldr":"A blood test (methylation, GALAD) that finds liver cancer early in people with cirrhosis, especially those with fatty liver where ultrasound fails.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-hcc-blood-surveillance/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"incyte","kind":"company","name":"Incyte","aka":"Incyte (incl. 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Each behaves and mutates differently.","tags":"","route":"/terms/biliary-anatomy-subtypes/","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"fgfr2-fusion","kind":"term","name":"FGFR2 fusions and rearrangements","aka":"","tldr":"A broken-and-rejoined FGFR2 gene that drives about one in eight intrahepatic bile duct cancers and can be switched off with pills.","tags":"","route":"/terms/fgfr2-fusion/","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"gemcitabine-cisplatin","kind":"drug","name":"Gemcitabine + cisplatin","aka":"","tldr":"Gemcitabine plus cisplatin has been the chemotherapy backbone for bile duct cancer since 2010 and is now given with immunotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/gemcitabine-cisplatin/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma cup-unfavourable locoregionally-advanced-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma recurrent-metastatic-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"pemigatinib","kind":"drug","name":"Pemigatinib","aka":"","tldr":"Pemigatinib was the first targeted therapy for bile duct cancer, for tumours with an FGFR2 gene fusion.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/pemigatinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"futibatinib","kind":"drug","name":"Futibatinib","aka":"","tldr":"Futibatinib is a covalent FGFR inhibitor for FGFR2-fusion bile duct cancer, with the highest response rate of the first-generation drugs.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/futibatinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"ivosidenib","kind":"drug","name":"Ivosidenib","aka":"","tldr":"The first drug to block a mutant metabolic enzyme in cancer. With azacitidine it tripled survival in IDH1-mutated AML that could not take intensive chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/ivosidenib/","status":"approved","cancers":"aml cholangiocarcinoma aml-idh intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"tinengotinib","kind":"drug","name":"Tinengotinib","aka":"","tldr":"A next-generation FGFR inhibitor designed to work after pemigatinib or futibatinib stop working, now in a global phase 3.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/tinengotinib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"abc-02","kind":"trial","name":"ABC-02","aka":"","tldr":"ABC-02 was the 2010 UK trial that gave bile duct cancer its first standard chemotherapy: 410 patients with advanced biliary tract cancer were randomised to gemcitabine plus cisplatin or gemcitabine alone, and the doublet lengthened life and delayed progression. It stayed the control arm for every first-line trial for more than a decade.","tags":"","route":"/trials/abc-02/","status":"positive","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"bilcap","kind":"trial","name":"BILCAP","aka":"","tldr":"Six months of oral chemotherapy after surgery became the standard for bile duct cancer despite a technically negative primary result.","tags":"lesson:itt-vs-per-protocol","route":"/trials/bilcap/","status":"mixed","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"topaz-1","kind":"trial","name":"TOPAZ-1","aka":"","tldr":"TOPAZ-1 was the first immunotherapy success in bile duct cancer, with a small median gain but a growing tail of long survivors.","tags":"","route":"/trials/topaz-1/","status":"positive","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma gallbladder"},{"id":"keynote-966","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-966","aka":"","tldr":"A second immunotherapy trial confirmed the modest survival benefit of adding PD-1 blockade to chemotherapy in bile duct cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/keynote-966/","status":"positive","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma gallbladder"},{"id":"fight-202","kind":"trial","name":"FIGHT-202","aka":"","tldr":"FIGHT-202 is the single-arm study that produced the first targeted approval in bile duct cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/fight-202/","status":"positive","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"foenix-cca2","kind":"trial","name":"FOENIX-CCA2","aka":"","tldr":"Futibatinib produced responses in over 40% of patients whose bile duct cancer carried an FGFR2 fusion.","tags":"","route":"/trials/foenix-cca2/","status":"positive","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"claridhy","kind":"trial","name":"ClarIDHy","aka":"","tldr":"The first randomised trial of a targeted drug in bile duct cancer; it slowed the disease without shrinking it.","tags":"","route":"/trials/claridhy/","status":"positive","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"herizon-btc-302","kind":"trial","name":"HERIZON-BTC-302","aka":"","tldr":"Tests whether the HER2 bispecific antibody should be given from the start in HER2-positive bile duct cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/herizon-btc-302/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma gallbladder"},{"id":"first-308","kind":"trial","name":"FIRST-308","aka":"","tldr":"The first phase 3 trial for patients whose bile duct cancer has outgrown the existing FGFR drugs.","tags":"","route":"/trials/first-308/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"naliricc","kind":"trial","name":"NALIRICC (AIO)","aka":"","tldr":"Adding a liposomal chemotherapy did not help in second-line bile duct cancer, contradicting an earlier Korean trial.","tags":"failure lesson:replication","route":"/trials/naliricc/","status":"negative","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"gemcis-plus-io-btc","kind":"pairing","name":"Gemcitabine-cisplatin + PD-(L)1 blockade in biliary cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Chemotherapy plus immunotherapy is now the first treatment for advanced bile duct cancer, with a small average gain and a minority of long survivors.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/gemcis-plus-io-btc/","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma gallbladder"},{"id":"idea-btc-ctdna-fgfr-resistance","kind":"idea","name":"ctDNA-guided switching among FGFR inhibitors","aka":"","tldr":"Track FGFR2 resistance mutations in blood and switch to the next-generation inhibitor that still covers them, before the scan shows progression.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-btc-ctdna-fgfr-resistance/","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"sstr-pet","kind":"technology","name":"Somatostatin receptor PET (68Ga/64Cu-DOTATATE)","aka":"","tldr":"A PET scan using a radioactive hormone mimic that lights up neuroendocrine tumours and shows whether the matching radioactive treatment will work.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/sstr-pet/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"neuroendocrine sclc"},{"id":"prrt","kind":"technology","name":"Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT)","aka":"","tldr":"A radioactive version of the hormone mimic used for the scan; it homes to neuroendocrine tumour cells and irradiates them from inside.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/prrt/","status":"approved","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"net-grade-ki67","kind":"term","name":"Neuroendocrine tumour grade (Ki-67) and WHO classification","aka":"","tldr":"How fast the tumour cells are dividing, measured by Ki-67 staining, separates slow-growing neuroendocrine tumours from aggressive neuroendocrine carcinomas and decides the treatment.","tags":"","route":"/terms/net-grade-ki67/","cancers":"neuroendocrine sclc grade-3-net extrapulmonary-nec"},{"id":"chromogranin-a","kind":"term","name":"Chromogranin A","aka":"","tldr":"Chromogranin A is a protein released by neuroendocrine cells and measured in blood to follow tumour burden; it is unreliable because acid-reducing drugs and kidney disease also raise it.","tags":"","route":"/terms/chromogranin-a/","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"carcinoid-syndrome","kind":"term","name":"Carcinoid syndrome and carcinoid heart disease","aka":"","tldr":"Flushing, diarrhoea and wheezing caused by hormones (mostly serotonin) released by some neuroendocrine tumours; over years it can scar the heart valves.","tags":"","route":"/terms/carcinoid-syndrome/","cancers":"neuroendocrine small-intestinal-net"},{"id":"men1-hereditary-net","kind":"term","name":"MEN1 and hereditary neuroendocrine syndromes","aka":"","tldr":"Inherited conditions (MEN1, VHL, NF1, tuberous sclerosis) that cause neuroendocrine tumours, often multiple and at a young age, so families need genetic testing and surveillance.","tags":"","route":"/terms/men1-hereditary-net/","cancers":"neuroendocrine pancreatic-net"},{"id":"octreotide-lanreotide","kind":"drug","name":"Somatostatin analogues (octreotide, lanreotide)","aka":"Octreotide\nLanreotide\nOctreotide LAR\nSomatostatin analogue","tldr":"Monthly injections of a synthetic hormone that both quiets tumour hormone symptoms and slows tumour growth, the first treatment for most neuroendocrine tumours.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/octreotide-lanreotide/","status":"approved","cancers":"neuroendocrine small-intestinal-net pancreatic-net lung-net thymoma"},{"id":"sunitinib","kind":"drug","name":"Sunitinib","aka":"","tldr":"Sunitinib is an anti-angiogenic pill approved for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours, kidney cancer and GIST.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/sunitinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"neuroendocrine rcc sarcoma clear-cell-rcc chromophobe-rcc thymic-carcinoma metastatic-ppgl"},{"id":"itm-11","kind":"drug","name":"177Lu-edotreotide","aka":"","tldr":"A second lutetium radioligand for neuroendocrine tumours that beat the standard pill everolimus in a head-to-head trial and is awaiting an FDA decision.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/itm-11/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"neuroendocrine grade-3-net"},{"id":"alphamedix","kind":"drug","name":"212Pb-DOTAMTATE","aka":"","tldr":"An alpha-particle version of neuroendocrine radioligand therapy that produced responses in over half of patients who had never had PRRT, with FDA Breakthrough designation.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/alphamedix/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"capecitabine-temozolomide","kind":"drug","name":"Capecitabine + temozolomide (CAPTEM)","aka":"","tldr":"CAPTEM (capecitabine plus temozolomide) is an all-oral chemotherapy pair that shrinks pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours in about a third of patients.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/capecitabine-temozolomide/","status":"established","cancers":"neuroendocrine pancreatic-net grade-3-net"},{"id":"promid","kind":"trial","name":"PROMID","aka":"","tldr":"Showed for the first time that a hormone-suppressing injection also slows neuroendocrine tumour growth.","tags":"","route":"/trials/promid/","status":"positive","cancers":"neuroendocrine small-intestinal-net"},{"id":"clarinet","kind":"trial","name":"CLARINET","aka":"","tldr":"Lanreotide more than halved the risk of progression in gut and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours.","tags":"","route":"/trials/clarinet/","status":"positive","cancers":"neuroendocrine small-intestinal-net pancreatic-net"},{"id":"radiant-3-4","kind":"trial","name":"RADIANT-3 and RADIANT-4","aka":"","tldr":"The two trials that made everolimus a standard pill for pancreatic, lung and gut neuroendocrine tumours.","tags":"","route":"/trials/radiant-3-4/","status":"positive","cancers":"neuroendocrine pancreatic-net small-intestinal-net lung-net"},{"id":"cabinet","kind":"trial","name":"CABINET (Alliance A021602)","aka":"","tldr":"Cabozantinib tripled the time without progression in neuroendocrine tumours that had outgrown other treatments, leading to a 2025 approval.","tags":"","route":"/trials/cabinet/","status":"positive","cancers":"neuroendocrine pancreatic-net small-intestinal-net lung-net"},{"id":"compete","kind":"trial","name":"COMPETE","aka":"","tldr":"The first head-to-head trial of a radioligand against a targeted pill in neuroendocrine tumours; the radioligand won on progression-free survival.","tags":"","route":"/trials/compete/","status":"positive","cancers":"neuroendocrine pancreatic-net small-intestinal-net"},{"id":"alphamedix-02","kind":"trial","name":"ALPHAMEDIX-02","aka":"","tldr":"An alpha-emitting radioligand met all its primary endpoints, with responses in more than half of patients new to radioligand therapy.","tags":"","route":"/trials/alphamedix-02/","status":"positive","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"action-1","kind":"trial","name":"ACTION-1","aka":"","tldr":"Tests whether an actinium alpha-radioligand rescues neuroendocrine tumours after lutetium therapy fails.","tags":"","route":"/trials/action-1/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"sanet","kind":"trial","name":"SANET-ep and SANET-p","aka":"","tldr":"In the SANET trials, a Chinese anti-angiogenic pill slowed both gut and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours, but its US application was refused.","tags":"lesson:single-region-data","route":"/trials/sanet/","status":"positive","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"sstr-pet-to-prrt","kind":"pairing","name":"SSTR PET → PRRT","aka":"","tldr":"SSTR PET followed by PRRT is the original theranostic pair: the scan with the diagnostic isotope decides who gets the same molecule with the therapeutic isotope.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/sstr-pet-to-prrt/","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"prrt-then-alpha-net","kind":"pairing","name":"Beta PRRT → alpha PRRT","aka":"","tldr":"When lutetium radioligand therapy stops working, alpha-emitting versions can still control the disease.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/prrt-then-alpha-net/","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"idea-net-dosimetry-prrt","kind":"idea","name":"Dosimetry-personalised PRRT instead of four fixed cycles","aka":"","tldr":"Measure the radiation each patient's tumour and kidneys actually absorb and adjust the number and size of doses, instead of giving everyone four identical cycles.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-net-dosimetry-prrt/","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"idea-net-antagonist-ligands","kind":"idea","name":"SSTR antagonist radioligands to increase tumour dose","aka":"","tldr":"Radioligand therapy for neuroendocrine tumours built on somatostatin receptor antagonists rather than the agonists used today: antagonists bind the receptor in every state and are not internalised, so they occupy several times more sites per cell and deliver more radiation per dose. The test is a randomised phase 2 against agonist lutetium therapy.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-net-antagonist-ligands/","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"keynote-006","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-006","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that made PD-1 blockade the first choice over the older CTLA-4 drug, with a third of patients alive at ten years.","tags":"","route":"/trials/keynote-006/","status":"positive","cancers":"melanoma advanced-melanoma"},{"id":"relativity-047","kind":"trial","name":"RELATIVITY-047","aka":"","tldr":"Proved that adding a LAG-3 blocker to PD-1 blockade delays progression, with far less toxicity than the ipilimumab combination.","tags":"","route":"/trials/relativity-047/","status":"positive","cancers":"melanoma advanced-melanoma"},{"id":"nadina","kind":"trial","name":"NADINA","aka":"","tldr":"Giving the immunotherapy doublet before surgery, instead of nivolumab after, cut the risk of recurrence by about two thirds and let most patients skip further treatment.","tags":"","route":"/trials/nadina/","status":"positive","cancers":"melanoma stage-iii-melanoma"},{"id":"swog-s1801","kind":"trial","name":"SWOG S1801","aka":"","tldr":"Simply moving three doses of the same drug to before surgery improved outcomes, a result that changed how the field thinks about timing.","tags":"","route":"/trials/swog-s1801/","status":"positive","cancers":"melanoma stage-iii-melanoma"},{"id":"keynote-716","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-716","aka":"","tldr":"Extended adjuvant immunotherapy to thick node-negative melanomas, a group whose risk of relapse rivals stage III.","tags":"","route":"/trials/keynote-716/","status":"positive","cancers":"melanoma stage-ii-melanoma"},{"id":"combi-ad","kind":"trial","name":"COMBI-AD","aka":"","tldr":"A year of two targeted pills after surgery halves the risk of relapse in BRAF-mutant melanoma, and the benefit is still visible a decade later.","tags":"","route":"/trials/combi-ad/","status":"positive","cancers":"melanoma braf-v600-melanoma stage-iii-melanoma"},{"id":"columbus","kind":"trial","name":"COLUMBUS","aka":"","tldr":"COLUMBUS tested encorafenib-binimetinib, the third BRAF/MEK doublet, which has the longest median survival of the class and less fever than dabrafenib-trametinib.","tags":"","route":"/trials/columbus/","status":"positive","cancers":"melanoma braf-v600-melanoma advanced-melanoma"},{"id":"dreamseq","kind":"trial","name":"DREAMseq (ECOG-ACRIN EA6134)","aka":"","tldr":"Settled the order question: for BRAF-mutant melanoma, start with immunotherapy and save the targeted pills for later.","tags":"","route":"/trials/dreamseq/","status":"positive","cancers":"melanoma braf-v600-melanoma advanced-melanoma"},{"id":"c-144-01","kind":"trial","name":"C-144-01","aka":"","tldr":"The single-arm study that got the first cell therapy for a solid tumour approved: one in three patients responded after everything else had failed.","tags":"","route":"/trials/c-144-01/","status":"positive","cancers":"melanoma advanced-melanoma"},{"id":"imcgp100-202","kind":"trial","name":"IMCgp100-202","aka":"","tldr":"The first drug ever to extend life in metastatic uveal melanoma, and the first T-cell receptor-based medicine to win a phase 3.","tags":"","route":"/trials/imcgp100-202/","status":"positive","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"mslt-ii","kind":"trial","name":"MSLT-II","aka":"","tldr":"Showed that removing all the remaining lymph nodes after a positive sentinel node does not help patients live longer, ending a routine operation.","tags":"","route":"/trials/mslt-ii/","status":"positive","cancers":"melanoma stage-iii-melanoma"},{"id":"prism-mel-301","kind":"trial","name":"PRISM-MEL-301","aka":"","tldr":"Tests whether a PRAME-directed T-cell engager adds to first-line immunotherapy in ordinary skin melanoma, following tebentafusp's success in the eye form.","tags":"","route":"/trials/prism-mel-301/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"fianlimab-phase3-melanoma","kind":"trial","name":"Fianlimab + cemiplimab phase 3 (first-line melanoma)","aka":"","tldr":"A second LAG-3 blocker failed to beat pembrolizumab alone, a warning that the Opdualag result is not automatically a class effect.","tags":"failure lesson:class-effect-not-guaranteed","route":"/trials/fianlimab-phase3-melanoma/","status":"negative","cancers":"melanoma advanced-melanoma"},{"id":"relativity-098","kind":"trial","name":"RELATIVITY-098","aka":"","tldr":"Adding relatlimab to adjuvant nivolumab did not reduce recurrence, so the LAG-3 combination stays a treatment for measurable disease.","tags":"failure lesson:adjuvant-vs-active-disease","route":"/trials/relativity-098/","status":"negative","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"vemurafenib","kind":"drug","name":"Vemurafenib","aka":"","tldr":"Vemurafenib was the first BRAF inhibitor (2011); it shrank melanomas in weeks and proved that a single mutation could be drugged in a solid tumour.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/vemurafenib/","status":"approved","cancers":"melanoma braf-v600-melanoma advanced-melanoma colorectal braf-v600e-colorectal"},{"id":"binimetinib","kind":"drug","name":"Binimetinib","aka":"","tldr":"Binimetinib is the MEK inhibitor partnered with encorafenib; blocking the next step in the same relay stops the tumour rerouting around the BRAF block.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/binimetinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"melanoma nsclc braf-v600e-nsclc braf-v600-melanoma advanced-melanoma"},{"id":"cobimetinib","kind":"drug","name":"Cobimetinib","aka":"","tldr":"Cobimetinib is the MEK partner for vemurafenib, and the first drug approved for histiocytic neoplasms.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/cobimetinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"melanoma braf-v600-melanoma advanced-melanoma erdheim-chester-disease rosai-dorfman-disease lch-single-system colorectal"},{"id":"brenetafusp","kind":"drug","name":"Brenetafusp","aka":"","tldr":"Brenetafusp is a soluble T-cell receptor bispecific, tebentafusp's successor, that recognises a PRAME peptide on HLA-A*02:01 and drags T cells onto the tumour. A phase 3 with nivolumab in first-line melanoma is enrolling, but only patients carrying HLA-A*02:01, about half of those of European ancestry, are eligible.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/brenetafusp/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"melanoma ovarian nsclc"},{"id":"fianlimab","kind":"drug","name":"Fianlimab","aka":"","tldr":"Fianlimab is Regeneron's LAG-3 blocking antibody, paired with the PD-1 blocker cemiplimab. A 60% phase 1 response rate in untreated melanoma prompted phase 3 trials, but the metastatic trial against pembrolizumab missed its progression endpoint in 2026.","tags":"failed-so-far","route":"/drugs/fianlimab/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"dermoscopy-ai","kind":"technology","name":"Dermoscopy, total-body photography & AI skin analysis","aka":"","tldr":"Magnified skin imaging and whole-body photo mapping, increasingly read by algorithms, to find melanoma early and avoid unnecessary biopsies.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/dermoscopy-ai/","status":"established","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"breslow-thickness","kind":"term","name":"Breslow thickness","aka":"","tldr":"How deep a melanoma has grown into the skin, in millimetres. The single strongest predictor of whether it will spread.","tags":"","route":"/terms/breslow-thickness/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"ulceration-melanoma","kind":"term","name":"Ulceration (melanoma)","aka":"","tldr":"Loss of the skin surface over a melanoma under the microscope; a sign of aggressive biology that raises the stage.","tags":"","route":"/terms/ulceration-melanoma/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"major-pathological-response","kind":"term","name":"Major pathological response (MPR)","aka":"major pathologic response\n≤10% viable tumour","tldr":"When, after pre-surgery treatment, the removed tumour contains little or no living cancer: 10% or less viable cells.","tags":"","route":"/terms/major-pathological-response/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"hla-a02-restriction","kind":"term","name":"HLA-A*02:01 restriction","aka":"","tldr":"Some T-cell-receptor drugs only work in people with a particular immune 'tissue type'. About half of people of European ancestry have it; far fewer in some other populations.","tags":"","route":"/terms/hla-a02-restriction/","cancers":"melanoma sarcoma"},{"id":"io-first-then-braf-mek","kind":"pairing","name":"Immunotherapy first, then BRAF/MEK (BRAF-mutant melanoma)","aka":"","tldr":"In BRAF-mutant melanoma, start with immunotherapy and keep the targeted pills in reserve; the reverse order costs lives.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/io-first-then-braf-mek/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"neoadjuvant-io-response-adapted","kind":"pairing","name":"Neoadjuvant immunotherapy → response-adapted adjuvant","aka":"","tldr":"Treat before surgery, look at the removed tumour, and only continue treatment if the response was incomplete.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/neoadjuvant-io-response-adapted/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"lag3-adjuvant-caution","kind":"pairing","name":"Caution: LAG-3 blockade outside active disease","aka":"","tldr":"LAG-3 blockers helped in measurable melanoma with one drug pairing, but failed as adjuvant therapy and with a different PD-1 partner.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/lag3-adjuvant-caution/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"idea-ctdna-guided-adjuvant-melanoma","kind":"idea","name":"ctDNA-guided adjuvant therapy in stage II-III melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"Most stage II patients never relapse, yet all are offered a year of immunotherapy. Use a blood test to treat only those with detectable residual disease.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-ctdna-guided-adjuvant-melanoma/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"idea-prame-tcr-beyond-a02","kind":"idea","name":"TCR therapeutics for non-HLA-A*02 patients","aka":"","tldr":"Today's T-cell-receptor drugs only work for people with one tissue type. Building versions for the other common types would roughly double who can be treated.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prame-tcr-beyond-a02/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"prame","kind":"target","name":"PRAME","aka":"","tldr":"PRAME is a cancer-testis antigen: a protein normally confined to the testis that about 90% of cutaneous melanomas and substantial fractions of ovarian, lung, endometrial and uveal cancers switch on. Because it sits inside the cell, drugs reach it only as peptide fragments displayed on HLA, through T-cell receptor bispecifics such as brenetafusp and TCR-T cells such as IMA203.","tags":"tcr-target","route":"/targets/prame/","cancers":"melanoma ovarian nsclc sarcoma"},{"id":"keynote-048","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-048","aka":"","tldr":"Made immunotherapy the first treatment for advanced head and neck cancer, alone for PD-L1-rich tumours and with chemotherapy for the rest.","tags":"","route":"/trials/keynote-048/","status":"positive","cancers":"head-and-neck oropharyngeal-cancer laryngeal-cancer oral-cavity-cancer recurrent-metastatic-hnscc hypopharyngeal-cancer hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer"},{"id":"keynote-689","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-689","aka":"","tldr":"The first new treatment for curable head and neck cancer in six years: immunotherapy around surgery doubled the time patients stayed free of events.","tags":"","route":"/trials/keynote-689/","status":"positive","cancers":"head-and-neck hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer"},{"id":"extreme","kind":"trial","name":"EXTREME","aka":"","tldr":"The regimen that defined first-line treatment for advanced head and neck cancer from 2008 until immunotherapy replaced it.","tags":"","route":"/trials/extreme/","status":"positive","cancers":"head-and-neck recurrent-metastatic-hnscc"},{"id":"checkmate-141","kind":"trial","name":"CheckMate 141","aka":"","tldr":"The first immunotherapy to extend survival in head and neck cancer, in patients who had progressed on platinum within six months.","tags":"","route":"/trials/checkmate-141/","status":"positive","cancers":"head-and-neck oropharyngeal-cancer oral-cavity-cancer recurrent-metastatic-hnscc"},{"id":"rtog-0129","kind":"trial","name":"RTOG 0129 (HPV analysis)","aka":"","tldr":"The analysis that showed HPV-positive throat cancers are a different, far more curable disease, launching two decades of de-escalation research.","tags":"","route":"/trials/rtog-0129/","status":"completed","cancers":"head-and-neck hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer"},{"id":"nrg-hn002-hn005","kind":"trial","name":"NRG-HN002 & NRG-HN005 (HPV+ de-escalation)","aka":"","tldr":"Attempts to give HPV-positive throat cancer patients less radiation fell short: the standard dose remained better, so de-escalation is not yet routine.","tags":"lesson:de-escalation-needs-better-selection","route":"/trials/nrg-hn002-hn005/","status":"mixed","cancers":"head-and-neck oropharyngeal-cancer hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer"},{"id":"javelin-hn-100","kind":"trial","name":"JAVELIN Head and Neck 100","aka":"","tldr":"Adding a PD-L1 blocker to curative chemoradiation did not help, the first of several such failures in head and neck cancer.","tags":"failure lesson:concurrent-io-with-chemoradiation","route":"/trials/javelin-hn-100/","status":"negative","cancers":"head-and-neck hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer"},{"id":"trilynx","kind":"trial","name":"TrilynX","aka":"","tldr":"TrilynX tested xevinapant, a drug meant to make tumours more sensitive to radiation, with cisplatin chemoradiation in 730 patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer. Despite a striking phase 2 result, the phase 3 was stopped for futility in 2024 with worse outcomes on xevinapant, a reminder that early wins in this disease often do not replicate.","tags":"failure lesson:phase-2-to-3-attrition","route":"/trials/trilynx/","status":"negative","cancers":"head-and-neck hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer"},{"id":"jupiter-02","kind":"trial","name":"JUPITER-02","aka":"","tldr":"Brought immunotherapy to nasopharyngeal cancer, an Epstein-Barr-virus-driven cancer common in southern China, and won the first US approval for that disease.","tags":"","route":"/trials/jupiter-02/","status":"positive","cancers":"head-and-neck nasopharyngeal recurrent-metastatic-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma"},{"id":"liger-hn1","kind":"trial","name":"LiGeR-HN1","aka":"","tldr":"Tests whether a two-armed antibody against EGFR and a stem-cell marker can lift first-line immunotherapy results in head and neck cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/liger-hn1/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"head-and-neck recurrent-metastatic-hnscc"},{"id":"fortifi-hn01","kind":"trial","name":"FORTIFI-HN01","aka":"","tldr":"A bifunctional antibody that blocks EGFR and soaks up TGF-beta, aiming to make HPV-negative head and neck tumours respond to immunotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/trials/fortifi-hn01/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"head-and-neck recurrent-metastatic-hnscc hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer"},{"id":"toripalimab","kind":"drug","name":"Toripalimab","aka":"","tldr":"A Chinese-developed PD-1 blocker that became the first immunotherapy approved in the US for nasopharyngeal cancer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/toripalimab/","status":"approved","cancers":"head-and-neck esophageal nasopharyngeal recurrent-metastatic-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma locoregionally-advanced-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma lung-cancer resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"petosemtamab","kind":"drug","name":"Petosemtamab","aka":"","tldr":"A two-armed antibody that blocks EGFR while gripping LGR5, a marker of cancer stem cells, so it hits the cells that regrow tumours.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/petosemtamab/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"head-and-neck colorectal recurrent-metastatic-hnscc"},{"id":"ficerafusp-alfa","kind":"drug","name":"Ficerafusp alfa","aka":"","tldr":"Ficerafusp alfa is an EGFR antibody fused to a TGF-beta sponge, designed to remove the immune-suppressing signal that keeps HPV-negative throat cancers cold.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/ficerafusp-alfa/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"head-and-neck recurrent-metastatic-hnscc hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer"},{"id":"cetuximab-sarotalocan","kind":"drug","name":"Cetuximab sarotalocan","aka":"","tldr":"Cetuximab sarotalocan is an EGFR antibody carrying a light-activated dye: after infusion, a red laser is shone on the tumour and the cells burst. It has been approved in Japan since 2020.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/cetuximab-sarotalocan/","status":"approved","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"tors","kind":"technology","name":"Transoral robotic surgery (TORS)","aka":"","tldr":"Transoral robotic surgery removes early (T1 to T2) throat tumours through the mouth with a robot and 3D endoscope, avoiding splitting the jaw or a tracheostomy. In HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer the pathology then guides how much radiation to add, but randomised trials found it no better than radiation for swallowing, and surgeon volume matters.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/tors/","status":"established","cancers":"head-and-neck oropharyngeal-cancer hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer"},{"id":"cthpv-dna","kind":"technology","name":"Circulating tumour HPV DNA (ctHPV-DNA)","aka":"","tldr":"A blood test that detects fragments of the virus DNA shed by HPV-positive throat cancers, to confirm diagnosis, track response, and catch recurrence early.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/cthpv-dna/","status":"established","cancers":"head-and-neck hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer"},{"id":"hpv-p16","kind":"term","name":"HPV-positive (p16) head and neck cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Throat cancers caused by the human papillomavirus, identified by a p16 stain. They affect younger non-smokers and are far more curable than tobacco-related cancers.","tags":"","route":"/terms/hpv-p16/","cancers":"head-and-neck hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer"},{"id":"lgr5","kind":"term","name":"LGR5","aka":"","tldr":"A marker of stem cells in the gut and of stem-like cells in tumours, used to aim drugs at the cells that regrow a cancer.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lgr5/","cancers":"head-and-neck colorectal"},{"id":"io-before-surgery-hnscc","kind":"pairing","name":"Immunotherapy before surgery rather than with chemoradiation (HNSCC)","aka":"","tldr":"In head and neck cancer, immunotherapy works when given before surgery but not when given alongside chemoradiation.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/io-before-surgery-hnscc/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"egfr-bispecific-plus-pd1-hnscc","kind":"pairing","name":"EGFR-directed bispecific + PD-1 blockade","aka":"","tldr":"Pairing a new EGFR antibody with immunotherapy tripled the response rate seen with immunotherapy alone in early trials.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/egfr-bispecific-plus-pd1-hnscc/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"hpv-deescalation-caution","kind":"pairing","name":"Caution: de-escalating radiation on HPV status alone","aka":"","tldr":"Being HPV-positive is not enough to justify less radiation; trials that tried it saw more relapses.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/hpv-deescalation-caution/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"idea-cthpv-adapted-deescalation","kind":"idea","name":"ctHPV-DNA-adapted de-escalation of chemoradiation","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of guessing from HPV status who can get less radiation, measure the virus DNA in blood during treatment and reduce dose only when it clears fast.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cthpv-adapted-deescalation/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"idea-photoimmunotherapy-plus-pd1","kind":"idea","name":"Photoimmunotherapy as an in situ vaccine with PD-1 blockade","aka":"","tldr":"Bursting tumour cells with light releases their contents to the immune system; adding immunotherapy might turn a local treatment into a body-wide one.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-photoimmunotherapy-plus-pd1/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"select-lenvatinib","kind":"trial","name":"SELECT","aka":"","tldr":"Turned lenvatinib into the main drug for thyroid cancers that no longer take up radioactive iodine, quadrupling the time before the disease grew.","tags":"","route":"/trials/select-lenvatinib/","status":"positive","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"decision-sorafenib","kind":"trial","name":"DECISION","aka":"","tldr":"The first drug approved for thyroid cancers that stopped responding to radioactive iodine.","tags":"","route":"/trials/decision-sorafenib/","status":"positive","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"libretto-531","kind":"trial","name":"LIBRETTO-531","aka":"","tldr":"Showed that a drug built specifically for the RET mutation beats the older multi-target pills in medullary thyroid cancer, with far fewer side effects.","tags":"","route":"/trials/libretto-531/","status":"positive","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"arrow-thyroid","kind":"trial","name":"ARROW (thyroid cohorts)","aka":"","tldr":"ARROW is the single-arm study behind the second RET inhibitor's thyroid approvals.","tags":"","route":"/trials/arrow-thyroid/","status":"positive","cancers":"thyroid ret-fusion-nsclc nsclc"},{"id":"estimabl2","kind":"trial","name":"ESTIMABL2","aka":"","tldr":"Proved that most people with small, low-risk thyroid cancers can skip radioactive iodine after surgery without any increase in recurrence.","tags":"","route":"/trials/estimabl2/","status":"positive","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"ion-trial","kind":"trial","name":"IoN","aka":"","tldr":"The UK trial confirming that low-risk thyroid cancer patients can safely avoid radioactive iodine, published in 2025.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ion-trial/","status":"positive","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"hilo","kind":"trial","name":"HiLo","aka":"","tldr":"Showed a third of the usual radioactive iodine dose ablates the thyroid remnant just as well, with fewer side effects and less time in isolation.","tags":"","route":"/trials/hilo/","status":"positive","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"roar-atc","kind":"trial","name":"ROAR (anaplastic thyroid cancer cohort)","aka":"","tldr":"Turned the thyroid cancer with the shortest survival, once measured in months, into a treatable disease for the third of patients whose tumours carry a BRAF mutation.","tags":"","route":"/trials/roar-atc/","status":"positive","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"astra","kind":"trial","name":"ASTRA","aka":"","tldr":"Adding a MEK inhibitor to boost iodine uptake before ablation did not improve complete remission rates, cooling the 'redifferentiation for everyone' idea.","tags":"failure lesson:adjuvant-vs-active-disease","route":"/trials/astra/","status":"negative","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"radioactive-iodine","kind":"drug","name":"Radioactive iodine (I-131)","aka":"","tldr":"The original targeted radiotherapy: thyroid cells soak up iodine, so radioactive iodine destroys leftover thyroid tissue and metastases while sparing everything else.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/radioactive-iodine/","status":"approved","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"vandetanib","kind":"drug","name":"Vandetanib","aka":"","tldr":"Vandetanib was the first drug approved for medullary thyroid cancer (2011), now largely replaced by RET-selective selpercatinib.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/vandetanib/","status":"approved","cancers":"thyroid medullary-thyroid-cancer"},{"id":"radioiodine-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Radioiodine therapy and whole-body iodine scanning","aka":"","tldr":"Using the thyroid's natural appetite for iodine to image and treat thyroid cancer with a radioactive form of it. The oldest theranostic, and now used more selectively than it was.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/radioiodine-therapy/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"thyroid papillary-thyroid-cancer follicular-thyroid-cancer"},{"id":"thyroid-fna-molecular","kind":"technology","name":"Thyroid nodule FNA, Bethesda cytology & molecular classifiers","aka":"","tldr":"Thyroid fine-needle aspiration takes a needle sample from a thyroid lump and grades it on a six-level scale; when the result is uncertain, a gene test on the same sample can often rule cancer out and avoid surgery.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/thyroid-fna-molecular/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"active-surveillance-thyroid","kind":"technology","name":"Active surveillance of papillary microcarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Active surveillance watches papillary thyroid cancers of 1 cm or less with ultrasound every 6 to 12 months instead of operating, because about 90% stay stable over a decade and delayed surgery works as well when needed. It is not suitable for tumours next to the windpipe or the voice nerve, and uptake outside Japan and Korea is still low.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/active-surveillance-thyroid/","status":"established","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"rai-refractory","kind":"term","name":"Radioiodine-refractory (RAI-R) thyroid cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Thyroid cancer that no longer takes up radioactive iodine, or keeps growing despite it. This is when kinase inhibitor pills come in.","tags":"","route":"/terms/rai-refractory/","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"low-risk-dtc","kind":"term","name":"Low-risk differentiated thyroid cancer (ATA risk)","aka":"","tldr":"Small thyroid cancers confined to the gland with no spread. They are almost always cured by surgery alone and no longer need radioactive iodine.","tags":"","route":"/terms/low-risk-dtc/","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"bethesda-category","kind":"term","name":"Bethesda category (thyroid cytology)","aka":"","tldr":"The Bethesda category is a six-step scale, from 'not enough cells' to 'cancer', that pathologists use to report a thyroid needle biopsy.","tags":"","route":"/terms/bethesda-category/","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"tsh-suppression","kind":"term","name":"TSH suppression","aka":"","tldr":"Giving slightly more thyroid hormone than the body needs after thyroid cancer surgery, to switch off the pituitary signal that could feed leftover cancer cells.","tags":"","route":"/terms/tsh-suppression/","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"tert-promoter","kind":"term","name":"TERT promoter mutation","aka":"TERT promoter mutations","tldr":"A mutation that keeps the cell's immortality enzyme switched on. In thyroid cancer, having it alongside BRAF marks the tumours most likely to spread and resist iodine.","tags":"","route":"/terms/tert-promoter/","cancers":"thyroid melanoma glioblastoma urothelial"},{"id":"braf-mek-neoadjuvant-atc","kind":"pairing","name":"BRAF/MEK inhibition → surgery in anaplastic thyroid cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Shrink a BRAF-mutant anaplastic thyroid tumour with pills first, then remove what is left; some patients now survive years instead of months.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/braf-mek-neoadjuvant-atc/","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"redifferentiation-rai","kind":"pairing","name":"MAPK inhibitor redifferentiation → radioiodine","aka":"","tldr":"A short course of a MEK or BRAF pill can coax iodine-resistant thyroid cancer into taking up iodine again, letting radioactive iodine work once more.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/redifferentiation-rai/","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"idea-thyroid-overdiagnosis-reversal","kind":"idea","name":"Ultrasound restraint and surveillance to reverse thyroid cancer overdiagnosis","aka":"","tldr":"Most thyroid cancers found today would never have hurt anyone. Screen less, watch small ones, and operate only when they grow.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-thyroid-overdiagnosis-reversal/","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"idea-atc-triplet-io","kind":"idea","name":"BRAF/MEK plus PD-1 blockade as standard for BRAF-mutant anaplastic thyroid cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Add immunotherapy to the two targeted pills in the most aggressive thyroid cancer, because the combination has produced multi-year survivors in early series.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-atc-triplet-io/","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"keynote-177","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-177","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that made immunotherapy alone, with no chemotherapy, the first treatment for the 5% of bowel cancers with a broken DNA spell-checker. Over half of patients were alive at five years.","tags":"","route":"/trials/keynote-177/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal msi-high-colorectal"},{"id":"checkmate-8hw","kind":"trial","name":"CheckMate 8HW","aka":"","tldr":"Showed that a two-drug immunotherapy combination controls mismatch-repair-deficient bowel cancer for over four years on average, and beats immunotherapy alone.","tags":"","route":"/trials/checkmate-8hw/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal msi-high-colorectal"},{"id":"niche-2","kind":"trial","name":"NICHE-2","aka":"","tldr":"In NICHE-2, four weeks of immunotherapy before surgery wiped out most mismatch-repair-deficient colon cancers, and nobody had relapsed three years later.","tags":"","route":"/trials/niche-2/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal msi-high-colorectal"},{"id":"atomic","kind":"trial","name":"ATOMIC (Alliance A021502)","aka":"","tldr":"Adding a year of immunotherapy to chemotherapy after surgery halved recurrences in stage III colon cancers with a broken DNA spell-checker.","tags":"","route":"/trials/atomic/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal msi-high-colorectal"},{"id":"azur-1","kind":"trial","name":"AZUR-1","aka":"","tldr":"AZUR-1 is the registrational trial of the 'no surgery, no radiation, no chemo' approach for mismatch-repair-deficient rectal cancer, built on the MSK study where every patient had a complete response.","tags":"","route":"/trials/azur-1/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal msi-high-colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"breakwater","kind":"trial","name":"BREAKWATER","aka":"","tldr":"Doubled survival, from about 15 to about 30 months, in the worst-prognosis genetic subtype of bowel cancer by adding two targeted drugs to first-line chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/trials/breakwater/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal braf-v600e-colorectal"},{"id":"paradigm","kind":"trial","name":"PARADIGM","aka":"","tldr":"Proved that for RAS-normal tumours starting on the left side of the colon, an EGFR antibody beats the VEGF antibody as first partner for chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/trials/paradigm/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"crystal-fire3","kind":"trial","name":"CRYSTAL & FIRE-3","aka":"CRYSTAL\nFIRE-3\nCRYSTAL and FIRE-3","tldr":"The trials that established EGFR antibodies in bowel cancer and discovered they only work when the RAS gene is normal.","tags":"","route":"/trials/crystal-fire3/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"mountaineer","kind":"trial","name":"MOUNTAINEER","aka":"","tldr":"A HER2 pill plus antibody gave durable responses in the 3-5% of bowel cancers driven by HER2, and is now being tested as first-line treatment.","tags":"","route":"/trials/mountaineer/","status":"completed","cancers":"colorectal her2-amplified-colorectal"},{"id":"destiny-crc02","kind":"trial","name":"DESTINY-CRC02","aka":"","tldr":"Enhertu shrank about four in ten heavily pretreated HER2-positive bowel cancers, including ones that had already stopped responding to other HER2 drugs.","tags":"","route":"/trials/destiny-crc02/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal her2-amplified-colorectal"},{"id":"sunlight","kind":"trial","name":"SUNLIGHT","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the old blood-vessel antibody to a late-line chemotherapy pill extended survival by three months in patients who had exhausted standard options.","tags":"","route":"/trials/sunlight/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"fresco-2","kind":"trial","name":"FRESCO-2","aka":"","tldr":"A selective VEGF-receptor pill gave a modest but real survival gain in patients with no remaining standard treatment.","tags":"","route":"/trials/fresco-2/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"circulate-japan","kind":"trial","name":"CIRCULATE-Japan (GALAXY / VEGA / ALTAIR)","aka":"GALAXY\nVEGA\nALTAIR","tldr":"Japan's national programme tests whether a blood test after surgery should decide who gets chemotherapy, and whether treating a positive test early helps.","tags":"","route":"/trials/circulate-japan/","status":"active","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"cetuximab","kind":"drug","name":"Cetuximab","aka":"","tldr":"Cetuximab is a chimeric antibody that blocks the EGFR growth receptor. It is used with FOLFIRI or FOLFOX in RAS wild-type, left-sided bowel cancer, with encorafenib in BRAF V600E disease, with KRAS G12C inhibitors, and with radiation or chemotherapy in head and neck cancer; RAS-mutant tumours gain nothing and may be harmed, so RAS testing comes first.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/cetuximab/","status":"approved","cancers":"colorectal head-and-neck recurrent-metastatic-hnscc hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer"},{"id":"panitumumab","kind":"drug","name":"Panitumumab","aka":"","tldr":"Panitumumab is a fully human EGFR antibody, the preferred first-line partner for chemotherapy in left-sided, RAS-normal bowel cancer after the PARADIGM trial.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/panitumumab/","status":"approved","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"bevacizumab","kind":"drug","name":"Bevacizumab","aka":"","tldr":"Bevacizumab is a humanised antibody that soaks up VEGF-A, the signal tumours use to grow new blood vessels. Approved in 2004, it partners chemotherapy in colorectal, ovarian, cervical, lung, kidney and liver cancer and glioblastoma, and adds to trifluridine/tipiracil in late-line bowel cancer; hypertension, protein in the urine and bleeding are its characteristic side effects.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/bevacizumab/","status":"approved","cancers":"colorectal ovarian nsclc rcc hcc cervical glioblastoma"},{"id":"trifluridine-tipiracil","kind":"drug","name":"Trifluridine/tipiracil","aka":"","tldr":"An oral chemotherapy pill for bowel cancer that has stopped responding to everything else; with bevacizumab it extends life by about three months.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/trifluridine-tipiracil/","status":"approved","cancers":"colorectal gastric"},{"id":"fruquintinib","kind":"drug","name":"Fruquintinib","aka":"","tldr":"A Chinese-discovered pill that blocks the blood-vessel receptors, approved in 2023 for bowel cancer after all standard treatments.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/fruquintinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"folfox","kind":"drug","name":"FOLFOX (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin)","aka":"","tldr":"FOLFOX is the workhorse chemotherapy combination for bowel cancer, used after surgery to cure and in advanced disease as the backbone that targeted drugs are added to.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/folfox/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"colorectal gastric pancreatic pancreatic-acinar-cell-carcinoma appendiceal-adenocarcinoma goblet-cell-adenocarcinoma localised-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma advanced-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"folfiri","kind":"drug","name":"FOLFIRI (5-FU, leucovorin, irinotecan)","aka":"","tldr":"FOLFIRI is the other backbone bowel-cancer chemotherapy, swapping oxaliplatin for irinotecan. Used first or second line and, since 2026, with the BRAF combination.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/folfiri/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"capox","kind":"drug","name":"CAPOX (capecitabine, oxaliplatin)","aka":"","tldr":"CAPOX pairs the oral fluoropyrimidine capecitabine with intravenous oxaliplatin as a pill-based alternative to FOLFOX. For low-risk stage III colon cancer three months after surgery works as well as six and halves nerve damage; it is also standard in gastric cancer, with hand-foot syndrome as its price.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/capox/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"colorectal gastric appendiceal-adenocarcinoma goblet-cell-adenocarcinoma localised-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma advanced-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"colorectal-screening","kind":"technology","name":"Colorectal cancer screening (colonoscopy, FIT, stool DNA, blood)","aka":"","tldr":"Finding and removing polyps before they become cancer. Colonoscopy prevents cancer; stool and blood tests catch it early and get more people screened.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/colorectal-screening/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"colorectal early-onset-colorectal"},{"id":"sidedness","kind":"term","name":"Sidedness (left vs right colon)","aka":"","tldr":"Where in the colon a tumour starts changes its biology and which drugs work. Left-sided tumours respond to EGFR antibodies; right-sided ones do not.","tags":"","route":"/terms/sidedness/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer rectal-cancer"},{"id":"cms-subtypes","kind":"term","name":"Consensus molecular subtypes (CMS1-4)","aka":"","tldr":"The consensus molecular subtypes are four gene-expression groups of bowel cancer: immune (CMS1), canonical (CMS2), metabolic (CMS3), and mesenchymal (CMS4), with different prognoses.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cms-subtypes/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"lynch-syndrome","kind":"term","name":"Lynch syndrome","aka":"","tldr":"Lynch syndrome is the most common inherited cancer syndrome: a faulty mismatch-repair gene raises lifetime bowel cancer risk to 40-80% and also endometrial and other cancers.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lynch-syndrome/","cancers":"colorectal endometrial msi-high-pdac lynch-associated-colorectal-cancer prostate"},{"id":"fit-test","kind":"term","name":"Faecal immunochemical test (FIT)","aka":"","tldr":"A stool test for hidden blood, done at home every year. Positive results are followed by colonoscopy.","tags":"","route":"/terms/fit-test/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"clinical-complete-response","kind":"term","name":"Clinical complete response (cCR)","aka":"","tldr":"No sign of tumour on examination, endoscopy, and MRI after treatment, without surgery to confirm it. It is the basis of organ-preservation strategies.","tags":"","route":"/terms/clinical-complete-response/","cancers":"colorectal esophageal"},{"id":"anti-egfr-left-sided","kind":"pairing","name":"Anti-EGFR antibody + chemotherapy in left-sided RAS/BRAF wild-type mCRC","aka":"","tldr":"In bowel cancers that start on the left and have normal RAS and BRAF genes, adding an EGFR antibody to chemotherapy gives the longest survival seen in first-line trials.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/anti-egfr-left-sided/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"neoadjuvant-io-dmmr","kind":"pairing","name":"Neoadjuvant checkpoint inhibitor → surgery (or no surgery) in dMMR colorectal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Test the tumour for a broken DNA spell-checker; if it has one, immunotherapy before surgery melts most tumours and in the rectum can replace surgery altogether.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/neoadjuvant-io-dmmr/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"idea-ctdna-guided-adjuvant-crc","kind":"idea","name":"ctDNA-guided adjuvant therapy as the default in stage II-III colon cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Use a blood test after surgery to decide who gets chemotherapy: spare the negatives, and find something that actually works for the positives.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-ctdna-guided-adjuvant-crc/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"idea-immunotherapy-mss-crc","kind":"idea","name":"Making microsatellite-stable colorectal cancer immunotherapy-responsive","aka":"","tldr":"Ninety-five percent of bowel cancers ignore immunotherapy. Combinations that heat the tumour up (targeted drugs, radiation, new checkpoints) are the main hope.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-immunotherapy-mss-crc/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"toga","kind":"trial","name":"ToGA","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that brought the breast-cancer drug Herceptin to stomach cancer, the first targeted therapy to improve survival in this disease.","tags":"","route":"/trials/toga/","status":"positive","cancers":"gastric gastric-her2-positive"},{"id":"checkmate-649","kind":"trial","name":"CheckMate 649","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that added immunotherapy to first-line stomach cancer chemotherapy; at five years, 16% of patients with PD-L1-rich tumours were alive versus 6%.","tags":"","route":"/trials/checkmate-649/","status":"positive","cancers":"gastric gastric-pdl1-high gastric-msi-high esophageal"},{"id":"keynote-859","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-859","aka":"","tldr":"Confirmed that adding a PD-1 blocker to first-line chemotherapy helps in stomach cancer, with the biggest gain in tumours rich in PD-L1.","tags":"","route":"/trials/keynote-859/","status":"positive","cancers":"gastric gastric-pdl1-high"},{"id":"spotlight-glow","kind":"trial","name":"SPOTLIGHT & GLOW","aka":"SPOTLIGHT\nGLOW\nspotlight-glow","tldr":"Two trials that made Claudin 18.2 the third biomarker in stomach cancer, adding about two to three months of survival with an antibody against it.","tags":"","route":"/trials/spotlight-glow/","status":"positive","cancers":"gastric gastric-cldn18-2-positive"},{"id":"matterhorn","kind":"trial","name":"MATTERHORN","aka":"","tldr":"Adding immunotherapy before and after surgery cut deaths in early stomach cancer; nearly seven in ten patients were alive at three years.","tags":"","route":"/trials/matterhorn/","status":"positive","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"fortitude-101","kind":"trial","name":"FORTITUDE-101","aka":"","tldr":"A new target, FGFR2b, showed a survival gain at first look that shrank with longer follow-up, and the trial did not include the immunotherapy patients now routinely get.","tags":"","route":"/trials/fortitude-101/","status":"mixed","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"herizon-gea-01","kind":"trial","name":"HERIZON-GEA-01","aka":"","tldr":"A two-armed HER2 antibody beat Herceptin head-to-head as first-line treatment for HER2-positive stomach cancer, the first such win since 2010.","tags":"","route":"/trials/herizon-gea-01/","status":"positive","cancers":"gastric esophageal"},{"id":"destiny-gastric04","kind":"trial","name":"DESTINY-Gastric04","aka":"","tldr":"The first randomised proof that a HER2 drug beats standard chemotherapy in second-line stomach cancer: Enhertu added about three months of life.","tags":"","route":"/trials/destiny-gastric04/","status":"positive","cancers":"gastric gastric-her2-positive"},{"id":"rainbow","kind":"trial","name":"RAINBOW","aka":"","tldr":"Made ramucirumab plus paclitaxel the standard second-line stomach cancer treatment, a role it held for a decade until Enhertu and Claudin drugs arrived.","tags":"","route":"/trials/rainbow/","status":"positive","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"clarity-gastric01","kind":"trial","name":"CLARITY-Gastric 01","aka":"","tldr":"The first ADC against Claudin 18.2 to prove it extends life, announced July 2026, giving stomach cancer its first ADC beyond HER2.","tags":"","route":"/trials/clarity-gastric01/","status":"positive","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"zolbetuximab","kind":"drug","name":"Zolbetuximab","aka":"","tldr":"Zolbetuximab is the first drug against Claudin 18.2, a protein exposed on stomach cancer cells. Added to chemotherapy it extends survival by two to three months; nausea is the price.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/zolbetuximab/","status":"approved","cancers":"gastric gastric-cldn18-2-positive oesophageal-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"bemarituzumab","kind":"drug","name":"Bemarituzumab","aka":"","tldr":"Bemarituzumab is an antibody against FGFR2b, a growth receptor overproduced in about a third of stomach cancers. It improved survival early in its phase 3 trial, but the gain faded with longer follow-up.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/bemarituzumab/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"flot","kind":"drug","name":"FLOT (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, docetaxel)","aka":"","tldr":"FLOT is the four-drug chemotherapy given before and after surgery for stomach cancer in the West; since 2025 immunotherapy is added to it.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/flot/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"gastric esophageal oesophageal-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"siewert-classification","kind":"term","name":"Siewert classification (GEJ tumours)","aka":"","tldr":"A way of classifying cancers at the junction of the oesophagus and stomach by where their centre sits, which decides whether they are treated as oesophageal or gastric.","tags":"","route":"/terms/siewert-classification/","cancers":"gastric esophageal"},{"id":"lauren-classification","kind":"term","name":"Lauren classification (intestinal vs diffuse)","aka":"","tldr":"Stomach cancers come in two main shapes: intestinal (gland-forming, linked to H. pylori and HER2) and diffuse (scattered cells, linked to CDH1 loss and worse outcomes).","tags":"","route":"/terms/lauren-classification/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"peritoneal-metastasis","kind":"term","name":"Peritoneal metastasis","aka":"","tldr":"Spread across the lining of the abdomen, the most common way stomach cancer recurs and the hardest to treat.","tags":"","route":"/terms/peritoneal-metastasis/","cancers":"gastric ovarian colorectal"},{"id":"her2-gastric-sequence","kind":"pairing","name":"HER2 sequence in gastric cancer: zanidatamab/trastuzumab + chemo ± PD-1 → T-DXd","aka":"","tldr":"For HER2-positive stomach cancer, an antibody-plus-chemotherapy first, then Enhertu when it progresses. Both steps now have phase 3 proof.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/her2-gastric-sequence/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"cldn18-antibody-then-adc","kind":"pairing","name":"CLDN18.2 antibody first line → CLDN18.2 ADC or CAR-T on progression","aka":"","tldr":"Hit Claudin 18.2 twice: first with a plain antibody plus chemotherapy, then with an ADC or engineered cells when the cancer comes back.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/cldn18-antibody-then-adc/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"idea-biomarker-quadruplet-gastric","kind":"idea","name":"Biomarker-directed first-line quadruplets in gastric cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Stomach cancer now has three add-on biomarkers (HER2, PD-L1, Claudin 18.2) that often overlap. Test whether combining two add-ons beats picking one.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-biomarker-quadruplet-gastric/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"idea-peritoneal-directed-gastric","kind":"idea","name":"Peritoneal-directed therapy for gastric cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Stomach cancer usually comes back on the abdominal lining, where drugs barely reach. Deliver treatment directly into the abdomen.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-peritoneal-directed-gastric/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"cross","kind":"trial","name":"CROSS","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that made chemotherapy plus radiation before surgery the standard for oesophageal cancer; the survival gain was still there ten years later.","tags":"","route":"/trials/cross/","status":"positive","cancers":"esophageal oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma oesophageal-adenocarcinoma gastric"},{"id":"sano","kind":"trial","name":"SANO","aka":"","tldr":"For the third of patients whose tumour vanishes after chemoradiation, watching closely and operating only if it comes back gave the same survival as immediate surgery.","tags":"","route":"/trials/sano/","status":"positive","cancers":"esophageal"},{"id":"checkmate-577","kind":"trial","name":"CheckMate 577","aka":"","tldr":"A year of immunotherapy after surgery doubled the time before cancer returned in patients whose tumour had not fully responded to chemoradiation, though the survival gain did not reach significance.","tags":"","route":"/trials/checkmate-577/","status":"mixed","cancers":"esophageal gastric oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma oesophageal-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"keynote-590","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-590","aka":"","tldr":"Added immunotherapy to first-line chemotherapy for all types of oesophageal cancer, with a survival benefit that held at five years.","tags":"","route":"/trials/keynote-590/","status":"positive","cancers":"esophageal oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma oesophageal-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"checkmate-648","kind":"trial","name":"CheckMate 648","aka":"","tldr":"Showed two immunotherapy options for squamous oesophageal cancer, including one with no chemotherapy at all, both extending survival.","tags":"","route":"/trials/checkmate-648/","status":"positive","cancers":"esophageal oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"rationale-306","kind":"trial","name":"RATIONALE-306","aka":"","tldr":"RATIONALE-306 is the trial behind tislelizumab's US approval for squamous oesophageal cancer, with the biggest gains in PD-L1-positive tumours.","tags":"","route":"/trials/rationale-306/","status":"positive","cancers":"esophageal"},{"id":"escort-1st","kind":"trial","name":"ESCORT-1st","aka":"","tldr":"ESCORT-1st is China's first-line immunotherapy trial for squamous oesophageal cancer, one of five that together made chemo-immunotherapy the global standard.","tags":"","route":"/trials/escort-1st/","status":"positive","cancers":"esophageal"},{"id":"panku-esophagus01","kind":"trial","name":"PANKU-Esophagus01 (BL-B01D1-305)","aka":"","tldr":"The first bispecific ADC to extend both progression-free and overall survival in oesophageal cancer, for patients whose immunotherapy has stopped working.","tags":"","route":"/trials/panku-esophagus01/","status":"positive","cancers":"esophageal"},{"id":"tislelizumab","kind":"drug","name":"Tislelizumab","aka":"","tldr":"A Chinese-developed PD-1 blocker, engineered to avoid a side-channel that may blunt other PD-1 drugs, now approved in the US and EU for oesophageal and stomach cancer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/tislelizumab/","status":"approved","cancers":"esophageal gastric nsclc hcc recurrent-metastatic-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma"},{"id":"camrelizumab","kind":"drug","name":"Camrelizumab","aka":"","tldr":"Camrelizumab is Jiangsu Hengrui's humanised PD-1 antibody, approved in China for oesophageal, liver and lung cancer but not in the US, where its liver cancer combination with rivoceranib drew complete response letters in 2024 and 2025 over manufacturing and inspection issues. Its signature side effect is reactive cutaneous capillary endothelial proliferation, a skin reaction seen in most patients.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/camrelizumab/","status":"approved","cancers":"esophageal hcc nsclc nasopharyngeal recurrent-metastatic-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma"},{"id":"endoscopic-resection","kind":"technology","name":"Endoscopic resection (EMR / ESD)","aka":"","tldr":"Endoscopic resection lifts an early cancer of the oesophagus or stomach with an injection and cuts it out from inside with a snare or electrosurgical knife, keeping the organ intact. It cures cancers confined to the mucosa (T1a) and gives a definitive depth reading; deeper invasion or lymph node spread still needs surgery.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/endoscopic-resection/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"esophageal gastric early-gastric-cancer"},{"id":"barretts-esophagus","kind":"term","name":"Barrett's oesophagus","aka":"Barrett's\nBarrett\nBarrett's esophagus\nBarrett oesophagus\nBarrett's metaplasia\nintestinal metaplasia\nbarretts-oesophagus","tldr":"A change in the lining of the lower oesophagus caused by acid reflux that can, in a minority, progress through dysplasia to adenocarcinoma. It is why Western oesophageal cancer is mostly adenocarcinoma.","tags":"","route":"/terms/barretts-esophagus/","cancers":"esophageal"},{"id":"escc-vs-eac","kind":"term","name":"Squamous cell carcinoma vs adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus","aka":"","tldr":"Oesophageal cancer is two different diseases in one organ: squamous cell carcinoma (upper/mid oesophagus, tobacco and alcohol, dominant in Asia) and adenocarcinoma (lower oesophagus, reflux and obesity, dominant in the West).","tags":"","route":"/terms/escc-vs-eac/","cancers":"esophageal"},{"id":"cross-then-nivolumab","kind":"pairing","name":"CROSS chemoradiation → surgery → adjuvant nivolumab if residual disease","aka":"","tldr":"Chemotherapy and radiation, then surgery, then a year of immunotherapy if the operation shows cancer was still there. This is the current curative-intent pathway.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/cross-then-nivolumab/","cancers":"esophageal"},{"id":"idea-organ-preservation-esophageal","kind":"idea","name":"Organ preservation as the default after complete response in oesophageal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Oesophagectomy is one of the hardest operations in surgery. If chemoradiation (with or without immunotherapy) has made the tumour disappear, skip it and watch.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-organ-preservation-esophageal/","cancers":"esophageal"},{"id":"idea-non-endoscopic-barretts-screening","kind":"idea","name":"Non-endoscopic screening for Barrett's oesophagus and early adenocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"A swallowed sponge on a string can sample the oesophagus in a GP's office. Screen people with chronic reflux to catch adenocarcinoma at a curable stage.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-non-endoscopic-barretts-screening/","cancers":"esophageal"},{"id":"impower133","kind":"trial","name":"IMpower133","aka":"","tldr":"IMpower133 was the first trial in decades to lengthen survival in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer, by adding immunotherapy to chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/trials/impower133/","status":"positive","cancers":"sclc extensive-stage-sclc"},{"id":"caspian","kind":"trial","name":"CASPIAN","aka":"","tldr":"Confirmed that adding a PD-L1 blocker to first-line chemotherapy helps in small-cell lung cancer, and showed that adding a second immunotherapy did not help further.","tags":"","route":"/trials/caspian/","status":"positive","cancers":"sclc extensive-stage-sclc"},{"id":"adriatic","kind":"trial","name":"ADRIATIC","aka":"","tldr":"ADRIATIC brought the first improvement in curative-intent small-cell lung cancer treatment in 30 years: a year or two of immunotherapy after chemoradiation lengthens life.","tags":"","route":"/trials/adriatic/","status":"positive","cancers":"sclc limited-stage-sclc"},{"id":"imforte","kind":"trial","name":"IMforte","aka":"","tldr":"IMforte produced the first maintenance treatment ever approved for extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer, adding lurbinectedin to the immunotherapy that continues after chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/trials/imforte/","status":"positive","cancers":"sclc extensive-stage-sclc"},{"id":"atlantis","kind":"trial","name":"ATLANTIS","aka":"","tldr":"Lurbinectedin's confirmatory trial missed its survival goal, but the drug stayed on the market because the combination tested was not the approved monotherapy dose.","tags":"lesson:combination-dose","route":"/trials/atlantis/","status":"negative","cancers":"sclc"},{"id":"dellphi-305","kind":"trial","name":"DeLLphi-305","aka":"","tldr":"Tests whether adding the DLL3 T-cell engager to first-line maintenance can push median survival in extensive-stage disease past two years, as the phase 1b hinted.","tags":"","route":"/trials/dellphi-305/","status":"positive","cancers":"sclc extensive-stage-sclc"},{"id":"ideate-lung02","kind":"trial","name":"IDeate-Lung02","aka":"ideate-lung02","tldr":"IDeate-Lung02 is the pivotal trial for the B7-H3 ADC that produced some of the highest response rates ever seen in relapsed small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ideate-lung02/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"sclc extensive-stage-sclc"},{"id":"astrum-005","kind":"trial","name":"ASTRUM-005","aka":"","tldr":"In ASTRUM-005, a Chinese PD-1 antibody produced the longest first-line survival of the chemo-immunotherapy trials; it is now approved in Europe and the UK but not yet in the US.","tags":"","route":"/trials/astrum-005/","status":"positive","cancers":"sclc extensive-stage-sclc"},{"id":"convert","kind":"trial","name":"CONVERT","aka":"","tldr":"Settled the radiotherapy schedule debate in limited-stage disease: neither schedule was superior, so twice-daily 45 Gy remains standard and once-daily is an acceptable alternative.","tags":"","route":"/trials/convert/","status":"mixed","cancers":"sclc limited-stage-sclc"},{"id":"platinum-etoposide","kind":"drug","name":"Platinum + etoposide (EP / CE)","aka":"","tldr":"Platinum plus etoposide has been the chemotherapy backbone of small-cell lung cancer for over 40 years, and is now given with immunotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/platinum-etoposide/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"sclc limited-stage-sclc extensive-stage-sclc extrapulmonary-nec"},{"id":"lurbinectedin","kind":"drug","name":"Lurbinectedin","aka":"","tldr":"A marine-derived chemotherapy that jams cancer's gene-reading machinery, approved for relapsed small-cell lung cancer and, since 2025, as first-line maintenance with atezolizumab.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/lurbinectedin/","status":"approved","cancers":"sclc extensive-stage-sclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"topotecan","kind":"drug","name":"Topotecan","aka":"","tldr":"Topotecan is the long-standing second-line chemotherapy for relapsed small-cell lung cancer, and now the comparator that new drugs must beat.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/topotecan/","status":"approved","cancers":"sclc ovarian cervical extensive-stage-sclc"},{"id":"serplulimab","kind":"drug","name":"Serplulimab","aka":"","tldr":"Serplulimab is a Chinese PD-1 antibody with the largest survival gain of any first-line small-cell lung cancer immunotherapy trial, approved in China, Europe, and the UK but not yet the US.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/serplulimab/","status":"approved","cancers":"sclc extensive-stage-sclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"prophylactic-cranial-irradiation","kind":"technology","name":"Prophylactic cranial irradiation vs MRI surveillance","aka":"","tldr":"Small-cell lung cancer spreads to the brain so often that doctors used to irradiate the whole brain pre-emptively. Regular MRI scans are now challenging that practice.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/prophylactic-cranial-irradiation/","status":"established","cancers":"sclc"},{"id":"pharmamar","kind":"company","name":"PharmaMar","aka":"","tldr":"Spanish company that turns marine natural products into cancer drugs, including lurbinectedin and trabectedin.","tags":"","route":"/companies/pharmamar/","cancers":"sclc sarcoma"},{"id":"henlius","kind":"company","name":"Shanghai Henlius Biotech","aka":"","tldr":"Chinese biosimilar and biologics company whose PD-1 antibody serplulimab is approved in China and Europe for small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"china","route":"/companies/henlius/","cancers":"sclc"},{"id":"chemo-io-then-maintenance-sclc","kind":"pairing","name":"Chemo-immunotherapy induction → maintenance intensification (SCLC)","aka":"","tldr":"Chemo-immunotherapy followed by maintenance in small-cell lung cancer gives four cycles of chemotherapy plus immunotherapy, then keeps the immunotherapy going and adds a second drug to hold the disease longer.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/chemo-io-then-maintenance-sclc/","cancers":"sclc"},{"id":"tarlatamab-vs-idxd-sequence","kind":"pairing","name":"Sequencing DLL3 engager and B7-H3 ADC in relapsed SCLC","aka":"","tldr":"Two new relapsed-disease options with different targets and mechanisms. Which comes first, and whether one works after the other, is unknown.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/tarlatamab-vs-idxd-sequence/","cancers":"sclc"},{"id":"idea-sclc-subtype-directed","kind":"idea","name":"Subtype-directed therapy for SCLC (ASCL1 / NEUROD1 / POU2F3 / inflamed)","aka":"","tldr":"Small-cell lung cancer is at least four diseases under the microscope's uniform appearance. Treat each by its transcription-factor subtype.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-sclc-subtype-directed/","cancers":"sclc"},{"id":"idea-mri-surveillance-replaces-pci","kind":"idea","name":"MRI surveillance replaces prophylactic cranial irradiation in SCLC","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of irradiating every patient's brain to prevent metastases, scan regularly and treat the few who develop them with focused radiation.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-mri-surveillance-replaces-pci/","cancers":"sclc"},{"id":"checkmate-743","kind":"trial","name":"CheckMate 743","aka":"","tldr":"CheckMate 743 was the first immunotherapy trial to lengthen survival in mesothelioma, and gave the first new first-line option in 16 years.","tags":"","route":"/trials/checkmate-743/","status":"positive","cancers":"mesothelioma pleural-mesothelioma"},{"id":"keynote-483","kind":"trial","name":"IND.227 / KEYNOTE-483","aka":"","tldr":"Showed that adding a PD-1 blocker to standard chemotherapy helps in mesothelioma, giving a second immunotherapy-based first-line option.","tags":"","route":"/trials/keynote-483/","status":"positive","cancers":"mesothelioma pleural-mesothelioma"},{"id":"maps","kind":"trial","name":"MAPS","aka":"","tldr":"In MAPS, adding the anti-VEGF antibody bevacizumab to chemotherapy lengthened survival by about three months, the first improvement after pemetrexed.","tags":"","route":"/trials/maps/","status":"positive","cancers":"mesothelioma"},{"id":"mars-2","kind":"trial","name":"MARS 2","aka":"","tldr":"MARS 2 is the trial that overturned decades of surgical practice: removing the lining of the lung did not help patients live longer and left them worse off.","tags":"lesson:surgery-without-evidence","route":"/trials/mars-2/","status":"negative","cancers":"mesothelioma pleural-mesothelioma"},{"id":"lume-meso","kind":"trial","name":"LUME-Meso","aka":"","tldr":"LUME-Meso randomised 458 patients with epithelioid pleural mesothelioma to first-line cisplatin and pemetrexed with nintedanib or placebo. The phase 2 progression signal for the multi-kinase inhibitor vanished in phase 3, with no delay in progression and no gain in life, a lesson in the unreliability of small phase 2 signals in this disease.","tags":"lesson:phase-2-pfs-signal","route":"/trials/lume-meso/","status":"negative","cancers":"mesothelioma"},{"id":"beat-meso","kind":"trial","name":"BEAT-meso (ETOP 13-18)","aka":"","tldr":"Adding atezolizumab to bevacizumab-chemotherapy slowed progression but did not lengthen survival overall; it did help patients with non-epithelioid tumours.","tags":"","route":"/trials/beat-meso/","status":"mixed","cancers":"mesothelioma"},{"id":"dream3r","kind":"trial","name":"DREAM3R","aka":"","tldr":"The phase 3 test of durvalumab with chemotherapy was stopped early and did not meet its goal, despite an encouraging earlier study.","tags":"lesson:single-arm-to-phase-3","route":"/trials/dream3r/","status":"negative","cancers":"mesothelioma"},{"id":"stellar","kind":"trial","name":"STELLAR","aka":"","tldr":"STELLAR is the small single-arm study behind the device approval of tumour treating fields in mesothelioma.","tags":"","route":"/trials/stellar/","status":"positive","cancers":"mesothelioma"},{"id":"pemetrexed","kind":"drug","name":"Pemetrexed","aka":"","tldr":"Pemetrexed is the chemotherapy that, with a platinum drug, became the first approved treatment for mesothelioma in 2004, and is still the backbone today.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/pemetrexed/","status":"approved","cancers":"mesothelioma nsclc"},{"id":"nintedanib","kind":"drug","name":"Nintedanib","aka":"","tldr":"Nintedanib is a triple angiokinase inhibitor pill (VEGFR, FGFR, PDGFR) approved for pulmonary fibrosis and, in the EU, for second-line lung adenocarcinoma with docetaxel. In mesothelioma the phase 2 part of LUME-Meso suggested slower progression in epithelioid disease, but the phase 3 part showed none, a much-cited warning about small randomised phase 2 signals.","tags":"failure lesson:phase-2-pfs-signal","route":"/drugs/nintedanib/","status":"approved","cancers":"mesothelioma lung-cancer lung-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"pleurectomy-decortication","kind":"technology","name":"Extended pleurectomy/decortication & radical mesothelioma surgery","aka":"","tldr":"Pleurectomy and decortication are operations that strip the tumour-bearing lining from the lung and chest wall. They were long assumed to help; the MARS 2 trial showed they do not.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/pleurectomy-decortication/","status":"historic","cancers":"mesothelioma"},{"id":"epithelioid-vs-sarcomatoid","kind":"term","name":"Epithelioid vs sarcomatoid (biphasic) mesothelioma","aka":"","tldr":"Mesothelioma comes in a slower 'epithelioid' form and an aggressive 'sarcomatoid' form. Chemotherapy works better in the first; immunotherapy helps most in the second.","tags":"","route":"/terms/epithelioid-vs-sarcomatoid/","cancers":"mesothelioma"},{"id":"histology-directs-first-line-meso","kind":"pairing","name":"Histology → first-line choice in mesothelioma","aka":"","tldr":"Read the tumour type under the microscope first: non-epithelioid tumours should get immunotherapy up front; epithelioid tumours can reasonably get either immunotherapy or chemo-immunotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/histology-directs-first-line-meso/","cancers":"mesothelioma"},{"id":"idea-adc-for-mesothelioma","kind":"idea","name":"Antibody-drug conjugates for mesothelioma: why they have failed so far and how they could work","aka":"","tldr":"Nearly every mesothelioma carries the surface protein mesothelin, yet the one antibody-drug conjugate tried in a randomised trial did no better than chemotherapy. The idea is to fix the three reasons it failed rather than abandon the approach.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-adc-for-mesothelioma/","cancers":"mesothelioma"},{"id":"idea-mtap-prmt5-mesothelioma","kind":"idea","name":"PRMT5/MAT2A synthetic lethality for MTAP-deleted mesothelioma","aka":"","tldr":"About half of mesotheliomas have lost a gene called MTAP. That loss creates a weakness that new PRMT5 inhibitors are designed to exploit.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-mtap-prmt5-mesothelioma/","cancers":"mesothelioma"},{"id":"idea-mesothelin-car-t-regional","kind":"idea","name":"Regionally delivered mesothelin CAR-T with PD-1 blockade","aka":"","tldr":"Deliver engineered T cells directly into the chest cavity where mesothelioma grows, and give immunotherapy to keep them working.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-mesothelin-car-t-regional/","cancers":"mesothelioma"},{"id":"niagara","kind":"trial","name":"NIAGARA","aka":"","tldr":"The first immunotherapy shown to improve survival when given around bladder-removal surgery.","tags":"","route":"/trials/niagara/","status":"positive","cancers":"urothelial muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer"},{"id":"ev-303","kind":"trial","name":"EV-303 / KEYNOTE-905","aka":"EV-303\nKEYNOTE-905","tldr":"For patients who cannot have cisplatin, the ADC-immunotherapy pair around surgery cut the risk of recurrence or death by 60% and the risk of death by half.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ev-303/","status":"positive","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"ev-304","kind":"trial","name":"EV-304 / KEYNOTE-B15","aka":"EV-304\nKEYNOTE-B15","tldr":"The trial that could replace chemotherapy before bladder removal in fit patients with an ADC plus immunotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ev-304/","status":"positive","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"checkmate-274","kind":"trial","name":"CheckMate 274","aka":"","tldr":"A year of nivolumab after bladder or upper-tract surgery reduces recurrence and, with long follow-up, extends life.","tags":"","route":"/trials/checkmate-274/","status":"positive","cancers":"urothelial muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer"},{"id":"potomac","kind":"trial","name":"POTOMAC","aka":"","tldr":"Adding a year of durvalumab to standard BCG bladder instillations cut the risk of recurrence or progression by about a third, the first systemic immunotherapy approved in early bladder cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/potomac/","status":"positive","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"sunrise-1","kind":"trial","name":"SunRISe-1","aka":"","tldr":"A tiny pretzel-shaped device that slowly releases chemotherapy inside the bladder cleared carcinoma in situ in over 80% of patients whose BCG had failed.","tags":"","route":"/trials/sunrise-1/","status":"positive","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"bond-003","kind":"trial","name":"BOND-003","aka":"","tldr":"A cancer-killing virus instilled into the bladder produced complete responses in three quarters of patients whose BCG had failed, with almost no serious side effects.","tags":"","route":"/trials/bond-003/","status":"positive","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"quilt-3-032","kind":"trial","name":"QUILT 3.032","aka":"","tldr":"An IL-15 booster given with BCG produced complete responses in about 70% of patients with BCG-unresponsive carcinoma in situ and kept most bladders intact for years.","tags":"","route":"/trials/quilt-3-032/","status":"positive","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"thor","kind":"trial","name":"THOR","aka":"","tldr":"The first targeted pill to lengthen survival in bladder cancer, for the fifth of tumours with FGFR alterations.","tags":"","route":"/trials/thor/","status":"positive","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"javelin-bladder-100","kind":"trial","name":"JAVELIN Bladder 100","aka":"","tldr":"Starting immunotherapy right after chemotherapy, rather than waiting for relapse, lengthened survival by about seven months.","tags":"","route":"/trials/javelin-bladder-100/","status":"positive","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"bcg-intravesical","kind":"drug","name":"Intravesical BCG","aka":"","tldr":"A weakened tuberculosis vaccine put directly into the bladder. Since 1976 it has been the most effective treatment for early bladder cancer, and it remains in chronic short supply.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/bcg-intravesical/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"tar-200","kind":"drug","name":"Gemcitabine intravesical system (TAR-200)","aka":"","tldr":"TAR-200 is a small pretzel-shaped device placed in the bladder that releases gemcitabine for three weeks at a time. It was approved in 2025 for early bladder cancer that no longer responds to BCG.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/tar-200/","status":"approved","cancers":"urothelial non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer"},{"id":"cretostimogene","kind":"drug","name":"Cretostimogene grenadenorepvec","aka":"","tldr":"Cretostimogene is a virus engineered to multiply only in bladder cancer cells with a broken RB pathway, instilled into the bladder. It cleared carcinoma in situ in 75% of BCG-unresponsive patients.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/cretostimogene/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"urothelial non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer"},{"id":"nogapendekin-alfa","kind":"drug","name":"Nogapendekin alfa inbakicept","aka":"ALT-803\nNAI\nnogapendekin-alfa-inbakicept","tldr":"Nogapendekin alfa inbakicept is an engineered version of the immune-boosting protein IL-15, given with BCG into the bladder, approved in 2024 for early bladder cancer that BCG alone no longer controls.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/nogapendekin-alfa/","status":"approved","cancers":"urothelial non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer"},{"id":"nadofaragene-firadenovec","kind":"drug","name":"Nadofaragene firadenovec","aka":"","tldr":"Nadofaragene firadenovec is the first gene therapy for bladder cancer: a virus that makes bladder cells produce interferon for weeks, given once every three months.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/nadofaragene-firadenovec/","status":"approved","cancers":"urothelial non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer"},{"id":"erdafitinib","kind":"drug","name":"Erdafitinib","aka":"","tldr":"The first targeted pill for bladder cancer, for the roughly 20% of tumours with FGFR3 alterations, used after immunotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/erdafitinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"urothelial muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer"},{"id":"avelumab","kind":"drug","name":"Avelumab","aka":"","tldr":"Avelumab is a PD-L1 blocker given as maintenance after chemotherapy for advanced bladder cancer, which lengthened survival by about seven months.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/avelumab/","status":"approved","cancers":"urothelial rcc merkel-cell-carcinoma tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"zelenectide-pevedotin","kind":"drug","name":"Zelenectide pevedotin","aka":"","tldr":"A tiny peptide instead of an antibody carries the same payload as Padcev to Nectin-4, with far less rash and neuropathy in early data, but its developer stepped back in 2026.","tags":"lesson:trial-design-registration","route":"/drugs/zelenectide-pevedotin/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"bcg-and-intravesical-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Intravesical therapy (BCG, chemotherapy, devices, gene and viral therapy)","aka":"","tldr":"Treating early bladder cancer by putting the drug straight into the bladder through a catheter, so the whole body is spared.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/bcg-and-intravesical-therapy/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"urothelial non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer"},{"id":"cystoscopy-turbt","kind":"technology","name":"Cystoscopy, blue-light imaging & TURBT","aka":"","tldr":"Cystoscopy and TURBT mean looking inside the bladder with a camera and shaving off tumours through the urethra. Blue-light dyes make flat tumours easier to see.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/cystoscopy-turbt/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"nmibc-vs-mibc","kind":"term","name":"Non-muscle-invasive vs muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC / MIBC)","aka":"muscle invasive\nMIBC\nnon-muscle-invasive\nnon-muscle invasive\nNMIBC\nNMIBC risk group\nhigh-risk NMIBC\nT1 high-grade\nBCG-naive\nBCG-exposed\nmuscle-invasive","tldr":"Bladder cancer is divided by whether it has grown into the bladder's muscle wall. Before that, it is treated inside the bladder; after, the bladder is usually removed or irradiated.","tags":"","route":"/terms/nmibc-vs-mibc/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"bcg-unresponsive","kind":"term","name":"BCG-unresponsive","aka":"","tldr":"The FDA's definition of early bladder cancer that has failed adequate BCG treatment, the population in which most new bladder drugs are first approved.","tags":"","route":"/terms/bcg-unresponsive/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"fgfr3","kind":"term","name":"FGFR3 alterations (bladder cancer)","aka":"","tldr":"FGFR3 is a growth-receptor gene mutated or fused in about a fifth of advanced bladder cancers and most low-grade early ones. It is the only targetable biomarker in bladder cancer so far.","tags":"","route":"/terms/fgfr3/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"cg-oncology","kind":"company","name":"CG Oncology","aka":"","tldr":"CG Oncology developed cretostimogene, the oncolytic virus for early bladder cancer, and is filing for approval in 2026.","tags":"","route":"/companies/cg-oncology/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"immunitybio","kind":"company","name":"ImmunityBio","aka":"Altor BioScience","tldr":"ImmunityBio makes Anktiva, the IL-15 superagonist approved with BCG for bladder cancer in 2024.","tags":"","route":"/companies/immunitybio/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"ferring","kind":"company","name":"Ferring Pharmaceuticals","aka":"","tldr":"Ferring is the private Swiss pharma that brought the first bladder cancer gene therapy, Adstiladrin, to market.","tags":"","route":"/companies/ferring/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"bicycle-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Bicycle Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Inventor of bicyclic peptide drug conjugates; its lead Nectin-4 conjugate was deprioritised in 2026 after regulatory feedback.","tags":"","route":"/companies/bicycle-therapeutics/"},{"id":"ev-pembro-continuum","kind":"pairing","name":"Enfortumab vedotin + pembrolizumab across the bladder cancer continuum","aka":"","tldr":"The ADC-immunotherapy pair that doubled survival in advanced disease now also works around surgery, in fit and unfit patients alike.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/ev-pembro-continuum/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"durvalumab-plus-bcg","kind":"pairing","name":"Durvalumab + BCG in BCG-naive high-risk NMIBC","aka":"","tldr":"Systemic immunotherapy layered on top of bladder BCG reduced recurrence, at the cost of systemic side effects in a disease usually treated locally.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/durvalumab-plus-bcg/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"idea-bladder-preservation-mibc","kind":"idea","name":"Bladder preservation for MIBC after perioperative EV + pembrolizumab complete response","aka":"","tldr":"If the ADC-immunotherapy combination erases the tumour in more than half of patients before surgery, some may not need their bladder removed at all.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bladder-preservation-mibc/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"idea-urine-ctdna-surveillance","kind":"idea","name":"Urine tumour DNA to replace surveillance cystoscopy in NMIBC","aka":"","tldr":"Bladder cancer sheds tumour DNA straight into urine. A urine test every few months could replace part of the surveillance cystoscopy schedule that patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer follow for years, doubling the interval between camera examinations when the test is negative.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-urine-ctdna-surveillance/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"checkmate-214","kind":"trial","name":"CheckMate 214","aka":"","tldr":"CheckMate 214 is the trial that brought dual immunotherapy to kidney cancer, with a survival advantage still visible eight years later and a fifth of patients in long-term remission.","tags":"","route":"/trials/checkmate-214/","status":"positive","cancers":"rcc clear-cell-rcc"},{"id":"keynote-426","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-426","aka":"","tldr":"The first immunotherapy plus targeted-pill combination for kidney cancer, improving survival across all risk groups.","tags":"","route":"/trials/keynote-426/","status":"positive","cancers":"rcc clear-cell-rcc"},{"id":"checkmate-9er","kind":"trial","name":"CheckMate 9ER","aka":"","tldr":"Nivolumab with cabozantinib doubled progression-free survival versus sunitinib and lengthened life, with quality of life preserved.","tags":"","route":"/trials/checkmate-9er/","status":"positive","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"clear","kind":"trial","name":"CLEAR (KEYNOTE-581)","aka":"","tldr":"The combination with the longest progression-free survival ever reported in first-line kidney cancer, at nearly two years.","tags":"","route":"/trials/clear/","status":"positive","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"keynote-564","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-564","aka":"","tldr":"The first drug to help kidney cancer patients live longer after surgery, and the first adjuvant immunotherapy in any solid tumour to show an overall survival gain.","tags":"","route":"/trials/keynote-564/","status":"positive","cancers":"rcc clear-cell-rcc"},{"id":"litespark-022","kind":"trial","name":"LITESPARK-022","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the HIF-2α pill to a year of adjuvant pembrolizumab further reduced recurrence, and became the first adjuvant combination approved in kidney cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/litespark-022/","status":"positive","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"litespark-005","kind":"trial","name":"LITESPARK-005","aka":"","tldr":"The HIF-2α inhibitor beat the old standard everolimus after immunotherapy and targeted therapy had failed, with durable responses in a subset.","tags":"","route":"/trials/litespark-005/","status":"positive","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"litespark-012","kind":"trial","name":"LITESPARK-012","aka":"","tldr":"Adding belzutifan to first-line lenvatinib-pembrolizumab did not deliver, a reminder that later-line success does not guarantee first-line benefit.","tags":"lesson:first-line-intensification","route":"/trials/litespark-012/","status":"negative","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"cosmic-313","kind":"trial","name":"COSMIC-313","aka":"","tldr":"The first triplet trial in kidney cancer slowed progression but did not help patients live longer, and added toxicity.","tags":"lesson:pfs-without-os","route":"/trials/cosmic-313/","status":"mixed","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"contact-03","kind":"trial","name":"CONTACT-03","aka":"","tldr":"Continuing immunotherapy after it has failed, alongside a targeted pill, added nothing but side effects. The first definitive test of 'IO rechallenge'.","tags":"lesson:io-rechallenge","route":"/trials/contact-03/","status":"negative","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"tinivo-2","kind":"trial","name":"TiNivo-2","aka":"","tldr":"A second trial confirming that restarting immunotherapy after it fails does not help kidney cancer patients.","tags":"lesson:io-rechallenge","route":"/trials/tinivo-2/","status":"negative","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"axitinib","kind":"drug","name":"Axitinib","aka":"","tldr":"Axitinib is a selective VEGF-receptor pill, now given mainly with pembrolizumab or avelumab as first-line kidney cancer treatment.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/axitinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"rcc clear-cell-rcc adenoid-cystic-carcinoma"},{"id":"tivozanib","kind":"drug","name":"Tivozanib","aka":"","tldr":"Tivozanib is a VEGF-receptor pill that hits VEGFR1 to 3 with little off-target kinase activity, so it is better tolerated than other anti-angiogenic pills, though hypertension and fatigue remain common. It is approved for kidney cancer after two or more prior treatments, and its TiNivo-2 trial showed that restarting immunotherapy after failure adds nothing.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/tivozanib/","status":"approved","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"partial-nephrectomy-active-surveillance","kind":"technology","name":"Partial nephrectomy, ablation & active surveillance of small renal masses","aka":"","tldr":"Most small kidney tumours found on scans grow slowly. Options range from watching them, to freezing or heating them, to removing just the tumour and keeping the kidney.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/partial-nephrectomy-active-surveillance/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"caix-pet","kind":"technology","name":"CAIX PET (89Zr-girentuximab)","aka":"","tldr":"CAIX PET is a scan using an antibody against a protein almost unique to clear-cell kidney cancer, to tell cancer from benign kidney lumps without a biopsy.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/caix-pet/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"imdc-risk","kind":"term","name":"IMDC risk groups (favourable / intermediate / poor)","aka":"","tldr":"The IMDC score uses six factors to sort metastatic kidney cancer into three risk groups. It decides whether dual immunotherapy or immunotherapy plus a targeted pill is offered first.","tags":"","route":"/terms/imdc-risk/","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"sarcomatoid-rcc","kind":"term","name":"Sarcomatoid differentiation (RCC)","aka":"","tldr":"A spindle-cell change found in about 10% of kidney cancers that makes them aggressive and, unexpectedly, unusually responsive to immunotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/terms/sarcomatoid-rcc/","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"aveo","kind":"company","name":"AVEO Oncology (LG Chem)","aka":"","tldr":"AVEO Oncology is a Boston company that developed tivozanib (Fotivda), a VEGF-receptor blocking pill used in relapsed kidney cancer, and was acquired by LG Chem in 2023. Its one marketed product now faces first-line immunotherapy combinations, and the TiNivo-2 rechallenge trial was negative.","tags":"","route":"/companies/aveo/","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"io-rechallenge-caution-rcc","kind":"pairing","name":"Caution: PD-1 rechallenge after progression on immunotherapy (RCC)","aka":"","tldr":"Restarting immunotherapy alongside a targeted pill after immunotherapy has already failed adds side effects and no benefit.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/io-rechallenge-caution-rcc/","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"risk-directed-first-line-rcc","kind":"pairing","name":"IMDC risk → first-line regimen choice (RCC)","aka":"","tldr":"A simple clinical score decides between two immunotherapies together or one immunotherapy with a targeted pill.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/risk-directed-first-line-rcc/","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"idea-adjuvant-selection-rcc","kind":"idea","name":"Biomarker-selected adjuvant therapy in RCC (ctDNA, CAIX PET, gene signatures)","aka":"","tldr":"Adjuvant immunotherapy after kidney cancer surgery is given to everyone at high pathological risk although most would never relapse, so a year of toxicity is spread across the whole group to help a minority. A biomarker such as CAIX PET or kidney-specific tumour DNA could pick out the few who need it.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-adjuvant-selection-rcc/","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"idea-caix-theranostics","kind":"idea","name":"CAIX theranostics: 89Zr-girentuximab PET and 177Lu/225Ac-girentuximab therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Almost every clear-cell kidney cancer carries the CAIX protein. Image it with one radioactive antibody, then treat with the same antibody carrying a therapeutic isotope.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-caix-theranostics/","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"solo-1","kind":"trial","name":"SOLO-1","aka":"","tldr":"Two years of an olaparib pill after chemotherapy made a large share of women with BRCA-mutated ovarian cancer long-term survivors.","tags":"","route":"/trials/solo-1/","status":"positive","cancers":"ovarian high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer platinum-sensitive-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"prima","kind":"trial","name":"PRIMA / ENGOT-OV26","aka":"","tldr":"Extended PARP maintenance to women without BRCA mutations, but the survival benefit did not materialise on longer follow-up.","tags":"","route":"/trials/prima/","status":"mixed","cancers":"ovarian high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer platinum-sensitive-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"paola-1","kind":"trial","name":"PAOLA-1 / ENGOT-ov25","aka":"","tldr":"Adding olaparib to bevacizumab maintenance roughly doubled progression-free time in tumours with faulty DNA repair, and improved survival in that group.","tags":"","route":"/trials/paola-1/","status":"positive","cancers":"ovarian high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer platinum-sensitive-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"athena-mono","kind":"trial","name":"ATHENA-MONO / GOG-3020","aka":"","tldr":"A third PARP inhibitor showed the same pattern: longer disease control after first-line chemotherapy, biggest in tumours with faulty DNA repair.","tags":"","route":"/trials/athena-mono/","status":"positive","cancers":"ovarian platinum-sensitive-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"duo-o","kind":"trial","name":"DUO-O / ENGOT-ov46","aka":"","tldr":"Adding immunotherapy and olaparib to bevacizumab slowed progression but has not improved survival, and the regimen is not approved.","tags":"","route":"/trials/duo-o/","status":"mixed","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"gog-0218-icon7","kind":"trial","name":"GOG-0218 & ICON7 (bevacizumab)","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the blood-vessel blocker bevacizumab to first-line chemotherapy delayed relapse by a few months but did not extend life overall.","tags":"","route":"/trials/gog-0218-icon7/","status":"mixed","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"ovhipec-1","kind":"trial","name":"OVHIPEC-1","aka":"","tldr":"Washing the abdomen with heated chemotherapy during interval surgery extended survival by about a year.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ovhipec-1/","status":"positive","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"desktop-iii","kind":"trial","name":"DESKTOP III / ENGOT-ov20","aka":"","tldr":"Operating again at first relapse, in carefully selected women, added about seven months of life.","tags":"","route":"/trials/desktop-iii/","status":"positive","cancers":"ovarian high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer platinum-sensitive-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"mirasol","kind":"trial","name":"MIRASOL / GOG-3045","aka":"","tldr":"The first ADC to extend life in ovarian cancer, for the roughly one-third of tumours with high folate receptor alpha.","tags":"","route":"/trials/mirasol/","status":"positive","cancers":"ovarian platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"rosella","kind":"trial","name":"ROSELLA / GOG-3073","aka":"","tldr":"Blocking cortisol signalling in tumour cells made chemotherapy work better and extended life in resistant ovarian cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/rosella/","status":"positive","cancers":"ovarian platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"keynote-b96","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-B96 / ENGOT-ov65","aka":"","tldr":"After a decade of failures, the first immunotherapy trial to extend survival in ovarian cancer, leading to the first checkpoint-inhibitor approval in the disease.","tags":"","route":"/trials/keynote-b96/","status":"positive","cancers":"ovarian platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"ramp-201","kind":"trial","name":"RAMP 201","aka":"","tldr":"RAMP 201 produced the first approved treatment designed for low-grade serous ovarian cancer, a slow-growing type driven by the RAS pathway that shrugs off chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ramp-201/","status":"positive","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"rejoice-ovarian01","kind":"trial","name":"REJOICE-Ovarian01","aka":"","tldr":"Tests whether a CDH6-targeting ADC with Enhertu's payload can beat chemotherapy in resistant ovarian cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/rejoice-ovarian01/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"rainfol-01","kind":"trial","name":"RAINFOL-01 (Rina-S)","aka":"","tldr":"A next-generation folate-receptor ADC that works even in tumours with low folate receptor, with responses in both ovarian and endometrial cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/rainfol-01/","status":"active","cancers":"ovarian endometrial"},{"id":"ukctocs","kind":"trial","name":"UKCTOCS","aka":"","tldr":"The largest screening trial ever run for ovarian cancer found earlier detection but no reduction in deaths, so there is still no recommended screening.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ukctocs/","status":"negative","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"rucaparib","kind":"drug","name":"Rucaparib","aka":"","tldr":"A PARP inhibitor for BRCA-mutated ovarian and prostate cancer whose original maker went bankrupt; still available, with a narrowed label.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/rucaparib/","status":"approved","cancers":"ovarian prostate high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer platinum-sensitive-ovarian-cancer pancreatic brca-palb2-pdac"},{"id":"avutometinib-defactinib","kind":"drug","name":"Avutometinib + defactinib","aka":"Avutometinib\nDefactinib\nAvutometinib and defactinib","tldr":"Avutometinib plus defactinib is the first treatment approved specifically for low-grade serous ovarian cancer, a slow-growing type driven by the RAS pathway.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/avutometinib-defactinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"ovarian low-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"trabectedin","kind":"drug","name":"Trabectedin","aka":"","tldr":"A chemotherapy derived from a sea squirt, used with liposomal doxorubicin in relapsed ovarian cancer in Europe and for sarcomas.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/trabectedin/","status":"approved","cancers":"ovarian sarcoma leiomyosarcoma liposarcoma"},{"id":"pegylated-liposomal-doxorubicin","kind":"drug","name":"Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin","aka":"","tldr":"Doxorubicin wrapped in a fatty bubble so it reaches tumours with less heart damage; a workhorse of relapsed ovarian cancer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/pegylated-liposomal-doxorubicin/","status":"approved","cancers":"ovarian multiple-myeloma sarcoma"},{"id":"luveltamab-tazevibulin","kind":"drug","name":"Luveltamab tazevibulin","aka":"","tldr":"A folate-receptor ADC designed to work across low and high receptor levels, in a pivotal ovarian cancer trial.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/luveltamab-tazevibulin/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"ovarian endometrial"},{"id":"rinatabart-sesutecan","kind":"drug","name":"Rinatabart sesutecan","aka":"","tldr":"Rinatabart sesutecan is a next-generation folate-receptor ADC with a topoisomerase payload that responds in both ovarian and endometrial cancer regardless of receptor level.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/rinatabart-sesutecan/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"ovarian endometrial"},{"id":"karyopharm","kind":"company","name":"Karyopharm Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Karyopharm makes selinexor, the first nuclear export inhibitor, approved in myeloma; its endometrial cancer bet failed in 2026.","tags":"","route":"/companies/karyopharm/"},{"id":"ca-125","kind":"term","name":"CA-125","aka":"","tldr":"A blood protein that rises in most ovarian cancers; useful for tracking treatment, useless for screening on its own.","tags":"","route":"/terms/ca-125/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"lgsoc","kind":"term","name":"Low-grade serous ovarian cancer (LGSOC)","aka":"","tldr":"Low-grade serous ovarian cancer is a slow-growing, RAS-driven type of ovarian cancer that resists chemotherapy but responds to hormone blockers and MEK-pathway drugs.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lgsoc/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"hgsoc","kind":"term","name":"High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC)","aka":"","tldr":"High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma is the most common type of ovarian cancer and the one most often found late; it actually starts in the fallopian tube and almost always has a broken TP53 gene, and it is the type PARP inhibitors were built for.","tags":"","route":"/terms/hgsoc/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"risk-reducing-salpingectomy","kind":"technology","name":"Risk-reducing and opportunistic salpingectomy","aka":"","tldr":"Removing the fallopian tubes, where most ovarian cancer starts, during other pelvic surgery or in women at inherited risk.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/risk-reducing-salpingectomy/","status":"established","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"parp-plus-bevacizumab","kind":"pairing","name":"PARP inhibitor + bevacizumab maintenance (HRD-positive)","aka":"","tldr":"In tumours with faulty DNA repair, adding olaparib to bevacizumab maintenance roughly doubled progression-free time and improved survival.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/parp-plus-bevacizumab/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"hipec-at-interval-surgery","kind":"pairing","name":"HIPEC at interval cytoreductive surgery","aka":"","tldr":"Heated intraperitoneal cisplatin during interval surgery, after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, extends survival in stage III disease.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/hipec-at-interval-surgery/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"caution-pd1-first-line-ovarian","kind":"pairing","name":"Caution: checkpoint inhibitors in first-line ovarian cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Immunotherapy added to first-line chemotherapy has failed to extend survival in ovarian cancer in every large trial so far; its only win is in PD-L1-positive platinum-resistant disease.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/caution-pd1-first-line-ovarian/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"idea-fra-adc-sequencing-ovarian","kind":"idea","name":"Sequence folate-receptor ADCs by payload class","aka":"","tldr":"Three FRα ADCs carry different poisons (tubulin, hemiasterlin, topoisomerase). Use them in sequence rather than treating them as interchangeable.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fra-adc-sequencing-ovarian/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"idea-ctdna-guided-parp-duration","kind":"idea","name":"ctDNA-guided duration of PARP maintenance","aka":"","tldr":"Stop PARP inhibitors early in women whose blood shows no residual tumour DNA, and extend or switch in those whose ctDNA persists or reverts BRCA.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-ctdna-guided-parp-duration/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"ruby","kind":"trial","name":"RUBY / ENGOT-EN6 / GOG-3031","aka":"","tldr":"Adding immunotherapy to first chemotherapy for advanced endometrial cancer extended life by more than a year on average, most dramatically in tumours with a broken DNA spell-checker.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ruby/","status":"positive","cancers":"endometrial endometrial-mmr-deficient advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer uterine-carcinosarcoma"},{"id":"nrg-gy018-keynote-868","kind":"trial","name":"NRG-GY018 / KEYNOTE-868","aka":"","tldr":"NRG-GY018 is the pembrolizumab twin of RUBY: immunotherapy plus chemotherapy cut the risk of progression by 70% in dMMR tumours and 46% in the rest.","tags":"","route":"/trials/nrg-gy018-keynote-868/","status":"positive","cancers":"endometrial endometrial-mmr-deficient advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer endometrial-nsmp"},{"id":"duo-e","kind":"trial","name":"DUO-E / GOG-3041 / ENGOT-EN10","aka":"","tldr":"A third immunotherapy confirmed the benefit in dMMR disease and hinted that adding olaparib helps the mismatch-repair-proficient majority.","tags":"","route":"/trials/duo-e/","status":"positive","cancers":"endometrial endometrial-mmr-deficient advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer"},{"id":"keynote-775","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-775 / Study 309","aka":"","tldr":"A pill that blocks tumour blood vessels plus immunotherapy extended survival after chemotherapy, including in tumours that immunotherapy alone does not touch.","tags":"","route":"/trials/keynote-775/","status":"positive","cancers":"endometrial advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer endometrial-nsmp"},{"id":"portec-3","kind":"trial","name":"PORTEC-3","aka":"","tldr":"Adding chemotherapy to radiation after surgery helped women with high-risk endometrial cancer, especially those whose tumours have a broken p53 gene.","tags":"","route":"/trials/portec-3/","status":"positive","cancers":"endometrial endometrial-p53-abnormal endometrial-pole-ultramutated endometrial-nsmp"},{"id":"destiny-pantumor02","kind":"trial","name":"DESTINY-PanTumor02","aka":"","tldr":"DESTINY-PanTumor02 gave the HER2-directed antibody-drug conjugate Enhertu to 267 patients in seven cohorts of HER2-expressing solid tumours, endometrial and cervical cancer among them. Endometrial cancer responded best, and in April 2024 the FDA granted the first tumour-agnostic HER2 approval, for tumours with the strongest HER2 staining and no satisfactory alternative.","tags":"","route":"/trials/destiny-pantumor02/","status":"positive","cancers":"endometrial cervical endometrial-p53-abnormal uterine-carcinosarcoma recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"xport-ec-042","kind":"trial","name":"XPORT-EC-042 / ENGOT-EN20 / GOG-3083","aka":"","tldr":"XPORT-EC-042 tested maintenance selinexor against placebo in TP53-normal advanced endometrial cancer after response to platinum chemotherapy, chasing a subgroup finding from the earlier SIENDO trial. It missed its primary endpoint in July 2026: a trend favoured selinexor but did not reach statistical significance, a lesson in the limits of post-hoc biomarker subgroups.","tags":"failure lesson:subgroup","route":"/trials/xport-ec-042/","status":"negative","cancers":"endometrial advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer endometrial-nsmp"},{"id":"fires-sentor","kind":"trial","name":"FIRES & SENTOR (sentinel node mapping)","aka":"","tldr":"Mapping and removing only the first draining lymph nodes finds spread as reliably as removing all of them, with far less lymphoedema.","tags":"","route":"/trials/fires-sentor/","status":"positive","cancers":"endometrial"},{"id":"selinexor","kind":"drug","name":"Selinexor","aka":"","tldr":"Selinexor is a first-in-class pill that traps tumour-suppressor proteins inside the nucleus; approved in myeloma, it failed its endometrial cancer test in 2026.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/selinexor/","status":"approved","cancers":"endometrial multiple-myeloma dlbcl myeloma-relapsed-refractory"},{"id":"megestrol-progestins","kind":"drug","name":"Progestins (megestrol acetate, medroxyprogesterone, levonorgestrel IUD)","aka":"Levonorgestrel\nLevonorgestrel intrauterine device\nMegestrol acetate\nMedroxyprogesterone\nOral progestins","tldr":"Progesterone-like hormones that can reverse early endometrial cancer in women who want to keep their uterus, and control advanced hormone-sensitive disease.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/megestrol-progestins/","status":"approved","cancers":"endometrial"},{"id":"endometrial-molecular-classes","kind":"term","name":"Endometrial cancer molecular classes (POLEmut, MMRd, p53abn, NSMP)","aka":"ProMisE\nProMisE classifier\nmolecular classification of endometrial cancer\nTCGA endometrial subtypes\nWHO 2020 endometrial molecular classification\nendometrial molecular class\nmolecular class","tldr":"Four groups defined by a few tests that predict outcome better than the microscope: POLE-mutated (excellent), mismatch-repair deficient, p53-abnormal (worst), and 'no specific profile'.","tags":"","route":"/terms/endometrial-molecular-classes/","cancers":"endometrial"},{"id":"fertility-sparing-endometrial","kind":"technology","name":"Fertility-sparing hormonal treatment of early endometrial cancer","aka":"","tldr":"For young women with the earliest, low-grade endometrial cancers, progestin pills or a hormonal IUD can clear the cancer and allow pregnancy before a later hysterectomy.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/fertility-sparing-endometrial/","status":"established","cancers":"endometrial"},{"id":"chemo-io-first-line-endometrial","kind":"pairing","name":"Chemotherapy + PD-1/PD-L1 blockade, first-line advanced endometrial cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Three trials with three different antibodies agree: adding immunotherapy to first chemotherapy for advanced endometrial cancer roughly triples progression-free time in dMMR tumours and helps the rest modestly.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/chemo-io-first-line-endometrial/","cancers":"endometrial"},{"id":"lenvatinib-plus-pembrolizumab","kind":"pairing","name":"Lenvatinib + pembrolizumab (pMMR endometrial cancer after platinum)","aka":"","tldr":"An anti-angiogenic pill makes immunotherapy work in endometrial cancers that would otherwise ignore it, at the cost of significant side effects.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/lenvatinib-plus-pembrolizumab/","cancers":"endometrial"},{"id":"idea-molecular-class-adjuvant-endometrial","kind":"idea","name":"Molecular-class-directed adjuvant therapy in endometrial cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Give adjuvant treatment by the tumour's molecular class rather than by stage and grade: nothing for POLE-mutated, immunotherapy for MMRd, chemotherapy plus targeted agents for p53-abnormal, hormones for NSMP.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-molecular-class-adjuvant-endometrial/","cancers":"endometrial"},{"id":"idea-her2-adc-serous-endometrial","kind":"idea","name":"HER2 ADCs as standard for HER2-positive serous endometrial cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Serous endometrial cancers often overproduce HER2. Enhertu already works in them; testing HER2 in every p53-abnormal tumour and using the ADC earlier could change outcomes for the worst subtype.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-her2-adc-serous-endometrial/","cancers":"endometrial"},{"id":"keynote-a18","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-A18 / ENGOT-cx11 / GOG-3047","aka":"","tldr":"Adding immunotherapy to curative chemoradiation for locally advanced cervical cancer improved both control and survival, the first such advance in two decades.","tags":"","route":"/trials/keynote-a18/","status":"positive","cancers":"cervical locally-advanced-cervical-cancer"},{"id":"interlace","kind":"trial","name":"INTERLACE","aka":"","tldr":"Six weeks of cheap, generic chemotherapy before standard chemoradiation cut deaths by 40%, an advance usable anywhere in the world.","tags":"","route":"/trials/interlace/","status":"positive","cancers":"cervical locally-advanced-cervical-cancer"},{"id":"keynote-826","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-826","aka":"","tldr":"Added nearly ten months of life for women with advanced cervical cancer and made immunotherapy part of first-line treatment.","tags":"","route":"/trials/keynote-826/","status":"positive","cancers":"cervical recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer"},{"id":"beatcc","kind":"trial","name":"BEATcc / ENGOT-Cx10 / GOG-3030","aka":"","tldr":"A second immunotherapy confirmed that adding a checkpoint inhibitor to chemotherapy plus bevacizumab extends life in advanced cervical cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/beatcc/","status":"positive","cancers":"cervical recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer"},{"id":"compassion-16","kind":"trial","name":"COMPASSION-16 / AK104-303","aka":"","tldr":"A two-headed antibody that blocks two immune brakes at once extended survival in advanced cervical cancer regardless of PD-L1 status.","tags":"","route":"/trials/compassion-16/","status":"positive","cancers":"cervical recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer"},{"id":"innovatv-301","kind":"trial","name":"innovaTV 301 / ENGOT-cx12 / GOG-3057","aka":"","tldr":"The first ADC to extend life in cervical cancer, for women whose disease has come back after chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/trials/innovatv-301/","status":"positive","cancers":"cervical recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer"},{"id":"empower-cervical-1","kind":"trial","name":"EMPOWER-Cervical 1 / GOG-3016 / ENGOT-cx9","aka":"","tldr":"The first immunotherapy to extend life in recurrent cervical cancer, approved in Europe but declined by the FDA.","tags":"","route":"/trials/empower-cervical-1/","status":"positive","cancers":"cervical recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer"},{"id":"outback","kind":"trial","name":"OUTBACK / ANZGOG 0902 / GOG-0274","aka":"","tldr":"Giving extra chemotherapy after chemoradiation added side effects and no survival benefit, so timing matters: chemotherapy helps before radiation (INTERLACE), not after.","tags":"failure lesson:timing","route":"/trials/outback/","status":"negative","cancers":"cervical locally-advanced-cervical-cancer"},{"id":"lacc","kind":"trial","name":"LACC (Laparoscopic Approach to Cervical Cancer)","aka":"","tldr":"Keyhole surgery, assumed equivalent, turned out to be worse: more recurrences and more deaths than open surgery, reversing practice overnight.","tags":"failure lesson:surgical-technique","route":"/trials/lacc/","status":"negative","cancers":"cervical early-cervical-cancer"},{"id":"ken-she","kind":"trial","name":"KEN SHE (single-dose HPV vaccine)","aka":"","tldr":"One shot of HPV vaccine was 97.5% effective against the two most dangerous HPV types, making it realistic to vaccinate the whole world.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ken-she/","status":"positive","cancers":"cervical head-and-neck"},{"id":"senticol-iii","kind":"trial","name":"SENTICOL III","aka":"","tldr":"Tests whether removing only the first draining lymph nodes is safe enough to spare women the lymphoedema of full node removal.","tags":"","route":"/trials/senticol-iii/","status":"active","cancers":"cervical early-cervical-cancer"},{"id":"cisplatin","kind":"drug","name":"Cisplatin","aka":"","tldr":"Cisplatin is the original platinum chemotherapy, discovered by accident in 1965; it cures testicular cancer and makes radiation work better in cervical and head and neck cancer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/cisplatin/","status":"approved","cancers":"cervical head-and-neck urothelial nsclc ovarian pancreatic pancreatoblastoma locally-advanced-cervical-cancer vaginal-adenocarcinoma placental-site-trophoblastic-tumour esthesioneuroblastoma"},{"id":"cadonilimab","kind":"drug","name":"Cadonilimab","aka":"","tldr":"A Chinese two-armed antibody that blocks PD-1 and CTLA-4 together, approved in China for cervical cancer and extending survival even in PD-L1-negative tumours.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/cadonilimab/","status":"approved","cancers":"cervical gastric"},{"id":"gardasil-9","kind":"drug","name":"Nonavalent HPV vaccine","aka":"","tldr":"A vaccine against nine HPV types that prevents about 90% of cervical cancers, and now works with a single dose.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/gardasil-9/","status":"approved","cancers":"cervical head-and-neck anal-hsil-precursor vaginal-squamous-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"cin-hsil","kind":"term","name":"Cervical precancer (CIN, HSIL/LSIL)","aka":"","tldr":"Abnormal cervical cells caused by HPV that can turn into cancer over 10-20 years. Screening finds them; a five-minute procedure removes them.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cin-hsil/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"hpv-testing","kind":"technology","name":"HPV DNA testing and self-sampling","aka":"","tldr":"A swab tested for the virus that causes cervical cancer, more accurate than the Pap smear and doable at home.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/hpv-testing/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"colposcopy-excision","kind":"technology","name":"Colposcopy and excisional treatment (LEEP/LLETZ, cone)","aka":"","tldr":"Looking at the cervix with a magnifier after a positive screen, then removing the abnormal patch with an electric wire loop in a clinic visit.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/colposcopy-excision/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"precancer-ablation","kind":"technology","name":"Thermal ablation and cryotherapy for cervical precancer","aka":"","tldr":"Destroying precancerous cervical cells with a heated or frozen probe in under a minute, the tool that makes screen-and-treat possible where there are no surgeons.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/precancer-ablation/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"induction-chemo-then-crt","kind":"pairing","name":"Induction chemotherapy → chemoradiation (locally advanced cervical cancer)","aka":"","tldr":"Six weeks of cheap chemotherapy before chemoradiation cut deaths by 40% (INTERLACE), while chemotherapy after chemoradiation did nothing (OUTBACK). Order matters.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/induction-chemo-then-crt/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"io-plus-crt-cervical","kind":"pairing","name":"PD-1 blockade + chemoradiation (locally advanced cervical cancer)","aka":"","tldr":"Adding pembrolizumab to curative chemoradiation improved survival in high-risk locally advanced cervical cancer (KEYNOTE-A18); durvalumab in a broader population did not (CALLA).","tags":"","route":"/pairings/io-plus-crt-cervical/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"caution-mis-radical-hysterectomy","kind":"pairing","name":"Caution: minimally invasive radical hysterectomy for early cervical cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Keyhole radical hysterectomy, though less painful, led to more recurrences and deaths than open surgery in the LACC trial. Open surgery is the standard until protective techniques are proven.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/caution-mis-radical-hysterectomy/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"idea-single-dose-hpv-self-sampling-elimination","kind":"idea","name":"Single-dose HPV vaccination plus HPV self-sampling to reach WHO elimination in low-income countries","aka":"","tldr":"One shot for girls and a mail-in swab for women could hit the WHO 90-70-90 targets at a fraction of the cost of the traditional three-dose, clinic-based model.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-single-dose-hpv-self-sampling-elimination/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"idea-hpv-ctdna-cervical","kind":"idea","name":"HPV circulating tumour DNA to guide cervical cancer therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Because cervical tumours carry viral DNA that normal cells do not, a blood test for HPV DNA is a near-perfect tumour marker for tracking response and relapse.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-hpv-ctdna-cervical/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"kura-oncology","kind":"company","name":"Kura Oncology","aka":"","tldr":"Kura Oncology developed ziftomenib, the second menin inhibitor approved for leukaemia (November 2025), in partnership with Kyowa Kirin.","tags":"","route":"/companies/kura-oncology/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"taiho-oncology","kind":"company","name":"Taiho Oncology (Otsuka)","aka":"","tldr":"Taiho Oncology makes Inqovi, the oral decitabine-cedazuridine that in May 2026 became the first all-oral hypomethylating backbone for venetoclax in AML.","tags":"","route":"/companies/taiho-oncology/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"rigel-pharmaceuticals","kind":"company","name":"Rigel Pharmaceuticals","aka":"","tldr":"Commercialises olutasidenib (Rezlidhia), an IDH1 inhibitor for relapsed AML, alongside fostamatinib.","tags":"","route":"/companies/rigel-pharmaceuticals/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"kmt2a","kind":"target","name":"KMT2A (MLL) rearrangement","aka":"KMT2A rearrangement\nKMT2A-rearranged\nKMT2A-r\nKMT2Ar\nKMT2A fusion\nMLL-rearranged\nMLL rearrangement\nMLLr\nMLL-r\n11q23 rearrangement\nKMT2A partner gene","tldr":"A gene fusion that drives an aggressive leukaemia in infants and adults. It cannot be blocked directly, but the scaffold protein it depends on (menin) can.","tags":"driver fusion","route":"/targets/kmt2a/","cancers":"aml all-leukemia"},{"id":"npm1","kind":"target","name":"NPM1 mutation","aka":"","tldr":"NPM1 is the most common mutation in adult leukaemia. It moves a nuclear protein into the cytoplasm and, it turns out, makes the leukaemia dependent on menin.","tags":"driver mrd-marker","route":"/targets/npm1/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"cd22","kind":"target","name":"CD22","aka":"","tldr":"CD22 is a B-cell surface protein and the docking site for the leukaemia ADC inotuzumab ozogamicin.","tags":"adc-target car-t-target","route":"/targets/cd22/","cancers":"all-leukemia dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"btk","kind":"target","name":"BTK (Bruton tyrosine kinase)","aka":"","tldr":"The signalling enzyme that B-cell cancers use to survive. Blocking it turned chronic lymphocytic leukaemia into a disease controlled by a daily pill.","tags":"kinase","route":"/targets/btk/","cancers":"cll dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"bcr-abl","kind":"target","name":"BCR::ABL1 (Philadelphia chromosome)","aka":"","tldr":"The fusion that defines chronic myeloid leukaemia and a quarter of adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia; the first cancer driver ever switched off by a pill.","tags":"driver fusion kinase","route":"/targets/bcr-abl/","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"allogeneic-hsct","kind":"technology","name":"Allogeneic stem cell transplantation","aka":"","tldr":"Allogeneic stem cell transplantation replaces a patient's blood system with a donor's after conditioning chemotherapy, so donor immune cells hunt down leukaemia left behind. It remains the only cure for adverse-risk acute myeloid leukaemia, high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and Richter transformation, at the price of graft-versus-host disease.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/allogeneic-hsct/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"aml all-leukemia cll multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"flow-cytometry-mrd","kind":"technology","name":"Multiparameter flow cytometry MRD","aka":"","tldr":"Flow cytometry MRD counts leukaemia cells in the bone marrow one at a time by their surface proteins, down to one in ten thousand.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/flow-cytometry-mrd/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"aml all-leukemia cll multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma sezary-syndrome mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"ngs-mrd-clonoseq","kind":"technology","name":"NGS-based MRD (clonoSEQ and molecular MRD)","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing the unique genetic barcode of a patient's leukaemia to find one cancer cell in a million.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/ngs-mrd-clonoseq/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"aml all-leukemia cll multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"cytogenetics-fish","kind":"technology","name":"Cytogenetics and FISH","aka":"","tldr":"Looking at the leukaemia's chromosomes under a microscope, or lighting up specific gene breaks with fluorescent probes, to classify risk.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/cytogenetics-fish/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"aml all-leukemia cll nsclc dlbcl follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma malt-lymphoma burkitt-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"bh3-profiling","kind":"technology","name":"BH3 profiling (functional apoptosis testing)","aka":"","tldr":"A lab test that measures how close a leukaemia cell is to self-destructing, and which survival protein is holding it back, to predict response to venetoclax-type drugs.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/bh3-profiling/","status":"emerging","cancers":"aml cll"},{"id":"eln-risk","kind":"term","name":"ELN 2022 risk classification","aka":"ELN 2022 risk group\nELN 2022 genetic risk group\nELN genetic risk\nELN risk group\nELN favourable risk\nELN intermediate risk\nELN adverse risk\nEuropean LeukemiaNet risk\nELN 2017","tldr":"The three-tier system (favourable, intermediate, adverse) that decides how aggressively an adult with AML is treated and whether a transplant is recommended.","tags":"","route":"/terms/eln-risk/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"flt3-itd-allelic-ratio","kind":"term","name":"FLT3-ITD allelic ratio","aka":"","tldr":"How much of the FLT3 gene in the leukaemia carries the internal duplication, measured as the ratio of mutant to normal copies. The 2017 European LeukemiaNet guidelines used it to grade risk; the 2022 update dropped it because midostaurin and quizartinib help regardless of the ratio.","tags":"","route":"/terms/flt3-itd-allelic-ratio/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"ighv-status","kind":"term","name":"IGHV mutational status","aka":"","tldr":"Whether the leukaemia's antibody gene has been 'edited' by the immune system. Unmutated means faster-growing CLL and a bigger benefit from targeted drugs over chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/terms/ighv-status/","cancers":"cll"},{"id":"del17p-tp53","kind":"term","name":"del(17p) / TP53 aberration in CLL","aka":"","tldr":"A del(17p) deletion or TP53 mutation means loss or damage of the p53 safety gene in CLL. These patients should never get chemotherapy; they need BTK inhibitors or venetoclax, usually continuously.","tags":"","route":"/terms/del17p-tp53/","cancers":"cll"},{"id":"richter-transformation","kind":"term","name":"Richter transformation","aka":"","tldr":"When slow CLL suddenly turns into an aggressive lymphoma. Rare, hard to treat, and the focus of new immunotherapy trials.","tags":"","route":"/terms/richter-transformation/","cancers":"cll dlbcl"},{"id":"mrd-negative-cr","kind":"term","name":"MRD-negative complete remission","aka":"","tldr":"MRD-negative complete remission means not just no leukaemia visible under the microscope, but none detectable with tests a thousand times more sensitive. It is the goal of modern leukaemia treatment.","tags":"","route":"/terms/mrd-negative-cr/","cancers":"aml all-leukemia cll multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"tumor-lysis-syndrome","kind":"term","name":"Tumour lysis syndrome (TLS)","aka":"","tldr":"When a treatment kills cancer cells faster than the body can clear their contents, flooding the blood with potassium, phosphate and uric acid and injuring the kidneys and heart. Risk is highest in bulky CLL and high-count AML, which is why venetoclax starts at a tiny dose and ramps up over weeks.","tags":"","route":"/terms/tumor-lysis-syndrome/","cancers":"cll aml all-leukemia burkitt-lymphoma dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"differentiation-syndrome","kind":"term","name":"Differentiation syndrome","aka":"","tldr":"When a targeted drug makes leukaemia cells mature all at once, causing fever, fluid in the lungs, and weight gain. Treatable with steroids if caught early.","tags":"","route":"/terms/differentiation-syndrome/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"ph-positive-all","kind":"term","name":"Ph-positive ALL","aka":"","tldr":"Ph-positive ALL is acute lymphoblastic leukaemia carrying the Philadelphia chromosome. It was once the worst kind and is now often the best-controlled, thanks to TKIs and blinatumomab.","tags":"","route":"/terms/ph-positive-all/","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"azacitidine","kind":"drug","name":"Azacitidine","aka":"","tldr":"A gentle chemotherapy that switches silenced genes back on. With venetoclax it became the standard for older people with AML who cannot take intensive treatment.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/azacitidine/","status":"approved","cancers":"aml aml-older-unfit mds-higher-risk"},{"id":"decitabine-cedazuridine","kind":"drug","name":"Decitabine + cedazuridine (oral)","aka":"Decitabine-cedazuridine\nOral decitabine\nCedazuridine","tldr":"Oral decitabine-cedazuridine is a pill version of the hypomethylating chemotherapy that, since May 2026, lets older AML patients take their whole venetoclax regimen at home.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/decitabine-cedazuridine/","status":"approved","cancers":"aml mds-higher-risk"},{"id":"cytarabine-7-3","kind":"drug","name":"Cytarabine + anthracycline ('7+3')","aka":"","tldr":"The intensive chemotherapy that has induced remission in fit AML patients since 1973: seven days of one drug, three of another. Still the backbone that targeted drugs are added to.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/cytarabine-7-3/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"aml all-leukemia"},{"id":"cpx-351","kind":"drug","name":"CPX-351 (liposomal daunorubicin-cytarabine)","aka":"","tldr":"The two old chemotherapy drugs packed together into tiny fat bubbles at a fixed ratio, which doubled five-year survival in older adults with high-risk AML.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/cpx-351/","status":"approved","cancers":"aml aml-secondary"},{"id":"midostaurin","kind":"drug","name":"Midostaurin","aka":"","tldr":"The first drug to improve survival in FLT3-mutated AML, added to standard chemotherapy: median survival went from about two years to more than six.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/midostaurin/","status":"approved","cancers":"aml systemic-mastocytosis aml-flt3 advanced-systemic-mastocytosis"},{"id":"quizartinib","kind":"drug","name":"Quizartinib","aka":"","tldr":"Quizartinib is a more selective FLT3 blocker that, added to chemotherapy, roughly doubled median survival in the highest-risk FLT3 subtype.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/quizartinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"aml aml-flt3"},{"id":"gilteritinib","kind":"drug","name":"Gilteritinib","aka":"","tldr":"A single pill that beats salvage chemotherapy for relapsed FLT3-mutated AML, and the backbone of the triplets now being tested in frontline disease.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/gilteritinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"aml aml-flt3"},{"id":"enasidenib","kind":"drug","name":"Enasidenib","aka":"","tldr":"Enasidenib is the IDH2 counterpart of ivosidenib, approved in the US for relapsed disease but never approved in Europe after it failed to extend survival in a confirmatory trial.","tags":"confirmatory-trial-negative","route":"/drugs/enasidenib/","status":"approved","cancers":"aml aml-idh sinonasal-undifferentiated-carcinoma"},{"id":"olutasidenib","kind":"drug","name":"Olutasidenib","aka":"","tldr":"Olutasidenib is a second IDH1 inhibitor for relapsed AML, with a higher response rate in its pivotal cohort than ivosidenib had in its own.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/olutasidenib/","status":"approved","cancers":"aml aml-idh"},{"id":"ziftomenib","kind":"drug","name":"Ziftomenib","aka":"","tldr":"Ziftomenib is the second menin inhibitor for leukaemia, approved in November 2025 as a once-daily pill for relapsed NPM1-mutated AML.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/ziftomenib/","status":"approved","cancers":"aml all-leukemia aml-npm1-kmt2a"},{"id":"tagraxofusp","kind":"drug","name":"Tagraxofusp","aka":"","tldr":"Tagraxofusp is a fusion of the growth factor IL-3 with a bacterial toxin that homes to CD123 on a rare, aggressive blood cancer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/tagraxofusp/","status":"approved","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"ratify","kind":"trial","name":"RATIFY (CALGB 10603)","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that made FLT3 the first targetable mutation in AML: adding midostaurin to chemotherapy tripled median survival.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ratify/","status":"positive","cancers":"aml aml-flt3"},{"id":"viale-a","kind":"trial","name":"VIALE-A","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that gave older AML patients a real treatment: adding venetoclax to azacitidine doubled remission rates and extended survival.","tags":"","route":"/trials/viale-a/","status":"positive","cancers":"aml aml-older-unfit"},{"id":"quantum-first","kind":"trial","name":"QuANTUM-First","aka":"","tldr":"Roughly doubled median survival in the most aggressive FLT3 subtype by adding a selective FLT3 blocker to chemotherapy, including in patients over 60.","tags":"","route":"/trials/quantum-first/","status":"positive","cancers":"aml aml-flt3"},{"id":"admiral","kind":"trial","name":"ADMIRAL","aka":"","tldr":"Showed a pill beats intensive salvage chemotherapy in relapsed FLT3-mutated AML, with fewer days in hospital.","tags":"","route":"/trials/admiral/","status":"positive","cancers":"aml aml-flt3"},{"id":"agile","kind":"trial","name":"AGILE","aka":"","tldr":"In IDH1-mutated AML, adding ivosidenib to azacitidine tripled survival, one of the largest effects ever seen in a randomised AML trial.","tags":"","route":"/trials/agile/","status":"positive","cancers":"aml aml-idh"},{"id":"alfa-0701","kind":"trial","name":"ALFA-0701","aka":"","tldr":"ALFA-0701 was the trial that rescued the first ADC: giving gemtuzumab in three small doses with chemotherapy improved event-free survival without the toxicity that got it withdrawn.","tags":"","route":"/trials/alfa-0701/","status":"positive","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"augment-101","kind":"trial","name":"AUGMENT-101","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that turned menin inhibition from an idea into the first approved drug for KMT2A-rearranged leukaemia.","tags":"","route":"/trials/augment-101/","status":"positive","cancers":"aml all-leukemia aml-npm1-kmt2a"},{"id":"komet-001","kind":"trial","name":"KOMET-001","aka":"","tldr":"KOMET-001 was the registration trial for ziftomenib: a quarter of heavily pretreated patients with NPM1-mutated AML reached complete remission on a once-daily pill.","tags":"","route":"/trials/komet-001/","status":"positive","cancers":"aml aml-npm1-kmt2a"},{"id":"cpx-351-301","kind":"trial","name":"CPX-351 Study 301","aka":"","tldr":"Repackaging two old chemotherapies into liposomes doubled five-year survival in older adults with the worst kinds of AML.","tags":"","route":"/trials/cpx-351-301/","status":"positive","cancers":"aml aml-secondary"},{"id":"ascertain-v","kind":"trial","name":"ASCERTAIN-V","aka":"","tldr":"ASCERTAIN-V is the study behind the first all-oral AML regimen, approved in May 2026.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ascertain-v/","status":"positive","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"myelomatch","kind":"trial","name":"myeloMATCH","aka":"","tldr":"myeloMATCH is a US-wide master trial that sequences every new leukaemia within days and routes the patient to the right experimental arm, then re-routes them as MRD results come in.","tags":"","route":"/trials/myelomatch/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"venetoclax-plus-hma","kind":"pairing","name":"Venetoclax + hypomethylating agent","aka":"","tldr":"Azacitidine primes leukaemia cells for death; venetoclax removes the BCL-2 shield. Together they roughly doubled remissions in older AML.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/venetoclax-plus-hma/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"flt3i-plus-7-3","kind":"pairing","name":"FLT3 inhibitor + intensive chemotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Adding a FLT3 blocker to standard chemotherapy is the proven way to improve survival in FLT3-mutated AML.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/flt3i-plus-7-3/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"menin-plus-venetoclax-hma","kind":"pairing","name":"Menin inhibitor + venetoclax + azacitidine","aka":"","tldr":"Combining the newest leukaemia drug class with the venetoclax backbone is producing remission rates in frontline NPM1 and KMT2A leukaemia that single agents never reached.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/menin-plus-venetoclax-hma/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"idea-mrd-guided-transplant-aml","kind":"idea","name":"MRD-guided transplant decisions in intermediate-risk AML","aka":"","tldr":"Use ultra-sensitive residual-disease tests after induction to decide who really needs a transplant, sparing the rest its risks.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-mrd-guided-transplant-aml/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"idea-shortened-venetoclax","kind":"idea","name":"Shorter venetoclax courses in unfit AML","aka":"","tldr":"Give venetoclax for 7 or 14 days per cycle instead of 28 to cut infections and low blood counts without losing the benefit.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-shortened-venetoclax/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"autolus","kind":"company","name":"Autolus Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"UCL spin-out whose fast-off-rate CD19 CAR-T, obe-cel, was approved for adult ALL in 2024 with lower neurotoxicity than earlier products.","tags":"","route":"/companies/autolus/","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"adaptive-biotechnologies","kind":"company","name":"Adaptive Biotechnologies","aka":"","tldr":"Adaptive Biotechnologies makes clonoSEQ, the FDA-cleared sequencing test that finds one leukaemia cell in a million and now guides treatment in ALL, myeloma, and CLL.","tags":"","route":"/companies/adaptive-biotechnologies/","cancers":"all-leukemia multiple-myeloma cll"},{"id":"inotuzumab-ozogamicin","kind":"drug","name":"Inotuzumab ozogamicin","aka":"","tldr":"Inotuzumab ozogamicin is an antibody carrying a DNA-cutting toxin to CD22 on leukaemia cells. It gets far more relapsed ALL patients into remission than chemotherapy and bridges them to transplant.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/inotuzumab-ozogamicin/","status":"approved","cancers":"all-leukemia all-paediatric-relapsed all-paediatric-high-risk"},{"id":"tisagenlecleucel","kind":"drug","name":"Tisagenlecleucel","aka":"","tldr":"Tisagenlecleucel was the first CAR-T therapy ever approved (2017), for children and young adults whose leukaemia had come back after everything else.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/tisagenlecleucel/","status":"approved","cancers":"all-leukemia all-paediatric-relapsed dlbcl"},{"id":"obecabtagene-autoleucel","kind":"drug","name":"Obecabtagene autoleucel","aka":"","tldr":"A CD19 CAR-T built to grip and release quickly, which cut severe side effects and gave adults with relapsed ALL a real chance at durable remission.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/obecabtagene-autoleucel/","status":"approved","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"ponatinib","kind":"drug","name":"Ponatinib","aka":"","tldr":"Ponatinib is the only BCR::ABL1 inhibitor that covers the T315I resistance mutation. In 2024 it became the preferred pill for newly diagnosed Ph-positive ALL.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/ponatinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"all-leukemia cml-advanced-phase"},{"id":"dasatinib","kind":"drug","name":"Dasatinib","aka":"","tldr":"Dasatinib is a second-generation BCR::ABL1 pill that, combined with the immunotherapy blinatumomab, can put Ph-positive ALL into deep remission with no chemotherapy at all.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/dasatinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"all-leukemia all-paediatric-ph-positive all-ph-like cml-chronic-phase"},{"id":"asciminib","kind":"drug","name":"Asciminib","aka":"","tldr":"Asciminib is a BCR::ABL1 blocker that binds a different pocket from every other TKI, approved for all newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukaemia in 2024 and now being tested in Ph-positive ALL.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/asciminib/","status":"approved","cancers":"all-leukemia cml-chronic-phase"},{"id":"e1910","kind":"trial","name":"ECOG-ACRIN E1910","aka":"","tldr":"Proved that adding the immunotherapy blinatumomab to standard treatment saves lives even in patients whose leukaemia was already undetectable.","tags":"","route":"/trials/e1910/","status":"positive","cancers":"all-leukemia aya-cancers"},{"id":"aall1731","kind":"trial","name":"COG AALL1731","aka":"","tldr":"In children with average-risk leukaemia, adding blinatumomab pushed three-year disease-free survival from 88% to 96%, one of the largest gains in decades.","tags":"","route":"/trials/aall1731/","status":"positive","cancers":"all-leukemia all-paediatric-standard-risk"},{"id":"tower","kind":"trial","name":"TOWER","aka":"","tldr":"The first randomised proof that a T-cell engager beats chemotherapy: blinatumomab nearly doubled survival in relapsed adult ALL.","tags":"","route":"/trials/tower/","status":"positive","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"ino-vate","kind":"trial","name":"INO-VATE ALL","aka":"","tldr":"An antibody-drug conjugate put four in five relapsed ALL patients into remission versus fewer than one in three with chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ino-vate/","status":"positive","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"eliana","kind":"trial","name":"ELIANA","aka":"","tldr":"ELIANA was the global trial behind the first CAR-T approval: a single infusion of tisagenlecleucel put four in five children and young adults with relapsed B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and no standard treatment remaining into remission, and most responders were still in remission without further therapy at the five-year update. Severe cytokine release syndrome affected almost half.","tags":"","route":"/trials/eliana/","status":"positive","cancers":"all-leukemia all-paediatric-relapsed"},{"id":"felix","kind":"trial","name":"FELIX","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that showed a gentler CAR-T design could treat adult ALL with a fraction of the severe side effects.","tags":"","route":"/trials/felix/","status":"positive","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"phallcon","kind":"trial","name":"PhALLCON","aka":"","tldr":"Head to head, the third-generation TKI ponatinib doubled the rate of deep, undetectable remission over imatinib in newly diagnosed Ph-positive ALL.","tags":"","route":"/trials/phallcon/","status":"positive","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"d-alba","kind":"trial","name":"D-ALBA (GIMEMA LAL2116)","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that showed Ph-positive ALL can be treated with a pill plus an immunotherapy and no chemotherapy, with 95% of patients alive at 18 months.","tags":"","route":"/trials/d-alba/","status":"positive","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"interfant-06","kind":"trial","name":"Interfant-06","aka":"","tldr":"The largest infant leukaemia trial showed that intensifying chemotherapy did not help, and set the stage for adding blinatumomab instead.","tags":"","route":"/trials/interfant-06/","status":"mixed","cancers":"all-leukemia all-infant"},{"id":"tki-plus-blinatumomab-ph-all","kind":"pairing","name":"BCR::ABL1 TKI + blinatumomab (chemotherapy-free Ph+ ALL)","aka":"","tldr":"A pill that switches off the leukaemia's engine plus an immunotherapy that mops up survivors, with no chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/tki-plus-blinatumomab-ph-all/","cancers":"all-leukemia all-paediatric-ph-positive"},{"id":"blinatumomab-frontline-consolidation","kind":"pairing","name":"Blinatumomab added to frontline chemotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Interleaving an immunotherapy with standard chemotherapy cycles improves survival in adults and children with newly diagnosed ALL.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/blinatumomab-frontline-consolidation/","cancers":"all-leukemia all-paediatric-standard-risk"},{"id":"inotuzumab-then-transplant-caution","kind":"pairing","name":"Caution: inotuzumab before transplant (veno-occlusive disease)","aka":"","tldr":"The CD22 ADC is an excellent bridge to transplant, but too many cycles or the wrong conditioning can cause severe liver damage after the transplant.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/inotuzumab-then-transplant-caution/","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"idea-transplant-free-ph-all","kind":"idea","name":"Transplant-free Ph-positive ALL for MRD-negative adults","aka":"","tldr":"If a pill plus immunotherapy makes the leukaemia undetectable, can most adults safely skip a bone-marrow transplant?","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-transplant-free-ph-all/","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"idea-menin-infant-all","kind":"idea","name":"Menin inhibitors for infant KMT2A-rearranged ALL","aka":"","tldr":"Infant leukaemia is driven almost entirely by KMT2A fusions, which menin inhibitors were built to attack. Add them to the new blinatumomab-containing backbone.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-menin-infant-all/","cancers":"all-leukemia all-infant"},{"id":"ibrutinib","kind":"drug","name":"Ibrutinib","aka":"","tldr":"The pill that ended chemotherapy for most CLL. It blocks the survival signal B cells depend on, and it was the first drug to beat chemoimmunotherapy in nearly every CLL setting.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/ibrutinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"cll dlbcl pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"acalabrutinib","kind":"drug","name":"Acalabrutinib","aka":"","tldr":"Acalabrutinib is a cleaner BTK blocker with fewer heart and bleeding problems than ibrutinib. In February 2026 it became half of the first all-oral, fixed-duration CLL regimen.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/acalabrutinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"cll dlbcl cll-treatment-naive"},{"id":"zanubrutinib","kind":"drug","name":"Zanubrutinib","aka":"","tldr":"Zanubrutinib is the only BTK blocker to beat ibrutinib on both efficacy and safety in a head-to-head trial. It is now the most prescribed BTK inhibitor in CLL.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/zanubrutinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"cll dlbcl marginal-zone-lymphoma cll-treatment-naive"},{"id":"pirtobrutinib","kind":"drug","name":"Pirtobrutinib","aka":"","tldr":"A BTK blocker that works after the older ones stop, because it grips a different part of the enzyme. Fully approved for CLL in December 2025.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/pirtobrutinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"cll dlbcl cll-relapsed richter-transformation-cll"},{"id":"obinutuzumab","kind":"drug","name":"Obinutuzumab","aka":"","tldr":"Obinutuzumab is a glycoengineered CD20 antibody that recruits immune cells and kills B cells more directly than rituximab. Paired with venetoclax for a fixed 12 months in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, it keeps over half of patients treatment-free six years later, and it is also used in follicular lymphoma; first-dose infusion reactions are common and managed by splitting the dose.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/obinutuzumab/","status":"approved","cancers":"cll dlbcl cll-treatment-naive follicular-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"rituximab","kind":"drug","name":"Rituximab","aka":"Rituximab and Hyaluronidase Human\nRituxan Hycela","tldr":"Rituximab was the first antibody ever approved for cancer (1997). It made chemoimmunotherapy the CLL standard for a decade, and biosimilars keep it cheap and everywhere.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/rituximab/","status":"approved","cancers":"cll dlbcl marginal-zone-lymphoma nodular-lymphocyte-predominant-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"lisocabtagene-maraleucel","kind":"drug","name":"Lisocabtagene maraleucel","aka":"","tldr":"Lisocabtagene maraleucel is the only CAR-T approved for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, for patients whose disease has outrun both BTK and BCL-2 inhibitors.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/lisocabtagene-maraleucel/","status":"approved","cancers":"cll dlbcl cll-relapsed primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"sonrotoclax","kind":"drug","name":"Sonrotoclax","aka":"","tldr":"Sonrotoclax is a more potent, shorter-acting successor to venetoclax. It was approved for mantle cell lymphoma in May 2026 and is in late-stage trials with zanubrutinib for CLL.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/sonrotoclax/","status":"approved","cancers":"cll dlbcl"},{"id":"bgb-16673","kind":"drug","name":"BGB-16673","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of blocking BTK, this pill destroys it, so it works even when the enzyme has mutated to escape every inhibitor.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/bgb-16673/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"cll dlbcl"},{"id":"nemtabrutinib","kind":"drug","name":"Nemtabrutinib","aka":"","tldr":"Nemtabrutinib is Merck's reversible BTK blocker, active against the C481S escape mutation, being tested against ibrutinib and acalabrutinib in first-line CLL.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/nemtabrutinib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"cll"},{"id":"resonate","kind":"trial","name":"RESONATE","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that made a daily pill the standard for relapsed CLL, cutting the risk of progression by nearly 80%.","tags":"","route":"/trials/resonate/","status":"positive","cancers":"cll cll-relapsed"},{"id":"cll14","kind":"trial","name":"CLL14","aka":"","tldr":"One year of two targeted drugs, then nothing: more than half of patients were still progression-free six years later, off all treatment.","tags":"","route":"/trials/cll14/","status":"positive","cancers":"cll cll-treatment-naive"},{"id":"cll13-gaia","kind":"trial","name":"CLL13 / GAIA","aka":"","tldr":"In fit patients, one year of venetoclax plus obinutuzumab (with or without ibrutinib) clearly beat the old chemotherapy standard.","tags":"","route":"/trials/cll13-gaia/","status":"positive","cancers":"cll cll-treatment-naive"},{"id":"elevate-tn","kind":"trial","name":"ELEVATE-TN","aka":"","tldr":"Six years on, most patients on acalabrutinib have still not progressed, and adding obinutuzumab also improved survival.","tags":"","route":"/trials/elevate-tn/","status":"positive","cancers":"cll 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cll-treatment-naive"},{"id":"glow","kind":"trial","name":"GLOW","aka":"","tldr":"Fifteen months of two oral drugs cut the risk of progression by nearly 80% versus chemoimmunotherapy in older patients, and later showed a survival advantage.","tags":"","route":"/trials/glow/","status":"positive","cancers":"cll cll-treatment-naive"},{"id":"amplify","kind":"trial","name":"AMPLIFY","aka":"","tldr":"AMPLIFY is the trial behind the first all-oral, fixed-duration CLL regimen approved in the US (February 2026): 14 cycles of two pills, then stop.","tags":"","route":"/trials/amplify/","status":"positive","cancers":"cll cll-treatment-naive"},{"id":"bruin-cll-321","kind":"trial","name":"BRUIN CLL-321","aka":"","tldr":"The randomised trial that confirmed pirtobrutinib works after other BTK inhibitors fail, leading to full approval in December 2025.","tags":"","route":"/trials/bruin-cll-321/","status":"positive","cancers":"cll cll-relapsed"},{"id":"transcend-cll-004","kind":"trial","name":"TRANSCEND CLL 004","aka":"","tldr":"The study that brought CAR-T to CLL: one in five heavily pretreated patients achieved complete remission, most of them lasting.","tags":"","route":"/trials/transcend-cll-004/","status":"positive","cancers":"cll cll-relapsed"},{"id":"celestial-tncll","kind":"trial","name":"CELESTIAL-TNCLL","aka":"","tldr":"CELESTIAL-TNCLL tests the next-generation all-oral doublet against the current fixed-duration standard, with results expected from late 2026.","tags":"","route":"/trials/celestial-tncll/","status":"active","cancers":"cll cll-treatment-naive"},{"id":"cadance-304","kind":"trial","name":"CaDAnCe-304","aka":"","tldr":"CaDAnCe-304 is the first phase 3 of a protein degrader in leukaemia, pitting BTK destruction against the best available BTK inhibitor.","tags":"","route":"/trials/cadance-304/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"cll"},{"id":"bellwave-011","kind":"trial","name":"BELLWAVE-011","aka":"","tldr":"BELLWAVE-011 is Merck's bid to enter frontline CLL with a reversible BTK inhibitor, head to head against two approved covalent drugs.","tags":"","route":"/trials/bellwave-011/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"cll"},{"id":"btki-plus-venetoclax-fixed-duration","kind":"pairing","name":"BTK inhibitor + venetoclax, fixed duration","aka":"","tldr":"Block the survival signal and remove the death shield at the same time, for about a year, then stop and stay in remission for years.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/btki-plus-venetoclax-fixed-duration/","cancers":"cll"},{"id":"venetoclax-plus-obinutuzumab","kind":"pairing","name":"Venetoclax + obinutuzumab (12 months)","aka":"","tldr":"Venetoclax plus obinutuzumab, one year of a pill plus an antibody, was the first fixed-duration, chemotherapy-free CLL regimen, with half of patients still in remission at six years.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/venetoclax-plus-obinutuzumab/","cancers":"cll"},{"id":"cit-in-del17p-caution","kind":"pairing","name":"Caution: chemoimmunotherapy in del(17p)/TP53 CLL","aka":"","tldr":"Chemotherapy-based regimens barely work when the p53 gene is lost; these patients need BTK inhibitors or venetoclax from the start.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/cit-in-del17p-caution/","cancers":"cll"},{"id":"btki-ibrutinib-cardiac-caution","kind":"pairing","name":"Caution: ibrutinib in patients with cardiac risk","aka":"","tldr":"Ibrutinib raises the risk of irregular heart rhythm, high blood pressure, and sudden cardiac events; second-generation BTK inhibitors are safer choices for patients with heart disease.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/btki-ibrutinib-cardiac-caution/","cancers":"cll"},{"id":"idea-mrd-guided-stop-cll","kind":"idea","name":"MRD-guided treatment duration in CLL","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of a fixed 12 or 15 months, stop each patient's therapy when their blood shows no detectable leukaemia, and restart if it returns.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-mrd-guided-stop-cll/","cancers":"cll"},{"id":"idea-btk-degrader-frontline","kind":"idea","name":"BTK degraders to pre-empt resistance in frontline CLL","aka":"","tldr":"If destroying BTK works when every inhibitor has failed, using it first might stop resistance from ever emerging.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-btk-degrader-frontline/","cancers":"cll"},{"id":"ctdna-lymphoma-monitoring","kind":"technology","name":"ctDNA monitoring in lymphoma (PhasED-seq, clonoSEQ)","aka":"","tldr":"A blood test that tracks lymphoma DNA far below what a PET scan can see, so doctors can tell early who is cured and who will relapse.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/ctdna-lymphoma-monitoring/","status":"emerging","cancers":"dlbcl hodgkin-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"ipi-score","kind":"term","name":"International Prognostic Index (IPI)","aka":"IPI\nIPI score\nNCCN-IPI\nCNS-IPI\nR-IPI\nrevised IPI\nage-adjusted IPI\naaIPI","tldr":"A five-point score (age, stage, performance status, LDH, extranodal sites) that predicts how risky a lymphoma is before treatment.","tags":"","route":"/terms/ipi-score/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"cell-of-origin","kind":"term","name":"Cell of origin (GCB vs ABC)","aka":"Hans algorithm\nHans classifier\nHans criteria\nLymph2Cx\nGCB\nABC\nnon-GCB\ngerminal centre B-cell-like\nactivated B-cell-like\nCOO\nLymphGen","tldr":"Whether a large B-cell lymphoma resembles a germinal-centre B cell or an activated B cell; the activated type does worse and depends on different pathways.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cell-of-origin/","cancers":"dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma primary-cns-lymphoma"},{"id":"double-hit-lymphoma","kind":"term","name":"Double-hit / high-grade B-cell lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"Double-hit lymphoma is a large B-cell lymphoma with rearrangements of two oncogenes (MYC plus BCL2 and/or BCL6), which behaves aggressively and often escapes R-CHOP.","tags":"","route":"/terms/double-hit-lymphoma/","cancers":"dlbcl burkitt-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"lugano-classification","kind":"term","name":"Lugano classification / Ann Arbor staging","aka":"","tldr":"The Lugano classification is the lymphoma staging system: stage I to IV by how many lymph node regions and organs are involved, with PET-based response criteria.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lugano-classification/","cancers":"dlbcl hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"polatuzumab-vedotin","kind":"drug","name":"Polatuzumab vedotin","aka":"","tldr":"Polatuzumab vedotin is an ADC against CD79b that, swapped into the classic R-CHOP regimen, became the first improvement on frontline lymphoma therapy in twenty years.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/polatuzumab-vedotin/","status":"approved","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"epcoritamab","kind":"drug","name":"Epcoritamab","aka":"","tldr":"Epcoritamab is an under-the-skin injection that pulls T cells onto lymphoma cells; it is approved for relapsed large B-cell and follicular lymphoma, and moving toward first line.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/epcoritamab/","status":"approved","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"tafasitamab","kind":"drug","name":"Tafasitamab","aka":"","tldr":"A CD19 antibody given with lenalidomide for lymphoma patients who cannot have a transplant; in 2026 it showed the first frontline gain over R-CHOP in high-risk disease.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/tafasitamab/","status":"approved","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"mosunetuzumab","kind":"drug","name":"Mosunetuzumab","aka":"","tldr":"Mosunetuzumab is a fixed-duration CD20 bispecific approved for follicular lymphoma and studied with polatuzumab in large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/mosunetuzumab/","status":"approved","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"odronextamab","kind":"drug","name":"Odronextamab","aka":"","tldr":"Odronextamab is Regeneron's CD20 bispecific, approved in Europe for lymphoma and in the US for follicular lymphoma after earlier FDA rejections over confirmatory-trial enrolment.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/odronextamab/","status":"approved","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"golcadomide","kind":"drug","name":"Golcadomide","aka":"","tldr":"Golcadomide is a next-generation lenalidomide-like pill that degrades two lymphoma transcription factors far more potently, now in phase 3 with R-CHOP.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/golcadomide/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"polarix","kind":"trial","name":"POLARIX","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that improved on R-CHOP for the first time in twenty years, by swapping vincristine for an ADC.","tags":"","route":"/trials/polarix/","status":"positive","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"zuma-7","kind":"trial","name":"ZUMA-7","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that moved CAR-T ahead of transplant as second-line treatment for early-relapsing large B-cell lymphoma, with a survival benefit.","tags":"","route":"/trials/zuma-7/","status":"positive","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"transform","kind":"trial","name":"TRANSFORM","aka":"","tldr":"The second trial to show a CAR-T beats transplant in early-relapsing large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"","route":"/trials/transform/","status":"positive","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"starglo","kind":"trial","name":"STARGLO","aka":"","tldr":"A bispecific plus chemotherapy improved survival in relapsed lymphoma, but a US advisory committee voted eight to one that the trial did not apply to American patients, and the second-line use is still not on the US label.","tags":"","route":"/trials/starglo/","status":"mixed","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"epcore-nhl-1","kind":"trial","name":"EPCORE NHL-1","aka":"","tldr":"EPCORE NHL-1 was the pivotal single-arm study behind epcoritamab's approval; about half of complete responders are still in remission at three years.","tags":"","route":"/trials/epcore-nhl-1/","status":"positive","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"epcore-dlbcl-1","kind":"trial","name":"EPCORE DLBCL-1","aka":"","tldr":"Epcoritamab delayed progression but did not clearly extend life versus chemotherapy in relapsed lymphoma, missing its US primary endpoint in January 2026.","tags":"","route":"/trials/epcore-dlbcl-1/","status":"mixed","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"epcore-dlbcl-2","kind":"trial","name":"EPCORE DLBCL-2","aka":"","tldr":"Tests whether adding a bispecific to first-line chemotherapy cures more patients up front.","tags":"","route":"/trials/epcore-dlbcl-2/","status":"active","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"frontmind","kind":"trial","name":"frontMIND","aka":"","tldr":"The first frontline regimen to beat R-CHOP in high-risk large B-cell lymphoma since rituximab, by adding a CD19 antibody and lenalidomide.","tags":"","route":"/trials/frontmind/","status":"positive","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"l-mind","kind":"trial","name":"L-MIND","aka":"","tldr":"The small single-arm study that got tafasitamab approved for people too frail for transplant.","tags":"","route":"/trials/l-mind/","status":"positive","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"lotis-2","kind":"trial","name":"LOTIS-2","aka":"","tldr":"LOTIS-2 was the pivotal study for loncastuximab, a CD19 ADC with a DNA-crosslinking payload.","tags":"","route":"/trials/lotis-2/","status":"positive","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"waveline-003","kind":"trial","name":"waveLINE-003","aka":"","tldr":"waveLINE-003 tests a ROR1-directed ADC added to standard salvage chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/trials/waveline-003/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"sunmo","kind":"trial","name":"SUNMO","aka":"","tldr":"A chemotherapy-free bispecific plus ADC doublet beat salvage chemotherapy in relapsed large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"","route":"/trials/sunmo/","status":"positive","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"golseek-1","kind":"trial","name":"GOLSEEK-1","aka":"","tldr":"GOLSEEK-1 is a recruiting phase 3 that tests whether adding golcadomide, an oral cereblon-modulating degrader, to R-CHOP raises cure rates in untreated high-risk large B-cell lymphoma. It builds on high complete response rates in phase 1b, and readout is expected in 2027 to 2028.","tags":"","route":"/trials/golseek-1/","status":"active","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"belinda","kind":"trial","name":"BELINDA","aka":"","tldr":"The one second-line CAR-T trial that failed, a reminder that manufacturing time and trial design can erase a real effect.","tags":"lesson:trial-design","route":"/trials/belinda/","status":"negative","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"bispecific-plus-adc-lymphoma","kind":"pairing","name":"CD20 bispecific + CD79b ADC (mosunetuzumab + polatuzumab)","aka":"","tldr":"Pairing a CD20 bispecific with a CD79b ADC lets two targeted drugs with different mechanisms replace chemotherapy in relapsed lymphoma.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/bispecific-plus-adc-lymphoma/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"car-t-before-transplant-lbcl","kind":"pairing","name":"Early relapse: CAR-T before transplant","aka":"","tldr":"If large B-cell lymphoma comes back within a year, CAR-T should come before, not after, a transplant attempt.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/car-t-before-transplant-lbcl/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"idea-ctdna-guided-dlbcl-frontline","kind":"idea","name":"ctDNA-guided escalation and de-escalation in frontline DLBCL","aka":"","tldr":"Use an ultra-sensitive blood test after two cycles to decide who needs more than R-CHOP and who can stop early.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-ctdna-guided-dlbcl-frontline/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"idea-bispecific-vs-car-t-second-line","kind":"idea","name":"Head-to-head bispecific vs CAR-T in second-line LBCL","aka":"","tldr":"Nobody has directly compared an off-the-shelf bispecific with CAR-T in the same patients; a trial would settle where each belongs.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bispecific-vs-car-t-second-line/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"autologous-stem-cell-transplant","kind":"technology","name":"Autologous stem cell transplant (high-dose therapy)","aka":"","tldr":"Autologous stem cell transplant collects the patient's own blood-forming stem cells, gives melphalan or another chemotherapy at a dose that would otherwise destroy the marrow, then returns the cells to rebuild it. It is standard consolidation in myeloma and for relapsed lymphoma, though CAR-T has displaced it in early-relapsing large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/autologous-stem-cell-transplant/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"multiple-myeloma dlbcl hodgkin-lymphoma neuroblastoma"},{"id":"r-iss","kind":"term","name":"R-ISS / R2-ISS staging","aka":"ISS\nInternational Staging System\nRevised International Staging System\nR-ISS stage\nISS stage I\nISS stage II\nISS stage III\nR-ISS stage III\nbeta-2 microglobulin\nβ2-microglobulin\nbeta-2-microglobulin\nB2M\nmyeloma staging","tldr":"R-ISS is the myeloma staging system, combining blood markers with high-risk chromosome changes to predict outcome.","tags":"","route":"/terms/r-iss/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"high-risk-myeloma","kind":"term","name":"High-risk cytogenetics (myeloma)","aka":"","tldr":"Chromosome changes such as del(17p), t(4;14), t(14;16) and extra copies of 1q that mark myeloma likely to relapse early.","tags":"","route":"/terms/high-risk-myeloma/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"mrd-negativity-myeloma","kind":"term","name":"MRD negativity (myeloma, 10⁻⁵ / 10⁻⁶)","aka":"","tldr":"MRD negativity means no detectable myeloma cell among 100,000 or a million marrow cells. It is the best predictor of long survival and, since 2024, an accepted endpoint for accelerated approval.","tags":"","route":"/terms/mrd-negativity-myeloma/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"smoldering-myeloma","kind":"term","name":"Smouldering myeloma / MGUS","aka":"MGUS\nmonoclonal gammopathy\nmonoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance\nsmouldering\nsmouldering myeloma\nsmoldering myeloma\nsmoldering\nplasma cell dyscrasia\nmgus-smouldering\nMayo 20/2/20\n20/2/20 criteria\nIMWG 2/20/20 risk score\nevolving M-protein\nhigh-risk smouldering myeloma","tldr":"Early plasma-cell conditions with no organ damage; most never progress, but high-risk smouldering disease is now sometimes treated.","tags":"","route":"/terms/smoldering-myeloma/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"lenalidomide","kind":"drug","name":"Lenalidomide","aka":"","tldr":"Lenalidomide is a thalidomide descendant that glues the proteins IKZF1 and IKZF3 to cereblon so the cell destroys them, killing plasma cells and rousing T cells. It is the backbone of myeloma treatment and maintenance, also used in mantle cell and follicular lymphoma, and generic since 2022.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/lenalidomide/","status":"approved","cancers":"multiple-myeloma dlbcl myeloma-transplant-ineligible"},{"id":"bortezomib","kind":"drug","name":"Bortezomib","aka":"","tldr":"Bortezomib was the first proteasome inhibitor: it jams the cell's protein-recycling machine, which antibody-factory plasma cells cannot tolerate.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/bortezomib/","status":"approved","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-transplant-eligible plasma-cell-leukaemia"},{"id":"carfilzomib","kind":"drug","name":"Carfilzomib","aka":"","tldr":"Carfilzomib is a second-generation proteasome inhibitor with less nerve damage but more heart and blood-pressure effects.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/carfilzomib/","status":"approved","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-relapsed-refractory"},{"id":"daratumumab","kind":"drug","name":"Daratumumab","aka":"","tldr":"The CD38 antibody that turned triplets into quadruplets: adding it to standard induction roughly halves the risk of myeloma progressing.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/daratumumab/","status":"approved","cancers":"multiple-myeloma smouldering-myeloma myeloma-transplant-eligible myeloma-transplant-ineligible plasma-cell-leukaemia"},{"id":"isatuximab","kind":"drug","name":"Isatuximab","aka":"","tldr":"Isatuximab is Sanofi's CD38 antibody, approved in frontline transplant-ineligible myeloma (IMROZ) and, from July 2026, as an under-the-skin injection.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/isatuximab/","status":"approved","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-transplant-ineligible"},{"id":"idecabtagene-vicleucel","kind":"drug","name":"Idecabtagene vicleucel","aka":"","tldr":"Idecabtagene vicleucel was the first myeloma CAR-T (2021) and is now approved after two prior lines based on KarMMa-3.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/idecabtagene-vicleucel/","status":"approved","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-relapsed-refractory"},{"id":"anitocabtagene-autoleucel","kind":"drug","name":"Anitocabtagene autoleucel","aka":"","tldr":"Anitocabtagene autoleucel is a BCMA CAR-T whose binder is a small synthetic D-domain protein rather than an antibody fragment, a design chosen for low immunogenicity. In heavily pretreated myeloma it produced responses in 97% of patients with mostly low-grade cytokine release syndrome and no delayed parkinsonism reported, and an FDA decision is due on 27 December 2026.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/anitocabtagene-autoleucel/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"elranatamab","kind":"drug","name":"Elranatamab","aka":"","tldr":"Elranatamab is Pfizer's BCMA bispecific, given under the skin every week then every two weeks, for myeloma after four prior lines.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/elranatamab/","status":"approved","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-relapsed-refractory"},{"id":"talquetamab","kind":"drug","name":"Talquetamab","aka":"","tldr":"Talquetamab is the first drug against GPRC5D, a second myeloma target used after BCMA therapies stop working; taste and skin side effects are its signature.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/talquetamab/","status":"approved","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-relapsed-refractory"},{"id":"linvoseltamab","kind":"drug","name":"Linvoseltamab","aka":"","tldr":"Linvoseltamab is Regeneron's BCMA bispecific, approved in July 2025 with the highest complete-response rate of the class in its pivotal study.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/linvoseltamab/","status":"approved","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-relapsed-refractory"},{"id":"iberdomide","kind":"drug","name":"Iberdomide","aka":"","tldr":"Iberdomide is a far more potent successor to lenalidomide, now in phase 3 as post-transplant maintenance and in relapsed disease.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/iberdomide/","status":"approved","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"mezigdomide","kind":"drug","name":"Mezigdomide","aka":"","tldr":"Mezigdomide is the most potent oral cereblon modulator, producing responses in about 40% of triple-class-refractory myeloma with dexamethasone alone.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/mezigdomide/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"perseus","kind":"trial","name":"PERSEUS","aka":"","tldr":"Adding daratumumab to the standard three-drug induction and to maintenance cut the risk of progression by more than half in transplant-eligible myeloma.","tags":"","route":"/trials/perseus/","status":"positive","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-transplant-eligible"},{"id":"cepheus","kind":"trial","name":"CEPHEUS","aka":"","tldr":"CEPHEUS extended the quadruplet advantage to patients who do not have a transplant.","tags":"","route":"/trials/cepheus/","status":"positive","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-transplant-ineligible"},{"id":"imroz","kind":"trial","name":"IMROZ","aka":"","tldr":"In IMROZ, isatuximab added to VRd cut progression by 40% in older patients not having a transplant.","tags":"","route":"/trials/imroz/","status":"positive","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-transplant-ineligible"},{"id":"cartitude-1","kind":"trial","name":"CARTITUDE-1","aka":"","tldr":"The study that showed one CAR-T infusion could keep a third of heavily pretreated myeloma patients progression-free for five years without further treatment.","tags":"","route":"/trials/cartitude-1/","status":"positive","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-relapsed-refractory"},{"id":"cartitude-4","kind":"trial","name":"CARTITUDE-4","aka":"","tldr":"The first randomised trial to show a CAR-T improves survival in myeloma, as early as second line.","tags":"","route":"/trials/cartitude-4/","status":"positive","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-relapsed-refractory"},{"id":"karmma-3","kind":"trial","name":"KarMMa-3","aka":"","tldr":"Ide-cel tripled progression-free time versus standard regimens in heavily pretreated myeloma, but did not clearly extend life after most control patients crossed over.","tags":"","route":"/trials/karmma-3/","status":"positive","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-relapsed-refractory"},{"id":"majestec-1","kind":"trial","name":"MajesTEC-1","aka":"","tldr":"MajesTEC-1 was the pivotal single-arm study for the first myeloma bispecific, with responses in 63% of patients who had exhausted the main drug classes.","tags":"","route":"/trials/majestec-1/","status":"positive","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-relapsed-refractory"},{"id":"majestec-3","kind":"trial","name":"MajesTEC-3","aka":"","tldr":"A bispecific plus daratumumab cut the risk of progression by more than 80% versus standard doublets, bringing bispecifics to second line.","tags":"","route":"/trials/majestec-3/","status":"positive","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-relapsed-refractory"},{"id":"magnetismm-3","kind":"trial","name":"MagnetisMM-3","aka":"","tldr":"MagnetisMM-3 is the pivotal study behind elranatamab's approval.","tags":"","route":"/trials/magnetismm-3/","status":"positive","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-relapsed-refractory"},{"id":"monumental-1","kind":"trial","name":"MonumenTAL-1","aka":"","tldr":"Showed that a second target, GPRC5D, works in myeloma, including after BCMA therapies have failed.","tags":"","route":"/trials/monumental-1/","status":"positive","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-relapsed-refractory"},{"id":"linker-mm1","kind":"trial","name":"LINKER-MM1","aka":"","tldr":"LINKER-MM1 is the pivotal study for linvoseltamab, with 45% complete responses.","tags":"","route":"/trials/linker-mm1/","status":"positive","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-relapsed-refractory"},{"id":"dreamm-7","kind":"trial","name":"DREAMM-7","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that brought the withdrawn myeloma ADC back, beating a daratumumab-based standard on progression and survival.","tags":"","route":"/trials/dreamm-7/","status":"positive","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-relapsed-refractory"},{"id":"dreamm-8","kind":"trial","name":"DREAMM-8","aka":"","tldr":"DREAMM-8 is the second confirmatory win for belantamab, in lenalidomide-exposed patients.","tags":"","route":"/trials/dreamm-8/","status":"positive","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-relapsed-refractory"},{"id":"immagine-1","kind":"trial","name":"iMMagine-1","aka":"","tldr":"iMMagine-1 is the pivotal study behind anito-cel's BLA, with responses in nearly every patient.","tags":"","route":"/trials/immagine-1/","status":"positive","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"cartitude-5","kind":"trial","name":"CARTITUDE-5","aka":"","tldr":"Tests CAR-T as frontline consolidation instead of ongoing lenalidomide in patients not having a transplant.","tags":"","route":"/trials/cartitude-5/","status":"active","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"istopmm","kind":"trial","name":"iStopMM","aka":"","tldr":"iStopMM screened an entire nation for the precursor of myeloma, to learn whether finding it early saves lives or just causes worry.","tags":"","route":"/trials/istopmm/","status":"active","cancers":"multiple-myeloma smouldering-myeloma"},{"id":"cd38-plus-triplet","kind":"pairing","name":"CD38 antibody added to PI-IMiD-dex (quadruplet induction)","aka":"","tldr":"Adding a CD38 antibody to the standard three-drug induction roughly halves progression risk in newly diagnosed myeloma.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/cd38-plus-triplet/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"bcma-then-gprc5d","kind":"pairing","name":"BCMA-directed therapy → GPRC5D-directed therapy","aka":"","tldr":"When a BCMA drug stops working, switching to a drug against a different myeloma protein still produces responses in about two-thirds of patients.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/bcma-then-gprc5d/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"bispecific-infection-prophylaxis","kind":"pairing","name":"Caution: T-cell redirectors and infections","aka":"","tldr":"Myeloma bispecifics and CAR-T suppress antibody production so profoundly that infections, not the cancer, became a leading cause of death in early trials.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/bispecific-infection-prophylaxis/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"idea-mrd-guided-stop-myeloma","kind":"idea","name":"MRD-guided treatment-free intervals in myeloma","aka":"","tldr":"If a patient has had no detectable myeloma for a year or more, stop maintenance and watch, restarting only if disease reappears.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-mrd-guided-stop-myeloma/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"idea-car-t-replaces-transplant","kind":"idea","name":"One CAR-T infusion instead of autologous transplant","aka":"","tldr":"Replace high-dose melphalan and stem-cell rescue with a single infusion of the patient's engineered T cells after induction.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-car-t-replaces-transplant/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"cd30","kind":"target","name":"CD30","aka":"","tldr":"CD30 is a protein on the malignant Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin lymphoma and on some T-cell lymphomas, and the address for the ADC brentuximab vedotin.","tags":"adc-target","route":"/targets/cd30/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"pet-adapted-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"PET-adapted (response-adapted) therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Scan after two cycles of chemotherapy; if the tumour has gone dark, give less treatment, and if not, give more. Hodgkin lymphoma pioneered this.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/pet-adapted-therapy/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"deauville-score","kind":"term","name":"Deauville five-point scale","aka":"","tldr":"A 1-to-5 score for how bright a lymphoma looks on PET compared with the liver; 1-3 is considered a complete metabolic response.","tags":"","route":"/terms/deauville-score/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"reed-sternberg-cell","kind":"term","name":"Reed-Sternberg cell","aka":"Reed-Sternberg cells","tldr":"The Reed-Sternberg cell is the giant, often two-nucleus cancer cell of Hodgkin lymphoma; it makes up only about 1% of the tumour, and the rest is immune cells it has recruited.","tags":"","route":"/terms/reed-sternberg-cell/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"echelon-1","kind":"trial","name":"ECHELON-1","aka":"","tldr":"Swapping bleomycin for the CD30 ADC in first-line chemotherapy improved survival in advanced Hodgkin lymphoma, the first frontline survival gain in decades.","tags":"","route":"/trials/echelon-1/","status":"positive","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"swog-s1826","kind":"trial","name":"SWOG S1826","aka":"","tldr":"Immunotherapy plus chemotherapy beat the previous best regimen with far less nerve damage, in the first Hodgkin trial to enrol children and adults together; approved March 2026.","tags":"","route":"/trials/swog-s1826/","status":"positive","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"hd21","kind":"trial","name":"GHSG HD21","aka":"","tldr":"A new brentuximab-based intensive regimen matched Europe's most effective (and most toxic) chemotherapy with far fewer side effects.","tags":"","route":"/trials/hd21/","status":"positive","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"rathl","kind":"trial","name":"RATHL","aka":"","tldr":"Showed that patients whose PET scan is clear after two cycles can safely drop bleomycin and its lung toxicity.","tags":"","route":"/trials/rathl/","status":"positive","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"keynote-204","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-204","aka":"","tldr":"In KEYNOTE-204, PD-1 blockade beat the CD30 ADC head to head in relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma.","tags":"","route":"/trials/keynote-204/","status":"positive","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"checkmate-205","kind":"trial","name":"CheckMate 205","aka":"","tldr":"Established PD-1 blockade in relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma with ~70% response rates and seeded the frontline nivolumab-AVD idea.","tags":"","route":"/trials/checkmate-205/","status":"positive","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"ahod2131","kind":"trial","name":"AHOD2131 (COG / NCTN)","aka":"","tldr":"Asks whether early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma in children and adults can be treated with immunotherapy instead of some chemotherapy and radiation.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ahod2131/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"aethera","kind":"trial","name":"AETHERA","aka":"","tldr":"In AETHERA, a year of the CD30 ADC after transplant halved relapse risk in high-risk patients.","tags":"","route":"/trials/aethera/","status":"positive","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"pd1-plus-avd-hodgkin","kind":"pairing","name":"PD-1 blockade + AVD chemotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Immunotherapy given alongside standard chemotherapy from day one cures more advanced Hodgkin lymphoma with less nerve damage.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/pd1-plus-avd-hodgkin/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"bleomycin-omission-caution","kind":"pairing","name":"Caution: bleomycin lung toxicity, especially with brentuximab or G-CSF","aka":"","tldr":"Bleomycin scars the lungs; combining it with brentuximab was fatal in early trials, and PET-adapted therapy now lets most patients skip it.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/bleomycin-omission-caution/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"idea-chemo-free-hodgkin","kind":"idea","name":"Chemotherapy-free Hodgkin lymphoma: brentuximab + PD-1 in early stage","aka":"","tldr":"For a cancer already cured in 90% of young people, the goal is curing without the chemotherapy and radiation that cause heart disease and second cancers decades later.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-chemo-free-hodgkin/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"idea-cd30-car-t-hodgkin","kind":"idea","name":"CD30 CAR-T for multiply relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"Engineer T cells against CD30 for the few patients who fail brentuximab, PD-1 blockade and transplant.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cd30-car-t-hodgkin/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"deciphera","kind":"company","name":"Deciphera Pharmaceuticals (Ono)","aka":"","tldr":"Kinase-switch-control company behind ripretinib for GIST and vimseltinib for tenosynovial giant cell tumour; bought by Ono Pharmaceutical in 2024.","tags":"","route":"/companies/deciphera/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"springworks","kind":"company","name":"SpringWorks Therapeutics (Merck KGaA)","aka":"","tldr":"SpringWorks developed nirogacestat, the first approved treatment for desmoid tumours, and mirdametinib for NF1 plexiform neurofibromas; Merck KGaA acquired it in 2025.","tags":"","route":"/companies/springworks/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"us-worldmeds","kind":"company","name":"US WorldMeds","aka":"USWM, LLC\nUS WorldMeds\nUSWM","tldr":"US WorldMeds is a private Louisville company that took over the engineered T-cell therapies Tecelra and lete-cel from Adaptimmune in 2025 and sells eflornithine (Iwilfin) for maintenance in high-risk neuroblastoma. Whether a small private firm can sustain T-cell manufacturing for a rare sarcoma is the open question.","tags":"","route":"/companies/us-worldmeds/","cancers":"sarcoma neuroblastoma"},{"id":"limb-salvage-surgery","kind":"technology","name":"Limb-salvage surgery and endoprosthetic reconstruction","aka":"","tldr":"Removing a bone or soft-tissue sarcoma while keeping the arm or leg, rebuilding with metal implants, bone grafts or growing prostheses in children.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/limb-salvage-surgery/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"sarcoma extremity-soft-tissue-sarcoma chondrosarcoma"},{"id":"fnclcc-grade","kind":"term","name":"FNCLCC grade (soft-tissue sarcoma)","aka":"","tldr":"The FNCLCC grade is a 1-to-3 score for soft-tissue sarcomas based on how abnormal, how fast-dividing, and how much dead tissue the tumour shows; grade drives whether chemotherapy is considered.","tags":"","route":"/terms/fnclcc-grade/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"sarcoma-histotype-tailoring","kind":"term","name":"Histotype-tailored therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Histotype-tailored therapy means choosing treatment by the specific sarcoma subtype (there are more than 70) rather than treating all sarcomas alike.","tags":"","route":"/terms/sarcoma-histotype-tailoring/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"doxorubicin","kind":"drug","name":"Doxorubicin","aka":"","tldr":"The red chemotherapy drug from a soil bacterium that is still the backbone of treatment for sarcoma, lymphoma and breast cancer, limited by cumulative heart damage.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/doxorubicin/","status":"approved","cancers":"pancreatoblastoma sarcoma extremity-soft-tissue-sarcoma undifferentiated-pleomorphic-sarcoma angiosarcoma retroperitoneal-sarcoma dlbcl hodgkin-lymphoma tnbc breast-hr-positive nodular-lymphocyte-predominant-hodgkin-lymphoma thymoma"},{"id":"ifosfamide","kind":"drug","name":"Ifosfamide","aka":"","tldr":"Ifosfamide is an alkylating chemotherapy partnered with doxorubicin in sarcoma and with etoposide in Ewing sarcoma, given with a bladder-protecting drug.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/ifosfamide/","status":"approved","cancers":"sarcoma extremity-soft-tissue-sarcoma undifferentiated-pleomorphic-sarcoma malignant-peripheral-nerve-sheath-tumour cns-germ-cell-tumours node-positive-penile-cancer"},{"id":"pazopanib","kind":"drug","name":"Pazopanib","aka":"","tldr":"Pazopanib is the only multi-kinase inhibitor approved for soft-tissue sarcoma (excluding fat-derived tumours), used after chemotherapy fails.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/pazopanib/","status":"approved","cancers":"sarcoma rcc angiosarcoma alveolar-soft-part-sarcoma"},{"id":"ripretinib","kind":"drug","name":"Ripretinib","aka":"","tldr":"A fourth-line GIST drug that locks KIT in an off state regardless of which resistance mutation the tumour has acquired.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/ripretinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"sarcoma gist-imatinib-resistant"},{"id":"avapritinib","kind":"drug","name":"Avapritinib","aka":"","tldr":"Avapritinib is the first drug for GIST driven by the PDGFRA D842V mutation, which resists every other kinase inhibitor; it is also approved for systemic mastocytosis.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/avapritinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"sarcoma gist-pdgfra-d842v systemic-mastocytosis indolent-systemic-mastocytosis advanced-systemic-mastocytosis"},{"id":"nirogacestat","kind":"drug","name":"Nirogacestat","aka":"","tldr":"Nirogacestat is the first approved medicine for desmoid tumours, locally invasive growths that do not spread but can be crippling; it works by blocking Notch signalling.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/nirogacestat/","status":"approved","cancers":"sarcoma desmoid-tumour"},{"id":"vimseltinib","kind":"drug","name":"Vimseltinib","aka":"","tldr":"Vimseltinib is a pill approved in February 2025 for tenosynovial giant cell tumour, a benign but destructive joint tumour, offering an alternative to repeated surgery.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/vimseltinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"sarcoma tenosynovial-giant-cell-tumour"},{"id":"letetresgene-autoleucel","kind":"drug","name":"Letetresgene autoleucel","aka":"","tldr":"Letetresgene autoleucel is a second engineered T-cell receptor therapy for sarcoma, targeting NY-ESO-1 in synovial sarcoma and myxoid/round cell liposarcoma; a BLA is expected by the end of 2026.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/letetresgene-autoleucel/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"sarcoma synovial-sarcoma"},{"id":"isg-sts-1001","kind":"trial","name":"ISG-STS 1001","aka":"","tldr":"Standard anthracycline-ifosfamide before surgery beat subtype-tailored chemotherapy, and indirectly showed neoadjuvant chemotherapy helps high-risk sarcoma.","tags":"","route":"/trials/isg-sts-1001/","status":"positive","cancers":"sarcoma extremity-soft-tissue-sarcoma undifferentiated-pleomorphic-sarcoma"},{"id":"announce","kind":"trial","name":"ANNOUNCE","aka":"","tldr":"A PDGFRα antibody that had won accelerated approval on a small trial failed to improve survival in the confirmatory study and was withdrawn.","tags":"lesson:accelerated-approval","route":"/trials/announce/","status":"negative","cancers":"sarcoma extremity-soft-tissue-sarcoma"},{"id":"invictus","kind":"trial","name":"INVICTUS","aka":"","tldr":"Ripretinib kept fourth-line GIST under control six times longer than placebo and improved survival.","tags":"","route":"/trials/invictus/","status":"positive","cancers":"sarcoma gist-imatinib-resistant"},{"id":"insight-gist","kind":"trial","name":"INSIGHT","aka":"","tldr":"A blood-test-selected trial testing whether matching the drug to the specific resistance mutation beats the standard second-line drug.","tags":"","route":"/trials/insight-gist/","status":"active","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"voyager","kind":"trial","name":"VOYAGER","aka":"","tldr":"Avapritinib failed to beat regorafenib in unselected later-line GIST, confining it to the PDGFRA D842V niche.","tags":"lesson:patient-selection","route":"/trials/voyager/","status":"negative","cancers":"sarcoma gist-pdgfra-d842v"},{"id":"defi","kind":"trial","name":"DeFi","aka":"","tldr":"The first randomised trial to show a drug controls desmoid tumours, with better pain and function.","tags":"","route":"/trials/defi/","status":"positive","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"motion","kind":"trial","name":"MOTION","aka":"","tldr":"MOTION randomised 123 patients with symptomatic tenosynovial giant cell tumour not suitable for surgery to the CSF1R inhibitor vimseltinib or placebo. Tumours shrank in 40% on vimseltinib versus none on placebo, with better joint movement, pain and function, leading to approval in February 2025; whether responses last after stopping is unknown.","tags":"","route":"/trials/motion/","status":"positive","cancers":"sarcoma tenosynovial-giant-cell-tumour"},{"id":"ignyte-eso","kind":"trial","name":"IGNYTE-ESO","aka":"","tldr":"IGNYTE-ESO was the pivotal study for the second sarcoma TCR-T, with responses in 42% of patients with two rare sarcomas.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ignyte-eso/","status":"positive","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"euro-ewing-2012","kind":"trial","name":"Euro Ewing 2012","aka":"","tldr":"The American Ewing sarcoma regimen beat the European one in a head-to-head trial, unifying practice.","tags":"","route":"/trials/euro-ewing-2012/","status":"positive","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"int-0091","kind":"trial","name":"INT-0091 (Ewing sarcoma)","aka":"","tldr":"Adding ifosfamide and etoposide improved cure rates for localised Ewing sarcoma, setting the backbone still used today.","tags":"","route":"/trials/int-0091/","status":"positive","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"ssgxviii","kind":"trial","name":"SSGXVIII/AIO (adjuvant imatinib in GIST)","aka":"","tldr":"In SSGXVIII/AIO, three years of imatinib after surgery, rather than one, improved survival in high-risk GIST.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ssgxviii/","status":"positive","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"ctdna-genotype-gist-tki","kind":"pairing","name":"ctDNA KIT genotyping → TKI selection in GIST","aka":"","tldr":"A blood test that reads which resistance mutation a GIST has acquired, so the second drug can be chosen to fit it.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/ctdna-genotype-gist-tki/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"doxorubicin-cardio-caution","kind":"pairing","name":"Caution: cumulative anthracycline dose and the heart","aka":"","tldr":"Every dose of doxorubicin adds to a lifetime total; above roughly 450 mg/m2 heart failure risk rises steeply, so sarcoma and lymphoma regimens are capped and hearts are monitored.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/doxorubicin-cardio-caution/","cancers":"sarcoma hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl tnbc"},{"id":"idea-tcr-t-beyond-hla-a2","kind":"idea","name":"Extending sarcoma TCR-T beyond HLA-A*02","aka":"","tldr":"Today's engineered T-cell therapies for sarcoma only work in the ~40-50% of people with one particular HLA type; new receptors for other HLA types would open them to everyone.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tcr-t-beyond-hla-a2/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"idea-desmoid-intermittent-dosing","kind":"idea","name":"Intermittent or stop-and-restart nirogacestat in desmoid tumours","aka":"","tldr":"Desmoid tumours are not cancers and often stop growing on their own; treating them indefinitely with a drug that causes ovarian failure may be more than needed.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-desmoid-intermittent-dosing/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"y-mabs","kind":"company","name":"Y-mAbs Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"MSK spin-out that commercialises naxitamab, the humanised anti-GD2 antibody for relapsed neuroblastoma, and develops pretargeted radioimmunotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/companies/y-mabs/","cancers":"neuroblastoma"},{"id":"gd2","kind":"target","name":"GD2 (disialoganglioside)","aka":"Disialoganglioside GD2","tldr":"GD2 is a sugar-fat molecule on the surface of neuroblastoma cells (and some other childhood and adult tumours) with almost none on normal tissue except nerves, which is why anti-GD2 drugs cause pain.","tags":"antibody-target car-t-target","route":"/targets/gd2/","cancers":"neuroblastoma sarcoma melanoma glioblastoma"},{"id":"tandem-transplant","kind":"technology","name":"Tandem autologous transplant","aka":"","tldr":"Tandem transplant gives two back-to-back rounds of marrow-destroying chemotherapy, each rescued with the child's own stored stem cells, for high-risk neuroblastoma in North America. It kept more children relapse-free than one transplant in a randomised trial, but adds organ toxicity and hearing loss.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/tandem-transplant/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"neuroblastoma neuroblastoma-high-risk"},{"id":"mibg-theranostics","kind":"technology","name":"MIBG imaging and 131I-MIBG therapy","aka":"","tldr":"A noradrenaline look-alike that neuroblastoma cells swallow: labelled with a small amount of radioactivity it shows the tumour on a scan; with a large amount it treats it.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/mibg-theranostics/","status":"established","cancers":"neuroblastoma neuroendocrine"},{"id":"inrg-staging","kind":"term","name":"INRG staging and risk groups","aka":"INRGSS\nINRG stage\nINRG risk group\nINRG classification\nINPC\nINPC histology\nInternational Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification\nShimada classification\nINSS\nInternational Neuroblastoma Staging System\nimage-defined risk factors\nIDRF\nstage L1\nstage L2\nstage M\nstage MS","tldr":"INRG staging is the international system that sorts neuroblastoma into four risk groups, from the lowest (often observed, sometimes regressing on its own) to high risk (about half of patients), using age under 18 months, spread, MYCN amplification, 11q status, ploidy and histology.","tags":"","route":"/terms/inrg-staging/","cancers":"neuroblastoma neuroblastoma-low-risk neuroblastoma-intermediate-risk neuroblastoma-high-risk"},{"id":"mycn-amplification","kind":"term","name":"MYCN amplification","aka":"","tldr":"Extra copies of the MYCN oncogene, found in about 20% of neuroblastomas, mark the most aggressive disease and define high risk at any age.","tags":"","route":"/terms/mycn-amplification/","cancers":"neuroblastoma neuroblastoma-high-risk"},{"id":"dinutuximab","kind":"drug","name":"Dinutuximab (ch14.18) / dinutuximab beta","aka":"","tldr":"The antibody that raised cure rates in high-risk childhood neuroblastoma by about 20 points when given after transplant with immune boosters and retinoid.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/dinutuximab/","status":"approved","cancers":"neuroblastoma neuroblastoma-high-risk"},{"id":"naxitamab","kind":"drug","name":"Naxitamab","aka":"","tldr":"Naxitamab is a humanised anti-GD2 antibody from Memorial Sloan Kettering, given as an outpatient with GM-CSF for relapsed neuroblastoma in bone or marrow.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/naxitamab/","status":"approved","cancers":"neuroblastoma neuroblastoma-high-risk"},{"id":"eflornithine","kind":"drug","name":"Eflornithine (DFMO)","aka":"","tldr":"Eflornithine (DFMO) is an old sleeping-sickness drug repurposed as the first oral maintenance therapy for high-risk neuroblastoma, approved in December 2023 to reduce relapse after immunotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/eflornithine/","status":"approved","cancers":"neuroblastoma neuroblastoma-high-risk"},{"id":"i131-mibg","kind":"drug","name":"131I-MIBG (iobenguane I-131) therapy","aka":"Iobenguane I-131 (therapeutic)\n131I-MIBG\nUltratrace iobenguane\niobenguane-i-131","tldr":"High-dose radioactive MIBG delivers radiation from inside neuroblastoma cells that take up noradrenaline; used for relapsed disease and tested in upfront therapy. A branded high-specific-activity form, Azedra, was approved for phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma in 2018 and discontinued in 2024.","tags":"nci-list","route":"/drugs/i131-mibg/","status":"established","cancers":"neuroblastoma neuroblastoma-high-risk metastatic-ppgl neuroendocrine"},{"id":"anbl0032","kind":"trial","name":"COG ANBL0032","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that made anti-GD2 immunotherapy standard for children with high-risk neuroblastoma, improving survival by about 20 points.","tags":"","route":"/trials/anbl0032/","status":"positive","cancers":"neuroblastoma neuroblastoma-high-risk"},{"id":"anbl0532","kind":"trial","name":"COG ANBL0532","aka":"","tldr":"COG ANBL0532 showed that two transplants in a row beat one in high-risk neuroblastoma.","tags":"","route":"/trials/anbl0532/","status":"positive","cancers":"neuroblastoma neuroblastoma-high-risk"},{"id":"hr-nbl1","kind":"trial","name":"SIOPEN HR-NBL1","aka":"","tldr":"Europe's long-running high-risk neuroblastoma trial set busulfan-melphalan as the transplant regimen and showed that adding IL-2 to anti-GD2 therapy added toxicity but not benefit.","tags":"","route":"/trials/hr-nbl1/","status":"mixed","cancers":"neuroblastoma neuroblastoma-high-risk"},{"id":"anbl1531","kind":"trial","name":"COG ANBL1531","aka":"","tldr":"COG ANBL1531 is the current North American high-risk trial, adding targeted radiation during induction and an ALK pill for children whose tumours carry ALK mutations.","tags":"","route":"/trials/anbl1531/","status":"active","cancers":"neuroblastoma neuroblastoma-high-risk"},{"id":"gd2-cart01","kind":"trial","name":"GD2-CART01 (Bambino Gesù phase 1/2)","aka":"","tldr":"GD2-CART01 was the first CAR-T to produce durable complete remissions in a childhood solid tumour: two-thirds responded and a third achieved complete remission.","tags":"","route":"/trials/gd2-cart01/","status":"positive","cancers":"neuroblastoma neuroblastoma-high-risk"},{"id":"naxitamab-201","kind":"trial","name":"Naxitamab Study 201","aka":"","tldr":"Study 201 was the single-arm phase 2 of 74 patients behind naxitamab's approval for relapsed or refractory high-risk neuroblastoma in bone or bone marrow: given with GM-CSF as an outpatient, the antibody produced responses in half of patients. Without a randomised comparison against dinutuximab, equal efficacy is unproven.","tags":"","route":"/trials/naxitamab-201/","status":"positive","cancers":"neuroblastoma neuroblastoma-high-risk"},{"id":"nmtrc003","kind":"trial","name":"NMTRC003/003B (DFMO maintenance)","aka":"","tldr":"NMTRC003 was the single-arm study, compared against historical patients, that got eflornithine approved as maintenance; the design remains debated.","tags":"lesson:external-control","route":"/trials/nmtrc003/","status":"positive","cancers":"neuroblastoma neuroblastoma-high-risk"},{"id":"anti-gd2-plus-chemo-relapse","kind":"pairing","name":"Anti-GD2 antibody + irinotecan-temozolomide (chemoimmunotherapy)","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the anti-GD2 antibody to relapse chemotherapy doubled response rates in relapsed neuroblastoma, and the idea is now moving into first-line induction.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/anti-gd2-plus-chemo-relapse/","cancers":"neuroblastoma neuroblastoma-high-risk"},{"id":"il2-anti-gd2-caution","kind":"pairing","name":"Caution: IL-2 added to anti-GD2 therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Interleukin-2 was part of the original immunotherapy package but a large European trial showed it adds toxicity and no benefit, so it has been dropped.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/il2-anti-gd2-caution/","cancers":"neuroblastoma neuroblastoma-high-risk"},{"id":"idea-gd2-car-t-frontline-consolidation","kind":"idea","name":"GD2 CAR-T as consolidation in high-risk neuroblastoma","aka":"","tldr":"Give engineered GD2 T cells to children in remission after standard therapy, where the long-term data show the deepest and longest cures.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-gd2-car-t-frontline-consolidation/","cancers":"neuroblastoma"},{"id":"idea-mfbg-pet-replaces-mibg","kind":"idea","name":"18F-MFBG PET replacing 123I-MIBG scintigraphy","aka":"","tldr":"A same-day PET tracer could replace the two-day, low-resolution MIBG scan children now undergo repeatedly.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-mfbg-pet-replaces-mibg/","cancers":"neuroblastoma"},{"id":"tnbc-basal-like-1","kind":"cancer","name":"Basal-like 1 triple-negative breast cancer (BL1)","aka":"BL1 subtype\nBasal-like 1 TNBC\nCell-cycle and DNA damage response subtype of TNBC","tldr":"Basal-like 1 is the subtype of triple-negative breast cancer whose cancer cells are busiest dividing and worst at repairing DNA. In the studies that defined it, these tumours were the most likely to disappear completely with chemotherapy before surgery, about four in ten, and their cell lines responded best to platinum drugs.","tags":"breast tnbc subtype-page","route":"/cancers/tnbc-basal-like-1/","parent":"tnbc"},{"id":"tnbc-basal-like-2","kind":"cancer","name":"Basal-like 2 triple-negative breast cancer (BL2)","aka":"BL2 subtype\nBasal-like 2 TNBC\nGrowth-factor signalling subtype of TNBC","tldr":"Basal-like 2 is a subtype of triple-negative breast cancer that shares the basal identity of basal-like 1 but is driven more by growth-factor signalling than by DNA damage, and it responded worst to standard chemotherapy before surgery in the studies that defined it, with pathological complete response in about one in five patients or fewer.","tags":"breast tnbc subtype-page","route":"/cancers/tnbc-basal-like-2/","parent":"tnbc"},{"id":"tnbc-mesenchymal","kind":"cancer","name":"Mesenchymal triple-negative breast cancer (M)","aka":"M subtype\nMesenchymal TNBC\nMES subtype (Burstein)\nClaudin-low triple-negative breast cancer (overlapping phenotype)","tldr":"Mesenchymal triple-negative breast cancers have switched on the programme cells use to migrate (epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition). They overlap with claudin-low and metaplastic tumours, respond to chemotherapy less well than basal-like 1 tumours, and are the subtype the parent page names as resisting every drug class.","tags":"breast tnbc subtype-page","route":"/cancers/tnbc-mesenchymal/","parent":"tnbc"},{"id":"tnbc-mesenchymal-stem-like","kind":"cancer","name":"Mesenchymal stem-like triple-negative breast cancer (MSL)","aka":"MSL subtype\nMesenchymal stem-like TNBC","tldr":"Mesenchymal stem-like was one of the six original subtypes of triple-negative breast cancer, marked by stem-cell and low-proliferation genes. Five years later the same group showed the signal came from stromal cells mixed into the sample rather than the cancer cells, so the label describes a tumour environment rather than a tumour.","tags":"breast tnbc subtype-page","route":"/cancers/tnbc-mesenchymal-stem-like/","parent":"tnbc"},{"id":"tnbc-luminal-androgen-receptor","kind":"cancer","name":"Luminal androgen receptor triple-negative breast cancer (LAR)","aka":"LAR subtype\nLuminal androgen receptor TNBC\nMolecular apocrine breast cancer (overlapping)\nAR-positive triple-negative breast cancer","tldr":"Luminal androgen receptor cancers are triple-negative breast cancers that behave like hormone-driven tumours run by the male hormone receptor instead of oestrogen. They are less proliferative, respond less well to chemotherapy, and have shown modest benefit from prostate cancer drugs that block the androgen receptor in phase 2 trials; none is approved for breast cancer.","tags":"breast tnbc subtype-page","route":"/cancers/tnbc-luminal-androgen-receptor/","parent":"tnbc"},{"id":"tnbc-immunomodulatory","kind":"cancer","name":"Immunomodulatory triple-negative breast cancer (IM)","aka":"IM subtype\nImmunomodulatory TNBC\nBasal-like immune-activated (BLIA, Burstein)","tldr":"Immunomodulatory triple-negative breast cancers are the ones packed with immune cells. The 2016 re-analysis showed the signature comes from those lymphocytes rather than the tumour, so today the same idea is captured by counting tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes on the biopsy, which predicts a better outcome and is used to test whether some small tumours need less treatment.","tags":"breast tnbc subtype-page","route":"/cancers/tnbc-immunomodulatory/","parent":"tnbc"},{"id":"metaplastic-breast-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Metaplastic breast carcinoma","aka":"Metaplastic carcinoma of the breast\nMpBC\nSpindle cell carcinoma of the breast\nMatrix-producing carcinoma\nSquamous cell carcinoma of the breast\nLow-grade adenosquamous carcinoma\nFibromatosis-like metaplastic carcinoma\nCarcinosarcoma of the breast","tldr":"Metaplastic breast cancer is a rare form in which part of the tumour has changed into another tissue type, such as squamous skin-like cells, spindle cells or bone and cartilage. Most are triple-negative and they do worse than other triple-negative cancers, resisting chemotherapy; the low-grade forms are an exception with an excellent outlook.","tags":"breast tnbc subtype-page","route":"/cancers/metaplastic-breast-carcinoma/","parent":"tnbc"},{"id":"medullary-pattern-breast-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Carcinoma with medullary pattern (medullary breast cancer)","aka":"Medullary carcinoma of the breast\nMedullary breast cancer\nInvasive carcinoma of no special type with medullary pattern\nAtypical medullary carcinoma\nBasal-like carcinoma with medullary features\nInvasive breast carcinoma with medullary pattern\nMedullary carcinoma\nCarcinoma with medullary features\nMedullary-like carcinoma\nAtypical medullary carcinoma of the breast","tldr":"Medullary breast cancers are high-grade, triple-negative tumours with a sharp border and a heavy immune-cell infiltrate that, despite looking aggressive, do better than ordinary breast cancers of the same grade. They are linked to BRCA1. Pathologists now call them a medullary pattern of common breast cancer rather than a type of their own.","tags":"breast tnbc subtype-page","route":"/cancers/medullary-pattern-breast-carcinoma/","parent":"tnbc"},{"id":"adenoid-cystic-carcinoma-breast","kind":"cancer","name":"Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast","aka":"Breast adenoid cystic carcinoma\nBreast-ACC\nClassic adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast\nSolid-basaloid adenoid cystic carcinoma","tldr":"Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast is a very rare breast cancer that is triple-negative on testing but behaves almost the opposite of usual triple-negative disease: it seldom reaches the lymph nodes, and nearly everyone is alive at ten years. It is the same tumour type as adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary glands and shares its gene fusion.","tags":"breast tnbc subtype-page","route":"/cancers/adenoid-cystic-carcinoma-breast/","parent":"tnbc"},{"id":"apocrine-carcinoma-breast","kind":"cancer","name":"Apocrine carcinoma of the breast","aka":"Carcinoma with apocrine differentiation\nApocrine breast cancer\nMolecular apocrine carcinoma (overlapping expression subtype)","tldr":"Apocrine breast cancers are made of large cells resembling sweat-gland cells. They lack oestrogen and progesterone receptors but carry the androgen receptor, so the triple-negative ones sit in the luminal androgen receptor group and are the tumours in which androgen-blocking drugs have been tried.","tags":"breast tnbc subtype-page","route":"/cancers/apocrine-carcinoma-breast/","parent":"tnbc"},{"id":"secretory-carcinoma-breast","kind":"cancer","name":"Secretory carcinoma of the breast","aka":"Juvenile carcinoma of the breast\nSecretory breast carcinoma\nSBC\nETV6-NTRK3 fusion-positive breast carcinoma","tldr":"Secretory carcinoma is a very rare, slow-growing breast cancer first described in children, whose cells make milk-like secretions. It is usually triple-negative but almost always carries the ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion, so the rare patient whose tumour spreads can be treated with an NTRK inhibitor tablet, and most need no chemotherapy.","tags":"breast tnbc subtype-page","route":"/cancers/secretory-carcinoma-breast/","parent":"tnbc"},{"id":"brca-associated-tnbc","kind":"cancer","name":"BRCA-associated triple-negative breast cancer","aka":"Germline BRCA1 triple-negative breast cancer\ngBRCA TNBC\nHereditary triple-negative breast cancer\nBRCA1-related basal-like breast cancer","tldr":"Some triple-negative breast cancers arise because a person was born with a faulty BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene. This group is diagnosed younger, is found by a blood test NICE recommends for all women under 50 with triple-negative disease, and has options of its own: platinum chemotherapy works well, a year of olaparib lowers relapse, and surgery decisions weigh the risk of a second cancer.","tags":"breast tnbc subtype-page","route":"/cancers/brca-associated-tnbc/","parent":"tnbc"},{"id":"er-pr-negative-threshold","kind":"term","name":"ER and PR negative under 1 percent (the triple-negative threshold, and ER-low)","aka":"ER-negative under 1 percent\nER Low Positive\nER-low breast cancer\nER 1 to 10 percent\nHormone receptor-negative threshold\nPR-negative","tldr":"A breast cancer counts as oestrogen receptor negative when fewer than 1 in 100 of its cells stain for the receptor, and the same rule applies to progesterone receptor. Tumours with 1 to 10 percent staining are labelled ER low positive, but they behave like triple-negative cancers and in some countries are treated as such.","tags":"breast tnbc","route":"/terms/er-pr-negative-threshold/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive tnbc-early"},{"id":"her2-low-and-trop2-adc-eligibility-tnbc","kind":"term","name":"HER2-low eligibility for trastuzumab deruxtecan, and TROP2 ADCs without a test (triple-negative disease)","aka":"HER2-low TNBC\nHER2 0 versus 1+\nT-DXd eligibility in triple-negative breast cancer\nSacituzumab govitecan eligibility\nTROP2 testing not required","tldr":"Two antibody-drug conjugates reach triple-negative breast cancer by different rules. Trastuzumab deruxtecan needs the tumour to show a little HER2 (a score of 1+, or 2+ without gene amplification), so the pathologist's call between 0 and 1+ matters. Sacituzumab govitecan targets TROP2, which almost all breast cancers carry, and is given without any test.","tags":"breast tnbc","route":"/terms/her2-low-and-trop2-adc-eligibility-tnbc/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-metastatic her2-low-metastatic-breast-cancer"},{"id":"pd-l1-cps-10-tnbc","kind":"term","name":"PD-L1 combined positive score 10 in triple-negative breast cancer","aka":"CPS 10 in TNBC\nPD-L1 CPS of 10 or more\nPD-L1-positive triple-negative breast cancer\n22C3 CPS 10\nSP142 IC 1 percent (IMpassion130)","tldr":"In metastatic triple-negative breast cancer the immunotherapy pembrolizumab is only given when a PD-L1 stain of the tumour scores 10 or more on the combined positive score, because that is the group in which the trial showed people lived longer. For early disease before surgery no PD-L1 test is needed: pembrolizumab helped regardless.","tags":"breast tnbc","route":"/terms/pd-l1-cps-10-tnbc/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-metastatic tnbc-early"},{"id":"hrd-in-breast-cancer","kind":"term","name":"Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) in breast cancer","aka":"HRD score in breast cancer\nHRD in TNBC\nGenomic instability score 42\nHR-deficient triple-negative breast cancer\nBRCAness","tldr":"Homologous recombination deficiency means a tumour cannot mend double-strand DNA breaks properly, most often because BRCA1 or BRCA2 is lost. About seven in ten triple-negative tumours score as deficient, and they respond better to platinum chemotherapy; but unlike ovarian cancer, no breast cancer drug is approved on the basis of an HRD score, only on a germline BRCA result.","tags":"breast tnbc","route":"/terms/hrd-in-breast-cancer/","cancers":"tnbc brca-associated-tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"germline-brca-testing-criteria-tnbc","kind":"term","name":"Germline BRCA testing criteria for triple-negative breast cancer (UK)","aka":"Who gets BRCA testing\nMainstream genetic testing criteria\nNICE genetic testing threshold 10 percent\nTNBC under 50 BRCA testing\nTNBC under 60 testing\nManchester score\nR208 testing criteria","tldr":"In the NHS a blood test for inherited BRCA1 and BRCA2 faults is offered to every woman under 50 with triple-negative breast cancer, whatever her family history, and hospital testing criteria now extend that to triple-negative disease under 60 and any breast cancer under 40. Others are tested when a calculator puts the chance of a family fault at 10 percent or more.","tags":"breast tnbc","route":"/terms/germline-brca-testing-criteria-tnbc/","cancers":"tnbc brca-associated-tnbc tnbc-early breast-cancer"},{"id":"ki-67-in-tnbc","kind":"term","name":"Ki-67 in triple-negative breast cancer","aka":"Ki67 in TNBC\nProliferation index in triple-negative breast cancer\nMIB-1 in triple-negative breast cancer","tldr":"Ki-67 is a stain that marks dividing cells. Triple-negative cancers almost all score high, typically around 60 percent, so the marker separates them from slower hormone-driven cancers but rarely changes treatment within the triple-negative group; the international working group limits its clinical use to hormone receptor-positive disease.","tags":"breast tnbc","route":"/terms/ki-67-in-tnbc/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-luminal-androgen-receptor breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"basal-like","kind":"term","name":"Basal-like breast cancer","aka":"Basal-like subtype\nBasal breast cancer\nBasal-like intrinsic subtype\nPAM50 basal-like\nBasal-like carcinoma","tldr":"Basal-like is a breast cancer subtype defined by the genes its cells switch on, which resemble the basal cells lining the milk ducts. About four in five triple-negative cancers are basal-like and most basal-like cancers are triple-negative, but the two labels are not the same thing, and the overlap is where BRCA1-related cancers sit.","tags":"breast tnbc","route":"/terms/basal-like/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-basal-like-1 tnbc-basal-like-2 brca-associated-tnbc adenoid-cystic-carcinoma-breast high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"claudin-low","kind":"term","name":"Claudin-low breast cancer","aka":"Claudin-low subtype\nClaudin-low phenotype\nClaudin-low triple-negative breast cancer","tldr":"Claudin-low breast cancers have lost the claudin proteins that hold epithelial cells together and have taken on the features of migrating, stem-like cells. Most are triple-negative and respond to chemotherapy less well than basal-like cancers. Newer work treats claudin-low as a pattern that can overlay any subtype rather than a subtype of its own.","tags":"breast tnbc","route":"/terms/claudin-low/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-mesenchymal tnbc-mesenchymal-stem-like metaplastic-breast-carcinoma"},{"id":"androgen-receptor-positive-tnbc","kind":"term","name":"Androgen receptor-positive triple-negative breast cancer","aka":"AR-positive TNBC\nAR-positive breast cancer\nAndrogen receptor expression in breast cancer\nAR immunohistochemistry 10 percent","tldr":"Some triple-negative breast cancers carry the androgen receptor, the protein that prostate cancer runs on. About one in eight ER-negative cancers stain positive, and in trials the prostate drugs bicalutamide and enzalutamide held the disease for a minority of patients; neither is approved for breast cancer, so this remains a trial question.","tags":"breast tnbc","route":"/terms/androgen-receptor-positive-tnbc/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-luminal-androgen-receptor apocrine-carcinoma-breast"},{"id":"ajcc-prognostic-stage-breast","kind":"term","name":"AJCC 8th edition prognostic stage for breast cancer","aka":"Prognostic stage group\nClinical prognostic stage\nPathological prognostic stage\nAnatomic stage versus prognostic stage\nAJCC 8th edition breast","tldr":"Since 2018 the American staging system gives breast cancer two stages: the anatomic stage from tumour size, nodes and spread, and a prognostic stage that also counts grade and the three receptors. Because triple-negative cancers are usually grade 3 and receptor negative, their prognostic stage is often a step higher than their anatomic stage; UK pages and NICE quote the anatomic TNM stage.","tags":"breast tnbc","route":"/terms/ajcc-prognostic-stage-breast/","cancers":"tnbc breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"interval-breast-cancer","kind":"term","name":"Interval breast cancer (a cancer found between screening rounds)","aka":"Interval cancer\nScreen-detected versus interval cancer\nCancer between mammograms\nNHS Breast Screening Programme interval","tldr":"An interval breast cancer is one diagnosed after a normal screening mammogram and before the next invitation. Fast-growing cancers, triple-negative disease among them, make up a larger share of interval than of screen-detected cancers, which is why a new breast change should always be checked rather than left until the next screen.","tags":"breast tnbc","route":"/terms/interval-breast-cancer/","cancers":"tnbc breast-cancer brca-associated-tnbc"},{"id":"risk-reducing-surgery-brca-carriers","kind":"term","name":"Risk-reducing surgery for BRCA carriers (bilateral and contralateral mastectomy, salpingo-oophorectomy)","aka":"Bilateral risk-reducing mastectomy\nProphylactic mastectomy\nContralateral risk-reducing mastectomy\nRisk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy and breast cancer\nPreventive mastectomy","tldr":"Women who carry a BRCA1 or BRCA2 fault can choose to have both breasts removed before any cancer appears, which cuts breast cancer risk by about nine tenths, or to remove the other breast after a first cancer. Removing the ovaries protects against ovarian cancer but, in the largest prospective study, did not lower breast cancer risk in BRCA1 carriers.","tags":"breast tnbc","route":"/terms/risk-reducing-surgery-brca-carriers/","cancers":"tnbc brca-associated-tnbc breast-cancer ovarian"},{"id":"chemoprevention-and-er-negative-breast-cancer","kind":"term","name":"Chemoprevention (tamoxifen, anastrozole, raloxifene) and ER-negative breast cancer","aka":"Breast cancer chemoprevention\nTamoxifen for prevention\nAnastrozole for prevention\nIBIS-I\nIBIS-II\nNSABP P-1\nPreventive tamoxifen and BRCA1","tldr":"Tamoxifen and anastrozole taken for five years cut the number of new breast cancers in women at raised risk by a third to a half, and NICE offers them to women at high or moderate risk. But the cancers they prevent are oestrogen-driven ones; in the trials they made no difference to oestrogen receptor-negative cancers, the kind BRCA1 carriers mostly get.","tags":"breast tnbc","route":"/terms/chemoprevention-and-er-negative-breast-cancer/","cancers":"tnbc brca-associated-tnbc breast-hr-positive breast-cancer"},{"id":"founder-mutation","kind":"term","name":"Founder mutation (BRCA1 185delAG and 5382insC, BRCA2 6174delT)","aka":"Founder variant\nAshkenazi BRCA founder mutations\nBRCA1 185delAG\nBRCA1 5382insC\nBRCA2 6174delT\nPopulation-specific BRCA mutation","tldr":"A founder mutation is a single inherited gene fault that many people in one population share because they descend from the same ancestor who carried it. The best known are three BRCA faults carried by about one in forty Ashkenazi Jews, which is why Jewish ancestry is one of the family history flags in UK genetics referral rules.","tags":"breast tnbc","route":"/terms/founder-mutation/","cancers":"tnbc brca-associated-tnbc breast-cancer ovarian"},{"id":"idfs","kind":"term","name":"Invasive disease-free survival (iDFS)","aka":"iDFS\nInvasive disease-free survival\nInvasive breast cancer-free survival (IBCFS)\nSTEEP end points\nDisease-free survival in adjuvant breast cancer trials","tldr":"Invasive disease-free survival is the yardstick of most trials that treat early breast cancer after surgery. A patient counts as an event if the cancer comes back anywhere as invasive disease, a new invasive cancer appears in either breast or elsewhere, or she dies of any cause; it deliberately ignores non-invasive recurrences. OlympiA used it to show that a year of olaparib helped BRCA carriers.","tags":"breast tnbc","route":"/terms/idfs/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early brca-associated-tnbc breast-cancer"},{"id":"luminal-androgen-receptor","kind":"term","name":"Luminal androgen receptor (LAR) subtype","aka":"LAR\nLAR subtype of TNBC\nTNBCtype LAR\nLuminal AR subtype","tldr":"Luminal androgen receptor is one of the four molecular subtypes of triple-negative breast cancer. Its cells look and behave like hormone-driven luminal cells but run on the androgen receptor instead of oestrogen, which makes them slower growing, less responsive to chemotherapy and the target of trials with prostate cancer drugs.","tags":"breast tnbc","route":"/terms/luminal-androgen-receptor/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-luminal-androgen-receptor apocrine-carcinoma-breast"},{"id":"pd-l1-assay-discordance","kind":"term","name":"PD-L1 assay discordance (SP142, SP263 and 22C3 in breast cancer)","aka":"PD-L1 assay comparison\nSP142 versus 22C3\nPD-L1 antibody clones\nPD-L1 test harmonisation\nNon-interchangeable PD-L1 assays","tldr":"Three commercial PD-L1 stains give different answers on the same breast tumour: the SP142 assay used with atezolizumab called fewer than half of tumours positive while the 22C3 and SP263 assays called about three quarters. Because the pembrolizumab licence rests on 22C3 combined positive score 10, which test a laboratory runs, and how it scores it, decides who is offered immunotherapy.","tags":"breast tnbc","route":"/terms/pd-l1-assay-discordance/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"exceptional-responder","kind":"term","name":"Exceptional responder","aka":"Exceptional response\nExceptional Responders Initiative\nOutlier responder\nSuper-responder\nLong-term responder","tldr":"An exceptional responder is a patient whose cancer shrinks or stays controlled far longer than expected on a treatment that helps few people. The US National Cancer Institute defined the term for a study that sequenced such patients' tumours to learn why, and found a plausible molecular reason in about a quarter of them.","tags":"breast tnbc","route":"/terms/exceptional-responder/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"health-disparities","kind":"term","name":"Health disparities in cancer outcomes (ethnicity, deprivation and access)","aka":"Cancer outcome disparities\nRacial disparities in breast cancer\nEthnic inequalities in cancer\nDeprivation and cancer survival\nDisparities versus biology","tldr":"Health disparities are differences in who gets a cancer and who survives it that track ethnicity, income and access to care rather than chance. Triple-negative breast cancer is the textbook case: Black women get it about twice as often, present later and die of it more often, and how much is biology and how much is unequal care is still being worked out on both sides of the Atlantic.","tags":"breast tnbc","route":"/terms/health-disparities/","cancers":"tnbc breast-cancer tnbc-early"},{"id":"hair-loss-and-scalp-cooling-breast","kind":"term","name":"Hair loss and scalp cooling with breast cancer chemotherapy","aka":"chemotherapy hair loss\ncold cap","tldr":"Taxane and anthracycline chemotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer causes hair loss in most people, usually starting after the first or second cycle and almost always growing back; scalp cooling kept more than half the hair in about half of women in a randomised trial and is offered in many UK units.","tags":"","route":"/terms/hair-loss-and-scalp-cooling-breast/","cancers":"tnbc breast-cancer"},{"id":"menopause-after-chemotherapy-breast","kind":"term","name":"Menopause symptoms after chemotherapy for breast cancer","aka":"chemotherapy-induced menopause\ntreatment-induced menopause","tldr":"Chemotherapy can stop the ovaries working, temporarily or for good; hot flushes, sweats, poor sleep, low mood and vaginal dryness follow, and because HRT is not routinely offered after breast cancer the usual answers are non-hormonal medicines, vaginal moisturisers, CBT and lifestyle changes.","tags":"","route":"/terms/menopause-after-chemotherapy-breast/","cancers":"tnbc breast-cancer"},{"id":"body-image-after-breast-surgery","kind":"term","name":"Body image after breast surgery and reconstruction","aka":"body image\nliving flat\nprosthesis","tldr":"It can take a year for scars, swelling and feelings about a changed body to settle after breast surgery; a prosthesis, reconstruction, no reconstruction, specialist bras and talking to someone who has been through it are all ordinary routes, and none is the right one for everybody.","tags":"","route":"/terms/body-image-after-breast-surgery/","cancers":"tnbc breast-cancer"},{"id":"neutropenic-sepsis-breast-chemotherapy","kind":"term","name":"Neutropenic sepsis: the temperature rule and the 999 signs","aka":"neutropenic sepsis\nsepsis on chemotherapy","tldr":"During chemotherapy a temperature over 37.5 C or below 36 C, shivering, or feeling unwell even with a normal temperature means ringing the hospital's 24-hour line straight away; breathing very fast, confusion, mottled skin or no urine in a day means 999.","tags":"","route":"/terms/neutropenic-sepsis-breast-chemotherapy/","cancers":"tnbc breast-cancer"},{"id":"adc-side-effects-breast","kind":"term","name":"Living with an antibody-drug conjugate: diarrhoea, blood counts, eyes and lungs","aka":"ADC side effects","tldr":"The antibody-drug conjugates used in triple-negative breast cancer carry chemotherapy into the cancer but still cause chemotherapy-like effects: sacituzumab govitecan mainly low white cells and diarrhoea, datopotamab deruxtecan mouth soreness, eye problems and rarely lung inflammation, trastuzumab deruxtecan lung inflammation and sickness. Each has a threshold for ringing the 24-hour line.","tags":"","route":"/terms/adc-side-effects-breast/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"urgent-help-tnbc","kind":"term","name":"When to seek urgent help with triple-negative breast cancer (NHS 111 and 999)","aka":"","tldr":"Call 999 for signs of sepsis, sudden severe breathlessness, a seizure or new confusion; ring the hospital's 24-hour line straight away for a temperature over 37.5 C or below 36 C, for diarrhoea that meets your drug's threshold, for a new cough or breathlessness on pembrolizumab or a deruxtecan drug, or for yellow eyes; use NHS 111 when you cannot reach the team and are not sure.","tags":"","route":"/terms/urgent-help-tnbc/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"work-and-money-breast-cancer-uk","kind":"term","name":"Work and money during breast cancer treatment (UK)","aka":"sick pay\nreasonable adjustments\nAccess to Work","tldr":"Cancer counts as a disability under the Equality Act, so once your employer knows they must consider reasonable adjustments; there is no legal right to paid time off for appointments unless your contract gives one, Statutory Sick Pay applies where there is no company scheme, and Macmillan's money advisers and benefits calculator are free.","tags":"","route":"/terms/work-and-money-breast-cancer-uk/","cancers":"tnbc breast-cancer"},{"id":"carers-breast-cancer-uk","kind":"term","name":"Carers: what you can do and UK carer support (breast cancer)","aka":"caregiver\ncaring for someone with breast cancer","tldr":"A carer is anyone giving unpaid help to someone with cancer who could not manage without it; you can come to appointments, keep the medicine list and the 24-hour number, learn the sepsis and immune-reaction signs, tell the team you are the carer, and ask the council for a free carer's assessment.","tags":"","route":"/terms/carers-breast-cancer-uk/","cancers":"tnbc breast-cancer"},{"id":"paper-esmo-early-breast-cancer-guideline-ann-oncol-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Early breast cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","aka":"","tldr":"The European oncology society's 2024 guideline for breast cancer that has not spread, covering diagnosis, surgery, radiotherapy, drug treatment before and after surgery, and follow-up; the reference standard for European and UK care of early triple-negative disease.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-esmo-early-breast-cancer-guideline-ann-oncol-2024/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"paper-esmo-metastatic-breast-cancer-guideline-ann-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for the diagnosis, staging and treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The European oncology society's 2021 guideline for breast cancer that has spread, the parent document of the living guideline that is now updated as trials read out.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-esmo-metastatic-breast-cancer-guideline-ann-oncol-2021/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"paper-esmo-mbc-living-guideline-update-ann-oncol-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Updated treatment recommendations for systemic treatment: from the ESMO Metastatic Breast Cancer Living Guideline","aka":"","tldr":"A 2025 letter recording the latest changes to Europe's continuously updated guideline for metastatic breast cancer, the mechanism through which first-line antibody-drug conjugate results enter European practice.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-esmo-mbc-living-guideline-update-ann-oncol-2025/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-nccn-breast-cancer-v4-2026-jnccn-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Breast Cancer, Version 4.2026, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines In Oncology","aka":"","tldr":"The 2026 journal summary of the US NCCN breast cancer guideline, this version focused on recurrent and metastatic disease and how treatment is chosen by receptor status, prior therapy and time since treatment.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-nccn-breast-cancer-v4-2026-jnccn-2026/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"paper-st-gallen-2023-consensus-ann-oncol-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Understanding breast cancer complexity to improve patient outcomes: The St Gallen International Consensus Conference for the Primary Therapy of Individuals with Early Breast Cancer 2023","aka":"","tldr":"The 2023 report of the international expert panel that meets every two years to vote on how early breast cancer should be treated, this time stressing multidisciplinary decisions and the right intensity and duration of treatment.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-st-gallen-2023-consensus-ann-oncol-2023/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"paper-st-gallen-2025-consensus-ann-oncol-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Tailoring treatment to cancer risk and patient preference: the 2025 St Gallen International Breast Cancer Consensus Statement on individualizing therapy for patients with early breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The 2025 international consensus on early breast cancer, which recommends platinum chemotherapy and immunotherapy for triple-negative disease, updated genetic testing guidance and shorter radiotherapy schedules.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-st-gallen-2025-consensus-ann-oncol-2025/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"paper-asco-neoadjuvant-therapy-breast-guideline-jco-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy, Endocrine Therapy, and Targeted Therapy for Breast Cancer: ASCO Guideline","aka":"","tldr":"The US oncology society's 2021 rules for treatment before surgery: triple-negative tumours of 1 cm or more, or with involved nodes, should get anthracycline and taxane chemotherapy, carboplatin may be added, and at that date the evidence for adding immunotherapy was judged insufficient.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-asco-neoadjuvant-therapy-breast-guideline-jco-2021/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-asco-pembrolizumab-early-tnbc-rapid-update-jco-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Use of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Pembrolizumab in the Treatment of High-Risk, Early-Stage Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: ASCO Guideline Rapid Recommendation Update","aka":"","tldr":"The 2022 fast-track amendment in which the US oncology society added pembrolizumab before and after surgery for high-risk early triple-negative breast cancer, a year after its main guideline had said the evidence was insufficient.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-asco-pembrolizumab-early-tnbc-rapid-update-jco-2022/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-asco-hereditary-breast-cancer-guideline-jco-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Management of Hereditary Breast Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Society for Radiation Oncology, and Society of Surgical Oncology Guideline","aka":"","tldr":"The 2020 joint US guideline for breast cancer in people who carry an inherited fault in BRCA1, BRCA2 or another risk gene: breast-conserving surgery is allowed, bilateral mastectomy should be discussed, platinum beats taxanes in advanced disease and PARP inhibitors beat single-agent chemotherapy.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-asco-hereditary-breast-cancer-guideline-jco-2020/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"paper-asco-biomarkers-metastatic-breast-cancer-guideline-jco-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Biomarkers for Systemic Therapy in Metastatic Breast Cancer: ASCO Guideline Update","aka":"","tldr":"The US oncology society's 2022 rules on which tests to run before choosing drugs for metastatic breast cancer: PD-L1 for pembrolizumab, germline BRCA for PARP inhibitors, and no routine test for TROP2 or for tumour DNA in blood.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-asco-biomarkers-metastatic-breast-cancer-guideline-jco-2022/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"paper-asco-cap-er-pr-testing-guideline-jco-2010","kind":"paper","name":"American Society of Clinical Oncology/College Of American Pathologists guideline recommendations for immunohistochemical testing of estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The 2010 rule that fixed the line between hormone receptor-positive and negative breast cancer at 1 percent of stained tumour nuclei, after finding that up to a fifth of receptor tests worldwide might be wrong; it is the threshold that defines triple-negative disease.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-asco-cap-er-pr-testing-guideline-jco-2010/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"paper-perou-molecular-portraits-breast-tumours-nature-2000","kind":"paper","name":"Molecular portraits of human breast tumours","aka":"","tldr":"The 2000 study that read the activity of 8,102 genes in 65 breast tumours and found the tumours fell into distinct groups, one of them the basal-like group that most triple-negative cancers belong to.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-perou-molecular-portraits-breast-tumours-nature-2000/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"paper-sorlie-breast-carcinoma-subclasses-pnas-2001","kind":"paper","name":"Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications","aka":"","tldr":"The 2001 follow-up showing that the gene-expression groups of breast cancer predict how patients fare, with the basal-like group doing worst; it made the subtypes clinical rather than descriptive.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-sorlie-breast-carcinoma-subclasses-pnas-2001/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"paper-sorlie-repeated-observation-subtypes-brca1-basal-pnas-2003","kind":"paper","name":"Repeated observation of breast tumor subtypes in independent gene expression data sets","aka":"","tldr":"The 2003 paper that found the same breast cancer subtypes in other laboratories' data and showed that tumours from women with an inherited BRCA1 fault fall into the basal-like group, linking hereditary and triple-negative disease.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-sorlie-repeated-observation-subtypes-brca1-basal-pnas-2003/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-foulkes-brca1-basal-phenotype-jnci-2003","kind":"paper","name":"Germline BRCA1 mutations and a basal epithelial phenotype in breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A 2003 study using an ordinary pathology stain, cytokeratin 5/6, to show that breast cancers in women with an inherited BRCA1 fault are nine times more likely to have the basal pattern; it brought the basal-like idea from the microarray to the pathology bench.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-foulkes-brca1-basal-phenotype-jnci-2003/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-struewing-brca-founder-mutations-ashkenazi-nejm-1997","kind":"paper","name":"The risk of cancer associated with specific mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 among Ashkenazi Jews","aka":"","tldr":"The 1997 study of 5,318 Ashkenazi Jewish volunteers that measured the real-world breast cancer risk of the three founder mutations carried by more than 2 percent of that population: 56 percent by age 70, lower than the 85 percent estimated from high-risk families.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-struewing-brca-founder-mutations-ashkenazi-nejm-1997/","cancers":"tnbc ovarian prostate breast-cancer"},{"id":"paper-gorski-brca1-founder-mutations-poland-ajhg-2000","kind":"paper","name":"Founder mutations in the BRCA1 gene in Polish families with breast-ovarian cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A 2000 study of 66 Polish families with breast and ovarian cancer in which three BRCA1 mutations accounted for more than four in five of the faults found, showing that a short national test panel could replace full gene sequencing in Poland.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-gorski-brca1-founder-mutations-poland-ajhg-2000/","cancers":"tnbc ovarian"},{"id":"paper-atchley-brca-status-triple-negative-jco-2008","kind":"paper","name":"Clinical and pathologic characteristics of patients with BRCA-positive and BRCA-negative breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A 2008 MD Anderson series showing that 57 percent of breast cancers in BRCA1 carriers were triple-negative against 14 percent in women without a BRCA fault, the clinical number behind the rule that triple-negative diagnosis should prompt a genetic test.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-atchley-brca-status-triple-negative-jco-2008/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-dent-tnbc-clinical-features-recurrence-ccr-2007","kind":"paper","name":"Triple-negative breast cancer: clinical features and patterns of recurrence","aka":"","tldr":"The 2007 Toronto study that gave triple-negative breast cancer its clinical portrait: 11 percent of cases, a risk of distant relapse 2.6 times higher than other breast cancers, a peak at three years and then a fall, so that women who reach five years without relapse are largely safe.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-dent-tnbc-clinical-features-recurrence-ccr-2007/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-bauer-triple-negative-california-registry-cancer-2007","kind":"paper","name":"Descriptive analysis of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative, progesterone receptor (PR)-negative, and HER2-negative invasive breast cancer, the so-called triple-negative phenotype: a population-based study from the California cancer Registry","aka":"","tldr":"The 2007 population study of 6,370 Californian women that fixed the demographics of triple-negative breast cancer: younger, more often Black or Hispanic, poorer, diagnosed later and with worse survival at every stage; Black women with late-stage disease had 14 percent five-year survival.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-bauer-triple-negative-california-registry-cancer-2007/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-carey-race-breast-cancer-subtypes-cbcs-jama-2006","kind":"paper","name":"Race, breast cancer subtypes, and survival in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study","aka":"","tldr":"The 2006 North Carolina study that found the basal-like subtype in 39 percent of breast cancers in premenopausal African American women against 16 percent in other women, offering a biological reason for the worse survival of young Black women with breast cancer.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-carey-race-breast-cancer-subtypes-cbcs-jama-2006/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-howlader-us-incidence-breast-subtypes-jnci-2014","kind":"paper","name":"US incidence of breast cancer subtypes defined by joint hormone receptor and HER2 status","aka":"","tldr":"The first US national count of breast cancer by receptor subtype, from 2010 when cancer registries began recording HER2: 12.2 percent of cases were triple-negative, and Black women had the highest rate of that subtype.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-howlader-us-incidence-breast-subtypes-jnci-2014/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"paper-scott-tnbc-disparities-uscs-cancer-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Update on triple-negative breast cancer disparities for the United States: A population-based study from the United States Cancer Statistics database, 2010 through 2014","aka":"","tldr":"A count of 1.15 million US breast cancers from 2010 to 2014 in which Black women had 2.27 times the odds of a triple-negative diagnosis and women under 40 nearly twice the odds, confirming the disparity at national scale.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-scott-tnbc-disparities-uscs-cancer-2019/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-copson-posh-ethnicity-young-breast-cancer-uk-bjc-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Ethnicity and outcome of young breast cancer patients in the United Kingdom: the POSH study","aka":"","tldr":"The UK cohort of 2,915 women diagnosed with breast cancer at 40 or younger in which Black women had more triple-negative tumours (26 versus 19 percent) and worse survival despite the same access to care and the same use of chemotherapy.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-copson-posh-ethnicity-young-breast-cancer-uk-bjc-2014/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"paper-lin-tnbc-cns-metastases-dfci-cancer-2008","kind":"paper","name":"Sites of distant recurrence and clinical outcomes in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: high incidence of central nervous system metastases","aka":"","tldr":"A 2008 Dana-Farber series of 116 women with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer in which 46 percent developed brain metastases before death, median survival after spread was 13.3 months and after a brain diagnosis 4.9 months.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-lin-tnbc-cns-metastases-dfci-cancer-2008/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-lehmann-tnbc-subtypes-jci-2011","kind":"paper","name":"Identification of human triple-negative breast cancer subtypes and preclinical models for selection of targeted therapies","aka":"","tldr":"The 2011 Vanderbilt analysis of 587 triple-negative tumours that split the disease into six molecular groups, two basal-like, an immune group, two mesenchymal groups and a luminal androgen receptor group, and matched each to cell lines and candidate drugs.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-lehmann-tnbc-subtypes-jci-2011/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-lehmann-tnbctype-4-refinement-plos-one-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Refinement of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes: Implications for Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Selection","aka":"","tldr":"The 2016 revision that cut the six triple-negative subtypes to four after showing the immune and stem-like signals came from surrounding cells, and found that response to standard chemotherapy before surgery ranged from 41 percent in basal-like 1 to 18 percent in basal-like 2.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-lehmann-tnbctype-4-refinement-plos-one-2016/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"paper-burstein-tnbc-genomic-subtypes-ccr-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Comprehensive genomic analysis identifies novel subtypes and targets of triple-negative breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A 2015 Baylor study of 198 triple-negative tumours that found four stable subtypes, luminal androgen receptor, mesenchymal, basal-like immune-suppressed and basal-like immune-activated, with the immune-activated group faring best and the immune-suppressed worst.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-burstein-tnbc-genomic-subtypes-ccr-2015/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-ebctcg-polychemotherapy-regimens-meta-analysis-lancet-2012","kind":"paper","name":"Comparisons between different polychemotherapy regimens for early breast cancer: meta-analyses of long-term outcome among 100,000 women in 123 randomised trials","aka":"","tldr":"The Oxford overview of 123 trials and 100,000 women showing that anthracycline and taxane chemotherapy cuts breast cancer deaths by about a third, largely regardless of age, nodes, size, grade or hormone receptor status; it is the foundation triple-negative chemotherapy rests on.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-ebctcg-polychemotherapy-regimens-meta-analysis-lancet-2012/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"paper-liedtke-neoadjuvant-response-survival-tnbc-jco-2008","kind":"paper","name":"Response to neoadjuvant therapy and long-term survival in patients with triple-negative breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The 2008 MD Anderson series of 1,118 women that defined the triple-negative paradox: these tumours disappear completely with pre-surgery chemotherapy twice as often as other breast cancers, yet survival is worse, because the women left with residual disease relapse early and often.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-liedtke-neoadjuvant-response-survival-tnbc-jco-2008/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-cortazar-ctneobc-pcr-pooled-analysis-lancet-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Pathological complete response and long-term clinical benefit in breast cancer: the CTNeoBC pooled analysis","aka":"","tldr":"The US regulator's pooled analysis of 11,955 patients in 12 trials that found complete disappearance of the tumour before surgery predicts survival most strongly in triple-negative disease, but that a trial raising the complete response rate does not reliably improve survival.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-cortazar-ctneobc-pcr-pooled-analysis-lancet-2014/","cancers":"tnbc breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"paper-symmans-rcb-long-term-prognosis-subtype-jco-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Long-Term Prognostic Risk After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Associated With Residual Cancer Burden and Breast Cancer Subtype","aka":"","tldr":"The 2017 validation of the residual cancer burden score, which graded how much triple-negative tumour is left after pre-surgery chemotherapy and found ten-year relapse-free survival of 86 percent with no residual tumour, 81 percent with minimal, 55 percent with moderate and 23 percent with extensive residual disease.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-symmans-rcb-long-term-prognosis-subtype-jco-2017/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"paper-yau-rcb-pooled-analysis-5161-lancet-oncol-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Residual cancer burden after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and long-term survival outcomes in breast cancer: a multicentre pooled analysis of 5161 patients","aka":"","tldr":"A pooled analysis of 5,161 patients from 12 European and US institutions and trials confirming that the residual cancer burden score predicts relapse in every breast cancer subtype, and proposing it become part of standard pathology reporting after pre-surgery chemotherapy.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-yau-rcb-pooled-analysis-5161-lancet-oncol-2022/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"paper-sikov-calgb-40603-carboplatin-bevacizumab-jco-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Impact of the addition of carboplatin and/or bevacizumab to neoadjuvant once-per-week paclitaxel followed by dose-dense doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide on pathologic complete response rates in stage II to III triple-negative breast cancer: CALGB 40603 (Alliance)","aka":"","tldr":"The US trial of 443 women that showed adding carboplatin to pre-surgery paclitaxel, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide raised complete tumour disappearance in breast and nodes from 41 to 54 percent, at the cost of more low blood counts and skipped doses; it and GeparSixto made platinum standard.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-sikov-calgb-40603-carboplatin-bevacizumab-jco-2015/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-loibl-geparsixto-survival-hrd-ann-oncol-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Survival analysis of carboplatin added to an anthracycline/taxane-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy and HRD score as predictor of response-final results from GeparSixto","aka":"","tldr":"The final GeparSixto report: adding carboplatin before surgery cut relapse in triple-negative disease by 44 percent, and a DNA-repair deficiency score predicted which tumours would disappear, though it did not predict who gained from the platinum.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-loibl-geparsixto-survival-hrd-ann-oncol-2018/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"paper-geyer-brightness-4-year-follow-up-ann-oncol-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Long-term efficacy and safety of addition of carboplatin with or without veliparib to standard neoadjuvant chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer: 4-year follow-up data from BrighTNess, a randomized phase III trial","aka":"","tldr":"The 4.5-year follow-up of BrighTNess showing that adding carboplatin to pre-surgery chemotherapy in 634 women cut relapse or death by about 40 percent without more second cancers, while adding the PARP inhibitor veliparib added nothing.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-geyer-brightness-4-year-follow-up-ann-oncol-2022/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-create-x-adjuvant-capecitabine-nejm-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Adjuvant Capecitabine for Breast Cancer after Preoperative Chemotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"The Japanese and Korean trial of 910 women whose tumours had survived pre-surgery chemotherapy, in which six months of capecitabine tablets cut deaths by 41 percent, and by 48 percent in the triple-negative group; the first treatment ever shown to help after residual disease.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-create-x-adjuvant-capecitabine-nejm-2017/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"paper-olympia-overall-survival-ann-oncol-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Overall survival in the OlympiA phase III trial of adjuvant olaparib in patients with germline pathogenic variants in BRCA1/2 and high-risk, early breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The second planned analysis of OlympiA, at 3.5 years, in which a year of olaparib tablets after standard treatment cut deaths by 32 percent in women with an inherited BRCA fault, the first time a PARP inhibitor had lengthened life in early breast cancer.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-olympia-overall-survival-ann-oncol-2022/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"paper-olympia-6-year-update-ann-oncol-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Sustained benefit of adjuvant olaparib in women with germline BRCA1- and BRCA2-associated high-risk HER2-negative early breast cancer: updated results from the OlympiA phase III trial","aka":"","tldr":"The six-year OlympiA update: the year of olaparib still cut relapse by 35 percent and death by 28 percent, six-year survival was 87.5 versus 83.2 percent, there were fewer new BRCA-related breast and ovarian cancers, and no excess of leukaemia.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-olympia-6-year-update-ann-oncol-2026/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"paper-rugo-pd-l1-assay-comparison-impassion130-jnci-2021","kind":"paper","name":"PD-L1 Immunohistochemistry Assay Comparison in Atezolizumab Plus nab-Paclitaxel-Treated Advanced Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Three different PD-L1 tests run on the same 614 IMpassion130 tumours called 46, 75 and 73 percent of them positive and agreed with each other only about 69 percent of the time; the benefit of atezolizumab was concentrated in the tumours all three called positive.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-rugo-pd-l1-assay-comparison-impassion130-jnci-2021/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"paper-leon-ferre-tils-tnbc-no-chemotherapy-jama-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A pooled study of 1,966 women with early triple-negative breast cancer treated with surgery and radiotherapy but no chemotherapy, in which those whose tumours were half or more immune cells had 94 percent five-year freedom from distant relapse in stage I disease against 78 percent for immune-poor tumours.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-leon-ferre-tils-tnbc-no-chemotherapy-jama-2024/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"paper-tropion-breast02-ann-oncol-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Datopotamab deruxtecan in patients with untreated, advanced triple-negative breast cancer (TROPION-Breast02): a randomised, open-label, international, phase III trial","aka":"","tldr":"The trial of 644 women with newly metastatic triple-negative breast cancer who could not have immunotherapy, in which the antibody-drug conjugate datopotamab deruxtecan held the cancer still for 10.8 months against 5.6 with chemotherapy and lengthened life from 18.7 to 23.7 months.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-tropion-breast02-ann-oncol-2026/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-capitello-290-capivasertib-paclitaxel-ann-oncol-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Capivasertib plus paclitaxel as first-line treatment for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: results from the randomised, global phase III CAPItello-290 trial","aka":"","tldr":"The 812-patient trial in which adding the AKT inhibitor capivasertib to first-line paclitaxel did not lengthen life in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (17.7 versus 18.0 months), even in the 31 percent of patients whose tumours carried the pathway alterations it targets.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-capitello-290-capivasertib-paclitaxel-ann-oncol-2026/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-schettini-her2-low-features-npj-breast-cancer-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Clinical, pathological, and PAM50 gene expression features of HER2-low breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A 3,689-patient study showing that 36.6 percent of triple-negative tumours are HER2-low, that in triple-negative disease HER2-low tumours are biologically no different from HER2-zero ones, and that pathologists agree poorly on the score; the label matters only because a drug now depends on it.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-schettini-her2-low-features-npj-breast-cancer-2021/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive her2-low-metastatic-breast-cancer"},{"id":"paper-radovich-ctdna-ctc-bre12-158-jama-oncol-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Association of Circulating Tumor DNA and Circulating Tumor Cells After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy With Disease Recurrence in Patients With Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Preplanned Secondary Analysis of the BRE12-158 Randomized Clinical Trial","aka":"","tldr":"In 196 women with triple-negative breast cancer left with residual tumour after pre-surgery chemotherapy, finding tumour DNA in the blood after surgery tripled the risk of distant relapse and quadrupled the risk of death; at two years 56 percent versus 81 percent were free of distant disease.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-radovich-ctdna-ctc-bre12-158-jama-oncol-2020/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"paper-turner-c-trak-tn-ctdna-pembrolizumab-ann-oncol-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Results of the c-TRAK TN trial: a clinical trial utilising ctDNA mutation tracking to detect molecular residual disease and trigger intervention in patients with moderate- and high-risk early-stage triple-negative breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The UK trial that watched 161 women with early triple-negative breast cancer by three-monthly blood tests for tumour DNA: 27 percent tested positive within a year, but by then nearly three quarters already had visible metastases, and none of the five who started pembrolizumab cleared the DNA. The lesson was to test earlier and more sensitively.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-turner-c-trak-tn-ctdna-pembrolizumab-ann-oncol-2023/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"tnbc-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Triple-negative breast cancer roadmap: from a remainder defined by three negative tests to immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates and the residual disease problem","aka":"TNBC evidence roadmap\nBasal-like breast cancer roadmap\nTriple-negative breast cancer history","tldr":"Triple-negative breast cancer was named for what it lacks, the three receptors other breast cancers are treated through. This roadmap follows it from the receptor discoveries and the basal-like signature of 2000, through chemotherapy, platinum, PARP inhibitors, immunotherapy and antibody-drug conjugates, to the trials asking who can have less and who needs more, with registry dates to 2030.","tags":"tnbc breast roadmap","route":"/roadmaps/tnbc-roadmap/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive her2-low-metastatic-breast-cancer"},{"id":"idea-tnbc-de-escalation-for-exceptional-responders","kind":"idea","name":"Give exceptional responders less: pembrolizumab omission after complete response, anthracycline-free regimens and chemotherapy omission in lymphocyte-rich stage I disease","aka":"","tldr":"Two thirds of women treated on the KEYNOTE-522 regimen have no tumour left at surgery and about 92 percent of them are alive without relapse at five years, yet all receive nine more cycles of pembrolizumab. Trials are now testing whether the best responders can stop early, skip the anthracycline, or in lymphocyte-rich stage I tumours skip chemotherapy altogether.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-tnbc-de-escalation-for-exceptional-responders/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"idea-tnbc-ctdna-guided-adjuvant-decisions","kind":"idea","name":"ctDNA-guided adjuvant decisions after residual disease: escalate the positive, spare the negative","aka":"","tldr":"After pre-surgery chemotherapy leaves tumour behind, a blood test for tumour DNA triples the risk of distant relapse when positive. The one trial that acted on it found the DNA usually appeared too late. A trial that tests at surgery with a tumour-informed assay, escalates positives to an antibody-drug conjugate and observes negatives has not been run.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-tnbc-ctdna-guided-adjuvant-decisions/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"idea-tnbc-disparities-in-access-and-outcomes","kind":"idea","name":"Close the gap between who gets triple-negative breast cancer and who is in its trials","aka":"","tldr":"Black women in the United States have about twice the odds of a triple-negative diagnosis and, in the UK POSH cohort, worse survival than White women despite equal chemotherapy use. The pivotal trials enrolled few of them. Enrolment targets tied to incidence, reported by ethnicity in every primary paper, would make the evidence match the disease.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-tnbc-disparities-in-access-and-outcomes/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"idea-tnbc-pd-l1-assay-harmonisation","kind":"idea","name":"Harmonise PD-L1 testing for triple-negative breast cancer around one scored assay, with external quality assurance","aka":"","tldr":"Three PD-L1 tests run on the same tumours called 46, 75 and 73 percent of them positive and agreed only 69 percent of the time. With atezolizumab withdrawn, pembrolizumab's test (22C3, combined positive score of 10) is the only one that matters, yet laboratories still run whichever kit they have. One assay, one score and a proficiency scheme would end answers that vary by postcode.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-tnbc-pd-l1-assay-harmonisation/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"idea-tnbc-adc-sequencing-trial","kind":"idea","name":"A randomised trial of antibody-drug conjugate sequence in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Three antibody-drug conjugates now used in triple-negative breast cancer carry the same kind of chemotherapy warhead, a topoisomerase inhibitor. Nobody has randomised which to give first or whether the second works after the first; small series suggest it often does not. With two now approved first line, the question decides what a patient gets for the rest of her life.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-tnbc-adc-sequencing-trial/","cancers":"tnbc her2-low-metastatic-breast-cancer"},{"id":"idea-tnbc-brain-metastasis-trials","kind":"idea","name":"Trials that include, and report, brain metastases in triple-negative breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Nearly half of women with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer develop brain metastases and survive under five months after the diagnosis, yet the trials that set the standard mostly exclude active brain disease. Requiring a brain metastasis cohort in every phase 3, with intracranial response as an endpoint, would answer whether the new drugs reach the brain.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-tnbc-brain-metastasis-trials/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"idea-tnbc-her2-ultralow-testing-uptake","kind":"idea","name":"Reflex re-scoring of HER2 0 versus 1+ with digital assistance so every eligible triple-negative patient reaches trastuzumab deruxtecan","aka":"","tldr":"About a third of triple-negative tumours are HER2-low and so eligible for trastuzumab deruxtecan, but the difference between a HER2 score of 0 and 1+ is the one pathologists agree on least, and most triple-negative tumours were scored before the label mattered. Re-scoring archived slides with digital help when a patient relapses would find the eligible third.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-tnbc-her2-ultralow-testing-uptake/","cancers":"tnbc her2-low-metastatic-breast-cancer"},{"id":"idea-tnbc-uk-trial-access-and-germline-testing-audit","kind":"idea","name":"A UK audit of trial access and germline testing uptake in triple-negative breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Every triple-negative patient under 60 in the UK should be offered a BRCA test at diagnosis because the result now changes treatment, and many should be offered a trial, but no one publishes how many are. A national audit through existing cancer registration and genomic laboratory data would show the gap by region before anyone tries to close it.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-tnbc-uk-trial-access-and-germline-testing-audit/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"idea-tnbc-uk-ethnicity-stratified-outcome-reporting","kind":"idea","name":"Ethnicity-stratified outcome reporting for triple-negative breast cancer in NHS cancer statistics","aka":"","tldr":"The one UK study to look found young Black women had more triple-negative breast cancer and worse survival than White women despite equal chemotherapy, but it ended in 2008 and covered women under 41. Routine cancer statistics could report triple-negative incidence, stage and survival by ethnicity every year; at present they do not.","tags":"tnbc-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-tnbc-uk-ethnicity-stratified-outcome-reporting/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"breast-cancer-now","kind":"institution","name":"Breast Cancer Now","aka":"Breast Cancer Care\nBreakthrough Breast Cancer","tldr":"The UK's breast cancer research and support charity: a free nurse helpline, the Someone Like Me peer service, Moving Forward courses, an online forum and patient information on triple-negative disease, alongside funding of the Toby Robins Research Centre at the ICR.","tags":"charity uk breast","route":"/institutions/breast-cancer-now/","cancers":"tnbc breast-cancer"},{"id":"jean-abraham","kind":"person","name":"Jean Abraham","aka":"","tldr":"Chief investigator of PARTNER, the UK trial of neoadjuvant olaparib with platinum chemotherapy in triple-negative and BRCA-associated breast cancer, run from Addenbrooke's across 23 NHS sites (30 on the ClinicalTrials.gov record).","tags":"breast trialist uk","route":"/people/jean-abraham/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"ellen-copson","kind":"person","name":"Ellen Copson","aka":"","tldr":"First author of POSH, the UK prospective cohort of young-onset breast cancer that showed germline BRCA carriers did no worse than non-carriers, and the ones with triple-negative disease did better in the first two years.","tags":"breast oncogenetics uk","route":"/people/ellen-copson/","cancers":"tnbc breast-cancer"},{"id":"anne-armstrong","kind":"person","name":"Anne Armstrong","aka":"","tldr":"Medical oncologist who co-chairs the breast disease group at The Christie, the Manchester cancer centre that is a site of the PHOENIX, PARTNER and ASCENT-05 trials for triple-negative disease.","tags":"breast uk","route":"/people/anne-armstrong/","cancers":"tnbc breast-cancer"},{"id":"tnt","kind":"trial","name":"TNT (Triple Negative Trial)","aka":"TNT trial\nNCT00532727","tldr":"The UK phase 3 trial that showed carboplatin is not better than docetaxel for triple-negative breast cancer as a whole, but is for the germline BRCA1/2 subgroup, and that gave the NHS its evidence for platinum in BRCA carriers.","tags":"uk breast platinum","route":"/trials/tnt/","status":"mixed","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"partner","kind":"trial","name":"PARTNER","aka":"PARTNER trial\nNCT03150576","tldr":"The Cambridge-led UK trial that added olaparib to neoadjuvant carboplatin and paclitaxel for triple-negative and BRCA breast cancer and found the 48-hour gap schedule gave 100 percent three-year survival in the germline BRCA group.","tags":"uk breast neoadjuvant","route":"/trials/partner/","status":"positive","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"paper-shah-tnbc-clonal-evolution-nature-2012","kind":"paper","name":"The clonal and mutational evolution spectrum of primary triple-negative breast cancers","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing 104 triple-negative breast cancers at diagnosis showed they range from tumours with a handful of mutations to tumours with hundreds, that only about a third of mutations are even expressed, and that TP53, PIK3CA and PTEN are the changes present in most of the tumour's cells.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-shah-tnbc-clonal-evolution-nature-2012/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-tcga-breast-molecular-portraits-nature-2012","kind":"paper","name":"Comprehensive molecular portraits of human breast tumours","aka":"","tldr":"The Cancer Genome Atlas profiled hundreds of breast cancers on six platforms and found four main classes; the basal-like class, which is 80% triple-negative, carries TP53 mutation in 80%, frequent PTEN and RB1 loss, MYC and EGFR gains and looks molecularly like high-grade serous ovarian cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-tcga-breast-molecular-portraits-nature-2012/","cancers":"tnbc breast-cancer high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"paper-lehmann-tnbc-subtype-multiomics-nat-commun-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Multi-omics analysis identifies therapeutic vulnerabilities in triple-negative breast cancer subtypes","aka":"","tldr":"Mesenchymal triple-negative tumours hide from the immune system by switching off the machinery that displays tumour proteins to T cells; a drug class that blocks the PRC2 epigenetic complex switched it back on in mice and made chemotherapy work better.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-lehmann-tnbc-subtype-multiomics-nat-commun-2021/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-bareche-tnbc-multiomic-heterogeneity-ann-oncol-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Unravelling triple-negative breast cancer molecular heterogeneity using an integrative multiomic analysis","aka":"","tldr":"Applying the Lehmann subtypes to 550 triple-negative tumours from the two biggest breast cancer genome projects showed each subtype has its own mutations: BL1 is TP53-mutant and unstable, LAR carries PIK3CA in more than half, the immunomodulatory type does best and LAR worst.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-bareche-tnbc-multiomic-heterogeneity-ann-oncol-2018/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-bareche-tnbc-microenvironment-jnci-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Unraveling triple-negative breast cancer tumor microenvironment heterogeneity: towards an optimized treatment approach","aka":"","tldr":"Across 1,512 triple-negative tumours each molecular subtype had its own immune landscape: the immunomodulatory type is fully inflamed and suited to checkpoint drugs, while basal-like, LAR and mesenchymal tumours are immune-cold with the T cells kept at the margin.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-bareche-tnbc-microenvironment-jnci-2020/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-jiang-fuscc-tnbc-landscape-cancer-cell-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Genomic and transcriptomic landscape of triple-negative breast cancers: subtypes and treatment strategies","aka":"","tldr":"The largest Chinese triple-negative cohort, 465 patients from Fudan, carried more PIK3CA mutations than American tumours and sorted into four subtypes, with the luminal androgen receptor type showing HER2 mutations and CDKN2A loss.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-jiang-fuscc-tnbc-landscape-cancer-cell-2019/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-staaf-tnbc-whole-genome-scan-b-nat-med-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Whole-genome sequencing of triple-negative breast cancers in a population-based clinical study","aka":"","tldr":"Reading the whole genome of 254 Swedish triple-negative cancers showed that 59% carry the signature of broken BRCA-type DNA repair, two-thirds of them explained by BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, BRCA1 or RAD51C promoter methylation or PALB2 loss, and that these patients did best on standard chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-staaf-tnbc-whole-genome-scan-b-nat-med-2019/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"paper-bertucci-metastatic-breast-genomics-nature-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Genomic characterization of metastatic breast cancers","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing 617 metastatic breast cancers showed they carry more mutations and more clonal diversity than early tumours, and that metastatic triple-negative cancers have somatic loss of both copies of a homologous recombination gene in 7% against 2% of early ones.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-bertucci-metastatic-breast-genomics-nature-2019/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-metastatic breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"paper-couch-tnbc-germline-17-genes-jco-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Inherited mutations in 17 breast cancer susceptibility genes among a large triple-negative breast cancer cohort unselected for family history of breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Testing 1,824 women with triple-negative breast cancer regardless of family history found an inherited cancer-gene mutation in one in seven: BRCA1 in 8.5%, BRCA2 in 2.7% and other repair genes in 3.7%, which is why every TNBC patient is now offered germline testing.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-couch-tnbc-germline-17-genes-jco-2015/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-hahnen-geparsixto-germline-brca-jama-oncol-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Germline mutation status, pathological complete response, and disease-free survival in triple-negative breast cancer: secondary analysis of the GeparSixto randomized clinical trial","aka":"","tldr":"In GeparSixto, 17% of triple-negative patients carried a germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation; they responded well to chemotherapy whether or not carboplatin was added, while it was the non-carriers whose complete response rate rose from 36% to 55% with carboplatin.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-hahnen-geparsixto-germline-brca-jama-oncol-2017/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"paper-shimelis-tnbc-risk-genes-jnci-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Triple-negative breast cancer risk genes identified by multigene hereditary cancer panel testing","aka":"","tldr":"Panel testing of 10,901 women with triple-negative breast cancer pinned down which inherited genes raise the risk of this particular subtype: BARD1, BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2 and RAD51D carry high risk, and BRIP1, RAD51C and TP53 moderate risk.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-shimelis-tnbc-risk-genes-jnci-2018/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-sharma-tnbc-registry-germline-brca-bcrt-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Germline BRCA mutation evaluation in a prospective triple-negative breast cancer registry: implications for hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer syndrome testing","aka":"","tldr":"Every one of 207 women with triple-negative breast cancer in a Kansas registry was tested for BRCA mutations: 15.4% carried one, and the guideline rule of testing all TNBC patients aged 60 or under found every carrier.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-sharma-tnbc-registry-germline-brca-bcrt-2014/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-telli-hrd-score-platinum-tnbc-ccr-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) score predicts response to platinum-containing neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with triple-negative breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A genome-scar score built from three measures of chromosomal damage, with 42 as the cut-off, picked out triple-negative tumours that melted away on platinum chemotherapy before surgery, including tumours without a BRCA mutation.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-telli-hrd-score-platinum-tnbc-ccr-2016/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"paper-zheng-nigerian-inherited-breast-cancer-jco-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Inherited breast cancer in Nigerian women","aka":"","tldr":"One in eight of 1,136 Nigerian women with breast cancer carried an inherited mutation in BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2 or TP53; nearly half of the tumours with receptor data were triple-negative, and BRCA1 carriers were the youngest and most often triple-negative.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-zheng-nigerian-inherited-breast-cancer-jco-2018/","cancers":"tnbc breast-cancer"},{"id":"paper-huo-tcga-ancestry-breast-jama-oncol-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Comparison of breast cancer molecular features and survival by African and European ancestry in The Cancer Genome Atlas","aka":"","tldr":"Among 930 TCGA patients, those of African ancestry were nearly four times as likely to have basal-like cancer, had more TP53 and fewer PIK3CA mutations and relapsed sooner; about 44% of the subtype difference was explained by inherited variants.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-huo-tcga-ancestry-breast-jama-oncol-2017/","cancers":"tnbc breast-cancer"},{"id":"paper-martini-african-ancestry-tnbc-cancer-discov-2022","kind":"paper","name":"African ancestry-associated gene expression profiles in triple-negative breast cancer underlie altered tumor biology and clinical outcome in women of African descent","aka":"","tldr":"RNA sequencing of triple-negative tumours from African Americans, West Africans and East Africans, with ancestry measured genetically rather than self-reported, found hundreds of genes tied to African ancestry and a distinct immune landscape in the tumours.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-martini-african-ancestry-tnbc-cancer-discov-2022/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-donenberg-bahamas-brca1-founder-bcrt-2011","kind":"paper","name":"A high prevalence of BRCA1 mutations among breast cancer patients from the Bahamas","aka":"","tldr":"Nearly a quarter of 214 Bahamian women with breast cancer, chosen without regard to age or family history, carried one of six BRCA1 founder mutations, the highest national prevalence recorded.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-donenberg-bahamas-brca1-founder-bcrt-2011/","cancers":"tnbc breast-cancer"},{"id":"paper-villarreal-garza-mexican-tnbc-brca-bcrt-2015","kind":"paper","name":"The prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations among young Mexican women with triple-negative breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Among 190 Mexican women diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancer at 50 or under, 23% carried a BRCA mutation, nearly all in BRCA1, and a single large deletion founder mutation accounted for 41% of them.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-villarreal-garza-mexican-tnbc-brca-bcrt-2015/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-sigurjonsdottir-sp142-22c3-tnbc-bcr-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Comparison of SP142 and 22C3 PD-L1 assays in a population-based cohort of triple-negative breast cancer patients in the context of their clinically established scoring algorithms","aka":"","tldr":"In 232 Swedish early triple-negative cancers, half were PD-L1-positive by the atezolizumab test (SP142 IC 1%) but only 27% by the pembrolizumab threshold (22C3 CPS 10), and the two tests picked partly different patients.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-sigurjonsdottir-sp142-22c3-tnbc-bcr-2023/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"paper-barroso-sousa-breast-tmb-prevalence-ann-oncol-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Prevalence and mutational determinants of high tumor mutation burden in breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Across nearly 4,000 breast cancers, one in twenty carried ten or more mutations per megabase, more often in triple-negative and metastatic tumours, and mostly because of APOBEC enzyme activity or mismatch repair failure.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-barroso-sousa-breast-tmb-prevalence-ann-oncol-2020/","cancers":"tnbc breast-cancer"},{"id":"paper-barroso-sousa-tmb-pten-ici-mtnbc-ccr-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Tumor mutational burden and PTEN alterations as molecular correlates of response to PD-1/L1 blockade in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In 62 women with metastatic triple-negative cancer treated with immunotherapy, high mutation burden (18%) went with a year of progression-free time versus under four months, while PTEN loss (29%) went with almost no responses.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-barroso-sousa-tmb-pten-ici-mtnbc-ccr-2020/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"paper-ren-tnbc-mmr-msi-440-front-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Mismatch repair deficiency and microsatellite instability in triple-negative breast cancer: a retrospective study of 440 patients","aka":"","tldr":"Among 440 Chinese women with triple-negative breast cancer, none had high microsatellite instability by PCR and only one had lost a mismatch repair protein, so the tumour-agnostic immunotherapy route through microsatellite instability almost never applies.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ren-tnbc-mmr-msi-440-front-oncol-2021/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-kurata-japanese-tnbc-msi-breast-cancer-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Microsatellite instability in Japanese female patients with triple-negative breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Two of 228 Japanese triple-negative breast cancers, under 1%, were MSI-high; both were aggressive basal-like tumours without BRCA-like features.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-kurata-japanese-tnbc-msi-breast-cancer-2020/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-loi-tils-pooled-early-tnbc-jco-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and prognosis: a pooled individual patient analysis of early-stage triple-negative breast cancers","aka":"","tldr":"Pooling 2,148 women from nine studies showed that every extra 10% of immune cells in the tumour stroma cut the risk of relapse by about 13%, and node-negative patients with 30% or more had a 97% chance of being free of distant relapse at three years.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-loi-tils-pooled-early-tnbc-jco-2019/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"paper-denkert-tils-neoadjuvant-pooled-lancet-oncol-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and prognosis in different subtypes of breast cancer: a pooled analysis of 3771 patients treated with neoadjuvant therapy","aka":"","tldr":"In 906 triple-negative patients from six German trials, half of the tumours with dense lymphocytes disappeared completely on chemotherapy before surgery against under a third of those with few, and more lymphocytes meant longer survival.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-denkert-tils-neoadjuvant-pooled-lancet-oncol-2018/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early breast-cancer"},{"id":"paper-gruosso-tnbc-spatial-immune-microenvironments-jci-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Spatially distinct tumor immune microenvironments stratify triple-negative breast cancers","aka":"","tldr":"Where the immune cells sit matters: triple-negative tumours with killer T cells inside the tumour did well, tumours with no T cells and fibrotic B7-H4-rich stroma did badly, and a third group kept T cells trapped in the stroma with PD-L1 on stromal cells.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-gruosso-tnbc-spatial-immune-microenvironments-jci-2019/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-park-tils-untreated-early-tnbc-ann-oncol-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in patients with early-stage triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"In 476 women with early triple-negative cancer who had no chemotherapy, more lymphocytes in the tumour still meant fewer relapses, and stage I patients with 30% or more had a 97% chance of no distant relapse at five years.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-park-tils-untreated-early-tnbc-ann-oncol-2019/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"paper-denkert-her2-low-pooled-neoadjuvant-lancet-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Clinical and molecular characteristics of HER2-low-positive breast cancer: pooled analysis of individual patient data from four prospective, neoadjuvant clinical trials","aka":"","tldr":"Among 2,310 patients in four German neoadjuvant trials, 34% of hormone receptor-negative tumours were HER2-low; they responded to chemotherapy as often as HER2-zero tumours but had better three-year survival.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-denkert-her2-low-pooled-neoadjuvant-lancet-oncol-2021/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early her2-low-metastatic-breast-cancer"},{"id":"paper-boissiere-michot-her2-ultralow-tnbc-virchows-arch-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Exploring the spectrum of HER2 in non-metastatic triple negative breast cancer: from HER2-null to HER2-low, including HER2-ultralow status","aka":"","tldr":"Reclassifying 367 chemotherapy-naive triple-negative cancers put 38% in HER2-null, 38% in HER2-ultralow and 24% in HER2-low; the categories differed a little in size, grade and BRCA1 methylation but not in relapse over ten years.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-boissiere-michot-her2-ultralow-tnbc-virchows-arch-2026/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"paper-bardia-ascent-trop2-biomarker-ann-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Biomarker analyses in the phase III ASCENT study of sacituzumab govitecan versus chemotherapy in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In ASCENT, sacituzumab govitecan beat chemotherapy in tumours with high and medium TROP2 protein, and worked whether or not the patient carried a germline BRCA mutation; the low-TROP2 group was too small to judge.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-bardia-ascent-trop2-biomarker-ann-oncol-2021/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"paper-gucalp-bicalutamide-ar-positive-tbcrc011-ccr-2013","kind":"paper","name":"Phase II trial of bicalutamide in patients with androgen receptor-positive, estrogen receptor-negative metastatic breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Screening 424 women with ER-negative breast cancer found androgen receptor in 12%; the prostate drug bicalutamide held the disease stable for six months in 19% of them, the first clinical proof that the LAR subtype can be treated through its receptor.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-gucalp-bicalutamide-ar-positive-tbcrc011-ccr-2013/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"paper-traina-enzalutamide-ar-tnbc-jco-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Enzalutamide for the treatment of androgen receptor-expressing triple-negative breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Enzalutamide gave clinical benefit at 16 weeks to a quarter of women with androgen receptor-expressing triple-negative breast cancer, a third among those with 10% or more staining, with fatigue the only common severe side effect.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-traina-enzalutamide-ar-tnbc-jco-2018/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"paper-kim-lotus-ipatasertib-tnbc-lancet-oncol-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Ipatasertib plus paclitaxel versus placebo plus paclitaxel as first-line therapy for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (LOTUS): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the AKT inhibitor ipatasertib to first-line paclitaxel lengthened the time before metastatic triple-negative cancer grew from 4.9 to 6.2 months, the first randomised support for AKT-directed therapy in the disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-kim-lotus-ipatasertib-tnbc-lancet-oncol-2017/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"paper-schmid-pakt-capivasertib-tnbc-jco-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Capivasertib plus paclitaxel versus placebo plus paclitaxel as first-line therapy for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: the PAKT trial","aka":"","tldr":"Adding capivasertib to first-line paclitaxel improved survival in metastatic triple-negative cancer from 12.6 to 19.1 months, with the largest gain in the fifth of patients whose tumours carried a PIK3CA, AKT1 or PTEN alteration.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-schmid-pakt-capivasertib-tnbc-jco-2020/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"paper-stoeck-notch-rearrangements-tnbc-cancer-discov-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Discovery of biomarkers predictive of GSI response in triple-negative breast cancer and adenoid cystic carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Rearrangements that lock the NOTCH1 or NOTCH2 receptor on were found in 6 of 66 triple-negative breast cancers and no other solid tumour, and only the NOTCH1-rearranged models responded to a gamma-secretase inhibitor.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-stoeck-notch-rearrangements-tnbc-cancer-discov-2014/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-wang-notch-pest-mutations-tnbc-ccr-2015","kind":"paper","name":"PEST domain mutations in Notch receptors comprise an oncogenic driver segment in triple-negative breast cancer sensitive to a gamma-secretase inhibitor","aka":"","tldr":"Mutations that destroy the off-switch (PEST domain) of NOTCH1, NOTCH2 and NOTCH3, plus focal amplifications, cluster in triple-negative tumours in TCGA and made patient-derived tumours highly sensitive to a gamma-secretase inhibitor.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-wang-notch-pest-mutations-tnbc-ccr-2015/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-horiuchi-myc-tnbc-cdk-synthetic-lethal-jem-2012","kind":"paper","name":"MYC pathway activation in triple-negative breast cancer is synthetic lethal with CDK inhibition","aka":"","tldr":"Triple-negative tumours run high on the MYC oncogene, which predicts shorter survival, and that dependence makes them vulnerable to CDK inhibitors, which shrank MYC-high tumours in mice.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-horiuchi-myc-tnbc-cdk-synthetic-lethal-jem-2012/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-herschkowitz-rb1-loss-basal-like-bcr-2008","kind":"paper","name":"The functional loss of the retinoblastoma tumour suppressor is a common event in basal-like and luminal B breast carcinomas","aka":"","tldr":"Loss of one copy of the RB1 gene was found in 72% of basal-like breast cancers, with low RB1 messenger RNA and high p16, and an RB1-loss expression signature predicted outcome and possibly chemotherapy response.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-herschkowitz-rb1-loss-basal-like-bcr-2008/","cancers":"tnbc breast-cancer"},{"id":"paper-magbanua-ispy2-ctdna-neoadjuvant-ann-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Circulating tumor DNA in neoadjuvant-treated breast cancer reflects response and survival","aka":"","tldr":"Tracking sixteen patient-specific mutations in blood during chemotherapy before surgery showed that every woman whose tumour vanished had cleared her ctDNA, and that women whose tumour did not vanish but whose ctDNA had cleared did just as well as those it did.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-magbanua-ispy2-ctdna-neoadjuvant-ann-oncol-2021/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early breast-cancer"},{"id":"paper-stecklein-ctdna-rcb-tnbc-residual-disease-npj-2023","kind":"paper","name":"ctDNA and residual cancer burden are prognostic in triple-negative breast cancer patients with residual disease","aka":"","tldr":"Among 80 women with triple-negative cancer left at surgery after chemotherapy, a third had ctDNA in their blood; their three-year event-free survival was 48% against 82%, and the blood test added to the pathologist's residual cancer burden score.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-stecklein-ctdna-rcb-tnbc-residual-disease-npj-2023/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"paper-garcia-murillas-ctdna-mutation-tracking-stm-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Mutation tracking in circulating tumor DNA predicts relapse in early breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Tracking a tumour's own mutations in blood after surgery for early breast cancer predicted relapse with a 25-fold hazard and a median lead of nearly eight months, and the DNA in the blood foretold the genetics of the eventual metastases better than the primary did.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-garcia-murillas-ctdna-mutation-tracking-stm-2015/","cancers":"tnbc breast-cancer"},{"id":"paper-garcia-murillas-molecular-relapse-detection-jama-oncol-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Assessment of molecular relapse detection in early-stage breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In 101 women followed with blood tests every few months after treatment for early breast cancer, ctDNA appeared a median of 10.7 months before relapse showed on scans and caught 22 of 23 distant relapses outside the brain but only one of six brain-only relapses.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-garcia-murillas-molecular-relapse-detection-jama-oncol-2019/","cancers":"tnbc breast-cancer"},{"id":"paper-cavallone-tnbc-ctdna-neoadjuvant-sci-rep-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Prognostic and predictive value of circulating tumor DNA during neoadjuvant chemotherapy for triple negative breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In 26 women having chemotherapy before surgery for triple-negative cancer, tumour DNA in the blood fell after the first cycle in those heading for a complete response and rose again before surgery in those with cancer left behind.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-cavallone-tnbc-ctdna-neoadjuvant-sci-rep-2020/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"paper-bedrosian-asco-sso-germline-testing-breast-jco-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Germline testing in patients with breast cancer: ASCO-Society of Surgical Oncology guideline","aka":"","tldr":"The 2024 American guideline says every woman diagnosed with breast cancer at 65 or under should be offered BRCA1/2 testing, as should anyone who might be treated with a PARP inhibitor, whatever her family history.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-bedrosian-asco-sso-germline-testing-breast-jco-2024/","cancers":"tnbc breast-cancer"},{"id":"paper-conroy-nhs-r208-mainstream-testing-audit-breast-j-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Implementation and audit of mainstream genetic testing within a high-volume UK breast unit for pathogenic variations associated with breast cancer using the R208 and R444.1 National Test Directory criterion","aka":"","tldr":"Applying the NHS test directory rules at one large breast unit, 255 of 1,812 new patients were eligible, 196 were tested and 14% carried an inherited variant; the result changed surgery for 14 women and gave three a PARP inhibitor.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-conroy-nhs-r208-mainstream-testing-audit-breast-j-2026/","cancers":"tnbc breast-cancer"},{"id":"paper-hudson-phillips-expanded-germline-testing-clin-breast-cancer-2026","kind":"paper","name":"The impact of expanded access to germline high penetrance genetic testing for women with a new diagnosis of invasive breast cancer or high-grade DCIS","aka":"","tldr":"Offering high-penetrance gene testing to 576 newly diagnosed women regardless of the NHS criteria found an inherited variant in 3.6%, a quarter of whom would have been ineligible, and results in hand before surgery changed the operation chosen.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-hudson-phillips-expanded-germline-testing-clin-breast-cancer-2026/","cancers":"tnbc breast-cancer"},{"id":"tnbc-trials-open-today","kind":"term","name":"Triple-negative breast cancer trials open today (registry snapshot and UK sites)","aka":"TNBC trials recruiting\nOpen TNBC trials","tldr":"Every phase 2 or 3 drug trial that was recruiting, about to open or still running for triple-negative breast cancer on ClinicalTrials.gov in September 2026, with the hospitals in the United Kingdom that take part named where the registry lists them.","tags":"","route":"/terms/tnbc-trials-open-today/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"tnbc-residual-disease-decision","kind":"term","name":"Residual disease after neoadjuvant therapy in triple-negative breast cancer: the decision point","aka":"Non-pCR TNBC\nResidual cancer burden after KEYNOTE-522\nPost-neoadjuvant TNBC","tldr":"When triple-negative breast cancer is still present at surgery after pre-operative chemotherapy and pembrolizumab, the amount left (the residual cancer burden) is what decides the next treatment: a year of olaparib for inherited BRCA carriers, capecitabine for others, pembrolizumab to complete the year, and trials of antibody-drug conjugates for everyone else.","tags":"","route":"/terms/tnbc-residual-disease-decision/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"tnbc-symptom-control-palliation","kind":"term","name":"Palliation in advanced triple-negative breast cancer: brain, bone, pleura, skin and end of life","aka":"TNBC palliative care\nSupportive care in metastatic TNBC","tldr":"Advanced triple-negative breast cancer spreads early to the brain, lungs, liver and bones. Brain metastases get focused radiotherapy or surgery, bone pain a single dose of radiotherapy and bone-protecting drugs, fluid around the lung drainage or a permanent tube, skin disease radiotherapy; palliative care alongside cancer treatment from the start is the standard.","tags":"","route":"/terms/tnbc-symptom-control-palliation/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"veliparib","kind":"drug","name":"Veliparib","aka":"","tldr":"Veliparib is a PARP inhibitor that AbbVie tested with chemotherapy in breast cancer. It added nothing to carboplatin before surgery (BrighTNess) and lengthened progression-free but not overall survival with carboplatin and paclitaxel in inherited BRCA advanced disease (BROCADE3), so it was never licensed.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/veliparib/","status":"negative","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early tnbc-metastatic breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"create-x","kind":"trial","name":"CREATE-X","aka":"JBCRG-04\nCREATE-X/JBCRG-04\nUMIN000000843","tldr":"CREATE-X showed that giving the tablet chemotherapy capecitabine for six months after surgery, to women whose breast cancer had not fully disappeared with pre-operative chemotherapy, cut deaths; the gain was largest in triple-negative disease, where five-year survival rose from 70 to 79 percent.","tags":"registry:umin","route":"/trials/create-x/","status":"positive","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"calgb-40603","kind":"trial","name":"CALGB 40603 (Alliance)","aka":"CALGB 40603\nAlliance 40603","tldr":"CALGB 40603 showed that adding carboplatin to pre-operative chemotherapy made more triple-negative tumours disappear, but at nearly eight years of follow-up neither carboplatin nor bevacizumab clearly improved survival, in a trial too small to prove that either way.","tags":"","route":"/trials/calgb-40603/","status":"mixed","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"neotrip","kind":"trial","name":"NeoTRIP (NeoTRIPaPDL1)","aka":"NeoTRIPaPDL1\nNeoTRIP Michelangelo","tldr":"NeoTRIP added the immunotherapy atezolizumab to platinum chemotherapy before surgery without anthracyclines and did not significantly increase the share of women whose tumour disappeared (49 versus 44 percent); its main endpoint, whether fewer women relapse, is still awaited.","tags":"","route":"/trials/neotrip/","status":"negative","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"gepardouze","kind":"trial","name":"GeparDouze / NSABP B-59","aka":"NSABP B-59\nGBG 96\nGeparDouze","tldr":"GeparDouze, the largest neoadjuvant immunotherapy trial in triple-negative breast cancer, found that adding atezolizumab to chemotherapy before and after surgery did not significantly reduce relapses (a 3.3-point gain at four years that missed statistical significance), unlike pembrolizumab in KEYNOTE-522.","tags":"","route":"/trials/gepardouze/","status":"negative","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"impassion030","kind":"trial","name":"ALEXANDRA / IMpassion030","aka":"ALEXANDRA\nIMpassion030\nBIG 16-05\nAFT-27","tldr":"ALEXANDRA asked whether a year of the immunotherapy atezolizumab added to chemotherapy after surgery stops triple-negative breast cancer coming back. It did not: relapses were no fewer, side effects were more, and the trial was stopped early for futility.","tags":"","route":"/trials/impassion030/","status":"negative","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"a-brave","kind":"trial","name":"A-BRAVE","aka":"A-Brave","tldr":"A-BRAVE tested a year of the immunotherapy avelumab after standard treatment for high-risk triple-negative breast cancer at Italian and eight British hospitals. Relapse-free survival, the main endpoint, was not significantly improved; a later analysis found the benefit concentrated in tumours rich in immune cells.","tags":"","route":"/trials/a-brave/","status":"mixed","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"neopact","kind":"trial","name":"NeoPACT","aka":"","tldr":"NeoPACT tested a shorter, anthracycline-free pre-operative combination of carboplatin, docetaxel and pembrolizumab in triple-negative breast cancer. Tumours disappeared completely in 58 percent of women and 86 percent were free of events at three years, which is the basis for the SCARLET phase 3 comparison with the KEYNOTE-522 regimen.","tags":"","route":"/trials/neopact/","status":"positive","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"sysucc-001","kind":"trial","name":"SYSUCC-001","aka":"","tldr":"SYSUCC-001 gave a year of low-dose daily capecitabine after standard chemotherapy for early triple-negative breast cancer in China. Fewer women relapsed at five years (83 versus 73 percent) and at ten years (78 versus 67 percent), but the improvement in survival itself did not reach statistical significance.","tags":"","route":"/trials/sysucc-001/","status":"positive","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"geicam-ciboma","kind":"trial","name":"GEICAM/2003-11_CIBOMA/2004-01","aka":"CIBOMA\nGEICAM/CIBOMA\nGEICAM 2003-11","tldr":"This Spanish and Latin American trial gave eight extra cycles of capecitabine after standard chemotherapy for early triple-negative breast cancer and did not significantly reduce relapses. Only tumours without the basal-like pattern seemed to benefit, a finding that still needs confirmation.","tags":"","route":"/trials/geicam-ciboma/","status":"negative","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"ea1131","kind":"trial","name":"ECOG-ACRIN EA1131","aka":"EA1131","tldr":"EA1131 asked whether platinum chemotherapy after surgery beats capecitabine for triple-negative breast cancer that survived pre-operative chemotherapy. It was stopped early because platinum was not going to prove better and was more toxic, so capecitabine stayed the standard.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ea1131/","status":"negative","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"bre12-158","kind":"trial","name":"BRE12-158 (Hoosier Oncology Group)","aka":"BRE12-158\nHCRN BRE12-158","tldr":"BRE12-158 sequenced the cancer left behind after pre-operative chemotherapy and matched a targeted drug to it. Matched therapy was no better than the doctor's usual choice, which increasingly meant capecitabine, and blood-borne tumour DNA after surgery predicted who relapsed.","tags":"","route":"/trials/bre12-158/","status":"negative","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"c-trak-tn","kind":"trial","name":"c-TRAK TN","aka":"c-TRAK-TN\ncTRAK TN","tldr":"c-TRAK TN, run from the Royal Marsden and the Institute of Cancer Research, was the first trial to use blood tests for tumour DNA to trigger treatment in triple-negative breast cancer. A quarter of patients tested positive within a year, but most of them already had visible metastases on scans, so the test came too late to prevent relapse with pembrolizumab.","tags":"","route":"/trials/c-trak-tn/","status":"completed","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"swog-s1418","kind":"trial","name":"SWOG S1418 / NRG BR006","aka":"S1418\nNRG-BR006\nSWOG S1418","tldr":"SWOG S1418 is the trial that will say whether a year of pembrolizumab after surgery, on its own, helps women whose triple-negative breast cancer survived pre-operative chemotherapy. It finished recruiting 1,195 patients and is due to report from 2026.","tags":"","route":"/trials/swog-s1418/","status":"active","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"phoenix","kind":"trial","name":"PHOENIX DDR/Anti-PD-L1","aka":"PHOENIX","tldr":"PHOENIX, a UK trial from the Institute of Cancer Research, gives women whose triple-negative breast cancer has not responded fully to pre-operative chemotherapy a short course of a DNA-repair drug (olaparib or ceralasertib) or immunotherapy (durvalumab) before surgery, and measures what it does to the tumour, to find which patients could benefit from these drugs after surgery.","tags":"","route":"/trials/phoenix/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"barbican","kind":"trial","name":"BARBICAN","aka":"","tldr":"BARBICAN, run from Barts in London, tests whether adding the AKT-blocking tablet ipatasertib to pre-operative chemotherapy and atezolizumab makes more triple-negative tumours disappear. It has finished recruiting 146 women and is due to report in 2026.","tags":"","route":"/trials/barbican/","status":"active","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"keynote-119","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-119","aka":"","tldr":"KEYNOTE-119 tested pembrolizumab on its own against chemotherapy as second- or third-line treatment for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. It did not lengthen life, even in tumours with high PD-L1, which is why immunotherapy in this disease is given with chemotherapy or an antibody-drug conjugate and only in the first line.","tags":"","route":"/trials/keynote-119/","status":"negative","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"ipatunity130","kind":"trial","name":"IPATunity130","aka":"","tldr":"IPATunity130 tried to confirm a promising early signal for the AKT-blocking tablet ipatasertib with paclitaxel in triple-negative breast cancers carrying PI3K-pathway mutations. It failed: progression and survival were the same with or without the drug, and the ipatasertib programme in breast cancer ended.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ipatunity130/","status":"negative","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"brocade3","kind":"trial","name":"BROCADE3","aka":"","tldr":"BROCADE3 added the PARP inhibitor veliparib to carboplatin and paclitaxel for advanced breast cancer in women with an inherited BRCA mutation. It delayed progression by about two months but did not lengthen life, and the drug was never licensed; the long survival on chemotherapy alone showed how active platinum is in this group.","tags":"","route":"/trials/brocade3/","status":"mixed","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-metastatic breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"diamond","kind":"trial","name":"DIAMOND","aka":"","tldr":"DIAMOND, a UK trial run from Barts in London, asks whether adding the immunotherapy durvalumab to the antibody-drug conjugate datopotamab deruxtecan helps women with PD-L1-negative metastatic triple-negative breast cancer, the group immunotherapy alone does not help. It opened in October 2025 and is recruiting 140 patients.","tags":"","route":"/trials/diamond/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"lotus","kind":"trial","name":"LOTUS","aka":"","tldr":"LOTUS was the small trial that made the AKT-blocking tablet ipatasertib look promising in triple-negative breast cancer: added to paclitaxel it delayed progression by about six weeks. The larger IPATunity130 trial then failed to confirm it.","tags":"","route":"/trials/lotus/","status":"positive","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"pakt","kind":"trial","name":"PAKT","aka":"","tldr":"PAKT, a UK-led trial run from Barts, found that adding the AKT-blocking tablet capivasertib to paclitaxel lengthened life in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (19 versus 13 months), most clearly in tumours with PI3K-pathway mutations. The much larger CAPItello-290 trial then found no survival gain.","tags":"","route":"/trials/pakt/","status":"positive","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"scan-b","kind":"trial","name":"SCAN-B (Sweden Cancerome Analysis Network - Breast)","aka":"SCAN-B\nSweden Cancerome Analysis Network - Breast","tldr":"SCAN-B is a Swedish study that reads the genes of almost every new breast cancer diagnosed in the south of the country and follows what happens to the patients. It is not a treatment trial; it is the population cohort that many triple-negative subtype and biomarker findings are checked against.","tags":"observational","route":"/trials/scan-b/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"breast-cancer tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"nct02641847","kind":"trial","name":"TA(E)C-GP Versus A(E)C-T for the High Risk TNBC Patients and Validation of the mRNA-lncRNA Signature","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial of docetaxel, doxorubicin, epirubicin, cyclophosphamide and other drugs in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Fudan University, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct02641847/","status":"active","cancers":"tnbc-early"},{"id":"nct01057069","kind":"trial","name":"Neo Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Triple Negative Breast Cancer","aka":"neo-TN","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial of carboplatin, paclitaxel / nab-paclitaxel, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide and other drugs in triple-negative breast cancer, run by The Netherlands Cancer Institute, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct01057069/","status":"active","cancers":"tnbc-early"},{"id":"nct03168880","kind":"trial","name":"A Randomized Controlled Trial of Neoadjuvant Weekly Paclitaxel Versus Weekly Paclitaxel Plus Weekly Carboplatin In Women With Large Operable or Locally Advanced","aka":"TNBC","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of paclitaxel / nab-paclitaxel and carboplatin in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Tata Memorial Hospital, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct03168880/","status":"active","cancers":"tnbc-early tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"nct02488967","kind":"trial","name":"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride and Cyclophosphamide Followed by Paclitaxel With or Without Carboplatin in Treating Patients With Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and paclitaxel / nab-paclitaxel in triple-negative breast cancer, run by NRG Oncology, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct02488967/","status":"active","cancers":"tnbc-early"},{"id":"nct02455141","kind":"trial","name":"Adjuvant Treatment of EC Followed by Taxane +/- Carboplatin in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","aka":"TCTN","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of epirubicin, cyclophosphamide and carboplatin in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct02455141/","status":"active","cancers":"tnbc-early"},{"id":"nct05552001","kind":"trial","name":"Safety and Efficacy Analysis of an Antibody Associated With a Chemotherapy for Patients With a Triple Negative Metastatic Breast Cancer","aka":"ISIdE","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of sacituzumab govitecan in triple-negative breast cancer, run by UNICANCER, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05552001/","status":"active","cancers":"tnbc-early tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"nct04335669","kind":"trial","name":"NordicTrip, a Translational Study of Preoperative Chemotherapy in TNBC","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of epirubicin, cyclophosphamide, paclitaxel / nab-paclitaxel, carboplatin and other drugs in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Lund University Hospital, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04335669/","status":"active","cancers":"tnbc-early"},{"id":"nct04595565","kind":"trial","name":"Sacituzumab Govitecan in Primary HER2-negative Breast Cancer","aka":"SASCIA","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of capecitabine, carboplatin, cisplatin and sacituzumab govitecan in triple-negative breast cancer, run by GBG Forschungs GmbH, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04595565/","status":"active","cancers":"tnbc-early"},{"id":"nct05078047","kind":"trial","name":"Study Comparing the Standard Administration of IO Versus the Same IO Administered Each 3 Months in Patients in Response After 6 Months of Standard IO","aka":"MOIO","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in triple-negative breast cancer, run by UNICANCER, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05078047/","status":"active","cancers":"tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"nct04296175","kind":"trial","name":"Carboplatin Intensified Chemotherapy for TRIple NEgative Breast Cancer(CITRINE)","aka":"CITRINE","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of epirubicin, paclitaxel / nab-paclitaxel and carboplatin in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Fudan University, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04296175/","status":"active","cancers":"tnbc-early"},{"id":"nct06910072","kind":"trial","name":"Paclitaxel Polymeric Micelles and Carboplatin in Combination With Iparomilimab and Tuvonralimab Neoadjuvant Therapy for Triple-negative Breast Cancer（UPGRADE-TN","aka":"UPGRADE-TNBC","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial of carboplatin in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06910072/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-early"},{"id":"nct07359404","kind":"trial","name":"Sacituzumab Govitecan Plus Bevacizumab in Metastatic TNBC","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of sacituzumab govitecan and bevacizumab in triple-negative breast cancer, run by YING FAN, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07359404/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"nct07376629","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of HB0025 Plus Nab-paclitaxel as First Line Therapy for TNBC","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of nab-paclitaxel in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Huabo Biopharm Co., Ltd., now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07376629/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"nct05821686","kind":"trial","name":"Efficacy of Interleukin-2 in Triple Negative Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Nova Scotia Health Authority, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05821686/","status":"planned","cancers":"tnbc-early"},{"id":"nct07107217","kind":"trial","name":"Camrelizumab in Combination With Chemotherapy as Neoadjuvant Treatment in Patients With Early or Locally Advanced Triple-negative Breast Cancer","aka":"Camella","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of camrelizumab, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, carboplatin and other drugs in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Blokhin's Russian Cancer Research Center, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07107217/","status":"planned","cancers":"tnbc-early tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"nct06977542","kind":"trial","name":"Neoadjuvant Therapy With Ivonescimab Combined With Chemotherapy for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of ivonescimab in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Fudan University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06977542/","status":"planned","cancers":"tnbc-early"},{"id":"nct07413601","kind":"trial","name":"Phase 2 Clinical Study of Iparomlimab and Tuvonralimab (QL1706) in Combination With Platinum Chemotherapy Versus Platinum Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Secon","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of iparomlimab and tuvonralimab, cisplatin and carboplatin in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07413601/","status":"planned","cancers":"tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"nct07681297","kind":"trial","name":"Tislelizumab in Combination With Bevacizumab and Capecitabine in Advanced Solid Tumors With Evaluation in Immunotherapy-Resistant and Central Nervous System Dis","aka":"TIBEC","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of tislelizumab, bevacizumab and capecitabine in triple-negative breast cancer, run by National University Hospital, Singapore, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07681297/","status":"planned","cancers":"tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"nct04301739","kind":"trial","name":"to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of HLX10 in Combination With Chemotherapy Versus Placebo in Combination With Chemotherapy as Neoadjuvant Therapy and HLX10 Versu","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of serplulimab, nab-paclitaxel, carboplatin, doxorubicin and other drugs in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Shanghai Henlius Biotech, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04301739/","status":"planned","cancers":"tnbc-early"},{"id":"nct07721259","kind":"trial","name":"A Vaccine (STEMVAC) for Improving Survival in Patients With Triple-Negative Breast Cancer and Moderate or Extensive Residual Cancer Burden","aka":"STEMVAC","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in triple-negative breast cancer, run by University of Washington, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07721259/","status":"planned","cancers":"tnbc-early"},{"id":"nct07788222","kind":"trial","name":"Sacituzumab Govitecan and Q901 in Advanced TNBC","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of sacituzumab govitecan in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Yonsei University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07788222/","status":"planned","cancers":"tnbc-early tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"nct07021261","kind":"trial","name":"Comparing UTD2 Combined With Capecitabine to Capecitabine as Adjuvant Therapy for Non-pCR TNBC Patients","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of utidelone and capecitabine in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Fudan University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07021261/","status":"planned","cancers":"tnbc-early"},{"id":"nct07743723","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of IOV-5001 in Adults With Advanced Solid Tumors","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Iovance Biotherapeutics, Inc., not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07743723/","status":"planned","cancers":"tnbc-early tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"nct07011823","kind":"trial","name":"Immune-checkpoint Blockade After Partial Breast Irradiation by Pembrolizumab in Early TNBC","aka":"KEY-MELT","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Gangnam Severance Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07011823/","status":"planned","cancers":"tnbc-early"},{"id":"nct07407517","kind":"trial","name":"Adjuvant Intensification for LAR","aka":"POLARIS","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Fudan University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07407517/","status":"planned","cancers":"tnbc-early"},{"id":"nct07299409","kind":"trial","name":"First-Line Sacituzumab Govitecan in Advanced Untreated Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Patients.","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of sacituzumab govitecan in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Nathalie Levasseur, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07299409/","status":"planned","cancers":"tnbc-early tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"nct07487519","kind":"trial","name":"Phase II Study of HLX43 Monotherapy or Combined With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients With Locally Advanced, Recurrent, or Metastatic 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Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06238921/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-metastatic brain-metastases"},{"id":"nct04677816","kind":"trial","name":"Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Rate of Pathologic Complete Response in Vitamin D Deficient Patients","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Wake Forest University Health Sciences, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04677816/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-early"},{"id":"nct07069595","kind":"trial","name":"PREDICT-RD: ctDNA Surveillance in TNBC With Residual Disease","aka":"PREDICT-RD","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of datopotamab deruxtecan in triple-negative breast cancer, run by UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07069595/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-early"},{"id":"nct06532812","kind":"trial","name":"TIL Gean Therapy Combined With Immunotherapy for Advanced or Metastatic Refractory Breast Cancer","aka":"BAH249","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of fludarabine, aldesleukin (high-dose il-2) and pembrolizumab in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Essen Biotech, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06532812/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"nct06387628","kind":"trial","name":"LM-108 in Combination With PD-1 Based Treatment for Patients With Recurrent or Metastatic Triple - Negative Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of LM-108, toripalimab, eribulin and nab-paclitaxel in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Fudan University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06387628/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-early tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"nct05528133","kind":"trial","name":"Genomically Guided Radiation Therapy in the Management of Triple Negative Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in triple-negative breast cancer, run by H. 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With Carboplatin and Paclitaxel in Patients With Stage 1 cT1b-T","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of carboplatin, paclitaxel / nab-paclitaxel, pembrolizumab, doxorubicin and other drugs in triple-negative breast cancer, run by M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06318897/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-early"},{"id":"nct06534762","kind":"trial","name":"Milaberon in Advanced Solid Tumors: an Open, Multicenter Clinical Study","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06534762/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"nct05909332","kind":"trial","name":"Study of Antivascular Therapy Combined With Chemotherapy Versus Chemotherapy in Adjuvant Therapy of TNBC-BLIS Patients (BCTOP-T-A03)","aka":"BCTOP-T-A03","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in triple-negative breast 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recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06434064/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-early tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"nct06606730","kind":"trial","name":"Personalizing the Use of Pembrolizumab for Patients Who Have a Strong Response in Early Triple Negative Breast Cancer","aka":"OPT-PEMBRO","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of pembrolizumab in triple-negative breast cancer, run by UNICANCER, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06606730/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-early"},{"id":"nct05770531","kind":"trial","name":"Circulating Tumor DNA to Guide Changes in Standard of Care Chemotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of sacituzumab govitecan in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05770531/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"nct06291064","kind":"trial","name":"Trial Studying 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triple-negative breast cancer, run by Hubei Cancer Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06401005/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-early"},{"id":"nct07016399","kind":"trial","name":"Neoadjuvant Darolutamide Alone or in Combination With Standard Therapy for Stage II-IIIA, AR+, TNBC","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, darolutamide, doxorubicin and other drugs in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Vandana Abramson, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07016399/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-early"},{"id":"nct07457359","kind":"trial","name":"Neoadjuvant Toripalimab Plus SBRT for Chemo-Resistant Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","aka":"NEOTRIO-2","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of toripalimab in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07457359/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-early"},{"id":"nct06735131","kind":"trial","name":"The Optimal Radioimmunotherapy Combinations for Advanced TNBC","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of toripalimab in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Sun Yat-sen University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06735131/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-early tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"nct06992336","kind":"trial","name":"Circulating Tumor DNA Guided Boost Therapy in Early Triple Negative Breast Patients With Residual Disease After Neoadjuvant Therapy","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of anlotinib, benmelstobart and capecitabine in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06992336/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-early"},{"id":"nct07011654","kind":"trial","name":"Study of Naxitamab and Sacituzumab Govitecan in Patients With Metastatic Triple-negative Breast Cancer (TNBC)","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of sacituzumab govitecan and naxitamab in triple-negative breast cancer, run by M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07011654/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"nct06533384","kind":"trial","name":"PARPi or Capecitabine Combined With PD-1 Inhibitors as Adjuvant Therapy in High-risk TNBC","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of capecitabine in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06533384/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-early"},{"id":"nct05760378","kind":"trial","name":"Famitinib in Combination With Camrelizumab and TPC in The First-line Treatment of Immunomodulatory Locally Advanced or Metastatic TNBC.","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of camrelizumab, capecitabine, eribulin and carboplatin in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Fudan University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05760378/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"nct07074106","kind":"trial","name":"TIL-Driven De-escalated Chemotherapy in Stage I-II TNBC","aka":"DespaTIL","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of carboplatin in triple-negative breast cancer, run by D'Or Institute for Research and Education, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07074106/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-early"},{"id":"nct04434040","kind":"trial","name":"Atezolizumab + Sacituzumab Govitecan to Prevent Recurrence in TNBC (ASPRIA)","aka":"ASPRIA","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of atezolizumab and sacituzumab govitecan in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04434040/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-early"},{"id":"nct04501523","kind":"trial","name":"A Prospective, Phase II Trial Using ctDNA to Initiate Post-operation Boost Therapy After NAC in TNBC","aka":"Apollo","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of tislelizumab and capecitabine in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04501523/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-early"},{"id":"nct03808337","kind":"trial","name":"Investigating the Effectiveness of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) in Addition to Standard of Care Treatment for Cancer That Has Spread Beyond the Origina","aka":"PROMISE-005","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct03808337/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"nct07283692","kind":"trial","name":"Neoadjuvant Serplulimab Plus Weekly Paclitaxel and Carboplatin in TNBC (Neo-SERPENT)","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of serplulimab, paclitaxel / nab-paclitaxel and carboplatin in triple-negative breast cancer, run by RenJi Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07283692/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-early"},{"id":"nct06342037","kind":"trial","name":"NOvel Immunotherapy Strategies for Advanced Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) Patients: TONIC-3 Trial","aka":"TONIC-3","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of tiragolumab, atezolizumab and ipilimumab in triple-negative breast cancer, run by The Netherlands Cancer Institute, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06342037/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"nct07188246","kind":"trial","name":"Neoadjuvant, SBRT With Intratumoural Pembrolizumab Followed by Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer","aka":"BRINK","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of pembrolizumab in triple-negative breast cancer, run by London Health Sciences Centre Research Institute OR Lawson Research Institute of St. Joseph's, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07188246/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-early"},{"id":"nct06802757","kind":"trial","name":"Posaconazole Plus PD-1 Inhibitors and Chemotherapy vs PD-1 Inhibitors and Chemotherapy in Neoadjuvant Therapy for Triple Negative Breast Cancer","aka":"PRISM-TNBC","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of nab-paclitaxel, carboplatin and cyclophosphamide in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06802757/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-early"},{"id":"nct05451784","kind":"trial","name":"Treatment of Advanced or Metastatic Triple-negative Breast Cancer With Adoptive Therapy of PD1+ TILS","aka":"TILS001","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Fundacio Clinic Barcelona, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05451784/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"nct05491083","kind":"trial","name":"Pembrolizumab and ADG106 in Advanced Solid Cancers and Triple Negative Breast Cancer","aka":"ComPACT","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial in triple-negative breast cancer, run by National University Hospital, Singapore, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05491083/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"nct07104266","kind":"trial","name":"Triple Negative Breast Cancer and Celecoxib. Pilot Study","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of celecoxib in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Université de Sherbrooke, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07104266/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-early"},{"id":"nct05269381","kind":"trial","name":"Personalized Neoantigen Peptide-Based Vaccine in Combination With Pembrolizumab for Treatment of Advanced Solid Tumors","aka":"PNeoVCA","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of cyclophosphamide, pembrolizumab and sargramostim in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Mayo Clinic, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05269381/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-early tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"nct04159142","kind":"trial","name":"Nab-paclitaxel Plus Carboplatin Versus Nab-paclitaxel Plus Capecitabine in the Treatment of Advanced Triple-negative Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of nab-paclitaxel, carboplatin and capecitabine in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Hebei Medical University Fourth Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04159142/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"nct04947189","kind":"trial","name":"Seviteronel in Combination With Chemotherapy in Androgen-receptor Positive Metastatic Triple-negative Breast Cancer","aka":"4CAST","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of dexamethasone and docetaxel in triple-negative breast cancer, run by St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04947189/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"nct06635980","kind":"trial","name":"Hypofractionated Radiotherapy Before or After Breast Surgery for Treatment of Patients With Non-Metastatic Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in triple-negative breast cancer, run by Mayo Clinic, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06635980/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-early tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"nct04771871","kind":"trial","name":"MicroRNA Profiles in Triple Negative Breast Cancer","aka":"TARMAC","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of epirubicin, cyclophosphamide, paclitaxel / nab-paclitaxel and carboplatin in triple-negative breast cancer, run by University College Hospital, Ibadan, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest tnbc-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04771871/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc-early"},{"id":"paper-esmo-pancreatic-cancer-guideline-ann-oncol-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Pancreatic cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","aka":"","tldr":"The European oncology society's 2023 guideline for pancreatic cancer, covering diagnosis, staging, surgery, chemotherapy before and after surgery, treatment of advanced disease and follow-up; the reference standard European and UK care is compared against.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-esmo-pancreatic-cancer-guideline-ann-oncol-2023/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-nccn-pancreatic-adenocarcinoma-v2-2021-jnccn-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma, Version 2.2021, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology","aka":"","tldr":"The 2021 journal summary of the US NCCN pancreatic cancer guideline, focused on drug treatment for disease that has spread locally or to other organs.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-nccn-pancreatic-adenocarcinoma-v2-2021-jnccn-2021/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-asco-metastatic-pancreatic-cancer-guideline-update-jco-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer: ASCO Guideline Update","aka":"","tldr":"The 2020 American guideline update that told doctors to test every treatment-eligible patient with metastatic pancreatic cancer for inherited BRCA changes, mismatch repair deficiency and TRK fusions, because each now had a drug attached.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-asco-metastatic-pancreatic-cancer-guideline-update-jco-2020/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-asco-potentially-curable-pancreatic-guideline-update-jco-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Potentially Curable Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline Update","aka":"","tldr":"The 2019 American guideline update that made six months of modified FOLFIRINOX the preferred chemotherapy after pancreatic cancer surgery for patients fit enough to take it, on the strength of a single trial.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-asco-potentially-curable-pancreatic-guideline-update-jco-2019/","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac"},{"id":"paper-caps-consortium-surveillance-recommendations-gut-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Management of patients with increased risk for familial pancreatic cancer: updated recommendations from the International Cancer of the Pancreas Screening (CAPS) Consortium","aka":"","tldr":"The 2020 international consensus on who should have regular pancreatic scans because of family history or an inherited gene change, when to start, which scans to use and what the surveillance is trying to find.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-caps-consortium-surveillance-recommendations-gut-2020/","cancers":"pancreatic ipmn-cystic-precursors"},{"id":"paper-whipple-carcinoma-ampulla-of-vater-ann-surg-1935","kind":"paper","name":"Treatment of carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater","aka":"","tldr":"The 1935 report in which Allen Whipple and two colleagues described removing the head of the pancreas and the duodenum for cancer at the junction of the bile duct and bowel, the operation that still carries his name and remains the only route to cure.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-whipple-carcinoma-ampulla-of-vater-ann-surg-1935/","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac"},{"id":"paper-traverso-longmire-pylorus-preservation-pancreaticoduodenectomy-sgo-1978","kind":"paper","name":"Preservation of the pylorus in pancreaticoduodenectomy","aka":"","tldr":"The 1978 report of two patients in whom the surgeons kept the stomach outlet intact during the Whipple operation, the modification most surgeons now use.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-traverso-longmire-pylorus-preservation-pancreaticoduodenectomy-sgo-1978/","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac"},{"id":"paper-hidalgo-pancreatic-cancer-review-nejm-2010","kind":"paper","name":"Pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The 2010 New England Journal review that summarised what was known about pancreatic cancer at the end of the gemcitabine era, a year before FOLFIRINOX changed treatment.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-hidalgo-pancreatic-cancer-review-nejm-2010/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-almoguera-kras-codon-12-pancreatic-cell-1988","kind":"paper","name":"Most human carcinomas of the exocrine pancreas contain mutant c-K-ras genes","aka":"","tldr":"The 1988 paper that found a mutation in the KRAS gene in 21 of 22 pancreatic cancers, establishing the single most common driver in the disease and the target it took 33 more years to hit.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-almoguera-kras-codon-12-pancreatic-cell-1988/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-holderfield-ras-on-multi-selective-inhibitor-nature-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Concurrent inhibition of oncogenic and wild-type RAS-GTP for cancer therapy","aka":"","tldr":"The 2024 Nature paper describing the chemistry behind daraxonrasib: a reversible drug that clamps the active form of every RAS protein, mutant or normal, and shrank tumours across RAS-driven models.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-holderfield-ras-on-multi-selective-inhibitor-nature-2024/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-waddell-whole-genomes-pancreatic-nature-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Whole genomes redefine the mutational landscape of pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The 2015 whole-genome study of 100 pancreatic cancers that sorted them by how broken their chromosomes were and noticed that the most unstable tumours, often with BRCA-type defects, responded to platinum chemotherapy.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-waddell-whole-genomes-pancreatic-nature-2015/","cancers":"pancreatic brca-palb2-pdac"},{"id":"paper-moffitt-virtual-microdissection-subtypes-nat-genet-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Virtual microdissection identifies distinct tumor- and stroma-specific subtypes of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"The 2015 study that computationally separated cancer cells from the surrounding scar tissue in gene expression data and found two tumour types, classical and basal-like, and two kinds of stroma, each of which predicts survival.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-moffitt-virtual-microdissection-subtypes-nat-genet-2015/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-bailey-molecular-subtypes-pancreatic-nature-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Genomic analyses identify molecular subtypes of pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The 2016 analysis of 456 pancreatic cancers that grouped 32 recurrently mutated genes into ten pathways and defined four expression subtypes, of which the squamous type has the worst prognosis.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-bailey-molecular-subtypes-pancreatic-nature-2016/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-hu-germline-mutations-pancreatic-cancer-risk-jama-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Association Between Inherited Germline Mutations in Cancer Predisposition Genes and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The 2018 Mayo Clinic study of 3,030 patients that found an inherited fault in one of six genes in 5.5 percent of all pancreatic cancers, including 5.2 percent of patients with no family history, which is why every patient is now offered a germline test.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-hu-germline-mutations-pancreatic-cancer-risk-jama-2018/","cancers":"pancreatic brca-palb2-pdac"},{"id":"paper-ozdemir-caf-depletion-accelerates-pancreatic-cancer-cancer-cell-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Depletion of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts and fibrosis induces immunosuppression and accelerates pancreas cancer with reduced survival","aka":"","tldr":"The 2014 mouse study showing that removing the scar-forming cells around pancreatic tumours made the cancers more aggressive and the mice die sooner, the warning that the stroma is not simply an obstacle to be cleared.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-ozdemir-caf-depletion-accelerates-pancreatic-cancer-cancer-cell-2014/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-espac-1-chemoradiotherapy-chemotherapy-resected-pancreatic-nejm-2004","kind":"paper","name":"A randomized trial of chemoradiotherapy and chemotherapy after resection of pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The 2004 European trial that showed chemotherapy after pancreatic cancer surgery doubled five-year survival, while adding radiotherapy to the chemotherapy made survival worse, a result that split European and American practice for a decade.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-espac-1-chemoradiotherapy-chemotherapy-resected-pancreatic-nejm-2004/","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac"},{"id":"paper-conko-001-adjuvant-gemcitabine-observation-jama-2007","kind":"paper","name":"Adjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine vs observation in patients undergoing curative-intent resection of pancreatic cancer: a randomized controlled trial","aka":"","tldr":"The 2007 German and Austrian trial in which six months of gemcitabine after surgery roughly doubled the time before the cancer came back, making gemcitabine the standard after resection until 2017.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-conko-001-adjuvant-gemcitabine-observation-jama-2007/","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac"},{"id":"paper-napoli-1-nanoliposomal-irinotecan-lancet-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Nanoliposomal irinotecan with fluorouracil and folinic acid in metastatic pancreatic cancer after previous gemcitabine-based therapy (NAPOLI-1): a global, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"The 2016 trial that gave patients whose pancreatic cancer had grown through gemcitabine a proven second treatment: liposomal irinotecan with fluorouracil lengthened survival from about four to six months.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-napoli-1-nanoliposomal-irinotecan-lancet-2016/","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"paper-prodige-24-five-year-outcomes-jama-oncol-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Five-Year Outcomes of FOLFIRINOX vs Gemcitabine as Adjuvant Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial","aka":"","tldr":"The 2022 five-year report of PRODIGE 24 confirming that modified FOLFIRINOX after pancreatic cancer surgery gives a median survival of about four and a half years against three with gemcitabine, and that 43 percent of patients were alive at five years.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-prodige-24-five-year-outcomes-jama-oncol-2022/","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac"},{"id":"paper-preopanc-preoperative-chemoradiotherapy-jco-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy Versus Immediate Surgery for Resectable and Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer: Results of the Dutch Randomized Phase III PREOPANC Trial","aka":"","tldr":"The 2020 primary report of the Dutch PREOPANC trial: giving chemotherapy and radiotherapy before surgery did not significantly lengthen survival overall, but it raised clear-margin resections from 40 to 71 percent and helped the patients whose tumours were borderline operable.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-preopanc-preoperative-chemoradiotherapy-jco-2020/","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac borderline-resectable-pdac"},{"id":"paper-preopanc-2-neoadjuvant-folfirinox-vs-chemoradiotherapy-lancet-oncol-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX versus neoadjuvant gemcitabine-based chemoradiotherapy in resectable and borderline resectable pancreatic cancer (PREOPANC-2): a multicentre, open-label, phase 3 randomised trial","aka":"","tldr":"The 2025 Dutch trial in which eight cycles of FOLFIRINOX before surgery, with no treatment afterwards, gave the same survival (about 22 months) as the older gemcitabine chemoradiotherapy schedule, so either can be used but neither is clearly better.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-preopanc-2-neoadjuvant-folfirinox-vs-chemoradiotherapy-lancet-oncol-2025/","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac borderline-resectable-pdac"},{"id":"paper-halo-301-pegvorhyaluronidase-jco-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Randomized Phase III Trial of Pegvorhyaluronidase Alfa With Nab-Paclitaxel Plus Gemcitabine for Patients With Hyaluronan-High Metastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"The 2020 trial of an enzyme meant to dissolve the dense matrix around pancreatic tumours so chemotherapy could reach them: more tumours shrank, but patients lived no longer, and the drug was abandoned.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-halo-301-pegvorhyaluronidase-jco-2020/","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"paper-panova-3-ttfields-locally-advanced-pancreatic-jco-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Tumor Treating Fields With Gemcitabine and Nab-Paclitaxel for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Randomized, Open-Label, Pivotal Phase III PANOVA-3 Study","aka":"","tldr":"The 2025 trial in which a wearable device delivering alternating electric fields to the abdomen, added to chemotherapy, lengthened survival in locally advanced pancreatic cancer from about 14 to 16 months and delayed the onset of pain.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-panova-3-ttfields-locally-advanced-pancreatic-jco-2025/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-sethna-rna-neoantigen-vaccine-long-lived-t-cells-nature-2025","kind":"paper","name":"RNA neoantigen vaccines prime long-lived CD8+ T cells in pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The 2025 follow-up of the personalised mRNA vaccine trial in pancreatic cancer: at three years, patients whose immune systems responded to the vaccine had still mostly not relapsed, and the T cells the vaccine made were predicted to live for years.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-sethna-rna-neoantigen-vaccine-long-lived-t-cells-nature-2025/","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac"},{"id":"paper-tempero-ca19-9-lewis-antigens-cancer-res-1987","kind":"paper","name":"Relationship of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and Lewis antigens in pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The 1987 study showing that people who lack the Lewis blood group antigens cannot make the CA 19-9 tumour marker, so in about one patient in ten a normal blood test says nothing about the cancer.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-tempero-ca19-9-lewis-antigens-cancer-res-1987/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-fahrmann-ca19-9-lead-time-gastroenterology-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Lead-Time Trajectory of CA19-9 as an Anchor Marker for Pancreatic Cancer Early Detection","aka":"","tldr":"A 2021 study of stored blood from a US screening trial showing that CA 19-9 starts rising about two years before pancreatic cancer is diagnosed and catches half of early-stage cases in the final six months, so it can anchor a multi-marker early detection test.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-fahrmann-ca19-9-lead-time-gastroenterology-2021/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-chari-pancreatic-cancer-following-diabetes-gastroenterology-2005","kind":"paper","name":"Probability of pancreatic cancer following diabetes: a population-based study","aka":"","tldr":"The 2005 Minnesota study that found about 1 in 100 people who develop diabetes after 50 is diagnosed with pancreatic cancer within three years, eight times the expected rate, which made new diabetes a possible early warning.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-chari-pancreatic-cancer-following-diabetes-gastroenterology-2005/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-sharma-endpac-model-new-onset-diabetes-gastroenterology-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Model to Determine Risk of Pancreatic Cancer in Patients With New-Onset Diabetes","aka":"","tldr":"The 2018 Mayo Clinic score, called ENDPAC, that uses weight change, blood sugar change and age at diabetes onset to pick out the new diabetics whose risk of pancreatic cancer is high enough to scan.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-sharma-endpac-model-new-onset-diabetes-gastroenterology-2018/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-canto-caps-long-term-surveillance-gastroenterology-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Risk of Neoplastic Progression in Individuals at High Risk for Pancreatic Cancer Undergoing Long-term Surveillance","aka":"","tldr":"The 2018 Johns Hopkins report of 354 people with inherited or family risk scanned for up to 16 years: 7 percent progressed to cancer or a high-grade precursor, 9 of the 10 cancers found by the scans were operable, and 85 percent of those patients were alive at three years.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-canto-caps-long-term-surveillance-gastroenterology-2018/","cancers":"pancreatic ipmn-cystic-precursors resectable-pdac"},{"id":"paper-dbouk-caps5-stage-survival-jco-2022","kind":"paper","name":"The Multicenter Cancer of Pancreas Screening Study: Impact on Stage and Survival","aka":"","tldr":"The 2022 report from eight US centres: among 1,461 people at high inherited risk under regular scanning, most pancreatic cancers were caught at stage I, and across all the CAPS cohorts patients whose cancer was found by surveillance lived a median of nearly ten years against a year and a half for those found outside it.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-dbouk-caps5-stage-survival-jco-2022/","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac"},{"id":"paper-rahib-projection-us-cancer-2040-jama-netw-open-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Estimated Projection of US Cancer Incidence and Death to 2040","aka":"","tldr":"The 2021 update of the projection that pancreatic cancer will become the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States, now dated to 2040 with about 46,000 deaths a year, as deaths from breast, prostate and bowel cancer fall.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-rahib-projection-us-cancer-2040-jama-netw-open-2021/","cancers":"pancreatic hcc colorectal"},{"id":"paper-roberts-pert-survival-pancreatic-cancer-pancreatology-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Enzyme replacement improves survival among patients with pancreatic cancer: Results of a population based study","aka":"","tldr":"A 2019 study of UK primary care records finding that only about one in five people with pancreatic cancer was prescribed the digestive enzyme capsules that replace what the diseased pancreas no longer makes, and that those who were lived markedly longer.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-roberts-pert-survival-pancreatic-cancer-pancreatology-2019/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-groarke-ponsegromab-cancer-cachexia-nejm-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Ponsegromab for the Treatment of Cancer Cachexia","aka":"","tldr":"The 2024 phase 2 trial in which an antibody blocking the hormone GDF-15 helped patients with cancer-related wasting, a third of them with pancreatic cancer, gain about two to three kilograms in twelve weeks and become more active.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-groarke-ponsegromab-cancer-cachexia-nejm-2024/","cancers":"pancreatic nsclc colorectal"},{"id":"pancreatic-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Pancreatic cancer roadmap: from Whipple's operation to gemcitabine, FOLFIRINOX, adjuvant chemotherapy, PARP inhibition, KRAS inhibition, vaccines and the surveillance question","aka":"PDAC roadmap\nPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma roadmap\nPancreatic cancer history\nPancreatic cancer evidence roadmap","tldr":"Pancreatic cancer has had one operation since 1935 and a handful of chemotherapy drugs since 1997. This roadmap follows the evidence through FOLFIRINOX, chemotherapy before and after surgery, the first inherited-gene drug, the first drugs against the KRAS protein that drives nearly every tumour, personalised vaccines, and the surveillance and blood tests that might catch it earlier, to 2031.","tags":"pancreatic gi roadmap","route":"/roadmaps/pancreatic-roadmap/","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac borderline-resectable-pdac metastatic-pdac brca-palb2-pdac"},{"id":"idea-pdac-new-onset-diabetes-risk-score-pathway","kind":"idea","name":"Run the ENDPAC score on every new diabetes diagnosis after 50 and scan the high scorers","aka":"","tldr":"About 1 in 100 people who develop diabetes after 50 has a pancreatic cancer behind it. A score built from weight change, blood sugar change and age, calculable from records already in primary care, picks out a group where the rate is nearer 1 in 30; the proposal is to scan that group rather than wait for symptoms.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-pdac-new-onset-diabetes-risk-score-pathway/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"idea-pdac-surveillance-for-every-germline-carrier","kind":"idea","name":"Surveillance for every germline carrier found by universal testing, inside a registry rather than a research exception","aka":"","tldr":"One patient in twenty with pancreatic cancer carries an inherited gene fault, and most have no family history. Guidelines now say test every patient, which finds relatives who carry it too, but the yearly scans that catch cancer at stage I in carriers are still offered only in research programmes. The proposal is to make surveillance follow the test result automatically.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-pdac-surveillance-for-every-germline-carrier/","cancers":"pancreatic brca-palb2-pdac"},{"id":"idea-pdac-neoadjuvant-chemotherapy-for-all-resectable-disease","kind":"idea","name":"Chemotherapy before surgery for every resectable pancreatic cancer, settled by the two perioperative trials rather than assumed","aka":"","tldr":"Giving chemotherapy before the operation is standard when the tumour is borderline operable, but for tumours that can be removed straight away two trials have failed to show it beats operating first. Two more, one Dutch and one American, are directly comparing chemotherapy before and after surgery with chemotherapy after alone; the proposal is to wait for them and to pool them.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-pdac-neoadjuvant-chemotherapy-for-all-resectable-disease/","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac borderline-resectable-pdac"},{"id":"idea-pdac-stromal-reprogramming-not-depletion","kind":"idea","name":"Reprogramme the stroma rather than remove it: second-generation stromal trials with a stromal biomarker and a survival endpoint","aka":"","tldr":"Pancreatic tumours are mostly scar tissue. The first attempt to dissolve it, an enzyme given with chemotherapy to nearly 500 patients, shrank more tumours but did not lengthen life, and mouse work showed that stripping out the scar-forming cells made cancers worse. The proposal is to test drugs that change what the stroma does rather than remove it, in trials measured on survival.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-pdac-stromal-reprogramming-not-depletion/","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"idea-pdac-ras-inhibitor-combinations-and-sequencing","kind":"idea","name":"RAS inhibitor combinations and sequence: pan-RAS plus G12D-selective, plus chemotherapy, and what to give after progression","aka":"","tldr":"The first drug against the KRAS protein nearly doubled survival in pancreatic cancer in 2026, but on its own it holds the disease for months, not years. Trials are now testing it in combination with a second RAS drug and with chemotherapy, and earlier in the disease; the open questions are which combination, in which order, and what works when the tumour escapes.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-pdac-ras-inhibitor-combinations-and-sequencing/","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac resectable-pdac"},{"id":"idea-pdac-cachexia-trials-embedded-in-chemotherapy-trials","kind":"idea","name":"Embed cachexia treatment in chemotherapy trials: weight, muscle and treatment delivery as co-primary endpoints","aka":"","tldr":"Most people with pancreatic cancer lose muscle and weight in a way food alone cannot reverse, and that wasting is a common reason chemotherapy is cut or stopped. A 2024 trial showed an antibody against the hormone GDF-15 restored weight and activity in twelve weeks, a third of the patients having pancreatic cancer. The proposal is to test it inside the chemotherapy trials, not alongside them.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-pdac-cachexia-trials-embedded-in-chemotherapy-trials/","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"idea-pdac-enzyme-replacement-prescribing-by-default","kind":"idea","name":"Pancreatic enzyme replacement by default: prescribe at diagnosis, audit the rate, and run the trial that settles survival","aka":"","tldr":"The pancreas makes the enzymes that digest food, and a cancer in it, or the operation to remove it, leaves most patients unable to absorb what they eat. Capsules replacing those enzymes are cheap and recommended, yet UK records show only one patient in five was prescribed them. The proposal is to prescribe by default at diagnosis, publish each hospital's rate, and run the trial never done.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-pdac-enzyme-replacement-prescribing-by-default/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"idea-pdac-uk-active-treatment-rate-audit-and-target","kind":"idea","name":"Raise the share of UK patients who receive any active treatment, and publish it by trust","aka":"","tldr":"In England and Wales a national audit now reports each year what share of people diagnosed with pancreatic cancer receive any treatment aimed at the cancer, how many are discussed by a specialist team and how many see a specialist nurse. The proposal is a national target for the treatment rate, published by hospital, so the trusts furthest behind are visible.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-pdac-uk-active-treatment-rate-audit-and-target/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"idea-pdac-uk-fast-track-diagnosis-to-treatment-pathway","kind":"idea","name":"A fast-track pathway from suspicion to treatment for pancreatic cancer in the NHS, measured from first scan to first treatment","aka":"","tldr":"Pancreatic cancer grows and spreads quickly, and delays between the scan that finds it, the specialist meeting, the biopsy, the bile duct stent and the first chemotherapy or operation are measured in weeks. The proposal is a dedicated fast-track pathway with a national standard for the interval from first imaging to first treatment, reported by the audit.","tags":"pancreatic-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-pdac-uk-fast-track-diagnosis-to-treatment-pathway/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"pancreatic-trials-open-today","kind":"term","name":"Pancreatic cancer trials open today (registry snapshot and UK sites)","aka":"Pancreatic cancer trials recruiting\nOpen pancreatic cancer trials","tldr":"Every phase 2 or 3 interventional trial that was recruiting, about to open or still running for pancreatic cancer on ClinicalTrials.gov in September 2026, with the hospitals in the United Kingdom that take part named where the registry lists them.","tags":"","route":"/terms/pancreatic-trials-open-today/","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac borderline-resectable-pdac locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"pancreatic-palliation-obstruction-pain-nutrition","kind":"term","name":"Palliation in pancreatic cancer: biliary and duodenal stents, coeliac plexus block, enzymes and cachexia","aka":"Pancreatic cancer supportive care\nBiliary stent in pancreatic cancer\nCoeliac plexus neurolysis\nPancreatic enzyme replacement in cancer","tldr":"Most people with pancreatic cancer need treatment for a blocked bile duct, pain, poor digestion or weight loss alongside chemotherapy: a metal stent placed by endoscopy for jaundice, a duodenal stent or bypass for a blocked bowel, an alcohol block of the nerves behind the pancreas for pain, enzyme capsules with every meal, and dietetic support.","tags":"","route":"/terms/pancreatic-palliation-obstruction-pain-nutrition/","cancers":"pancreatic locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"pancreatic-cancer-uk-drug-access","kind":"term","name":"Pancreatic cancer drugs in England: NICE appraisals and the Cancer Drugs Fund (September 2026)","aka":"NICE pancreatic cancer\nPancreatic cancer NHS funding\nCancer Drugs Fund pancreatic","tldr":"In England the funded pancreatic cancer drugs are the older chemotherapies: FOLFIRINOX, gemcitabine with capecitabine, gemcitabine alone, and nab-paclitaxel with gemcitabine when other combinations are unsuitable. Liposomal irinotecan after gemcitabine was turned down in 2017, the olaparib and NALIRIFOX appraisals ended without a submission, and the 2026 drugs were unappraised.","tags":"","route":"/terms/pancreatic-cancer-uk-drug-access/","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac brca-palb2-pdac kras-wild-type-pdac msi-high-pdac"},{"id":"pancreatic-failed-programmes","kind":"term","name":"Pancreatic cancer: the failed and stopped programmes and why","aka":"Negative pancreatic cancer trials\nPancreatic cancer phase 3 failures","tldr":"Pancreatic cancer has a long list of phase 3 trials that added a new drug to standard chemotherapy and found nothing: a stroma-degrading enzyme, an interleukin-10, a stemness inhibitor, a BTK inhibitor, a metabolic inhibitor, an anti-fibrotic antibody, two vaccines and erlotinib in three settings. Radiotherapy after chemotherapy improved local control but not survival.","tags":"","route":"/terms/pancreatic-failed-programmes/","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac locally-advanced-pdac resectable-pdac"},{"id":"pancrelipase","kind":"drug","name":"Pancrelipase (pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy)","aka":"PERT\nPancreatin\nPancreatic enzyme replacement therapy\nEnteric-coated pancreatin","tldr":"Enzyme capsules taken with every meal replace the digestive enzymes a pancreas blocked or removed by cancer no longer delivers; NICE says to offer them to everyone with unresectable pancreatic cancer and to consider them around surgery.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/pancrelipase/","status":"established","cancers":"pancreatic locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac resectable-pdac"},{"id":"pegvorhyaluronidase-alfa","kind":"drug","name":"Pegvorhyaluronidase alfa","aka":"PEGPH20\nPEGylated recombinant human hyaluronidase","tldr":"PEGPH20 was designed to break down the hyaluronan that stiffens pancreatic tumours and let chemotherapy in; in the phase 3 HALO-301 trial it raised response rates but not survival, and Halozyme stopped developing it in 2019.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/pegvorhyaluronidase-alfa/","status":"negative","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"pegilodecakin","kind":"drug","name":"Pegilodecakin","aka":"AM0010\nPegylated interleukin-10","tldr":"Pegilodecakin, a long-acting interleukin-10 meant to expand tumour-killing T cells, added nothing to FOLFOX in the phase 3 SEQUOIA trial of second-line pancreatic cancer, and Eli Lilly dropped it.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/pegilodecakin/","status":"negative","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"napabucasin","kind":"drug","name":"Napabucasin","aka":"BBI-608\nBBI608","tldr":"Napabucasin, an oral drug marketed as a cancer stemness inhibitor, was tested in 1,134 people with untreated metastatic pancreatic cancer on top of nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine; survival was identical and the trial was stopped for futility.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/napabucasin/","status":"negative","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac colorectal"},{"id":"espac-1","kind":"trial","name":"ESPAC-1","aka":"ESPAC1\nEuropean Study Group for Pancreatic Cancer trial 1","tldr":"ESPAC-1 is the 2004 trial that made chemotherapy after pancreatic cancer surgery standard and pushed radiotherapy out: five-year survival was 21 percent with chemotherapy against 8 percent without, while chemoradiotherapy lowered it from 20 to 10 percent.","tags":"","route":"/trials/espac-1/","status":"mixed","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac"},{"id":"jaspac-01","kind":"trial","name":"JASPAC 01","aka":"JASPAC-01\nJASPAC01","tldr":"JASPAC 01 found that six months of the oral fluoropyrimidine S-1 after pancreatic cancer surgery nearly doubled five-year survival compared with gemcitabine in Japanese patients, 44 against 24 percent, which made S-1 the adjuvant standard in Japan; the result has never been tested in Western patients, who metabolise the drug differently.","tags":"","route":"/trials/jaspac-01/","status":"positive","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac"},{"id":"apact","kind":"trial","name":"APACT","aka":"ABI-007-PANC-003","tldr":"APACT tested whether adding nab-paclitaxel to gemcitabine after pancreatic surgery delays relapse; by the independent radiologists' reading it did not (19.4 against 18.8 months), although patients on the combination lived about four months longer at five years, so the regimen is not a formal adjuvant standard.","tags":"","route":"/trials/apact/","status":"negative","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac"},{"id":"swog-s1505","kind":"trial","name":"SWOG S1505","aka":"S1505","tldr":"SWOG S1505 gave people with operable pancreatic cancer three months of chemotherapy before and after surgery with one of the two modern regimens; about half were alive at two years with either, no better than the 40 percent threshold the trial set from adjuvant-only history, and a third of the patients enrolled turned out not to have resectable tumours on central review.","tags":"","route":"/trials/swog-s1505/","status":"completed","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac"},{"id":"neonax","kind":"trial","name":"NEONAX","aka":"AIO-PAK-0313","tldr":"NEONAX compared giving gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel around surgery with giving it only afterwards; neither arm reached the trial's 55 percent target for being relapse-free at 18 months, but patients treated before surgery lived a median 25.5 months against 16.7, mostly because so few in the surgery-first arm were ever fit enough to start chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/trials/neonax/","status":"mixed","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac"},{"id":"preopanc-2","kind":"trial","name":"PREOPANC-2","aka":"PREOPANC 2","tldr":"PREOPANC-2 asked whether the strongest chemotherapy given entirely before surgery beats the Dutch standard of gemcitabine chemoradiotherapy before and gemcitabine after; survival was the same, about 22 months in both arms, so both remain reasonable ways to treat first, and the question of surgery first against treatment first moves to Alliance A021806 and PREOPANC-3.","tags":"","route":"/trials/preopanc-2/","status":"negative","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac borderline-resectable-pdac"},{"id":"alliance-a021806","kind":"trial","name":"Alliance A021806","aka":"A021806\nALLIANCE A021806","tldr":"Alliance A021806 is the trial the field is waiting for: 358 people with operable pancreatic cancer randomised to surgery first or chemotherapy first with the same total course of modified FOLFIRINOX. It has finished recruiting; the registry gives December 2028 for the primary completion and no results were published in an indexed journal by September 2026.","tags":"","route":"/trials/alliance-a021806/","status":"active","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac"},{"id":"preopanc-3","kind":"trial","name":"PREOPANC-3","aka":"PREOPANC 3","tldr":"PREOPANC-3 is the European twin of Alliance A021806: the same modified FOLFIRINOX given either around surgery or only afterwards for operable pancreatic cancer. Recruitment of 378 patients has closed and the first results are expected after the January 2027 primary completion date.","tags":"","route":"/trials/preopanc-3/","status":"active","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac"},{"id":"alliance-a021501","kind":"trial","name":"Alliance A021501","aka":"A021501","tldr":"A021501 set out to test radiotherapy before surgery for borderline pancreatic cancer and closed that arm early because fewer patients reached a clear-margin operation; chemotherapy alone gave 18-month survival of 67 percent and a median of 29.8 months, and became the reference regimen for the setting.","tags":"","route":"/trials/alliance-a021501/","status":"mixed","cancers":"pancreatic borderline-resectable-pdac"},{"id":"conko-005","kind":"trial","name":"CONKO-005","aka":"CONKO 005","tldr":"CONKO-005 was the first adjuvant trial to add a targeted drug to chemotherapy after pancreatic surgery; six months of erlotinib with gemcitabine made no difference to the time before relapse (11.4 months in both arms) or to survival.","tags":"","route":"/trials/conko-005/","status":"negative","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac"},{"id":"autogene-cevumeran-phase-1","kind":"trial","name":"Autogene cevumeran phase 1 in resected pancreatic cancer (Memorial Sloan Kettering)","aka":"Rojas 2023\nBNT122 pancreatic phase 1\nRO7198457 pancreatic phase 1","tldr":"This is the small New York trial behind the excitement about personalised mRNA cancer vaccines: half of the 16 patients vaccinated after pancreatic surgery made strong T cells against their own tumour mutations, and those responders had far fewer relapses after more than three years, with vaccine-induced T cells predicted to last for years.","tags":"","route":"/trials/autogene-cevumeran-phase-1/","status":"active","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac"},{"id":"starpac2","kind":"trial","name":"STARPAC2","aka":"STARPAC 2\nSTAR_PAC2","tldr":"STARPAC2 is a UK trial repurposing the vitamin A derivative used in leukaemia to soften the scar tissue around pancreatic tumours so chemotherapy works better; it follows a phase 1 (STAR_PAC) at Barts and has closed to recruitment with results due after 2028.","tags":"","route":"/trials/starpac2/","status":"active","cancers":"pancreatic locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"primus-001","kind":"trial","name":"PRIMUS 001","aka":"PRIMUS-001\nPRIMUS001\nPrecision-Panc PRIMUS 001","tldr":"PRIMUS 001 is the flagship trial of the UK Precision-Panc programme, comparing a new oxaliplatin, fluorouracil and nab-paclitaxel combination with standard nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine at 30 NHS hospitals from Aberdeen to Plymouth while collecting tumour DNA to find who benefits from which chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/trials/primus-001/","status":"active","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"prodige-4-accord-11","kind":"trial","name":"PRODIGE 4 / ACCORD 11","aka":"PRODIGE 4\nACCORD 11\nPRODIGE4-ACCORD11\nFOLFIRINOX versus gemcitabine","tldr":"PRODIGE 4 is the 2011 French trial that changed pancreatic cancer treatment for the first time in fourteen years: the four-drug FOLFIRINOX combination kept fit patients alive a median 11.1 months against 6.8 with gemcitabine, at the price of more side effects, and it remains the reference first-line regimen for people well enough to have it.","tags":"","route":"/trials/prodige-4-accord-11/","status":"positive","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"mpact","kind":"trial","name":"MPACT","aka":"CA046\nMetastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Clinical Trial","tldr":"MPACT established the second modern first-line regimen for advanced pancreatic cancer: adding albumin-bound paclitaxel to gemcitabine lengthened median survival from 6.7 to 8.5 months and doubled two-year survival, with more neuropathy and neutropenia; it is the option for people not fit enough for FOLFIRINOX and the control arm of most trials since.","tags":"","route":"/trials/mpact/","status":"positive","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"napoli-1","kind":"trial","name":"NAPOLI-1","aka":"NAPOLI 1\nMM-398 phase 3","tldr":"NAPOLI-1 gave pancreatic cancer its first licensed second-line treatment: liposomal irinotecan with fluorouracil extended median survival from 4.2 to 6.1 months after gemcitabine had failed, while the liposome alone did nothing. It is approved in the United States and Europe but NICE turned it down in 2017.","tags":"","route":"/trials/napoli-1/","status":"positive","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"conko-003","kind":"trial","name":"CONKO-003 (OFF)","aka":"CONKO 003\nOFF regimen trial\nOxaliplatin, folinic acid and fluorouracil second line","tldr":"CONKO-003 was the first randomised trial to show a second-line chemotherapy helps in pancreatic cancer: adding oxaliplatin to fluorouracil after gemcitabine failed lengthened median survival from 3.3 to 5.9 months, which is why oxaliplatin-based second-line treatment is in the NICE guideline. A later Canadian trial with a different oxaliplatin schedule found the opposite.","tags":"","route":"/trials/conko-003/","status":"positive","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"panoptimox-prodige-35","kind":"trial","name":"PANOPTIMOX-PRODIGE 35","aka":"PRODIGE 35\nPANOPTIMOX","tldr":"PANOPTIMOX showed that people whose pancreatic cancer is controlled after four months of FOLFIRINOX can drop to a gentler fluorouracil maintenance without losing survival, living longer before their quality of life fell; the alternating gemcitabine strategy did worse.","tags":"","route":"/trials/panoptimox-prodige-35/","status":"completed","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"conko-007","kind":"trial","name":"CONKO-007","aka":"CONKO 007","tldr":"CONKO-007 is the largest test of radiotherapy after chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer that cannot be removed at diagnosis: chemoradiotherapy did not raise the share of all patients reaching a clear-margin operation (25 against 18 percent) or lengthen survival, but among those operated the margins were clear more often (69 against 50 percent).","tags":"","route":"/trials/conko-007/","status":"mixed","cancers":"pancreatic locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"neolap","kind":"trial","name":"NEOLAP","aka":"NEOLAP-AIO-PAK-0113\nAIO-PAK-0113","tldr":"NEOLAP asked whether switching to FOLFIRINOX after two months of gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel converts more inoperable pancreatic cancers to operable ones; about a third to 44 percent were removed with either sequence and survival was similar, so both induction regimens are acceptable.","tags":"","route":"/trials/neolap/","status":"negative","cancers":"pancreatic locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"scalop","kind":"trial","name":"SCALOP","aka":"SCALOP-1\nSelective Chemoradiation in Advanced Localised Pancreatic cancer","tldr":"SCALOP is the UK trial that decided which chemotherapy to give with radiotherapy for pancreatic cancer that cannot be removed: after three months of induction chemotherapy, capecitabine during radiotherapy gave longer survival and far less blood toxicity than gemcitabine, and it is the radiosensitiser NICE recommends.","tags":"","route":"/trials/scalop/","status":"positive","cancers":"pancreatic locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"scalop-2","kind":"trial","name":"SCALOP-2","aka":"SCALOP 2","tldr":"SCALOP-2 is the UK follow-on to SCALOP, testing whether a higher radiotherapy dose or the HIV drug nelfinavir improves chemoradiotherapy for pancreatic cancer that cannot be removed; it finished in 2021 and its main results had not appeared in an indexed journal by September 2026.","tags":"","route":"/trials/scalop-2/","status":"completed","cancers":"pancreatic locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"crossfire","kind":"trial","name":"CROSSFIRE","aka":"CROSSFIRE trial","tldr":"CROSSFIRE is the only randomised comparison of the two local treatments offered after chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer that cannot be removed, MR-guided stereotactic radiotherapy and irreversible electroporation; survival was 16.1 against 12.5 months with no significant difference, the trial stopped early for futility, and neither has been shown to beat chemotherapy alone.","tags":"","route":"/trials/crossfire/","status":"negative","cancers":"pancreatic locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"panfire-2","kind":"trial","name":"PANFIRE-2","aka":"PANFIRE 2\nPANFIRE-II","tldr":"PANFIRE-2 treated 50 people with electric-pulse ablation of pancreatic tumours that could not be removed; they lived a median 17 months from diagnosis, longer than the trial's historical target, but more than half had complications and nearly half relapsed locally, so the treatment stays in specialist centres and trials.","tags":"","route":"/trials/panfire-2/","status":"completed","cancers":"pancreatic locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"halo-301","kind":"trial","name":"HALO 109-301","aka":"HALO-301\nHALO 301","tldr":"HALO-301 was the phase 3 test of breaking down the dense stroma of pancreatic tumours with a hyaluronidase enzyme so chemotherapy could reach them; response rates went up but survival did not move, and the stroma-busting idea in this form was abandoned.","tags":"","route":"/trials/halo-301/","status":"negative","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"canstem111p","kind":"trial","name":"CanStem111P","aka":"CanStem 111P\nBBI-608 pancreatic phase 3","tldr":"CanStem111P is the largest first-line pancreatic cancer trial ever run, 1,134 patients, and it found that the stemness inhibitor napabucasin added nothing to nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine; the trial was stopped for futility and its control arm is now the best description of what that chemotherapy achieves.","tags":"","route":"/trials/canstem111p/","status":"negative","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"resolve","kind":"trial","name":"RESOLVE","aka":"RESOLVE ibrutinib pancreatic","tldr":"RESOLVE tested the leukaemia drug ibrutinib as a way to reprogramme the immune cells around pancreatic tumours; added to nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine it shortened the time to progression and cut the chemotherapy patients could tolerate, with no survival gain.","tags":"","route":"/trials/resolve/","status":"negative","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"codebreak-100","kind":"trial","name":"CodeBreaK 100 (pancreatic cancer cohort)","aka":"CodeBreaK100\nCodeBreak 100\nAMG 510 phase 1/2","tldr":"CodeBreaK 100 gave the first KRAS inhibitor to 38 people whose pancreatic cancer carried the rare G12C mutation and had progressed after chemotherapy; one in five tumours shrank and patients lived a median 6.9 months, proof that KRAS can be drugged in this disease even though the target is uncommon here.","tags":"","route":"/trials/codebreak-100/","status":"positive","cancers":"pancreatic kras-g12c-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"eclipse","kind":"trial","name":"ECLIPSE (GVAX pancreas and CRS-207)","aka":"ECLIPSE study\nGVAX/CRS-207 phase 2b","tldr":"ECLIPSE was the randomised test of the Johns Hopkins pancreatic cancer vaccine strategy, a whole-cell GVAX vaccine followed by a Listeria vector carrying mesothelin; after promising early results it did not beat chemotherapy, with survival of 3.7 months against 4.6, and the programme ended.","tags":"","route":"/trials/eclipse/","status":"negative","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06783140","kind":"trial","name":"Study of NABPLAGEM vs. Nab-Paclitaxel/Gemcitabine in BRCA1/2 or PALB2 Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"PLATINUM-CAN","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial of nab-paclitaxel, gemcitabine and cisplatin in pancreatic cancer, run by University Health Network, Toronto, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06783140/","status":"active","cancers":"metastatic-pdac brca-palb2-pdac"},{"id":"nct06946420","kind":"trial","name":"SENECA: First Line metaStatic pancrEatic caNcer Primary and Distant (if Oligometastatic) lEsion direCted rAdiotherapy","aka":"SENECA","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06946420/","status":"active","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct05836870","kind":"trial","name":"Tele-PancFit: A Multi-site Trial of Video-based Strengthening Exercise Prehabilitation for Patients With Resectable Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"Tele-PancFit","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05836870/","status":"active","cancers":"borderline-resectable-pdac resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct06115499","kind":"trial","name":"The PLATINUM Trial: Optimizing Chemotherapy for the Second-Line Treatment of Metastatic BRCA1/2 or PALB2-Associated Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"PLATINUM","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial of nab-paclitaxel, gemcitabine and cisplatin in pancreatic cancer, run by Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06115499/","status":"active","cancers":"metastatic-pdac brca-palb2-pdac"},{"id":"nct07386704","kind":"trial","name":"Nimotuzumab Combined With Chemoradiotherapy in the Treatment of Unresectable Locally Advanced or Oligometastatic Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of nimotuzumab in pancreatic cancer, run by Peking University First Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07386704/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07344220","kind":"trial","name":"Metastatic Non-Familial Adenocarcinoma Maintenance Therapy With DZ-002: Heptamine Carboxymethine Dye Conjugate","aka":"DZ-002-201","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07344220/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06866977","kind":"trial","name":"A Single-arm, Open-label Clinical Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of VRT106 in Combination With Chemotherapy for Advanced Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06866977/","status":"planned","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07469956","kind":"trial","name":"Surufatinib Plus mFOLFIRINOX and PD-1 Inhibitor as the Neoadjuvant Therapy for High-risk or Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of surufatinib, toripalimab and fOLFIRINOX / mFOLFIRINOX in pancreatic cancer, run by Sun Yat-sen University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07469956/","status":"planned","cancers":"borderline-resectable-pdac resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct07138846","kind":"trial","name":"A Study Comparing MRG004A Plus Best Supportive Care Versus Placebo and Best Supportive Care in the Treatment of Patients With Advanced Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Lepu Biopharma Co., Ltd., not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07138846/","status":"planned","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07153289","kind":"trial","name":"CD318-targeted CAR-T Cell Therapy in Patients With Pancreatic Cancer (ResCPa)","aka":"ResCPa","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by University Hospital Tuebingen, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07153289/","status":"planned","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"nct07415525","kind":"trial","name":"IBI343 Combined With Chemotherapy as Neoadjuvant Therapy in Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of IBI343 in pancreatic cancer, run by Zhejiang University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07415525/","status":"planned","cancers":"borderline-resectable-pdac resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct06991491","kind":"trial","name":"Ivonescimab With GnP and SBRT in Patients With Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer (WGOG-PAN 004)","aka":"WGOG-PAN 004","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of ivonescimab in pancreatic cancer, run by West China Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06991491/","status":"planned","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07745790","kind":"trial","name":"Safety and Efficacy of Multimodal Thermal Therapy (MTT) Combined With KRAS G12V mRNA Vaccine, S-1, and Sintilimab in Patients With Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of sintilimab and tegafur, gimeracil and oteracil (S-1) in pancreatic cancer, run by Ruijin Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07745790/","status":"planned","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct04901741","kind":"trial","name":"Olaptesed With Pembrolizumab and Nanoliposomal Irinotecan or Gemcitabine/Nab-Paclitaxel in MSS Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"OPTIMUS","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of pembrolizumab in pancreatic cancer, run by TME Pharma AG, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04901741/","status":"planned","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07814066","kind":"trial","name":"A Multicenter, Open-label, Phase II Umbrella Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of the Investigational Product in Participants With Advanced or Metastati","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Sichuan Kelun-Biotech Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07814066/","status":"planned","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07705074","kind":"trial","name":"FAPI PET Imaging - An Exploratory Study","aka":"FAPIPET","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Martin Huellner, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07705074/","status":"planned","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07028424","kind":"trial","name":"PANORAMIX : Optimizing 1st-line NALIRIFOX and Exploring Microbiota's Role in 2nd Line Pancreatic Cancer Treatment","aka":"PANORAMIX","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of liposomal irinotecan, paclitaxel / nab-paclitaxel, gemcitabine, cAPOX (capecitabine, oxaliplatin) and other drugs in pancreatic cancer, run by GERCOR - Multidisciplinary Oncology Cooperative Group, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07028424/","status":"planned","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06383078","kind":"trial","name":"HR070803 in Combination With Oxaliplatin, S-1 Versus NALIRIFOX as Adjuvant Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of liposomal irinotecan, cAPOX (capecitabine, oxaliplatin), tegafur, gimeracil and oteracil (S-1), leucovorin (folinic acid) and other drugs in pancreatic cancer, run by The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06383078/","status":"planned","cancers":"resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct07277452","kind":"trial","name":"Nimotuzumab Combined With Nab-paclitaxel/Gemcitabine in the Perioperative Treatment of High-risk Resectable/Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"NOTABLE-309","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of nimotuzumab and gemcitabine + nab-paclitaxel in pancreatic cancer, run by The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07277452/","status":"planned","cancers":"borderline-resectable-pdac resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct07477418","kind":"trial","name":"PDAC Regression and Intraoperative Surgical Margin With Neoadjuvant TAMP (PRISM-TAMP)","aka":"PRISM-TAMP","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by University of Vermont, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07477418/","status":"planned","cancers":"borderline-resectable-pdac resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct06759090","kind":"trial","name":"Metronomic Capecitabine with Camrelizumab and Apatinib Mesylate for Treatment of Advanced Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of camrelizumab in pancreatic cancer, run by Zhejiang University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06759090/","status":"planned","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06513455","kind":"trial","name":"Irinotecan Liposome，Albumin Paclitaxel and Gemcitabine First-line Treatment for Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer, run by Harbin Medical University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06513455/","status":"planned","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct05810792","kind":"trial","name":"Histamine Dihydrochloride and Interleukin-2 in Primary Resectable Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"PANCEP-1","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of histamine dihydrochloride and aldesleukin (high-dose IL-2) in pancreatic cancer, run by Sahlgrenska University Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05810792/","status":"planned","cancers":"resectable-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07765836","kind":"trial","name":"Vilastobart+Retifanlimab in BRCA or PALB2 Deficient PC","aka":"EKLAVYA-HRD","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of retifanlimab in pancreatic cancer, run by Massachusetts General Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07765836/","status":"planned","cancers":"metastatic-pdac brca-palb2-pdac"},{"id":"nct07230301","kind":"trial","name":"Adebrelimab Infusion Plus Standard Care for Pancreatic Cancer With Pleural or Peritoneal Effusions","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of adebrelimab in pancreatic cancer, run by Sizhen Wang, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07230301/","status":"planned","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07773363","kind":"trial","name":"Retlirafusp Alfa Plus Apatinib and Chemotherapy as Second-Line Treatment for Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of retlirafusp alfa and rivoceranib (apatinib) in pancreatic cancer, run by Tang-Du Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07773363/","status":"planned","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06573398","kind":"trial","name":"Radiotherapy With Sequential Chemotherapy Combined With PD-1 Inhibitor and Thymalfasin for BRPC","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of tislelizumab in pancreatic cancer, run by Ruijin Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06573398/","status":"planned","cancers":"borderline-resectable-pdac resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct07691593","kind":"trial","name":"Neoadjuvant HRS-4642 Plus Chemotherapy With or Without Immunotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Changhai Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07691593/","status":"planned","cancers":"resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct06233877","kind":"trial","name":"Clinical Trial Evaluating Low Dose G-FLIP Plus Mitomycin C for Stage IV Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"GFLIPM","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of mitomycin C in pancreatic cancer, run by Hirschfeld Oncology, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06233877/","status":"planned","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06750861","kind":"trial","name":"QL1706 Plus Chemotherapy With AG Regime as First-line Treatment of Advanced PDAC","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of iparomlimab and tuvonralimab in pancreatic cancer, run by Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06750861/","status":"planned","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07689539","kind":"trial","name":"Trial of DN022150 Versus Chemotherapy in Previously Treated Advanced Pancreatic Cancer With KRAS G12D Mutation","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Jiangxi Kvvit Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07689539/","status":"planned","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06370754","kind":"trial","name":"Newly Emerging Immunotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer Treatment","aka":"FD-IMPACT","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of liposomal irinotecan, fluorouracil (5-FU), fLOT (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, docetaxel), nab-paclitaxel and other drugs in pancreatic cancer, run by Fudan University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06370754/","status":"planned","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07578337","kind":"trial","name":"A Clinical Study Evaluating a New Treatment Strategy for Patients With Advanced Pancreatic Cancer Who Have Not Received Prior Treatment for Advanced Disease.","aka":"NUMANTIA-2","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of gemcitabine, nab-paclitaxel and botensilimab in pancreatic cancer, run by Nelum Corp, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07578337/","status":"planned","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06621095","kind":"trial","name":"Anlotinib Plus Benmelstobart and AG in First-line Treatment of Advanced Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer (ALTER-PA-001)","aka":"ALTER-PA-001","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of gemcitabine + nab-paclitaxel in pancreatic cancer, run by RenJi Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06621095/","status":"planned","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06009029","kind":"trial","name":"SBRT Combined With Zimberelimab (GLS-010) in Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer (SPARK-1 Study)","aka":"SPARK-1","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of zimberelimab in pancreatic cancer, run by Peking University Third Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06009029/","status":"planned","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"nct03301805","kind":"trial","name":"A Phase II, EvaluateBLEX 404 Combined With Gemcitabine Monotherapy With Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Rgene Corporation, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct03301805/","status":"planned","cancers":"resectable-pdac locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06166589","kind":"trial","name":"Second-line Zimberelimab and SIRIOX Chemotherapy for Patient With Previously AG Chemotherapy Treated Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of zimberelimab, cAPOX (capecitabine, oxaliplatin), tegafur, gimeracil and oteracil (S-1) and fOLFIRI (5-FU, leucovorin, irinotecan) in pancreatic cancer, run by Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06166589/","status":"planned","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06255912","kind":"trial","name":"Clinical Trial for Advanced or Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06255912/","status":"planned","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07705919","kind":"trial","name":"DCE-MRI for Neoadjuvant Treatment Assessment in Patients With Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of fluorouracil (5-FU), gemcitabine, fOLFIRI (5-FU, leucovorin, irinotecan), leucovorin (folinic acid) and other drugs in pancreatic cancer, run by Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07705919/","status":"planned","cancers":"borderline-resectable-pdac resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct06361030","kind":"trial","name":"Surufatinib Combined With Gemcitabine Plus Nab-paclitaxel in Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06361030/","status":"planned","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"nct07711067","kind":"trial","name":"A Study Comparing Whole-Body Heat Treatment Plus Systemic Therapy to Systemic Therapy Alone, for Advanced Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"MATTERS-2","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by ElmediX, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07711067/","status":"planned","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07670312","kind":"trial","name":"Evaluation of XYA02 in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by XYone Therapeutics, Inc, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07670312/","status":"planned","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07336953","kind":"trial","name":"A Phase III, Randomized, Clinical Trial of GnP Combined With SBRT and Serplulimab Versus GnP as First-Line Treatment for Patients With Recurrent or Metastatic P","aka":"ICSBR-2","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of gemcitabine + nab-paclitaxel and serplulimab in pancreatic cancer, run by West China Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07336953/","status":"planned","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07678593","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of GFH276 Combined With Cetuximab or Chemotherapy in Participants With Solid Tumors and Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) Harboring RAS Mutation","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of cetuximab, nab-paclitaxel, gemcitabine, fluorouracil (5-FU) and other drugs in pancreatic cancer, run by Genfleet Therapeutics (Shanghai) Inc., not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07678593/","status":"planned","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07802184","kind":"trial","name":"GnP Combined With SHR-1701 and Apatinib as First-Line Treatment for Locally Advanced or Metastatic PDAC","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of retlirafusp alfa, rivoceranib (apatinib), gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel in pancreatic cancer, run by West China Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07802184/","status":"planned","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07333287","kind":"trial","name":"A Multicenter Single-arm Prospective Clinical Study on First-line Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer Liver Metastases With Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy and Emboli","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Shandong Provincial Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07333287/","status":"planned","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07824960","kind":"trial","name":"Neoadjuvant Avutometinib/Defactinib and mFOLFIRINOX Combination Therapy in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma","aka":"Panc 004","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of avutometinib + defactinib in pancreatic cancer, run by University of Virginia, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07824960/","status":"planned","cancers":"resectable-pdac locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07175389","kind":"trial","name":"JDB153 Combined With Serplulimab for Pancreatic Cancer After Standard Treatment 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recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07827053/","status":"planned","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"nct07748611","kind":"trial","name":"SMAD4 Tailored Neoadjuvant Therapy for the Treatment of Resectable and Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma, SMART-PANC Trial","aka":"SMART-PANC","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of fluorouracil (5-FU), gemcitabine, fOLFIRI (5-FU, leucovorin, irinotecan), fLOT (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, docetaxel) and other drugs in pancreatic cancer, run by Northwestern University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07748611/","status":"planned","cancers":"borderline-resectable-pdac resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct07689955","kind":"trial","name":"A Phase-II Clinical Trial of Radiotherapy to the Coeliac Plexus to Help Pain in Advanced Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"PANCPLEX","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07689955/","status":"planned","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07698613","kind":"trial","name":"EGFR Targeted Photoimmunotherapy With ASP-1929 for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"BrUOG 438","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Brown University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07698613/","status":"planned","cancers":"borderline-resectable-pdac resectable-pdac locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07561463","kind":"trial","name":"Sacituzumab Tirumotecan for Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of sacituzumab tirumotecan in pancreatic cancer, run by Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07561463/","status":"planned","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac 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gemcitabine + nab-paclitaxel and nimotuzumab in pancreatic cancer, run by Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06938503/","status":"planned","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"nct07446270","kind":"trial","name":"Efficacy of Tunlametinib in Combination With Anti-EGFR Monoclonal Antibody in Patients With RAS-Mutated Advanced Gastrointestinal Malignancies","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of cetuximab and nimotuzumab in pancreatic cancer, run by Chinese PLA General Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07446270/","status":"planned","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07108504","kind":"trial","name":"Efficacy and Safety of LM-302 Combined With Gemcitabine CLDN 18.2 Positive Unresectable Locally Advanced or Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of gemcitabine and LM-302 in pancreatic cancer, run by 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capecitabine and gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer, run by Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07828756/","status":"planned","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07383922","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of FG-M108+Chemotherapy vs Placebo+Chemotherapy in Claudin18.2-positive Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer, run by FutureGen Biopharmaceutical (Beijing) Co., Ltd, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07383922/","status":"planned","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07429643","kind":"trial","name":"Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Loco-regional Chemotherapy Injection as Adjuvant Therapy for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer.","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Assiut University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07429643/","status":"planned","cancers":"resectable-pdac locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"nct07831330","kind":"trial","name":"Albumin-bound Paclitaxel (II) in Combination With Gemcitabine as First Line Therapy for Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer, run by The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07831330/","status":"planned","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07656376","kind":"trial","name":"Clinical Trial of DN022150 Combined With AG Chemotherapy as First-line Treatment for Locally Advanced or Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer With KRAS G12D Mutation","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Jiangxi Kvvit Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07656376/","status":"planned","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07301229","kind":"trial","name":"A Phase II Clinical Study to Evaluate HLX43 in Subjects With Advanced Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Shanghai Henlius Biotech, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07301229/","status":"planned","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07833241","kind":"trial","name":"Surufatinib in Combination With Iparomlimab and Tuvonralimab Injection and AG Chemotherapy for Neoadjuvant Therapy of HRPC or BRPC","aka":"ZSPAC-22","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of gemcitabine + nab-paclitaxel, gemcitabine, capecitabine and fOLFIRINOX / mFOLFIRINOX in pancreatic cancer, run by Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07833241/","status":"planned","cancers":"borderline-resectable-pdac resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct07272109","kind":"trial","name":"Active Anti-diabetic Treatment Plus Chemotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer Related Diabetes","aka":"PTCA199-16","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer, run by Fudan University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07272109/","status":"planned","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06196671","kind":"trial","name":"Oncolytic Virus Plus PD-1 Inhibitor to Patients With Advanced Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"PTCA199-8","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of h101 oncolytic adenovirus and camrelizumab in pancreatic cancer, run by Fudan University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06196671/","status":"planned","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06587061","kind":"trial","name":"HRS-4642 in Combination With AG for Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Ruijin Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06587061/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct06423326","kind":"trial","name":"Gemcitabine, Cisplatin and Nab-Paclitaxel as Neoadjuvant Treatment for Patients With Resectable or Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of cisplatin, gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel in pancreatic cancer, run by Emory University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06423326/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"borderline-resectable-pdac resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct06483555","kind":"trial","name":"Basal-like PDAC Treated With Gemcitabine, Erlotinib, and Nab-paclitaxel","aka":"PANGEA","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of gemcitabine, nab-paclitaxel, erlotinib, nALIRIFOX (liposomal irinotecan + oxaliplatin + 5-FU/LV) and other drugs in pancreatic cancer, run by UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06483555/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"borderline-resectable-pdac locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07043270","kind":"trial","name":"24BRO681 : Alternating Gnp and mFOLFIRINOX for BR-PDAC","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of gemcitabine + nab-paclitaxel and fOLFIRINOX / mFOLFIRINOX in pancreatic cancer, run by Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07043270/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"borderline-resectable-pdac resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct06938282","kind":"trial","name":"An Exploratory Clinical Study of HRS-4642 in Combination With Immunotherapy and Chemotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06938282/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"nct04084496","kind":"trial","name":"mFOLFIRINOX as Adjuvent Chemotherapy in Treating Chinese Pancreatic Cancer Patients","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of fOLFIRINOX / mFOLFIRINOX in pancreatic cancer, run by Sun Yat-sen University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04084496/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"resectable-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06411795","kind":"trial","name":"Rectus Sheath Block With Liposomal Bupivacaine Versus Thoracic Epidural Analgesia for Pain Control Following Pancreatoduodenectomy","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06411795/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct07235930","kind":"trial","name":"Firstline Sequential AG and mFOLFOX Combined With Serplulimab and Bevacizumab Versus AG Chemotherapy Alone in Advanced Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of bevacizumab and gemcitabine + nab-paclitaxel in pancreatic cancer, run by Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07235930/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07542002","kind":"trial","name":"Liposomal Irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil/Calcium Folinate, Oxaliplatin, and Adebrelimab in Combination With Radiotherapy for Resectable or Borderline Resectable Pan","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of fLOT (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, docetaxel) and cAPOX (capecitabine, oxaliplatin) in pancreatic cancer, run by Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07542002/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"borderline-resectable-pdac resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct03322995","kind":"trial","name":"Pancreatic Cancer Adaptive Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Trial","aka":"PANC","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Medical College of Wisconsin, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct03322995/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"borderline-resectable-pdac resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct06782932","kind":"trial","name":"Comparing Neoadjuvant/Adjuvant GVAX vs a mKRASvax Given With Anti-PD-1 and Anti-CD137 for Surgically Resectable Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of balstilimab and cyclophosphamide in pancreatic cancer, run by Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06782932/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct07155525","kind":"trial","name":"Tissue Adhesive Glue Modified Cyanoacrylate (Glubran® 2) in Soft Pancreas","aka":"NBCA-MS","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Minia University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07155525/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct04683315","kind":"trial","name":"PurIST Classification-Guided Adaptive Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy by RNA Expression Profiling of EUS Aspiration Samples","aka":"PANCREAS","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Medical College of Wisconsin, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04683315/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct07769502","kind":"trial","name":"A Study to Assess Adverse Events and Change in Disease Activity With Treatment Combinations With Telisotuzumab Adizutecan in Adults Participants With Pancreatob","aka":"AndroMETa-118","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of telisotuzumab adizutecan, gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel in pancreatic cancer, run by AbbVie, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07769502/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"nct07632118","kind":"trial","name":"Radiotherapy With GX Regimen as Adjuvant Therapy for High-risk Patients Following Pancreatic Cancer Surgery","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07632118/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"resectable-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct05841420","kind":"trial","name":"Gemcitabine Versus Reduced-dose Combination Chemotherapy in Fragile Patients with Non-resectable Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel in pancreatic cancer, run by Morten Ladekarl, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05841420/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"nct07595835","kind":"trial","name":"CT-guided Percutaneous Radionuclide Therapy With 32P Microparticles in Patients With Non-progressive Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"PANCOSIL","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by M.R. Meijerink, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07595835/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"nct04172532","kind":"trial","name":"Testing the Addition of a New Anti-cancer Drug, M3814 (Peposertib), to the Usual Radiotherapy in Patients With Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by National Cancer Institute (NCI), now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04172532/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"nct05438459","kind":"trial","name":"GAIA-102 Intraperitoneal Administration in Patients With Advanced Gastrointestinal Cancer of Microsatellite Stable With Malignant Ascites","aka":"GAIA-102","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of pembrolizumab, trifluridine/tipiracil and fluorouracil (5-FU) in pancreatic cancer, run by Kyushu University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05438459/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07410676","kind":"trial","name":"EBNK-001 Allogeneic NK Cells With Low-Dose IL-15 ± Pembrolizumab in Advanced Solid Tumors","aka":"EBNK-ST-001","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of pembrolizumab in pancreatic cancer, run by Essen Biotech, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07410676/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct05679583","kind":"trial","name":"Preoperative Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in Patients With Resectable Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Yonsei University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05679583/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct07483983","kind":"trial","name":"Study Investigating ASP3082 in Patients With Metastatic/Locally Advanced Non-small-cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) and Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC), With Bi","aka":"UNLOCK ASP3082","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of setidegrasib in pancreatic cancer, run by Gustave Roussy, Cancer Campus, Grand Paris, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07483983/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07066995","kind":"trial","name":"Mesothelin and Claudin 18.2 Dual-Target CAR-T Therapy in Advanced Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"BAH2573-102","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of EB-MF-CAR-NK-01 in pancreatic cancer, run by Essen Biotech, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07066995/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07440290","kind":"trial","name":"DETERMINE Trial Treatment Arm 07: Dabrafenib in Combination With Trametinib in Adult, Paediatric and Teenage/Young Adult Patients With BRAF V600 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Medical School, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07353645/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct06843551","kind":"trial","name":"The Miami \"EMPIRE\" Trial - Eradication of Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer With Immuno-Radiation","aka":"EMPIRE","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of botensilimab and balstilimab in pancreatic cancer, run by Benjamin Spieler, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06843551/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06790602","kind":"trial","name":"Cemiplimab Plus Gemcitabine in Patients With Metastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma","aka":"SWITCH","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by University of California, San Diego, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06790602/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07312422","kind":"trial","name":"LDRT Combined With Pucotenlimab and Standard Therapy for Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: A Single-Arm Study","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of pucotenlimab and gemcitabine + nab-paclitaxel in pancreatic cancer, run by Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07312422/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06427239","kind":"trial","name":"Exploratory Clinical Study of HRS-4642 Combined With Adebrelimab in the Treatment of Advanced Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of adebrelimab and SHR-8068 in pancreatic cancer, run by Fudan University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06427239/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06782412","kind":"trial","name":"Multicenter Validation Trial of [18F]AlF-FAPI-74 for PET Imaging of Cancer-associated Fibroblasts Through Fibroblast Activation Protein Inhibitors (FAPI) in Dif","aka":"FAPIDO","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by KU Leuven, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06782412/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"nct06391892","kind":"trial","name":"Liquid Biopsy (ctDNA) Guided Treatment in Localized Pancreatic Cancer: Neoadjuvant CTX vs. Upfront Surgery","aka":"LIQUIPANC","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Elisabethinen Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06391892/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct06095141","kind":"trial","name":"Cisplatin to Patients With Pancreatic Cancer and Homologous Recombination Deficiency","aka":"PTCA199-6","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial of cisplatin in pancreatic cancer, run by Fudan University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06095141/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac brca-palb2-pdac"},{"id":"nct06861452","kind":"trial","name":"Phase I/IIa Study: RR001 Administered Following Chemotherapy Cycles for Patients With Locally Advanced Pancreatic Carcinoma","aka":"SNIPER","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by EIR Biotherapies s.r.l., now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06861452/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"nct05187338","kind":"trial","name":"Triplex Checkpoint Inhibitors Therapy for Advanced Solid Tumors","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of ipilimumab, pembrolizumab and durvalumab in pancreatic cancer, run by Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05187338/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06159478","kind":"trial","name":"Binimetinib in Patients With BRAF Fusion-positive Low-grade Glioma or Pancreatic Cancer (Perfume)","aka":"Perfume","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by National Cancer Center, Japan, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06159478/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"pancreatic kras-wild-type-pdac"},{"id":"nct05821556","kind":"trial","name":"Valproic Acid/Simvastatin Plus Gemcitabine/Nab-paclitaxel Based Regimens in Untreated Metastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Patients","aka":"VESPA","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of nab-paclitaxel, cisplatin and capecitabine in pancreatic cancer, run by National Cancer Institute, Naples, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05821556/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06736717","kind":"trial","name":"Onvansertib in Combination With NALIRIFOX for First Line Treatment of Advanced Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"PANCONVA","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of onvansertib and nALIRIFOX (liposomal irinotecan + oxaliplatin + 5-FU/LV) in pancreatic cancer, run by University of Kansas Medical Center, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06736717/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06844422","kind":"trial","name":"Adapted Guided Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy Combined With Chemotherapy and Enhancement of Novel Drug Ivonescimab for Pancreatic Cancer (ASCEND)","aka":"ASCEND","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of ivonescimab in pancreatic cancer, run by Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06844422/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"nct05218889","kind":"trial","name":"Surufatinib Plus Camrelizumab and AS in First Line Treatment of Advanced Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of gemcitabine + nab-paclitaxel in pancreatic cancer, run by Chinese PLA General Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05218889/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07436741","kind":"trial","name":"Surufatinib Plus Gemcitabine and Nab-paclitaxel vs. Gemcitabine Plus Nab-paclitaxel in Neoadjuvant Therapy for High - Risk Resectable or Borderline Resectable P","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of gemcitabine + nab-paclitaxel in pancreatic cancer, run by Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07436741/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"borderline-resectable-pdac resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct06384560","kind":"trial","name":"Neoadjuvant Triple Therapy for (Borderline) Resectable Pancreatic Cancer (PREOPANC-5)","aka":"PREOPANC-5","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of pembrolizumab and fOLFIRINOX / mFOLFIRINOX in pancreatic cancer, run by Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06384560/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"borderline-resectable-pdac resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct06199895","kind":"trial","name":"Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Paclitaxel Polymeric Micelles for Injection in the Treatment of Patients With Taxans-resistant Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma, Cholan","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Liu Huang, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06199895/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06580002","kind":"trial","name":"Repurposing Riluzole for Cancer-Related Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Trial","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by University of California, Irvine, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06580002/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"nct07285044","kind":"trial","name":"The Cancer Connected Access and Remote Expertise Beyond Walls Program to Provide In-Home Cancer Treatment and Improve Treatment Satisfaction in Cancer Patients","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Mayo Clinic, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07285044/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"nct06479239","kind":"trial","name":"Study of EGFRBi Armed Fresh PBMC in Metastatic or Unresectable Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"Panc 002","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by University of Virginia, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06479239/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07040228","kind":"trial","name":"A Phase Ib/II Clinical Study of Regorafenib Combined With Toripalimab and Albumin-bound Paclitaxel for the Third-line Treatment of Advanced Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of regorafenib and toripalimab in pancreatic cancer, run by Junjie Hang, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07040228/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06831136","kind":"trial","name":"Endoscopic Ultrasound Radiofrequency Ablation and Immunotherapy Pembrolizumab for Locally Advanced Unresectable and Metastatic Pancreatic Duct Adenocarcinoma","aka":"PANCARDINAL-2","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06831136/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06453486","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of High Dose Radiation Therapy for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer That Responded to Initial Chemotherapy Treatment","aka":"ABLATE","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by University Health Network, Toronto, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06453486/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"nct05988814","kind":"trial","name":"Trial Evaluating the Efficacy and the Safety of FOLFIRINOX3 Treatment in Patients With Unresectable Locally Advanced or Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer in First Li","aka":"FOLFIRINOX3 P","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Centre Georges Francois Leclerc, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05988814/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07269626","kind":"trial","name":"PULSAR in Systemic Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"PULSAR","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Samsung Medical Center, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07269626/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"borderline-resectable-pdac resectable-pdac locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07199764","kind":"trial","name":"Maintenance Combinatorial Myeloid Immunotherapy for Unresectable Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"IGNITE","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of mitazalimab in pancreatic cancer, run by University of Pennsylvania, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07199764/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07098598","kind":"trial","name":"Pancreatic Cancer Diagnosis With FAPI-PET Imaging","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Turku University Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07098598/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"nct05929885","kind":"trial","name":"Metronomic Capecitabine, Oxaliplatin and UGT1A1 Genotype-directed Irinotecan in Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer Patients","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by National Cancer Centre, Singapore, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05929885/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07306286","kind":"trial","name":"Cryoablation Combined With the Dual-Function Antibody PD-1/CTLA-4 for the Treatment of LAPC Following Failure of First-Line AG Therapy","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Ruijin Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07306286/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"nct06722911","kind":"trial","name":"Study of Adjuvant Nimotuzumab Combined with Nab-paclitaxel+ Gemcitabine in EGFR-positive Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of nimotuzumab in pancreatic cancer, run by Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06722911/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"resectable-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06584227","kind":"trial","name":"Adebrelimab and Chidamide for Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"ACPC","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of adebrelimab and gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer, run by Liu Xiufeng, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06584227/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06332274","kind":"trial","name":"tislelizUMaB in canceR Patients With molEcuLar residuaL Disease","aka":"UMBRELLA","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of tislelizumab in pancreatic cancer, run by Gustave Roussy, Cancer Campus, Grand Paris, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06332274/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"nct05944237","kind":"trial","name":"HTL0039732 in Participants With Advanced Solid Tumours","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Cancer Research UK, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05944237/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07595172","kind":"trial","name":"NALIRIFOX+Adebrelimab+PULSAR for Advanced Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by West China Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07595172/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06030622","kind":"trial","name":"Phase 2A Pilot C3 Trial of Recurrent/Refractory Metastatic Advanced Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"C3","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer, run by State University of New York - Downstate Medical Center, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06030622/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06662006","kind":"trial","name":"Nal-IRI/5-FU/LV Chemotherapy Combined With PD-L1 Inhibitor and Multi-target Anti-angiogenic Small Molecule±SBRT as Second-line Therapy in Metastatic Pancreatic","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by The Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06662006/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct05518903","kind":"trial","name":"Investigational Scan (68Ga-FAPI-46 PET/CT) for Imaging of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts for Localized Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Mayo Clinic, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05518903/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct06601283","kind":"trial","name":"Vitamin C Plus Cordyceps to Chemotherapy Related Anemia in Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Fudan University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06601283/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06756074","kind":"trial","name":"Reinforced Pancreaticojejunostomy With or Without glubran2","aka":"Glubran 2","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Minia University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06756074/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct05969860","kind":"trial","name":"At-Home Cancer Directed Therapy Versus in Clinic for the Treatment of Patients With Advanced Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Mayo Clinic, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05969860/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06435260","kind":"trial","name":"Hypofractionated Radiotherapy +Chemotherapy+ Camrelizumab as Neoadjuvant Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of camrelizumab in pancreatic cancer, run by Hebei Medical University Fourth Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06435260/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"borderline-resectable-pdac resectable-pdac locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"nct07600268","kind":"trial","name":"Efficacy of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) Combined With Maintenance Therapy Compared to Maintenance Therapy Alone in Advanced Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07600268/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07435038","kind":"trial","name":"Study of BPI-572270 in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors Harboring Specific Mutations in RAS","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Betta Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07435038/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06714604","kind":"trial","name":"Standard or Prolonged Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Before Surgery for BR/LAPC","aka":"ADVANTAGE","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Sahlgrenska University Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06714604/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"borderline-resectable-pdac resectable-pdac locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"nct06503146","kind":"trial","name":"18F-Fibroblast Activation Protein Inhibitor ([18F]FAPI-74) PET Imaging for Cancer Detection","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by National Cancer Institute (NCI), now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06503146/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"nct07110064","kind":"trial","name":"QL1706+Lenvatinib+AG Regimen as First-line Treatment for Advanced Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of iparomlimab and tuvonralimab, lenvatinib and gemcitabine + nab-paclitaxel in pancreatic cancer, run by Du Juan, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07110064/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07716228","kind":"trial","name":"Auricular Point Stimulation Plus Dexamethasone Versus Standard Antiemetic Regimen for Nausea and Vomiting Caused by Gemcitabine Combined With Paclitaxel Protein","aka":"ADGP II","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of dexamethasone in pancreatic cancer, run by Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07716228/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct05744219","kind":"trial","name":"Improved Recovery by Iron Following Surgery With Blood Loss, the IRIS-trial","aka":"IRIS","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Jon Unosson, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05744219/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct05093231","kind":"trial","name":"Pembrolizumab With Olaparib as Combined Therapy in Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of pembrolizumab and olaparib in pancreatic cancer, run by Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05093231/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac msi-high-pdac"},{"id":"nct05065801","kind":"trial","name":"Efficacy of Gembrax Followed by Folfirinox Versus Folfirinox Alone in First Metastatic Line Pancreatic Cancer Patients","aka":"GABRINOX2","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Institut du Cancer de Montpellier - Val d'Aurelle, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05065801/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct05268692","kind":"trial","name":"Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer Followed by GS and GnP","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial of gemcitabine + nab-paclitaxel in pancreatic cancer, run by Kochi University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05268692/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct04990609","kind":"trial","name":"EUS-RFA PANCARDINAL-1 Trial","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04990609/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"nct07131514","kind":"trial","name":"HRS-4642 in Combination With Gemcitabine and Albumin-bound Paclitaxel and Adebrelimab for Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Treatment of Pancreatic 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pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06758544/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct05969171","kind":"trial","name":"A Single-center, Prospective, Two Cohort Study of Surufatinib Combined With AG or AG in the First-line Treatment of Locally Advanced or Metastatic Pancreatic Ca","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of gemcitabine + nab-paclitaxel in pancreatic cancer, run by Fudan University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05969171/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06944106","kind":"trial","name":"A Study on Ivonescimab Plus Chemotherapy as Neoadjuvant Therapy for Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of ivonescimab in pancreatic cancer, run by Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06944106/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"borderline-resectable-pdac resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct06946901","kind":"trial","name":"The Safety and Effectiveness of Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy Combined With Intravenous Chemotherapy for Peritoneal Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer, a","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of cisplatin in pancreatic cancer, run by Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06946901/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct03977233","kind":"trial","name":"Tumor Subtypes in Subjects on FOLFIRINOX With Non-Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of cAPOX (capecitabine, oxaliplatin), fLOT (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, docetaxel), irinotecan (and liposomal irinotecan) and fluorouracil (5-FU) in pancreatic cancer, run by UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct03977233/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07504471","kind":"trial","name":"Hepatic Arterial Infusion of Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) Combined With NASOX Regimen and Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) Inhibitors for Pancreatic Cancer Liver Metast","aka":"NaHCO3","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Ruijin Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07504471/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06782685","kind":"trial","name":"Liposomal Irinotecan + Oxaliplatin + Bevacizumab Versus Liposomal Irinotecan + 5-FU/LV","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of cAPOX (capecitabine, oxaliplatin), bevacizumab, fluorouracil (5-FU) and leucovorin (folinic acid) in pancreatic cancer, run by Dai, Guanghai, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest 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Cancer Center, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct03608631/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07306273","kind":"trial","name":"IRE Combined With the Dual-Function Antibody PD-1/CTLA-4 for the Treatment of LAPC Following Failure of First-Line AG Therapy","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Ruijin Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07306273/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"nct06598033","kind":"trial","name":"Vitamin C Plus Cordyceps to Quality of Life in Patients With Terminal Stage Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Fudan University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06598033/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06770452","kind":"trial","name":"HRS-4642 With Nimotuzumab and 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pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06958328/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"nct06250972","kind":"trial","name":"Radiotherapy to Patients With CA19-9-elevated Advanced Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"PTCA199-11","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Fudan University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06250972/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07283705","kind":"trial","name":"A Phase II Study Evaluating BMS-986504 in MTAP-deleted Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of navlimetostat, gemcitabine, nab-paclitaxel and fOLFIRINOX / mFOLFIRINOX in pancreatic cancer, run by M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07283705/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"nct04146298","kind":"trial","name":"Mutant KRAS G12V-specific TCR Transduced T Cell Therapy for Advanced 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pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05083247/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"borderline-resectable-pdac resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct04570943","kind":"trial","name":"Sequential Treatment With GEMBRAX and Then FOLFIRINOX Followed by Stereotactic MRI-guided Radiotherapy in Patients With Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"GABRINOX-ART","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Institut du Cancer de Montpellier - Val d'Aurelle, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04570943/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"nct07354919","kind":"trial","name":"Axelopran for Advanced Cancer in Patients Receiving Opioids","aka":"AxeCan","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by HealthPartners Institute, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07354919/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06770439","kind":"trial","name":"IBI343 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Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06789679/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct05624918","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of NovoTTF-200T(P) in Combination With Gemcitabine and Nab-Paclitaxel for Resectable Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma","aka":"NovoTTF-200T","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of nab-paclitaxel, gemcitabine and optune / Optune Pax (TTFields) in pancreatic cancer, run by Ashish Manne, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05624918/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct06914674","kind":"trial","name":"Tamoxifen for Advanced Solid Pseudopapillary Tumor of the Pancreas","aka":"SPTP","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Fudan University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06914674/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06690528","kind":"trial","name":"Conversion Surgery Vs. Palliative Care in Pancreatic Cancer Oligometastatic to the Liver","aka":"SONAR","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06690528/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"borderline-resectable-pdac resectable-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06807437","kind":"trial","name":"Lanreotide Versus Placebo Before Surgery to Prevent a Surgical Complication Called a Pancreatic Fistula","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of somatostatin analogues (octreotide, lanreotide) in pancreatic cancer, run by SWOG Cancer Research Network, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06807437/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct06757244","kind":"trial","name":"DOVIPA, a Study Evaluating Efficacy and Safety of DOstarlimab and VItamin D3 With mFOLFIRINOX in PAncreatic Cancer","aka":"DOVIPA","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of dostarlimab in pancreatic cancer, run by Hopital Foch, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06757244/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07619521","kind":"trial","name":"Testing the Combination of Anti-Cancer Drugs, Selumetinib and DS-8201a (Trastuzumab Deruxtecan), for Advanced Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of selumetinib and trastuzumab deruxtecan in pancreatic cancer, run by National Cancer Institute (NCI), now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07619521/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06149689","kind":"trial","name":"mFOLFIRINOX Plus Radiotherapy to Patients With CA19-9-normal Advanced Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"PTCA199-7","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Fudan University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest 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Bates, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05241249/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"borderline-resectable-pdac resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct04605913","kind":"trial","name":"Nab-Paclitaxel + Cisplatin + Gemcitabine + TTF in pt. w/ Metastatic PAC","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Mayo Clinic, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04605913/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06427460","kind":"trial","name":"Central-boost Ablative Radiation Therapy for Solid Tumors (CBART)","aka":"CBART","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Changhai Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06427460/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"nct06951997","kind":"trial","name":"QL1706 Plus Chidamide, AG as First-line Treatment for Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 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aldesleukin (high-dose IL-2) in pancreatic cancer, run by National Cancer Institute (NCI), now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct03190941/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"nct07101679","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of GnP RegimenCombined With Serplulimab and Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy as First-line Treatment for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by West China Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07101679/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"nct06813079","kind":"trial","name":"Using Tumor Models to Determine Treatments","aka":"ADOPT","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of cobimetinib, ponatinib, brigatinib, selinexor and other drugs in pancreatic cancer, run by University Health Network, Toronto, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest 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recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06941857/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06904378","kind":"trial","name":"ONT01 and Gemcitabine/Nab-paclitaxel as Second Line Therapy for Metastatic Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel in pancreatic cancer, run by Washington University School of Medicine, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06904378/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06050317","kind":"trial","name":"Sintilimab Combined With Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy in Patients With Inoperable Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest 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Gruppo Oncologico del Nord-Ovest, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06897644/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07214298","kind":"trial","name":"Pegcetacoplan in Combination With Modified FOLFIRINOX for the Treatment of Metastatic Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of fluorouracil (5-FU), fOLFIRI (5-FU, leucovorin, irinotecan), leucovorin (folinic acid) and cAPOX (capecitabine, oxaliplatin) in pancreatic cancer, run by Roswell Park Cancer Institute, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07214298/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct02000089","kind":"trial","name":"The Cancer of the Pancreas Screening-5 CAPS5)Study","aka":"CAPS5","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Johns Hopkins University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest 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Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06229340/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06359275","kind":"trial","name":"PD-1 Combined With Chemotherapy and PULSAR in LAPC and Local Recurrence Patients","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer, run by Fudan University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06359275/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06389760","kind":"trial","name":"Nimotuzumab Combined With mFOLFIRINOX/GX as Postoperative Adjuvant Therapy in Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of nimotuzumab and fOLFIRINOX / mFOLFIRINOX in pancreatic cancer, run by The Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest 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MFOLFIRINOX for Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"CISPD-7","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of sintilimab and fOLFIRINOX / mFOLFIRINOX in pancreatic cancer, run by First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06572813/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06531278","kind":"trial","name":"Adebelimab Combined With Irinotecan Liposomal Injection, Oxaliplatin, Fluorouracil and Calcium Folinate Are Used in the First-line Treatment of Pancreatic Cance","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of adebrelimab, cAPOX (capecitabine, oxaliplatin), fluorouracil (5-FU) and leucovorin (folinic acid) in pancreatic cancer, run by Jiang Long, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06531278/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct03384238","kind":"trial","name":"Panitumumab-IRDye800 in Patients With Pancreatic Cancer Undergoing 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trial in pancreatic cancer, run by The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07438106/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"nct07081360","kind":"trial","name":"Neoadjuvant vs Upfront Surgery for Resectable Pancreatic Cancer and Periampullary Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Minia University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07081360/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"resectable-pdac"},{"id":"nct02830724","kind":"trial","name":"Administering Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes Transduced With a CD70-Binding Chimeric Antigen Receptor to People With CD70 Expressing Cancers","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of cyclophosphamide, fludarabine and aldesleukin (high-dose IL-2) in pancreatic cancer, run by National Cancer Institute (NCI), now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct02830724/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"nct07433283","kind":"trial","name":"Carbon Nanoparticle-Loaded Iron in the Treatment of Advanced Solid Tumor","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Sichuan Enray Pharmaceutical Sciences Company, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07433283/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct04789486","kind":"trial","name":"Nano-SMART: Nanoparticles With MR Guided SBRT in Centrally Located Lung Tumors and Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"Nano-SMART","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04789486/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"nct03093688","kind":"trial","name":"Clinical Safty and Efficacy Study of Infusion of iNKT Cells and CD8+T Cells in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumor","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct03093688/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07586813","kind":"trial","name":"Romiplostim N01 Plus ATRA for Persistent Isolated Chemotherapy-Induced Thrombocytopenia After Complete Remission of Gastrointestinal Solid Tumors","aka":"N01-A-PICIT-GI","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of tretinoin (all-trans retinoic acid, ATRA) in pancreatic cancer, run by Peking University People's Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07586813/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"nct06151262","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of Trilaciclib Combined With mFOLFIRINOX in the Treatment of Patients With Advanced Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by The Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06151262/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct02598349","kind":"trial","name":"Proton Radiation for Unresectable, Borderline Resectable, or Medically Inoperable Carcinoma of the Pancreas","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of capecitabine in pancreatic cancer, run by Proton Collaborative Group, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct02598349/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"borderline-resectable-pdac locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"nct04858009","kind":"trial","name":"Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer and Peritoneal Metastasis","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of cisplatin and nab-paclitaxel in pancreatic cancer, run by Mayo Clinic, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04858009/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07044453","kind":"trial","name":"Risk-adapted Adjuvant Chemotherapy Guided by the Tumour Stage for Operated Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Following Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy With mFOLFIRINOX","aka":"PANACHE 02","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial in pancreatic cancer, run by University Hospital, Rouen, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest pancreatic-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07044453/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"borderline-resectable-pdac resectable-pdac"},{"id":"paper-jones-pancreatic-core-pathways-science-2008","kind":"paper","name":"Core signaling pathways in human pancreatic cancers revealed by global genomic analyses","aka":"","tldr":"The first complete reading of the protein-coding genes in 24 pancreatic cancers found an average of 63 changes per tumour that, however varied gene by gene, hit the same dozen cellular pathways in almost every case.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-jones-pancreatic-core-pathways-science-2008/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-biankin-pancreatic-exomes-axon-guidance-nature-2012","kind":"paper","name":"Pancreatic cancer genomes reveal aberrations in axon guidance pathway genes","aka":"","tldr":"Exome sequencing of 99 early-stage pancreatic cancers from the Australian genome initiative confirmed the four known drivers, added ATM and chromatin genes to the list, and found unexpected damage to nerve-guidance genes.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-biankin-pancreatic-exomes-axon-guidance-nature-2012/","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac"},{"id":"paper-witkiewicz-pancreatic-exomes-utsw-nat-commun-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Whole-exome sequencing of pancreatic cancer defines genetic diversity and therapeutic targets","aka":"","tldr":"By cutting the cancer cells out from the surrounding scar tissue before sequencing 109 tumours, this study got cleaner mutation calls and found that MYC gain marks the worst outcomes, that codon-61 KRAS and RBM10 changes go with longer survival, and that BRAF-mutant tumours lack KRAS and respond to BRAF drugs in models.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-witkiewicz-pancreatic-exomes-utsw-nat-commun-2015/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-tcga-pancreatic-integrated-characterisation-cancer-cell-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Integrated genomic characterization of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"The Cancer Genome Atlas profiled 150 pancreatic cancers on every platform, confirmed the driver list, showed that tumours without a KRAS mutation carry other growth-signal drivers such as GNAS, BRAF and CTNNB1, and found some tumours with two KRAS mutations.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-tcga-pancreatic-integrated-characterisation-cancer-cell-2017/","cancers":"pancreatic kras-wild-type-pdac"},{"id":"paper-collisson-pancreatic-subtypes-nat-med-2011","kind":"paper","name":"Subtypes of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and their differing responses to therapy","aka":"","tldr":"The first gene-expression subtypes of pancreatic cancer, classical, quasi-mesenchymal and exocrine-like, came from pooling tumour and cell-line profiles, and the authors showed the types differ in outcome and in how cell lines respond to drugs.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-collisson-pancreatic-subtypes-nat-med-2011/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-aung-compass-early-results-ccr-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Genomics-driven precision medicine for advanced pancreatic cancer: early results from the COMPASS trial","aka":"","tldr":"COMPASS showed that a fresh biopsy of advanced pancreatic cancer can be whole-genome and RNA sequenced fast enough to report before the first scan, and that classical-subtype tumours responded to first-line chemotherapy far better than basal-like ones.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-aung-compass-early-results-ccr-2018/","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"paper-okane-gata6-basal-like-compass-ccr-2020","kind":"paper","name":"GATA6 expression distinguishes classical and basal-like subtypes in advanced pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In 195 patients treated with chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer, one in five had the basal-like type; those patients responded a third as often, progressed on FOLFIRINOX four times as often and lived 5.9 rather than 9.3 months, and a simple GATA6 tissue stain picked the type out.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-okane-gata6-basal-like-compass-ccr-2020/","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"paper-chan-seng-yue-pancreatic-transcription-phenotypes-nat-genet-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Transcription phenotypes of pancreatic cancer are driven by genomic events during tumor evolution","aka":"","tldr":"Whole genomes and transcriptomes from purified tumour cells showed that the classical and basal-like types are not two boxes but a continuum of mixed cell populations, set by how many copies of mutant KRAS and GATA6 a tumour has gained, often after its genome doubled.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-chan-seng-yue-pancreatic-transcription-phenotypes-nat-genet-2020/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-rashid-purist-pancreatic-subtype-classifier-ccr-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Purity Independent Subtyping of Tumors (PurIST), a clinically robust, single-sample classifier for tumor subtyping in pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Comparing the competing subtype schemes across trials and public data, this study found the two-type tumour-intrinsic scheme the most reproducible and built PurIST, a classifier that works on one biopsy at a time and relates to FOLFIRINOX response.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-rashid-purist-pancreatic-subtype-classifier-ccr-2020/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-puleo-pancreatic-tumour-microenvironment-subtypes-gastroenterology-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Stratification of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas based on tumor and microenvironment features","aka":"","tldr":"Using routine formalin-fixed tissue from 309 operations, this European study confirmed the classical and basal-like tumour types, added three microenvironment-defined groups, and showed the earlier exocrine-like type was contamination by normal acinar cells.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-puleo-pancreatic-tumour-microenvironment-subtypes-gastroenterology-2018/","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac"},{"id":"paper-topham-subtype-discordant-pancreatic-ccr-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Subtype-discordant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tumors show intermediate clinical and molecular characteristics","aka":"","tldr":"Running six published subtype classifiers over 574 tumours, the authors found they agreed in 88% of cases, and the 12% they disagreed on were genuine hybrids with intermediate survival and intermediate KRAS allele imbalance.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-topham-subtype-discordant-pancreatic-ccr-2021/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-hayashi-squamous-basal-like-pancreatic-nat-cancer-2020","kind":"paper","name":"A unifying paradigm for transcriptional heterogeneity and squamous features in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Sampling several regions of metastatic pancreatic cancers showed that squamous-looking areas are the tissue form of the basal-like gene signature, usually a subclone inside an otherwise classical tumour, and that such cancers carry chromatin-gene mutations and uneven MYC gain.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-hayashi-squamous-basal-like-pancreatic-nat-cancer-2020/","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"paper-andricovich-kdm6a-squamous-pancreatic-cancer-cell-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Loss of KDM6A activates super-enhancers to induce gender-specific squamous-like pancreatic cancer and confers sensitivity to BET inhibitors","aka":"","tldr":"In mice, losing the KDM6A gene turned pancreatic tumours squamous and metastatic, especially in females, by switching on growth regulators including MYC, and a drug class that blocks BET proteins reversed the change.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-andricovich-kdm6a-squamous-pancreatic-cancer-cell-2018/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-aguirre-real-time-genomic-characterisation-pancreatic-cancer-discov-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Real-time genomic characterization of advanced pancreatic cancer to enable precision medicine","aka":"","tldr":"A Boston programme biopsied and sequenced 71 patients with advanced pancreatic cancer fast enough to change treatment in 30%, finding a treatable alteration in half and an inherited one in almost one in five.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-aguirre-real-time-genomic-characterisation-pancreatic-cancer-discov-2018/","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"paper-singhi-targeted-genome-profiling-3594-pdac-gastroenterology-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Real-time targeted genome profile analysis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas identifies genetic alterations that might be targeted with existing drugs or used as biomarkers","aka":"","tldr":"Targeted sequencing of 3,594 pancreatic cancers, the largest such series, found KRAS in 88%, a drug-matchable alteration in 17%, BRCA or FANC repair gene changes in 14%, and microsatellite instability or very high mutation burden in only 0.5%.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-singhi-targeted-genome-profiling-3594-pdac-gastroenterology-2019/","cancers":"pancreatic kras-wild-type-pdac msi-high-pdac"},{"id":"paper-philip-kras-wild-type-pancreatic-ccr-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Molecular characterization of KRAS wild-type tumors in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Among 2,483 pancreatic cancers profiled by one commercial laboratory, the 10.7% without a KRAS mutation more often carried BRAF changes, kinase fusions, microsatellite instability and a high mutation burden, had more immune cells, and lived longer on chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-philip-kras-wild-type-pancreatic-ccr-2022/","cancers":"pancreatic kras-wild-type-pdac msi-high-pdac"},{"id":"paper-singhi-alk-rearrangements-pancreatic-jnccn-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Identification of targetable ALK rearrangements in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Screening 3,170 pancreatic cancers found five with an ALK gene fusion, all in patients under 50 and none with a KRAS mutation, and three of four treated with ALK inhibitors benefited.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-singhi-alk-rearrangements-pancreatic-jnccn-2017/","cancers":"pancreatic kras-wild-type-pdac"},{"id":"paper-oreilly-hechtman-ntrk-fusion-pancreatic-larotrectinib-ann-oncol-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Tumour response to TRK inhibition in a patient with pancreatic adenocarcinoma harbouring an NTRK gene fusion","aka":"","tldr":"A woman whose pancreatic cancer carried a CTRC-NTRK1 fusion responded to larotrectinib for six months after chemotherapy failed, then developed resistance, showing both the promise and the limits of TRK inhibitors in this disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-oreilly-hechtman-ntrk-fusion-pancreatic-larotrectinib-ann-oncol-2019/","cancers":"pancreatic kras-wild-type-pdac"},{"id":"paper-luchini-msi-dmmr-pancreatic-systematic-review-gut-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Comprehensive characterisation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with microsatellite instability: histology, molecular pathology and clinical implications","aka":"","tldr":"Pooling 34 studies and 8,323 patients, this review put mismatch repair deficient pancreatic cancer at about 1 to 2%, typically with medullary or colloid appearance and without the usual KRAS and TP53 mutations, and recommended testing those histologies.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-luchini-msi-dmmr-pancreatic-systematic-review-gut-2021/","cancers":"pancreatic msi-high-pdac"},{"id":"paper-shindo-germline-sporadic-pancreatic-jco-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Deleterious germline mutations in patients with apparently sporadic pancreatic adenocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing normal tissue from 854 people who had pancreatic cancer surgery at Johns Hopkins found an inherited cancer-gene mutation in 3.9%, and only three of those 33 patients had a family history of the disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-shindo-germline-sporadic-pancreatic-jco-2017/","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac brca-palb2-pdac"},{"id":"paper-yurgelun-germline-second-hits-resected-pancreatic-genet-med-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Germline cancer susceptibility gene variants, somatic second hits, and survival outcomes in patients with resected pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Nearly one in ten of 289 unselected patients with resected pancreatic cancer carried an inherited cancer-gene variant, but the tumour had lost the second copy in fewer than half, which matters for whether PARP inhibitors will work.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-yurgelun-germline-second-hits-resected-pancreatic-genet-med-2019/","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac brca-palb2-pdac"},{"id":"paper-lowery-prospective-germline-exocrine-pancreatic-jnci-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Prospective evaluation of germline alterations in patients with exocrine pancreatic neoplasms","aka":"","tldr":"Offering a 76-gene inherited-risk test to 615 consecutive pancreatic tumour patients at Memorial Sloan Kettering found a pathogenic variant in one in five, more than 40% of whom would not have qualified for testing under the guidelines of the time.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-lowery-prospective-germline-exocrine-pancreatic-jnci-2018/","cancers":"pancreatic brca-palb2-pdac"},{"id":"paper-roberts-familial-pancreatic-whole-genome-cancer-discov-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Whole genome sequencing defines the genetic heterogeneity of familial pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Reading the inherited genomes of 638 people from pancreatic cancer families confirmed BRCA2, CDKN2A and ATM as causes but found that most families' risk is spread across many rare genes rather than one.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-roberts-familial-pancreatic-whole-genome-cancer-discov-2016/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-golan-brca-pancreatic-platinum-survival-bjc-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Overall survival and clinical characteristics of pancreatic cancer in BRCA mutation carriers","aka":"","tldr":"Among 71 people with pancreatic cancer and an inherited BRCA mutation, those with advanced disease lived 22 months on platinum chemotherapy against 9 months on other drugs, the clinical hint that led to the POLO trial.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-golan-brca-pancreatic-platinum-survival-bjc-2014/","cancers":"pancreatic brca-palb2-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"paper-park-hrd-pancreatic-platinum-ccr-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Genomic methods identify homologous recombination deficiency in pancreas adenocarcinoma and optimize treatment selection","aka":"","tldr":"In 262 patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, the 19% with a broken homologous recombination gene did much better on first-line platinum chemotherapy than others, and the benefit was concentrated in BRCA1, BRCA2 and PALB2 and in tumours that had lost both copies.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-park-hrd-pancreatic-platinum-ccr-2020/","cancers":"pancreatic brca-palb2-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"paper-reiss-rucaparib-maintenance-brca-palb2-pancreatic-jco-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Phase II study of maintenance rucaparib in patients with platinum-sensitive advanced pancreatic cancer and a pathogenic germline or somatic variant in BRCA1, BRCA2, or PALB2","aka":"","tldr":"Rucaparib maintenance after platinum chemotherapy kept 60% of 42 patients progression-free at six months, with responses in germline BRCA2, germline PALB2 and somatic BRCA2 carriers, widening the group PARP inhibitors may help beyond POLO's germline BRCA rule.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-reiss-rucaparib-maintenance-brca-palb2-pancreatic-jco-2021/","cancers":"pancreatic brca-palb2-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"paper-connor-mutational-signatures-immune-pancreatic-jama-oncol-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Association of distinct mutational signatures with correlates of increased immune activity in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Reading the mutation patterns in 255 whole genomes sorted pancreatic cancers into four types, and the two with broken DNA repair carried more mutations, more neoantigens and more signs of an immune response, suggesting who might respond to immunotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-connor-mutational-signatures-immune-pancreatic-jama-oncol-2017/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-qian-driver-genes-outcomes-resected-pancreatic-jama-oncol-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Association of alterations in main driver genes with outcomes of patients with resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"In 356 patients whose pancreatic cancer was removed, the more of the four main driver genes were broken the worse the outcome, KRAS G12D was the worst allele, CDKN2A loss shortened survival, and SMAD4 status made no difference.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-qian-driver-genes-outcomes-resected-pancreatic-jama-oncol-2018/","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac"},{"id":"paper-bournet-kras-g12d-prognosis-pancreatic-ctg-2016","kind":"paper","name":"KRAS G12D mutation subtype is a prognostic factor for advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Genotyping needle biopsies from 219 patients with advanced pancreatic cancer showed the KRAS G12D allele carried the shortest survival, six months against nine for other alleles and fourteen for G12R.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-bournet-kras-g12d-prognosis-pancreatic-ctg-2016/","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"paper-iacobuzio-donahue-dpc4-failure-pattern-autopsy-jco-2009","kind":"paper","name":"DPC4 gene status of the primary carcinoma correlates with patterns of failure in patients with pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Autopsies of 76 people who died of pancreatic cancer showed two ways the disease kills: 70% died with cancer spread through the body and 30% with a locally destructive tumour, and whether the SMAD4 (DPC4) gene was intact predicted which.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-iacobuzio-donahue-dpc4-failure-pattern-autopsy-jco-2009/","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"paper-crane-smad4-progression-pattern-locally-advanced-jco-2011","kind":"paper","name":"Phase II trial of cetuximab, gemcitabine, and oxaliplatin followed by chemoradiation with cetuximab for locally advanced (T4) pancreatic adenocarcinoma: correlation of Smad4(Dpc4) immunostaining with pattern of disease progression","aka":"","tldr":"In 69 people with locally advanced pancreatic cancer, an ordinary Smad4 stain on the diagnostic needle sample predicted whether the cancer would grow locally or spread, the finding that supports using it to decide who gets radiotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-crane-smad4-progression-pattern-locally-advanced-jco-2011/","cancers":"pancreatic locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"paper-yachida-metastasis-late-genetic-evolution-pancreatic-nature-2010","kind":"paper","name":"Distant metastasis occurs late during the genetic evolution of pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Comparing the genomes of primary tumours and their metastases put numbers on the timeline: about ten years from the first mutation to a fully formed tumour, five more before it can spread, and two years of life after that, so there is a long window in which the cancer could be caught.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-yachida-metastasis-late-genetic-evolution-pancreatic-nature-2010/","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"paper-notta-punctuated-evolution-pancreatic-nature-2016","kind":"paper","name":"A renewed model of pancreatic cancer evolution based on genomic rearrangement patterns","aka":"","tldr":"Tracking chromosome damage in tumour-enriched genomes showed that pancreatic cancer often does not acquire its driver mutations one at a time: in two-thirds of tumours a catastrophic mitotic error knocks out several at once, so the disease can become invasive in a jump.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-notta-punctuated-evolution-pancreatic-nature-2016/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-makohon-moore-metastases-driver-homogeneity-nat-genet-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Limited heterogeneity of known driver gene mutations among the metastases of individual patients with pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Deep sequencing of 26 separate metastases from four patients found the same driver mutations in every one, so a biopsy of any single site should represent the whole disease for targeted therapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-makohon-moore-metastases-driver-homogeneity-nat-genet-2017/","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"paper-makohon-moore-precursor-cells-ductal-system-nature-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Precancerous neoplastic cells can move through the pancreatic ductal system","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing several precursor lesions and the cancer from the same pancreas showed that what look like separate high-grade lesions are often one neoplasm that has crawled along the duct system over years.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-makohon-moore-precursor-cells-ductal-system-nature-2018/","cancers":"pancreatic ipmn-cystic-precursors"},{"id":"paper-hruban-panin-nomenclature-ajsp-2001","kind":"paper","name":"Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia: a new nomenclature and classification system for pancreatic duct lesions","aka":"","tldr":"Eight expert pathologists given the same 35 slides used more than 70 different names for the lesions, so they agreed on one system, PanIN grades 1 to 3, which is still the language of pancreatic precursor pathology.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-hruban-panin-nomenclature-ajsp-2001/","cancers":"pancreatic ipmn-cystic-precursors"},{"id":"paper-basturk-baltimore-consensus-precursor-lesions-ajsp-2015","kind":"paper","name":"A revised classification system and recommendations from the Baltimore consensus meeting for neoplastic precursor lesions in the pancreas","aka":"","tldr":"An international panel simplified precursor grading to low grade and high grade, reserving high grade for carcinoma in situ, and set rules for margins, small intraductal lesions and simple mucinous cysts.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-basturk-baltimore-consensus-precursor-lesions-ajsp-2015/","cancers":"pancreatic ipmn-cystic-precursors"},{"id":"paper-kanda-panin-1-somatic-mutations-gastroenterology-2012","kind":"paper","name":"Presence of somatic mutations in most early-stage pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia","aka":"","tldr":"More than 99% of the smallest, lowest-grade precursor lesions in the pancreas already carry a mutation in KRAS, CDKN2A, GNAS or BRAF, showing the genetic change comes first.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-kanda-panin-1-somatic-mutations-gastroenterology-2012/","cancers":"pancreatic ipmn-cystic-precursors"},{"id":"paper-wu-gnas-ipmn-sci-transl-med-2011","kind":"paper","name":"Recurrent GNAS mutations define an unexpected pathway for pancreatic cyst development","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing the fluid from pancreatic cysts found that two-thirds of the mucinous kind carry a mutation at one spot in the GNAS gene, and the same mutation turns up in the cancers that grow out of them, giving a marker for which cyst is which.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-wu-gnas-ipmn-sci-transl-med-2011/","cancers":"pancreatic ipmn-cystic-precursors"},{"id":"paper-wu-pancreatic-cyst-exomes-rnf43-pnas-2011","kind":"paper","name":"Whole-exome sequencing of neoplastic cysts of the pancreas reveals recurrent mutations in components of ubiquitin-dependent pathways","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing the four main kinds of pancreatic cyst found that the two that can turn into cancer, IPMN and mucinous cystic neoplasm, share inactivating mutations in a previously unknown suppressor gene, RNF43.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-wu-pancreatic-cyst-exomes-rnf43-pnas-2011/","cancers":"pancreatic ipmn-cystic-precursors"},{"id":"paper-springer-pancreatic-cyst-molecular-classification-gastroenterology-2015","kind":"paper","name":"A combination of molecular markers and clinical features improve the classification of pancreatic cysts","aka":"","tldr":"Testing cyst fluid for a panel of gene mutations alongside the clinical picture classified 130 removed pancreatic cysts almost perfectly and would have avoided nine in ten of the operations that turned out to be unnecessary.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-springer-pancreatic-cyst-molecular-classification-gastroenterology-2015/","cancers":"pancreatic ipmn-cystic-precursors"},{"id":"paper-omori-ipmn-progression-pathways-gastroenterology-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Pathways of progression from intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma based on molecular features","aka":"","tldr":"Mapping 168 microscopic lesions from 30 pancreata that held both a cyst and a cancer showed three different relationships: the cancer grew out of the cyst, branched off it early, or arose independently, and the branch-off patients lived longest without recurrence.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-omori-ipmn-progression-pathways-gastroenterology-2019/","cancers":"pancreatic ipmn-cystic-precursors"},{"id":"paper-felsenstein-ipmn-cooccurring-cancer-relatedness-gut-2018","kind":"paper","name":"IPMNs with co-occurring invasive cancers: neighbours but not always relatives","aka":"","tldr":"In 61 patients who had both a cyst and a pancreatic cancer removed, the two were genetically related in about half and unrelated in a fifth, so a cyst can be an innocent bystander to a cancer arising elsewhere.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-felsenstein-ipmn-cooccurring-cancer-relatedness-gut-2018/","cancers":"pancreatic ipmn-cystic-precursors"},{"id":"paper-noe-cyst-malignant-progression-genomics-nat-commun-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Genomic characterization of malignant progression in neoplastic pancreatic cysts","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing 148 samples from cysts and the small cancers beside them established that both IPMNs and mucinous cystic neoplasms are true precursors, and that SMAD4 and TGFBR2 mutations mark the step into invasion, with about three years between high-grade dysplasia and cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-noe-cyst-malignant-progression-genomics-nat-commun-2020/","cancers":"pancreatic ipmn-cystic-precursors"},{"id":"paper-olive-hedgehog-stroma-gemcitabine-delivery-science-2009","kind":"paper","name":"Inhibition of hedgehog signaling enhances delivery of chemotherapy in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Pancreatic tumours in mice, like those in people, have so few blood vessels that chemotherapy barely reaches them; stripping away the surrounding scar tissue with a hedgehog-blocking drug let more gemcitabine in and held the disease still for a while.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-olive-hedgehog-stroma-gemcitabine-delivery-science-2009/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-rhim-stroma-restrains-pancreatic-cancer-cell-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Stromal elements act to restrain, rather than support, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Removing the hedgehog signal that builds the scar tissue around pancreatic tumours in mice gave less stroma but more aggressive, more vascular cancers, and only anti-angiogenic treatment helped them.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-rhim-stroma-restrains-pancreatic-cancer-cell-2014/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-ohlund-caf-subtypes-mycaf-icaf-jem-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Distinct populations of inflammatory fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The scar-forming cells of pancreatic cancer are not all the same: those touching the tumour cells make the dense fibrous tissue, while those further away pump out inflammatory signals such as IL-6.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ohlund-caf-subtypes-mycaf-icaf-jem-2017/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-elyada-antigen-presenting-cafs-single-cell-cancer-discov-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Cross-species single-cell analysis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma reveals antigen-presenting cancer-associated fibroblasts","aka":"","tldr":"Reading pancreatic tumours one cell at a time confirmed the two known fibroblast types and found a third that carries the molecules used to show antigens to immune cells and can switch on helper T cells.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-elyada-antigen-presenting-cafs-single-cell-cancer-discov-2019/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-feig-cxcl12-fap-cafs-t-cell-exclusion-pnas-2013","kind":"paper","name":"Targeting CXCL12 from FAP-expressing carcinoma-associated fibroblasts synergizes with anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Mice with pancreatic cancer had tumour-specific T cells but did not respond to checkpoint drugs; the fibroblasts were coating the cancer cells with a chemical, CXCL12, that kept T cells away, and blocking it let the T cells in and made anti-PD-L1 work.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-feig-cxcl12-fap-cafs-t-cell-exclusion-pnas-2013/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-grunwald-subtme-pancreatic-cell-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Spatially confined sub-tumor microenvironments in pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Mapping pancreatic tumours region by region found that the tissue organises itself into two recurring neighbourhoods: reactive ones full of active fibroblasts and immune cells beside aggressive tumour cells, and deserted matrix-rich ones that protect the cancer from chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-grunwald-subtme-pancreatic-cell-2021/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-royal-ipilimumab-pancreatic-j-immunother-2010","kind":"paper","name":"Phase 2 trial of single agent ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4) for locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"The first checkpoint inhibitor trial in pancreatic cancer gave ipilimumab to 27 patients and not one tumour shrank by the standard measure, though one patient regressed later after apparent progression.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-royal-ipilimumab-pancreatic-j-immunother-2010/","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"paper-brahmer-anti-pd-l1-phase-1-nejm-2012","kind":"paper","name":"Safety and activity of anti-PD-L1 antibody in patients with advanced cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The first PD-L1 antibody trial treated 207 people across several cancers; melanoma, kidney and lung cancers responded, and none of the 14 pancreatic cancer patients did.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-brahmer-anti-pd-l1-phase-1-nejm-2012/","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"paper-oreilly-durvalumab-tremelimumab-pancreatic-jama-oncol-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Durvalumab with or without tremelimumab for patients with metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a phase 2 randomized clinical trial","aka":"","tldr":"Giving 65 patients with advanced pancreatic cancer a PD-L1 antibody alone or with a CTLA-4 antibody shrank tumours in 3% and 0%, so the trial was stopped before its second stage.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-oreilly-durvalumab-tremelimumab-pancreatic-jama-oncol-2019/","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"paper-balachandran-neoantigen-quality-long-term-survivors-nature-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Identification of unique neoantigen qualities in long-term survivors of pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The rare people who survive pancreatic cancer for years have tumours carrying both many mutation-made target proteins and plenty of killer T cells, and the quality of those targets, some resembling germ proteins, predicts long survival.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-balachandran-neoantigen-quality-long-term-survivors-nature-2017/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-bear-pancreatic-immunotherapy-review-cancer-cell-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Challenges and opportunities for pancreatic cancer immunotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"A review of why immune drugs fail in pancreatic cancer: the tumour's own driver genes build immune suppression from the start, single agents do nothing, and the proposed answer is to combine antigen delivery, T-cell support and stromal reprogramming.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-bear-pancreatic-immunotherapy-review-cancer-cell-2020/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-ho-pancreatic-tumour-microenvironment-review-nrco-2020","kind":"paper","name":"The tumour microenvironment in pancreatic cancer: clinical challenges and opportunities","aka":"","tldr":"A review of every attempt to attack the tissue around pancreatic cancer, explaining why deconstructing the scar tissue and blocking single immune-suppressing pathways failed and what multi-target approaches are being tried instead.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ho-pancreatic-tumour-microenvironment-review-nrco-2020/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-goonetilleke-ca19-9-systematic-review-ejso-2007","kind":"paper","name":"Systematic review of carbohydrate antigen (CA 19-9) as a biochemical marker in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Pooling studies of 2,283 patients put the CA 19-9 blood test at about 79% sensitivity and 82% specificity for diagnosing pancreatic cancer, with blocked bile ducts causing false positives.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-goonetilleke-ca19-9-systematic-review-ejso-2007/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-hess-ca19-9-response-chemotherapy-lancet-oncol-2008","kind":"paper","name":"CA 19-9 tumour-marker response to chemotherapy in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer enrolled in a randomised controlled trial","aka":"","tldr":"In a randomised trial, a high CA 19-9 before treatment predicted shorter survival, but a 50% fall during chemotherapy did not mean living longer once the analysis was corrected, so a falling marker is not a valid substitute for survival.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-hess-ca19-9-response-chemotherapy-lancet-oncol-2008/","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"paper-yeh-ca19-9-lewis-negative-fut3-cutoff-ccr-2026","kind":"paper","name":"A new CA19-9 cutoff value identifies Lewis antigen status and refines prognostic stratification in PDAC","aka":"","tldr":"Genotyping 615 patients showed that about one in ten cannot make CA 19-9, that their outlook is as poor as patients with very high readings, and that a value of 7 or below is a practical way to spot them without a genetic test.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-yeh-ca19-9-lewis-negative-fut3-cutoff-ccr-2026/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-sausen-ctdna-pancreatic-resection-nat-commun-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Clinical implications of genomic alterations in the tumour and circulation of pancreatic cancer patients","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing tumours and blood from 101 patients found that mutations in chromatin genes go with better survival and that tumour DNA can be found in the blood of 43% of patients with localised cancer, flagging relapse six and a half months before a scan.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-sausen-ctdna-pancreatic-resection-nat-commun-2015/","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac"},{"id":"paper-pietrasz-ctdna-prognostic-pancreatic-ccr-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Plasma circulating tumor DNA in pancreatic cancer patients is a prognostic marker","aka":"","tldr":"Among 135 patients, those with detectable tumour DNA in blood lived 6.5 months against 19, and the more of it there was the shorter the survival; after surgery, finding it predicted early recurrence.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-pietrasz-ctdna-prognostic-pancreatic-ccr-2017/","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac resectable-pdac"},{"id":"paper-bernard-ctdna-exodna-pancreatic-gastroenterology-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Circulating nucleic acids are associated with outcomes of patients with pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Tracking tumour DNA both free in the blood and packaged in exosomes across 194 patients showed each carries prognostic information, and together they identified patients with a nearly eightfold risk of death.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-bernard-ctdna-exodna-pancreatic-gastroenterology-2019/","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac borderline-resectable-pdac"},{"id":"paper-groot-kras-ctdna-clinical-test-resected-pancreatic-ccr-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Circulating tumor DNA as a clinical test in resected pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A clinically accredited blood test for the four common KRAS mutations found tumour DNA in half of 59 patients before surgery and predicted recurrence afterwards with 90% sensitivity, about three months before the scan.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-groot-kras-ctdna-clinical-test-resected-pancreatic-ccr-2019/","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac"},{"id":"paper-lee-ctdna-adjuvant-benefit-localized-pancreatic-ann-oncol-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Circulating tumor DNA as a potential marker of adjuvant chemotherapy benefit following surgery for localized pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In an Australian study of patients having surgery for pancreatic cancer, everyone whose blood still held tumour DNA afterwards relapsed, including those who went on to have chemotherapy, which argues for testing whether such patients need more treatment.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-lee-ctdna-adjuvant-benefit-localized-pancreatic-ann-oncol-2019/","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac"},{"id":"paper-cohen-ctdna-protein-liquid-biopsy-pancreatic-pnas-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Combined circulating tumor DNA and protein biomarker-based liquid biopsy for the earlier detection of pancreatic cancers","aka":"","tldr":"A blood test combining KRAS mutations with four proteins found 64% of 221 operable pancreatic cancers while wrongly flagging only one of 182 people without cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-cohen-ctdna-protein-liquid-biopsy-pancreatic-pnas-2017/","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac"},{"id":"paper-cohen-cancerseek-multi-analyte-blood-test-science-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Detection and localization of surgically resectable cancers with a multi-analyte blood test","aka":"","tldr":"CancerSEEK, a blood test reading eight proteins and mutations in free DNA, found a median 70% of 1,005 non-spread cancers of eight types, including pancreatic cancer, and pointed to the organ involved in most cases.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-cohen-cancerseek-multi-analyte-blood-test-science-2018/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-klein-ccga3-mced-validation-ann-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Clinical validation of a targeted methylation-based multi-cancer early detection test using an independent validation set","aka":"","tldr":"The methylation blood test now sold as Galleri detected half of all cancers and one in six stage I cancers in 4,077 people, while wrongly flagging one healthy person in 200, and named the organ correctly in 89% of positives.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-klein-ccga3-mced-validation-ann-oncol-2021/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-gonda-precede-consortium-recommendations-gastroenterology-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Recommendations for a more organized and effective approach to the early detection of pancreatic cancer from the PRECEDE (Pancreatic Cancer Early Detection) consortium","aka":"","tldr":"The PRECEDE consortium set out how the field should organise itself to detect pancreatic cancer early: shared enrolment criteria, a common data and biospecimen registry, and international collaboration rather than isolated single-centre cohorts.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-gonda-precede-consortium-recommendations-gastroenterology-2021/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-worthington-precede-early-detection-biomarkers-ijc-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Pancreatic cancer early detection biomarkers for high-risk individuals: insights from the PRECEDE consortium","aka":"","tldr":"A review from the PRECEDE consortium of what might catch pancreatic cancer early in people at high risk: imaging remains the backbone, cyst fluid and pancreatic juice add specificity, and blood, microbiome and multi-omic markers are still research because early lesions shed too little to measure.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-worthington-precede-early-detection-biomarkers-ijc-2026/","cancers":"pancreatic ipmn-cystic-precursors"},{"id":"gata6-classical-basal-marker","kind":"term","name":"GATA6 as the marker of classical versus basal-like pancreatic cancer","aka":"GATA6\nGATA6 in situ hybridisation\nGATA6-high\nGATA6-low\nGATA6 expression in pancreatic cancer","tldr":"GATA6 is the transcription factor that separates the two pancreatic cancer subtypes that survive every re-analysis: classical tumours express it, basal-like (squamous) tumours have lost it. A GATA6 stain on a biopsy can therefore call the subtype that predicts how a tumour answers first-line chemotherapy, although no guideline yet acts on the result.","tags":"pancreatic-molecular","route":"/terms/gata6-classical-basal-marker/","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"kras-allelic-imbalance","kind":"term","name":"KRAS allelic imbalance and mutant KRAS dosage in pancreatic cancer","aka":"KRAS allelic imbalance\nMutant KRAS dosage\nLoss of wild-type KRAS\nKRAS major imbalance\nKRAS copy gain","tldr":"Beyond which KRAS mutation a pancreatic tumour carries, how many copies of the mutant allele it has matters: tumours that lose the normal copy or gain extra mutant copies behave more aggressively and lean towards the basal-like subtype, which is one reason two tumours with the same KRAS mutation can look and behave differently.","tags":"pancreatic-molecular","route":"/terms/kras-allelic-imbalance/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"caf-subtypes-pancreatic","kind":"term","name":"Fibroblast subtypes in the pancreatic cancer stroma (myCAF, iCAF and apCAF)","aka":"CAF subtypes\nmyCAF\niCAF\napCAF\nMyofibroblastic CAF\nInflammatory CAF\nAntigen-presenting CAF","tldr":"The fibroblasts that make up most of a pancreatic tumour are not one cell type. Those pressed against the cancer cells become contractile myofibroblasts (myCAF), those further away secrete inflammatory signals (iCAF), and a third group carries antigen-presenting molecules (apCAF). The states are plastic, which is why stripping the stroma out failed and reprogramming it is the current idea.","tags":"pancreatic-molecular","route":"/terms/caf-subtypes-pancreatic/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"compass-study-pancreatic","kind":"term","name":"COMPASS: real-time sequencing of advanced pancreatic cancer for treatment selection","aka":"COMPASS trial\nCOMPASS study\nComprehensive Molecular Characterization of Advanced Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma for Better Treatment Selection\nPanCuRx","tldr":"COMPASS was the Canadian study that took a fresh biopsy from people about to start chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer, sequenced the whole genome and RNA within the time of a treatment decision, and showed that the basal-like subtype predicts poor response to first-line chemotherapy.","tags":"pancreatic-molecular","route":"/terms/compass-study-pancreatic/","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"caps-consortium-pancreatic-screening","kind":"term","name":"CAPS: the Cancer of the Pancreas Screening consortium and its surveillance studies (CAPS1 to CAPS5)","aka":"CAPS consortium\nCAPS1\nCAPS2\nCAPS3\nCAPS4\nCAPS5\nInternational Cancer of the Pancreas Screening Consortium\nCancer of Pancreas Screening study","tldr":"CAPS is the Johns Hopkins-led programme that has followed people at high inherited risk of pancreatic cancer with yearly endoscopic ultrasound and MRI since the late 1990s, and the consortium whose consensus statements set who should be watched and how. Its cohorts are the evidence that surveillance finds most cancers at stage I.","tags":"pancreatic-molecular","route":"/terms/caps-consortium-pancreatic-screening/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"detect-a-study","kind":"term","name":"DETECT-A: a blood test plus PET-CT to screen 10,006 women with no symptoms","aka":"DETECT-A\nDetecting cancers Earlier Through Elective mutation-based blood Collection and Testing\nCancerSEEK prospective study","tldr":"DETECT-A was the first prospective study to give a multi-cancer blood test to people with no symptoms and act on the result: 10,006 women had the test, positives were confirmed by PET-CT, and 26 cancers were found by the blood test, with about 1% of women sent for imaging that found nothing and 0.22% having an invasive procedure that was not needed.","tags":"pancreatic-molecular","route":"/terms/detect-a-study/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"ccga-study","kind":"term","name":"CCGA: the Circulating Cell-free Genome Atlas behind the Galleri methylation test","aka":"CCGA\nCCGA3\nCirculating Cell-free Genome Atlas\nGalleri validation study","tldr":"CCGA is the case-control programme of about 15,000 people that trained and validated the Galleri blood test, which reads methylation patterns on cell-free DNA to say whether a cancer signal is present and where it comes from. Its third sub-study set the figures still quoted: very few false positives, but only about one in six stage I cancers detected.","tags":"pancreatic-molecular","route":"/terms/ccga-study/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"bowel-cancer-uk","kind":"institution","name":"Bowel Cancer UK","aka":"","tldr":"The UK's bowel cancer charity: information and an email service answered by colorectal nurses, the Never Too Young campaign for younger patients, and the policy work that pushes the NHS on screening, Lynch syndrome testing and emergency diagnosis.","tags":"charity uk colorectal","route":"/institutions/bowel-cancer-uk/","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer early-onset-colorectal"},{"id":"bowel-research-uk","kind":"institution","name":"Bowel Research UK","aka":"","tldr":"The UK medical research charity for bowel disease: small proof-of-concept grants and PhDs in bowel cancer and inflammatory bowel disease, with patients on its review panels.","tags":"charity uk colorectal research-funding","route":"/institutions/bowel-research-uk/","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"david-sebag-montefiore","kind":"person","name":"David Sebag-Montefiore","aka":"","tldr":"The Leeds clinical oncologist who led CR07, the trial that made short-course radiotherapy before surgery the standard for rectal cancer, and who now works on preserving the rectum instead of removing it.","tags":"colorectal trialist uk radiotherapy","route":"/people/david-sebag-montefiore/","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"matt-seymour","kind":"person","name":"Matt Seymour","aka":"","tldr":"The Leeds oncologist behind the FOCUS trials, which asked how best to sequence chemotherapy for advanced bowel cancer, and a leader of FOxTROT, which moved chemotherapy before surgery in colon cancer.","tags":"colorectal trialist uk","route":"/people/matt-seymour/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"dion-morton","kind":"person","name":"Dion Morton","aka":"","tldr":"The Birmingham surgeon who chairs FOxTROT and runs the surgical trials programme that tests how bowel cancer operations are done, not just which drugs come with them.","tags":"colorectal surgeon uk trialist","route":"/people/dion-morton/","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"john-burn","kind":"person","name":"John Burn","aka":"","tldr":"The Newcastle geneticist whose CAPP2 trial showed that two years of aspirin cuts bowel cancer in people born with Lynch syndrome, a result that still shapes NHS advice.","tags":"colorectal genetics uk prevention","route":"/people/john-burn/","cancers":"colorectal early-onset-colorectal"},{"id":"rachel-kerr","kind":"person","name":"Rachel Kerr","aka":"","tldr":"The Oxford oncologist who led QUASAR 2 and co-led SCOT, the trial that cut adjuvant chemotherapy for bowel cancer from six months to three without losing benefit.","tags":"colorectal trialist uk","route":"/people/rachel-kerr/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"tim-maughan","kind":"person","name":"Tim Maughan","aka":"","tldr":"The oncologist who led COIN, which showed that adding cetuximab to first-line chemotherapy did not extend life even in RAS wild-type bowel cancer, and who ran the UK's molecularly stratified platform trial.","tags":"colorectal trialist uk","route":"/people/tim-maughan/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"naureen-starling","kind":"person","name":"Naureen Starling","aka":"","tldr":"The Royal Marsden oncologist who runs the UK trial testing whether a blood test for leftover tumour DNA can decide who needs chemotherapy after bowel cancer surgery.","tags":"colorectal trialist uk","route":"/people/naureen-starling/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"ian-chau","kind":"person","name":"Ian Chau","aka":"","tldr":"A Royal Marsden gastrointestinal oncologist who has shaped UK colorectal and upper gastrointestinal trials and who works on the blood test for residual disease after bowel surgery.","tags":"colorectal uk trialist","route":"/people/ian-chau/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"quasar","kind":"trial","name":"QUASAR","aka":"Quick and Simple and Reliable\nISRCTN82375386","tldr":"The UK trial that measured exactly how small the benefit of chemotherapy is after surgery for early bowel cancer, turning a default into a conversation.","tags":"uk adjuvant colorectal","route":"/trials/quasar/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer"},{"id":"scot","kind":"trial","name":"SCOT","aka":"Short Course Oncology Therapy\nISRCTN59757862","tldr":"The Glasgow-led trial that halved the length of chemotherapy after bowel cancer surgery, sparing thousands of people lasting nerve damage.","tags":"uk adjuvant colorectal de-escalation","route":"/trials/scot/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer"},{"id":"cr07","kind":"trial","name":"MRC CR07","aka":"CR07\nNCIC-CTG C016\nISRCTN28785842","tldr":"The UK trial that settled how rectal cancer is treated before surgery: five days of radiotherapy for everyone beats waiting to see who needs it afterwards.","tags":"uk rectal radiotherapy","route":"/trials/cr07/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"foxtrot","kind":"trial","name":"FOxTROT","aka":"Fluoropyrimidine, Oxaliplatin and Targeted Receptor pre-Operative Therapy\nISRCTN83842641","tldr":"The UK trial that showed giving some chemotherapy before the operation for colon cancer shrinks the tumour, leaves cleaner margins and cuts the chance of the cancer coming back.","tags":"uk neoadjuvant colorectal platform","route":"/trials/foxtrot/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer"},{"id":"coin","kind":"trial","name":"MRC COIN","aka":"COIN\nISRCTN27286448","tldr":"The UK trial that checked whether adding an antibody to first-line chemotherapy for advanced bowel cancer helps people live longer, and found it does not.","tags":"uk colorectal anti-egfr","route":"/trials/coin/","status":"negative","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"mercury","kind":"trial","name":"MERCURY","aka":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Rectal Cancer European Equivalence Study","tldr":"The study that proved a scan can tell, before any surgery, whether the surgeon will get all of a rectal cancer out, which is why every rectal cancer in the NHS now gets an MRI first.","tags":"uk rectal staging mri","route":"/trials/mercury/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"star-trec","kind":"trial","name":"STAR-TREC","aka":"ISRCTN14240288","tldr":"The UK-led trial asking whether people with rectal cancer can keep their rectum: give radiotherapy, see how the tumour responds, and operate only if it has to be removed.","tags":"uk rectal organ-preservation","route":"/trials/star-trec/","status":"active","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"nottingham-fob","kind":"trial","name":"Nottingham faecal occult blood screening trial","aka":"ISRCTN11631712","tldr":"The Nottingham trial that proved a home stool test posted to a whole population reduces deaths from bowel cancer, and so created the NHS screening programme.","tags":"uk screening colorectal","route":"/trials/nottingham-fob/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"ukfss","kind":"trial","name":"UK Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Screening Trial","aka":"UKFSST\nISRCTN28352761","tldr":"The trial that showed one look inside the lower bowel in your late fifties can prevent a bowel cancer for life, and that a single test is enough.","tags":"uk screening colorectal","route":"/trials/ukfss/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-lengauer-genetic-instability-colorectal-nature-1997","kind":"paper","name":"Genetic instability in colorectal cancers","aka":"","tldr":"Colorectal cancers come in two unstable flavours: a few cannot spell-check their DNA, and most cannot divide their chromosomes evenly. This paper measured the second kind for the first time and showed it is a real, continuing defect rather than an accident.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-lengauer-genetic-instability-colorectal-nature-1997/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-markowitz-tgfbr2-inactivation-msi-colon-science-1995","kind":"paper","name":"Inactivation of the type II TGF-beta receptor in colon cancer cells with microsatellite instability","aka":"","tldr":"When a cell loses its DNA spell-checker, short repeated stretches of DNA slip. This paper found that one of the genes destroyed that way is the brake that stops bowel cells growing, which is how a repair defect becomes a cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-markowitz-tgfbr2-inactivation-msi-colon-science-1995/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-tcga-colorectal-comprehensive-characterization-nature-2012","kind":"paper","name":"Comprehensive molecular characterization of human colon and rectal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The Cancer Genome Atlas read the DNA, copy number, methylation and gene activity of 276 bowel cancers, found that one in six carries an enormous number of mutations, and showed that once those are set aside colon and rectal cancers look the same.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-tcga-colorectal-comprehensive-characterization-nature-2012/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer rectal-cancer msi-high-colorectal her2-amplified-colorectal"},{"id":"paper-seshagiri-rspo-fusions-colon-nature-2012","kind":"paper","name":"Recurrent R-spondin fusions in colon cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing the DNA and the RNA of more than 70 colon tumours turned up a new way of switching on the growth signal that drives the disease: two genes fused so that an amplifier of the WNT pathway is overproduced, in tumours whose usual brake gene is intact.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-seshagiri-rspo-fusions-colon-nature-2012/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-giannakis-genomic-correlates-immune-colorectal-cell-rep-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Genomic correlates of immune-cell infiltrates in colorectal carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing 619 bowel cancers collected prospectively in two long-running health studies found four new recurrently mutated genes and showed that the tumours making the most abnormal proteins attract the most immune cells and their owners live longer, even among tumours with an intact DNA spell-checker.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-giannakis-genomic-correlates-immune-colorectal-cell-rep-2016/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-yaeger-metastatic-colorectal-genomic-landscape-cancer-cell-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Clinical sequencing defines the genomic landscape of metastatic colorectal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing 1,134 bowel cancers in the clinic rather than in a research study showed that essentially every one of them has the WNT growth signal switched on, and that right-sided and left-sided tumours reach that state by different routes.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-yaeger-metastatic-colorectal-genomic-landscape-cancer-cell-2018/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-grasso-immune-evasion-colorectal-cancer-discov-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Genetic mechanisms of immune evasion in colorectal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Even the bowel cancers that immunotherapy can cure have often already learned to hide: across 1,211 tumours, the highly mutated ones had frequently destroyed the machinery that displays their abnormal proteins to the immune system.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-grasso-immune-evasion-colorectal-cancer-discov-2018/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-herman-mlh1-promoter-hypermethylation-colorectal-pnas-1998","kind":"paper","name":"Incidence and functional consequences of hMLH1 promoter hypermethylation in colorectal carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Most bowel cancers with a broken DNA spell-checker have not mutated the gene at all: they have switched it off chemically. Removing the chemical tag in the laboratory turned the gene, and the repair system, back on.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-herman-mlh1-promoter-hypermethylation-colorectal-pnas-1998/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-weisenberger-cimp-braf-mlh1-colorectal-nat-genet-2006","kind":"paper","name":"CpG island methylator phenotype underlies sporadic microsatellite instability and is tightly associated with BRAF mutation in colorectal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Some bowel cancers switch off large numbers of genes by chemical tagging. This study settled a long argument by showing that those tumours are a genuinely distinct group, that they nearly all carry a BRAF mutation, and that they are where sporadic loss of the DNA spell-checker comes from.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-weisenberger-cimp-braf-mlh1-colorectal-nat-genet-2006/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-ligtenberg-epcam-deletion-msh2-silencing-nat-genet-2009","kind":"paper","name":"Heritable somatic methylation and inactivation of MSH2 in families with Lynch syndrome due to deletion of the 3' exons of TACSTD1","aka":"","tldr":"Some families with inherited bowel cancer have no mutation in any repair gene. The fault is in the neighbouring gene: losing its end makes it run on into the repair gene and chemically silence it, but only in the tissues where the neighbour is switched on.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ligtenberg-epcam-deletion-msh2-silencing-nat-genet-2009/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-moreira-lynch-syndrome-identification-jama-2012","kind":"paper","name":"Identification of Lynch syndrome among patients with colorectal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Pooling four large studies, over 10,000 people with bowel cancer, showed that testing every tumour finds every case of the commonest inherited bowel cancer syndrome, while the clinical rules then in use missed about one in eight.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-moreira-lynch-syndrome-identification-jama-2012/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-koopman-deficient-mismatch-repair-advanced-colorectal-bjc-2009","kind":"paper","name":"Deficient mismatch repair system in patients with sporadic advanced colorectal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Broken DNA repair is common in bowel cancers removed by surgery but rare once the disease has spread, which is evidence that those tumours are less able to metastasise in the first place.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-koopman-deficient-mismatch-repair-advanced-colorectal-bjc-2009/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-venderbosch-mmr-braf-metastatic-colorectal-pooled-ccr-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Mismatch repair status and BRAF mutation status in metastatic colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of the CAIRO, CAIRO2, COIN and FOCUS studies","aka":"","tldr":"Pooling four large first-line trials, 3,063 patients, showed that broken DNA repair is rare in advanced bowel cancer and that the shorter survival it carries is really the shorter survival of the BRAF mutation that so often comes with it.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-venderbosch-mmr-braf-metastatic-colorectal-pooled-ccr-2014/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-palles-germline-pole-pold1-proofreading-nat-genet-2013","kind":"paper","name":"Germline mutations affecting the proofreading domains of POLE and POLD1 predispose to colorectal adenomas and carcinomas","aka":"","tldr":"Some families with many bowel polyps and early cancers have an inherited fault in the part of the copying machinery that checks its own work. The tumours end up with enormous numbers of mutations but normal-looking repeat sequences.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-palles-germline-pole-pold1-proofreading-nat-genet-2013/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-domingo-somatic-pole-proofreading-colorectal-lancet-gastro-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Somatic POLE proofreading domain mutation, immune response, and prognosis in colorectal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Pooling trials and cohorts covering 6,517 bowel cancers found that one in a hundred has a broken proofreading enzyme. Those tumours carry far more mutations than any other, attract as many immune cells as the mismatch repair deficient ones, and relapse far less often.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-domingo-somatic-pole-proofreading-colorectal-lancet-gastro-2016/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-bettington-serrated-pathway-colorectal-histopathology-2013","kind":"paper","name":"The serrated pathway to colorectal carcinoma: current concepts and challenges","aka":"","tldr":"About a third of bowel cancers do not come from the familiar polyp at all. They come from flat, saw-toothed lesions that are hard to see at colonoscopy and follow a different molecular route, driven by chemical silencing of genes rather than by chromosome loss.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-bettington-serrated-pathway-colorectal-histopathology-2013/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-crockett-nagtegaal-serrated-neoplasia-gastroenterology-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Terminology, molecular features, epidemiology, and management of serrated colorectal neoplasia","aka":"","tldr":"A review that fixed the names, counted how common serrated polyps are, and explained why they are missed: they are flat, pale and proximal, and finding them depends on how carefully the endoscopist looks.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-crockett-nagtegaal-serrated-neoplasia-gastroenterology-2019/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-lee-six-somatic-mutation-normal-colorectal-crypts-nature-2019","kind":"paper","name":"The landscape of somatic mutation in normal colorectal epithelial cells","aka":"","tldr":"Reading the whole genome of hundreds of individual healthy bowel glands from 42 people found that about one in a hundred already carries a cancer-driving mutation by middle age. Polyps and cancers are the rare survivors of a process happening everywhere in the bowel lining.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-lee-six-somatic-mutation-normal-colorectal-crypts-nature-2019/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-isella-stromal-contribution-colorectal-transcriptome-nat-genet-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Stromal contribution to the colorectal cancer transcriptome","aka":"","tldr":"The gene-activity subtype with the worst prognosis turned out not to be a property of the cancer cells at all. Growing human tumours in mice showed that its defining genes are switched on in the surrounding connective tissue.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-isella-stromal-contribution-colorectal-transcriptome-nat-genet-2015/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-calon-stromal-gene-expression-poor-prognosis-colorectal-nat-genet-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Stromal gene expression defines poor-prognosis subtypes in colorectal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published beside the paper above and reaching the same conclusion from the other direction: the prognostic power of every published bowel cancer classification comes from the scar-forming cells, and TGF-beta is what makes them dangerous.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-calon-stromal-gene-expression-poor-prognosis-colorectal-nat-genet-2015/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-tauriello-tgfbeta-immune-evasion-colorectal-nature-2018","kind":"paper","name":"TGF-beta drives immune evasion in genetically reconstituted colon cancer metastasis","aka":"","tldr":"Mice given all four of the main bowel cancer mutations grew tumours that spread and, like most human bowel cancers, ignored immunotherapy. Blocking TGF-beta let the immune system in, stopped the spread, and made the tumours answer checkpoint drugs.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-tauriello-tgfbeta-immune-evasion-colorectal-nature-2018/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-lenz-cms-calgb-swog-80405-jco-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Impact of consensus molecular subtype on survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: results from CALGB/SWOG 80405","aka":"","tldr":"In the one randomised trial where the four gene-activity subtypes were measured, they predicted not only how long people lived but which biological drug worked better: the immune subtype did better with bevacizumab and the canonical subtype with cetuximab.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-lenz-cms-calgb-swog-80405-jco-2019/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-missiaglia-distal-proximal-colon-cancers-ann-oncol-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Distal and proximal colon cancers differ in terms of molecular, pathological, and clinical features","aka":"","tldr":"Using a large adjuvant trial, this study showed that the two ends of the colon behave like two diseases: the right is mucinous, mismatch repair deficient and BRAF-like, the left is chromosomally unstable and dependent on EGFR signalling.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-missiaglia-distal-proximal-colon-cancers-ann-oncol-2014/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-tejpar-tumour-location-crystal-fire3-jama-oncol-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Prognostic and predictive relevance of primary tumor location in patients with RAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer: retrospective analyses of the CRYSTAL and FIRE-3 trials","aka":"","tldr":"Two European randomised trials, analysed separately, each showed the same thing: cetuximab helps left-sided bowel cancers with no RAS mutation and adds little on the right.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-tejpar-tumour-location-crystal-fire3-jama-oncol-2017/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-loree-tumour-location-continuum-colorectal-ccr-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Classifying colorectal cancer by tumor location rather than sidedness highlights a continuum in mutation profiles and consensus molecular subtypes","aka":"","tldr":"The left-right split is a convenient line but the bowel is a gradient. Mutation rates change continuously from caecum to rectum, and the sigmoid-rectal region and the transverse colon do not fit the convention.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-loree-tumour-location-continuum-colorectal-ccr-2018/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-karapetis-kras-cetuximab-colorectal-nejm-2008","kind":"paper","name":"K-ras mutations and benefit from cetuximab in advanced colorectal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The first randomised proof that a mutation can say a drug will not work: in a trial of cetuximab against supportive care alone, only patients whose tumours had a normal K-ras gene lived longer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-karapetis-kras-cetuximab-colorectal-nejm-2008/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-jones-non-v600-braf-colorectal-jco-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Non-V600 BRAF mutations define a clinically distinct molecular subtype of metastatic colorectal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Not every BRAF mutation is the notorious one. The other 22% of BRAF-mutant bowel cancers occur in younger patients, on the left, and live five times longer than the V600E group.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-jones-non-v600-braf-colorectal-jco-2017/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-schirripa-kras-g12c-metastatic-colorectal-clin-colorectal-cancer-2020","kind":"paper","name":"KRAS G12C metastatic colorectal cancer: specific features of a new emerging target population","aka":"","tldr":"As the first KRAS G12C drugs arrived, this study described the patients they would treat: about one in six KRAS-mutant bowel cancers, more often men, more often with lung and liver spread, and with shorter survival than other KRAS mutations.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-schirripa-kras-g12c-metastatic-colorectal-clin-colorectal-cancer-2020/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-misale-kras-acquired-resistance-anti-egfr-colorectal-nature-2012","kind":"paper","name":"Emergence of KRAS mutations and acquired resistance to anti-EGFR therapy in colorectal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Bowel cancers that respond to cetuximab almost always stop responding within a year. This paper showed why: KRAS-mutant cells take over, and their DNA shows up in the blood months before a scan changes.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-misale-kras-acquired-resistance-anti-egfr-colorectal-nature-2012/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-diaz-molecular-evolution-egfr-resistance-colorectal-nature-2012","kind":"paper","name":"The molecular evolution of acquired resistance to targeted EGFR blockade in colorectal cancers","aka":"","tldr":"Published beside the paper above: resistance to EGFR antibodies does not have to be invented, it is already there. Rare KRAS-mutant cells present before treatment expand under it, on a schedule a mathematical model predicts.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-diaz-molecular-evolution-egfr-resistance-colorectal-nature-2012/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-bertotti-xenopatients-her2-cetuximab-resistant-colorectal-cancer-discov-2011","kind":"paper","name":"A molecularly annotated platform of patient-derived xenografts identifies HER2 as an effective therapeutic target in cetuximab-resistant colorectal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Growing 85 patients' bowel cancers in mice and treating them like a clinical trial reproduced the pattern seen in people, and revealed that the tumours resisting cetuximab despite normal RAS often have extra copies of HER2.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-bertotti-xenopatients-her2-cetuximab-resistant-colorectal-cancer-discov-2011/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-valtorta-her2-scoring-colorectal-heracles-mod-pathol-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Assessment of a HER2 scoring system for colorectal cancer: results from a validation study","aka":"","tldr":"Breast and stomach cancer HER2 scoring rules do not fit the bowel. This study wrote colorectal-specific criteria, tested them on more than a thousand samples, and produced the definition of HER2-positive that the trials have used ever since.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-valtorta-her2-scoring-colorectal-heracles-mod-pathol-2015/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-richman-her2-amplification-quasar-focus-piccolo-j-pathol-2016","kind":"paper","name":"HER2 overexpression and amplification as a potential therapeutic target in colorectal cancer: analysis of 3256 patients enrolled in the QUASAR, FOCUS and PICCOLO colorectal cancer trials","aka":"","tldr":"Staining more than three thousand tumours from three British trials put a number on how often bowel cancer is HER2-driven: about 1% at stage II-III and 2% at stage IV, rising to 5% in the tumours with no RAS or BRAF mutation.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-richman-her2-amplification-quasar-focus-piccolo-j-pathol-2016/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-nakamura-triumph-ctdna-pertuzumab-trastuzumab-her2-colorectal-nat-med-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Circulating tumor DNA-guided treatment with pertuzumab plus trastuzumab for HER2-amplified metastatic colorectal cancer: a phase 2 trial (TRIUMPH)","aka":"","tldr":"The first trial to let a blood test decide who joins: patients whose plasma showed extra HER2 responded to dual HER2 antibodies just as often as those selected on tissue, while a matched group on standard salvage therapy had no responses at all.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-nakamura-triumph-ctdna-pertuzumab-trastuzumab-her2-colorectal-nat-med-2021/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-overman-checkmate-142-nivolumab-dmmr-colorectal-lancet-oncol-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Nivolumab in patients with metastatic DNA mismatch repair-deficient or microsatellite instability-high colorectal cancer (CheckMate 142)","aka":"","tldr":"Seventy-four heavily pre-treated patients whose bowel cancers had lost DNA mismatch repair were given nivolumab; nearly a third responded and most of those responses were still going a year later.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-overman-checkmate-142-nivolumab-dmmr-colorectal-lancet-oncol-2017/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-eng-imblaze370-atezolizumab-cobimetinib-colorectal-lancet-oncol-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Atezolizumab with or without cobimetinib versus regorafenib in previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (IMblaze370)","aka":"","tldr":"The phase 3 test of the idea that a MEK inhibitor could warm up an immunologically cold bowel cancer. It failed: neither immunotherapy alone nor the combination beat an existing pill.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-eng-imblaze370-atezolizumab-cobimetinib-colorectal-lancet-oncol-2019/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-mlecnik-immunoscore-msi-colorectal-immunity-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Integrative analyses of colorectal cancer show Immunoscore is a stronger predictor of patient survival than microsatellite instability","aka":"","tldr":"Mismatch repair deficient bowel cancers do better partly because they are full of immune cells. When the immune cells are counted directly, the count predicts outcome better than the repair status does.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-mlecnik-immunoscore-msi-colorectal-immunity-2016/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-pages-immunoscore-international-validation-lancet-2018","kind":"paper","name":"International validation of the consensus Immunoscore for the classification of colon cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Counting two kinds of T cell in and around a bowel tumour, in a standardised way, across 14 centres in 13 countries, predicted recurrence better than the staging system and independently of it.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-pages-immunoscore-international-validation-lancet-2018/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-reinert-ctdna-ultradeep-sequencing-colorectal-jama-oncol-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Analysis of plasma cell-free DNA by ultradeep sequencing in patients with stages I to III colorectal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Testing the same patients again and again after surgery, and after chemotherapy, and during follow-up, showed the blood test gets more powerful the later you use it, and found relapses up to 16 months before a scan did.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-reinert-ctdna-ultradeep-sequencing-colorectal-jama-oncol-2019/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-henriksen-ctdna-stage-iii-colorectal-improve-it-ccr-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Circulating tumor DNA in stage III colorectal cancer, beyond minimal residual disease detection, toward assessment of adjuvant therapy efficacy and clinical behavior of recurrences","aka":"","tldr":"Following 168 patients with node-positive bowel cancer through and after chemotherapy showed not only who would relapse but how fast: tumour DNA in the blood grew slowly in some and five times faster in others, and the speed predicted survival.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-henriksen-ctdna-stage-iii-colorectal-improve-it-ccr-2022/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-sepulveda-molecular-biomarkers-colorectal-guideline-jco-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Molecular biomarkers for the evaluation of colorectal cancer: guideline from ASCP, CAP, AMP and ASCO","aka":"","tldr":"The guideline that says which genes must be tested in every bowel cancer, on what sample, and how quickly: extended RAS and BRAF to decide on EGFR antibodies, and mismatch repair on every tumour.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-sepulveda-molecular-biomarkers-colorectal-guideline-jco-2017/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-esmo-metastatic-colorectal-cancer-guideline-ann-oncol-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Metastatic colorectal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","aka":"","tldr":"The European oncology society's 2023 guideline for bowel cancer that has spread, covering which tests every patient needs, how to choose the first combination of drugs, when to operate on liver secondaries and how to follow patients up.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-esmo-metastatic-colorectal-cancer-guideline-ann-oncol-2023/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-esmo-localised-colon-cancer-guideline-ann-oncol-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Localised colon cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","aka":"","tldr":"The European guideline for colon cancer that has not spread: who needs chemotherapy after the operation, for how long, and how patients are followed afterwards.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-esmo-localised-colon-cancer-guideline-ann-oncol-2020/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer"},{"id":"paper-esmo-rectal-cancer-guideline-ann-oncol-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Rectal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","aka":"","tldr":"The European guideline for rectal cancer: how MRI decides the treatment, when radiotherapy is given before the operation, and how the mesorectum is removed.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-esmo-rectal-cancer-guideline-ann-oncol-2017/","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"paper-vogelstein-genetic-alterations-colorectal-tumor-development-nejm-1988","kind":"paper","name":"Genetic alterations during colorectal-tumor development","aka":"","tldr":"The 1988 study of 172 bowel tumours that showed cancer is not one mutation but a sequence of them, accumulating as a polyp grows into a cancer. It is the origin of the idea that cancer develops step by step.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-vogelstein-genetic-alterations-colorectal-tumor-development-nejm-1988/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer"},{"id":"paper-diaz-gay-colibactin-geographic-age-mutational-processes-nature-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Geographic and age variations in mutational processes in colorectal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Reading 981 bowel cancer genomes from 11 countries found that the fingerprint of colibactin, a DNA-damaging toxin made by some gut bacteria, is more than three times as common in people diagnosed under 40 as over 70, and is stamped on the tumour early in life. It is the strongest lead yet on why bowel cancer is rising in young adults.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-diaz-gay-colibactin-geographic-age-mutational-processes-nature-2025/","cancers":"colorectal early-onset-colorectal"},{"id":"paper-hardcastle-nottingham-faecal-occult-blood-lancet-1996","kind":"paper","name":"Randomised controlled trial of faecal-occult-blood screening for colorectal cancer (Nottingham)","aka":"","tldr":"The British trial, in 152,850 people around Nottingham, that showed offering a home stool test for hidden blood every two years cut deaths from bowel cancer by 15 percent. It is the trial the NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme was built on.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-hardcastle-nottingham-faecal-occult-blood-lancet-1996/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-kronborg-funen-faecal-occult-blood-lancet-1996","kind":"paper","name":"Randomised study of screening for colorectal cancer with faecal-occult-blood test (Funen)","aka":"","tldr":"The Danish twin of the Nottingham trial: 61,933 people on the island of Funen, stool tests every two years for ten years, and an 18 percent fall in deaths from bowel cancer.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-kronborg-funen-faecal-occult-blood-lancet-1996/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-zauber-national-polyp-study-colonoscopic-polypectomy-nejm-2012","kind":"paper","name":"Colonoscopic polypectomy and long-term prevention of colorectal-cancer deaths (National Polyp Study)","aka":"","tldr":"Twenty-three years after having their adenomas removed at colonoscopy, 2,602 people in the National Polyp Study had half the bowel cancer deaths expected for the general population. This is the evidence that removing a polyp prevents a death.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-zauber-national-polyp-study-colonoscopic-polypectomy-nejm-2012/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-atkin-once-only-flexible-sigmoidoscopy-lancet-2010","kind":"paper","name":"Once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy screening in prevention of colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised controlled trial","aka":"","tldr":"One look at the lower bowel with a short scope, offered once between 55 and 64, cut bowel cancer cases by a quarter and deaths by a third in a UK trial of 170,432 people.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-atkin-once-only-flexible-sigmoidoscopy-lancet-2010/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-atkin-flexible-sigmoidoscopy-17-year-follow-up-lancet-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Long term effects of once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy screening after 17 years of follow-up","aka":"","tldr":"Seventeen years after a single flexible sigmoidoscopy, the protection was still there: a quarter fewer bowel cancers and a third fewer deaths.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-atkin-flexible-sigmoidoscopy-17-year-follow-up-lancet-2017/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-imperiale-multitarget-stool-dna-screening-nejm-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Multitarget stool DNA testing for colorectal-cancer screening","aka":"","tldr":"A stool test that looks for cancer DNA as well as blood found 92 percent of cancers against 74 percent for the blood-only test, at the price of more false alarms. It is the trial behind Cologuard.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-imperiale-multitarget-stool-dna-screening-nejm-2014/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-kaminski-adenoma-detection-rate-interval-cancer-nejm-2010","kind":"paper","name":"Quality indicators for colonoscopy and the risk of interval cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Patients examined by endoscopists who find adenomas in fewer than one in five people are around ten times more likely to develop a cancer before their next scheduled test. Who does the colonoscopy matters as much as whether it is done.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-kaminski-adenoma-detection-rate-interval-cancer-nejm-2010/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-siegel-colorectal-incidence-birth-cohort-jnci-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Colorectal cancer incidence patterns in the United States, 1974-2013","aka":"","tldr":"The analysis that showed the rise in bowel cancer in young adults is a birth-cohort effect: someone born in 1990 has twice the colon cancer risk and four times the rectal cancer risk of someone born in 1950 at the same age.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-siegel-colorectal-incidence-birth-cohort-jnci-2017/","cancers":"colorectal early-onset-colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"paper-vuik-early-onset-colorectal-europe-gut-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Increasing incidence of colorectal cancer in young adults in Europe over the last 25 years","aka":"","tldr":"The same rise is happening in Europe. Across 20 countries and 143.7 million people, bowel cancer in 20 to 29-year-olds rose by 7.9 percent a year from 2004 to 2016.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-vuik-early-onset-colorectal-europe-gut-2019/","cancers":"colorectal early-onset-colorectal"},{"id":"paper-siegel-colorectal-cancer-statistics-ca-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Colorectal cancer statistics, 2023","aka":"","tldr":"The American Cancer Society's three-yearly stocktake: overall deaths are still falling, but one in five new cases is now in someone under 55, and more cancers are being found after they have spread than twenty years ago.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-siegel-colorectal-cancer-statistics-ca-2023/","cancers":"colorectal early-onset-colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"paper-hur-sugar-sweetened-beverages-early-onset-colorectal-gut-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Sugar-sweetened beverage intake in adulthood and adolescence and risk of early-onset colorectal cancer among women","aka":"","tldr":"In 95,464 nurses followed for 24 years, women who drank two or more sugary drinks a day had double the risk of bowel cancer before 50, and each daily drink in adolescence raised it by a third.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-hur-sugar-sweetened-beverages-early-onset-colorectal-gut-2021/","cancers":"colorectal early-onset-colorectal"},{"id":"paper-moertel-levamisole-fluorouracil-adjuvant-colon-nejm-1990","kind":"paper","name":"Levamisole and fluorouracil for adjuvant therapy of resected colon carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"The 1990 trial that first showed chemotherapy after a colon cancer operation stops the cancer coming back. It cut recurrences by 41 percent and deaths by a third in node-positive disease.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-moertel-levamisole-fluorouracil-adjuvant-colon-nejm-1990/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer"},{"id":"paper-quasar-adjuvant-chemotherapy-vs-observation-lancet-2007","kind":"paper","name":"Adjuvant chemotherapy versus observation in patients with colorectal cancer: a randomised study (QUASAR)","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that measured how small the benefit of chemotherapy is for node-negative bowel cancer: about 3.6 people in every 100 avoid dying, which is why the decision is a conversation rather than a rule.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-quasar-adjuvant-chemotherapy-vs-observation-lancet-2007/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer"},{"id":"paper-mosaic-oxaliplatin-adjuvant-colon-nejm-2004","kind":"paper","name":"Oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment for colon cancer (MOSAIC)","aka":"","tldr":"Adding oxaliplatin to chemotherapy after a colon cancer operation cut recurrences by 23 percent. It made FOLFOX the standard, and gave a generation of patients the numb fingers that go with it.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-mosaic-oxaliplatin-adjuvant-colon-nejm-2004/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer"},{"id":"paper-idea-duration-adjuvant-stage-iii-colon-nejm-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Duration of adjuvant chemotherapy for stage III colon cancer (the IDEA collaboration)","aka":"","tldr":"Six trials pooled 12,834 patients to ask whether three months of chemotherapy is as good as six. For lower-risk tumours treated with CAPOX it is, and the nerve damage is far less.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-idea-duration-adjuvant-stage-iii-colon-nejm-2018/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer"},{"id":"paper-foxtrot-preoperative-chemotherapy-colon-jco-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Preoperative chemotherapy for operable colon cancer: mature results of an international randomized controlled trial (FOxTROT)","aka":"","tldr":"Six weeks of chemotherapy before the colon cancer operation, rather than all of it afterwards, shrank tumours, left fewer incomplete resections and cut two-year recurrence from 21.5 to 16.9 percent.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-foxtrot-preoperative-chemotherapy-colon-jco-2023/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer"},{"id":"paper-heald-mesorectum-rectal-cancer-surgery-br-j-surg-1982","kind":"paper","name":"The mesorectum in rectal cancer surgery: the clue to pelvic recurrence?","aka":"","tldr":"Bill Heald noticed cancer cells hiding in the fatty envelope around the rectum, centimetres below the tumour, and started removing the whole envelope intact. Pelvic recurrence fell from a quarter of patients to almost none.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-heald-mesorectum-rectal-cancer-surgery-br-j-surg-1982/","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"paper-swedish-rectal-cancer-trial-preoperative-radiotherapy-nejm-1997","kind":"paper","name":"Improved survival with preoperative radiotherapy in resectable rectal cancer (Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial)","aka":"","tldr":"Five days of radiotherapy before the operation more than halved the chance of the cancer coming back in the pelvis, and was the first rectal cancer trial to show that radiotherapy also helps people live longer.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-swedish-rectal-cancer-trial-preoperative-radiotherapy-nejm-1997/","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"paper-kapiteijn-dutch-tme-preoperative-radiotherapy-nejm-2001","kind":"paper","name":"Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer (Dutch TME trial)","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that asked whether radiotherapy still helps once the surgery is done properly. It does for local control, cutting two-year pelvic recurrence from 8.2 to 2.4 percent, but it did not lengthen life.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-kapiteijn-dutch-tme-preoperative-radiotherapy-nejm-2001/","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"paper-sebag-montefiore-cr07-preoperative-radiotherapy-lancet-2009","kind":"paper","name":"Preoperative radiotherapy versus selective postoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer (MRC CR07 and NCIC-CTG C016)","aka":"","tldr":"The British trial that settled the timing question: giving everyone a short course of radiotherapy before surgery beats operating first and irradiating only those whose margins turn out to be involved.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-sebag-montefiore-cr07-preoperative-radiotherapy-lancet-2009/","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"paper-bahadoer-rapido-short-course-radiotherapy-lancet-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Short-course radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy before total mesorectal excision versus preoperative chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer (RAPIDO)","aka":"","tldr":"Moving all the chemotherapy in front of the operation, after one week of radiotherapy, cut three-year treatment failure from 30.4 to 23.7 percent in high-risk rectal cancer.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-bahadoer-rapido-short-course-radiotherapy-lancet-oncol-2021/","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"paper-conroy-prodige-23-neoadjuvant-folfirinox-rectal-lancet-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with FOLFIRINOX and preoperative chemoradiotherapy for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (UNICANCER-PRODIGE 23)","aka":"","tldr":"Six cycles of a three-drug chemotherapy before the usual chemoradiotherapy raised three-year disease-free survival from 69 to 76 percent, and left patients with less nerve damage than giving the chemotherapy afterwards.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-conroy-prodige-23-neoadjuvant-folfirinox-rectal-lancet-oncol-2021/","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"paper-habr-gama-nonoperative-stage-0-rectal-ann-surg-2004","kind":"paper","name":"Operative versus nonoperative treatment for stage 0 distal rectal cancer following chemoradiation therapy: long-term results","aka":"","tldr":"In São Paulo, Angelita Habr-Gama simply watched the patients whose rectal cancers had disappeared after chemoradiotherapy instead of operating. Ten-year survival was 98 percent, and she had invented watch and wait.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-habr-gama-nonoperative-stage-0-rectal-ann-surg-2004/","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"paper-garcia-aguilar-opra-organ-preservation-jco-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Organ preservation in patients with rectal adenocarcinoma treated with total neoadjuvant therapy (OPRA)","aka":"","tldr":"Planning for watch and wait from the start, rather than stumbling into it, let half of 324 rectal cancer patients keep their rectum with no loss of disease-free survival.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-garcia-aguilar-opra-organ-preservation-jco-2022/","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"paper-van-cutsem-crystal-cetuximab-folfiri-nejm-2009","kind":"paper","name":"Cetuximab and chemotherapy as initial treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer (CRYSTAL)","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that added an EGFR antibody to first-line chemotherapy and, in the same paper, showed the benefit belongs only to patients whose KRAS gene is normal. It is the first negative predictive biomarker in bowel cancer.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-van-cutsem-crystal-cetuximab-folfiri-nejm-2009/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-douillard-prime-panitumumab-ras-nejm-2013","kind":"paper","name":"Panitumumab-FOLFOX4 treatment and RAS mutations in colorectal cancer (PRIME)","aka":"","tldr":"Looking beyond the one KRAS exon everyone tested found that a further 17 percent of patients carried a RAS mutation and were harmed rather than helped by the antibody. Testing widened overnight.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-douillard-prime-panitumumab-ras-nejm-2013/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-heinemann-fire-3-cetuximab-vs-bevacizumab-lancet-oncol-2014","kind":"paper","name":"FOLFIRI plus cetuximab versus FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab as first-line treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (FIRE-3)","aka":"","tldr":"A head-to-head of the two antibodies. They tied on response and progression, but patients on the EGFR antibody lived 3.7 months longer, a result nobody had predicted from the primary endpoint.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-heinemann-fire-3-cetuximab-vs-bevacizumab-lancet-oncol-2014/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-venook-calgb-80405-cetuximab-vs-bevacizumab-jama-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Effect of first-line chemotherapy combined with cetuximab or bevacizumab on overall survival in KRAS wild-type advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer (CALGB/SWOG 80405)","aka":"","tldr":"The American head-to-head of the same two antibodies, in 1,137 patients, found no difference: 30.0 against 29.0 months. Read next to FIRE-3, it is why sidedness had to be invoked.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-venook-calgb-80405-cetuximab-vs-bevacizumab-jama-2017/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-arnold-primary-tumour-side-ras-wild-type-ann-oncol-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Prognostic and predictive value of primary tumour side in patients with RAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer treated with chemotherapy and EGFR directed antibodies in six randomized trials","aka":"","tldr":"Pooling 2,159 patients from six trials showed that which side of the colon a tumour started on decides whether an EGFR antibody helps at all: a clear survival gain on the left, none on the right.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-arnold-primary-tumour-side-ras-wild-type-ann-oncol-2017/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-cremolini-tribe-folfoxiri-bevacizumab-lancet-oncol-2015","kind":"paper","name":"FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab versus FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab as first-line treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: updated overall survival and molecular subgroup analyses of TRIBE","aka":"","tldr":"Giving all three chemotherapy drugs at once rather than two added four months of life, and worked whatever the RAS or BRAF status. It is the most intensive first-line option for patients fit enough to take it.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-cremolini-tribe-folfoxiri-bevacizumab-lancet-oncol-2015/","cancers":"colorectal braf-v600e-colorectal"},{"id":"paper-grothey-correct-regorafenib-lancet-2013","kind":"paper","name":"Regorafenib monotherapy for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (CORRECT)","aka":"","tldr":"The first pill to extend life after every standard treatment had failed, by 1.4 months, at the price of hand-foot skin reaction in one patient in six.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-grothey-correct-regorafenib-lancet-2013/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-mayer-recourse-tas-102-nejm-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Randomized trial of TAS-102 for refractory metastatic colorectal cancer (RECOURSE)","aka":"","tldr":"An oral chemotherapy that works where fluorouracil no longer does, adding 1.8 months after everything else has failed, and delaying the slide in performance status by nearly two months.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-mayer-recourse-tas-102-nejm-2015/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-prager-sunlight-trifluridine-tipiracil-bevacizumab-nejm-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Trifluridine-tipiracil and bevacizumab in refractory metastatic colorectal cancer (SUNLIGHT)","aka":"","tldr":"Adding a cheap old antibody to the refractory-line tablet took median survival from 7.5 to 10.8 months, the largest gain in this setting since the setting existed.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-prager-sunlight-trifluridine-tipiracil-bevacizumab-nejm-2023/","cancers":"colorectal kras-g12c-colorectal"},{"id":"paper-dasari-fresco-2-fruquintinib-lancet-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Fruquintinib versus placebo in patients with refractory metastatic colorectal cancer (FRESCO-2)","aka":"","tldr":"A selective VEGF receptor pill, first approved in China, repeated its effect in a global trial of 691 heavily treated patients: 7.4 against 4.8 months.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-dasari-fresco-2-fruquintinib-lancet-2023/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-andre-checkmate-8hw-nivolumab-ipilimumab-nejm-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Nivolumab plus ipilimumab in microsatellite-instability-high metastatic colorectal cancer (CheckMate 8HW)","aka":"","tldr":"Two immunotherapy drugs together kept 72 percent of patients progression-free at two years against 14 percent on chemotherapy, the largest effect size of any first-line trial in colorectal cancer.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-andre-checkmate-8hw-nivolumab-ipilimumab-nejm-2024/","cancers":"colorectal msi-high-colorectal"},{"id":"paper-cercek-nonoperative-management-mismatch-repair-deficient-tumours-nejm-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Nonoperative management of mismatch repair-deficient tumors","aka":"","tldr":"The extension of the rectal dostarlimab result to every organ: 49 of 49 rectal cancers and 35 of 54 other early-stage mismatch repair-deficient cancers disappeared on six months of one drug, and 82 patients avoided surgery altogether.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-cercek-nonoperative-management-mismatch-repair-deficient-tumours-nejm-2025/","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer msi-high-colorectal"},{"id":"paper-bullock-botensilimab-balstilimab-mss-colorectal-nat-med-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Botensilimab plus balstilimab in relapsed/refractory microsatellite stable metastatic colorectal cancer: a phase 1 trial","aka":"","tldr":"The first immunotherapy signal in the 95 percent of bowel cancers that have always ignored it: an engineered CTLA-4 antibody plus a PD-1 antibody shrank tumours in 17 percent of 101 heavily treated patients.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-bullock-botensilimab-balstilimab-mss-colorectal-nat-med-2024/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-kopetz-beacon-encorafenib-braf-colorectal-nejm-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Encorafenib, binimetinib, and cetuximab in BRAF V600E-mutated colorectal cancer (BEACON CRC)","aka":"","tldr":"BRAF V600E bowel cancer had a median survival of four to six months after first-line failure. Blocking BRAF and EGFR together took it to nine, and made the doublet a standard.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-kopetz-beacon-encorafenib-braf-colorectal-nejm-2019/","cancers":"colorectal braf-v600e-colorectal"},{"id":"paper-sartore-bianchi-heracles-trastuzumab-lapatinib-lancet-oncol-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Dual-targeted therapy with trastuzumab and lapatinib in treatment-refractory, KRAS codon 12/13 wild-type, HER2-positive metastatic colorectal cancer (HERACLES)","aka":"","tldr":"A trial designed from mouse avatars: screening 914 patients found 48 with HER2-amplified bowel cancer, and blocking HER2 two ways shrank tumours in 30 percent of the 27 who were treated.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-sartore-bianchi-heracles-trastuzumab-lapatinib-lancet-oncol-2016/","cancers":"colorectal her2-amplified-colorectal"},{"id":"paper-siena-destiny-crc01-trastuzumab-deruxtecan-lancet-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan (DS-8201) in patients with HER2-expressing metastatic colorectal cancer (DESTINY-CRC01)","aka":"","tldr":"An antibody carrying a chemotherapy payload shrank 45 percent of HER2-positive bowel cancers that had already failed two or more treatments, including tumours that had progressed on other HER2 drugs.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-siena-destiny-crc01-trastuzumab-deruxtecan-lancet-oncol-2021/","cancers":"colorectal her2-amplified-colorectal"},{"id":"paper-strickler-mountaineer-tucatinib-trastuzumab-lancet-oncol-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Tucatinib plus trastuzumab for chemotherapy-refractory, HER2-positive, RAS wild-type unresectable or metastatic colorectal cancer (MOUNTAINEER)","aka":"","tldr":"A HER2 pill with an antibody gave a 38 percent response rate in chemotherapy-refractory HER2-positive bowel cancer, and became the first HER2-directed regimen approved for the disease.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-strickler-mountaineer-tucatinib-trastuzumab-lancet-oncol-2023/","cancers":"colorectal her2-amplified-colorectal"},{"id":"paper-tie-ctdna-minimal-residual-disease-stage-ii-colon-sci-transl-med-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Circulating tumor DNA analysis detects minimal residual disease and predicts recurrence in patients with stage II colon cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Traces of tumour DNA in blood after a colon cancer operation identified the patients who would relapse with a hazard ratio of 18. It is the observation the whole ctDNA field is built on.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-tie-ctdna-minimal-residual-disease-stage-ii-colon-sci-transl-med-2016/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer"},{"id":"paper-verwaal-cytoreduction-hipec-peritoneal-colorectal-jco-2003","kind":"paper","name":"Randomized trial of cytoreduction and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy versus systemic chemotherapy and palliative surgery in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The Dutch trial that put heated chemotherapy into the abdomen after stripping out all visible tumour, and nearly doubled median survival from 12.6 to 22.3 months. Eight percent of patients died of the treatment.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-verwaal-cytoreduction-hipec-peritoneal-colorectal-jco-2003/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-quenet-prodige-7-hipec-peritoneal-colorectal-lancet-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Cytoreductive surgery plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy versus cytoreductive surgery alone for colorectal peritoneal metastases (PRODIGE 7)","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that took the heated chemotherapy away and found the survival was the same: 41.7 against 41.2 months. The benefit had always been in the surgery.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-quenet-prodige-7-hipec-peritoneal-colorectal-lancet-oncol-2021/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"colorectal-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Colorectal cancer roadmap: from the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and the first screening trials to total mesorectal excision, oxaliplatin, RAS testing, immunotherapy for mismatch repair-deficient disease, ctDNA-guided treatment and organ preservation","aka":"Colorectal cancer history\nBowel cancer roadmap\nCRC evidence roadmap\nColon and rectal cancer roadmap","tldr":"Bowel cancer grows from a polyp over years, so removing the polyp prevents it. This roadmap follows the evidence from that discovery through the stool tests and scopes that built the screening programmes, the operation that changed rectal cancer, the chemotherapy and antibody era, immunotherapy that dissolves some tumours without surgery, and the unexplained rise in young adults, to 2032.","tags":"colorectal gi roadmap colorectal-evidence","route":"/roadmaps/colorectal-roadmap/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer rectal-cancer msi-high-colorectal braf-v600e-colorectal her2-amplified-colorectal kras-g12c-colorectal early-onset-colorectal"},{"id":"idea-crc-early-onset-cause-hunt","kind":"idea","name":"Find out what is driving early-onset bowel cancer, starting with colibactin, before extending screening any further","aka":"","tldr":"Bowel cancer in people under 50 is rising by 2 to 8 percent a year on both sides of the Atlantic and nobody knows why. The strongest lead is a toxin made by some gut bacteria whose damage signature is three times more common in young patients and is stamped on the colon early in life. If that is the cause, the fix is in childhood, not in a screening programme.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-crc-early-onset-cause-hunt/","cancers":"colorectal early-onset-colorectal"},{"id":"idea-crc-screening-uptake-and-age-extension","kind":"idea","name":"Treat screening uptake, not test sensitivity, as the thing to optimise, and settle the age extension with a trial rather than a model","aka":"","tldr":"The only randomised trial of screening colonoscopy cut bowel cancer by 18 percent because only 42 percent of the people invited turned up. A test that is 20 percent more sensitive but is taken by the same people buys far less than an invitation that 20 percent more people accept.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-crc-screening-uptake-and-age-extension/","cancers":"colorectal early-onset-colorectal"},{"id":"idea-crc-ctdna-de-escalation-beyond-stage-ii","kind":"idea","name":"Take ctDNA-guided de-escalation beyond stage II, and stop escalating on a positive result until a trial says it helps","aka":"","tldr":"A blood test after surgery already lets stage II colon cancer patients skip chemotherapy safely. The same test in stage III would spare far more people, and the unproven half, giving more chemotherapy to those who test positive, has so far changed nothing.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-crc-ctdna-de-escalation-beyond-stage-ii/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer"},{"id":"idea-crc-organ-preservation-randomised-in-pmmr-rectal","kind":"idea","name":"Randomise organ preservation against surgery in mismatch repair-proficient rectal cancer, with bowel function as a co-primary endpoint","aka":"","tldr":"Half of rectal cancer patients given all their chemotherapy and radiotherapy first can keep their rectum. Nobody has ever randomised that against having the operation, so the trade-off between avoiding a stoma and the risk of the cancer regrowing is still guesswork.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-crc-organ-preservation-randomised-in-pmmr-rectal/","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"idea-crc-mss-immunotherapy-by-biomarker-not-by-line","kind":"idea","name":"Select microsatellite stable patients for immunotherapy by a measured immune biomarker, not by how many treatments they have already failed","aka":"","tldr":"Ninety-five percent of advanced bowel cancers ignore immunotherapy, and the only real signal so far came in patients without active liver secondaries. Trials keep enrolling by treatment line rather than by immune biology, which guarantees the responders are diluted away.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-crc-mss-immunotherapy-by-biomarker-not-by-line/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"idea-crc-peritoneal-disease-found-early-and-treated-in-networks","kind":"idea","name":"Find peritoneal spread while it is still small, and run complete cytoreduction through networks rather than adding heated chemotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Bowel cancer that has seeded the lining of the abdomen responds badly to drugs but well to a complete operation, and the heated chemotherapy that everyone added turned out to do nothing. What decides the outcome is whether the disease is found while it is still limited and whether the patient reaches a centre that can remove all of it.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-crc-peritoneal-disease-found-early-and-treated-in-networks/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"idea-crc-exercise-as-a-funded-treatment","kind":"idea","name":"Fund structured exercise after colon cancer surgery as a treatment, because a randomised trial says it works as well as a drug","aka":"","tldr":"A three-year supervised exercise programme after chemotherapy cut recurrence and death by roughly a third in 889 patients, an effect the size of adjuvant chemotherapy. No health system has a funding line for it.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-crc-exercise-as-a-funded-treatment/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer"},{"id":"idea-crc-uk-colonoscopy-capacity-and-fit-threshold","kind":"idea","name":"UK gap: match endoscopy capacity and quality to the faecal immunochemical test thresholds the NHS has already set","aka":"","tldr":"Every positive stool test in England, from the screening programme and from the symptomatic pathway, ends in a colonoscopy. The thresholds have been lowered faster than the capacity to act on them, and who performs the test decides whether it prevents anything.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-crc-uk-colonoscopy-capacity-and-fit-threshold/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"idea-crc-uk-young-patient-referral-and-diagnostic-interval","kind":"idea","name":"UK gap: shorten the route to diagnosis for patients below the screening age, where the rise in incidence is","aka":"","tldr":"The fastest rise in bowel cancer is in people two decades younger than any screening programme, who reach diagnosis through symptoms, often after several visits. Screening cannot help them; the referral pathway can.","tags":"colorectal-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-crc-uk-young-patient-referral-and-diagnostic-interval/","cancers":"colorectal early-onset-colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"colorectal-trials-open-today","kind":"term","name":"Colorectal cancer trials open today (registry snapshot)","aka":"Bowel cancer trials recruiting\nOpen colorectal cancer trials","tldr":"Every phase 2 or 3 interventional trial that was recruiting, about to open or still running for colorectal, colon or rectal cancer on ClinicalTrials.gov in September 2026, with the hospitals in the United Kingdom that take part named where the registry lists them.","tags":"","route":"/terms/colorectal-trials-open-today/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"colorectal-palliation-obstruction-pain","kind":"term","name":"Palliation in colorectal cancer: obstruction, stents, stomas and liver capsule pain","aka":"Malignant bowel obstruction in colorectal cancer\nColonic stent","tldr":"What is done when a bowel cancer blocks the bowel, when the liver is studded with deposits and hurts, or when a tumour in the rectum bleeds and will not stop. A wire mesh tube, an operation to divert the bowel, radiotherapy, steroids and opioids each have a place.","tags":"","route":"/terms/colorectal-palliation-obstruction-pain/","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"colorectal-failed-programmes","kind":"term","name":"Colorectal cancer: the failed and stopped programmes, and why","aka":"Negative trials in colorectal cancer","tldr":"The list of treatments that looked right and did not work: EGFR antibodies after surgery, heated chemotherapy washes of the abdomen, immunotherapy in ordinary bowel cancer, and treating a positive blood test before a scan shows anything.","tags":"","route":"/terms/colorectal-failed-programmes/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"colorectal-uk-drug-access","kind":"term","name":"Colorectal cancer drugs in England: what NICE has recommended","aka":"NICE colorectal cancer guidance\nBowel cancer drug funding England","tldr":"Which bowel cancer drugs the NHS in England funds, and which it does not. Every reference number below was checked on the NICE website in September 2026.","tags":"","route":"/terms/colorectal-uk-drug-access/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"folfoxiri","kind":"drug","name":"FOLFOXIRI (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, irinotecan)","aka":"","tldr":"All three of the active bowel cancer chemotherapy drugs given together instead of two. It shrinks more tumours than a doublet and is chosen when shrinking the tumour is what matters, usually with bevacizumab.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/folfoxiri/","status":"established","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"mosaic","kind":"trial","name":"MOSAIC","aka":"Multicenter International Study of Oxaliplatin/5-FU-LV in the Adjuvant Treatment of Colon Cancer","tldr":"The trial that put oxaliplatin into chemotherapy after bowel cancer surgery. It cut recurrences by a fifth and, in stage III disease, lengthened life.","tags":"","route":"/trials/mosaic/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer"},{"id":"idea-collaboration","kind":"trial","name":"IDEA collaboration","aka":"International Duration Evaluation of Adjuvant chemotherapy\nIDEA","tldr":"Six national trials pooled their results to ask whether three months of chemotherapy after bowel cancer surgery is as good as six. For low-risk disease it is, and it causes far less nerve damage.","tags":"","route":"/trials/idea-collaboration/","status":"mixed","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer"},{"id":"tosca","kind":"trial","name":"TOSCA","aka":"Three Or Six Colon Adjuvant","tldr":"The Italian duration trial could not show that three months was as good as six, and it is the reason the pooled answer depends on which drug combination is used.","tags":"","route":"/trials/tosca/","status":"mixed","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer"},{"id":"petacc-8","kind":"trial","name":"PETACC-8","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the EGFR antibody cetuximab to chemotherapy after surgery did not help, even in patients whose tumours had no KRAS mutation.","tags":"","route":"/trials/petacc-8/","status":"negative","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer"},{"id":"n0147","kind":"trial","name":"Alliance N0147","aka":"NCCTG N0147","tldr":"The North American version of the same question, with the same answer: cetuximab after surgery adds toxicity and no benefit.","tags":"","route":"/trials/n0147/","status":"negative","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer"},{"id":"dutch-tme-trial","kind":"trial","name":"Dutch TME trial","aka":"CKVO 95-04","tldr":"The trial that proved a week of radiotherapy before rectal cancer surgery halves the chance of the cancer coming back in the pelvis, even when the operation is done properly.","tags":"","route":"/trials/dutch-tme-trial/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"stockholm-iii","kind":"trial","name":"Stockholm III","aka":"","tldr":"Waiting four to eight weeks after a short course of radiotherapy is as safe as operating immediately, and it gives time for the tumour to shrink.","tags":"","route":"/trials/stockholm-iii/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"stellar-rectal","kind":"trial","name":"STELLAR (rectal cancer)","aka":"STELLAR","tldr":"China's answer to the same question as RAPIDO: one week of radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy matched five weeks of chemoradiotherapy, with more short-term toxicity.","tags":"","route":"/trials/stellar-rectal/","status":"mixed","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"cao-aro-aio-12","kind":"trial","name":"CAO/ARO/AIO-12","aka":"","tldr":"A German trial that tested whether chemotherapy should come before or after chemoradiotherapy. Afterwards gave more complete responses, which matters for keeping the rectum.","tags":"","route":"/trials/cao-aro-aio-12/","status":"mixed","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"iwwd","kind":"trial","name":"International Watch & Wait Database","aka":"IWWD","tldr":"The worldwide register of people who kept their rectum after treatment. A quarter of the cancers regrow, almost all within two years and almost all in the bowel wall where they can be found and removed.","tags":"","route":"/trials/iwwd/","status":"active","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"avf2107g","kind":"trial","name":"AVF2107g","aka":"Hurwitz bevacizumab trial","tldr":"The first trial to show that blocking a tumour's blood supply lengthens life. It added about five months and created a drug class.","tags":"","route":"/trials/avf2107g/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"prime","kind":"trial","name":"PRIME","aka":"Panitumumab Randomized Trial In Combination With Chemotherapy for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer to Determine Efficacy","tldr":"The trial that widened the RAS test from two spots in one gene to all of KRAS and NRAS, because patients with any RAS mutation were harmed by the antibody.","tags":"","route":"/trials/prime/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"opus","kind":"trial","name":"OPUS","aka":"","tldr":"The oxaliplatin companion to CRYSTAL. It confirmed that the EGFR antibody only works when KRAS is normal.","tags":"","route":"/trials/opus/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"calgb-80405","kind":"trial","name":"CALGB/SWOG 80405","aka":"","tldr":"The head-to-head test of the two biological drugs given first for bowel cancer. Overall they tied, and only the later analysis by which side of the colon the tumour started separated them.","tags":"","route":"/trials/calgb-80405/","status":"mixed","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"tribe","kind":"trial","name":"TRIBE","aka":"","tldr":"Giving all three chemotherapy drugs at once instead of two shrank more tumours and delayed progression, at the cost of more side effects.","tags":"","route":"/trials/tribe/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"tribe2","kind":"trial","name":"TRIBE2","aka":"","tldr":"Testing the triplet as a whole strategy rather than one line of treatment. Using all three drugs first, and again after progression, worked better than saving them.","tags":"","route":"/trials/tribe2/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"velour","kind":"trial","name":"VELOUR","aka":"","tldr":"A decoy receptor that mops up the signals feeding tumour blood vessels added about six weeks of life in second-line treatment. England decided that was not worth the price.","tags":"","route":"/trials/velour/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"raise","kind":"trial","name":"RAISE","aka":"","tldr":"Switching from one blood-vessel drug to another after progression gave about six extra weeks, the same small gain as aflibercept.","tags":"","route":"/trials/raise/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"correct","kind":"trial","name":"CORRECT","aka":"","tldr":"The first pill to lengthen life in bowel cancer after everything else has failed. The gain was six weeks and the hand and foot rash was severe in one patient in six.","tags":"","route":"/trials/correct/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"concur","kind":"trial","name":"CONCUR","aka":"","tldr":"The Asian repeat of CORRECT found a larger benefit, partly because fewer patients had already had targeted drugs.","tags":"","route":"/trials/concur/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"recourse","kind":"trial","name":"RECOURSE","aka":"","tldr":"An oral chemotherapy tablet that still works after fluorouracil has stopped working, because the active part is built into DNA rather than blocking an enzyme.","tags":"","route":"/trials/recourse/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"fresco","kind":"trial","name":"FRESCO","aka":"","tldr":"The Chinese trial that first showed fruquintinib works. FRESCO-2 then repeated it worldwide in patients who had already had everything.","tags":"","route":"/trials/fresco/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"cairo3","kind":"trial","name":"CAIRO3","aka":"","tldr":"After six cycles of chemotherapy, staying on a low-dose tablet and the antibody delayed the cancer's return without spoiling quality of life.","tags":"","route":"/trials/cairo3/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"cairo5","kind":"trial","name":"CAIRO5","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that chose the best chemotherapy for shrinking liver metastases enough to operate, using a panel of surgeons to judge resectability every two months.","tags":"","route":"/trials/cairo5/","status":"mixed","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"swog-s1406","kind":"trial","name":"SWOG S1406","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that explained why BRAF drugs alone fail in bowel cancer: blocking BRAF wakes up EGFR, so both must be blocked at once.","tags":"","route":"/trials/swog-s1406/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal braf-v600e-colorectal"},{"id":"destiny-crc01","kind":"trial","name":"DESTINY-CRC01","aka":"","tldr":"The first trial of the HER2 antibody-drug conjugate in bowel cancer. Almost half the strongly HER2-positive tumours shrank, including some that had already failed other HER2 drugs.","tags":"","route":"/trials/destiny-crc01/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal her2-amplified-colorectal"},{"id":"mountaineer-03","kind":"trial","name":"MOUNTAINEER-03","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that will decide whether HER2 drugs belong in the first treatment for HER2-positive bowel cancer rather than after chemotherapy has failed.","tags":"","route":"/trials/mountaineer-03/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"colorectal her2-amplified-colorectal"},{"id":"imblaze370","kind":"trial","name":"IMblaze370","aka":"COTEZO","tldr":"The trial that tried to make immunotherapy work in ordinary bowel cancer by adding a MEK inhibitor. It failed outright.","tags":"","route":"/trials/imblaze370/","status":"negative","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"eortc-40983","kind":"trial","name":"EORTC 40983","aka":"EPOC","tldr":"Chemotherapy around liver surgery delayed recurrence but, after eight years, did not extend life. It is still given, on the strength of the earlier endpoint.","tags":"","route":"/trials/eortc-40983/","status":"mixed","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"new-epoc","kind":"trial","name":"New EPOC","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the EGFR antibody around liver surgery shortened life by more than two years. It is the clearest warning in bowel cancer that a drug that helps in advanced disease can harm in the curative setting.","tags":"","route":"/trials/new-epoc/","status":"negative","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"clocc","kind":"trial","name":"CLOCC","aka":"EORTC 40004","tldr":"The only randomised trial to show that burning out liver metastases, rather than just giving chemotherapy, lets more people survive eight years.","tags":"","route":"/trials/clocc/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"prodige-7","kind":"trial","name":"PRODIGE 7","aka":"","tldr":"Washing the abdomen with heated oxaliplatin after complete tumour removal added nothing to survival and caused more late complications. The surgery, not the wash, is what works.","tags":"","route":"/trials/prodige-7/","status":"negative","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"colopec","kind":"trial","name":"COLOPEC","aka":"","tldr":"Giving the heated abdominal wash as insurance, before any peritoneal disease has appeared, did not prevent it.","tags":"","route":"/trials/colopec/","status":"negative","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer"},{"id":"prophylochip","kind":"trial","name":"PROPHYLOCHIP-PRODIGE 15","aka":"","tldr":"Reopening the abdomen to look for and wash out invisible disease did not help, and one patient in four had a serious complication.","tags":"","route":"/trials/prophylochip/","status":"negative","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"dynamic-iii","kind":"trial","name":"DYNAMIC-III","aka":"","tldr":"The sequel to DYNAMIC asked whether a blood test should also decide chemotherapy in stage III disease. It could not prove that less is safe, and more did not help.","tags":"","route":"/trials/dynamic-iii/","status":"mixed","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer"},{"id":"altair","kind":"trial","name":"ALTAIR","aka":"","tldr":"Treating the blood test result before the cancer shows up on a scan did not work. It delayed relapse by about four months and caused severe blood toxicity in three-quarters of patients.","tags":"","route":"/trials/altair/","status":"negative","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"chronos","kind":"trial","name":"CHRONOS","aka":"","tldr":"The first trial to let a blood test decide whether to give an EGFR antibody a second time. A third of the patients screened had resistance mutations and were excluded; of those rechallenged, three in ten responded.","tags":"","route":"/trials/chronos/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"cave","kind":"trial","name":"CAVE mCRC","aka":"CAVE","tldr":"Adding a PD-L1 antibody to an EGFR antibody given a second time helped most in patients whose blood showed no resistance mutations, a seven-month difference in survival between the two groups.","tags":"","route":"/trials/cave/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"swedish-rectal-cancer-trial","kind":"trial","name":"Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial","aka":"","tldr":"The first trial to show that a week of radiotherapy before rectal cancer surgery both halves local recurrence and lets more people live, in the era before total mesorectal excision.","tags":"","route":"/trials/swedish-rectal-cancer-trial/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"minnesota-fob","kind":"trial","name":"Minnesota Colon Cancer Control Study","aka":"Minnesota faecal occult blood trial","tldr":"The first randomised proof that a yearly stool test for hidden blood saves lives from bowel cancer, by a third over thirteen years.","tags":"","route":"/trials/minnesota-fob/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"funen-fob","kind":"trial","name":"Funen faecal occult blood screening trial","aka":"Danish Funen trial","tldr":"The Danish population trial that, with Nottingham, showed a stool test posted every two years cuts bowel cancer deaths by about a fifth.","tags":"","route":"/trials/funen-fob/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"national-polyp-study","kind":"trial","name":"National Polyp Study","aka":"NPS","tldr":"The study that showed removing a polyp at colonoscopy does not just prevent cancer, it prevents death from it: half as many deaths as expected, fifteen years on.","tags":"","route":"/trials/national-polyp-study/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"netherlands-hipec","kind":"trial","name":"Netherlands Cancer Institute HIPEC trial","aka":"Verwaal trial","tldr":"The trial that made cytoreductive surgery with a heated chemotherapy wash a treatment rather than an experiment. Twenty years later PRODIGE 7 showed the surgery, not the wash, was doing the work.","tags":"","route":"/trials/netherlands-hipec/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"checkmate-142","kind":"trial","name":"CheckMate 142","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that first showed checkpoint immunotherapy works in mismatch-repair deficient bowel cancer, and that adding a second antibody makes it work better.","tags":"","route":"/trials/checkmate-142/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal msi-high-colorectal"},{"id":"co-17","kind":"trial","name":"NCIC CO.17","aka":"CO.17","tldr":"The trial that proved an EGFR antibody on its own lengthens life in bowel cancer, and whose stored tumour blocks then proved that only KRAS-normal tumours benefit.","tags":"","route":"/trials/co-17/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"petacc-3","kind":"trial","name":"PETACC-3","aka":"","tldr":"Irinotecan works in advanced bowel cancer and does nothing after surgery. The trial's tumour bank turned out to be worth more than its result.","tags":"","route":"/trials/petacc-3/","status":"negative","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer"},{"id":"triumph","kind":"trial","name":"TRIUMPH","aka":"","tldr":"The first trial to let a blood test alone enrol people into a targeted treatment, and to show it selects as well as a tumour biopsy does.","tags":"","route":"/trials/triumph/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal her2-amplified-colorectal"},{"id":"nct04776655","kind":"trial","name":"Study in mCRC Patients RAS/BRAF wt Tissue and RAS Mutated LIquid BIopsy to Compare FOLFIRI Plus CetuxiMAb or BevacizumaB","aka":"LIBImAb","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of bevacizumab (glioblastoma use), cetuximab, fluorouracil (5-FU) and fOLFIRI (5-FU, leucovorin, irinotecan) in colorectal cancer, run by Azienda USL Reggio Emilia - IRCCS, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04776655/","status":"active","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct04230187","kind":"trial","name":"Bevacizumab Plus mFOLFOXIRI as First-line Treatment for Patients With Unresectable Metastatic Colorectal Cancer","aka":"TRIBE-C","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in colorectal cancer, run by Yanhong Deng, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04230187/","status":"active","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct03635021","kind":"trial","name":"Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of FOLFOX + Panitumumab Followed by FOLFIRI + Bevacizumab (Sequence 1) Versus FOLFOX + Bevacizumab Followed by FOLFIRI + Panitumu","aka":"CR-SEQUENCE","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of panitumumab and bevacizumab (glioblastoma use) in colorectal cancer, run by Spanish Cooperative Group for the Treatment of Digestive Tumours (TTD), active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct03635021/","status":"active","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct03869892","kind":"trial","name":"Phase III Study in First-line Treatment of Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Who Are Not Candidate for Intensive Therapy.","aka":"SOLSTICE","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of capecitabine in colorectal cancer, run by Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct03869892/","status":"active","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct03426904","kind":"trial","name":"Neoadjuvant FOLFOX Chemotherapy for Patients With Locally Advanced Colon Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in colorectal cancer, run by Kyungpook National University Hospital, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct03426904/","status":"active","cancers":"colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct04137107","kind":"trial","name":"Duloxetine to Prevent Oxaliplatin-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients With Stage II-III Colorectal Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial of fOLFOX (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin) in colorectal cancer, run by Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04137107/","status":"active","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct02572141","kind":"trial","name":"FOLFOX or CAPOX Perioperative Chemotherapy Versus Postoperative Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced Colon Cancer (OPTICAL)","aka":"OPTICAL","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in colorectal cancer, run by Sun Yat-sen University, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct02572141/","status":"active","cancers":"colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct02758951","kind":"trial","name":"Perioperative Systemic Therapy for Isolated Resectable Colorectal Peritoneal Metastases","aka":"CAIRO6","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial in colorectal cancer, run by Koen Rovers, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct02758951/","status":"active","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct02813824","kind":"trial","name":"Effect of Chemoprevention by Low-dose Aspirin of New or Recurrent Colorectal Adenomas in Patients With Lynch Syndrome","aka":"AAS-Lynch","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in colorectal cancer, run by Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct02813824/","status":"active","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer msi-high-colorectal"},{"id":"nct02945033","kind":"trial","name":"Study on Aspirin Versus Placebo in Resected Colon Cancer With PI3K Mutation Stage III or II High Risk","aka":"ASPIK French","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in colorectal cancer, run by University Hospital, Rouen, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct02945033/","status":"active","cancers":"colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct02997228","kind":"trial","name":"Testing the Addition of Atezolizumab to Combination Chemotherapy or Atezolizumab Alone for Metastatic Colon or Rectal Cancer, the COMMIT Study","aka":"COMMIT","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of atezolizumab, bevacizumab (glioblastoma use), fluorouracil (5-FU) and fOLFOX (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin) in colorectal cancer, run by National Cancer Institute (NCI), active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct02997228/","status":"active","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer msi-high-colorectal"},{"id":"nct02301286","kind":"trial","name":"A Trial of Aspirin on Recurrence and Survival in Colon Cancer Patients","aka":"ASPIRIN","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of aspirin in colorectal cancer, run by Leiden University, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct02301286/","status":"active","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct03828227","kind":"trial","name":"QoL in mCRC Elderly Patients Receiving First-line Therapy Based on Simplified Geriatric Parameters.","aka":"COLAGE","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of capecitabine and bevacizumab (glioblastoma use) in colorectal cancer, run by GERCOR - Multidisciplinary Oncology Cooperative Group, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct03828227/","status":"active","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct04068103","kind":"trial","name":"Circulating Tumor DNA Testing in Predicting Treatment for Patients With Stage IIA Colon Cancer After Surgery","aka":"COBRA","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial of capecitabine, fluorouracil (5-FU), fOLFOX (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin) and leucovorin (folinic acid) in colorectal cancer, run by NRG Oncology, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04068103/","status":"active","cancers":"colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct01460589","kind":"trial","name":"Early Commencement of Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Colon Cancer","aka":"ECTX","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in colorectal cancer, run by Kyungpook National University Hospital, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct01460589/","status":"active","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct05710406","kind":"trial","name":"Testing the Use of BRAF-Targeted Therapy After Surgery and Usual Chemotherapy for BRAF-Mutated Colon Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial of encorafenib and cetuximab in colorectal cancer, run by Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05710406/","status":"active","cancers":"colon-cancer braf-v600e-colorectal"},{"id":"nct04188145","kind":"trial","name":"A Randomized Phase III Study Comparing Maintenance Treatment With Fluoropyrimidine + Bevacizumab Versus Fluoropyrimidine After Induction Chemotherapy for a Meta","aka":"BEVAMAINT","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of bevacizumab (glioblastoma use) in colorectal cancer, run by Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04188145/","status":"active","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct05171660","kind":"trial","name":"Combination With Sintilimab and XELOX+Bevacizumab as 1st Line Therapy in RAS-mutant Metastatic Colorectal Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of sintilimab, bevacizumab (glioblastoma use), fOLFOX (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin) and capecitabine in colorectal cancer, run by Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05171660/","status":"active","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct03326791","kind":"trial","name":"Aspirin in Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases","aka":"ASAC","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial of aspirin in colorectal cancer, run by Oslo University Hospital, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct03326791/","status":"active","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct03428477","kind":"trial","name":"EPA for Metastasis Trial 2","aka":"EMT2","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in colorectal cancer, run by Mark A Hull, PhD FRCP, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct03428477/","status":"active","cancers":"colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct04428905","kind":"trial","name":"Self-Management Survivorship Care in Stage I-III Non-small Cell Lung Cancer or Colorectal Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in colorectal cancer, run by City of Hope Medical Center, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04428905/","status":"active","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct03464305","kind":"trial","name":"ASPIRIN Trial Belgium","aka":"ASPIRIN","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of aspirin in colorectal cancer, run by University Hospital, Antwerp, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct03464305/","status":"active","cancers":"colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct03413254","kind":"trial","name":"Second and Third Look Laparoscopy in pT4 Colon Cancer Patients for Early Detection of Peritoneal Metastases","aka":"COLOPEC-II","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in colorectal cancer, run by Academisch Medisch Centrum - Universiteit van Amsterdam (AMC-UvA), active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest 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phase 3 trial of eflornithine (DFMO) in colorectal cancer, run by SWOG Cancer Research Network, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct01349881/","status":"active","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct03829462","kind":"trial","name":"Assessing a Regorafenib-irinotecan Combination Versus Regorafenib Alone in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patients","aka":"NEXT-REGIRI","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of regorafenib and fOLFIRI (5-FU, leucovorin, irinotecan) in colorectal cancer, run by Institut du Cancer de Montpellier - Val d'Aurelle, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct03829462/","status":"active","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct07340567","kind":"trial","name":"Personalizing Chemotherapy Selection After Surgery for Patients With Stage III Colorectal Cancer Using a Blood Test","aka":"CIRCULATEIII","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of capecitabine, fOLFOX 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phase 2 trial of irinotecan (and liposomal irinotecan), capecitabine and bevacizumab (glioblastoma use) in colorectal cancer, run by Harbin Medical University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06192680/","status":"planned","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct07585279","kind":"trial","name":"A Clinical Study of Liposomal Irinotecan for Second-Line Therapy in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer","aka":"IRIS-02","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial of irinotecan (and liposomal irinotecan), fluorouracil (5-FU), leucovorin (folinic acid), bevacizumab (glioblastoma use) and other drugs in colorectal cancer, run by Hebei Medical University Fourth Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07585279/","status":"planned","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct07683403","kind":"trial","name":"Savolitinib Plus Cetuximab and FOLFOX Chemotherapy for RAS/BRAF Wild-type Metastatic Colorectal 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yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07677579/","status":"planned","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct02497820","kind":"trial","name":"Finding the Best Dose of Aspirin to Prevent Lynch Syndrome Cancers","aka":"CaPP3 Israel","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of aspirin in colorectal cancer, run by Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct02497820/","status":"planned","cancers":"colon-cancer msi-high-colorectal"},{"id":"nct07714447","kind":"trial","name":"Efficacy and Safety of Tunlametinib Combination Therapy in the Treatment of Second-line and Above Metastatic Colorectal Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in colorectal cancer, run by Sun Yat-sen University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07714447/","status":"planned","cancers":"rectal-cancer 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E. Shaw Research, LLC, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07807800/","status":"planned","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer msi-high-colorectal"},{"id":"nct06391905","kind":"trial","name":"PCSK9 Inhibitors in Combination With Advanced Treatment Strategies for the Treatment of Advanced Colorectal Cancer With pMMR/MSS","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in colorectal cancer, run by Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06391905/","status":"planned","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct07268677","kind":"trial","name":"A Single-arm Clinical Study Evaluating Pirfenidone and Sintilimab in Combination With Standard Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Colorectal Cancer Patients With Peri","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of sintilimab in colorectal cancer, run by Guoxiang Cai, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest 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yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07509398/","status":"planned","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct07321847","kind":"trial","name":"Injection of IP-001 Into Thermally Ablated Hepatic Tumors in Patients With Colorectal Liver Metastases","aka":"INJECTABL-3","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial in colorectal cancer, run by Immunophotonics, Inc., not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07321847/","status":"planned","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct06218888","kind":"trial","name":"A Phase II Clinical Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Tislelizumab Combined With Fruquintinib and Chidamide in the Treatment of Unresectable or Advanced Micro","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of tislelizumab, fruquintinib and tucidinostat (chidamide) in colorectal cancer, run by Fujian Cancer Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest 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Shanghai Henlius Biotech, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07358585/","status":"planned","cancers":"colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct07576725","kind":"trial","name":"Low Dose, Reduced Frequency Nivolumab for the Treatment of Unresectable or Metastatic Cancer, AFFORD IO Trial","aka":"AFFORD IO","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of nivolumab in colorectal cancer, run by Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07576725/","status":"planned","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer msi-high-colorectal"},{"id":"nct07353268","kind":"trial","name":"Phase Ib/II Study of QL1706 + Fruquintinib + SCRT vs. Standard Third-Line Therapy in Unresectable Liver-Metastatic pMMR/MSS Colorectal Cancer: Safety, Tolerabil","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of QL1706 and fruquintinib in colorectal cancer, run by Tao Zhang, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest 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fruquintinib in colorectal cancer, run by Korea University Anam Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07510932/","status":"planned","cancers":"colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct07362836","kind":"trial","name":"Fruquintinib Versus Bevacizumab Plus Chemotherapy in Second-Line RAS-Mutant Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (FRU-RAS)","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of fruquintinib and bevacizumab (glioblastoma use) in colorectal cancer, run by Fudan University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07362836/","status":"planned","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct06999252","kind":"trial","name":"Rimegepant Combined With PD-1 in Liver Metastasis Colorectal Cancer Patients","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in colorectal cancer, run by Fudan University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest 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phase 1/2 trial in colorectal cancer, run by University of Saskatchewan, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04235114/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct07405476","kind":"trial","name":"Zanidatamab Before Surgery for the Treatment of HER2 Positive Colon and Rectal Cancer in Patients Planned for Curative Intent Treatment","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of zanidatamab in colorectal cancer, run by Emory University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07405476/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer her2-amplified-colorectal"},{"id":"nct05168839","kind":"trial","name":"Intraoperative Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Angiography in Colorectal Surgery to Prevent Anastomotic Leakage","aka":"FLUOCOL-1","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in colorectal cancer, run by Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besancon, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest 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location VUmc, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06185556/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct07562503","kind":"trial","name":"Randomized Trial of Plasma ctDNA Methylation-Guided Adjuvant Therapy in T4N0 and Low-Risk Stage III Colorectal Cancer","aka":"CLEAR-03","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of cAPOX (capecitabine, oxaliplatin) in colorectal cancer, run by Fudan University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07562503/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct07537998","kind":"trial","name":"Antegrade Intestinal Fluid Reinfusion for Prevention of Low Anterior Resection Syndrome After Low Anterior Resection: a Single-Center, Prospective Randomized Co","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial in colorectal cancer, run by Pei-Rong Ding, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest 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Using Zebra Fish Avatars","aka":"ZEBRA-COLON","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial in colorectal cancer, run by University Hospital, Linkoeping, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06270017/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct07147231","kind":"trial","name":"Testing the Effectiveness of the Anti-cancer Drug Pidnarulex (CX-5461), in Combination With Another Anti-cancer Drug Cemiplimab (REGN2810), in Treating Refracto","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of cemiplimab in colorectal cancer, run by National Cancer Institute (NCI), now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07147231/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct06226857","kind":"trial","name":"Other Oncogene Mutations for Anti-EGFR Efficacy in Patients With Left-sided RAS-wild Type Metastatic Colorectal Cancer","aka":"CRC01","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of cetuximab in colorectal cancer, run by City Clinical 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capecitabine and bevacizumab (glioblastoma use) in colorectal cancer, run by Gruppo Oncologico del Nord-Ovest, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07407465/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct06441565","kind":"trial","name":"Fruquintinib With or Without HAI-FOLFOX for Refractory Colorectal Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial of fruquintinib, fluorouracil (5-FU) and fOLFOX (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin) in colorectal cancer, run by Sun Yat-sen University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06441565/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct07468630","kind":"trial","name":"Tolecizumab Plus Chemoimmunotherapy for pMMR/MSS Locally Advanced Colon Adenocarcinoma","aka":"TRIUNITE-08","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of sintilimab in colorectal cancer, run by Daping Hospital and the Research Institute of Surgery of the Third Military Medical University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07468630/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct07736495","kind":"trial","name":"Protective Role of Alpha-Lipoic Acid in Chemotherapy-Induced Mucositis","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial in colorectal cancer, run by Ain Shams University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07736495/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct07463599","kind":"trial","name":"Safety and Efficacy of Tegavivint in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial in colorectal cancer, run by HonorHealth Research Institute, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07463599/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct03401294","kind":"trial","name":"Conversion From Unresectable To Resectable Metastatic Colorectal 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cetuximab in colorectal cancer, run by M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07411599/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct06184698","kind":"trial","name":"Liposomal Irinotecan and Leucovorin/5-fluorouracil Plus Bevacizumab in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer","aka":"IRIS","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of irinotecan (and liposomal irinotecan), fluorouracil (5-FU), leucovorin (folinic acid) and bevacizumab (glioblastoma use) in colorectal cancer, run by Hebei Medical University Fourth Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06184698/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct03874026","kind":"trial","name":"Study of Folfiri/Cetuximab in FcGammaRIIIa V/V Stage IV Colorectal Cancer Patients","aka":"CIFRA","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in colorectal cancer, run by National Cancer Institute, Naples, now 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and cobimetinib in colorectal cancer, run by Cancer Research UK, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05768178/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct06709885","kind":"trial","name":"HDAC Inhibitor Combination With Chemoimmunotherapy in the Neoadjuvant Treatment of pMMR Locally Advanced Colon Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of tucidinostat (chidamide), tislelizumab and cAPOX (capecitabine, oxaliplatin) in colorectal cancer, run by Daping Hospital and the Research Institute of Surgery of the Third Military Medical University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06709885/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct06168786","kind":"trial","name":"Cadonilimab Combined With Fruquintinib and SBRT as Athird-line and Posterior Line Treatment in Patients With MSS CRC","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of fruquintinib and cadonilimab in colorectal cancer, run by Huazhong University of Science and Technology, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06168786/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct05868226","kind":"trial","name":"PRE-ISPY Phase I/II Oncology Platform Program","aka":"PRE-ISPY","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of evorpacept, zanidatamab and tucatinib in colorectal cancer, run by QuantumLeap Healthcare Collaborative, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05868226/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer her2-amplified-colorectal"},{"id":"nct06243393","kind":"trial","name":"Sacituzumab Govitecan in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer","aka":"TROPHIT1","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial of sacituzumab govitecan in colorectal cancer, run by University Hospital Heidelberg, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06243393/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer 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colorectal cancer, run by Fudan University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06856187/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct06887218","kind":"trial","name":"5-Fluorouracil/Leucovorin (5FU/LV) in Combination With Regorafenib in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of regorafenib, fluorouracil (5-FU), leucovorin (folinic acid), bevacizumab (glioblastoma use) and other drugs in colorectal cancer, run by The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06887218/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct05462236","kind":"trial","name":"MNK Inhibitor AUM001 in Combination With Either Pembrolizumab or Irinotecan to Treat Metastatic Colorectal Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of pembrolizumab and fOLFIRI (5-FU, leucovorin, irinotecan) in colorectal cancer, run by AUM Biosciences Pte Ltd, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05462236/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct06680739","kind":"trial","name":"Single cEll pRofiling PErsistaNce To ImmuNothErapy","aka":"SERPENTINE","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of durvalumab and tremelimumab in colorectal cancer, run by Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06680739/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer msi-high-colorectal"},{"id":"nct06714357","kind":"trial","name":"ValproIc Acid to Potentiate Anti-EGFR Treatment Efficacy and Prevent/Revert Resistance in Colorectal Cancer","aka":"VICTORIA","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of fOLFIRI (5-FU, leucovorin, irinotecan) and panitumumab in colorectal cancer, run by National Cancer Institute, Naples, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest 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Preservation Versus Surgery for Rectal Cancer.","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial in colorectal cancer, run by National Cancer Center Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06758830/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer"},{"id":"nct05797077","kind":"trial","name":"Postoperation Maintenance Therapy for Resectable Liver Metastases of Colorectal Cancer Guided by ctDNA","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of capecitabine in colorectal cancer, run by Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05797077/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct06425133","kind":"trial","name":"Regorafenib in Combination With Multimodal Metronomic Chemotherapy for Chemo-resistant Metastatic Colorectal Cancers","aka":"CARE","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of regorafenib in colorectal cancer, run by Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besancon, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06425133/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer msi-high-colorectal braf-v600e-colorectal"},{"id":"nct06321081","kind":"trial","name":"ICE Study: Combination of Irinotecan Plus Cetuximab and Envafolimab as a Rechallenge Regimen in mCRC","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in colorectal cancer, run by Beijing Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06321081/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct04689347","kind":"trial","name":"5FU/LV, Irinotecan, Temozolomide and Bevacizumab for MGMT Silenced, Microsatellite Stable Metastatic Colorectal Cancer.","aka":"FLIRT","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of bevacizumab (glioblastoma use), fOLFIRI (5-FU, leucovorin, irinotecan), fOLFOX (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin) and temozolomide in colorectal cancer, run by Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04689347/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct06949111","kind":"trial","name":"Radiotherapy + Systemic Therapy as Conversion Therapy for pMMR/MSS T4M0 Colon Cancer（Neo-Color）","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of cAPOX (capecitabine, oxaliplatin) and capecitabine in colorectal cancer, run by Hebei Medical University Fourth Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06949111/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct06307548","kind":"trial","name":"Fluorescence Image Guided Surgery Followed by Intraoperative Photodynamic Therapy for Improving Local Tumor Control in Patients With Locally Advanced or Recurre","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial in colorectal cancer, run by Roswell Park Cancer Institute, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest 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Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07653685/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer her2-amplified-colorectal"},{"id":"nct07447050","kind":"trial","name":"Riluzole For Preventing Cognitive Dysfunction in Ca Pts Receiving Chemo (REFOCUS): Pilot Trial","aka":"REFOCUS","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in colorectal cancer, run by University of California, Irvine, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07447050/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct06580574","kind":"trial","name":"Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Organ Preservation in Non-metastatic dMMR/MSI-H Gastric or Colon Cancers","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in colorectal cancer, run by Peking University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06580574/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"colon-cancer 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colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06558773/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct07272772","kind":"trial","name":"Colon Cancer Diagnosis With FAPI-PET Imaging","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial in colorectal cancer, run by Turku University Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07272772/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct06563986","kind":"trial","name":"FTD-TPI, Bevacizumab, and Radioembolization With 166Ho-microspheres in Refractory Metastatic Colorectal Cancer","aka":"STARLIGHT","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of bevacizumab (glioblastoma use) in colorectal cancer, run by UMC Utrecht, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06563986/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct05673148","kind":"trial","name":"Testing the Addition of Total Ablative Therapy to Usual Systemic Therapy Treatment for Limited 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in colorectal cancer, run by Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05985109/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct07213570","kind":"trial","name":"STREAM-2: Second-line Treatment With REgorafenib in Advanced RAS-Mutant Colorectal Cancer","aka":"STREAM-2","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of regorafenib in colorectal cancer, run by National Cancer Institute, Naples, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07213570/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct07381764","kind":"trial","name":"ROMANCE: \"Irinotecan Plus Cetuximab Rechallenge Versus Trifluridine/Tipiracil Plus Bevacizumab in Molecularly Selected Metastatic Colorectal Cancer\"","aka":"ROMANCE - GOIM","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of cetuximab, bevacizumab (glioblastoma use), fOLFIRI (5-FU, leucovorin, irinotecan) and trifluridine/tipiracil in colorectal cancer, run by Gruppo Oncologico Italia Meridionale, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07381764/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct05194878","kind":"trial","name":"Neoadjuvant FOLFOXIRI Versus Immediate Surgery for Stage II and III Colon Cancers","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in colorectal cancer, run by Sun Yat-sen University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05194878/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct05954078","kind":"trial","name":"Circulating Tumor DNA Methylation Guided Postoperative Adjuvant Chemotherapy for High-risk Stage II/III Colorectal Cancer","aka":"FINE","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in colorectal cancer, run by Fudan University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05954078/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer 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now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05179889/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct06991465","kind":"trial","name":"Organ Preservation in Rectal AdenoCa Using Hypofractionated Pelvic RT(Hypo-OPRA)","aka":"Hypo-OPRA","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of capecitabine in colorectal cancer, run by Neil Kopek, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06991465/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer"},{"id":"nct05962502","kind":"trial","name":"Cetuximab Plus Irinotecan in Patients With NeoRAS Wild-type Metastatic Colorectal Cancer In Third-line Therapy","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of cetuximab and fOLFIRI (5-FU, leucovorin, irinotecan) in colorectal cancer, run by Sun Yat-sen University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05962502/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer 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CRLM","aka":"INJECTABL-II","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial in colorectal cancer, run by M.R. Meijerink, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06630624/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct06640166","kind":"trial","name":"Encorafenib + Cetuximab Beyond Progression in Combination With FOLFIRI in Patients With BRAF V600E Mutated Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Progressing on Encorafen","aka":"ECLYPse","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in colorectal cancer, run by Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06640166/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"colon-cancer braf-v600e-colorectal"},{"id":"nct07257653","kind":"trial","name":"The Safety and Efficacy of Cetuximab Beta Plus Fruquintinib With or Without Immune Checkpoint Inhibitorrs in First-line Treatment of RAS/BRAF Wild Type Unresect","aka":"concept","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in colorectal cancer, run by Zhejiang University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07257653/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct05296681","kind":"trial","name":"Microbiotic Product to Promote Microbiome Health and Improve Chemotherapy Delivery","aka":"NBT-NM108","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in colorectal cancer, run by Howard S. 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Claus Rödel, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04246684/","status":"active","cancers":"rectal-cancer"},{"id":"nct00569127","kind":"trial","name":"Octreotide Acetate and Recombinant Interferon Alfa-2b or Bevacizumab in Treating Patients With Metastatic or Locally Advanced, High-Risk Neuroendocrine Tumor","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of bevacizumab (glioblastoma use) in colorectal cancer, run by National Cancer Institute (NCI), active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct00569127/","status":"active","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct02843191","kind":"trial","name":"Consolidation Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced Mid or Low Rectal Cancer After Neoadjuvant Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy","aka":"KONCLUDE","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in colorectal cancer, run by Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest 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sintilimab, bevacizumab and decitabine in colorectal cancer, run by Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07007767/","status":"planned","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct07504198","kind":"trial","name":"Neuroprotection of Memantine and Rosuvastatin","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial of memantine in colorectal cancer, run by Tanta University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07504198/","status":"planned","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct07116577","kind":"trial","name":"Radiotherapy Combined QL1706, TAS-102 and Bevacizumab in mCRC","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of iparomlimab and tuvonralimab, trifluridine/tipiracil and bevacizumab (glioblastoma use) in colorectal cancer, run by Jinan Central Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest 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yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07737600/","status":"planned","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct07483684","kind":"trial","name":"A Clinical Study to Evaluate Injection TQB2102 for the Treatment of Patients With HER2 IHC3+ Advanced Colorectal Cancer Who Progressed After Treatment With Oxal","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in colorectal cancer, run by Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Nanjing Shunxin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07483684/","status":"planned","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer her2-amplified-colorectal"},{"id":"nct05969847","kind":"trial","name":"Organ Preservation Following Enverolimab-based Total Neoadjuvant Therapy for Locally Advanced Very Low Rectal Cancer","aka":"TRACE-LE","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of cAPOX (capecitabine, oxaliplatin) and envafolimab in colorectal cancer, run by 池畔, not yet 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phase 2 trial of tislelizumab, capecitabine and fOLFOX (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin) in colorectal cancer, run by Fudan University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06390982/","status":"planned","cancers":"rectal-cancer"},{"id":"nct07397442","kind":"trial","name":"Short-Course Radiotherapy Combined With Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy in Mid-Low Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in colorectal cancer, run by Beijing Friendship Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07397442/","status":"planned","cancers":"rectal-cancer"},{"id":"nct07516210","kind":"trial","name":"Adaptive Radiotherapy for Safe Hypofractionation","aka":"ART-Hypo","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in colorectal cancer, run by Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest 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de l'Île de Montréal, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05913674/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct07528209","kind":"trial","name":"Neoadjuvant CAPOX With or Without Pucotenlimab Plus Selective Radiotherapy for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of cAPOX (capecitabine, oxaliplatin) in colorectal cancer, run by Sun Yat-sen University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07528209/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer"},{"id":"nct06154538","kind":"trial","name":"Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors + Chemotherapy Versus Chemotherapy in the Neoadjuvant Treatment of Locally Advanced Colorectal Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in colorectal cancer, run by Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest 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phase 2 trial of iparomlimab and tuvonralimab, bevacizumab (glioblastoma use), fluorouracil (5-FU) and fOLFIRI (5-FU, leucovorin, irinotecan) in colorectal cancer, run by Sun Yat-sen University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07150247/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer braf-v600e-colorectal"},{"id":"nct07558083","kind":"trial","name":"FOLICOLOR TRIAL: Following Therapy Response Through Liquid Biopsy in Metatstatic Colorectal Cancer Patients","aka":"FOLICOLOR","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in colorectal cancer, run by University Hospital, Antwerp, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07558083/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct05752136","kind":"trial","name":"Preoperative Short-course Radiation Followed by Envafolimab Plus CAPEOX for MSS Locally Advanced Rectal Adenocarcinoma","aka":"PRECAM-R","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of envafolimab in 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phase 2 trial of tislelizumab and capecitabine in colorectal cancer, run by Yanhong Deng, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05360277/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct07292298","kind":"trial","name":"Phase 2 Single-Arm Rectal Cancer Brachytherapy for Patients With Low-Lying Residual Adenocarcinoma After Total Neoadjuvant Therapy to Improve Organ Preservation","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in colorectal cancer, run by University of Colorado, Denver, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07292298/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer"},{"id":"nct03671252","kind":"trial","name":"Prospectively Randomized Control Clinical Trial of FOLFOXIRI Preoperative Chemotherapy Alone on Rectal Cancer in Local Advance Comparing to Oral Capecitabine Co","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of FOLFOXIRI and cAPOX (capecitabine, oxaliplatin) in colorectal cancer, run by 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capecitabine, fOLFOX (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin), bevacizumab (glioblastoma use) and tislelizumab in colorectal cancer, run by Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06881537/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer colon-cancer"},{"id":"nct06569368","kind":"trial","name":"Trial Utilizing Metronidazole to Optimize the Microbiome of Rectal Adenocarcinoma Undergoing Neoadjuvant Therapy","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in colorectal cancer, run by M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06569368/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer"},{"id":"nct06850090","kind":"trial","name":"Neoadjuvant Radiotherapy for Rectal Adenocarcinoma With Capecitabine Versus TAS-102 (Neo-REACT): A Multi-center, Randomized, Phase III Trial","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of trifluridine/tipiracil and capecitabine in colorectal cancer, run by Shandong 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colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06462053/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer"},{"id":"nct06864013","kind":"trial","name":"SCRT Combined With Chemotherapy and Iparomlimab and Tuvonralimab in MSS or pMMR Patients With Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in colorectal cancer, run by First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06864013/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer"},{"id":"nct07297004","kind":"trial","name":"Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Unresectable Locally Recurrent Rectal Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in colorectal cancer, run by Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07297004/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer"},{"id":"nct06281405","kind":"trial","name":"CAPOX and PD-1 Antibody Combined With or Without Radiotherapy for MSS Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer","aka":"TORCH-iTNT","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of capecitabine and fOLFOX (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin) in colorectal cancer, run by Fudan University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06281405/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer"},{"id":"nct07686640","kind":"trial","name":"Short-Course Radiotherapy Followed by CAPOX With or Without Iparomlimab and Tuvonralimab in pMMR/MSS Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer","aka":"SCRIT","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in colorectal cancer, run by Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07686640/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer"},{"id":"nct07527026","kind":"trial","name":"A Single-arm Phase II Clinical Study of Camrelizumab Combined With Long-course Chemoradiotherapy for Total Neoadjuvant Therapy in Locally Advanced Low pMMR/MSS","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of camrelizumab in colorectal cancer, run by Chinese PLA General Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07527026/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer"},{"id":"nct06787183","kind":"trial","name":"SCRT(Short Course Radiotherapy) Combined With CAPOX Plus QL1706 for Rectal Cancer Liver Metastases","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of capecitabine, fOLFOX (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin) and QL1706 in colorectal cancer, run by Fujian Cancer Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06787183/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer"},{"id":"nct07674732","kind":"trial","name":"Nodal-Region Sparing Short-Course RT With Chemo-PD-1/Bevacizumab vs. Short-Course RT With Chemotherapy as TNT in pMMR/MSS Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer","aka":"SPARK II","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of bevacizumab (glioblastoma use) in colorectal cancer, run by Dechang Diao, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest colorectal-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07674732/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer"},{"id":"colorectal-micropapillary-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Micropapillary adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum","aka":"Micropapillary adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum (small tumour nests with reversed polarity; heavy lymphatic and vascular invasion)\nColorectal micropapillary carcinoma\nMicropapillary colorectal cancer\nColorectal carcinoma with micropapillary pattern","tldr":"Micropapillary adenocarcinoma is bowel cancer in which some of the tumour grows as tiny clusters of cells floating in empty spaces, with the cells turned inside out so the surface that normally faces the bowel faces outwards instead. It is a pattern that goes with heavier invasion of lymph and blood vessels and more involved lymph nodes, and it is graded and treated like ordinary bowel cancer.","tags":"gi colorectal subtype-page","route":"/cancers/colorectal-micropapillary-carcinoma/","parent":"colorectal"},{"id":"colorectal-adenoma-like-adenocarcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Adenoma-like adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum","aka":"Adenoma-like adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum (invasive cancer that looks like an adenoma on biopsy; better outlook)\nAdenoma-like colorectal adenocarcinoma\nVillous adenoma-like adenocarcinoma\nInvasive papillary adenocarcinoma of the colon","tldr":"Adenoma-like adenocarcinoma is a form of bowel cancer whose invasive part still looks like a harmless polyp under the microscope, which is why it is often reported as an adenoma on biopsy and only recognised once the bowel is removed. Despite frequently growing deep into the bowel wall, it spreads to lymph nodes less often than ordinary bowel cancer and does better.","tags":"gi colorectal subtype-page","route":"/cancers/colorectal-adenoma-like-adenocarcinoma/","parent":"colorectal"},{"id":"lynch-associated-colorectal-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Lynch syndrome-associated colorectal cancer","aka":"Lynch syndrome-associated colorectal cancer (inherited mismatch repair variant; about 1 to 4 percent of colon cancers)\nLynch syndrome (hereditary dMMR, ~3%)\nHereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer\nHNPCC\nLynch syndrome bowel cancer\nMismatch repair germline colorectal cancer","tldr":"Lynch syndrome-associated bowel cancer is bowel cancer in someone born with a fault in one of the genes that proofread DNA copying errors. The tumours tend to arise younger and on the right side, they carry the mismatch repair defect that makes immunotherapy work, and the diagnosis changes the care of the whole family as well as the care of the patient.","tags":"gi colorectal subtype-page","route":"/cancers/lynch-associated-colorectal-cancer/","parent":"colorectal"},{"id":"fap-associated-colorectal-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Familial adenomatous polyposis-associated colorectal cancer","aka":"Familial adenomatous polyposis-associated colorectal cancer (inherited APC variant; fewer than 1 percent of bowel cancers)\nFAP colorectal cancer\nPolyposis coli\nAdenomatous polyposis coli bowel cancer\nAttenuated familial adenomatous polyposis","tldr":"In familial adenomatous polyposis a person inherits a fault in the APC gene and grows hundreds or thousands of polyps in the large bowel from their teens. Left alone, almost all of them become cancer by about 40, so the bowel is watched from childhood and usually removed before that happens; the cancers that do occur are treated like ordinary bowel cancer.","tags":"gi colorectal subtype-page","route":"/cancers/fap-associated-colorectal-cancer/","parent":"colorectal"},{"id":"adenoma-carcinoma-sequence","kind":"term","name":"Adenoma-carcinoma sequence","aka":"adenoma to carcinoma sequence\nVogelstein model\nchromosomal instability pathway\nconventional pathway\nAPC-KRAS-TP53 sequence","tldr":"The adenoma-carcinoma sequence is the step-by-step route by which a normal bowel lining becomes a polyp and the polyp becomes a cancer, as genetic faults pile up over years. It is why removing polyps prevents cancer, and it was the first human cancer to be mapped this way.","tags":"gi colorectal","route":"/terms/adenoma-carcinoma-sequence/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer rectal-cancer fap-associated-colorectal-cancer colorectal-adenoma-like-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"serrated-pathway","kind":"term","name":"Serrated pathway","aka":"serrated neoplasia pathway\nsessile serrated lesion pathway\nserrated polyp pathway\nCpG island methylator phenotype pathway","tldr":"The serrated pathway is the second route to bowel cancer, running not through the familiar mushroom-shaped polyp but through flat, pale, saw-toothed lesions that are easy to miss at colonoscopy and rarely bleed. It accounts for about three in ten bowel cancers and for most of the ones whose DNA proofreading has broken down by accident rather than by inheritance.","tags":"gi colorectal","route":"/terms/serrated-pathway/","cancers":"colorectal colorectal-serrated-adenocarcinoma msi-high-colorectal braf-v600e-colorectal colon-cancer"},{"id":"colorectal-polyp-types","kind":"term","name":"Polyp types in the bowel","aka":"bowel polyp types\ncolorectal polyps\nadenoma\nsessile serrated lesion\nsessile serrated polyp\nsessile serrated adenoma\nhyperplastic polyp\ntraditional serrated adenoma\nadvanced adenoma\nadvanced colorectal polyp","tldr":"A polyp is a growth on the lining of the bowel. Most are harmless, but two families can turn into cancer: adenomas, the classic route, and serrated lesions, the flatter and easier-to-miss route. Which kind you had, how many, how big and whether the cells looked abnormal decide when you are asked back.","tags":"gi colorectal","route":"/terms/colorectal-polyp-types/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer rectal-cancer fap-associated-colorectal-cancer"},{"id":"bowel-cancer-screening-uk","kind":"term","name":"NHS bowel cancer screening programme","aka":"NHS bowel screening\nbowel cancer screening programme\nBCSP\nbowel screening kit\nFIT kit\nhome test kit for bowel cancer","tldr":"The NHS posts a home test for hidden blood in the poo to everyone aged 50 to 74 in England every two years. Most people are told no further tests are needed; if blood is found they are offered a colonoscopy. It is the only NHS cancer screening programme that can prevent the cancer as well as find it early, because the colonoscopy removes the polyps.","tags":"gi colorectal","route":"/terms/bowel-cancer-screening-uk/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer rectal-cancer"},{"id":"colonoscopy-surveillance-intervals","kind":"term","name":"Surveillance intervals after polypectomy","aka":"post-polypectomy surveillance\nsurveillance colonoscopy interval\nwhen is my next colonoscopy\npost-colorectal cancer resection surveillance","tldr":"After polyps are removed, the date of your next colonoscopy is set by what was found, not by habit. In the UK, most people go back to routine screening; only those with several premalignant polyps or one advanced one are brought back at three years, and people who have had bowel cancer removed have a clearance test at one year.","tags":"gi colorectal","route":"/terms/colonoscopy-surveillance-intervals/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer rectal-cancer lynch-associated-colorectal-cancer fap-associated-colorectal-cancer"},{"id":"watch-and-wait-rectal-cancer","kind":"term","name":"Watch and wait after chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer","aka":"watch and wait rectal cancer\nnon-operative management of rectal cancer\ndeferral of surgery\norgan preservation rectal cancer\nwatch-and-wait\nwatch and wait","tldr":"In some people the rectal tumour disappears completely after chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Watch and wait means keeping the rectum and checking it closely instead of removing it, and operating only if the tumour comes back. About a quarter of regrowths happen, almost all within two years, and almost all can still be operated on.","tags":"gi colorectal","route":"/terms/watch-and-wait-rectal-cancer/","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer msi-high-colorectal"},{"id":"circumferential-resection-margin","kind":"term","name":"Circumferential resection margin (rectal cancer)","aka":"CRM\ncircumferential margin\nradial resection margin\nlateral resection margin\nmesorectal fascia\nthreatened margin","tldr":"The circumferential resection margin is the side surface of the removed rectum, the plane the surgeon cut along. If cancer cells lie within a millimetre of it, the cancer is much more likely to come back in the pelvis. It is measured on the scan before surgery and on the specimen afterwards, and it is the single reading that most shapes rectal cancer treatment.","tags":"gi colorectal","route":"/terms/circumferential-resection-margin/","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer colon-cancer colorectal-micropapillary-carcinoma"},{"id":"obstructing-colorectal-cancer","kind":"term","name":"Obstruction and T4 disease in bowel cancer","aka":"bowel obstruction from cancer\nobstructing colorectal cancer\nlarge bowel obstruction\ncolonic stent\nbridge to surgery\nT4 colon cancer\nlocally advanced colon cancer","tldr":"Sometimes a bowel cancer is found only when it blocks the bowel or has grown through its outer wall into the peritoneum or a neighbouring organ. Both change the plan: a blockage may be relieved with a stent so that surgery can be done calmly a few weeks later, and a tumour that has grown outside the bowel may be given chemotherapy first.","tags":"gi colorectal","route":"/terms/obstructing-colorectal-cancer/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer rectal-cancer"},{"id":"liver-limited-metastatic-colorectal","kind":"term","name":"Liver-limited metastatic bowel cancer","aka":"colorectal liver metastases\nliver-only metastatic colorectal cancer\noligometastatic colorectal cancer\nresectable liver metastases\nmetastasectomy","tldr":"Bowel cancer that has spread only to the liver, and sometimes only to the lung, is one of the few forms of secondary cancer treated with the aim of cure. If the deposits can be removed or destroyed, with chemotherapy before and after, a substantial minority of people are alive five years later.","tags":"gi colorectal","route":"/terms/liver-limited-metastatic-colorectal/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer rectal-cancer"},{"id":"conversion-therapy-colorectal","kind":"term","name":"Conversion therapy in bowel cancer","aka":"conversion chemotherapy\ndownsizing chemotherapy\nsecondary resectability\nconversion to resectable\ndownstaging for liver resection","tldr":"Conversion therapy means giving drugs to shrink secondary tumours that cannot be operated on at first, in the hope that they become small enough to remove. It is a different goal from simply controlling the disease: the treatment is chosen for how hard it shrinks the tumour, and the scans are reviewed by a surgeon every couple of months.","tags":"gi colorectal","route":"/terms/conversion-therapy-colorectal/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer rectal-cancer"},{"id":"colorectal-peritoneal-metastases","kind":"term","name":"Peritoneal metastases from bowel cancer","aka":"colorectal peritoneal metastases\nperitoneal disease in bowel cancer\ncytoreductive surgery and HIPEC for colorectal cancer\nperitoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal origin","tldr":"Bowel cancer can seed the lining of the abdomen rather than travel to the liver or lungs. Where the deposits are confined to that lining and can all be removed, specialist centres offer an operation to strip them out. Adding heated chemotherapy into the abdomen at the end of that operation was tested in a randomised trial and did not help.","tags":"gi colorectal","route":"/terms/colorectal-peritoneal-metastases/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer rectal-cancer appendiceal-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"adenoma-detection-rate","kind":"term","name":"Adenoma detection rate","aka":"ADR\nadenoma detection\ncolonoscopy quality indicator\ndetection rate","tldr":"The adenoma detection rate is the share of screening colonoscopies in which an endoscopist finds at least one adenoma. It is the best single measure of how good a colonoscopy service is, because the patients of endoscopists who find more polyps go on to get fewer cancers and to die of them less often.","tags":"gi colorectal","route":"/terms/adenoma-detection-rate/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer rectal-cancer"},{"id":"interval-cancer","kind":"term","name":"Interval cancer","aka":"post-colonoscopy colorectal cancer\nPCCRC\ninterval colorectal cancer\nscreen-interval cancer\nmissed cancer","tldr":"An interval cancer is one diagnosed after a screening test or a colonoscopy that found nothing, and before the next test was due. Every screening programme has them. Counting them honestly is how a programme finds out what it is missing, and in the bowel most of them come from lesions that were there and were not seen.","tags":"gi colorectal","route":"/terms/interval-cancer/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer rectal-cancer"},{"id":"screening-uptake","kind":"term","name":"Screening uptake","aka":"screening participation\nuptake of bowel screening\nparticipation rate\nscreening coverage\nnon-responders","tldr":"Uptake is the share of people invited to screening who actually take the test. It decides how much good a programme does, because a test nobody returns prevents nothing, and it is lower in more deprived areas, which turns a programme meant to close a gap in outcomes into one that can widen it.","tags":"gi colorectal","route":"/terms/screening-uptake/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer rectal-cancer"},{"id":"faecal-occult-blood-test","kind":"term","name":"Faecal occult blood test (guaiac)","aka":"FOBT\ngFOBT\nguaiac faecal occult blood test\nHaemoccult\nhidden blood test\nfaecal occult blood screening","tldr":"The guaiac faecal occult blood test was the first stool test used for bowel screening: six smears from three separate stools, read by a colour change when blood is present. It is the test that proved in randomised trials that bowel screening saves lives, and England replaced it with the more accurate and easier faecal immunochemical test in 2019.","tags":"gi colorectal","route":"/terms/faecal-occult-blood-test/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer rectal-cancer"},{"id":"cytoreductive-surgery","kind":"term","name":"Cytoreductive surgery","aka":"CRS\nperitonectomy\ndebulking surgery\ncomplete cytoreduction\ncompleteness of cytoreduction score","tldr":"Cytoreductive surgery is an operation that strips every visible tumour deposit from the lining of the abdomen and from the organs it coats, often taking many hours. In bowel cancer that has spread only to that lining, it is the part of treatment that does the work: the heated chemotherapy added at the end of it was tested in a randomised trial and made no difference.","tags":"gi colorectal","route":"/terms/cytoreductive-surgery/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer rectal-cancer appendiceal-adenocarcinoma peritoneal-mesothelioma"},{"id":"peritoneal-carcinomatosis-index","kind":"term","name":"Peritoneal cancer index","aka":"PCI\nperitoneal carcinomatosis index\nSugarbaker score\nperitoneal cancer index score","tldr":"The peritoneal cancer index is the score a surgeon gives the abdomen at operation, region by region, for how much tumour is on its lining. It decides whether stripping the disease out is worth attempting, and it is the number quoted when a specialist centre says a person is or is not a candidate.","tags":"gi colorectal","route":"/terms/peritoneal-carcinomatosis-index/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer rectal-cancer appendiceal-adenocarcinoma peritoneal-mesothelioma"},{"id":"colibactin","kind":"term","name":"Colibactin","aka":"pks island\npks+ E. coli\npolyketide synthase island\nSBS88\nID18\ncolibactin signature","tldr":"Colibactin is a DNA-damaging chemical made by some strains of gut bacteria. It leaves a recognisable pattern of mutations in bowel cancers, that pattern is commoner in people diagnosed young, and it is the strongest current lead on why bowel cancer is rising in the under-50s.","tags":"gi colorectal","route":"/terms/colibactin/","cancers":"colorectal early-onset-colorectal colon-cancer rectal-cancer"},{"id":"extended-ras-testing","kind":"term","name":"Extended RAS testing","aka":"RAS wild-type\nextended RAS\nKRAS and NRAS exons 2, 3 and 4\nall-RAS testing\nRAS mutation testing","tldr":"Extended RAS testing looks for mutations across KRAS and NRAS, not just the one spot that was tested first. It decides who can have an EGFR antibody: the drugs work only when every one of those spots is normal, and testing the wider set moved about one patient in six out of the group offered them.","tags":"gi colorectal","route":"/terms/extended-ras-testing/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer rectal-cancer kras-g12c-colorectal braf-v600e-colorectal"},{"id":"anti-egfr-rechallenge","kind":"term","name":"Anti-EGFR rechallenge","aka":"EGFR rechallenge\ncetuximab rechallenge\npanitumumab rechallenge\nchemotherapy-free interval\nliquid biopsy-guided rechallenge","tldr":"When an EGFR antibody stops working, the resistant cells that caused it fade away once the drug is withdrawn. Rechallenge means giving the same class of drug again later, after a blood test has confirmed those resistant clones have receded, and in small trials about a fifth to a third of patients respond a second time.","tags":"gi colorectal","route":"/terms/anti-egfr-rechallenge/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer rectal-cancer"},{"id":"cimp","kind":"term","name":"CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)","aka":"CIMP\nCpG island methylator phenotype\nCIMP-high\nCIMP-low\nhypermethylated colorectal cancer","tldr":"Some bowel cancers switch off large numbers of genes at once by chemically tagging their control regions rather than by mutating them. That state travels with BRAF mutation, with the serrated route to cancer and with the accidental loss of DNA proofreading, and it is how most bowel cancers with unstable microsatellites arise without an inherited fault.","tags":"gi colorectal","route":"/terms/cimp/","cancers":"colorectal msi-high-colorectal braf-v600e-colorectal colorectal-serrated-adenocarcinoma colon-cancer"},{"id":"immunoscore","kind":"term","name":"Immunoscore","aka":"consensus Immunoscore\nimmune score\nCD3 and CD8 density score\nTNM-Immune classification","tldr":"The Immunoscore counts the immune cells inside a bowel tumour and at its invading edge and turns the density into a single score. People with a high score relapse far less often than people with a low one, whatever their stage, and the score adds information the stage does not.","tags":"gi colorectal","route":"/terms/immunoscore/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer rectal-cancer msi-high-colorectal"},{"id":"heracles-criteria","kind":"term","name":"HERACLES criteria (HER2 in bowel cancer)","aka":"HERACLES diagnostic criteria\nHER2 scoring in colorectal cancer\ncolorectal HER2 criteria\nERBB2 positivity colorectal","tldr":"Bowel cancer needed its own rule for calling a tumour HER2-positive, because the rules written for breast and stomach cancer did not transfer. The HERACLES criteria are that rule: intense membrane staining in more than half the cells, confirmed by gene amplification, which finds about one in twenty RAS wild-type bowel cancers.","tags":"gi colorectal","route":"/terms/heracles-criteria/","cancers":"colorectal her2-amplified-colorectal colon-cancer rectal-cancer"},{"id":"rspo-fusion","kind":"term","name":"R-spondin fusion","aka":"RSPO fusion\nRSPO2 fusion\nRSPO3 fusion\nPTPRK-RSPO3\nEIF3E-RSPO2\nR-spondin gene fusion","tldr":"R-spondin fusions are rearrangements that make a bowel tumour overproduce a protein which turns the Wnt growth pathway up from outside the cell. They occur in about one colon tumour in ten and almost never alongside the usual APC fault, so they look like an alternative way into the same pathway.","tags":"gi colorectal","route":"/terms/rspo-fusion/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer rectal-cancer"},{"id":"low-anterior-resection-syndrome","kind":"term","name":"Low anterior resection syndrome (LARS)","aka":"LARS\nLARS score\nbowel dysfunction after rectal surgery\nanterior resection syndrome","tldr":"The group of bowel problems that can follow sphincter-preserving surgery for rectal cancer: going more often, urgency with or without leaking, feeling the bowel is not empty, passing small amounts little and often, and not being able to tell wind from stool. NICE asks teams to warn people before surgery, to measure it with the LARS score and to treat it in primary care.","tags":"gi colorectal","route":"/terms/low-anterior-resection-syndrome/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"living-with-a-stoma-bowel-cancer","kind":"term","name":"Living with a stoma after bowel cancer surgery","aka":"stoma care\ncolostomy care\nileostomy care\nstoma bag\nstoma reversal\nparastomal hernia","tldr":"A colostomy or ileostomy after bowel cancer surgery may be temporary, to let a join heal, or permanent. Recovery takes about eight weeks, bags come as one-piece or two-piece and drainable or closed, permanent colostomy supplies are free on prescription, and the emergencies to know are a blockage (nothing coming out, cramps, sickness, swelling), heavy bleeding, dehydration and signs of infection.","tags":"gi colorectal","route":"/terms/living-with-a-stoma-bowel-cancer/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"chemotherapy-side-effects-colorectal","kind":"term","name":"Living with FOLFOX, CAPOX, FOLFIRI and the EGFR antibodies","aka":"FOLFOX side effects\nCAPOX side effects\noxaliplatin cold sensitivity\nirinotecan diarrhoea\ncetuximab rash\nDPD test","tldr":"The bowel cancer regimens share low blood counts, tiredness, sickness and a sore mouth. Oxaliplatin adds cold-triggered tingling, irinotecan adds early and late diarrhoea, capecitabine adds hand-foot syndrome and needs a DPD test first, and cetuximab or panitumumab add an acne-like rash and low magnesium. The rule for all of them: ring the 24-hour number rather than wait.","tags":"gi colorectal","route":"/terms/chemotherapy-side-effects-colorectal/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"urgent-help-bowel-cancer","kind":"term","name":"When to seek urgent help with bowel cancer (NHS 111 and 999)","aka":"bowel obstruction\nbowel perforation\nstoma blockage\nrectal bleeding emergency","tldr":"Call 999 for signs of sepsis, non-stop bleeding from the bottom or large blood clots, or sudden severe tummy pain with green vomit. Ring the hospital's 24-hour line at once for a temperature outside your team's range, shivering, diarrhoea that has not settled within 24 hours, or a stoma that has stopped working. Use 111 for black or dark red poo and bloody diarrhoea.","tags":"gi colorectal","route":"/terms/urgent-help-bowel-cancer/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"lynch-syndrome-testing-uk","kind":"term","name":"Lynch syndrome testing after bowel cancer, and what it means for the family","aka":"cascade testing\nmismatch repair testing\nMLH1 methylation\nLynch surveillance","tldr":"Every bowel cancer should be tested for mismatch repair loss, and where it is found, for whether that loss is inherited. A Lynch syndrome result changes your treatment options, gives each of your children and siblings a one in two chance of carrying it, and puts you into regular colonoscopy; NICE also says to consider daily aspirin for more than two years.","tags":"gi colorectal","route":"/terms/lynch-syndrome-testing-uk/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"sex-fertility-after-bowel-cancer","kind":"term","name":"Sexual function, fertility and body image after bowel cancer","aka":"erectile difficulties after rectal surgery\nvaginal dryness after pelvic radiotherapy\nbody image with a stoma\nfertility after bowel cancer","tldr":"Pelvic surgery and radiotherapy can affect the nerves and tissues that control erections, ejaculation, vaginal comfort and sensation, and pelvic radiotherapy often causes infertility and an early menopause. NICE asks teams to raise altered sexual function before treatment, and a fertility referral belongs before treatment starts, not after.","tags":"gi colorectal","route":"/terms/sex-fertility-after-bowel-cancer/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"work-and-money-bowel-cancer-uk","kind":"term","name":"Work and money with bowel cancer (UK)","aka":"reasonable adjustments\nphased return\nAccess to Work\nstoma prescriptions\nPIP","tldr":"From diagnosis you are protected from discrimination at work by the Equality Act 2010, and your employer must consider reasonable adjustments such as different hours, time off for appointments, changed duties or a phased return. Access to Work can fund equipment, benefits such as Personal Independence Payment may apply, and permanent stoma supplies are free on prescription.","tags":"gi colorectal","route":"/terms/work-and-money-bowel-cancer-uk/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"carers-bowel-cancer-uk","kind":"term","name":"Carers: what you can do and UK carer support (bowel cancer)","aka":"caring for someone with bowel cancer\nsupporting someone with a stoma\ncarer's assessment","tldr":"A carer is anyone giving unpaid help to someone with cancer who could not manage without it. You can come to appointments and write down the answers, learn the sepsis, blockage and stoma signs, help with bags and supplies if asked, tell the team you are the carer, ask the council for a free carer's assessment, and use Bowel Cancer UK's nurses, forum and carer pages for yourself.","tags":"gi colorectal","route":"/terms/carers-bowel-cancer-uk/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"gallbladder","kind":"cancer","name":"Gallbladder cancer","aka":"Gallbladder cancer\nGallbladder carcinoma\nCarcinoma of the gallbladder\nGall bladder cancer\nBiliary tract cancer of the gallbladder\nGBC\nICD-10 C23","tldr":"Gallbladder cancer starts in the small bile-storing sac under the liver and is one of the biliary tract cancers. Most cases are found late, or by chance when a gallbladder is removed for gallstones. It is rare in the UK, with about 1,300 cases a year, and much commoner in Chile, Bolivia and northern India. Found early, an operation can cure it.","tags":"gallbladder biliary nci-coverage rare","route":"/cancers/gallbladder/","parent":"biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"gallbladder-adenocarcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Gallbladder adenocarcinoma","aka":"Adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder\nNon-papillary adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder\nPancreatobiliary-type gallbladder adenocarcinoma","tldr":"Adenocarcinoma is the usual form of gallbladder cancer, about nine in ten cases, starting in the mucus-making gland cells of the lining. Everything on the main gallbladder cancer page (causes, staging, surgery, chemotherapy with immunotherapy) is written about this type unless it says otherwise.","tags":"gallbladder biliary subtype-page","route":"/cancers/gallbladder-adenocarcinoma/","parent":"gallbladder"},{"id":"gallbladder-papillary-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Papillary carcinoma of the gallbladder","aka":"Papillary adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder\nIntracholecystic papillary neoplasm with invasive carcinoma\nICPN","tldr":"Papillary carcinoma is a gallbladder cancer that grows as finger-like fronds into the cavity rather than burrowing into the wall. Cancer Research UK notes it is less likely to spread to the liver and lymph nodes and tends to have a better outlook. Its polypoid precursor, the intracholecystic papillary neoplasm, is often removed before it invades.","tags":"gallbladder biliary subtype-page","route":"/cancers/gallbladder-papillary-carcinoma/","parent":"gallbladder"},{"id":"gallbladder-mucinous-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Mucinous carcinoma of the gallbladder","aka":"Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder\nColloid carcinoma of the gallbladder","tldr":"Mucinous carcinoma is a rare gallbladder cancer in which the cancer cells sit in pools of mucus that make up more than half the tumour. It affects men almost as often as women, is larger than usual at diagnosis, and often presents like an acute gallbladder attack. It is staged and treated like other gallbladder adenocarcinomas.","tags":"gallbladder biliary subtype-page","route":"/cancers/gallbladder-mucinous-carcinoma/","parent":"gallbladder"},{"id":"gallbladder-adenosquamous-squamous-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Adenosquamous and squamous carcinoma of the gallbladder","aka":"Adenosquamous carcinoma of the gallbladder\nSquamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder\nGallbladder cancer with squamous differentiation","tldr":"Adenosquamous carcinoma is a gallbladder cancer that mixes gland-forming and squamous (skin-like) cancer cells; pure squamous carcinoma is rarer still. These tumours are larger and more advanced when found and do worse than ordinary adenocarcinoma, but they are treated in the same way because no trial has studied them separately.","tags":"gallbladder biliary subtype-page","route":"/cancers/gallbladder-adenosquamous-squamous-carcinoma/","parent":"gallbladder"},{"id":"gallbladder-neuroendocrine-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the gallbladder","aka":"Small cell carcinoma of the gallbladder\nOat cell carcinoma of the gallbladder\nLarge cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the gallbladder\nMixed neuroendocrine non-neuroendocrine neoplasm of the gallbladder\nMiNEN","tldr":"Neuroendocrine carcinoma is a rare, fast-growing form of gallbladder cancer made of small cell or large cell hormone-type cells, often mixed with ordinary adenocarcinoma. It is usually advanced when found and median survival in the largest series was six to seven months. It is treated like other high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas rather than like gallbladder adenocarcinoma.","tags":"gallbladder biliary subtype-page","route":"/cancers/gallbladder-neuroendocrine-carcinoma/","parent":"gallbladder"},{"id":"incidental-gallbladder-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Incidental gallbladder cancer (found after cholecystectomy)","aka":"Incidentally discovered gallbladder cancer\nUnsuspected gallbladder cancer\nOccult gallbladder cancer\nIGBC","tldr":"Incidental gallbladder cancer is cancer the pathologist finds in a gallbladder removed for gallstones or inflammation, when nobody suspected it. It is the commonest way this cancer is found early enough to cure. Whether a second operation is needed depends on how deep the tumour went: none for the earliest layers, a radical operation at a specialist centre for T1b or deeper.","tags":"gallbladder biliary subtype-page","route":"/cancers/incidental-gallbladder-cancer/","parent":"gallbladder"},{"id":"gallbladder-carcinoma-in-situ-and-dysplasia","kind":"cancer","name":"Carcinoma in situ and dysplasia of the gallbladder","aka":"Biliary intraepithelial neoplasia of the gallbladder\nBilIN\nHigh-grade dysplasia of the gallbladder\nLow-grade dysplasia of the gallbladder\nTis gallbladder cancer\nStage 0 gallbladder cancer","tldr":"Dysplasia means the cells lining the gallbladder have become abnormal but have not invaded; carcinoma in situ (stage 0) is the most abnormal form, with cancer cells still confined to the lining. Both are found by the pathologist after a gallbladder is removed and are cured by that removal when the margin is clear. Cancer Research UK notes some doctors do not regard stage 0 as a true cancer.","tags":"gallbladder biliary subtype-page","route":"/cancers/gallbladder-carcinoma-in-situ-and-dysplasia/","parent":"gallbladder"},{"id":"cystic-duct-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Cystic duct carcinoma","aka":"Cystic duct cancer\nCarcinoma of the cystic duct\nRemnant cystic duct carcinoma","tldr":"Cystic duct carcinoma is a bile duct cancer arising in the short tube that joins the gallbladder to the main bile duct. It is staged as a gallbladder cancer under the AJCC system, and behaves better when it stays inside the duct than when it grows beyond it. It is so rare that its treatment borrows from gallbladder and bile duct cancer.","tags":"gallbladder biliary subtype-page","route":"/cancers/cystic-duct-carcinoma/","parent":"gallbladder"},{"id":"porcelain-gallbladder","kind":"term","name":"Porcelain gallbladder","aka":"Calcified gallbladder\nGallbladder wall calcification","tldr":"A gallbladder whose wall has turned hard and chalky with calcium after years of inflammation, seen on a scan or X-ray. It was long thought to lead to cancer in many cases; newer studies find the risk is real but much smaller, so whether to remove a symptom-free porcelain gallbladder is now a judgement call.","tags":"gallbladder biliary","route":"/terms/porcelain-gallbladder/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"gallbladder-polyp","kind":"term","name":"Gallbladder polyp (polypoid lesion)","aka":"Polypoid lesion of the gallbladder\nGallbladder adenoma\nCholesterol polyp\nGallbladder polypoid lesion","tldr":"A small growth on the inside wall of the gallbladder, usually spotted by chance on an ultrasound scan. Most are harmless cholesterol deposits; the risk of cancer rises with size, so polyps of 10 mm or more are removed with the gallbladder and smaller ones are watched or left alone according to set rules.","tags":"gallbladder biliary","route":"/terms/gallbladder-polyp/","cancers":"gallbladder gallbladder-papillary-carcinoma gallbladder-carcinoma-in-situ-and-dysplasia"},{"id":"simple-cholecystectomy","kind":"term","name":"Simple cholecystectomy","aka":"Cholecystectomy\nLaparoscopic cholecystectomy\nKeyhole gallbladder removal","tldr":"The standard operation to remove the gallbladder, almost always by keyhole surgery for gallstones. When a cancer is found in the removed gallbladder it is also the first, and for the earliest tumours the only, cancer operation.","tags":"gallbladder biliary","route":"/terms/simple-cholecystectomy/","cancers":"gallbladder incidental-gallbladder-cancer gallbladder-carcinoma-in-situ-and-dysplasia"},{"id":"radical-cholecystectomy","kind":"term","name":"Radical (extended) cholecystectomy","aka":"Extended cholecystectomy\nRe-resection for gallbladder cancer\nCompletion radical cholecystectomy\nEn bloc gallbladder and liver bed resection\nRevision surgery\nLiver bed resection with lymphadenectomy","tldr":"The cancer operation for gallbladder cancer: the gallbladder (if still present) is removed together with a rim of the liver it sits against and the lymph nodes along the bile duct and liver blood vessels. After an incidental cancer it is done as a second operation about four to eight weeks after the first.","tags":"gallbladder biliary","route":"/terms/radical-cholecystectomy/","cancers":"gallbladder incidental-gallbladder-cancer gallbladder-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"segment-ivb-v-resection","kind":"term","name":"Segment IVb and V liver resection (versus wedge resection)","aka":"Segment 4b/5 resection\nBisegmentectomy IVb and V\nGallbladder bed resection\nWedge resection of the gallbladder bed","tldr":"Two ways of removing the piece of liver the gallbladder sits on during a gallbladder cancer operation: a wedge of about two centimetres around the gallbladder bed, or the whole of the two anatomical liver segments (IVb and V) that touch it. The larger operation clears more tissue but carries more complications, and the evidence does not clearly favour either.","tags":"gallbladder biliary","route":"/terms/segment-ivb-v-resection/","cancers":"gallbladder gallbladder-adenocarcinoma incidental-gallbladder-cancer"},{"id":"port-site-metastasis","kind":"term","name":"Port-site metastasis","aka":"Port-site recurrence\nTrocar-site metastasis\nAbdominal wall recurrence after laparoscopy","tldr":"Cancer growing in the small keyhole wounds of a laparoscopic operation, seeded when a gallbladder containing an unsuspected cancer was pulled out through them. It was once seen in up to one in five incidental gallbladder cancers; it is now about one in ten, and cutting out the old port sites at the second operation does not improve survival.","tags":"gallbladder biliary","route":"/terms/port-site-metastasis/","cancers":"gallbladder incidental-gallbladder-cancer"},{"id":"t2a-versus-t2b","kind":"term","name":"T2a versus T2b gallbladder cancer (peritoneal side versus hepatic side)","aka":"T2a gallbladder cancer\nT2b gallbladder cancer\nHepatic-side T2\nPeritoneal-side T2\nT2 tumour location\nHepatic-side gallbladder cancer\nPeritoneal-side gallbladder cancer","tldr":"Two labels for a gallbladder cancer that has grown through the muscle layer but is still inside the gallbladder. T2a sits on the free side facing the abdominal cavity; T2b sits on the side pressed against the liver, spreads to nodes and vessels more often and roughly doubles the risk of dying, so the surgeon removes more liver for it.","tags":"gallbladder biliary","route":"/terms/t2a-versus-t2b/","cancers":"gallbladder gallbladder-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"rokitansky-aschoff-sinus","kind":"term","name":"Rokitansky-Aschoff sinus","aka":"Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses\nRAS\nGallbladder mucosal diverticula\nAdenomyomatosis of the gallbladder","tldr":"Tiny pouches where the gallbladder lining pushes down into the muscle wall, common in gallbladders damaged by stones and inflammation. They matter in cancer because an early tumour that tracks down into these pouches behaves worse than one that stays on the surface, and mucus trapped in them can be mistaken for cancer under the microscope.","tags":"gallbladder biliary","route":"/terms/rokitansky-aschoff-sinus/","cancers":"gallbladder gallbladder-carcinoma-in-situ-and-dysplasia gallbladder-mucinous-carcinoma"},{"id":"anomalous-pancreaticobiliary-junction","kind":"term","name":"Anomalous pancreaticobiliary junction (pancreaticobiliary maljunction)","aka":"Pancreaticobiliary maljunction\nPBM\nAPBDJ\nAnomalous union of the pancreaticobiliary ducts\nHigh confluence of the pancreaticobiliary ducts","tldr":"A birth variation in which the bile duct and pancreatic duct join outside the wall of the bowel, so pancreatic juice flows back up into the bile ducts and gallbladder and irritates their lining for life. It carries a high risk of gallbladder cancer, and removing the gallbladder is advised once it is found.","tags":"gallbladder biliary","route":"/terms/anomalous-pancreaticobiliary-junction/","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"cystic-duct-margin","kind":"term","name":"Cystic duct margin","aka":"Cystic duct stump margin\nBile duct margin in gallbladder cancer","tldr":"The cut end of the short duct that joined the gallbladder to the main bile duct, examined by the pathologist after a gallbladder is removed. If cancer cells reach this edge, part of the main bile duct usually has to be removed at a second operation; if it is clear, the bile duct can be left alone.","tags":"gallbladder biliary","route":"/terms/cystic-duct-margin/","cancers":"gallbladder incidental-gallbladder-cancer cystic-duct-carcinoma gallbladder-carcinoma-in-situ-and-dysplasia"},{"id":"stent-or-bypass-for-jaundice","kind":"term","name":"Stent or bypass for jaundice: the choice","aka":"","tldr":"When the cancer blocks the bile duct, a stent placed by endoscope or through the skin is the usual way to relieve jaundice; a surgical bypass is reserved for people already having an operation or when a stent cannot be placed.","tags":"","route":"/terms/stent-or-bypass-for-jaundice/","cancers":"gallbladder pancreatic"},{"id":"genomic-testing-biliary-uk","kind":"term","name":"HER2 and genomic testing for biliary cancer on the NHS","aka":"","tldr":"Asking for HER2 testing and a tumour gene panel at diagnosis of advanced gallbladder cancer is reasonable, because about one in ten tumours is HER2-positive on staining (more carry a HER2 gene change) and a HER2 antibody is now funded on the NHS; the test is arranged by your hospital team on a sample already taken.","tags":"","route":"/terms/genomic-testing-biliary-uk/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"trial-or-standard-treatment-biliary","kind":"term","name":"A clinical trial or standard treatment for gallbladder cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Joining a trial is a decision like any other: the NHS explains that most trials compare a new treatment with the standard one, that a placebo is used only where no proven treatment exists, and that you can leave at any time without it affecting your care.","tags":"","route":"/terms/trial-or-standard-treatment-biliary/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"jaundice-and-itch-biliary","kind":"term","name":"Living with jaundice and itching (biliary cancer)","aka":"","tldr":"Jaundice from a blocked bile duct turns the skin and eyes yellow, darkens urine, pales stools and causes itching; relieving the blockage with a stent is the main treatment, and cool moisturiser, loose cotton clothes and prescribed medicines help the itch meanwhile.","tags":"","route":"/terms/jaundice-and-itch-biliary/","cancers":"gallbladder pancreatic"},{"id":"biliary-stent-problems","kind":"term","name":"Biliary stent problems: blockage and infection","aka":"blocked stent\nstent blockage","tldr":"A biliary stent keeps bile flowing but can block after a few months; the warning signs are jaundice coming back, a high temperature or shivering, and a blocked stent can usually be unblocked or replaced the same way it went in.","tags":"","route":"/terms/biliary-stent-problems/","cancers":"gallbladder pancreatic"},{"id":"acute-cholangitis","kind":"term","name":"Cholangitis: infection of a blocked bile duct","aka":"acute cholangitis\nbiliary sepsis\nstent infection","tldr":"Cholangitis is infection in bile that cannot drain past a blockage or a blocked stent; fever or shivering with jaundice or a stent is a same-day emergency because it can turn into sepsis within hours.","tags":"","route":"/terms/acute-cholangitis/","cancers":"gallbladder pancreatic"},{"id":"pain-with-biliary-cancer","kind":"term","name":"Pain with gallbladder and bile duct cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Pain in the upper tummy is common with gallbladder cancer and can be controlled for most people with the right painkillers; tell the team early, keep a note of the pattern, and ask for the palliative care or pain team if it is not settling.","tags":"","route":"/terms/pain-with-biliary-cancer/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"weight-loss-and-fat-digestion-biliary","kind":"term","name":"Weight loss, fat digestion and enzymes with gallbladder cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Many people with gallbladder cancer lose appetite and weight; small frequent meals, prescribed nutritional drinks, a dietitian, and enzyme capsules if fat is not being digested are the standard NHS-side answers.","tags":"","route":"/terms/weight-loss-and-fat-digestion-biliary/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"cancer-related-fatigue","kind":"term","name":"Cancer-related fatigue (tiredness)","aka":"cancer-related fatigue\ncancer fatigue","tldr":"Fatigue from cancer and its treatment is exhaustion that rest does not fix; for most people it improves after treatment ends, and physical activity, a regular sleep routine, eating well and planning the day around what matters most are the things shown to help.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cancer-related-fatigue/","cancers":"gallbladder tnbc pancreatic colorectal lung-cancer nsclc sclc prostate non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma malt-lymphoma splenic-marginal-zone-lymphoma nodal-marginal-zone-lymphoma waldenstrom primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma burkitt-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma nodular-lymphocyte-predominant-hodgkin-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma angioimmunoblastic-t-cell-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma sezary-syndrome primary-cns-lymphoma"},{"id":"eating-after-gallbladder-removal","kind":"term","name":"Eating after gallbladder removal","aka":"post-cholecystectomy diet","tldr":"You can eat a normal healthy diet without a gallbladder; smaller meals help in the first days, and bloating, wind and diarrhoea usually settle within a few weeks.","tags":"","route":"/terms/eating-after-gallbladder-removal/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"urgent-help-gallbladder-cancer","kind":"term","name":"When to seek urgent help with gallbladder cancer (NHS 111 and 999)","aka":"","tldr":"Call 999 for signs of sepsis or heavy bleeding; ring the hospital's 24-hour line or NHS 111 the same day for a temperature or shivering with a stent, for new or returning jaundice, for pain the painkillers do not control, or for being sick for more than two days.","tags":"","route":"/terms/urgent-help-gallbladder-cancer/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"emotional-support-cancer-uk","kind":"term","name":"Emotional support and helplines (UK)","aka":"","tldr":"Shock, fear, anger and numbness are normal after a gallbladder cancer diagnosis; your clinical nurse specialist is the first port of call, and Macmillan, Cancer Research UK nurses, Maggie's centres, Marie Curie and AMMF offer free support to patients and families.","tags":"","route":"/terms/emotional-support-cancer-uk/","cancers":"gallbladder tnbc pancreatic"},{"id":"carers-gallbladder-cancer-uk","kind":"term","name":"Carers: what you can do and UK carer support","aka":"","tldr":"A carer is anyone giving unpaid help to someone with cancer who could not manage without it; you can come to appointments, keep the notes and the medicine list, watch for the warning signs, tell the team you are the carer, and ask the council for a free carer's assessment.","tags":"","route":"/terms/carers-gallbladder-cancer-uk/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma-sequence","kind":"term","name":"Metaplasia, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ: the flat route to gallbladder cancer","aka":"dysplasia-carcinoma sequence\nflat dysplasia of the gallbladder\nBilIN of the gallbladder\nbiliary intraepithelial neoplasia","tldr":"Most gallbladder cancers grow out of flat, invisible changes in the lining: years of irritation from stones turn the mucosa metaplastic, then dysplastic, then into carcinoma in situ, and finally into invasive cancer, a process estimated at 10 to 15 years.","tags":"","route":"/terms/metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma-sequence/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"intracholecystic-papillary-tubular-neoplasm","kind":"term","name":"Intracholecystic papillary-tubular neoplasm (ICPN)","aka":"ICPN\ngallbladder adenoma\nneoplastic gallbladder polyp\npapillary neoplasm of the gallbladder\npyloric gland adenoma of the gallbladder","tldr":"An ICPN is a raised, polyp-like growth of the gallbladder lining 1 cm or larger that can turn into cancer. It is the rarer route to gallbladder cancer, and the cancers that arise from it do better than those from flat dysplasia.","tags":"","route":"/terms/intracholecystic-papillary-tubular-neoplasm/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"salmonella-typhi-gallbladder-cancer","kind":"term","name":"Salmonella Typhi carriage and gallbladder cancer","aka":"typhoid carrier state\nchronic Salmonella carriage\nS. Typhi and gallbladder carcinoma","tldr":"People who carry typhoid bacteria in their gallbladder for years have roughly four to five times the risk of gallbladder cancer. Laboratory work shows the bacterium can push already-damaged gallbladder cells towards cancer.","tags":"","route":"/terms/salmonella-typhi-gallbladder-cancer/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"her2-testing-in-biliary-cancer","kind":"term","name":"HER2 testing in biliary tract cancer (IHC, ISH and NGS)","aka":"HER2 scoring in biliary cancer\nHERIZON-BTC-01 HER2 criteria\nHER2 IHC versus ISH in cholangiocarcinoma\nERBB2 amplification by NGS","tldr":"Bile duct and gallbladder tumours are scored for HER2 with the stomach cancer rules, not the breast ones, and a strong stain (3+) is enough for zanidatamab. A borderline stain (2+) needs a gene-copy test, and a sequencing panel can find both the amplification and the rarer point mutations that a stain misses.","tags":"","route":"/terms/her2-testing-in-biliary-cancer/","cancers":"gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"paper-li-gallbladder-exome-erbb-nat-genet-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Whole-exome and targeted gene sequencing of gallbladder carcinoma identifies recurrent mutations in the ErbB pathway","aka":"","tldr":"The first exome study of gallbladder cancer, in 57 Chinese patients, found TP53 mutated in about half and showed that the ErbB family of growth receptors (EGFR, HER2, HER3 and their partners) is the most commonly hit pathway, with a worse outlook when it is.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-li-gallbladder-exome-erbb-nat-genet-2014/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-nakamura-biliary-genomic-spectra-nat-genet-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Genomic spectra of biliary tract cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing 260 Japanese bile duct and gallbladder cancers showed that the three sites carry different mutations, that nearly 40% have a targetable change, and that gallbladder and extrahepatic tumours carry a heavier APOBEC mutation signature.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-nakamura-biliary-genomic-spectra-nat-genet-2015/","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"paper-javle-biliary-ngs-cancer-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Biliary cancer: utility of next-generation sequencing for clinical management","aka":"","tldr":"A large commercial sequencing series of 554 biliary cancers, including 85 gallbladder tumours, showed that gallbladder cancer has HER2 changes in about one in six and almost no IDH or FGFR changes, the mirror image of intrahepatic bile duct cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-javle-biliary-ngs-cancer-2016/","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"paper-wardell-biliary-drivers-germline-j-hepatol-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Genomic characterization of biliary tract cancers identifies driver genes and predisposing mutations","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing 412 Japanese and Italian biliary cancers, including 66 gallbladder and cystic duct tumours, found 32 driver genes and, unexpectedly, an inherited cancer-predisposing mutation in about one in nine patients.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-wardell-biliary-drivers-germline-j-hepatol-2018/","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"paper-narayan-gallbladder-regional-mutations-cancer-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Regional differences in gallbladder cancer pathogenesis: insights from a multi-institutional comparison of tumor mutations","aka":"","tldr":"Comparing gallbladder tumours from Chile, Japan and the United States, Japanese patients were older with fewer stone-related cancers and different mutations, while SMAD4 loss was common everywhere and went with shorter survival.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-narayan-gallbladder-regional-mutations-cancer-2019/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-weinberg-biliary-profiling-jgo-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Molecular profiling of biliary cancers reveals distinct molecular alterations and potential therapeutic targets","aka":"","tldr":"Profiling 1,502 biliary cancers on one commercial platform, gallbladder tumours stood out for HER2 overexpression and amplification and for defects in homologous recombination repair, and, with intrahepatic tumours, for more immunotherapy markers than extrahepatic disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-weinberg-biliary-profiling-jgo-2019/","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"paper-pandey-gallbladder-elf3-nat-commun-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Integrated genomic analysis reveals mutated ELF3 as a potential gallbladder cancer vaccine candidate","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing 167 gallbladder cancers from Korea, India and Chile uncovered new driver genes, notably ELF3, whose frameshift mutations create tumour-specific fragments that T cells recognise, making it a candidate for a cancer vaccine.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-pandey-gallbladder-elf3-nat-commun-2020/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-nepal-gallbladder-microenvironment-subtypes-j-hepatol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Integrative molecular characterisation of gallbladder cancer reveals micro-environment-associated subtypes","aka":"","tldr":"A 190-patient study found gallbladder cancer has a low mutation rate by exome standards, evidence of aflatoxin exposure in some tumours, and three gene-expression subtypes whose survival differences track the immune and stromal surroundings rather than the mutations.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-nepal-gallbladder-microenvironment-subtypes-j-hepatol-2021/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-giraldo-gallbladder-msk-impact-ccr-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Comprehensive molecular characterization of gallbladder carcinoma and potential targets for intervention","aka":"","tldr":"The largest sequencing study of gallbladder cancer at one centre, 244 samples on a 505-gene panel, found TP53 in 63%, HER2 changes in 15% and something actionable in a third of patients; SMAD4 and STK11 marked shorter survival.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-giraldo-gallbladder-msk-impact-ccr-2022/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-mondaca-erbb2-gallbladder-us-chile-jco-go-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Clinical and genomic characterization of ERBB2-altered gallbladder cancer: exploring differences between an American and a Chilean cohort","aka":"","tldr":"In 260 gallbladder cancer patients from New York and Santiago, HER2 gene changes were found in about one in seven at both centres, split between extra copies and point mutations, and patients with them lived longer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-mondaca-erbb2-gallbladder-us-chile-jco-go-2024/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-suryavanshi-indian-gallbladder-genomics-jco-go-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Genomic profiling of Indian gallbladder carcinoma: mutational insights in a high-incidence population","aka":"","tldr":"The largest Indian series, 376 patients sequenced at three centres, found the disease strikes a decade earlier than elsewhere, with TP53 and HER2 the leading changes and immunotherapy markers rare.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-suryavanshi-indian-gallbladder-genomics-jco-go-2025/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-erices-chilean-gallbladder-landscape-front-oncol-2025","kind":"paper","name":"The mutational landscape and actionable targets of gallbladder cancer: an ancestry-informed and comparative analysis of a Chilean population","aka":"","tldr":"The first genomic landscape of Chilean gallbladder cancer, in 56 tumours, found TP53, TSC2 and NOTCH1 the most mutated genes, actionable changes in ATM, BRCA1/2, EGFR and ERBB2, and a hint that Mapuche ancestry goes with TP53 mutation.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-erices-chilean-gallbladder-landscape-front-oncol-2025/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-cowzer-biliary-targeted-therapy-determinants-ccr-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Molecular and clinical determinants of targeted therapy treatment in biliary tract cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In 1,254 biliary cancer patients sequenced at one centre, a third had a top-tier druggable change (22% of gallbladder cancers), targeted drugs delayed progression but did not lengthen life, and HER2-driven tumours sometimes lost HER2 at relapse.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-cowzer-biliary-targeted-therapy-determinants-ccr-2026/","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"paper-goeppert-cholangiocarcinoma-mmr-deficiency-bjc-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Mismatch repair deficiency is a rare but putative therapeutically relevant finding in non-liver fluke associated cholangiocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Among 308 Western bile duct cancers only about one in 75 was microsatellite unstable, but those few had unusual microscopy, more immune cells and better survival, so testing is still worthwhile because immunotherapy works for them.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-goeppert-cholangiocarcinoma-mmr-deficiency-bjc-2019/","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-hiraoka-her2-status-biliary-hum-pathol-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Details of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status in 454 cases of biliary tract cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Testing 454 resected biliary cancers with the stomach cancer HER2 rules, nearly one in three gallbladder cancers was HER2-positive, far more than bile duct cancers inside the liver, but staining was patchy in most positive tumours.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-hiraoka-her2-status-biliary-hum-pathol-2020/","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma ampullary"},{"id":"paper-roa-her2-overexpression-gallbladder-gcr-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Overexpression of the HER2/neu gene: a new therapeutic possibility for patients with advanced gallbladder cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In 187 Chilean gallbladder cancers stained with breast cancer rules, about one in eight overexpressed HER2, one in five was borderline, and the HER2-positive patients did slightly worse, an early argument for HER2 drugs in this disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-roa-her2-overexpression-gallbladder-gcr-2014/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-angerilli-her2-ihc-cish-biliary-hum-pathol-2026","kind":"paper","name":"HER2 status in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder carcinoma: concordance between immunohistochemistry and chromogenic in situ hybridization in 140 cases","aka":"","tldr":"In 140 resected bile duct and gallbladder cancers scored by the rules used in the zanidatamab trial, about one in ten was HER2-positive; every strongly stained tumour had extra gene copies, some weakly stained ones did too, and staining was often patchy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-angerilli-her2-ihc-cish-biliary-hum-pathol-2026/","cancers":"gallbladder extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"paper-neyaz-pdl1-gallbladder-histopathology-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Clinical relevance of PD-L1 expression in gallbladder cancer: a potential target for therapy","aka":"","tldr":"In 174 Indian gallbladder cancers, about a quarter had PD-L1 on tumour cells and a quarter on immune cells, more so in higher-grade tumours, but PD-L1 did not predict survival.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-neyaz-pdl1-gallbladder-histopathology-2018/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-albrecht-pdl1-western-gallbladder-cancers-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) is an independent negative prognosticator in Western-world gallbladder cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In 131 German gallbladder cancers about one in seven had PD-L1 on tumour cells and fewer than one in twenty had a lot; high PD-L1 marked poorly differentiated tumours and shorter survival, and a second checkpoint, TIGIT, was present in some.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-albrecht-pdl1-western-gallbladder-cancers-2021/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-patil-gallbladder-immune-microenvironment-aimm-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Immune microenvironment in gallbladder adenocarcinomas","aka":"","tldr":"A small United States series found PD-L1 in almost every gallbladder adenocarcinoma and PD-1-bearing immune cells in most, with the number of T cells in the stroma predicting survival differently in small and large tumours.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-patil-gallbladder-immune-microenvironment-aimm-2021/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-scanu-salmonella-gallbladder-transformation-cell-host-microbe-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Salmonella manipulation of host signaling pathways provokes cellular transformation associated with gallbladder carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Typhoid bacteria can push already-damaged gallbladder cells into becoming cancerous: in mice, gallbladder organoids and cells with faulty TP53 and extra MYC, Salmonella infection switched on growth signalling that started and maintained the transformation.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-scanu-salmonella-gallbladder-transformation-cell-host-microbe-2015/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-roa-gallbladder-preneoplastic-lesions-jso-2006","kind":"paper","name":"Preneoplastic lesions in gallbladder cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Gallbladder cancer mostly grows from flat dysplasia rather than from polyps: dysplasia and carcinoma in situ sit next to four in five cancers, adenomas are rare, and the age gap between dysplasia and invasive cancer suggests about ten years of progression.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-roa-gallbladder-preneoplastic-lesions-jso-2006/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-roa-dysplasia-to-carcinoma-interval-gastroenterology-1996","kind":"paper","name":"Preneoplastic lesions and gallbladder cancer: an estimate of the period required for progression","aka":"","tldr":"Comparing the ages of Chilean patients with dysplasia, early cancer, advanced cancer and spread cancer of the gallbladder, the authors estimated that it takes around 15 years to go from dysplasia to advanced disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-roa-dysplasia-to-carcinoma-interval-gastroenterology-1996/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-adsay-icpn-gallbladder-ajsp-2012","kind":"paper","name":"Intracholecystic papillary-tubular neoplasms (ICPN) of the gallbladder (neoplastic polyps, adenomas, and papillary neoplasms that are at least 1.0 cm): clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 123 cases","aka":"","tldr":"Polyp-like growths of the gallbladder lining 1 cm or larger were reclassified as one family, ICPN: more than half already contained invasive cancer, yet those cancers fared much better than ordinary gallbladder carcinoma.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-adsay-icpn-gallbladder-ajsp-2012/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-lin-gallbladder-neoplasia-carcinoma-evolution-nat-commun-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Genomic characterization of co-existing neoplasia and carcinoma lesions reveals distinct evolutionary paths of gallbladder cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing benign, precancerous and cancerous patches from the same gallbladders showed two ways cancer arises: the textbook stepwise route through adenoma and dysplasia, and an early split in which the cancer evolves on its own after heavy chromosome loss.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-lin-gallbladder-neoplasia-carcinoma-evolution-nat-commun-2021/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-mody-biliary-ctdna-profiling-jco-po-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Circulating tumor DNA profiling of advanced biliary tract cancers","aka":"","tldr":"Blood tests for tumour DNA found a mutation in three quarters of 124 patients with advanced bile duct or gallbladder cancer and a drug-relevant change in about half, showing the approach is feasible when tissue is hard to get.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-mody-biliary-ctdna-profiling-jco-po-2019/","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"paper-ettrich-cholangiocarcinoma-ctdna-genotyping-sci-rep-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Genotyping of circulating tumor DNA in cholangiocarcinoma reveals diagnostic and prognostic information","aka":"","tldr":"Comparing tumour tissue with blood in bile duct cancer patients, three quarters of mutations were found in both, rising to over nine in ten for tumours inside the liver, and the amount of tumour DNA in blood tracked tumour burden and outcome.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ettrich-cholangiocarcinoma-ctdna-genotyping-sci-rep-2019/","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-javle-mypathway-her2-biliary-lancet-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Pertuzumab and trastuzumab for HER2-positive, metastatic biliary tract cancer (MyPathway): a multicentre, open-label, phase 2a, multiple basket study","aka":"","tldr":"Two HER2 antibodies together shrank tumours in about a quarter of 39 patients with HER2-positive bile duct or gallbladder cancer that had already been treated, with manageable side effects, prompting the later randomised HER2 trials.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-javle-mypathway-her2-biliary-lancet-oncol-2021/","cancers":"gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"paper-ohba-herb-trastuzumab-deruxtecan-biliary-jco-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-expressing biliary tract cancer (HERB; NCCH1805): a multicenter, single-arm, phase II trial","aka":"","tldr":"The antibody-drug conjugate trastuzumab deruxtecan shrank tumours in about a third of Japanese patients with HER2-positive bile duct or gallbladder cancer after chemotherapy, and in one in eight with low HER2, but a quarter developed lung inflammation and two died of it.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ohba-herb-trastuzumab-deruxtecan-biliary-jco-2024/","cancers":"gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"paper-oh-destiny-pantumor02-biliary-pancreatic-esmo-open-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Efficacy and safety of trastuzumab deruxtecan in patients with HER2-expressing biliary tract or pancreatic tumors: a subgroup analysis of DESTINY-PanTumor02","aka":"","tldr":"In the tumour-agnostic trial that led to the HER2 IHC 3+ approval, trastuzumab deruxtecan shrank about a quarter of 41 pretreated biliary cancers overall and more than half of those with the strongest HER2 stain, while pancreatic tumours barely responded.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-oh-destiny-pantumor02-biliary-pancreatic-esmo-open-2026/","cancers":"gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer cholangiocarcinoma pancreatic"},{"id":"ammf","kind":"institution","name":"AMMF, the Cholangiocarcinoma Charity","aka":"AMMF\nAlan Morement Memorial Fund","tldr":"The UK's only charity dedicated to cholangiocarcinoma and the other biliary tract cancers: patient information, a list of UK centres with expertise, research grants, an annual conference and a nurse study day.","tags":"charity uk biliary","route":"/institutions/ammf/","cancers":"gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"kings-college-hospital-london","kind":"institution","name":"King's College Hospital, London","aka":"King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust\nKCH\nInstitute of Liver Studies","tldr":"One of London's specialist liver and hepatobiliary centres, with a liver transplant programme; listed by the national audit as an HPB specialist centre and by AMMF as a centre with cholangiocarcinoma expertise.","tags":"hpb nhs uk","route":"/institutions/kings-college-hospital-london/","cancers":"gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer cholangiocarcinoma pancreatic hcc"},{"id":"addenbrookes-cambridge","kind":"institution","name":"Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals","aka":"Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust\nCUH","tldr":"The East of England's HPB specialist centre, with liver transplantation; a BILCAP site and a site of the UK biliary microbiome study.","tags":"hpb nhs uk","route":"/institutions/addenbrookes-cambridge/","cancers":"gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer cholangiocarcinoma pancreatic hcc tnbc skin-cancer"},{"id":"manchester-royal-infirmary","kind":"institution","name":"Manchester Royal Infirmary HPB Unit","aka":"Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust\nMRI","tldr":"Greater Manchester's HPB surgical unit; works with The Christie, where the region's biliary oncology and the ABC trial series are based.","tags":"hpb nhs uk","route":"/institutions/manchester-royal-infirmary/","cancers":"gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer cholangiocarcinoma pancreatic hcc"},{"id":"liverpool-hpb-centre","kind":"institution","name":"Liverpool University Hospitals HPB centre (Aintree)","aka":"Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust\nNorth Western Hepatobiliary Centre\nAintree University Hospital","tldr":"The North Western Hepatobiliary Centre at Aintree, serving Merseyside, Cheshire, North Wales and the Isle of Man; HPB surgeon Hassan Malik co-wrote the BSG cholangiocarcinoma guideline.","tags":"hpb nhs uk","route":"/institutions/liverpool-hpb-centre/","cancers":"gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer cholangiocarcinoma pancreatic hcc"},{"id":"derriford-plymouth","kind":"institution","name":"Derriford Hospital, University Hospitals Plymouth","aka":"University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust","tldr":"The HPB specialist centre for the South West Peninsula (Devon, Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly); a BILCAP site.","tags":"hpb nhs uk","route":"/institutions/derriford-plymouth/","cancers":"gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer cholangiocarcinoma pancreatic hcc"},{"id":"glasgow-royal-infirmary","kind":"institution","name":"Glasgow Royal Infirmary","aka":"NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde\nWest of Scotland HPB unit","tldr":"The HPB surgical centre for the West of Scotland Cancer Network; chemotherapy and immunotherapy are given at the Beatson.","tags":"hpb nhs uk","route":"/institutions/glasgow-royal-infirmary/","cancers":"gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer cholangiocarcinoma pancreatic hcc"},{"id":"royal-infirmary-edinburgh","kind":"institution","name":"Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh","aka":"NHS Lothian\nEdinburgh HPB unit","tldr":"The HPB surgical centre for the South East Scotland Cancer Network, with liver transplantation; non-surgical treatment at the Western General.","tags":"hpb nhs uk","route":"/institutions/royal-infirmary-edinburgh/","cancers":"gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer cholangiocarcinoma pancreatic hcc"},{"id":"morriston-swansea","kind":"institution","name":"Morriston Hospital, Swansea","aka":"Swansea Bay University Health Board\nSouth Wales HPB unit","tldr":"The HPB surgical centre for South Wales; oncology at Singleton Hospital and Velindre.","tags":"hpb nhs uk","route":"/institutions/morriston-swansea/","cancers":"gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer cholangiocarcinoma pancreatic hcc"},{"id":"university-hospital-wales-cardiff","kind":"institution","name":"University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff","aka":"Cardiff and Vale University Health Board\nUHW","tldr":"Cardiff's liver surgery service, listed by AMMF as a UK centre with cholangiocarcinoma expertise; oncology at Velindre.","tags":"hpb nhs uk","route":"/institutions/university-hospital-wales-cardiff/","cancers":"gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer cholangiocarcinoma pancreatic hcc"},{"id":"belfast-trust-hpb","kind":"institution","name":"Belfast Health and Social Care Trust HPB service","aka":"Belfast Trust\nMater Infirmorum Hospital\nBelfast City Hospital liver, pancreas and bile duct service","tldr":"Northern Ireland's single HPB cancer service, within the Belfast Trust; systemic treatment at the Northern Ireland Cancer Centre.","tags":"hpb nhs uk","route":"/institutions/belfast-trust-hpb/","cancers":"gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer cholangiocarcinoma pancreatic hcc"},{"id":"john-bridgewater","kind":"person","name":"John Bridgewater","aka":"","tldr":"Senior author of the UK's two standard-setting biliary trials, ABC-02 and BILCAP, chief investigator of ABC-06, and UK lead of the first-line precision medicine trial SAFIR-ABC10.","tags":"biliary trialist uk","route":"/people/john-bridgewater/","cancers":"gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"mairead-mcnamara","kind":"person","name":"Mairéad McNamara","aka":"","tldr":"Leads biliary tract cancer trials at The Christie, the Manchester centre behind the ABC trial series, and is a member of the international biliary trial collaborations.","tags":"biliary trialist uk","route":"/people/mairead-mcnamara/","cancers":"gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer cholangiocarcinoma neuroendocrine"},{"id":"shahid-khan","kind":"person","name":"Shahid A. Khan","aka":"","tldr":"Hepatologist who documented the rise of cholangiocarcinoma in the UK and senior author of the 2023 British Society of Gastroenterology guideline that sets out how NHS teams should diagnose and manage it.","tags":"biliary guidelines uk","route":"/people/shahid-khan/","cancers":"gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"hassan-malik","kind":"person","name":"Hassan Malik","aka":"","tldr":"Liver surgeon at Aintree who co-wrote the BSG cholangiocarcinoma guideline and is a co-author of the UK-wide CAPBIL studies of gallbladder cancer surgery; a past president of the British Association of Surgical Oncology.","tags":"biliary surgeon uk","route":"/people/hassan-malik/","cancers":"gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer cholangiocarcinoma hcc"},{"id":"uk-hpb-specialist-centres","kind":"collection","name":"UK specialist HPB cancer centres","aka":"NHS hepato-pancreato-biliary cancer centres\nHPB specialist centres (NPaCA Table 7)","tldr":"Where HPB cancer surgery happens in the UK: about two dozen specialist centres, each with a weekly specialist MDT that takes every treatment decision for gallbladder and bile duct cancer in its region.","tags":"hpb nhs uk centres","route":"/collections/uk-hpb-specialist-centres/","cancers":"gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer cholangiocarcinoma pancreatic hcc"},{"id":"gallbladder-cancer-surgery","kind":"technology","name":"Surgery for gallbladder cancer: simple versus radical cholecystectomy, re-resection and lymphadenectomy","aka":"Radical re-resection for incidental gallbladder cancer\nExtended cholecystectomy with segment IVb/V resection\nGallbladder cancer surgery","tldr":"The operation that can cure gallbladder cancer: the gallbladder bed in the liver (segments IVb and V) is removed with the lymph nodes along the bile duct and hepatic artery, either at the first operation or as a second operation after a cancer is found by chance in a gallbladder removed for stones.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/gallbladder-cancer-surgery/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"gallbladder incidental-gallbladder-cancer"},{"id":"gallbladder-cancer-in-biliary-trials","kind":"term","name":"Gallbladder cancer in biliary tract cancer trials (eligibility and subgroups)","aka":"Gallbladder subgroup\nBiliary tract cancer trial eligibility","tldr":"Almost every drug trial for gallbladder cancer also enrols bile duct cancers, so the evidence comes from mixed groups in which gallbladder cancer is usually a fifth to a half of patients. This entry lists the trials open to people with gallbladder cancer and what each reported for the gallbladder subgroup.","tags":"","route":"/terms/gallbladder-cancer-in-biliary-trials/","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"biliary-drainage-routes","kind":"term","name":"Biliary drainage routes: ERCP stent, percutaneous (PTC) and EUS-guided","aka":"ERCP stenting\nPercutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage\nPTBD\nEUS-guided biliary drainage\nEUS-BD\nCholedochoduodenostomy\nHepaticogastrostomy","tldr":"When a gallbladder or bile duct tumour blocks the bile duct, the bile has to be let out. The usual route is a stent placed from inside the bowel at ERCP; if that fails or the block is high in the liver, a tube goes in through the skin (PTC), and a newer option punches a path from the stomach or duodenum under ultrasound guidance.","tags":"","route":"/terms/biliary-drainage-routes/","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma pancreatic"},{"id":"duodenal-stenting-gastric-outlet","kind":"term","name":"Duodenal stenting and gastrojejunostomy for malignant gastric outlet obstruction","aka":"Duodenal stent\nEnteral stent\nGastrojejunostomy\nEUS-guided gastroenterostomy\nGastric outlet obstruction","tldr":"A gallbladder tumour can press on the duodenum so food cannot leave the stomach. A metal stent placed by endoscope relieves this within days; a surgical bypass (gastrojejunostomy) takes longer to work but lasts longer, so the choice depends on how long the person is expected to live.","tags":"","route":"/terms/duodenal-stenting-gastric-outlet/","cancers":"gallbladder pancreatic gastric"},{"id":"gallbladder-cancer-symptom-control","kind":"term","name":"Symptom control in advanced gallbladder cancer: pain, ascites and nutrition","aka":"Coeliac plexus block\nCeliac plexus neurolysis\nMalignant ascites drainage\nTunnelled peritoneal catheter","tldr":"Advanced gallbladder cancer causes pain under the right ribs, fluid in the abdomen and weight loss. Pain is treated with opioids and, for pain that spreads to the back, a nerve block of the coeliac plexus; fluid is drained by needle or a permanent tunnelled tube; weight loss is managed by dietetic support rather than by any drug proven in this cancer.","tags":"","route":"/terms/gallbladder-cancer-symptom-control/","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma pancreatic"},{"id":"liposomal-irinotecan","kind":"drug","name":"Liposomal irinotecan","aka":"","tldr":"Irinotecan wrapped in a fat bubble so it circulates longer. It is approved for pancreatic cancer, and in bile duct and gallbladder cancer one Korean trial found it helped as second-line treatment while a German trial did not.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/liposomal-irinotecan/","status":"approved","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma pancreatic"},{"id":"nab-paclitaxel","kind":"drug","name":"Nab-paclitaxel","aka":"","tldr":"Paclitaxel bound to albumin so it needs no solvent and no steroid premedication. Adding it to gemcitabine and cisplatin looked promising in a small study of bile duct and gallbladder cancer but did not lengthen life in the 452-patient SWOG S1815 trial.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/nab-paclitaxel/","status":"approved","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma pancreatic breast-cancer nsclc tnbc tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"varlitinib","kind":"drug","name":"Varlitinib","aka":"","tldr":"A pill that blocked the HER family of growth receptors, tested with capecitabine as second-line treatment for bile duct and gallbladder cancer. It did not beat capecitabine alone in the TreeTopp trial and development stopped.","tags":"failure","route":"/drugs/varlitinib/","status":"historic","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"acticca-1","kind":"trial","name":"ACTICCA-1","aka":"","tldr":"ACTICCA-1 asks whether six months of gemcitabine and cisplatin after surgery beats the current standard for bile duct and gallbladder cancer. It recruited 789 patients across eight countries including 24 UK hospitals, has a separate gallbladder cohort, and finished recruiting; results are awaited.","tags":"","route":"/trials/acticca-1/","status":"active","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"ascot-jcog1202","kind":"trial","name":"ASCOT (JCOG1202)","aka":"ASCOT\nJCOG1202","tldr":"In Japan, six months of the oral chemotherapy S-1 after surgery for bile duct, gallbladder or ampullary cancer improved three-year survival from 68 to 77 percent. S-1 is not licensed for this use in the UK or Europe, so the result cannot be applied directly to NHS patients.","tags":"registry:umin","route":"/trials/ascot-jcog1202/","status":"positive","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma ampullary biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"swog-s0809","kind":"trial","name":"SWOG S0809","aka":"","tldr":"The only prospective trial of chemotherapy followed by chemoradiotherapy after surgery for bile duct and gallbladder cancer: 79 patients, a third with gallbladder cancer, had two-year survival of 65 percent and median survival of 35 months, similar whether or not the margin was clear. It is the basis on which some centres offer radiotherapy after an R1 resection.","tags":"","route":"/trials/swog-s0809/","status":"completed","cancers":"gallbladder extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"opt-in","kind":"trial","name":"OPT-IN (EA2197)","aka":"OPT-IN\nEA2197\nOptimal Perioperative Therapy for Incidental Gallbladder Cancer","tldr":"OPT-IN is the American trial asking whether people whose gallbladder cancer was found by chance should have chemotherapy before their second operation or only after it. It is the first randomised test of neoadjuvant treatment in incidental gallbladder cancer and will report overall survival.","tags":"","route":"/trials/opt-in/","status":"active","cancers":"gallbladder incidental-gallbladder-cancer"},{"id":"gain-igbc","kind":"trial","name":"GAIN (AIO/CALGP/ACO)","aka":"GAIN\nGAIN-Trial","tldr":"The German GAIN trial tried to test chemotherapy before the second operation for gallbladder cancer found by chance. It planned 333 patients but closed in October 2024 after enrolling 68, so it is unlikely to answer the question on its own.","tags":"","route":"/trials/gain-igbc/","status":"completed","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"polcagb","kind":"trial","name":"POLCAGB","aka":"","tldr":"In Mumbai, where gallbladder cancer is common, POLCAGB randomised patients with locally advanced but non-metastatic gallbladder cancer to chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy before surgery. It is the largest randomised trial in gallbladder cancer alone and finished recruiting 124 patients in 2025.","tags":"india","route":"/trials/polcagb/","status":"active","cancers":"gallbladder incidental-gallbladder-cancer"},{"id":"neogb","kind":"trial","name":"NEOGB","aka":"","tldr":"NEOGB is an Indian phase 3 trial testing whether chemotherapy before surgery improves three-year survival in gallbladder cancer that is still removable but locally advanced. It opened in January 2025 and plans 114 patients.","tags":"india","route":"/trials/neogb/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder incidental-gallbladder-cancer"},{"id":"rugb","kind":"trial","name":"RUGB","aka":"","tldr":"RUGB asks whether adding radiotherapy to chemotherapy helps people whose gallbladder cancer cannot be removed but has not spread. It is a 249-patient randomised trial in India, the only phase 2/3 test of radiotherapy in gallbladder cancer alone.","tags":"india","route":"/trials/rugb/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"debate","kind":"trial","name":"DEBATE","aka":"","tldr":"DEBATE is a small Korean randomised trial of chemotherapy with or without the immunotherapy durvalumab before surgery for bile duct and gallbladder cancer, judged by how often the surgeon achieves a clear margin.","tags":"","route":"/trials/debate/","status":"active","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"swog-s1815","kind":"trial","name":"SWOG S1815","aka":"S1815","tldr":"Adding a third chemotherapy drug, nab-paclitaxel, to gemcitabine and cisplatin did not help people with advanced bile duct or gallbladder cancer live longer in this 452-patient US trial, although the gallbladder subgroup showed a hint of slower progression that needs its own test.","tags":"failure","route":"/trials/swog-s1815/","status":"negative","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"gap-phase2-mdacc","kind":"trial","name":"Gemcitabine, cisplatin and nab-paclitaxel phase 2 (MD Anderson and Mayo)","aka":"GAP phase 2","tldr":"The 60-patient study that made the chemotherapy triplet look promising in bile duct and gallbladder cancer: nearly half responded and median survival was 19 months, results that the larger S1815 trial later failed to confirm.","tags":"lesson:single-arm-phase-2","route":"/trials/gap-phase2-mdacc/","status":"completed","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"nifty","kind":"trial","name":"NIFTY","aka":"","tldr":"A Korean trial found that adding liposomal irinotecan to fluorouracil as second-line chemotherapy for bile duct and gallbladder cancer delayed progression, from about six weeks to four months on the re-read scans, at the cost of more neutropenia. A German trial of the same idea was negative, so it is an option rather than a standard, and it is not commissioned in the UK.","tags":"lesson:replication","route":"/trials/nifty/","status":"positive","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nife","kind":"trial","name":"NIFE (AIO-YMO HEP-0315)","aka":"NIFE","tldr":"The German NIFE trial gave liposomal irinotecan with fluorouracil as a first treatment for bile duct and gallbladder cancer alongside a standard gemcitabine and cisplatin arm, each judged on its own by the share of patients free of progression at four months. It completed with 93 patients.","tags":"","route":"/trials/nife/","status":"completed","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"treetopp","kind":"trial","name":"TreeTopp","aka":"","tldr":"TreeTopp tested whether the HER-family blocker varlitinib added to capecitabine helps bile duct and gallbladder cancer after first-line chemotherapy. It did not: response, progression and survival were the same, and the planned phase 3 part was abandoned. A small gallbladder subgroup hinted at slower progression but the finding was not conclusive.","tags":"failure","route":"/trials/treetopp/","status":"negative","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"eortc-1607-pembro-cisgem","kind":"trial","name":"EORTC 1607: pembrolizumab with cisplatin and gemcitabine in biliary tract cancer","aka":"EORTC-1607","tldr":"A 50-patient European single-arm study that added pembrolizumab to standard chemotherapy for bile duct and gallbladder cancer at sites including three in England, run before the large KEYNOTE-966 trial reported.","tags":"","route":"/trials/eortc-1607-pembro-cisgem/","status":"completed","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"sevilla","kind":"trial","name":"SEVILLA","aka":"","tldr":"SEVILLA is a French-British randomised trial comparing ivonescimab, an antibody that blocks both PD-1 and the blood vessel signal VEGF, with FOLFOX chemotherapy as second-line treatment for bile duct and gallbladder cancer. University College London is the UK site.","tags":"","route":"/trials/sevilla/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"safir-abc10","kind":"trial","name":"SAFIR-ABC10","aka":"","tldr":"SAFIR-ABC10 profiles the tumour during first-line chemotherapy and then randomises people with a targetable change to a matched drug (for HER2, FGFR2, IDH1, BRAF or DNA repair defects) or to standard continuation. With 20 NHS hospitals taking part, it is the biggest precision-medicine trial open to UK patients with gallbladder cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/safir-abc10/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"determine-arm04","kind":"trial","name":"DETERMINE arm 04: trastuzumab with pertuzumab in HER2-amplified or mutated rare cancers","aka":"DETERMINE","tldr":"DETERMINE is the UK platform that gives existing targeted drugs to people whose rare cancer carries the matching gene change. Its trastuzumab and pertuzumab arm is open to HER2-amplified gallbladder cancer at 27 NHS hospitals, with response and durable benefit as the endpoints.","tags":"","route":"/trials/determine-arm04/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder rare-cancers"},{"id":"abc-07","kind":"trial","name":"ABC-07","aka":"","tldr":"ABC-07 is the UK trial asking whether focused high-dose radiotherapy after chemotherapy helps people whose bile duct or gallbladder cancer has not spread but cannot be removed. Twelve UK centres took part and its final results are awaited.","tags":"","route":"/trials/abc-07/","status":"active","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"abc-12","kind":"trial","name":"ABC-12","aka":"","tldr":"ABC-12 collects mouth and bowel bacteria samples from UK patients having standard chemotherapy with durvalumab for bile duct or gallbladder cancer, to see whether the microbiome predicts who responds.","tags":"","route":"/trials/abc-12/","status":"active","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"ea2197-ivonescimab","kind":"trial","name":"EA2197 ivonescimab: ivonescimab with gemcitabine and cisplatin versus standard chemo-immunotherapy in advanced biliary tract cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A planned American cooperative-group trial will test whether the PD-1 and VEGF bispecific antibody ivonescimab beats the current immunotherapies when added to first-line chemotherapy for bile duct and gallbladder cancer, with survival as the endpoint.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ea2197-ivonescimab/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"combomatch-binimetinib-folfox","kind":"trial","name":"ComboMATCH: FOLFOX with or without binimetinib in second-line biliary tract cancer with MAPK pathway alterations","aka":"ComboMATCH biliary","tldr":"Part of the American ComboMATCH precision-medicine programme, this trial adds the MEK inhibitor binimetinib to FOLFOX for people whose bile duct or gallbladder cancer carries a KRAS or related pathway mutation, the most common gallbladder cancer drivers.","tags":"","route":"/trials/combomatch-binimetinib-folfox/","status":"active","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"trap-btc","kind":"trial","name":"TRAP-BTC","aka":"","tldr":"A small German study giving trastuzumab and pembrolizumab together with standard chemotherapy as the first treatment for HER2-positive bile duct or gallbladder cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/trap-btc/","status":"active","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"tesla-rct","kind":"trial","name":"TESLA RCT","aka":"TESLA","tldr":"The Dutch TESLA trial randomises people whose bile ducts are blocked high in the liver by an unremovable tumour, including gallbladder cancer, to a stent placed through the skin and left above the duodenum or to the usual endoscopic drainage, counting major complications over 90 days.","tags":"","route":"/trials/tesla-rct/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"herizon-btc-01","kind":"trial","name":"HERIZON-BTC-01","aka":"","tldr":"The trial behind the first HER2 drug approved for bile duct and gallbladder cancer: zanidatamab shrank tumours in 41 percent of 80 people with HER2-positive disease that had progressed on chemotherapy, and more than half of those enrolled had gallbladder cancer. It led to approvals in the United States, the European Union and the UK, where NICE recommended it in May 2026.","tags":"","route":"/trials/herizon-btc-01/","status":"positive","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"roar","kind":"trial","name":"ROAR (Rare Oncology Agnostic Research) basket: BRAF V600E biliary tract cancer cohort","aka":"ROAR","tldr":"In the ROAR basket trial, the BRAF-blocking pair dabrafenib and trametinib shrank tumours in about half of 43 people with bile duct or gallbladder cancer carrying the BRAF V600E mutation, which is found in roughly 5 percent of biliary cancers. The pair is approved for any solid tumour with this mutation in the United States and is listed by guidelines for biliary cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/roar/","status":"positive","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer rare-cancers"},{"id":"keynote-158","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-158","aka":"KEYNOTE 158","tldr":"The basket trial that showed pembrolizumab alone rarely works in bile duct and gallbladder cancer: only 6 of 104 patients responded, though those who did stayed in response for years. It is also the trial behind the tumour-agnostic approvals of pembrolizumab for mismatch-repair-deficient and high mutation-burden cancers, which do apply to gallbladder cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/keynote-158/","status":"active","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer msi-high-pdac pancreatic metastatic-cancer endometrial cervical vulvar"},{"id":"nct05482516","kind":"trial","name":"Evaluating Novel Therapies in ctDNA Positive GI Cancers","aka":"MRD-GI","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of atezolizumab and bevacizumab in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Georgetown University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05482516/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07062263","kind":"trial","name":"Trastuzumab Plus Chemotherapy vs Chemotherapy Alone in First-line HER2 Positive Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer Patients","aka":"TAB-2","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of trastuzumab in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Tata Memorial Centre, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07062263/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07745296","kind":"trial","name":"Investigating Precision Medicine in the Adjuvant Setting in Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"SAFIR-IMPACT","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of zanidatamab, capecitabine, futibatinib and ivosidenib in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by UNICANCER, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07745296/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer ampullary"},{"id":"nct06037980","kind":"trial","name":"CisPlatin plUs Gemcitabine and Nabpaclitaxel (GAP) as pReoperative Chemotherapy Versus Immediate Resection in patIents With resecTable BiliarY Tract Cancers (BTC) at High Risk for Recurrence","aka":"PURITY","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial of gemcitabine, cisplatin, capecitabine and paclitaxel in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Gruppo Oncologico del Nord-Ovest, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06037980/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer ampullary"},{"id":"nct06355427","kind":"trial","name":"The Effect of [18F] F-FAPI PET-CT on Management in Patients With Proximal Cholangiocarcinoma","aka":"FAPIChol","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial of the registered interventions in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Mara Veenstra, MD, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06355427/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct06662877","kind":"trial","name":"Anlotinib Plus Nab-Paclitaxels and S-1 for Patients with Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer As Second-Line Treatment","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial of oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, leucovorin and other drugs in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Sun Yat-sen University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06662877/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07437287","kind":"trial","name":"Testing Mitazalimab in Combination With Standard Chemotherapy in Immunotherapy Resistant Advanced Biliary Tract Cancers","aka":"CROCOBIL","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial of FOLFOX in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by UNICANCER, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07437287/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer ampullary"},{"id":"nct07598318","kind":"trial","name":"Study of Becotatug Vedotin Added to Standard Treatment for Advanced Bile Duct Cancer With EGFR Mutations","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial of pucotenlimab, gemcitabine and cisplatin in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07598318/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct02151084","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of Different Dosing Schedules of Selumetinib With Cisplatin/Gemcitabine (CIS/GEM) Versus CIS/GEM Alone in Biliary Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of gemcitabine, cisplatin and selumetinib in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by University Health Network, Toronto, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct02151084/","status":"active","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct02632305","kind":"trial","name":"A Study to See the Effects That a New Combination of the Three Drugs, Nab-paclitaxel, Gemcitabine, and Cisplatin Has on Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"AX-CSARC","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of gemcitabine, cisplatin and nab-paclitaxel in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by AHS Cancer Control Alberta, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct02632305/","status":"active","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer ampullary"},{"id":"nct03364530","kind":"trial","name":"Hepatic Arterial Infusion of Gemcitabine-oxaliplatin for Second-line Therapy in Non-metastatic Unresectable Intra-hepatic Cholangiocarcinoma","aka":"GEMOXIA-02","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by University Hospital, Montpellier, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct03364530/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"nct03482102","kind":"trial","name":"Durvalumab (MEDI4736) and Tremelimumab and Radiation Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of durvalumab and tremelimumab with radiotherapy in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Massachusetts General Hospital, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct03482102/","status":"active","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct03801083","kind":"trial","name":"Adoptive Transfer of Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes for Biliary Tract Cancers","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of the registered interventions in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Udai Kammula, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct03801083/","status":"active","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer ampullary"},{"id":"nct03937830","kind":"trial","name":"Combined Treatment of Durvalumab, Bevacizumab, Tremelimumab and Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE) in Subjects With Hepatocellular Carcinoma or Biliary Tract Carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of durvalumab, tremelimumab and bevacizumab in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by National Cancer Institute (NCI), active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct03937830/","status":"active","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct04005339","kind":"trial","name":"NAPOLI-2: Fluorouracil, Leucovorin, and Nanoliposomal Irinotecan in Biliary Cancer","aka":"NAPOLI-2","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of fluorouracil, leucovorin and liposomal irinotecan in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Georgetown University, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04005339/","status":"active","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct04042831","kind":"trial","name":"Olaparib in Treating Patients With Metastatic Biliary Tract Cancer With Aberrant DNA Repair Gene Mutations","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of olaparib in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Academic and Community Cancer Research United, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04042831/","status":"active","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct04183712","kind":"trial","name":"Target Therapy With GEMOX in Recectable Gallbladder Carcinoma Patients Monitored by ctDNA","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of gemcitabine, oxaliplatin and afatinib in gallbladder cancer, run by Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04183712/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"nct04238637","kind":"trial","name":"Immunotherapy Combined With Y-90 SIRT Therapy in Advanced Stage Intrahepatic Biliary Tract Cancer (BTC)","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of durvalumab and tremelimumab in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Institut für Klinische Krebsforschung IKF GmbH at Krankenhaus Nordwest, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04238637/","status":"active","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct04634058","kind":"trial","name":"PD-L1 Antibody Combined With CTLA-4 Antibody for Patients With Advanced Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Who Progressed After Standard Treatment","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of the registered interventions in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04634058/","status":"active","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma ampullary"},{"id":"nct04910386","kind":"trial","name":"Multicenter Phase 2 Study of Envafolimab in Biliary Tract Cancers","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of envafolimab, gemcitabine and cisplatin in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by 3D Medicines (Sichuan) Co., Ltd., not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04910386/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct04941287","kind":"trial","name":"Testing A New Combination of Anti-cancer Immune Therapies, Atezolizumab and CDX-1127 (Varlilumab) With or Without the Addition of a Third Anti-cancer Drug, Cobimetinib, for Advanced-Stage Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of atezolizumab and cobimetinib in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by National Cancer Institute (NCI), active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04941287/","status":"active","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer ampullary"},{"id":"nct04969887","kind":"trial","name":"Combination Immunotherapy in Rare Cancers Under InvesTigation","aka":"MOST-CIRCUIT","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of nivolumab and ipilimumab in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04969887/","status":"active","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct05170438","kind":"trial","name":"Lenvatinib Plus Paclitaxel for Patients With Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer Who Failed to Gemcitabine-based Treatment","aka":"LenPac","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of gemcitabine, paclitaxel and lenvatinib in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05170438/","status":"active","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer ampullary"},{"id":"nct05222971","kind":"trial","name":"Olaparib With or Without Durvalumab for DDR Gene Mutated Biliary Tract Cancer Following Platinum-based Chemotherapy","aka":"OPTIMUM","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of durvalumab and olaparib in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Asan Medical Center, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05222971/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct05422690","kind":"trial","name":"The Purpose of This Research Study is to See if Combining Gemcitabine, Cisplatin and Durvalumab Chemotherapy Treatments With a Direct Tumor Therapy Yittrium-90 (Y-90) Will Work Better Together to Shrink Tumors and Control Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of durvalumab, gemcitabine and cisplatin in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Inova Health Care Services, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05422690/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"nct05451043","kind":"trial","name":"Durvalumab and Tremelimumab in Combination With Propranolol and Chemotherapy for Treatment of Advanced Hepatopancreabiliary Tumors (BLOCKED)","aka":"BLOCKED","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of durvalumab, tremelimumab, gemcitabine and other drugs in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by AHS Cancer Control Alberta, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05451043/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct05451290","kind":"trial","name":"Camrelizumab Plus Apatinib in Combination With GEMOX (Gemcitabine and Oxaliplatin ) in Patients With Locally Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of camrelizumab, gemcitabine, oxaliplatin and S-1 in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05451290/","status":"active","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct05640791","kind":"trial","name":"Durvalumab Combined With Chemotherapy Neoadjuvant Therapy of Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of durvalumab, gemcitabine, cisplatin and nab-paclitaxel in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05640791/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct05705492","kind":"trial","name":"Olanzapine for the Management of Cancer Associated Appetite Loss in Patients With Advanced Esophagogastric, Hepatopancreaticobiliary, Colorectal or Lung Cancer","aka":"ACTO","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of the registered interventions in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05705492/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct05724563","kind":"trial","name":"Domvanalimab and Zimberelimab in Advanced Liver Cancers","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of zimberelimab and domvanalimab in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05724563/","status":"active","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct05733000","kind":"trial","name":"CPI-613 (Devimistat) in Combination With Hydroxychloroquine and 5-fluorouracil or Gemcitabine in Treating Patients With Advanced Chemorefractory Solid Tumors","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of gemcitabine and fluorouracil in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Northwestern University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05733000/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct05757336","kind":"trial","name":"Combination of Gemcitabine, Albumin-paclitaxel , Sintilimab and Bevacizumab in Unresectable Gallbladder Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of sintilimab, gemcitabine, nab-paclitaxel and bevacizumab in gallbladder cancer, run by Lu Wang, MD, PhD, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05757336/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"nct05985707","kind":"trial","name":"KN026 Plus Chemotherapy ± KN-046 in HER2 Positive Colorectal Cancer and Biliary Carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of the registered interventions in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05985707/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct06001658","kind":"trial","name":"Perioperative Gemcitabine, Cisplatin, and Pembrolizumab in Potentially Resectable Biliary Tract Cancers","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of pembrolizumab, gemcitabine and cisplatin in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06001658/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct06037655","kind":"trial","name":"Chemotherapy Combined With Adebrelimab and Mecapegfilgrastim in Neoadjuvant Treatment of Potentially Resectable BTC","aka":"Modified","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of adebrelimab in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06037655/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct06048133","kind":"trial","name":"Study of Gemcitabine, Cisplatin, AB680 and AB122 During First Line Treatment of Advanced Biliary Tract Cancers (QUIC)","aka":"QUIC","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of zimberelimab, gemcitabine and cisplatin in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Nataliya Uboha, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06048133/","status":"active","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct06135896","kind":"trial","name":"Tripegfilgrastim Trial to Reduce the Risk of Severe Neutropenia in Patients With Unresectable Pancreaticobiliary Cancers","aka":"Dulastin","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of the registered interventions in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by National Cancer Center, Korea, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06135896/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct06230471","kind":"trial","name":"Pembrolizumab With or Without Lenvatinib or Chemotherapy in First-Line Treatment of Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of pembrolizumab, gemcitabine, oxaliplatin and lenvatinib in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Peking Union Medical College Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06230471/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct06274879","kind":"trial","name":"Safety of Biliary Intraductal Radiofrequency Ablation in Patients With Unresectable Extrahepatic Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of durvalumab and cisplatin in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Insel Gruppe AG, University Hospital Bern, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06274879/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct06280508","kind":"trial","name":"Chemotherapy Combined With Adebrelimab and Apatinib as the Perioperative Treatment in Patients With Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of adebrelimab, gemcitabine and cisplatin in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06280508/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct06389500","kind":"trial","name":"HAIC+Adebrelimab+Lenvatinib for Conversion Treatment of Potentially Resectable, Locally Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of adebrelimab and lenvatinib in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Harbin Medical University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06389500/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct06423170","kind":"trial","name":"A Single-arm Phase II Clinical Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Camrelizumab Combined With GEMOX for Unresectable GBCs","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of camrelizumab, gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in gallbladder cancer, run by Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06423170/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"nct06438822","kind":"trial","name":"Cadonilimab Combined With Liposomal Irinotecan Plus Leucovorin and Fluorouracil for Advanced Cholangiocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of cadonilimab, fluorouracil, leucovorin and liposomal irinotecan in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by West China Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06438822/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"nct06490107","kind":"trial","name":"Durvalumab Combined With S-1 as Adjuvant Therapy of Resectable BTC","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of durvalumab and S-1 in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06490107/","status":"active","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct06502080","kind":"trial","name":"Consolidative Radiotherapy (CSRT) in Patients With Oligometastatic/Locally Advanced Unresectable Bilary Tract Cancer (BTC)","aka":"RADITOP","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of durvalumab, pembrolizumab, sintilimab and other drugs with radiotherapy in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06502080/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct06530823","kind":"trial","name":"Pemigatinib Combined With Durvalumab for Previously Treated Biliary Tract Carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of durvalumab and pemigatinib in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06530823/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct06531291","kind":"trial","name":"Surufatinib Combined With Serplulimab and Standard Chemotherapy as First-line Treatment in Advanced Solid Tumors With Neuroendocrine Differentiation","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of serplulimab and surufatinib in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by RenJi Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06531291/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct06591650","kind":"trial","name":"Gemcitabine Hydrochloride, Cisplatin, Nab-Paclitaxel, and Durvalumab in Treating Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Gallbladder Cancer","aka":"GCND","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of durvalumab, gemcitabine, cisplatin and nab-paclitaxel in gallbladder cancer, run by Fudan University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06591650/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"nct06620848","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of HRS-4642 Monotherapy or in Combination With Adebrelimab in the Treatment of Advanced Biliary Tract Tumors.","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of adebrelimab in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06620848/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct06638931","kind":"trial","name":"Agnostic Therapy in Rare Solid Tumors","aka":"ANTARES","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of nivolumab in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06638931/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct06654947","kind":"trial","name":"A Single-arm, Open-label, Prospective Clinical Study of Surufatinib Combined With Immunotherapy and Chemotherapy for Unresectable or Metastatic Biliary Tract Cancer.","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of toripalimab, gemcitabine, oxaliplatin and surufatinib in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Fujian Cancer Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06654947/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct06708858","kind":"trial","name":"Phase Ⅱ Clinical Study of Surufatinib Combined With Gemcitabine and Cisplatin Plus Durvalumab/Pembrolizumab Regimen in the Treatment of Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of durvalumab, pembrolizumab, gemcitabine and other drugs in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Dai, Guanghai, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06708858/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct06717464","kind":"trial","name":"Toripalimab Combined With Capecitabine as Postoperative Adjuvant Therapy for Patients With Resectable Advanced Extrahepatic Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of toripalimab and capecitabine in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06717464/","status":"active","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct06728410","kind":"trial","name":"A Phase II Study of Pemigatinib Plus Durvalumab in Previously Treated Advanced Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Patients With FGFR-2 Fusion or Rearrangement","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of durvalumab and pemigatinib in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Mehmet Akce, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06728410/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma ampullary"},{"id":"nct06789848","kind":"trial","name":"Ligufalimab and Cadonilimab in Advanced Liver Cancers","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of cadonilimab in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06789848/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct06852287","kind":"trial","name":"Phase II Clinical Study of GemOX Hepatic Arterial Infusion Combined with Lenvatinib and Toripalimab for Advanced and Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Cancer","aka":"GOLD-HAIC","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of toripalimab, gemcitabine, oxaliplatin and lenvatinib in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06852287/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"nct06892925","kind":"trial","name":"QL1706 Combined With Lenvatinib and GEMOX as First - Line Treatment for Unresectable Biliary Tract Tumors","aka":"Spring","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of gemcitabine, oxaliplatin and lenvatinib in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06892925/","status":"active","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct06901622","kind":"trial","name":"Camrelizumab and Chemotherapy With or Without Anlotinib as First-line Treatment for Advanced Gallbladder Cancer and Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of camrelizumab, nab-paclitaxel, S-1 and anlotinib in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06901622/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"nct06903273","kind":"trial","name":"Neoadjuvant Tislelizumab, Gemcitabine, Cisplatin and S-1 for Resectable High-risk Cholangiocarcinoma","aka":"TisGCS for BTC","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of tislelizumab, gemcitabine, cisplatin and S-1 in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by National Cheng-Kung University Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06903273/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct06919848","kind":"trial","name":"Oncolytic Virus H101 Combined With Lenvatinib Plus Toripalimab Compared With FOLFOX in Patients With Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer (OPTIONS-06)","aka":"OPTIONS-06","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of toripalimab, FOLFOX and lenvatinib in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Fudan University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06919848/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct06963060","kind":"trial","name":"Gem+Nab-P+LEN+TIS for Advanced Unresectable BTC (GALENT-BT)","aka":"GALENT-BT","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of tislelizumab, gemcitabine, nab-paclitaxel and lenvatinib in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Wei Gong, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06963060/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct06993025","kind":"trial","name":"Ivonescimab in Combination With Liposomal Irinotecan and 5-FU/LV in Potentially Resectable Biliary Tract Malignancies","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of ivonescimab, fluorouracil and liposomal irinotecan in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06993025/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07003815","kind":"trial","name":"Envafolimab With Chemotherapy and Simvastatin in Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of envafolimab, gemcitabine and cisplatin in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Tongji Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07003815/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07025174","kind":"trial","name":"Sequential Anti-Angiogenic Therapy After Immunotherapy in Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"SAIB","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of gemcitabine, cisplatin, oxaliplatin and other drugs in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07025174/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07036380","kind":"trial","name":"MP0317 in Combination With Chemoimmunotherapy in First Line Treatment for Patients With Advanced Biliary Tract Carcinoma","aka":"TACTIC","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of durvalumab, gemcitabine and cisplatin in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besancon, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07036380/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07062536","kind":"trial","name":"mFOLFOX/mFOLFIRI vs. mFOLFOX in Advanced or Recurrent Biliary Tract Cancer Second-line","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of oxaliplatin, leucovorin, FOLFOX and other drugs in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07062536/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer ampullary"},{"id":"nct07099794","kind":"trial","name":"A Randomized, Two-cohort, Prospective Phase II Clinical Study of the Second-line Treatment of Advanced Biliary System Tumors With Liposomal Irinotecan (II) Combination Regimen","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of fluorouracil, liposomal irinotecan and lenvatinib in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07099794/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07105852","kind":"trial","name":"Exploring the Safety and Efficacy of Sacituzumab Tirumotecan Combined With Pucotenlimab in the Treatment of Advanced Cholangiocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of sacituzumab tirumotecan and pucotenlimab in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07105852/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"nct07109167","kind":"trial","name":"The Safety and Efficacy of Benmelstobart Injection in Patients With Advanced Biliary Tract Malignant Tumors","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of benmelstobart, gemcitabine and cisplatin in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07109167/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07129018","kind":"trial","name":"Trastuzumab Rezetecan Combined With Pertuzumab and Iparomlimab and Tuvonralimab for Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of trastuzumab rezetecan, pertuzumab and trastuzumab in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07129018/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07135544","kind":"trial","name":"A Single-arm, Multicenter, Exploratory Study of Adebrelimab Combined With Apatinib and Systemic Chemotherapy for Initially Unresectable Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of adebrelimab in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Yongjun Chen, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07135544/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07146646","kind":"trial","name":"Trifluridine/Tipiracil + Oxaliplatin in Participants With Advanced or Metastatic Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of oxaliplatin and trifluridine tipiracil in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07146646/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer ampullary"},{"id":"nct07151872","kind":"trial","name":"Combination of QLS31905 and Chemotherapy ± QL2107 in Patients With CLDN18.2-positive Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of gemcitabine, cisplatin, oxaliplatin and capecitabine in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07151872/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07159204","kind":"trial","name":"Polymeric Micellar Paclitaxel-Based Combination Therapy for Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"PILOT-BTC","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of paclitaxel in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Peking Union Medical College Hospital, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07159204/","status":"active","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07159217","kind":"trial","name":"Disitamab Vedotin Plus Lenvatinib and PD-1 Inhibitors for Treating HER2-positive Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of disitamab vedotin, pembrolizumab, camrelizumab and other drugs in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Peking Union Medical College Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07159217/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07160283","kind":"trial","name":"The Efficacy and Safety of Trilaciclib in Bone Marrow Protection Before Chemotherapy for Advanced Bile Duct Cancer and Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of the registered interventions in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07160283/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07263360","kind":"trial","name":"Iparomlimab and Tuvonralimab Injection Combined With GemOX and Lenvatinib as Conversion Therapy for Initially Potentially Resectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of gemcitabine, oxaliplatin and lenvatinib in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07263360/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"nct07267078","kind":"trial","name":"Tuvonralimab and Iparomlimab Based Regimens for the Neoadjuvant Treatment of Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Peking Union Medical College Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07267078/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07282262","kind":"trial","name":"An Exploratory Study on the Use of Ivosidenib for the Precise Treatment of Advanced Biliary Tract Malignancies With IDH1 Mutations in the Later Line of Therapy.","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of lenvatinib and ivosidenib in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Peking Union Medical College Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07282262/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"nct07282912","kind":"trial","name":"Trial Comparing Standard of Care Therapy With and Without Sequential Cytoreductive Intervention for Patients With Metastatic Foregut Adenocarcinoma and Undetectable Circulating Tumor-Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (ctDNA) Levels","aka":"OLIGOMETS","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of the registered interventions in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Yale University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07282912/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma ampullary"},{"id":"nct07296666","kind":"trial","name":"Adjuvant Chemotherapy for BTC Based on 3D-PTA","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of capecitabine in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Fudan University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07296666/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer ampullary"},{"id":"nct07310069","kind":"trial","name":"Gemcitabine and Nab-Paclitaxel Combined With Iparomlimab and Tuvorilimab for Advanced Gallbladder Cancer","aka":"TRANSFORM-GBC","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel in gallbladder cancer, run by Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07310069/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"nct07351591","kind":"trial","name":"A Phase II Trial of Organoid Drug Sensitivity Testing to Guide Therapy in Unresectable Biliary Tract Cancers","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of the registered interventions in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07351591/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07433673","kind":"trial","name":"Gemcitabine, Cisplatin, Nab-paclitaxel (GAP) and Cemiplimab for Locally Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer (BTC)","aka":"GAP Cemi","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of cemiplimab, gemcitabine, cisplatin and nab-paclitaxel in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Columbia University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07433673/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07471165","kind":"trial","name":"A Prospective, Single-Arm, Phase II Study: PD-L1 Monoclonal Antibody + Chemoradiotherapy as Bridge Therapy to Liver Transplantation for Locally Advanced Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma (ACHIEVE-LT)","aka":"ACHIEVE-LT","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of the registered interventions with radiotherapy in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07471165/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"nct07472933","kind":"trial","name":"Vebotolimab Combined With Ptorlimab for EGFR-positive Refractory Advanced Biliary Tract Malignancies","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of the registered interventions in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by West China Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07472933/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07478523","kind":"trial","name":"FAPI-PET Value for the Initial Screening of Pancreatic and Biliary Cancers","aka":"FAPDIG","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of the registered interventions in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by University Hospital, Bordeaux, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07478523/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07506057","kind":"trial","name":"Trastuzumab in Combination With Serplulimab and Chemotherapy for the Treatment of HER2-overexpressing Unresectable Locally Advanced or Metastatic Biliary Tract Cancer or Urothelial Carcinoma After Failure of Standard Therapy","aka":"SHIELD","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of trastuzumab and serplulimab in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Xiujuan Qu, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07506057/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07514533","kind":"trial","name":"The Efficacy and Safety of Pucotenlimab (PD-1) Combined With Becotatugvedotin (EGFR-ADC) in Advanced Cholangiocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of pucotenlimab in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07514533/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"nct07530445","kind":"trial","name":"Phase II Study of Iparomlimab and Tuvonralimab (QL1706) in Combination With Albumin-Bound Paclitaxel and Lenvatinib as Second-Line Therapy for Unresectable or Metastatic Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of nab-paclitaxel and lenvatinib in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Sun Yat-sen University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07530445/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer ampullary"},{"id":"nct07561775","kind":"trial","name":"Adebrelimab Plus S-1 for Resected Cholangiocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of adebrelimab and S-1 in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Xingjun Guo, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07561775/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07569679","kind":"trial","name":"Alternating HAIC and Systemic Chemotherapy With or Without Adebrelimab and Apatinib for Unresectable Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of adebrelimab, gemcitabine and cisplatin in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Air Force Military Medical University, China, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07569679/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07570849","kind":"trial","name":"Chidamide Combined With Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy as First-line Treatment for Advanced Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of gemcitabine and cisplatin in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07570849/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"nct07599995","kind":"trial","name":"Gemcitabine-Cisplatin Plus Envafolimab in Resectable Biliary Tract Malignancies","aka":"GENE","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of envafolimab, gemcitabine and cisplatin in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07599995/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07623642","kind":"trial","name":"A Phase II Study of GV20-0251 in Combination With Anti-PD-1 Monoclonal Antibodies in Patients With Unresectable, Locally Advanced, or Metastatic Solid Tumors.","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of the registered interventions in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by GV20 Therapeutics, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07623642/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer ampullary"},{"id":"nct07631884","kind":"trial","name":"Exploratory Study on the Efficacy and Safety of Trastuzumab Rezetecan in the Treatment of HER2-Expressiong Advanced Solid Tumor","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of trastuzumab rezetecan in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Haihua Yuan, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07631884/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07635290","kind":"trial","name":"Anlotinib+Cadonilimab+PULSAR in Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of cadonilimab and anlotinib in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by West China Hospital, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07635290/","status":"active","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07636824","kind":"trial","name":"Efficacy and Safety of Postoperative Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy for Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Carcinoma: A Multicenter Prospective Phase II Study","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of capecitabine and S-1 with radiotherapy in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07636824/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"nct07638501","kind":"trial","name":"Efficacy and Safety of SBRT Plus Gemcitabine, Cisplatin, and Sintilimab as First-Line Treatment for Unresectable Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of sintilimab, gemcitabine and cisplatin with radiotherapy in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07638501/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07649980","kind":"trial","name":"Becotatug Vedotin Plus Pucotenlimab for Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer, Phase II","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of pucotenlimab in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by HuiKai Li, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07649980/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07654530","kind":"trial","name":"Sintilimab Combined With Ipilimumab (N01) Plus AG as First-line Therapy for uBTC.","aka":"SIAG-BTC","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of ipilimumab, sintilimab, gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07654530/","status":"active","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07668453","kind":"trial","name":"An Open-label, Single-arm, Multicenter Exploratory Study of Adebrelimab Combined With Gemcitabine and Albumin-bound Paclitaxel as First-line Treatment for Biliary Tract Malignancies","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of adebrelimab, gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07668453/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07670273","kind":"trial","name":"Phase II Study of Trastuzumab Rezetecan Combined With Adebrelimab and Lenvatinib as First-Line Therapy for Advanced HER2-Positive/HER2-Low Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of trastuzumab rezetecan, adebrelimab and lenvatinib in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Peking Union Medical College Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07670273/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07679399","kind":"trial","name":"A Phase II Study of Adjuvant Durvalumab Combined With GEMOX/GC Chemotherapy Followed by Lenvatinib Versus Capecitabine in Biliary Tract Cancer.","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of durvalumab, capecitabine, gemcitabine and other drugs in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Peking Union Medical College Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07679399/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer ampullary"},{"id":"nct07701122","kind":"trial","name":"Sacituzumab Tirumotecan in Previously Treated TROP2-Positive Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of sacituzumab tirumotecan in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07701122/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07704177","kind":"trial","name":"Phase II Study of Trastuzumab Rezetecan Combined With Adebrelimab and Lenvatinib in Advanced HER2-Positive/Low-Expression Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of trastuzumab rezetecan, adebrelimab and lenvatinib in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Peking Union Medical College Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07704177/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07723534","kind":"trial","name":"Zolbetuximab With mFOLFOX6 or CAPOX in Claudin 18.2 Overexpressed Advanced or Metastatic Biliary Tract Cancers","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of FOLFOX and CAPOX in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Midhun Malla, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07723534/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07726446","kind":"trial","name":"Study on Sequential Cryoablation, Relaforp Alpha, and Chemotherapy for Bile Duct Tumors","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of the registered interventions in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07726446/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07729033","kind":"trial","name":"A Phase II Exploratory Study of Sacituzumab Tirumotecan Combined With Envafolimab for TROP2-Positive Advanced Biliary Tract Cancers Previously Treated With First-Line Immunotherapy Combined With Chemotherapy.","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of sacituzumab tirumotecan and envafolimab in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07729033/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07729917","kind":"trial","name":"Precision Integrated Strategies and Efficacy Evaluation for Biliary Tract Cancers: An Umbrella Platform Study","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Zhejiang University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07729917/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07733115","kind":"trial","name":"QL1706（Iparomlimab/Tuvonralimab) Combined With Gemcitabine and Cisplatin as First-Line Treatment for PD-L1-Positive Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of gemcitabine and cisplatin in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07733115/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07767994","kind":"trial","name":"AK112 Combined With GAP Conversion Therapy for Locally Advanced Gallbladder Cancer","aka":"ICORE-GBC","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of ivonescimab, gemcitabine, cisplatin and nab-paclitaxel in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by First Affiliated Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07767994/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07780838","kind":"trial","name":"Alternating Chemo-immunotherapy and FGFR Inhibitor for FGFR-positive Biliary or Cholangiocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of durvalumab, gemcitabine, cisplatin and pemigatinib in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07780838/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer ampullary"},{"id":"nct07786766","kind":"trial","name":"Pemigatinib Plus PD-1 Inhibitor With or Without Chemotherapy in FGFR2 Fusion/Rearrangement-Positive Cholangiocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of pemigatinib in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Haitao Zhao, MD, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07786766/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07793253","kind":"trial","name":"Phase 2 Study of Daraxonrasib in Recurrent KRAS-Mutant Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of daraxonrasib in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07793253/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer ampullary"},{"id":"nct07797816","kind":"trial","name":"Liposomal Irinotecan Plus 5-FU/LV and Sintilimab With Sequential SBRT for Locally Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of sintilimab, fluorouracil, leucovorin and liposomal irinotecan with radiotherapy in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by The Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07797816/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07829874","kind":"trial","name":"Cryoablation Combined With QL1706 (Iparomlimab/Tuvonralimab) Plus Lenvatinib in Patients With Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer.","aka":"CASTLE-ZS-04","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of lenvatinib in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Fudan University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07829874/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07831993","kind":"trial","name":"Sintilimab Plus NALIRIFOX or Gemcitabine-Cisplatin as First-Line Treatment for Metastatic Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of sintilimab, gemcitabine, cisplatin and other drugs in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by The Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07831993/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct04068194","kind":"trial","name":"Testing the Combination of New Anti-cancer Drug Peposertib With Avelumab and Radiation Therapy for Advanced/Metastatic Solid Tumors and Hepatobiliary Malignancies","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of avelumab with radiotherapy in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by National Cancer Institute (NCI), active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04068194/","status":"active","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct04645160","kind":"trial","name":"Evaluating Efficacy of Tivozanib (AV-951) in Biliary Tract Cancers","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of tivozanib in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by National Cancer Institute (NCI), now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04645160/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct04781192","kind":"trial","name":"The Purpose of This Trial is to Determine if Regorafenib Plus Durvalumab (MEDI4736) is Safe and Effective in Treatment of Chemo Refractory Advanced Biliary Tract Cancers","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of durvalumab and regorafenib in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by University of Kansas Medical Center, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04781192/","status":"active","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct05000294","kind":"trial","name":"Atezolizumab Plus Tivozanib in Immunologically Cold Tumor Types","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of atezolizumab and tivozanib in gallbladder cancer, run by University of Florida, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05000294/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"nct05749900","kind":"trial","name":"First-line Trastuzumab, Gemcitabine, Cisplatin and Nivolumab in Advanced HER2- Positive Biliary Tract Cancer: a Multicenter, Open-label, Single-arm Phase Ib/II Trial (HERBOT)","aka":"HERBOT","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of trastuzumab, nivolumab, gemcitabine and cisplatin in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Yonsei University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05749900/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct05849480","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of CDX-1140, a CD40 Agonist, in Combination With Capecitabine and Oxaliplatin (CAPOX) and Keytruda in Subjects With Biliary Tract Carcinoma (BTC)","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of oxaliplatin, capecitabine and CAPOX in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by National Cancer Institute (NCI), now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05849480/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct05994001","kind":"trial","name":"Candonilimab in Combination With LM-302 for Claudin 18.2 Positive-advanced Biliary Tract Cancer After Failure of Standard of Chemotherapy and PD1/PD-L1 Antibody","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of the registered interventions in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05994001/","status":"active","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct06548412","kind":"trial","name":"CTX-009 With Gemcitabine, Cisplatin, and Durvalumab as First-line Therapy in Patients With Unresectable or Metastatic Biliary Tract Cancers","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of durvalumab, gemcitabine and cisplatin in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06548412/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07269158","kind":"trial","name":"A Phase IIb Randomized Clinical Trial of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-based Maintenance Therapy in Patients With Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of durvalumab, pembrolizumab and lenvatinib in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Yonsei University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07269158/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07392541","kind":"trial","name":"Adebrelimab Combined With Gemcitabine, Cisplatin, and Simvastatin for Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of adebrelimab, gemcitabine and cisplatin in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Tongji Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07392541/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07594626","kind":"trial","name":"BMS-986504 in Combination With Pemetrexed for the Treatment of Metastatic Solid Tumors With MTAP Deletion","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of the registered interventions in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Northwestern University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07594626/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nct07632235","kind":"trial","name":"A Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized, Open-label Phase Ib/II Study of Celecoxib Plus Pembrolizumab and Gemcitabine/Cisplatin Versus Pembrolizumab and Gemcitabine/Cisplatin in Patients With CK5/6-High Unresectable Locally Advanced or Metastatic Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of pembrolizumab, gemcitabine and cisplatin in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by Shanghai 6th People's Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07632235/","status":"planned","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma ampullary"},{"id":"nct07636798","kind":"trial","name":"Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy Plus Envafolimab and Lenvatinib for First-Line Unresectable Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of envafolimab and lenvatinib in gallbladder cancer and other biliary tract cancers, run by West China Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest gallbladder-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07636798/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"prophylactic-cholecystectomy","kind":"term","name":"Prophylactic (preventive) cholecystectomy","aka":"Preventive cholecystectomy\nChilean GES cholecystectomy programme","tldr":"Removing a gallbladder that contains stones before it causes trouble, in the hope of preventing a cancer that almost always arises in a gallbladder with stones. Chile has run a national programme since 2006.","tags":"","route":"/terms/prophylactic-cholecystectomy/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-esmo-biliary-tract-cancer-guideline-ann-oncol-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Biliary tract cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","aka":"","tldr":"The European oncology society's 2023 guideline for bile duct and gallbladder cancer, covering how the diseases are diagnosed, staged, operated on, treated with drugs and followed up.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-esmo-biliary-tract-cancer-guideline-ann-oncol-2023/","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"paper-nccn-biliary-tract-cancers-v2-2025-jnccn-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Biliary Tract Cancers, Version 2.2025, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines In Oncology","aka":"","tldr":"The 2025 summary of the US NCCN guideline for gallbladder and bile duct cancers, focused on what to give after surgery.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-nccn-biliary-tract-cancers-v2-2025-jnccn-2025/","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"paper-bsg-cholangiocarcinoma-guideline-gut-2023","kind":"paper","name":"British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines for the diagnosis and management of cholangiocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"The UK gastroenterology society's 2023 guideline for bile duct cancer, written with patient charities; there is no equivalent UK guideline written for gallbladder cancer.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-bsg-cholangiocarcinoma-guideline-gut-2023/","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-gallbladder-polyp-joint-guideline-eur-radiol-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Management and follow-up of gallbladder polyps: updated joint guidelines between the ESGAR, EAES, EFISDS and ESGE","aka":"","tldr":"The 2022 European rules for gallbladder polyps found on ultrasound: operate at 10 mm or more, operate at 6 to 9 mm if there are risk factors, scan again for two years otherwise, and stop watching tiny polyps in people without risk factors.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-gallbladder-polyp-joint-guideline-eur-radiol-2022/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-jshbps-biliary-tract-cancer-guidelines-2019-jhbps-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Clinical practice guidelines for the management of biliary tract cancers 2019: The 3rd English edition","aka":"","tldr":"Japan's surgical society guideline for bile duct, gallbladder and ampullary cancer, the only major guideline with a section on preventive treatment.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-jshbps-biliary-tract-cancer-guidelines-2019-jhbps-2021/","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma ampullary"},{"id":"paper-abc-06-folfox-second-line-lancet-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Second-line FOLFOX chemotherapy versus active symptom control for advanced biliary tract cancer (ABC-06): a phase 3, open-label, randomised, controlled trial","aka":"","tldr":"The UK trial that showed a second chemotherapy, FOLFOX, helps people with advanced bile duct or gallbladder cancer live about a month longer on average once gemcitabine and cisplatin stop working, with one in four alive at a year instead of one in nine.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-abc-06-folfox-second-line-lancet-oncol-2021/","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"paper-nifty-liposomal-irinotecan-lancet-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Liposomal irinotecan plus fluorouracil and leucovorin versus fluorouracil and leucovorin for metastatic biliary tract cancer after progression on gemcitabine plus cisplatin (NIFTY): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 2b study","aka":"","tldr":"In a Korean trial, adding liposomal irinotecan to fluorouracil held second-line bile duct and gallbladder cancer still for about seven months rather than six weeks, at the cost of more low blood counts.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-nifty-liposomal-irinotecan-lancet-oncol-2021/","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"paper-swog-s0809-adjuvant-chemoradiation-jco-2015","kind":"paper","name":"SWOG S0809: A Phase II Intergroup Trial of Adjuvant Capecitabine and Gemcitabine Followed by Radiotherapy and Concurrent Capecitabine in Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"In the only prospective trial of chemotherapy then radiotherapy after surgery for gallbladder or bile duct cancer, two in three patients were alive at two years, including those whose cancer had reached the cut edge, but there was no comparison group.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-swog-s0809-adjuvant-chemoradiation-jco-2015/","cancers":"gallbladder extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"paper-topaz-1-three-year-survival-j-hepatol-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Durvalumab plus chemotherapy in advanced biliary tract cancer: 3-year overall survival update from the phase III TOPAZ-1 study","aka":"","tldr":"Three and a half years on, adding durvalumab to chemotherapy for advanced bile duct and gallbladder cancer still showed a survival edge, and about one in seven patients were alive at three years compared with one in fourteen on chemotherapy alone.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-topaz-1-three-year-survival-j-hepatol-2025/","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"paper-polcagb-protocol-bmj-open-2019","kind":"paper","name":"A phase III randomised clinical trial of perioperative therapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy versus chemoradiotherapy) in locally advanced gallbladder cancers (POLCAGB): study protocol","aka":"","tldr":"The plan for an Indian trial comparing chemotherapy with chemotherapy plus radiotherapy before surgery for gallbladder cancer that has grown beyond the gallbladder wall.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-polcagb-protocol-bmj-open-2019/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-gain-trial-protocol-bmc-cancer-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine plus cisplatin followed by radical liver resection versus immediate radical liver resection alone with or without adjuvant chemotherapy in incidentally detected gallbladder carcinoma after simple cholecystectomy or in front of radical resection of BTC (ICC/ECC) - a phase III study of the German registry of incidental gallbladder carcinoma platform (GR)- the AIO/ CALGP/ ACO- GAIN-trial","aka":"","tldr":"The design of the German GAIN trial: chemotherapy before and after the second operation for gallbladder cancer found by chance, against surgery first.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-gain-trial-protocol-bmc-cancer-2020/","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"paper-pawlik-incidental-gallbladder-cancer-residual-disease-jgs-2007","kind":"paper","name":"Incidence of finding residual disease for incidental gallbladder carcinoma: implications for re-resection","aka":"","tldr":"When surgeons went back in after a gallbladder cancer had been found by chance, nearly half of patients had cancer left behind, and the deeper the original tumour the more likely it was.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-pawlik-incidental-gallbladder-cancer-residual-disease-jgs-2007/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-ethun-re-resection-timing-incidental-gallbladder-cancer-jama-surg-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Association of Optimal Time Interval to Re-resection for Incidental Gallbladder Cancer With Overall Survival: A Multi-Institution Analysis From the US Extrahepatic Biliary Malignancy Consortium","aka":"","tldr":"Across ten US centres, people whose second operation for a chance-found gallbladder cancer happened four to eight weeks after the first lived longest; rushing back in under four weeks, or waiting beyond eight, went with shorter survival.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-ethun-re-resection-timing-incidental-gallbladder-cancer-jama-surg-2017/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-soreide-incidental-gallbladder-cancer-review-bjs-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Systematic review of management of incidental gallbladder cancer after cholecystectomy","aka":"","tldr":"A British Journal of Surgery review of what to do when a gallbladder removed for stones turns out to hold cancer: about one in 200 do, tumours confined to the lining are cured by the first operation, deeper ones need a second, and cutting out the keyhole port sites does not help.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-soreide-incidental-gallbladder-cancer-review-bjs-2019/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-pyo-incidental-gallbladder-cancer-meta-analysis-jcm-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Incidental Carcinoma after Cholecystectomy for Benign Disease of the Gallbladder: A Meta-Analysis","aka":"","tldr":"Pooling 51 studies and more than 400,000 gallbladder operations, about six in every thousand gallbladders removed for benign disease contained an unsuspected cancer, and people whose cancer was found this way lived longer than those diagnosed with symptoms.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-pyo-incidental-gallbladder-cancer-meta-analysis-jcm-2020/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-de-savornin-lohman-re-resection-incidental-gallbladder-cancer-aso-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Re-resection in Incidental Gallbladder Cancer: Survival and the Incidence of Residual Disease","aka":"","tldr":"In the Dutch national registry only one in four people with a chance-found gallbladder cancer had the recommended second operation; those who did lived about four times longer, and a third of them had cancer left behind that the operation removed.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-de-savornin-lohman-re-resection-incidental-gallbladder-cancer-aso-2020/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-selvakumar-revision-surgery-timing-ipd-meta-analysis-hpb-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Timing of revision surgery for incidental gallbladder cancer: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis","aka":"","tldr":"Pooling individual records from more than 2,000 patients, the timing of the second operation for chance-found gallbladder cancer made no measurable difference to survival, and studies did not even agree on what early or late meant.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-selvakumar-revision-surgery-timing-ipd-meta-analysis-hpb-2026/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-kim-t1b-gallbladder-cancer-international-jhbps-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Optimal surgical treatment in patients with T1b gallbladder cancer: An international multicenter study","aka":"","tldr":"Across 14 specialist centres in Korea, Japan, Chile and the United States, people with a gallbladder cancer that had just reached the muscle layer did equally well whether or not they had a second, bigger operation: about 95 in 100 were alive and free of the disease at five years either way.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-kim-t1b-gallbladder-cancer-international-jhbps-2018/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-shindoh-t2-gallbladder-cancer-tumour-location-ann-surg-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Tumor location is a strong predictor of tumor progression and survival in T2 gallbladder cancer: an international multicenter study","aka":"","tldr":"Where a muscle-invading gallbladder tumour sits matters: those on the side against the liver spread more and killed more, with five-year survival of 43 in 100 against 65 in 100 for tumours on the free side.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-shindoh-t2-gallbladder-cancer-tumour-location-ann-surg-2015/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-lee-t2-gallbladder-cancer-surgical-strategy-aso-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Surgical Strategy for T2 Gallbladder Cancer According to Tumor Location","aka":"","tldr":"A Korean series suggesting that muscle-invading gallbladder tumours on the free side may not always need part of the liver removed, while those against the liver bed do.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-lee-t2-gallbladder-cancer-surgical-strategy-aso-2015/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-kang-t2-gallbladder-cancer-location-meta-analysis-jcm-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Prognostic Significance of Tumor Location in T2 Gallbladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","aka":"","tldr":"Pooling seven studies, muscle-invading gallbladder cancers on the liver side were about twice as likely to be fatal as those on the free side, yet the bigger operation did not clearly improve survival in either group.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-kang-t2-gallbladder-cancer-location-meta-analysis-jcm-2021/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-khan-t2-gallbladder-cancer-liver-resection-meta-analysis-updates-surg-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Tumor location and concurrent liver resection, impact survival in T2 gallbladder cancer: a meta-analysis of the literature","aka":"","tldr":"A second pooled analysis of muscle-invading gallbladder cancer found tumours on the liver side about three times as deadly, found removing part of the liver helped only that group, and found chemotherapy after surgery did not change the risk of death.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-khan-t2-gallbladder-cancer-liver-resection-meta-analysis-updates-surg-2021/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-nevin-gallbladder-carcinoma-staging-cancer-1976","kind":"paper","name":"Carcinoma of the gallbladder: staging, treatment, and prognosis","aka":"","tldr":"The 1976 paper that first staged gallbladder cancer by how deeply it had grown through the wall, noting that almost every case had been found by chance during gallstone surgery.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-nevin-gallbladder-carcinoma-staging-cancer-1976/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-chun-ajcc-8th-edition-hepatobiliary-aso-2018","kind":"paper","name":"8th Edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual: Pancreas and Hepatobiliary Cancers","aka":"","tldr":"The editorial announcing the 2017 staging changes for pancreas, liver and biliary cancers, including the split of muscle-invading gallbladder cancer into a free-side and a liver-side category.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-chun-ajcc-8th-edition-hepatobiliary-aso-2018/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-giannis-ajcc8-gallbladder-staging-validation-cancers-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Validation of the 8th Edition American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC) Gallbladder Cancer Staging System: Prognostic Discrimination and Identification of Key Predictive Factors","aka":"","tldr":"Tested on 7,743 US patients, the 2017 gallbladder cancer staging system predicted survival no better than the 2010 one it replaced.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-giannis-ajcc8-gallbladder-staging-validation-cancers-2021/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-mcclements-capbil-incidental-gallbladder-cancer-bjs-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Management of incidental gallbladder cancer in the nationwide CAPBIL study","aka":"","tldr":"The first UK-wide picture of gallbladder cancers found by chance: across 24 centres over nine years, two thirds went on to liver surgery and those who did stayed free of disease far longer.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-mcclements-capbil-incidental-gallbladder-cancer-bjs-2026/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-mcclements-capbil-surgical-outcomes-gallbladder-cancer-hpb-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Surgical outcomes in gallbladder cancer: evidence from the UK nationwide CAPBIL study","aka":"","tldr":"Among 516 people operated on for gallbladder cancer at 24 UK centres, how far the tumour had grown and whether nodes were involved decided survival, and chemotherapy after surgery showed no measurable benefit once like was compared with like.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-mcclements-capbil-surgical-outcomes-gallbladder-cancer-hpb-2026/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-szpakowski-gallbladder-polyps-20-year-cohort-jama-netw-open-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Outcomes of Gallbladder Polyps and Their Association With Gallbladder Cancer in a 20-Year Cohort","aka":"","tldr":"Following more than 600,000 people for two decades, those with gallbladder polyps on ultrasound were no more likely to get gallbladder cancer than those without, though the risk did climb for polyps of a centimetre or more; the authors question whether watching polyps finds cancer at all.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-szpakowski-gallbladder-polyps-20-year-cohort-jama-netw-open-2020/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-wennmacker-gallbladder-polyp-size-threshold-surg-endosc-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Polyp size of 1 cm is insufficient to discriminate neoplastic and non-neoplastic gallbladder polyps","aka":"","tldr":"In the Dutch national pathology archive fewer than one in a hundred removed gallbladders contained a polyp, more than four in ten of those polyps were harmless, and the one-centimetre rule for operating sorted them only moderately well.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-wennmacker-gallbladder-polyp-size-threshold-surg-endosc-2019/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-elmasry-gallbladder-polyp-malignancy-systematic-review-int-j-surg-2016","kind":"paper","name":"The risk of malignancy in ultrasound detected gallbladder polyps: A systematic review","aka":"","tldr":"A Liverpool review of twelve studies found that about one in 175 gallbladder polyps seen on ultrasound turned out to be cancer, and argued for risk-based surveillance decided in a multidisciplinary team.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-elmasry-gallbladder-polyp-malignancy-systematic-review-int-j-surg-2016/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-roa-gallbladder-cancer-primer-nat-rev-dis-primers-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Gallbladder cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The 2022 Nature Reviews primer on gallbladder cancer: the commonest biliary cancer, mostly found by chance at gallstone surgery, driven by long-standing inflammation, curable only by surgery and badly in need of screening biomarkers and separate study.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-roa-gallbladder-cancer-primer-nat-rev-dis-primers-2022/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-wistuba-gazdar-gallbladder-cancer-lessons-nat-rev-cancer-2004","kind":"paper","name":"Gallbladder cancer: lessons from a rare tumour","aka":"","tldr":"A 2004 review arguing that gallbladder cancer, rare and little studied, is worth understanding because its mix of inherited risk, geography, female predominance, chronic inflammation and congenital anomalies is unusual among cancers.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-wistuba-gazdar-gallbladder-cancer-lessons-nat-rev-cancer-2004/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-samaniego-chile-ges-programme-evaluation-rev-med-chile-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Gallbladder Cancer: Is It Time to Modify the Explicit Health Guarantees (GES) Program?","aka":"","tldr":"Chile has guaranteed gallbladder removal for people aged 35 to 49 with gallstones since 2006 to prevent gallbladder cancer; this review of official data finds deaths falling but already falling before the programme, and uptake not matching the regions where the cancer is commonest.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-samaniego-chile-ges-programme-evaluation-rev-med-chile-2024/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-mardones-frenz-chile-ges-mortality-rev-med-chile-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Changes in gallbladder cancer mortality and hospital discharges due to preventive cholecystectomy in Chile","aka":"","tldr":"In the first years of Chile's preventive gallbladder surgery guarantee, deaths from gallbladder cancer among 35 to 49 year olds fell twice as fast as before, but the national trend did not visibly change.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-mardones-frenz-chile-ges-mortality-rev-med-chile-2019/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-cid-chile-programme-gallbladder-cancer-mortality-am-j-epidemiol-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Gallbladder cancer mortality in Chile: has the government program targeting young gallstone patients had an impact?","aka":"","tldr":"An epidemiological analysis, with US National Cancer Institute authors, of whether Chile's preventive gallbladder surgery programme has cut deaths from gallbladder cancer.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-cid-chile-programme-gallbladder-cancer-mortality-am-j-epidemiol-2024/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-dutta-gallbladder-cancer-epidemiology-india-chin-clin-oncol-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Epidemiology of gallbladder cancer in India","aka":"","tldr":"India carries about a tenth of the world's gallbladder cancer, concentrated in the north and east, striking younger people than in the West, with gallstones present in four out of five patients and a list of environmental co-factors under suspicion.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-dutta-gallbladder-cancer-epidemiology-india-chin-clin-oncol-2019/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-patkar-tata-memorial-gallbladder-cancer-registry-cancer-epidemiol-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Hospital-based gallbladder cancer registry from a high-volume referral cancer centre in India: Insights into epidemiology and roadmap for enhancing cancer care","aka":"","tldr":"Of nearly 2,000 people with gallbladder cancer seen at Mumbai's Tata Memorial in four years, six in ten already had spread when they arrived and only one in six could be offered treatment aimed at cure.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-patkar-tata-memorial-gallbladder-cancer-registry-cancer-epidemiol-2025/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-koshiol-salmonella-typhi-gallbladder-cancer-cancer-med-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and gallbladder cancer: a case-control study and meta-analysis","aka":"","tldr":"Pooling more than a thousand cases, people with signs of past or chronic typhoid infection were four to five times more likely to have gallbladder cancer, though the bacterium itself was not recovered from the Chilean patients studied.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-koshiol-salmonella-typhi-gallbladder-cancer-cancer-med-2016/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-nagaraja-eslick-typhi-carrier-gallbladder-cancer-meta-analysis-apt-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: the relationship between chronic Salmonella typhi carrier status and gall-bladder cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Across 17 studies, mostly from India and China, people who carried the typhoid bacterium long term were about four times as likely to have gallbladder cancer, and the authors suggest offering them gallbladder removal or ultrasound checks.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-nagaraja-eslick-typhi-carrier-gallbladder-cancer-meta-analysis-apt-2014/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-galdy-her2-biliary-tract-meta-analysis-cancer-metastasis-rev-2017","kind":"paper","name":"HER2/HER3 pathway in biliary tract malignancies; systematic review and meta-analysis: a potential therapeutic target?","aka":"","tldr":"Pooling 40 studies, about one in five bile duct and gallbladder cancers outside the liver over-express HER2, against fewer than one in twenty inside the liver, which is why HER2 drugs matter most for gallbladder cancer.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-galdy-her2-biliary-tract-meta-analysis-cancer-metastasis-rev-2017/","cancers":"gallbladder extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"paper-malla-ctdna-resected-biliary-tract-cancer-esmo-gi-onc-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Real-world analysis of ctDNA and other biomarkers in patients with curatively resected stage I-III biliary tract cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In 167 people whose bile duct or gallbladder cancer had been removed, a blood test for tumour DNA in the weeks after surgery picked out those whose cancer would return far better than the standard blood markers.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-malla-ctdna-resected-biliary-tract-cancer-esmo-gi-onc-2026/","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"paper-yu-ctdna-early-recurrence-biliary-tract-cancer-jco-po-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Detecting Early Recurrence With Circulating Tumor DNA in Stage I-III Biliary Tract Cancer After Curative Resection","aka":"","tldr":"In 56 people after surgery for bile duct or gallbladder cancer, finding tumour DNA in the blood in the weeks after the operation meant the cancer came back within about seven months on average, while those without it had not relapsed by the end of follow-up.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-yu-ctdna-early-recurrence-biliary-tract-cancer-jco-po-2025/","cancers":"gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"paper-wang-adjuvant-chemoradiotherapy-nomogram-gallbladder-cancer-jco-2011","kind":"paper","name":"Nomogram for predicting the benefit of adjuvant chemoradiotherapy for resected gallbladder cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Using US Medicare records from 1,137 older patients, a calculator was built to estimate who might gain from radiotherapy with chemotherapy after gallbladder cancer surgery; it points to those whose tumour had reached the muscle layer or the nodes.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-wang-adjuvant-chemoradiotherapy-nomogram-gallbladder-cancer-jco-2011/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-varshney-neoadjuvant-incidental-gallbladder-cancer-systematic-review-ahbps-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Neoadjuvant treatment for incidental gallbladder cancer: A systematic review","aka":"","tldr":"A review of whether chemotherapy should come before the second operation for gallbladder cancer found by chance: recurrences after that operation are early and distant, so treating the whole body first makes sense, and the limited evidence favours three to four cycles of gemcitabine-based chemotherapy in higher-risk cases.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-varshney-neoadjuvant-incidental-gallbladder-cancer-systematic-review-ahbps-2025/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-garate-calderon-gallbladder-cancer-worldwide-exome-ebiomedicine-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Geographic and genetic diversity in gallbladder cancer mutation profiles: insights from a worldwide exome analysis","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing 262 gallbladder tumours from Chile, China, India, Japan and South Korea showed that the mutations differ by country and ancestry, with Chinese tumours carrying the most mutations and Chilean the fewest.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-garate-calderon-gallbladder-cancer-worldwide-exome-ebiomedicine-2026/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"paper-zhu-population-specific-immunogenomics-gallbladder-cancer-mod-pathol-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Population-Specific Immunogenomic Alterations in Gallbladder Cancer and Prognostic Significance","aka":"","tldr":"Gallbladder tumours from the United States and Chile carried the same set of mutated genes but very different immune cell make-up, which may bear on why immunotherapy helps only modestly and on how trials should be designed across regions.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-zhu-population-specific-immunogenomics-gallbladder-cancer-mod-pathol-2025/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"gallbladder-cancer-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Gallbladder cancer roadmap: from a chance finding at gallstone surgery to a disease with its own trials","aka":"Gallbladder carcinoma roadmap\nBiliary tract cancer roadmap (gallbladder)","tldr":"Gallbladder cancer is usually found by accident when a gallbladder is removed for stones, and for most of its history the only treatment was a bigger operation. This roadmap follows the disease from the first cholecystectomy in 1882, through staging by depth and the borrowed chemotherapy standards of 2010 and 2019, to immunotherapy and HER2 drugs, and lists the trial readouts to watch to 2030.","tags":"gallbladder biliary roadmap","route":"/roadmaps/gallbladder-cancer-roadmap/","cancers":"gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"idea-gbc-report-gallbladder-separately-in-biliary-trials","kind":"idea","name":"Report gallbladder cancer as its own population in every biliary trial","aka":"","tldr":"Every drug gallbladder cancer patients receive was tested in mixed bile duct trials where they were a subgroup. Requiring trials to pre-specify and publish gallbladder results, with a minimum number enrolled, would give the disease its own evidence at almost no cost.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-gbc-report-gallbladder-separately-in-biliary-trials/","cancers":"gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"idea-gbc-national-incidental-cancer-pathway","kind":"idea","name":"A national incidental gallbladder cancer pathway: histology for every gallbladder, referral within two weeks, re-resection by eight","aka":"","tldr":"About six in every thousand gallbladders removed for stones contain cancer. A written pathway that sends every specimen to the pathologist, refers every T1b or deeper cancer to a liver surgeon within two weeks and books the second operation within eight would turn a lottery into a system.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-gbc-national-incidental-cancer-pathway/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"idea-gbc-t1b-simple-cholecystectomy-prospective-study","kind":"idea","name":"Test whether T1b gallbladder cancer needs the second operation at all","aka":"","tldr":"Guidelines send everyone whose chance-found gallbladder cancer has just reached the muscle layer back for liver and lymph node surgery, yet the largest international series found 95 in 100 alive without the disease at five years whether or not they had it. A prospective study could spare thousands of operations, or confirm they are needed.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-gbc-t1b-simple-cholecystectomy-prospective-study/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"idea-gbc-t2a-spare-liver-resection-trial","kind":"idea","name":"A trial of sparing the liver resection in peritoneal-side (T2a) gallbladder cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Muscle-invading gallbladder tumours on the free side of the organ recur in the liver far less often than those against it. Two meta-analyses found the liver resection helped only the liver-side group, so a randomised trial could test dropping it for the free side.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-gbc-t2a-spare-liver-resection-trial/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"idea-gbc-reflex-her2-testing-advanced-biliary","kind":"idea","name":"Reflex HER2 testing of every advanced gallbladder and extrahepatic biliary cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Between one in eleven and one in five gallbladder cancers is HER2-positive and two HER2 drugs are now approved, but testing still happens only when someone asks. Making it automatic on every advanced biliary diagnosis, on resection tissue where it exists, would find the patients the trials were built for.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-gbc-reflex-her2-testing-advanced-biliary/","cancers":"gallbladder extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"idea-gbc-risk-targeted-ultrasound-in-high-incidence-regions","kind":"idea","name":"Risk-targeted ultrasound screening in high-incidence regions, tested against usual care","aka":"","tldr":"In parts of Chile and northern India gallbladder cancer is common enough that a cheap ultrasound programme aimed at the highest-risk people might catch it while surgery can still cure it. Nobody has run the trial.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-gbc-risk-targeted-ultrasound-in-high-incidence-regions/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"idea-gbc-prophylactic-cholecystectomy-targeted-and-evaluated","kind":"idea","name":"Redesign Chile's prophylactic cholecystectomy programme around risk, and evaluate it properly","aka":"","tldr":"Chile has paid for preventive gallbladder removal in 35 to 49 year olds with stones since 2006 without a design that can show whether it prevents cancer deaths. Targeting the operation by region, ancestry and risk score, with an evaluation built in, would answer the question the world's only such programme has left open for twenty years.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-gbc-prophylactic-cholecystectomy-targeted-and-evaluated/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"idea-gbc-typhoid-carrier-cholecystectomy-or-surveillance","kind":"idea","name":"Cholecystectomy or ultrasound surveillance for chronic typhoid carriers in endemic regions","aka":"","tldr":"People who carry the typhoid bacterium in their gallbladder long term have about four times the usual risk of gallbladder cancer. Two meta-analyses suggest offering them gallbladder removal or regular scans; no programme has tried it.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-gbc-typhoid-carrier-cholecystectomy-or-surveillance/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"idea-gbc-ctdna-residual-disease-guided-adjuvant-trial","kind":"idea","name":"A ctDNA residual disease-guided adjuvant trial after gallbladder cancer resection","aka":"","tldr":"After surgery for bile duct or gallbladder cancer, a blood test for leftover tumour DNA picks out the people whose cancer will return with hazard ratios of 16 to 26 in two recent cohorts. Nobody has yet tested giving those people more than the standard capecitabine.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-gbc-ctdna-residual-disease-guided-adjuvant-trial/","cancers":"gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"idea-gbc-neoadjuvant-for-high-risk-incidental-cancer","kind":"idea","name":"Chemotherapy before the second operation for high-risk incidental gallbladder cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Gallbladder cancers found by chance often come back within six months of the second operation, usually far from the gallbladder, which suggests the disease was already in the bloodstream. Two randomised trials are testing chemotherapy first; one closed small, the other reports in 2028.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-gbc-neoadjuvant-for-high-risk-incidental-cancer/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"idea-gbc-randomised-adjuvant-chemoradiation-r1-node-positive","kind":"idea","name":"A randomised trial of adjuvant chemoradiation after margin-positive or node-positive gallbladder cancer resection","aka":"","tldr":"Radiotherapy after gallbladder cancer surgery rests on one 79-patient trial with no comparison arm and a US insurance database. People whose surgery left cancer at the edge or in the nodes are the ones it might help, and they have never been randomised.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-gbc-randomised-adjuvant-chemoradiation-r1-node-positive/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"idea-gbc-burden-to-funding-audit-and-dedicated-call","kind":"idea","name":"A burden-to-funding audit for gallbladder cancer and a dedicated research call","aka":"","tldr":"Gallbladder cancer has been called scantily understood in 2004 and understudied in 2025 by its own researchers. Counting the money spent on it against the deaths it causes, country by country, would make the gap visible and give funders a target.","tags":"gallbladder-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-gbc-burden-to-funding-audit-and-dedicated-call/","cancers":"gallbladder"},{"id":"lung-lcnec","kind":"cancer","name":"Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung","aka":"Pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma\nLCNEC\nLarge-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma\nLarge cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (a WHO 2021 lung neuroendocrine carcinoma, between small-cell and non-small-cell disease)\nHigh-grade pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma, non-small-cell type","tldr":"Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma is a lung cancer that looks like a large-cell tumour under the microscope but has the neuroendocrine markers and the fast, aggressive behaviour of small-cell lung cancer. It sits between the two halves of the usual split, which is why teams disagree about whether to treat it as one or the other.","tags":"lung subtype-page","route":"/cancers/lung-lcnec/","parent":"lung-cancer"},{"id":"targeted-lung-health-check","kind":"term","name":"Targeted lung health check","aka":"lung health check\nlung health checks\nNHS Lung Cancer Screening Programme\ntargeted lung health checks\nTLHC\nlung cancer screening programme (England)","tldr":"The NHS appointment that decides whether you are offered a lung scan. People aged 55 to 74 whose GP record shows they smoke or used to are asked about their breathing, health and smoking; a risk score then decides who gets a low-dose CT scan, often in a mobile unit in a car park, every two years.","tags":"lung","route":"/terms/targeted-lung-health-check/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc sclc"},{"id":"pack-year","kind":"term","name":"Pack-year","aka":"pack years\npack-years\npackyear\ncigarette pack-year\nsmoking pack-year","tldr":"The unit used to measure how much someone has smoked over a lifetime: one pack-year is twenty cigarettes a day for one year. Twenty a day for thirty years, or forty a day for fifteen, are both thirty pack-years.","tags":"lung","route":"/terms/pack-year/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc sclc"},{"id":"never-smoker-lung-cancer","kind":"term","name":"Lung cancer in never-smokers","aka":"lung cancer in never smokers\nLCINS\nnever-smoker lung cancer\nnon-smoker lung cancer\nlung cancer in people who have never smoked","tldr":"Lung cancer in someone who has never smoked. About 15 percent of UK lung cancers and 15 to 25 percent worldwide. It is usually adenocarcinoma, commoner in women, more likely to carry a mutation a drug can target, and invisible to every screening rule, because they all start from smoking history.","tags":"lung","route":"/terms/never-smoker-lung-cancer/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc lung-adenocarcinoma egfr-mutant-nsclc alk-positive-nsclc"},{"id":"ebus-tbna","kind":"term","name":"Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS-TBNA)","aka":"EBUS\nendobronchial ultrasound\nEBUS-TBNA\nendobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration\nEUS-FNA\nendoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration\nendosonography","tldr":"A camera with an ultrasound probe on its tip is passed down the windpipe; the ultrasound finds the lymph nodes sitting just outside the airway wall and a needle is passed through the wall to sample them. It is how lung cancer is staged without an operation.","tags":"lung","route":"/terms/ebus-tbna/","cancers":"nsclc sclc lung-cancer lung-lcnec"},{"id":"tnm-9-lung-cancer","kind":"term","name":"TNM 9: what changed in lung cancer staging","aka":"TNM 9\nninth edition TNM\nTNM ninth edition lung\n9th edition TNM lung cancer\nN2a\nN2b\nM1c1\nM1c2","tldr":"Lung cancer has been staged by the ninth edition of TNM since 1 January 2025. The T categories are unchanged; N2 was split into N2a and N2b by how many mediastinal node stations are involved, M1c was split by how many organ systems carry metastases, and several stage groups moved as a result.","tags":"lung","route":"/terms/tnm-9-lung-cancer/","cancers":"nsclc sclc lung-cancer lung-lcnec mesothelioma"},{"id":"resectability-lung-cancer","kind":"term","name":"Resectability in lung cancer","aka":"resectable lung cancer\noperable lung cancer\ntechnically resectable\nmedically operable\nunresectable lung cancer","tldr":"Two separate questions are hidden in the word operable. Can the tumour be removed completely with a margin, which is anatomy? And can this person survive the operation and live without the lung tissue it takes, which is physiology? A no to either makes the cancer unresectable, for different reasons and with different alternatives.","tags":"lung","route":"/terms/resectability-lung-cancer/","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer lung-lcnec sclc"},{"id":"pneumonitis","kind":"term","name":"Pneumonitis","aka":"drug-induced pneumonitis\nimmune-related pneumonitis\ncheckpoint inhibitor pneumonitis\ninterstitial pneumonitis\ntreatment-related pneumonitis","tldr":"Inflammation of the lung tissue itself, caused by a treatment rather than an infection. It shows up as a new cough, breathlessness on exertion or a fall in oxygen levels, and it is the reason a new breathlessness on immunotherapy, an antibody-drug conjugate or chest radiotherapy is treated as an emergency until proved otherwise.","tags":"lung","route":"/terms/pneumonitis/","cancers":"nsclc sclc lung-cancer mesothelioma"},{"id":"pulmonary-nodule","kind":"term","name":"Pulmonary nodule","aka":"lung nodule\nsolitary pulmonary nodule\nlung nodules\nground-glass nodule\nsub-solid nodule\npart-solid nodule\nspiculated nodule","tldr":"A small round shadow in the lung on a CT scan, usually under 3 cm. Most are scars or old infections, not cancer. What decides the next step is size, density and whether it grows between scans, which is why so many are simply rescanned rather than biopsied.","tags":"lung","route":"/terms/pulmonary-nodule/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc lung-adenocarcinoma-in-situ-and-minimally-invasive"},{"id":"lung-rads","kind":"term","name":"Lung-RADS and nodule reporting","aka":"Lung-RADS\nLung RADS\nlung imaging reporting and data system\nnodule management protocol\nvolume doubling time","tldr":"The scoring systems that turn a screening CT into an action. Each nodule gets a category from the scan, and the category dictates the next step: rescan in a year, rescan in three months, or go to a lung cancer clinic. They exist so that the same scan gets the same answer in every centre.","tags":"lung","route":"/terms/lung-rads/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc"},{"id":"radon","kind":"term","name":"Radon","aka":"indoor radon\nradon gas\nradon exposure\nbecquerels per cubic metre\ndomestic radon","tldr":"A radioactive gas that seeps out of the ground into buildings, with no smell and no taste. It is the largest natural source of radiation most people meet and the second commonest cause of lung cancer after smoking. A home can be tested with a posted detector and, if the level is high, fixed.","tags":"lung","route":"/terms/radon/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc sclc"},{"id":"asbestos","kind":"term","name":"Asbestos","aka":"asbestos exposure\nasbestos fibres\namphibole asbestos\nchrysotile\noccupational asbestos","tldr":"A mineral once used everywhere in building, whose fibres lodge in the lung when they are breathed in and cause cancer decades later. It causes both mesothelioma, the cancer of the lining around the lung, and lung cancer itself, and the two are different diseases with different pathways.","tags":"lung","route":"/terms/asbestos/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc mesothelioma pleural-mesothelioma"},{"id":"smoking-cessation","kind":"term","name":"Stopping smoking","aka":"smoking cessation\nquitting smoking\nstop smoking support\ntobacco dependence treatment\ngiving up smoking","tldr":"The single largest thing anyone can do about lung cancer, before or after a diagnosis. Risk falls the longer it is since the last cigarette and falls further the younger someone stops, and the benefit is large even for people who have smoked for decades.","tags":"lung","route":"/terms/smoking-cessation/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc sclc head-and-neck urothelial"},{"id":"haemoptysis","kind":"term","name":"Haemoptysis (coughing up blood)","aka":"coughing up blood\nhemoptysis\nblood in sputum\nblood-streaked sputum\ncoughed up blood","tldr":"Coughing up blood, or blood-streaked phlegm. It has many causes other than cancer, including chest infection, but it is the one lung symptom that sends a person aged 40 or over straight onto the suspected cancer pathway rather than to an X-ray first.","tags":"lung","route":"/terms/haemoptysis/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc sclc"},{"id":"pancoast-tumour","kind":"term","name":"Pancoast (superior sulcus) tumour","aka":"Pancoast tumour\nPancoast tumor\nsuperior sulcus tumour\nsuperior sulcus tumor\napical lung tumour\nPancoast syndrome","tldr":"A lung cancer growing at the very top of the lung, where it presses on the nerves going to the arm and the nerves that control the eyelid and pupil. It usually announces itself as shoulder and arm pain rather than as a chest problem, so it is often treated as a shoulder injury first.","tags":"lung","route":"/terms/pancoast-tumour/","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer lung-squamous-cell-carcinoma lung-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"spread-through-air-spaces","kind":"term","name":"Spread through air spaces (STAS)","aka":"STAS\nspread through air spaces\ntumour spread through air spaces\nairspace spread","tldr":"Clusters of tumour cells found floating in the air sacs beyond the edge of the main tumour. The 2021 WHO classification recognised it as a real prognostic feature rather than an artefact of cutting the specimen, and it argues against taking out only part of a lobe.","tags":"lung","route":"/terms/spread-through-air-spaces/","cancers":"lung-adenocarcinoma nsclc lung-cancer lung-adenocarcinoma-in-situ-and-minimally-invasive"},{"id":"ttf1-p40","kind":"term","name":"TTF-1 and p40 (how lung histology is decided)","aka":"TTF-1\nTTF1\np40\nthyroid transcription factor 1\nTTF-1 and p40 panel\nNSCLC-NOS","tldr":"The two stains that decide whether a poorly differentiated lung cancer is called adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma. TTF-1 positive with p40 negative means adenocarcinoma; p40 positive with TTF-1 negative means squamous. The answer decides whether the tumour is sequenced and which drugs are safe.","tags":"lung","route":"/terms/ttf1-p40/","cancers":"nsclc lung-adenocarcinoma lung-squamous-cell-carcinoma large-cell-lung-carcinoma lung-lcnec lung-cancer"},{"id":"mediastinal-lymph-node-stations","kind":"term","name":"Mediastinal lymph node stations","aka":"lymph node stations\nnodal stations\nIASLC nodal map\nstation 7\nsubcarinal node\nN1 N2 N3 lung","tldr":"The lymph nodes in the chest are numbered by position on an agreed map, so that a scan, a needle biopsy and an operation in different hospitals all mean the same thing. Which numbered stations contain cancer decides the N category and therefore whether surgery is on the table.","tags":"lung","route":"/terms/mediastinal-lymph-node-stations/","cancers":"nsclc sclc lung-cancer lung-lcnec"},{"id":"malignant-pleural-effusion","kind":"term","name":"Malignant pleural effusion","aka":"pleural effusion in cancer\nmalignant effusion\nfluid on the lung\nmalignant pleural fluid\nrecurrent pleural effusion","tldr":"Fluid collecting in the space between the lung and the chest wall because cancer has reached the lining. It makes people breathless, it comes back after it is drained, and the decision is not whether to drain it but how to stop it returning.","tags":"lung","route":"/terms/malignant-pleural-effusion/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc sclc mesothelioma pleural-mesothelioma"},{"id":"superior-vena-cava-obstruction","kind":"term","name":"Superior vena cava obstruction","aka":"superior vena cava syndrome\nSVC obstruction\nSVCO\nSVC syndrome","tldr":"A tumour or clot blocks the large vein that returns blood from the head and arms to the heart, so the face, neck and arms swell and the veins on the chest stand out. It is frightening and looks urgent, but it is usually treatable and rarely an immediate emergency.","tags":"lung","route":"/terms/superior-vena-cava-obstruction/","cancers":"lung-cancer sclc nsclc dlbcl thymic-epithelial"},{"id":"sublobar-resection","kind":"term","name":"Sublobar resection (segmentectomy and wedge)","aka":"sublobar resection\nsegmentectomy versus lobectomy\nwedge resection\nlimited resection\nlung-sparing resection\nanatomical segmentectomy","tldr":"Removing part of a lobe of the lung rather than the whole lobe. For small peripheral tumours with lymph nodes shown to be clear, two randomised trials found it as good as taking the whole lobe, and it leaves more lung behind.","tags":"lung","route":"/terms/sublobar-resection/","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer lung-adenocarcinoma lung-adenocarcinoma-in-situ-and-minimally-invasive"},{"id":"paper-wynder-graham-tobacco-bronchiogenic-carcinoma-jama-1950","kind":"paper","name":"Tobacco smoking as a possible etiologic factor in bronchiogenic carcinoma; a study of 684 proved cases","aka":"","tldr":"One of the two 1950 studies that first tied cigarettes to lung cancer. Wynder and Graham compared the smoking histories of 684 people with proven lung cancer against people without it, and found heavy smoking almost everywhere in the cancer group.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-wynder-graham-tobacco-bronchiogenic-carcinoma-jama-1950/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc"},{"id":"paper-doll-hill-mortality-of-doctors-smoking-bmj-1954","kind":"paper","name":"The mortality of doctors in relation to their smoking habits; a preliminary report","aka":"","tldr":"Doll and Hill wrote to every doctor in Britain in 1951 asking how much they smoked, then waited to see who died. This first report, after two and a half years, is where the prospective evidence on smoking begins.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-doll-hill-mortality-of-doctors-smoking-bmj-1954/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc"},{"id":"paper-peto-smoking-cessation-lung-cancer-uk-bmj-2000","kind":"paper","name":"Smoking, smoking cessation, and lung cancer in the UK since 1950: combination of national statistics with two case-control studies","aka":"","tldr":"Quitting works, and it works even in middle age. Men who stopped at 30 had a 2 percent lifetime risk of dying of lung cancer, at 40 it was 3 percent, at 50 it was 6 percent, and those who carried on had 16 percent.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-peto-smoking-cessation-lung-cancer-uk-bmj-2000/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc sclc"},{"id":"paper-caret-beta-carotene-retinol-lung-cancer-nejm-1996","kind":"paper","name":"Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease","aka":"","tldr":"A vitamin trial in 18,314 smokers and asbestos workers was stopped early because the people taking the supplements were getting more lung cancer, not less.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-caret-beta-carotene-retinol-lung-cancer-nejm-1996/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc"},{"id":"paper-hill-lung-adenocarcinoma-air-pollutants-nature-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Lung adenocarcinoma promotion by air pollutants","aka":"","tldr":"Healthy lungs already carry cancer-causing mutations. This study argues that fine particles in polluted air do not create the mutation but wake it up, which is why lung cancer happens in people who never smoked.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-hill-lung-adenocarcinoma-air-pollutants-nature-2023/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc lung-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"paper-zhang-lung-cancer-never-smokers-nat-genet-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Genomic and evolutionary classification of lung cancer in never smokers","aka":"","tldr":"The Sherlock-Lung study sequenced 232 lung cancers from people who never smoked and found three distinct types, none of them carrying the tobacco damage signature. One type appears to begin decades before it is diagnosed.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-zhang-lung-cancer-never-smokers-nat-genet-2021/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc lung-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"paper-plco-chest-radiograph-lung-cancer-mortality-jama-2011","kind":"paper","name":"Screening by chest radiograph and lung cancer mortality: the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) randomized trial","aka":"","tldr":"154,901 people were randomised to yearly chest X-rays or usual care. After 13 years the number who died of lung cancer was the same in both groups. The test that had been used for decades did not work.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-plco-chest-radiograph-lung-cancer-mortality-jama-2011/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc"},{"id":"paper-uspstf-lung-cancer-screening-jama-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Screening for Lung Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement","aka":"","tldr":"In 2021 the United States task force lowered the age at which lung screening starts from 55 to 50 and halved the smoking history needed from 30 to 20 pack-years, roughly doubling the number of people eligible.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-uspstf-lung-cancer-screening-jama-2021/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc"},{"id":"paper-aldrich-uspstf-screening-african-american-smokers-jama-oncol-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Evaluation of USPSTF Lung Cancer Screening Guidelines Among African American Adult Smokers","aka":"","tldr":"The screening rules were written from a trial in which only 4 percent of participants were Black. In a southern United States cohort, 31 percent of white smokers qualified for screening but only 17 percent of Black smokers, even though Black smokers develop lung cancer at fewer cigarettes.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-aldrich-uspstf-screening-african-american-smokers-jama-oncol-2019/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc"},{"id":"paper-forrest-socioeconomic-inequalities-lung-cancer-treatment-plos-med-2013","kind":"paper","name":"Socioeconomic inequalities in lung cancer treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis","aka":"","tldr":"Poorer patients with lung cancer are less likely to be given any treatment at all, and the gap is not explained by them being diagnosed later or by which country's health system they are in.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-forrest-socioeconomic-inequalities-lung-cancer-treatment-plos-med-2013/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc sclc"},{"id":"paper-nsclc-collaborative-group-chemotherapy-meta-analysis-bmj-1995","kind":"paper","name":"Chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis using updated data on individual patients from 52 randomised clinical trials","aka":"","tldr":"Before 1995 many doctors thought chemotherapy did nothing for lung cancer. Pooling 9,387 patients from 52 trials showed it did something: a 27 percent reduction in the risk of death when added to supportive care, worth about 10 percent more people alive at one year.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-nsclc-collaborative-group-chemotherapy-meta-analysis-bmj-1995/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc"},{"id":"paper-schiller-ecog-1594-four-chemotherapy-regimens-nejm-2002","kind":"paper","name":"Comparison of four chemotherapy regimens for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"1,207 patients were randomised between four platinum doublets. All four gave the same result: about one in five responded and median survival was just under eight months. Chemotherapy had reached a ceiling.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-schiller-ecog-1594-four-chemotherapy-regimens-nejm-2002/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc"},{"id":"paper-scagliotti-cisplatin-pemetrexed-histology-jco-2008","kind":"paper","name":"Phase III study comparing cisplatin plus gemcitabine with cisplatin plus pemetrexed in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"1,725 patients, two chemotherapy combinations, identical survival overall. But split by what the tumour looked like down a microscope, one drug was better for adenocarcinoma and the other for squamous cancer. Histology started choosing the drug.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-scagliotti-cisplatin-pemetrexed-histology-jco-2008/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc lung-adenocarcinoma lung-squamous-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"paper-sandler-ecog-4599-bevacizumab-nsclc-nejm-2006","kind":"paper","name":"Paclitaxel-carboplatin alone or with bevacizumab for non-small-cell lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding an antibody against the tumour's blood supply to chemotherapy pushed median survival past a year for the first time in advanced lung cancer, at the cost of more treatment-related deaths.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-sandler-ecog-4599-bevacizumab-nsclc-nejm-2006/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc lung-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"paper-lace-adjuvant-cisplatin-pooled-analysis-jco-2008","kind":"paper","name":"Lung adjuvant cisplatin evaluation: a pooled analysis by the LACE Collaborative Group","aka":"","tldr":"Pooling 4,584 patients from the five big trials of chemotherapy after lung cancer surgery gave a clear answer: it helps, by about 5 percent at five years, and the benefit is in stage II and III rather than stage IA.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-lace-adjuvant-cisplatin-pooled-analysis-jco-2008/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-lynch-egfr-activating-mutations-gefitinib-nejm-2004","kind":"paper","name":"Activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor underlying responsiveness of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib","aka":"","tldr":"A drug that worked spectacularly in about one patient in ten and did nothing in the rest. Sequencing the tumours of nine responders found the answer: eight of them had a mutation in the gene the drug targets.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-lynch-egfr-activating-mutations-gefitinib-nejm-2004/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc lung-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"paper-paez-egfr-mutations-gefitinib-science-2004","kind":"paper","name":"EGFR mutations in lung cancer: correlation with clinical response to gefitinib therapy","aka":"","tldr":"The second of the two 2004 papers that found EGFR mutations. It also explained why Japanese patients responded to gefitinib far more often than American ones: the mutation was simply much more common in Japan.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-paez-egfr-mutations-gefitinib-science-2004/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc lung-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"paper-mok-ipass-gefitinib-pulmonary-adenocarcinoma-nejm-2009","kind":"paper","name":"Gefitinib or carboplatin-paclitaxel in pulmonary adenocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"IPASS randomised 1,217 East Asian never-smokers and light former smokers between a tablet and chemotherapy. The tablet won, but only in the patients whose tumour carried an EGFR mutation; in the rest chemotherapy was better.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-mok-ipass-gefitinib-pulmonary-adenocarcinoma-nejm-2009/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc lung-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"paper-planchard-flaura2-osimertinib-chemotherapy-nejm-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Osimertinib with or without chemotherapy in EGFR-mutated advanced NSCLC","aka":"","tldr":"FLAURA2 added chemotherapy to the standard EGFR tablet in 557 patients and cut the risk of the cancer growing by 38 percent, at the cost of chemotherapy's side effects for everybody.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-planchard-flaura2-osimertinib-chemotherapy-nejm-2023/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-lu-laura-osimertinib-stage-iii-nejm-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Osimertinib after chemoradiotherapy in stage III EGFR-mutated NSCLC","aka":"","tldr":"For stage III lung cancer with an EGFR mutation, the standard consolidation immunotherapy works poorly. LAURA gave the EGFR tablet instead and pushed median time to progression from 5.6 months to 39.1.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-lu-laura-osimertinib-stage-iii-nejm-2024/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-soda-eml4-alk-fusion-nature-2007","kind":"paper","name":"Identification of the transforming EML4-ALK fusion gene in non-small-cell lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A small inversion on chromosome 2 fuses two genes and makes a kinase that drives lung cancer. Soda and Mano found it in 5 of 75 tumours, and a drug for it was approved four years later.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-soda-eml4-alk-fusion-nature-2007/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc alk-positive-nsclc lung-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"paper-kwak-crizotinib-alk-nsclc-nejm-2010","kind":"paper","name":"Anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibition in non-small-cell lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"1,500 tumours were screened to find 82 patients with an ALK fusion. Of those, 57 percent responded to crizotinib, a drug originally developed against a different target.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-kwak-crizotinib-alk-nsclc-nejm-2010/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc alk-positive-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-peters-alex-alectinib-crizotinib-nejm-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Alectinib versus crizotinib in untreated ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A newer ALK drug that gets into the brain beat the original one, and did it with fewer side effects. ALEX is why nobody starts an ALK-positive patient on crizotinib any more.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-peters-alex-alectinib-crizotinib-nejm-2017/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc alk-positive-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-shaw-crown-lorlatinib-crizotinib-nejm-2020","kind":"paper","name":"First-line lorlatinib or crizotinib in advanced ALK-positive lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"CROWN's third-generation ALK drug kept 78 percent of patients free of progression at a year against 39 percent on crizotinib, and controlled disease inside the brain far better.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-shaw-crown-lorlatinib-crizotinib-nejm-2020/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc alk-positive-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-wu-alina-adjuvant-alectinib-nejm-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Alectinib in resected ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"After surgery for ALK-positive lung cancer, two years of alectinib kept 93.8 percent of patients disease-free at two years against 63.0 percent on chemotherapy.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-wu-alina-adjuvant-alectinib-nejm-2024/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc alk-positive-nsclc resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-wolf-geometry-mono-1-capmatinib-nejm-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Capmatinib in MET exon 14-mutated or MET-amplified non-small-cell lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"MET exon 14 skipping is found in 3 to 4 percent of lung cancers. Untreated patients given capmatinib responded 68 percent of the time; those already treated, 41 percent. Order of treatment mattered more than usual.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-wolf-geometry-mono-1-capmatinib-nejm-2020/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc met-altered-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-kobayashi-egfr-t790m-gefitinib-resistance-nejm-2005","kind":"paper","name":"EGFR mutation and resistance of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib","aka":"","tldr":"One patient, two years in complete remission on gefitinib, then relapse. Sequencing the new biopsy found a second mutation in the same gene, at position 790, that stopped the drug binding.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-kobayashi-egfr-t790m-gefitinib-resistance-nejm-2005/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-sequist-genotypic-histological-evolution-egfr-resistance-sci-transl-med-2011","kind":"paper","name":"Genotypic and histological evolution of lung cancers acquiring resistance to EGFR inhibitors","aka":"","tldr":"37 patients were re-biopsied when their EGFR drug stopped working. Some had the expected resistance mutation; five had turned into small-cell lung cancer. In three, the resistance disappeared when the drug was stopped.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-sequist-genotypic-histological-evolution-egfr-resistance-sci-transl-med-2011/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc sclc"},{"id":"paper-abbosh-phylogenetic-ctdna-lung-cancer-nature-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Phylogenetic ctDNA analysis depicts early-stage lung cancer evolution","aka":"","tldr":"By building a family tree of each tumour's mutations first, the TRACERx team could find the cancer's DNA in blood after surgery and tell which patients would relapse, before any scan showed anything.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-abbosh-phylogenetic-ctdna-lung-cancer-nature-2017/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-herbst-impower110-atezolizumab-pd-l1-nejm-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Atezolizumab for first-line treatment of PD-L1-selected patients with NSCLC","aka":"","tldr":"In the patients whose tumours showed the most PD-L1, immunotherapy alone gave a median survival of 20.2 months against 13.1 on chemotherapy, with far fewer severe side effects.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-herbst-impower110-atezolizumab-pd-l1-nejm-2020/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc pdl1-high-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-felip-impower010-adjuvant-atezolizumab-lancet-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Adjuvant atezolizumab after adjuvant chemotherapy in resected stage IB-IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer (IMpower010)","aka":"","tldr":"The first trial to show that immunotherapy after lung cancer surgery delays recurrence. The benefit was concentrated in patients whose tumours expressed PD-L1.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-felip-impower010-adjuvant-atezolizumab-lancet-2021/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc resectable-nsclc pdl1-high-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-heymach-aegean-perioperative-durvalumab-nejm-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Perioperative durvalumab for resectable non-small-cell lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Giving immunotherapy both before and after lung cancer surgery cut the risk of recurrence by about a third, and left 17.2 percent of tumours with no viable cancer at all in the specimen.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-heymach-aegean-perioperative-durvalumab-nejm-2023/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-provencio-nadim-ii-perioperative-nivolumab-stage-iii-nejm-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Perioperative nivolumab and chemotherapy in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A Spanish trial of 86 patients with stage III lung cancer. Adding immunotherapy before surgery left 37 percent with no viable tumour in the specimen against 7 percent, and 85 percent were alive at two years against 64.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-provencio-nadim-ii-perioperative-nivolumab-stage-iii-nejm-2023/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-spigel-pacific-five-year-survival-jco-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Five-year survival outcomes from the PACIFIC trial: durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Five years after the PACIFIC trial, 42.9 percent of patients given a year of immunotherapy after chemoradiotherapy were still alive, against 33.4 percent of those given placebo. A third of them had never relapsed.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-spigel-pacific-five-year-survival-jco-2022/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-turrisi-twice-daily-thoracic-radiotherapy-limited-sclc-nejm-1999","kind":"paper","name":"Twice-daily compared with once-daily thoracic radiotherapy in limited small-cell lung cancer treated concurrently with cisplatin and etoposide","aka":"","tldr":"Giving the same total radiation dose twice a day over three weeks instead of once a day over five raised five-year survival from 16 to 26 percent, at the cost of a much sorer gullet.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-turrisi-twice-daily-thoracic-radiotherapy-limited-sclc-nejm-1999/","cancers":"lung-cancer sclc limited-stage-sclc"},{"id":"paper-auperin-prophylactic-cranial-irradiation-sclc-nejm-1999","kind":"paper","name":"Prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission","aka":"","tldr":"Pooling 987 patients from seven trials showed that irradiating the brain of people whose small-cell lung cancer had gone into remission, before any brain secondaries appeared, made them live longer.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-auperin-prophylactic-cranial-irradiation-sclc-nejm-1999/","cancers":"lung-cancer sclc limited-stage-sclc extensive-stage-sclc"},{"id":"paper-paz-ares-caspian-durvalumab-es-sclc-lancet-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Durvalumab plus platinum-etoposide versus platinum-etoposide in first-line treatment of extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (CASPIAN)","aka":"","tldr":"Adding immunotherapy to chemotherapy for advanced small-cell lung cancer raised median survival from 10.3 to 13.0 months. Small, but it was the second positive first-line trial in the disease in thirty years.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-paz-ares-caspian-durvalumab-es-sclc-lancet-2019/","cancers":"lung-cancer sclc extensive-stage-sclc"},{"id":"paper-george-sclc-genomic-profiles-nature-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Comprehensive genomic profiles of small cell lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing 110 small-cell lung cancers found that losing both copies of TP53 and RB1 is obligatory. That is a loss of two brakes, not a gain of a target, which is why the disease has been so hard to drug.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-george-sclc-genomic-profiles-nature-2015/","cancers":"lung-cancer sclc"},{"id":"paper-rudin-sclc-molecular-subtypes-nat-rev-cancer-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Molecular subtypes of small cell lung cancer: a synthesis of human and mouse model data","aka":"","tldr":"Small-cell lung cancer, treated as one disease for fifty years, is at least four. The subtypes are named after the transcription factor each one leans on: ASCL1, NeuroD1, YAP1 and POU2F3.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-rudin-sclc-molecular-subtypes-nat-rev-cancer-2019/","cancers":"lung-cancer sclc limited-stage-sclc extensive-stage-sclc"},{"id":"lung-cancer-evidence-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Lung cancer roadmap: from Doll and Hill and the naming of tobacco, through the cytotoxic plateau, computed tomography screening, EGFR and ALK, immunotherapy by PD-L1, the perioperative trials and PACIFIC, to DLL3 in small-cell disease and a 2032 registry watch","aka":"Lung cancer history\nLung cancer evidence roadmap\nNSCLC and SCLC roadmap\nThoracic oncology roadmap","tldr":"Lung cancer is where modern cancer epidemiology began: two studies in 1950 tied it to cigarettes, and a fifty-year cohort proved it. This roadmap follows the evidence from there through chemotherapy that barely worked, the scans that find the disease early, the drugs for cancers that depend on one broken gene, immunotherapy, and small-cell disease, to 2032.","tags":"","route":"/roadmaps/lung-cancer-evidence-roadmap/","status":"active","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc sclc"},{"id":"idea-lung-screening-eligibility-by-risk-not-pack-years","kind":"idea","name":"Decide who is screened for lung cancer by individual risk, not by pack-years","aka":"","tldr":"The rules that decide who gets a lung scan count cigarettes. A risk model that also uses age, sex, family history, deprivation and lung disease would find more cancers in the same number of scans, and would stop excluding people who smoke less but are more likely to get the disease.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-lung-screening-eligibility-by-risk-not-pack-years/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc"},{"id":"idea-lung-never-smoker-disease-its-own-programme","kind":"idea","name":"Treat lung cancer in never-smokers as its own disease, with its own detection programme","aka":"","tldr":"About one lung cancer in five happens to someone who never smoked, and they are outside every screening programme in the world. The genomes show it is a different disease that grows more slowly, which is exactly the kind of cancer a screening test could catch.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-lung-never-smoker-disease-its-own-programme/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc lung-adenocarcinoma egfr-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"idea-lung-resistance-directed-sequencing-at-every-progression","kind":"idea","name":"Make resistance a diagnosis: sequence at every progression and choose the next line from what the tumour became","aka":"","tldr":"When a targeted drug stops working, the tumour has usually changed in a way you can read. Most patients still move to the next treatment on a protocol rather than on a test of what actually happened.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-lung-resistance-directed-sequencing-at-every-progression/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc alk-positive-nsclc"},{"id":"idea-lung-brain-metastasis-prevention-as-a-primary-endpoint","kind":"idea","name":"Measure brain metastasis prevention as a primary endpoint, not as a secondary one","aka":"","tldr":"Lung cancer spreads to the brain more than any other common cancer, and the newest drugs seem to stop it happening. Almost no trial is designed to prove that, so the claim stays a footnote.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-lung-brain-metastasis-prevention-as-a-primary-endpoint/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc sclc alk-positive-nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"idea-lung-deprivation-gradient-treated-as-a-defect-in-delivery","kind":"idea","name":"Treat the deprivation gradient in lung cancer as a defect in delivery that can be fixed and measured","aka":"","tldr":"Poorer patients with lung cancer are less likely to be offered surgery or chemotherapy, at the same stage, in systems that are free at the point of use. That is a fixable problem in how care is delivered, not a fact about the disease.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-lung-deprivation-gradient-treated-as-a-defect-in-delivery/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc sclc"},{"id":"idea-lung-small-cell-platform-with-shared-controls-and-subtypes","kind":"idea","name":"Run small-cell lung cancer as one platform with shared controls and subtype stratification","aka":"","tldr":"Small-cell lung cancer has had two real advances in twenty-five years. It is probably four diseases being tested as one, in separate small trials that each need their own control group.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-lung-small-cell-platform-with-shared-controls-and-subtypes/","cancers":"lung-cancer sclc limited-stage-sclc extensive-stage-sclc"},{"id":"idea-lung-uk-screening-testing-and-access-gaps","kind":"idea","name":"Publish the four numbers the NHS lung cancer pathway does not currently measure: reflex testing rate, genomic turnaround, surgical access and a lung-specific waiting time in every nation","aka":"","tldr":"Every targeted result on this roadmap depends on a test happening fast enough to act on. In England nobody publishes what share of lung cancers are tested, how long the test takes, or, in Wales and Northern Ireland, how long the lung pathway takes at all.","tags":"lung-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-lung-uk-screening-testing-and-access-gaps/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc sclc"},{"id":"paper-tcga-lung-adenocarcinoma-nature-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Comprehensive molecular profiling of lung adenocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Reading 230 surgically removed lung adenocarcinomas on every available platform produced the reference map of the disease, found three new driver genes, and showed that a tenth of tumours with no obvious oncogene were driven by alterations nobody had counted as drivers before.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-tcga-lung-adenocarcinoma-nature-2014/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-tcga-lung-squamous-nature-2012","kind":"paper","name":"Comprehensive genomic characterization of squamous cell lung cancers","aka":"","tldr":"The first complete genomic reading of 178 squamous lung cancers found a chaotic genome with almost universal loss of the p53 gene, and identified a possible drug target in most tumours in a cancer that until then had none.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-tcga-lung-squamous-nature-2012/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-campbell-pan-lung-somatic-alterations-nat-genet-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Distinct patterns of somatic genome alterations in lung adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas","aka":"","tldr":"Putting 660 lung adenocarcinomas and 484 squamous lung cancers side by side showed that squamous lung cancer has more in common with squamous cancers of other organs than with the adenocarcinoma growing next to it.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-campbell-pan-lung-somatic-alterations-nat-genet-2016/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-jordan-prospective-lung-adenocarcinoma-msk-cancer-discov-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Prospective comprehensive molecular characterization of lung adenocarcinomas for efficient patient matching to approved and emerging therapies","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing 860 patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma as they arrived in clinic answered a question nobody had measured: how many of them actually get a treatment because of the test. Just over a third did.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-jordan-prospective-lung-adenocarcinoma-msk-cancer-discov-2017/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-chen-east-asian-lung-adenocarcinoma-nat-genet-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Genomic landscape of lung adenocarcinoma in East Asians","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing 305 lung adenocarcinomas from East Asian patients showed that the same cancer in a different population has a calmer genome, far more of the one mutation that has a good pill, and an immune-rich subgroup that nobody had described.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-chen-east-asian-lung-adenocarcinoma-nat-genet-2020/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-kris-lung-cancer-mutation-consortium-jama-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Using multiplexed assays of oncogenic drivers in lung cancers to select targeted drugs","aka":"","tldr":"Fourteen American centres tested a thousand lung adenocarcinomas for ten genes at once and found a driver in about two thirds. The patients whose treatment was chosen to match their driver lived about a year longer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-kris-lung-cancer-mutation-consortium-jama-2014/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-alexandrov-tobacco-smoking-mutational-signatures-science-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Mutational signatures associated with tobacco smoking in human cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Comparing more than five thousand cancers of the types smoking causes showed exactly how tobacco does its damage: in the tissues smoke touches directly it leaves a chemical fingerprint in the DNA, and elsewhere it acts more indirectly.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-alexandrov-tobacco-smoking-mutational-signatures-science-2016/","cancers":"nsclc sclc"},{"id":"paper-bergethon-ros1-rearrangements-lung-jco-2012","kind":"paper","name":"ROS1 rearrangements define a unique molecular class of lung cancers","aka":"","tldr":"Screening more than a thousand lung cancers found a rearranged ROS1 gene in about one in sixty, in younger patients who had mostly never smoked, and the first patient treated with a matched pill nearly cleared her cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-bergethon-ros1-rearrangements-lung-jco-2012/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-awad-met-exon-14-mutations-lung-jco-2016","kind":"paper","name":"MET exon 14 mutations in non-small-cell lung cancer are associated with advanced age and stage-dependent MET genomic amplification and c-Met overexpression","aka":"","tldr":"Mutations that make lung cancer cells skip a single piece of the MET gene define a group of patients who are much older than the rest of lung oncology, mostly women, and often never smokers.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-awad-met-exon-14-mutations-lung-jco-2016/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-weiss-fgfr1-amplification-squamous-lung-sci-transl-med-2010","kind":"paper","name":"Frequent and focal FGFR1 amplification associates with therapeutically tractable FGFR1 dependency in squamous cell lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A search for anything treatable in squamous lung cancer found extra copies of one growth-factor receptor gene in about a fifth of cases, and cells carrying those extra copies died when the receptor was blocked.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-weiss-fgfr1-amplification-squamous-lung-sci-transl-med-2010/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-fernandez-cuesta-cd74-nrg1-fusion-lung-cancer-discov-2014","kind":"paper","name":"CD74-NRG1 fusions in lung adenocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Reading the active genes of 25 lung cancers from people who had never smoked turned up a fusion that does something unusual: instead of switching on a receptor directly, it hangs the receptor's own trigger on the outside of the cell.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-fernandez-cuesta-cd74-nrg1-fusion-lung-cancer-discov-2014/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-jonna-nrg1-fusions-solid-tumours-ccr-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Detection of NRG1 gene fusions in solid tumors","aka":"","tldr":"Running an RNA-based fusion test across nearly 22,000 tumours of every kind found this rare but treatable fusion in about one in five hundred, most often in lung cancer, and with a different partner gene almost every time.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-jonna-nrg1-fusions-solid-tumours-ccr-2019/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-schoenfeld-smarca4-alterations-lung-ccr-2020","kind":"paper","name":"The genomic landscape of SMARCA4 alterations and associations with outcomes in patients with lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"One of the most commonly mutated genes in lung cancer turns out to come in two kinds: one that destroys the protein and carries the worst prognosis, and one that leaves it intact. Both do worse than average, and both do better than average on immunotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-schoenfeld-smarca4-alterations-lung-ccr-2020/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-skoulidis-kras-co-mutation-subsets-cancer-discov-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Co-occurring genomic alterations define major subsets of KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma with distinct biology, immune profiles, and therapeutic vulnerabilities","aka":"","tldr":"Lung cancers driven by a mutated KRAS gene behave so differently from one another that they are better thought of as three diseases, and which of the three a patient has depends on the second gene that is broken.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-skoulidis-kras-co-mutation-subsets-cancer-discov-2015/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-arbour-kras-co-mutation-outcomes-ccr-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Effects of co-occurring genomic alterations on outcomes in patients with KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Among 330 patients whose lung cancer carried a mutated KRAS gene, the ones who also had a broken KEAP1 gene did worse on every treatment: chemotherapy stopped working sooner and immunotherapy barely worked at all.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-arbour-kras-co-mutation-outcomes-ccr-2018/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-ricciuti-stk11-keap1-kras-immunotherapy-jto-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Diminished efficacy of programmed death-(ligand)1 inhibition in STK11- and KEAP1-mutant lung adenocarcinoma is affected by KRAS mutation status","aka":"","tldr":"Two genes long blamed for immunotherapy failure in lung cancer turn out to matter only when the tumour also has a mutated KRAS gene. In tumours without it, the same mutations made no difference at all.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ricciuti-stk11-keap1-kras-immunotherapy-jto-2022/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-blueprint-phase-2-pd-l1-assays-jto-2018","kind":"paper","name":"PD-L1 immunohistochemistry comparability study in real-life clinical samples: results of Blueprint phase 2 project","aka":"","tldr":"Five different stains for the same protein were run on 81 real lung cancer samples and read by pathologists from thirteen countries. Three of the five agree closely on tumour cells, one stains less and one stains more, and none of them can be read reliably on immune cells.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-blueprint-phase-2-pd-l1-assays-jto-2018/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-rimm-pd-l1-assay-comparison-jama-oncol-2017","kind":"paper","name":"A prospective, multi-institutional, pathologist-based assessment of 4 immunohistochemistry assays for PD-L1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Thirteen pathologists scored four different stains for the same protein on ninety lung cancers. They agreed well on the cancer cells and hardly at all on the immune cells, and one of the four stains consistently read lower than the others.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-rimm-pd-l1-assay-comparison-jama-oncol-2017/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-rizvi-targeted-ngs-immunotherapy-determinants-jco-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Molecular determinants of response to anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 blockade in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer profiled with targeted next-generation sequencing","aka":"","tldr":"The routine gene panel used in clinic can estimate how many mutations a lung cancer carries almost as well as sequencing the whole exome can, and tumours with more mutations were more likely to benefit from immunotherapy, independently of the PD-L1 stain.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-rizvi-targeted-ngs-immunotherapy-determinants-jco-2018/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-checkmate-026-first-line-nivolumab-nejm-2017","kind":"paper","name":"CheckMate 026: first-line nivolumab in stage IV or recurrent non-small-cell lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Giving an immunotherapy drug instead of chemotherapy as the first treatment did not help patients selected only by a moderate level of the PD-L1 protein. It is the trial that showed the threshold, not the drug, was the problem.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-checkmate-026-first-line-nivolumab-nejm-2017/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-ricciuti-tmb-pd-l1-levels-jama-oncol-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Association of high tumor mutation burden in non-small cell lung cancers with increased immune infiltration and improved clinical outcomes of PD-L1 blockade across PD-L1 expression levels","aka":"","tldr":"Pooling more than fifteen hundred patients showed that the more mutations a lung cancer carries the better immunotherapy works, at every level of the PD-L1 stain, but the best dividing line was about twice the number the licensing authorities use.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ricciuti-tmb-pd-l1-levels-jama-oncol-2022/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-keynote-042-tmb-mutations-ann-oncol-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Associations of tissue tumour mutational burden and mutational status with clinical outcomes in KEYNOTE-042","aka":"","tldr":"In a large randomised trial of immunotherapy given alone, patients whose tumours carried more mutations did better on the drug than on chemotherapy, and patients with fewer mutations did not.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-042-tmb-mutations-ann-oncol-2023/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-keynote-189-407-tmb-jtocrr-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Associations of tissue tumour mutational burden and mutational status with clinical outcomes with pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy for metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In the two trials that established the treatment most patients with lung cancer actually receive, immunotherapy added to chemotherapy, the number of mutations in the tumour predicted nothing at all.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-189-407-tmb-jtocrr-2023/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-gandara-blood-tmb-atezolizumab-nat-med-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Blood-based tumor mutational burden as a predictor of clinical benefit in non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with atezolizumab","aka":"","tldr":"Counting mutations in a blood sample rather than in a piece of tumour identified the patients who gained most from one immunotherapy drug, which matters because many patients with advanced lung cancer have no tissue left to test.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-gandara-blood-tmb-atezolizumab-nat-med-2018/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-pao-egfr-t790m-acquired-resistance-plos-med-2005","kind":"paper","name":"Acquired resistance of lung adenocarcinomas to gefitinib or erlotinib is associated with a second mutation in the EGFR kinase domain","aka":"","tldr":"Published within weeks of the single-patient report, this study found the same resistance change in several more patients and showed it was not there before treatment, so the drug had selected it.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-pao-egfr-t790m-acquired-resistance-plos-med-2005/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-engelman-met-amplification-gefitinib-resistance-science-2007","kind":"paper","name":"MET amplification leads to gefitinib resistance in lung cancer by activating ERBB3 signaling","aka":"","tldr":"Some lung cancers escape a targeted pill without changing the target at all: they simply make many extra copies of a second receptor that switches the same growth signal back on.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-engelman-met-amplification-gefitinib-resistance-science-2007/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-yu-acquired-resistance-rebiopsy-egfr-ccr-2013","kind":"paper","name":"Analysis of tumor specimens at the time of acquired resistance to EGFR-TKI therapy in 155 patients with EGFR-mutant lung cancers","aka":"","tldr":"Rebiopsying 155 patients whose targeted pill had stopped working put numbers on how they escape: about two thirds by one mutation, a few by making extra copies of another receptor, and a few by turning into a different kind of cancer altogether.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-yu-acquired-resistance-rebiopsy-egfr-ccr-2013/","cancers":"nsclc sclc"},{"id":"paper-oxnard-osimertinib-resistance-mechanisms-jama-oncol-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Assessment of resistance mechanisms and clinical implications in patients with EGFR T790M-positive lung cancer and acquired resistance to osimertinib","aka":"","tldr":"When the newest targeted pill stops working, what happens next depends on whether the tumour kept the mutation the pill was chosen for. Two thirds lost it, and those patients relapsed much sooner and by many different routes.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-oxnard-osimertinib-resistance-mechanisms-jama-oncol-2018/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-gainor-alk-resistance-mutations-cancer-discov-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Molecular mechanisms of resistance to first- and second-generation ALK inhibitors in ALK-rearranged lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Rebiopsying 103 patients as each generation of drug failed showed that each drug leaves its own signature of escape mutations, and that whether a mutation is present decides whether the next drug in the sequence will work.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-gainor-alk-resistance-mutations-cancer-discov-2016/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-shaw-alk-resistance-mutations-lorlatinib-jco-2019","kind":"paper","name":"ALK resistance mutations and efficacy of lorlatinib in advanced anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In patients whose cancer had already outgrown a second ALK drug, the third-generation drug worked in seven out of ten of those whose tumour carried a resistance mutation and in fewer than three out of ten of those whose tumour did not.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-shaw-alk-resistance-mutations-lorlatinib-jco-2019/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-shaw-alk-l1198f-resensitisation-nejm-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Resensitization to crizotinib by the lorlatinib ALK resistance mutation L1198F","aka":"","tldr":"A patient's cancer became resistant to one drug, then to a second, then to a third, and the mutation that defeated the third drug made the first one work again. She was rechallenged with it and recovered.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-shaw-alk-l1198f-resensitisation-nejm-2016/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-lee-clonal-history-small-cell-transformation-jco-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Clonal history and genetic predictors of transformation into small-cell carcinomas from lung adenocarcinomas","aka":"","tldr":"Some lung cancers escape a targeted pill by changing into a different kind of cancer. Reading whole genomes from the same patients over time showed the change was set up from the beginning, in tumours that had already lost two particular genes.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-lee-clonal-history-small-cell-transformation-jco-2017/","cancers":"nsclc sclc"},{"id":"paper-offin-rb1-tp53-transformation-risk-jto-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Concurrent RB1 and TP53 alterations define a subset of EGFR-mutant lung cancers at risk for histologic transformation and inferior clinical outcomes","aka":"","tldr":"Lung cancers with mutations in all three of the same genes make up only a twentieth of the targetable group, but they are the ones that turn into a different cancer, and they stop responding to treatment three times sooner than the rest.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-offin-rb1-tp53-transformation-risk-jto-2019/","cancers":"nsclc sclc"},{"id":"paper-marcoux-egfr-small-cell-transformation-outcomes-jco-2019","kind":"paper","name":"EGFR-mutant adenocarcinomas that transform to small-cell lung cancer and other neuroendocrine carcinomas: clinical outcomes","aka":"","tldr":"Sixty-seven patients whose lung cancer changed into small-cell carcinoma were followed across eight hospitals. The change came about a year and a half after diagnosis, chemotherapy worked well and immunotherapy did not work at all.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-marcoux-egfr-small-cell-transformation-outcomes-jco-2019/","cancers":"nsclc sclc"},{"id":"paper-lindeman-lung-molecular-testing-guideline-jto-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Updated molecular testing guideline for the selection of lung cancer patients for treatment with targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors","aka":"","tldr":"Three professional bodies set out what every laboratory must test for in lung cancer, which sample types are acceptable, and when a blood test may stand in for a piece of tumour.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-lindeman-lung-molecular-testing-guideline-jto-2018/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-leighl-nile-cfdna-tissue-genotyping-ccr-2019","kind":"paper","name":"NILE: clinical utility of comprehensive cell-free DNA analysis to identify genomic biomarkers in patients with newly diagnosed metastatic non-small cell lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Testing a blood sample found at least as many treatable mutations as testing the tumour did, found them six days sooner, and when both were done together found half as many again.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-leighl-nile-cfdna-tissue-genotyping-ccr-2019/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-aggarwal-plasma-genotyping-personalised-therapy-jama-oncol-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Clinical implications of plasma-based genotyping with the delivery of personalized therapy in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding a blood test to routine practice nearly doubled the number of patients found to have a treatable mutation, and a third of those tested by blood alone were spared a biopsy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-aggarwal-plasma-genotyping-personalised-therapy-jama-oncol-2019/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-gay-sclc-subtypes-inflamed-cancer-cell-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Patterns of transcription factor programs and immune pathway activation define four major subtypes of SCLC with distinct therapeutic vulnerabilities","aka":"","tldr":"Reanalysing gene activity in small-cell lung cancer tumours found that the fourth kind is not defined by a control protein at all but by inflammation, and it is the one kind that clearly gains from adding immunotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-gay-sclc-subtypes-inflamed-cancer-cell-2021/","cancers":"sclc"},{"id":"paper-baine-sclc-subtype-immunohistochemistry-jto-2020","kind":"paper","name":"SCLC subtypes defined by ASCL1, NEUROD1, POU2F3, and YAP1: a comprehensive immunohistochemical and histopathologic characterization","aka":"","tldr":"The four kinds of small-cell lung cancer were defined in laboratory models. Staining 174 real patient samples showed the picture is messier: more than a third of tumours switch on two of the control proteins at once.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-baine-sclc-subtype-immunohistochemistry-jto-2020/","cancers":"sclc"},{"id":"egfr-c797s","kind":"biomarker","name":"EGFR C797S (and its phase with T790M)","aka":"C797S\nEGFR C797S\nC797S in cis\nC797S in trans\nCys797Ser","tldr":"A change in the EGFR protein that removes the anchor point the newest lung cancer pills grip. Whether it can be worked around depends on whether it sits on the same copy of the gene as the earlier resistance change or on the other copy.","tags":"biomarker resistance","route":"/biomarkers/egfr-c797s/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"alk-resistance-mutation","kind":"biomarker","name":"ALK kinase-domain resistance mutation (G1202R and the rest)","aka":"ALK resistance mutation\nG1202R\nALK G1202R\nL1196M\nALK secondary mutation\nsolvent front mutation","tldr":"After a lung cancer stops responding to an ALK-blocking tablet, finding a change inside the ALK protein itself is good news: it means the cancer still depends on ALK, and a later-generation tablet is likely to work. Finding none means the opposite.","tags":"biomarker resistance","route":"/biomarkers/alk-resistance-mutation/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"stk11-keap1-loss","kind":"biomarker","name":"STK11 or KEAP1 loss in KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma","aka":"STK11 mutation\nLKB1 loss\nKEAP1 mutation\nSTK11/KEAP1 co-mutation\nKL subtype","tldr":"Two genes that, when broken in a lung cancer that also has a faulty KRAS gene, predict that immunotherapy will work much less well. In a lung cancer with a normal KRAS gene the same faults appear to make no difference.","tags":"biomarker immunotherapy","route":"/biomarkers/stk11-keap1-loss/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"lung-trials-open-today","kind":"term","name":"Lung cancer trials open today (registry snapshot)","aka":"Open lung cancer trials\nLung cancer trials recruiting","tldr":"Every phase 2 or 3 interventional trial that was recruiting, about to open or still running for lung cancer on ClinicalTrials.gov in September 2026, with the hospitals in the United Kingdom that take part named where the registry lists them.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lung-trials-open-today/","cancers":"lung-cancer"},{"id":"lung-palliation-breathlessness-effusion-obstruction","kind":"term","name":"Palliation in lung cancer: breathlessness, pleural effusion, blocked airway, bone and brain","aka":"Breathlessness in lung cancer\nMalignant pleural effusion\nEndobronchial obstruction","tldr":"What is done when a lung cancer makes breathing hard, fills the chest with fluid, blocks an airway, spreads to bone or reaches the brain. Most of it is quick, most of it works, and most of it is separate from treating the cancer itself.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lung-palliation-breathlessness-effusion-obstruction/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc sclc"},{"id":"lung-failed-programmes","kind":"term","name":"Lung cancer: the failed and stopped programmes, and why","aka":"Negative trials in lung cancer","tldr":"The list of lung cancer treatments that looked right and did not work: more radiotherapy, radiotherapy after surgery for involved nodes, immunotherapy at the wrong PD-L1 threshold, immunotherapy added to chemoradiotherapy, and several drugs whose confirmatory trials failed.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lung-failed-programmes/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc sclc"},{"id":"lung-uk-drug-access","kind":"term","name":"Lung cancer drugs in England: what NICE has recommended","aka":"NICE lung cancer guidance\nLung cancer drug funding England","tldr":"Which lung cancer drugs the NHS in England funds, and which it does not. Every reference number below was opened on the NICE website in September 2026 and its recommendation read.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lung-uk-drug-access/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc sclc"},{"id":"jcog0802","kind":"trial","name":"JCOG0802 / WJOG4607L","aka":"JCOG0802\nWJOG4607L","tldr":"The trial that showed taking out one segment of a lung, rather than a whole lobe, is enough for a small peripheral lung cancer, and that the smaller operation leaves people alive longer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/jcog0802/","status":"positive","cancers":"resectable-nsclc lung-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"ialt","kind":"trial","name":"IALT (International Adjuvant Lung Cancer Trial)","aka":"International Adjuvant Lung Cancer Trial","tldr":"The first large trial to show that chemotherapy after lung cancer surgery helps people live longer, though the gain is a few percent rather than a transformation.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ialt/","status":"positive","cancers":"resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"jbr-10","kind":"trial","name":"JBR.10 (NCIC CTG)","aka":"NCIC CTG JBR.10\nJBR10","tldr":"Showed that four cycles of cisplatin and vinorelbine after surgery for stage IB or II lung cancer lengthen life, and defined the regimen that became standard.","tags":"","route":"/trials/jbr-10/","status":"positive","cancers":"resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"anita","kind":"trial","name":"ANITA (Adjuvant Navelbine International Trialist Association)","aka":"ANITA trial","tldr":"Confirmed that chemotherapy after lung cancer surgery adds about two years to median survival, with the benefit lasting at least seven years.","tags":"","route":"/trials/anita/","status":"positive","cancers":"resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"lace-pooled-analysis","kind":"trial","name":"LACE (Lung Adjuvant Cisplatin Evaluation) pooled analysis","aka":"LACE meta-analysis\nLung Adjuvant Cisplatin Evaluation","tldr":"Pooling five trials settled the question of who benefits from chemotherapy after lung cancer surgery: about five people in a hundred live longer at five years, and none of them has stage IA disease.","tags":"","route":"/trials/lace-pooled-analysis/","status":"positive","cancers":"resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"lung-art","kind":"trial","name":"Lung ART","aka":"LungART\nIFCT-0503","tldr":"The trial that ended twenty years of argument about radiotherapy to the mediastinum after lung cancer surgery: it does not help, and it damages the heart.","tags":"","route":"/trials/lung-art/","status":"negative","cancers":"resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"stars-rosel","kind":"trial","name":"STARS and ROSEL pooled analysis","aka":"STARS\nROSEL\nSABR versus lobectomy","tldr":"Two small trials that tried to ask whether precision radiotherapy could replace an operation for early lung cancer, closed early because almost nobody would agree to be randomised, and left the question open.","tags":"","route":"/trials/stars-rosel/","status":"mixed","cancers":"resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"keynote-091","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-091 (PEARLS)","aka":"PEARLS\nEORTC-1416-LCG\nETOP 8-15","tldr":"Adjuvant pembrolizumab after lung cancer surgery delayed recurrence for everyone, but, unexpectedly, not for the group with the most PD-L1 on their tumour.","tags":"","route":"/trials/keynote-091/","status":"mixed","cancers":"resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"neotorch","kind":"trial","name":"Neotorch","aka":"NEOTORCH","tldr":"A Chinese trial showing that adding the PD-1 antibody toripalimab to chemotherapy before and after lung cancer surgery more than doubles the time before the cancer comes back.","tags":"","route":"/trials/neotorch/","status":"positive","cancers":"resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"gemstone-301","kind":"trial","name":"GEMSTONE-301","aka":"","tldr":"Extended the PACIFIC idea to people who could not have chemotherapy and radiotherapy at the same time, the majority in much of the world.","tags":"","route":"/trials/gemstone-301/","status":"positive","cancers":"stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc"},{"id":"lux-lung-3","kind":"trial","name":"LUX-Lung 3","aka":"","tldr":"Showed that the second-generation EGFR pill afatinib beats chemotherapy for lung cancers driven by an EGFR mutation, and that the benefit is largest for the two common mutations.","tags":"","route":"/trials/lux-lung-3/","status":"positive","cancers":"egfr-mutant-nsclc lung-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"aura3","kind":"trial","name":"AURA3","aka":"","tldr":"Proved that a drug designed against the specific mutation that causes resistance works far better than chemotherapy, and made resistance testing part of routine lung cancer care.","tags":"","route":"/trials/aura3/","status":"positive","cancers":"egfr-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"profile-1014","kind":"trial","name":"PROFILE 1014","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that made an ALK pill, rather than chemotherapy, the first treatment for ALK-positive lung cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/profile-1014/","status":"positive","cancers":"alk-positive-nsclc"},{"id":"alesia","kind":"trial","name":"ALESIA","aka":"","tldr":"Repeated the ALEX trial in Chinese, Korean and Thai patients at the Western dose, and found the same answer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/alesia/","status":"positive","cancers":"alk-positive-nsclc"},{"id":"profile-1001-ros1","kind":"trial","name":"PROFILE 1001 ROS1 expansion cohort","aka":"Crizotinib in ROS1-rearranged NSCLC","tldr":"Fifty patients in an expansion cohort defined ROS1 as the second treatable fusion in lung cancer and put crizotinib on the label for it.","tags":"","route":"/trials/profile-1001-ros1/","status":"positive","cancers":"ros1-positive-nsclc"},{"id":"brf113928","kind":"trial","name":"BRF113928 cohort C (dabrafenib with trametinib, untreated BRAF V600E)","aka":"BRF113928","tldr":"Thirty-six patients showed that the melanoma combination of a BRAF and a MEK drug also works in the small slice of lung cancers with the same mutation.","tags":"","route":"/trials/brf113928/","status":"positive","cancers":"braf-v600e-nsclc"},{"id":"checkmate-017","kind":"trial","name":"CheckMate 017","aka":"","tldr":"The first trial to show that a PD-1 antibody beats chemotherapy in lung cancer, and it did so in squamous disease, for which almost nothing had worked.","tags":"","route":"/trials/checkmate-017/","status":"positive","cancers":"lung-squamous-cell-carcinoma nsclc"},{"id":"checkmate-057","kind":"trial","name":"CheckMate 057","aka":"","tldr":"Showed that a PD-1 antibody also beats chemotherapy in the commoner, non-squamous form of lung cancer, and that PD-L1 staining predicts how much.","tags":"","route":"/trials/checkmate-057/","status":"positive","cancers":"lung-adenocarcinoma nsclc"},{"id":"oak","kind":"trial","name":"OAK","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that put a PD-L1 antibody alongside the PD-1 antibodies as second-line treatment for lung cancer, in the largest second-line immunotherapy trial run.","tags":"","route":"/trials/oak/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc lung-squamous-cell-carcinoma lung-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"impower110","kind":"trial","name":"IMpower110","aka":"","tldr":"Showed that for people whose tumours are covered in PD-L1, a single immunotherapy drug can replace first-line chemotherapy, adding about seven months of life.","tags":"","route":"/trials/impower110/","status":"positive","cancers":"pdl1-high-nsclc nsclc"},{"id":"impower150","kind":"trial","name":"IMpower150","aka":"","tldr":"Added an anti-VEGF antibody to chemotherapy and immunotherapy, and is the one first-line regimen with evidence in people whose cancer is driven by an EGFR or ALK change.","tags":"","route":"/trials/impower150/","status":"positive","cancers":"lung-adenocarcinoma nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"checkmate-9la","kind":"trial","name":"CheckMate 9LA","aka":"","tldr":"Used just two cycles of chemotherapy to cover the first weeks while dual immunotherapy takes effect, an answer to the criticism that immunotherapy alone is too slow for people with heavy disease.","tags":"","route":"/trials/checkmate-9la/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc lung-squamous-cell-carcinoma lung-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"checkmate-026","kind":"trial","name":"CheckMate 026","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that showed a PD-1 antibody can fail in the first line if the PD-L1 threshold is set too low, and the reason the 50 percent cut-off exists.","tags":"","route":"/trials/checkmate-026/","status":"negative","cancers":"nsclc pdl1-high-nsclc"},{"id":"keynote-010","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-010","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that validated PD-L1 staining as a way of choosing who gets immunotherapy, and gave pembrolizumab its first lung cancer approval.","tags":"","route":"/trials/keynote-010/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc pdl1-high-nsclc"},{"id":"revel","kind":"trial","name":"REVEL","aka":"","tldr":"Adding an antibody against the VEGF receptor to second-line chemotherapy added about six weeks of life: enough for a licence, not enough for NICE.","tags":"","route":"/trials/revel/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc lung-squamous-cell-carcinoma lung-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"lume-lung-1","kind":"trial","name":"LUME-Lung 1","aka":"","tldr":"An oral drug against three angiogenic receptors added to second-line chemotherapy; it worked, but only in adenocarcinoma, which is how it is licensed.","tags":"","route":"/trials/lume-lung-1/","status":"mixed","cancers":"lung-adenocarcinoma nsclc"},{"id":"squire","kind":"trial","name":"SQUIRE","aka":"","tldr":"An EGFR antibody added to chemotherapy for squamous lung cancer: it worked, by about six weeks, and almost nobody uses it.","tags":"","route":"/trials/squire/","status":"mixed","cancers":"lung-squamous-cell-carcinoma nsclc"},{"id":"j-alex","kind":"trial","name":"J-ALEX","aka":"","tldr":"The Japanese trial that beat crizotinib with alectinib first, at half the dose used everywhere else, and was stopped early because the difference was so large.","tags":"","route":"/trials/j-alex/","status":"positive","cancers":"alk-positive-nsclc"},{"id":"lurbinectedin-basket-sclc","kind":"trial","name":"Lurbinectedin basket trial, small-cell lung cancer cohort","aka":"PM1183-B-005-14\nLurbinectedin SCLC basket","tldr":"A single-arm study of 105 patients that gave relapsed small-cell lung cancer its first new drug in decades, on a response rate rather than a survival benefit.","tags":"","route":"/trials/lurbinectedin-basket-sclc/","status":"positive","cancers":"extensive-stage-sclc sclc"},{"id":"turrisi-intergroup-0096","kind":"trial","name":"Intergroup 0096 (Turrisi): twice-daily versus once-daily thoracic radiotherapy","aka":"INT 0096\nTurrisi trial","tldr":"Showed that giving the same dose of radiotherapy twice a day for three weeks, rather than once a day for five, raises the five-year survival of limited-stage small-cell lung cancer from 16 to 26 percent.","tags":"","route":"/trials/turrisi-intergroup-0096/","status":"positive","cancers":"limited-stage-sclc"},{"id":"crest-thoracic-rt","kind":"trial","name":"CREST: consolidation thoracic radiotherapy in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer","aka":"CREST\nSlotman thoracic radiotherapy trial","tldr":"Radiotherapy to the chest after chemotherapy for widespread small-cell lung cancer missed its main target but tripled two-year survival, which is why it is still offered.","tags":"","route":"/trials/crest-thoracic-rt/","status":"mixed","cancers":"extensive-stage-sclc"},{"id":"pci-overview-1999","kind":"trial","name":"Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation Overview (Auperin meta-analysis)","aka":"PCI Overview\nAuperin meta-analysis","tldr":"Pooling seven trials showed that irradiating the brain before any tumour appears there adds about five people alive in a hundred at three years.","tags":"","route":"/trials/pci-overview-1999/","status":"positive","cancers":"limited-stage-sclc extensive-stage-sclc sclc"},{"id":"time2","kind":"trial","name":"TIME2","aka":"Second Therapeutic Intervention in Malignant Effusion Trial","tldr":"Compared a permanent drain you empty at home with the older operation that glues the lung to the chest wall, and found both relieve breathlessness equally, so the choice is about what a patient wants.","tags":"","route":"/trials/time2/","status":"mixed","cancers":"nsclc sclc lung-cancer pleural-mesothelioma"},{"id":"ample","kind":"trial","name":"AMPLE","aka":"Australasian Malignant Pleural Effusion trial","tldr":"Asked the question that matters when time is measured in months, how many days will I spend in hospital, and found the home drain wins by about three.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ample/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc sclc lung-cancer pleural-mesothelioma"},{"id":"dutch-bone-metastasis-study","kind":"trial","name":"Dutch Bone Metastasis Study","aka":"DBMS\nSingle fraction versus multiple fraction radiotherapy for painful bone metastases","tldr":"One dose of radiotherapy relieves the pain of a bone secondary as well as six, which means one journey to hospital instead of six.","tags":"","route":"/trials/dutch-bone-metastasis-study/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc sclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"jrosg-99-1","kind":"trial","name":"JROSG 99-1 (Aoyama): stereotactic radiosurgery with or without whole-brain radiotherapy","aka":"JROSG 99-1\nAoyama trial","tldr":"Showed that adding whole-brain radiotherapy to focused radiosurgery for a few brain secondaries does not extend life, though it does halve the chance of new ones appearing.","tags":"","route":"/trials/jrosg-99-1/","status":"mixed","cancers":"nsclc sclc lung-cancer secondary-brain-tumours"},{"id":"nct04695925","kind":"trial","name":"Osimertinib Monotherapy or Combination With Chemotherapy for Advanced NSCLC Concurrent EGFR and TP53 Mutations","aka":"TOP","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of osimertinib, pemetrexed and carboplatin in lung cancer, run by Li Zhang, MD, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04695925/","status":"active","cancers":"egfr-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"nct06031558","kind":"trial","name":"Phase III Study of SY-5007, a RET Inhibitor, in Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic RET Fusion-positive NSCLC","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in lung cancer, run by Shouyao Holdings (Beijing) Co. 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Association NVALT Studies, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04597671/","status":"active","cancers":"stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc"},{"id":"nct07076693","kind":"trial","name":"Standard-of-care Systemic Therapy With or Without Local Therapy in Patients With Oligoprogressive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer(NSCLC）","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial in lung cancer, run by Shanghai Chest Hospital, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07076693/","status":"active","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"nct04804644","kind":"trial","name":"Testing if High Dose Radiation Only to the Sites of Brain Cancer Compared to Whole Brain Radiation That Avoids the Hippocampus is Better at Preventing Loss of M","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in lung cancer, run by NRG Oncology, active but no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest 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vebreltinib and pemetrexed in lung cancer, run by Avistone Biotechnology Co., Ltd., not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06970782/","status":"planned","cancers":"egfr-mutant-nsclc met-altered-nsclc"},{"id":"nct07360132","kind":"trial","name":"Phase III Clinical Study of HB0025 Combined With Chemotherapy Versus Pembrolizumab Combined With Chemotherapy for the First-Line Treatment of Advanced Squamous","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of carboplatin and paclitaxel / nab-paclitaxel in lung cancer, run by Shanghai Huaota Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07360132/","status":"planned","cancers":"lung-squamous-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"nct07289646","kind":"trial","name":"Functional Lung Avoidance Planning Guided by Lung Perfusion PET/CT Versus Anatomical Planning for Lung Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy","aka":"Pegasus 2","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in lung cancer, run by University Hospital, Brest, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07289646/","status":"planned","cancers":"lung-cancer"},{"id":"nct05859217","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of Combining Cabozantinib and Atezolizumab for Advanced/Metastatic NSCLC (Cabatezo-1)","aka":"Cabatezo-1","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of cabozantinib and atezolizumab in lung cancer, run by Jun Zhang, MD, PhD, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05859217/","status":"planned","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"nct07739199","kind":"trial","name":"A Study Comparing BL-B01D1 in Combination With PD-1/VEGF Bispecific Antibody Versus Chemotherapy in Combination With PD-1/VEGF Bispecific Antibody in First-line","aka":"PANKU-Lung05","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial of izalontamab brengitecan, paclitaxel / nab-paclitaxel and carboplatin in lung cancer, run by Sichuan Baili Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest 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phase 3 trial of HS-20093 in lung cancer, run by Hansoh BioMedical R&D Company, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06526624/","status":"planned","cancers":"limited-stage-sclc"},{"id":"nct06908772","kind":"trial","name":"Glumetinib Combined With Osimertinib Treatment for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial in lung cancer, run by Shanghai JMT-Bio Inc., not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06908772/","status":"planned","cancers":"egfr-mutant-nsclc met-altered-nsclc"},{"id":"nct07718737","kind":"trial","name":"Global, Multicenter Study of AMT-116 Versus Investigator's Choice in Participants With Advanced or Metastatic Non-squamous EGFR-Wildtype Non-Small Cell Lung Can","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial of AMT-116 and ramucirumab in lung cancer, run by Multitude Therapeutics Inc., not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest 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Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06469879/","status":"planned","cancers":"limited-stage-sclc"},{"id":"nct07343479","kind":"trial","name":"Sacituzumab Tirumotecan Plus Third-Generation TKI With/Without Radiotherapy for EGFR-Mutant NSCLC Brain Metastases","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of sacituzumab tirumotecan in lung cancer, run by Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07343479/","status":"planned","cancers":"egfr-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"nct07162883","kind":"trial","name":"Pharmacokinetic Study of QL2107 Versus Keytruda® for Adjuvant Therapy of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of QL2107 and pembrolizumab in lung cancer, run by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest 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and tislelizumab in lung cancer, run by RemeGen Co., Ltd., not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07829549/","status":"planned","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"nct07819578","kind":"trial","name":"Toripalimab Plus Sacituzumab Tirumotecan as Neoadjuvant Therapy for Resectable NSCLC","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of toripalimab and sacituzumab tirumotecan in lung cancer, run by Shaodong Hong, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07819578/","status":"planned","cancers":"resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"nct06323148","kind":"trial","name":"Adjuvant Target Therapy Guided by ctDNA-MRD in Patients With EGFR-mutant II-IIIA Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (ECTOP-1022)","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of osimertinib in lung cancer, run by Fudan University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06323148/","status":"planned","cancers":"egfr-mutant-nsclc 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Aizer, MD, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07132190/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"nct07219576","kind":"trial","name":"Retifanlimab and Ruxolitinib In Solid Malignancies","aka":"PRISM","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of ruxolitinib and retifanlimab in lung cancer, run by University of California, San Diego, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07219576/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"nct01639508","kind":"trial","name":"Cabozantinib in Patients With RET Fusion-Positive Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Those With Other Genotypes: ROS1 or NTRK Fusions or Increased MET or A","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of cabozantinib in lung cancer, run by Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct01639508/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"ros1-positive-nsclc ret-fusion-nsclc ntrk-fusion-nsclc"},{"id":"nct04585490","kind":"trial","name":"Personalized Escalation of Consolidation Treatment Following Chemoradiotherapy and Immunotherapy in Stage III NSCLC in Stage III NSCLC","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of durvalumab, carboplatin, pemetrexed, paclitaxel / nab-paclitaxel and other drugs in lung cancer, run by Maximilian Diehn, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04585490/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc"},{"id":"nct06284317","kind":"trial","name":"A Study to Evaluate the Benefit of Adding Durvalumab After Chemotherapy, Durvalumab and Surgery in Patients With Early-stage, Operable, Non-small Cell Lung Canc","aka":"ADOPT-lung","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in lung cancer, run by ETOP IBCSG Partners Foundation, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06284317/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"nct07251582","kind":"trial","name":"Effect of Infusion Timing on Pathologic Response to Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy in Resectable Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer","aka":"LungTime-C02","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in lung cancer, run by Hunan Province Tumor Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07251582/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"nct07535463","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of Ivonescimab, Chemotherapy, and Stereotactic Radiosurgery for People With Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of ivonescimab in lung cancer, run by Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07535463/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"nct06616584","kind":"trial","name":"Adding the Immunotherapy Drug Cemiplimab to Usual Treatment for People With Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Who Had Previous Treatment With Platinum Chemoth","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial of cemiplimab, dexamethasone, docetaxel and ramucirumab in lung cancer, run by SWOG Cancer Research Network, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06616584/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"nct05852990","kind":"trial","name":"Glutamine Plus L. 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recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05501665/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"nct06523673","kind":"trial","name":"Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Oligo-Progression Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer","aka":"OPPRESS","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in lung cancer, run by Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06523673/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"nct06031181","kind":"trial","name":"Sublobar Resection for Adenocarcinoma in Situ/Minimally Invasive Adenocarcinoma Diagnosed by Intraoperative Frozen Section (ECTOP-1019)","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in lung cancer, run by Fudan University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06031181/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"lung-cancer"},{"id":"nct06248606","kind":"trial","name":"Adagrasib + SRS for Patients With Metastatic KRAS 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lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07412262/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"nct06401824","kind":"trial","name":"Sacituzumab Govitecan and Bevacizumab for NSCLC Brain Metastases","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of bevacizumab in lung cancer, run by Maastricht University Medical Center, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06401824/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"nct06745882","kind":"trial","name":"Prospective Trial Assessing Real World Outcomes Response to Pembro in Black Patients w/ NSCLC","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of cisplatin, carboplatin, pemetrexed, pembrolizumab and other drugs in lung cancer, run by H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06745882/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"nct07322341","kind":"trial","name":"SX-682 and Atezolizumab for the Treatment of Advanced or Metastatic, Recurrent Non-small Cell Lung Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of atezolizumab in lung cancer, run by University of Washington, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07322341/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"nct06784791","kind":"trial","name":"Preoperative Amivantamab or Amivantamab and Carboplatin/Pemetrexed Treatment in Patients With Resectable Non-small-cell Lung Cancer Harboring Oncogenic EGFR Mut","aka":"NEOpredict-EGF","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of carboplatin and pemetrexed in lung cancer, run by University Hospital, Essen, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06784791/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"egfr-mutant-nsclc resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"nct06634056","kind":"trial","name":"Pneumonitis Prevention Protocol Using Pentoxifylline and α-tocopherol In Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemoradiation","aka":"P4-PACIFIC","tldr":"A phase 2 trial in lung cancer, run by University Health Network, Toronto, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06634056/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc"},{"id":"nct04181060","kind":"trial","name":"Osimertinib With or Without Bevacizumab as Initial Treatment for Patients With EGFR-Mutant Lung Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of bevacizumab and osimertinib in lung cancer, run by National Cancer Institute (NCI), now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04181060/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"egfr-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"nct07405190","kind":"trial","name":"Ivonescimab Alone And With Carboplatin/Pemetrexed For NSCLC","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of ivonescimab, carboplatin and pemetrexed in lung cancer, run by Massachusetts General Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07405190/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"nct04829708","kind":"trial","name":"Efficacy and Safety of Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation Versus MRI Surveillance in Patients With Limited-stage Small Cell Lung Cancer Who Achieved Remission Aft","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in lung cancer, run by Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04829708/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"limited-stage-sclc"},{"id":"nct04933903","kind":"trial","name":"BrUOG 397: NEO Rad (LOW): Neoadjuvant Low Dose Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy, Ipilimumab and Nivolumab","aka":"BrUOG 397","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of ipilimumab and nivolumab in lung cancer, run by Brown University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04933903/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"nct07203053","kind":"trial","name":"A Trial of Tarlatamab in Patients With Pretreated Extensive-stage Small Cell Lung Cancer (ES-SCLC) and ECOG PS 2","aka":"START-lung","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of tarlatamab in lung cancer, run by ETOP IBCSG Partners Foundation, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07203053/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"extensive-stage-sclc"},{"id":"nct06598527","kind":"trial","name":"Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy Followed by Tislelizumab Plus Platinum-based Chemotherapy Versus Tislelizumab Plus Platinum-based Chemotherapy as Neoadjuvant The","aka":"SACTION2401","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of tislelizumab in lung cancer, run by Yang Hong, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06598527/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"nct07655622","kind":"trial","name":"Vebreltinib Plus Furmonertinib in Patients With EGFR-mutated Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer and High PD-L1 Expression","aka":"DUAL-THRUST","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of vebreltinib in lung cancer, run by Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07655622/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"egfr-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"nct07492342","kind":"trial","name":"Fulzerasib Sequential Sintilimab Plus Platinum-Doublet Neoadjuvant Therapy for Resectable KRAS G12C-Mutant NSCLC","aka":"K-NADIR","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of fulzerasib in lung cancer, run by Jianxing He, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07492342/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"kras-g12c-nsclc resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"nct06431633","kind":"trial","name":"Study of Treatment With Sacituzumab and Zimberelimab for Patients With Lung Cancer Confined to the Chest and Previously Operated on Who Were Not Disease-free.","aka":"ARIAN","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of zimberelimab, sacituzumab govitecan, cisplatin and carboplatin in lung cancer, run by Fundación GECP, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06431633/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"nct02448992","kind":"trial","name":"Hippocampal-Sparing Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation in Pathologically Nodal Positive Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial in lung cancer, run by Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct02448992/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"nct07815223","kind":"trial","name":"A Phase II Study of Tislelizumab Plus Anlotinib Consolidation After Chemoradiotherapy in LS-SCLC","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of tislelizumab and anlotinib in lung cancer, run by Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07815223/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"limited-stage-sclc"},{"id":"nct04273061","kind":"trial","name":"Investigating the Effects of Atezolizumab in People Whose Tumour DNA or RNA Indicates Possible Sensitivity","aka":"CAPTIV-8","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of atezolizumab in lung cancer, run by British Columbia Cancer Agency, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04273061/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"lung-cancer"},{"id":"nct06121505","kind":"trial","name":"Phase II Trial: Low-Dose Radiation + SBRT + Sintilimab + Chemotherapy vs. Sintilimab + Chemotherapy in Locally Advanced or Metastatic Squamous Cell Lung Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of sintilimab in lung cancer, run by Sichuan University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06121505/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"lung-cancer"},{"id":"nct04919382","kind":"trial","name":"Temozolomide and Atezolizumab for Subsequent Line for the Treatment of Metastatic or Recurrent Small Cell Lung Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of atezolizumab and temozolomide in lung cancer, run by Dwight Owen, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct04919382/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"extensive-stage-sclc"},{"id":"nct06141070","kind":"trial","name":"Addition of Hypofractionated High Dose Radiation in Oligometastatic Disease","aka":"ANDROMEDA","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in lung cancer, run by Vastra Gotaland Region, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06141070/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"nct07015892","kind":"trial","name":"Dose-Escalation Radiotherapy in Limited-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Phase III Randomized Trial","aka":"ESCALADOR","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in lung cancer, run by Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct07015892/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"limited-stage-sclc"},{"id":"nct05717803","kind":"trial","name":"Segmentectomy for Ground Glass-dominant Invasive Lung Cancer (ECTOP-1012)","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial in lung cancer, run by Fudan University, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct05717803/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"lung-cancer"},{"id":"nct06672133","kind":"trial","name":"Adebrelimab Combined with Chemotherapy and Thoracic Radiotherapy for First-line Treatment of ES-SCLC","aka":"RALLY","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of adebrelimab in lung cancer, run by Jinming Yu, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06672133/","status":"planned","cancers":"extensive-stage-sclc"},{"id":"nct06441344","kind":"trial","name":"Toripalimab Plus Anlotinib for the Maintenance of Extensive Stage Small Cell","aka":"SCLC","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of toripalimab and anlotinib in lung cancer, run by Taizhou Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest lung-deep-dive","route":"/trials/nct06441344/","status":"planned","cancers":"extensive-stage-sclc"},{"id":"roy-castle-lung-cancer-foundation","kind":"institution","name":"Roy Castle Lung Cancer Foundation","aka":"","tldr":"The only UK charity that works on lung cancer alone: a nurse-answered helpline, information days and support groups around the country, research fellowships, and the campaigning that pushed the NHS towards a national screening programme.","tags":"charity uk lung","route":"/institutions/roy-castle-lung-cancer-foundation/","cancers":"nsclc sclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"royal-papworth","kind":"institution","name":"Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust","aka":"","tldr":"The specialist heart and lung hospital on the Cambridge Biomedical Campus, and one of the 26 NHS thoracic units in England that operate on lung cancer.","tags":"nhs uk thoracic-surgery","route":"/institutions/royal-papworth/","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"liverpool-heart-and-chest","kind":"institution","name":"Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital NHS Foundation Trust","aka":"","tldr":"The specialist heart and chest hospital for Cheshire and Merseyside, which calls its thoracic service one of the largest and busiest specialist thoracic surgical units in the country.","tags":"nhs uk thoracic-surgery","route":"/institutions/liverpool-heart-and-chest/","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"philip-crosbie","kind":"person","name":"Philip Crosbie","aka":"","tldr":"The Manchester respiratory physician who showed that if you park a CT scanner in a supermarket car park in a poor part of the city, people come, and the cancers you find are early ones.","tags":"lung screening uk","route":"/people/philip-crosbie/","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"matthew-callister","kind":"person","name":"Matthew Callister","aka":"","tldr":"The Leeds respiratory physician who ran the Yorkshire Lung Screening Trial, the trial that worked out which risk rule the NHS should use to decide who gets a screening scan.","tags":"lung screening uk","route":"/people/matthew-callister/","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"john-field","kind":"person","name":"John Field","aka":"","tldr":"The Liverpool scientist behind the UK Lung Cancer Screening trial and the Liverpool Lung Project risk model, which is one of the two rules the NHS uses to decide who is invited for a scan.","tags":"lung screening uk","route":"/people/john-field/","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"david-baldwin","kind":"person","name":"David Baldwin","aka":"","tldr":"The Nottingham chest physician who chairs the UK clinical expert group for lung cancer and advises the National Screening Committee: the person whose job it is to turn the screening evidence into an NHS service.","tags":"lung screening uk policy","route":"/people/david-baldwin/","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"gary-middleton","kind":"person","name":"Gary Middleton","aka":"","tldr":"The Birmingham oncologist who ran the National Lung Matrix Trial, the largest umbrella trial in lung cancer, and published the honest answer: most drug-biomarker pairs did not work.","tags":"lung trialist uk","route":"/people/gary-middleton/","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer kras-g12c-nsclc"},{"id":"sanjay-popat","kind":"person","name":"Sanjay Popat","aka":"","tldr":"The Royal Marsden thoracic oncologist, now its chief medical officer, who has been an investigator on most of the UK trials that put targeted drugs into lung cancer practice.","tags":"lung trialist uk","route":"/people/sanjay-popat/","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer egfr-mutant-nsclc alk-positive-nsclc"},{"id":"alastair-greystoke","kind":"person","name":"Alastair Greystoke","aka":"","tldr":"The Newcastle oncologist who led the NHS England pilot that put a blood test for lung cancer mutations into the diagnostic pathway, and who co-leads the CONCORDE radiotherapy platform.","tags":"lung trialist uk genomics","route":"/people/alastair-greystoke/","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"ukls","kind":"trial","name":"UKLS","aka":"UK Lung Cancer Screening trial\nISRCTN78513845","tldr":"The British pilot that showed a risk-model-selected CT scan finds lung cancer early, and whose long follow-up gave the mortality signal that helped justify a national programme.","tags":"uk screening lung","route":"/trials/ukls/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"ylst","kind":"trial","name":"YLST","aka":"Yorkshire Lung Screening Trial\nISRCTN42704678","tldr":"The Leeds trial that answered the operational questions a national screening programme actually has to answer: who responds, which risk rule to use, what it costs, and whether stopping smoking can be built into the same appointment.","tags":"uk screening lung","route":"/trials/ylst/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"summit-lung","kind":"trial","name":"SUMMIT (lung health check study)","aka":"SUMMIT study\nNCT03934866","tldr":"The biggest single UK lung screening cohort, run across diverse and deprived London boroughs, which showed the same early-stage shift and also showed that the poorest were the least likely to come.","tags":"uk screening lung","route":"/trials/summit-lung/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"lungsearch","kind":"trial","name":"Lung-SEARCH","aka":"LungSEARCH\nISRCTN80745975","tldr":"The British trial that tested a cheap, staged alternative to scanning everyone, and found it did not work: more than half the cancers never showed up in the sputum at all.","tags":"uk screening lung negative-trial","route":"/trials/lungsearch/","status":"negative","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"chart-lung","kind":"trial","name":"CHART","aka":"Continuous Hyperfractionated Accelerated Radiotherapy\nCHART lung trial","tldr":"A British radiotherapy schedule, invented at Mount Vernon, that squeezed a six-week course into twelve days and cut the risk of death by about a quarter.","tags":"uk radiotherapy lung","route":"/trials/chart-lung/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer lung-squamous-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"big-lung-trial","kind":"trial","name":"Big Lung Trial","aka":"BLT","tldr":"The British trial that asked, without enthusiasm or spin, what chemotherapy is actually worth in lung cancer, and found it worth nine weeks in advanced disease and nothing at all after surgery or radiotherapy.","tags":"uk lung pragmatic-trial","route":"/trials/big-lung-trial/","status":"mixed","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"violet","kind":"trial","name":"VIOLET","aka":"Video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy versus conventional Open Lobectomy for lung cancer\nISRCTN13472721","tldr":"The UK trial that settled how a lung should be removed: keyhole surgery leaves people functioning better at five weeks and causes fewer serious problems after discharge, with the same survival.","tags":"uk surgery lung","route":"/trials/violet/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"tracerx","kind":"trial","name":"TRACERx","aka":"TRAcking non-small cell lung Cancer Evolution through therapy (Rx)\nNCT01888601","tldr":"The British study that followed lung cancers through time and space, region by region, and showed that a tumour is not one thing: the late-arriving, scattered changes are the ones that predict relapse.","tags":"uk lung tumour-evolution","route":"/trials/tracerx/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer lung-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"prostate-ductal-adenocarcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate","aka":"Prostatic ductal adenocarcinoma\nDuctal adenocarcinoma\nDuctal prostate cancer\nAdenocarcinoma with ductal features\nMixed acinar-ductal adenocarcinoma\nEndometrioid carcinoma of the prostate\nDAC","tldr":"Ductal adenocarcinoma is a rare type of prostate cancer, roughly one case in six hundred, that grows from the larger ducts of the gland rather than from its small acini. It tends to make less PSA than ordinary prostate cancer, so it is found later and more often after it has spread, and it is treated as high-risk disease from the day it is named.","tags":"gu subtype-page","route":"/cancers/prostate-ductal-adenocarcinoma/","parent":"prostate"},{"id":"cambridge-prognostic-group","kind":"term","name":"Cambridge Prognostic Group (CPG 1 to 5)","aka":"CPG\nCPG 1\nCPG 2\nCPG 3\nCPG 4\nCPG 5\nCambridge Prognostic Groups\nCambridge prognostic group\nfive-tier risk stratification\nNICE risk stratification prostate","tldr":"The five-band risk score the NHS uses for prostate cancer that has not spread. It combines the grade group, the PSA and the T stage into one number from 1 to 5, and NICE writes its treatment advice in those numbers rather than in low, intermediate and high risk.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cambridge-prognostic-group/","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"tnm-prostate-cancer","kind":"term","name":"TNM staging for prostate cancer, and what changed in the 9th edition","aka":"TNM prostate\nprostate TNM\nT1c\nT2b\nT3a\nT3b\npT2\npT3a\npT3b\ncT2b(mr)\nN1(PET)\nTNM 9\nTNM 8\nUICC TNM prostate","tldr":"The anatomical stage of prostate cancer: how far the tumour has grown (T), whether it is in the pelvic lymph nodes (N) and whether it has spread further (M). UK reports use the 8th edition; the 9th, recommended from January 2026, leaves the prostate categories alone but asks reports to say which scan the stage came from.","tags":"","route":"/terms/tnm-prostate-cancer/","cancers":"prostate prostate-high-risk prostate-mhspc"},{"id":"prostate-acinar-adenocarcinoma","kind":"term","name":"Acinar adenocarcinoma of the prostate","aka":"Prostatic acinar adenocarcinoma\nAcinar adenocarcinoma\nConventional prostate adenocarcinoma\nUsual-type prostatic adenocarcinoma\nAdenocarcinoma of the prostate\nAcinar","tldr":"The ordinary type of prostate cancer, more than 95 in every 100 cases. If a report says acinar adenocarcinoma it is saying the cancer is the usual kind, which is the kind every guideline, trial and survival figure for prostate cancer is about.","tags":"","route":"/terms/prostate-acinar-adenocarcinoma/","cancers":"prostate prostate-ductal-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"intraductal-carcinoma-prostate","kind":"term","name":"Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P)","aka":"IDC-P\nIDC\nintraductal carcinoma\nintraductal\nintraductal prostate\natypical intraductal proliferation\nAIP","tldr":"Cancer cells filling prostate ducts and acini that still have their own outer basal cell layer. It is almost always found beside an invasive cancer, it marks a worse outlook, and on its own it is one of the reasons the NHS and the NCCN offer inherited-cancer gene testing.","tags":"","route":"/terms/intraductal-carcinoma-prostate/","cancers":"prostate prostate-ductal-adenocarcinoma prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"cribriform-prostate-cancer","kind":"term","name":"Cribriform growth pattern in prostate cancer","aka":"cribriform\ncribriform pattern\ninvasive cribriform carcinoma\nlarge cribriform\nsmall cribriform\ncribriform prostate","tldr":"A sieve-like growth pattern inside prostate cancer, named for the holes punched through a sheet of tumour cells. It is the worst-behaving form of Gleason pattern 4, and finding it on a biopsy is a reason to treat rather than to watch.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cribriform-prostate-cancer/","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk prostate-ductal-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"percentage-gleason-pattern-4","kind":"term","name":"Percentage of Gleason pattern 4","aka":"percentage pattern 4\npercent pattern 4\n% pattern 4\npattern 4 percentage\nproportion of pattern 4\nGleason pattern 4","tldr":"How much of the cancer in a biopsy is the more aggressive pattern 4 rather than the slower pattern 3. Two men can both be told grade group 2, one with 5 per cent pattern 4 and one with 45 per cent, and the number is what separates them.","tags":"","route":"/terms/percentage-gleason-pattern-4/","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk"},{"id":"psa-density","kind":"term","name":"PSA density","aka":"PSAD\nPSA density\nprostate-specific antigen density","tldr":"The PSA divided by the volume of the prostate measured on the scan. A big prostate makes more PSA without any cancer in it, so dividing by size separates a raised PSA that needs a biopsy from one that does not.","tags":"","route":"/terms/psa-density/","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk"},{"id":"extraprostatic-extension","kind":"term","name":"Extraprostatic extension and seminal vesicle invasion","aka":"extraprostatic extension\nEPE\nextracapsular extension\nseminal vesicle invasion\nSVI\npT3a\npT3b\ncapsular penetration\npositive margin prostate","tldr":"Whether the cancer has grown out through the wall of the prostate (pT3a) or into the seminal vesicles behind it (pT3b). Both move the stage to T3, both make recurrence more likely, and after surgery both are read alongside whether the cancer reached the cut edge.","tags":"","route":"/terms/extraprostatic-extension/","cancers":"prostate prostate-high-risk prostate-bcr"},{"id":"high-grade-pin","kind":"term","name":"High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN)","aka":"HGPIN\nhigh-grade PIN\nprostatic intraepithelial neoplasia\nPIN\nhigh grade PIN","tldr":"Abnormal cells lining prostate ducts that are not cancer and are not treated. On its own it is a finding, not a diagnosis; what matters is whether it is widespread and whether anything more atypical was seen beside it.","tags":"","route":"/terms/high-grade-pin/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"watchful-waiting","kind":"term","name":"Watchful waiting, and how it differs from active surveillance","aka":"watchful waiting\nwatch and wait prostate\ndeferred hormone therapy\nconservative management prostate","tldr":"Two things that sound the same and are not. Active surveillance monitors a cancer closely so it can still be cured if it grows. Watchful waiting gives up the attempt at cure from the start and treats symptoms if and when they appear.","tags":"","route":"/terms/watchful-waiting/","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk follicular-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma malt-lymphoma splenic-marginal-zone-lymphoma nodal-marginal-zone-lymphoma waldenstrom mantle-cell-lymphoma nodular-lymphocyte-predominant-hodgkin-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"psa-doubling-time","kind":"term","name":"PSA doubling time","aka":"PSADT","tldr":"How long the PSA takes to double, used to tell a slow rise from a fast one.","tags":"","route":"/terms/psa-doubling-time/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"metastatic-spinal-cord-compression","kind":"term","name":"Metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC)","aka":"MSCC\nspinal cord compression\ncord compression","tldr":"Cancer in or near the spine pressing on the spinal cord: an emergency, because delay makes the damage permanent.","tags":"","route":"/terms/metastatic-spinal-cord-compression/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"acute-urinary-retention","kind":"term","name":"Acute urinary retention","aka":"urine retention\nunable to pass urine","tldr":"Suddenly and painfully being unable to pass urine at all: it needs treating the same day.","tags":"","route":"/terms/acute-urinary-retention/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"stress-urinary-incontinence","kind":"term","name":"Stress urinary incontinence","aka":"leaking urine\npost-prostatectomy incontinence","tldr":"Leaking urine when you cough, sneeze, lift or stand up, because the muscle that holds it in has been weakened.","tags":"","route":"/terms/stress-urinary-incontinence/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"pelvic-floor-muscle-exercises","kind":"term","name":"Pelvic floor muscle exercises","aka":"pelvic floor exercises\nKegel exercises for men","tldr":"Exercises that strengthen the sling of muscle under the bladder and bowel, used to reduce leaking and to help erections.","tags":"","route":"/terms/pelvic-floor-muscle-exercises/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"artificial-urinary-sphincter","kind":"term","name":"Artificial urinary sphincter","aka":"AUS\nurinary sphincter implant","tldr":"An implanted cuff and pump that keeps the urethra closed until you squeeze the pump to pass urine.","tags":"","route":"/terms/artificial-urinary-sphincter/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"erectile-dysfunction-after-prostate-cancer","kind":"term","name":"Erectile dysfunction after prostate cancer treatment","aka":"impotence after prostate cancer\nED after prostatectomy","tldr":"Not being able to get or keep an erection after treatment, because the nerves, the blood supply or the testosterone have been affected.","tags":"","route":"/terms/erectile-dysfunction-after-prostate-cancer/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"priapism","kind":"term","name":"Priapism","aka":"painful prolonged erection","tldr":"An erection that will not go down: after four hours it is an emergency, because the tissue starts to be damaged.","tags":"","route":"/terms/priapism/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"treatment-induced-bone-loss","kind":"term","name":"Treatment-induced bone loss","aka":"cancer treatment-induced bone loss\nosteoporosis on hormone therapy","tldr":"Thinning of the bones caused by switching off testosterone, which raises the risk of fractures.","tags":"","route":"/terms/treatment-induced-bone-loss/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"hot-flushes-on-hormone-therapy","kind":"term","name":"Hot flushes on hormone therapy","aka":"vasomotor symptoms in men\nhot flashes","tldr":"Sudden waves of heat and sweating caused by losing testosterone: the commonest complaint on hormone therapy for prostate cancer.","tags":"","route":"/terms/hot-flushes-on-hormone-therapy/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"gynaecomastia","kind":"term","name":"Gynaecomastia","aka":"breast swelling in men\nbreast tenderness on hormone therapy","tldr":"Swelling and tenderness of the chest caused by hormone treatment, ranging from mild sensitivity to noticeable breasts.","tags":"","route":"/terms/gynaecomastia/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"paper-huggins-hodges-castration-serum-phosphatases-prostate-1941","kind":"paper","name":"Huggins and Hodges 1941: the effect of castration, of oestrogen and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate","aka":"Studies on prostatic cancer. I.\nHuggins and Hodges 1941\nHuggins 1941 castration prostate cancer","tldr":"In 1941 two Chicago surgeons showed that removing a man's testicles, or giving him oestrogen, made advanced prostate cancer shrink and his blood chemistry improve, and that giving testosterone made it worse. It was the first time any cancer in any organ had been made to regress by a drug or a hormone.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-huggins-hodges-castration-serum-phosphatases-prostate-1941/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mhspc prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-visakorpi-androgen-receptor-amplification-nat-genet-1995","kind":"paper","name":"In vivo amplification of the androgen receptor gene and progression of human prostate cancer","aka":"Visakorpi 1995\nAR gene amplification prostate cancer","tldr":"When hormone treatment stops working, the cancer often has not stopped caring about the hormone. In a third of tumours that came back on treatment, the cell had simply made extra copies of the androgen receptor gene so it could live on the tiny amount of hormone left.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-visakorpi-androgen-receptor-amplification-nat-genet-1995/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-chen-androgen-receptor-overexpression-antiandrogen-resistance-nat-med-2004","kind":"paper","name":"Molecular determinants of resistance to antiandrogen therapy","aka":"Chen 2004\nAR overexpression antiandrogen resistance\nSawyers 2004 androgen receptor","tldr":"This study found the one change that always happened when prostate cancer became resistant to hormone-blocking drugs: the cell made more androgen receptor. With enough of it, the drugs that were meant to block the receptor started switching it on instead.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-chen-androgen-receptor-overexpression-antiandrogen-resistance-nat-med-2004/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-attard-abiraterone-phase-1-cyp17-jco-2008","kind":"paper","name":"Phase 1 trial of abiraterone acetate confirms that castration-resistant prostate cancer commonly remains hormone driven","aka":"Attard 2008 abiraterone phase 1\nCYP17 inhibition abiraterone first-in-human","tldr":"Twenty-one men whose prostate cancer had already stopped responding to every hormone treatment available were given a drug that shuts off the last remaining source of androgen. Two thirds had their PSA fall, which proved the cancer had never stopped depending on the hormone.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-attard-abiraterone-phase-1-cyp17-jco-2008/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-tannock-tax-327-docetaxel-prednisone-nejm-2004","kind":"paper","name":"TAX 327: docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer","aka":"TAX 327\nTannock 2004 docetaxel prostate","tldr":"The first treatment ever shown to help men live longer once prostate cancer stopped responding to hormones. Docetaxel every three weeks added about two and a half months to median survival compared with the older drug, and made pain and quality of life better as well.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-tannock-tax-327-docetaxel-prednisone-nejm-2004/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-petrylak-swog-9916-docetaxel-estramustine-nejm-2004","kind":"paper","name":"SWOG 9916: docetaxel and estramustine compared with mitoxantrone and prednisone for advanced refractory prostate cancer","aka":"SWOG 9916\nPetrylak 2004 docetaxel estramustine","tldr":"Published in the same issue as TAX 327 and reaching the same conclusion by a different route: docetaxel extends life in advanced prostate cancer. The extra drug it was paired with, estramustine, brought enough side effects that it was dropped from practice.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-petrylak-swog-9916-docetaxel-estramustine-nejm-2004/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-de-bono-tropic-cabazitaxel-lancet-2010","kind":"paper","name":"TROPIC: prednisone plus cabazitaxel or mitoxantrone for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer progressing after docetaxel","aka":"TROPIC\nde Bono 2010 cabazitaxel","tldr":"The first drug shown to extend life after docetaxel has stopped working. Cabazitaxel, a taxane designed to get past the pumps that expel docetaxel from resistant cells, added about two and a half months, at the cost of a high rate of low white cell counts.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-de-bono-tropic-cabazitaxel-lancet-2010/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-scher-affirm-enzalutamide-nejm-2012","kind":"paper","name":"AFFIRM: increased survival with enzalutamide in prostate cancer after chemotherapy","aka":"AFFIRM\nScher 2012 enzalutamide\nMDV3100 AFFIRM","tldr":"Enzalutamide, an oral tablet that blocks the androgen receptor at several points at once, added nearly five months to median survival in men whose cancer had already been through chemotherapy. More than half had their PSA halve, against two percent on placebo.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-scher-affirm-enzalutamide-nejm-2012/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-beer-prevail-enzalutamide-nejm-2014","kind":"paper","name":"PREVAIL: enzalutamide in metastatic prostate cancer before chemotherapy","aka":"PREVAIL\nBeer 2014 enzalutamide chemotherapy-naive","tldr":"The same drug given before chemotherapy rather than after it. At one year, 65 percent of men on enzalutamide had no sign of the cancer growing on scans, against 14 percent on placebo, and the need for chemotherapy was pushed a long way back.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-beer-prevail-enzalutamide-nejm-2014/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-gravis-getug-afu-15-docetaxel-lancet-oncol-2013","kind":"paper","name":"GETUG-AFU 15: androgen deprivation alone or with docetaxel in non-castrate metastatic prostate cancer","aka":"GETUG-AFU 15\nGETUG 15\nGravis 2013 docetaxel hormone-sensitive","tldr":"The first trial to give chemotherapy at the same time as hormone therapy in newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer. It found no survival benefit and concluded against the approach, two years before two larger trials found the opposite.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-gravis-getug-afu-15-docetaxel-lancet-oncol-2013/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mhspc"},{"id":"paper-vale-stopcap-docetaxel-bisphosphonates-lancet-oncol-2016","kind":"paper","name":"STOpCaP: docetaxel or bisphosphonates added to standard of care in hormone-sensitive prostate cancer, a systematic review and meta-analysis","aka":"STOpCaP\nVale 2016 docetaxel meta-analysis\nadaptive meta-analysis prostate docetaxel","tldr":"Three trials of chemotherapy at the start of hormone therapy had reported, two positive and one negative. Pooling them showed the treatment does work in metastatic disease, improving four-year survival by about nine percent, and that zoledronic acid does not.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-vale-stopcap-docetaxel-bisphosphonates-lancet-oncol-2016/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mhspc"},{"id":"paper-hussain-swog-9346-intermittent-androgen-deprivation-nejm-2013","kind":"paper","name":"SWOG 9346: intermittent versus continuous androgen deprivation in metastatic prostate cancer","aka":"SWOG 9346\nS9346\nHussain 2013 intermittent androgen deprivation","tldr":"Hormone therapy causes hot flushes, loss of libido, loss of muscle and bone, and low mood. This trial asked whether men could take breaks from it. After ten years the answer was uncomfortable: the breaks felt better for three months, and the trial could not rule out a worse chance of survival.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-hussain-swog-9346-intermittent-androgen-deprivation-nejm-2013/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mhspc"},{"id":"paper-teply-restore-bipolar-androgen-therapy-lancet-oncol-2018","kind":"paper","name":"RESTORE: bipolar androgen therapy after progression on enzalutamide in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","aka":"RESTORE\nTeply 2018 bipolar androgen therapy\nBAT after enzalutamide","tldr":"Prostate cancer adapts to having almost no testosterone. This trial did the opposite of what the textbook says and gave men large doses of testosterone. Three in ten responded, and more than half responded again to the hormone-blocking drug that had stopped working.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-teply-restore-bipolar-androgen-therapy-lancet-oncol-2018/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-denmeade-transformer-bipolar-androgen-therapy-jco-2021","kind":"paper","name":"TRANSFORMER: bipolar androgen therapy versus enzalutamide in asymptomatic metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","aka":"TRANSFORMER\nDenmeade 2021 bipolar androgen therapy randomised","tldr":"A randomised comparison of high-dose testosterone against a standard hormone-blocking drug. Neither delayed progression better than the other, but men who had the testosterone first and the drug second lived nearly nine months longer before their second progression, and felt better throughout.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-denmeade-transformer-bipolar-androgen-therapy-jco-2021/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-stamey-psa-serum-marker-nejm-1987","kind":"paper","name":"Prostate-specific antigen as a serum marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate","aka":"Stamey 1987\nPSA serum marker 1987","tldr":"The paper that turned a protein made by the prostate into the blood test now used on millions of men a year. It showed the level tracked how much cancer there was, fell to nothing after surgery, and rose again when the cancer came back.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-stamey-psa-serum-marker-nejm-1987/","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"paper-catalona-psa-screening-test-nejm-1991","kind":"paper","name":"Measurement of prostate-specific antigen in serum as a screening test for prostate cancer","aka":"Catalona 1991\nPSA screening 1991\nPSA 4.0 threshold","tldr":"This is where the number 4.0 came from. Screening 1,653 healthy men over 50 with a blood test and biopsying those above that level found cancers that a finger examination would have missed, and the threshold entered practice worldwide.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-catalona-psa-screening-test-nejm-1991/","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk"},{"id":"paper-schroder-erspc-screening-mortality-nejm-2009","kind":"paper","name":"ERSPC: screening and prostate cancer mortality in a randomised European study","aka":"ERSPC\nEuropean Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer\nSchroder 2009","tldr":"The trial that showed PSA screening does save lives, and showed what it costs. Screening cut the death rate from prostate cancer by a fifth, but 1,410 men had to be screened and 48 extra cancers treated to prevent one death.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-schroder-erspc-screening-mortality-nejm-2009/","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"paper-andriole-plco-prostate-screening-nejm-2009","kind":"paper","name":"PLCO: mortality results from a randomised prostate cancer screening trial","aka":"PLCO prostate\nAndriole 2009\nProstate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian screening trial prostate arm","tldr":"The American screening trial, published in the same issue as the European one and reaching the opposite conclusion. It found more cancers in the screened group and no difference in deaths, which is partly because half the men in the comparison group were being screened anyway.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-andriole-plco-prostate-screening-nejm-2009/","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk"},{"id":"paper-welch-albertsen-psa-era-diagnosis-treatment-jnci-2009","kind":"paper","name":"Prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment after the introduction of prostate-specific antigen screening, 1986 to 2005","aka":"Welch and Albertsen 2009\n1.3 million extra prostate cancer diagnoses","tldr":"Counting what the blood test did to a country. In the twenty years after PSA testing began in the United States, an extra 1.3 million men were diagnosed with prostate cancer and about a million were definitively treated, for a benefit that on the most generous assumption reached one man in twenty of them.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-welch-albertsen-psa-era-diagnosis-treatment-jnci-2009/","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk"},{"id":"paper-draisma-lead-time-overdiagnosis-psa-jnci-2009","kind":"paper","name":"Lead time and overdiagnosis in prostate-specific antigen screening: importance of methods and context","aka":"Draisma 2009\nMISCAN prostate overdiagnosis\nEtzioni lead time prostate","tldr":"Estimates of how many screen-detected prostate cancers would never have caused trouble ranged from a quarter to more than four fifths. Three independent models were run side by side to find out why, and showed the answer depends almost entirely on how the question is asked.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-draisma-lead-time-overdiagnosis-psa-jnci-2009/","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk"},{"id":"paper-loeb-overdiagnosis-overtreatment-prostate-eur-urol-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Overdiagnosis and overtreatment of prostate cancer","aka":"Loeb 2014 overdiagnosis review\nprostate overdiagnosis 1.7 to 67 percent","tldr":"A review that gathered every way overdiagnosis in prostate cancer has been measured and found estimates from under two percent to two thirds, depending entirely on the method. The one figure everyone can agree on is that autopsy studies find prostate cancer in around a fifth to two fifths of men who died of something else.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-loeb-overdiagnosis-overtreatment-prostate-eur-urol-2014/","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk"},{"id":"paper-moyer-uspstf-prostate-screening-ann-intern-med-2012","kind":"paper","name":"USPSTF 2012: screening for prostate cancer, recommendation statement (grade D)","aka":"USPSTF 2012 prostate\nMoyer 2012\ngrade D prostate screening","tldr":"In 2012 the American preventive services body recommended against PSA screening for every man at every age. It is the most consequential negative screening recommendation ever made, and it was reversed six years later.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-moyer-uspstf-prostate-screening-ann-intern-med-2012/","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk"},{"id":"paper-uspstf-prostate-screening-jama-2018","kind":"paper","name":"USPSTF 2018: screening for prostate cancer, recommendation statement (grade C at 55 to 69, grade D at 70 and over)","aka":"USPSTF 2018 prostate\ngrade C prostate screening\nshared decision making prostate screening","tldr":"Six years after recommending against PSA testing for everyone, the same body changed its mind for men aged 55 to 69 and said the decision should be theirs. The statement puts the numbers on both sides: about 1.3 deaths prevented per 1,000 men screened, and one in five who have surgery left with long-term incontinence.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-uspstf-prostate-screening-jama-2018/","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk"},{"id":"paper-bill-axelson-spcg-4-29-year-nejm-2018","kind":"paper","name":"SPCG-4: radical prostatectomy or watchful waiting in prostate cancer, 29-year follow-up","aka":"SPCG-4\nBill-Axelson 2018\nScandinavian Prostate Cancer Group Study Number 4","tldr":"Men with prostate cancer found because it caused a lump or symptoms, randomised in the years before PSA testing, were followed for nearly thirty years. Surgery roughly halved the chance of dying of prostate cancer and added an average of 2.9 years of life.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-bill-axelson-spcg-4-29-year-nejm-2018/","cancers":"prostate prostate-intermediate-risk prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"paper-wilt-pivot-prostatectomy-observation-nejm-2017","kind":"paper","name":"PIVOT: follow-up of prostatectomy versus observation for early prostate cancer","aka":"PIVOT\nWilt 2017\nProstate Cancer Intervention Versus Observation Trial","tldr":"In men whose prostate cancer was mostly found by a blood test, surgery did not significantly reduce deaths after nearly twenty years. It did cause more incontinence and sexual problems, and it did reduce later treatment for the cancer growing.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-wilt-pivot-prostatectomy-observation-nejm-2017/","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk"},{"id":"paper-ahmed-promis-multiparametric-mri-lancet-2017","kind":"paper","name":"PROMIS: diagnostic accuracy of multiparametric MRI and TRUS biopsy in prostate cancer","aka":"PROMIS\nAhmed 2017\nPROMIS multiparametric MRI triage","tldr":"Every man with a raised PSA used to get a needle biopsy through the rectum, which misses half the serious cancers and can cause sepsis. This trial gave 576 men a scan, a standard biopsy and an exhaustive mapping biopsy, and showed the scan could safely spare a quarter of them the needle.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-ahmed-promis-multiparametric-mri-lancet-2017/","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"paper-johnson-mpmri-individual-foci-eur-urol-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Detection of individual prostate cancer foci via multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging","aka":"Johnson 2019\nper-lesion MRI sensitivity prostate\nmpMRI whole-mount correlation","tldr":"Prostate MRI is good at answering whether a man has a serious cancer somewhere. This study matched scans against the whole removed prostate and found it is much worse at finding every tumour: it missed at least one significant tumour in a third of men.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-johnson-mpmri-individual-foci-eur-urol-2019/","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"paper-conti-trans-ancestry-gwas-prostate-nat-genet-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Trans-ancestry genome-wide association meta-analysis of prostate cancer identifies new susceptibility loci and informs genetic risk prediction","aka":"Conti 2021\nprostate polygenic risk score 269 variants\ntrans-ancestry prostate GWAS","tldr":"The largest genetic study of prostate cancer pooled 107,247 men with the disease and 127,006 without, across ancestries. It brought the number of known risk variants to 269 and showed that men of African ancestry carry, on average, more than twice the genetic risk score of men of European ancestry.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-conti-trans-ancestry-gwas-prostate-nat-genet-2021/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"paper-dess-black-race-prostate-mortality-jama-oncol-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Association of Black race with prostate cancer-specific and other-cause mortality","aka":"Dess 2019\nBlack race prostate cancer mortality equal access","tldr":"Black men in the United States are more likely to die of prostate cancer. This study looked at registry data, an equal-access health system and randomised trials together, and found that once treatment and access were equal, the difference in prostate cancer deaths largely disappeared. The difference in dying of everything else did not.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-dess-black-race-prostate-mortality-jama-oncol-2019/","cancers":"prostate prostate-intermediate-risk prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"paper-tomlins-tmprss2-ets-fusion-science-2005","kind":"paper","name":"Recurrent fusion of TMPRSS2 and ETS transcription factor genes in prostate cancer","aka":"Tomlins 2005\nTMPRSS2-ERG fusion\nTMPRSS2-ETV1","tldr":"Gene fusions were thought to be a feature of leukaemias, not common solid cancers. This study found one in prostate cancer that joins a switch controlled by testosterone to a growth gene, and found it in most of the tumours it looked at.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-tomlins-tmprss2-ets-fusion-science-2005/","cancers":"prostate prostate-high-risk prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-taylor-integrative-genomic-profiling-cancer-cell-2010","kind":"paper","name":"Integrative genomic profiling of human prostate cancer","aka":"Taylor 2010\nMSKCC prostate genomics 218 tumours","tldr":"The first large look at prostate cancer across copy number, gene expression and sequence at once. Its most useful finding for patients was that the pattern of gained and lost chromosome segments separates low-risk from high-risk disease better than the Gleason score does.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-taylor-integrative-genomic-profiling-cancer-cell-2010/","cancers":"prostate prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"paper-grasso-mutational-landscape-lethal-crpc-nature-2012","kind":"paper","name":"The mutational landscape of lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer","aka":"Grasso 2012\nlethal CRPC exome rapid autopsy","tldr":"Fifty men who died of prostate cancer had their tumours sequenced within hours of death. Even after years of treatment the cancers carried few mutations, and the recurring ones were in genes that control how DNA is packaged and read rather than in classic cancer genes.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-grasso-mutational-landscape-lethal-crpc-nature-2012/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-baca-punctuated-evolution-chromoplexy-cell-2013","kind":"paper","name":"Punctuated evolution of prostate cancer genomes","aka":"Baca 2013\nchromoplexy\nchromoplexy prostate cancer","tldr":"Cancer is usually described as accumulating damage one change at a time. Sequencing 57 whole prostate cancer genomes showed something else: chains of translocations and deletions that happen together in one burst, disrupting several cancer genes at once.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-baca-punctuated-evolution-chromoplexy-cell-2013/","cancers":"prostate prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"paper-tcga-molecular-taxonomy-primary-prostate-cell-2015","kind":"paper","name":"TCGA: the molecular taxonomy of primary prostate cancer","aka":"TCGA prostate 2015\nmolecular taxonomy primary prostate cancer\nseven subtypes prostate","tldr":"The Cancer Genome Atlas classified 333 prostate cancers taken out at surgery and found that three quarters fall into one of seven groups defined by a fusion or a mutation. A quarter had a change that a drug could in principle be aimed at, and one in five had a broken DNA repair gene.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-tcga-molecular-taxonomy-primary-prostate-cell-2015/","cancers":"prostate prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"paper-robinson-integrative-clinical-genomics-advanced-prostate-cell-2015","kind":"paper","name":"SU2C-PCF: integrative clinical genomics of advanced prostate cancer","aka":"Robinson 2015\nSU2C prostate 150 mCRPC\nStand Up To Cancer prostate dream team","tldr":"One hundred and fifty men with prostate cancer that had spread and stopped responding to hormones had their tumours biopsied and sequenced prospectively. Nine in ten had a genetic change that a drug could in principle be aimed at, and one in five had a broken DNA repair gene.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-robinson-integrative-clinical-genomics-advanced-prostate-cell-2015/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-gundem-evolutionary-history-lethal-metastatic-prostate-nature-2015","kind":"paper","name":"The evolutionary history of lethal metastatic prostate cancer","aka":"Gundem 2015\nmetastasis-to-metastasis spread prostate\npolyclonal seeding prostate cancer","tldr":"By sequencing many separate deposits from ten men who died of prostate cancer, this study reconstructed how the cancer travelled. Metastases seeded other metastases, and often did it in groups of cells rather than one at a time.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-gundem-evolutionary-history-lethal-metastatic-prostate-nature-2015/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-pritchard-inherited-dna-repair-metastatic-prostate-nejm-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Inherited DNA-repair gene mutations in men with metastatic prostate cancer","aka":"Pritchard 2016\ngermline DNA repair metastatic prostate 11.8 percent","tldr":"Nearly one man in eight with prostate cancer that has spread carries an inherited fault in a DNA repair gene, most often BRCA2. Family history and age at diagnosis did not predict who: the only way to find them is to test everybody.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-pritchard-inherited-dna-repair-metastatic-prostate-nejm-2016/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mhspc prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-mateo-toparp-a-olaparib-dna-repair-nejm-2015","kind":"paper","name":"TOPARP-A: DNA-repair defects and olaparib in metastatic prostate cancer","aka":"TOPARP-A\nMateo 2015 olaparib prostate","tldr":"Fifty men whose prostate cancer had exhausted every standard treatment were given a PARP inhibitor and biopsied. A third responded, and almost all the responders were the ones with a broken DNA repair gene, including every man who had lost BRCA2.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-mateo-toparp-a-olaparib-dna-repair-nejm-2015/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-abida-triton2-rucaparib-brca-jco-2020","kind":"paper","name":"TRITON2: rucaparib in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer harbouring a BRCA1 or BRCA2 alteration","aka":"TRITON2\nAbida 2020 rucaparib","tldr":"The trial that got rucaparib approved for prostate cancer. In 115 men with a BRCA fault whose cancer had already been through hormone drugs and chemotherapy, around half had their tumours shrink or their PSA halve.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-abida-triton2-rucaparib-brca-jco-2020/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-fizazi-triton3-rucaparib-nejm-2023","kind":"paper","name":"TRITON3: rucaparib or physician's choice in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","aka":"TRITON3\nFizazi 2023 rucaparib randomised","tldr":"The randomised confirmation that a PARP inhibitor beats the alternatives in men with a BRCA fault, nearly doubling the time before the cancer grew on scans. In men with an ATM fault instead, it did nothing.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-fizazi-triton3-rucaparib-nejm-2023/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-chung-comprehensive-genomic-profiling-prostate-jco-po-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Prospective comprehensive genomic profiling of 3,476 primary and metastatic prostate tumours","aka":"Chung 2019\nFoundationOne prostate 3476\nreal-world prostate genomic profiling","tldr":"The largest routine-practice picture of what is broken in prostate tumours. Across 3,476 samples sent for commercial sequencing, TP53 was altered in 44 percent and PTEN in 32 percent, and just over half carried something a drug is being developed against.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-chung-comprehensive-genomic-profiling-prostate-jco-po-2019/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc prostate-mhspc"},{"id":"paper-antonarakis-ar-v7-resistance-nejm-2014","kind":"paper","name":"AR-V7 and resistance to enzalutamide and abiraterone in prostate cancer","aka":"Antonarakis 2014\nAR-V7\nandrogen receptor splice variant 7","tldr":"A short form of the androgen receptor, missing the part that the hormone drugs grab onto, can be detected in tumour cells circulating in the blood. Not one man whose cells carried it responded to either enzalutamide or abiraterone.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-antonarakis-ar-v7-resistance-nejm-2014/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-mu-sox2-lineage-plasticity-science-2017","kind":"paper","name":"SOX2 promotes lineage plasticity and antiandrogen resistance in TP53- and RB1-deficient prostate cancer","aka":"Mu 2017\nSOX2 lineage plasticity prostate\nenzalutamide resistance by lineage switching","tldr":"Some prostate cancers escape hormone drugs not by changing the receptor but by becoming a different kind of cell that does not need it. This paper showed how: losing two tumour suppressors lets the cell switch on SOX2 and change identity, and restoring them reverses it.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-mu-sox2-lineage-plasticity-science-2017/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc prostate-nepc"},{"id":"paper-antonarakis-keynote-199-pembrolizumab-jco-2020","kind":"paper","name":"KEYNOTE-199: pembrolizumab for treatment-refractory metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","aka":"KEYNOTE-199\nAntonarakis 2020 pembrolizumab prostate","tldr":"Checkpoint immunotherapy transformed several cancers and did almost nothing here. In 258 men with advanced prostate cancer, about 1 in 20 had a response, and whether the tumour expressed PD-L1 made no difference.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-antonarakis-keynote-199-pembrolizumab-jco-2020/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"prostate-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Prostate cancer roadmap: from Huggins and the discovery that a cancer can depend on a hormone, through the PSA epidemic and what it cost, the androgen receptor drugs, the DNA repair subset and PSMA, to a 2032 registry watch","aka":"Prostate cancer history\nProstate cancer evidence roadmap\nHistory of prostate cancer treatment\nProstate cancer timeline","tldr":"Prostate cancer is where hormone therapy for cancer was invented, in 1941, and where a blood test created an epidemic of diagnoses forty-five years later. This roadmap follows the evidence from castration to the modern androgen receptor drugs, through the screening trials and the argument about overdiagnosis they started, to DNA repair, PSMA and the questions still open in 2032.","tags":"","route":"/roadmaps/prostate-roadmap/","status":"active","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk prostate-high-risk prostate-bcr prostate-mhspc prostate-nmcrpc prostate-mcrpc prostate-nepc"},{"id":"idea-prostate-hrr-testing-at-metastatic-diagnosis","kind":"idea","name":"Test every man for DNA repair faults on the day his prostate cancer is found to have spread, not three treatments later","aka":"HRR testing at metastatic diagnosis\ngermline and tumour DNA repair testing timing prostate","tldr":"About one man in eight with prostate cancer that has spread carries an inherited DNA repair fault, and about one in five has one in the tumour. The drugs for those faults have moved to the beginning of treatment, but the test is still usually done near the end, when it is too late to use the result.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-prostate-hrr-testing-at-metastatic-diagnosis/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mhspc prostate-mcrpc prostate-nmcrpc"},{"id":"idea-prostate-randomise-the-sequence-not-only-the-drugs","kind":"idea","name":"Randomise the order of treatment, not only the drugs: a strategy platform for metastatic prostate cancer","aka":"sequencing trial prostate cancer\nPFS2 strategy trial\ntreatment order randomised prostate","tldr":"Metastatic prostate cancer now has six classes of treatment that work, and no trial has ever compared the orders they can be given in. Every trial adds a drug to the front; none asks what should follow it, so the sequence a man receives is decided by habit and by what was licensed first.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-prostate-randomise-the-sequence-not-only-the-drugs/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mhspc prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"idea-prostate-plasticity-surveillance-before-it-is-neuroendocrine","kind":"idea","name":"Watch for the cancer changing cell type before the biopsy says neuroendocrine, and act on it","aka":"lineage plasticity surveillance prostate\nTP53 RB1 loss monitoring prostate\npre-emptive platinum neuroendocrine prostate","tldr":"In a minority of men, prostate cancer escapes hormone drugs by becoming a different kind of cell that no longer needs the androgen receptor. By the time a biopsy shows it, the treatment options are almost gone. The genetic changes that allow the switch are detectable years earlier, and nobody is looking for them.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-prostate-plasticity-surveillance-before-it-is-neuroendocrine/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc prostate-nepc"},{"id":"idea-prostate-bipolar-androgen-therapy-phase-3-on-pfs2","kind":"idea","name":"Take high-dose testosterone to phase 3, with progression-free survival through the second line as the primary endpoint","aka":"bipolar androgen therapy phase 3\nsupraphysiological testosterone prostate phase 3\nBAT resensitisation trial","tldr":"Giving men with castration-resistant prostate cancer large doses of the hormone the treatment has spent years removing makes a third of them respond, and makes half of them respond again to the drug that had stopped working. It has never been taken to a definitive trial, partly because the endpoint that shows the benefit is not the one trials usually use.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-prostate-bipolar-androgen-therapy-phase-3-on-pfs2/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"idea-prostate-metastatic-presentation-as-the-screening-endpoint","kind":"idea","name":"Judge a prostate screening programme on metastatic presentation, not on incidence or mortality","aka":"metastasis-free survival screening endpoint prostate\nmetastatic presentation as screening outcome","tldr":"Screening trials are judged on deaths, which take fifteen years to count, and on cancers found, which is the wrong direction. Preventing a man from turning up with cancer already in his bones happens three times as often as preventing a death, arrives years earlier, and is the outcome he cares about.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-prostate-metastatic-presentation-as-the-screening-endpoint/","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"idea-prostate-other-cause-mortality-as-a-reported-service-outcome","kind":"idea","name":"Report death from other causes as an outcome of the prostate cancer service, split by deprivation and ethnicity","aka":"other-cause mortality prostate service outcome\ncompeting mortality prostate cancer equity","tldr":"When Black and white men in the United States are given the same treatment, the gap in dying of prostate cancer largely closes. The gap in dying of everything else does not. Cancer services measure the first and not the second, which means the surviving disparity is invisible to the people best placed to act on it.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-prostate-other-cause-mortality-as-a-reported-service-outcome/","cancers":"prostate prostate-intermediate-risk prostate-high-risk prostate-mhspc prostate-nmcrpc"},{"id":"idea-prostate-per-lesion-mri-audit-before-focal-treatment","kind":"idea","name":"Publish a per-lesion miss rate for every prostate MRI service before it is allowed to guide focal treatment","aka":"per-lesion MRI audit prostate\nwhole-mount pathology audit focal therapy\nMRI miss rate reporting","tldr":"Prostate MRI is good at telling you whether a man has a serious cancer and poor at telling you where all of it is. It missed at least one significant tumour in a third of men in the study that checked it against the whole removed prostate. Services that treat part of the gland, or follow men on imaging alone, are relying on the number they do not measure.","tags":"prostate-evidence","route":"/ideas/idea-prostate-per-lesion-mri-audit-before-focal-treatment/","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"prostate-treatment-choice-localised","kind":"term","name":"Choosing treatment for localised prostate cancer: what each option costs","aka":"prostate cancer treatment trade-off\nsurgery or radiotherapy or monitoring\nlocalised prostate cancer decision","tldr":"For prostate cancer found by a PSA test, the choice between watching it, operating and irradiating barely changes the chance of dying of it. It changes a great deal whether you will leak urine and whether you will be able to get an erection.","tags":"","route":"/terms/prostate-treatment-choice-localised/","status":"established","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"prostate-radiotherapy-fractionation","kind":"term","name":"How many radiotherapy visits: the prostate fractionation trials","aka":"prostate hypofractionation\nSBRT for prostate cancer\nmoderate hypofractionation prostate","tldr":"Prostate cancer responds unusually well to a few large doses of radiation rather than many small ones, so a course that used to take eight weeks now takes four weeks, or two, or one.","tags":"","route":"/terms/prostate-radiotherapy-fractionation/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"prostate-stampede-arms","kind":"term","name":"STAMPEDE's arms, and what each one answered","aka":"STAMPEDE comparisons\nSTAMPEDE platform arms\nwhat STAMPEDE showed","tldr":"One British trial, running since 2005, has asked nine separate questions about prostate cancer treatment by adding new arms as the answers came in. Four of them changed what men are offered, and five did not.","tags":"","route":"/terms/prostate-stampede-arms/","status":"established","cancers":"prostate prostate-mhspc prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"prostate-adt-burden","kind":"term","name":"What androgen deprivation costs: the side of hormone therapy the survival curves do not show","aka":"ADT side effects\nhormone therapy burden prostate\ncastration side effects","tldr":"Hormone therapy for prostate cancer works by removing testosterone, which means hot flushes, loss of sexual desire and erections, tiredness, loss of muscle, weaker bones and a changed body. Trials measure it, and it is the reason the duration question matters so much.","tags":"","route":"/terms/prostate-adt-burden/","status":"established","cancers":"prostate prostate-mhspc prostate-high-risk prostate-nmcrpc"},{"id":"prostate-crpc-sequencing","kind":"term","name":"What follows what in castration-resistant prostate cancer","aka":"mCRPC sequencing\nprostate cancer treatment order\nhormone-relapsed prostate cancer sequence","tldr":"Once prostate cancer stops responding to standard hormone therapy there are six or seven things left to try, and the order matters. The one rule proved by a trial is that swapping one hormone tablet for another, after the first stopped working quickly, is a waste of time.","tags":"","route":"/terms/prostate-crpc-sequencing/","status":"established","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"prostate-hrr-eligibility","kind":"term","name":"Who is eligible for a PARP inhibitor in prostate cancer, and why the gene matters","aka":"HRR eligibility prostate\nBRCA testing prostate cancer\nPARP inhibitor eligibility prostate","tldr":"PARP inhibitors work in prostate cancer only for men whose tumour carries a fault in a DNA repair gene, and mostly only if that gene is BRCA1 or BRCA2. A fault in ATM, which is often reported on the same panel, does not seem to count.","tags":"","route":"/terms/prostate-hrr-eligibility/","status":"established","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"prostate-failed-programmes","kind":"term","name":"Prostate cancer programmes that failed, and what each failure taught","aka":"prostate cancer drug failures\nnegative prostate trials\nprostate cancer graveyard","tldr":"More large prostate cancer trials have failed than succeeded. The failures cluster: immunotherapy in unselected men, drugs aimed at blood vessels, drugs aimed at bone signalling, and drugs that improved scans without extending life.","tags":"","route":"/terms/prostate-failed-programmes/","status":"established","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc prostate-mhspc"},{"id":"prostate-uk-drug-approvals","kind":"term","name":"Prostate cancer drugs in England: what NICE recommends, and what it refuses","aka":"NICE prostate cancer appraisals\nprostate cancer drug funding England\nprostate cancer NICE numbers","tldr":"Having a licence is not the same as being funded. In England several prostate cancer drugs that are approved elsewhere are not recommended by NICE, and one man in the same position in Manchester and in Boston will be offered different treatment.","tags":"","route":"/terms/prostate-uk-drug-approvals/","status":"established","cancers":"prostate prostate-mhspc prostate-mcrpc prostate-nmcrpc"},{"id":"prostate-focal-therapy","kind":"term","name":"Focal and tissue-preserving treatment of prostate cancer","aka":"focal therapy prostate\nHIFU prostate\nprostate cryotherapy\npartial gland ablation","tldr":"Treating only the part of the prostate that contains the cancer, with heat, cold or light, preserves erections and continence better than removing or irradiating the whole gland. No randomised trial has shown it controls cancer as well, and in England it is not routinely funded.","tags":"","route":"/terms/prostate-focal-therapy/","status":"emerging","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk"},{"id":"galeterone","kind":"drug","name":"Galeterone","aka":"TOK-001\nVN/124-1","tldr":"An experimental prostate cancer tablet meant to work in men whose cancer makes a broken form of the androgen receptor. The trial designed to prove it collapsed.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/galeterone/","status":"withdrawn","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"custirsen","kind":"drug","name":"Custirsen","aka":"OGX-011\nTV-1011","tldr":"A drug designed to switch off a protein that helps cancer cells survive chemotherapy. Two large trials found it added nothing.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/custirsen/","status":"withdrawn","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"orteronel","kind":"drug","name":"Orteronel","aka":"TAK-700","tldr":"A more selective version of abiraterone that was meant to avoid the need for steroids. It delayed the cancer on scans but did not help men live longer, and was abandoned.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/orteronel/","status":"withdrawn","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"tasquinimod","kind":"drug","name":"Tasquinimod","aka":"ABR-215050","tldr":"An oral drug aimed at the tissue around the tumour rather than the cancer cells. It held the cancer back on scans and, if anything, shortened life.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/tasquinimod/","status":"withdrawn","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"zibotentan","kind":"drug","name":"Zibotentan","aka":"ZD4054","tldr":"A drug blocking a signal that prostate cancer uses to grow in bone. Three trials in prostate cancer found no survival benefit and it was dropped.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/zibotentan/","status":"withdrawn","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"atrasentan","kind":"drug","name":"Atrasentan","aka":"ABT-627\nXinlay","tldr":"The other endothelin blocker. Adding it to chemotherapy for advanced prostate cancer changed nothing, and the trial was stopped for futility.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/atrasentan/","status":"withdrawn","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"prostvac","kind":"drug","name":"PROSTVAC","aka":"PROSTVAC-VF\nPROSTVAC-V/F\nrilimogene galvacirepvec","tldr":"A vaccine made from two viruses carrying the PSA gene, meant to teach the immune system to attack prostate cancer. The big trial found it did nothing at all.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/prostvac/","status":"withdrawn","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"erspc","kind":"trial","name":"ERSPC (European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer)","aka":"ERSPC\nEuropean Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer\nEuropean Randomised Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer","tldr":"The trial that showed PSA screening does stop some men dying of prostate cancer, and showed at the same time how many men have to be tested, and how many treated for a cancer that was never going to harm them, to achieve it.","tags":"","route":"/trials/erspc/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"plco-prostate","kind":"trial","name":"PLCO, prostate component (Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial)","aka":"PLCO\nPLCO prostate\nProstate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial","tldr":"The American screening trial that found no benefit, and the reason is the trial itself: half the men in the group that was supposed to go unscreened were getting PSA tests from their own doctors.","tags":"","route":"/trials/plco-prostate/","status":"negative","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"spcg-4","kind":"trial","name":"SPCG-4 (Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Group Study 4)","aka":"SPCG-4\nScandinavian Prostate Cancer Group Study Number 4\nSPCG-4/SFUO-1","tldr":"The trial that proved an operation for prostate cancer can save a life, in men whose cancer was found because of symptoms rather than a blood test, and that the average gain is about three years.","tags":"","route":"/trials/spcg-4/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"pivot","kind":"trial","name":"PIVOT (Prostate Cancer Intervention Versus Observation Trial)","aka":"PIVOT\nProstate Cancer Intervention Versus Observation Trial\nCSP #407","tldr":"In men whose prostate cancer was found by a blood test, having the operation did not clearly help them live longer, and it left many more of them incontinent or unable to get an erection.","tags":"","route":"/trials/pivot/","status":"mixed","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk"},{"id":"rtog-0415","kind":"trial","name":"RTOG 0415","aka":"RTOG 0415\nNRG Oncology RTOG 0415","tldr":"Showed that men with low-risk prostate cancer can have five and a half weeks of radiotherapy instead of eight without losing control of the cancer, at the price of slightly more bowel and bladder trouble later.","tags":"","route":"/trials/rtog-0415/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk"},{"id":"profit-trial","kind":"trial","name":"PROFIT (Prostate Fractionated Irradiation Trial)","aka":"PROFIT\nProstate Fractionated Irradiation Trial\nOCOG-PROFIT","tldr":"Confirmed that four weeks of radiotherapy works as well as eight for intermediate-risk prostate cancer, without more long-term side effects.","tags":"","route":"/trials/profit-trial/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-intermediate-risk"},{"id":"ascende-rt","kind":"trial","name":"ASCENDE-RT","aka":"ASCENDE-RT\nAndrogen Suppression Combined with Elective Nodal and Dose Escalated Radiation Therapy","tldr":"Adding radioactive seeds inside the prostate on top of external radiotherapy halves the chance that the PSA comes back, but it does not make men live longer and it costs more urinary side effects.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ascende-rt/","status":"mixed","cancers":"prostate prostate-intermediate-risk prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"eortc-22863","kind":"trial","name":"EORTC 22863","aka":"EORTC 22863\nBolla trial","tldr":"The trial that proved hormone therapy should be added to radiotherapy for aggressive prostate cancer, and that the addition roughly halves the chance of dying of it.","tags":"","route":"/trials/eortc-22863/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"eortc-22961","kind":"trial","name":"EORTC 22961","aka":"EORTC 22961\nduration of androgen suppression trial","tldr":"Tried to show that six months of hormone therapy with radiotherapy is enough for locally advanced prostate cancer. It is not: three years works better.","tags":"","route":"/trials/eortc-22961/","status":"negative","cancers":"prostate prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"rtog-9202","kind":"trial","name":"RTOG 92-02","aka":"RTOG 9202\nRTOG 92-02","tldr":"Two extra years of hormone therapy after radiotherapy improved every measure of cancer control, but only men with the most aggressive tumours lived longer for it.","tags":"","route":"/trials/rtog-9202/","status":"mixed","cancers":"prostate prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"rtog-9408","kind":"trial","name":"RTOG 94-08","aka":"RTOG 9408\nRTOG 94-08","tldr":"Four months of hormone therapy added to radiotherapy helped men with intermediate-risk prostate cancer live longer, and did nothing for men with low-risk disease.","tags":"","route":"/trials/rtog-9408/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk"},{"id":"eortc-22991","kind":"trial","name":"EORTC 22991","aka":"EORTC 22991","tldr":"Six months of hormone therapy added to modern dose-escalated radiotherapy roughly halves the chance the PSA comes back, at every radiation dose tested.","tags":"","route":"/trials/eortc-22991/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-intermediate-risk prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"dart-01-05-gicor","kind":"trial","name":"DART 01/05 GICOR","aka":"DART01/05\nDART 01/05 GICOR","tldr":"Even when the radiation dose is pushed high, two more years of hormone therapy still improves survival for men with high-risk prostate cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/dart-01-05-gicor/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-intermediate-risk prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"spcg-7","kind":"trial","name":"SPCG-7/SFUO-3","aka":"SPCG-7\nSPCG-7/SFUO-3","tldr":"Adding radiotherapy to hormone therapy for locally advanced prostate cancer halves the chance of dying of it, and the side effects are modest.","tags":"","route":"/trials/spcg-7/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"rtog-0521","kind":"trial","name":"NRG Oncology RTOG 0521","aka":"RTOG 0521\nNRG/RTOG 0521","tldr":"Adding chemotherapy to hormone therapy and radiotherapy for the most aggressive localised prostate cancer improved four-year survival from 89 to 93 percent.","tags":"","route":"/trials/rtog-0521/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"swog-8794","kind":"trial","name":"SWOG 8794","aka":"SWOG 8794\nSWOG S8794","tldr":"The trial that first showed radiotherapy soon after prostate surgery reduces the risk of the cancer spreading and helps men live longer, in an era before PSA was used to trigger treatment.","tags":"","route":"/trials/swog-8794/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-high-risk prostate-bcr"},{"id":"eortc-22911","kind":"trial","name":"EORTC 22911","aka":"EORTC 22911","tldr":"Radiotherapy given straight after prostate surgery kept the PSA down for longer, but over ten years that did not translate into fewer men whose disease actually progressed, and side effects were commoner.","tags":"","route":"/trials/eortc-22911/","status":"mixed","cancers":"prostate prostate-high-risk prostate-bcr"},{"id":"radicals-rt","kind":"trial","name":"RADICALS-RT","aka":"RADICALS-RT\nRADICALS radiotherapy timing comparison","tldr":"Waiting to see whether the PSA rises after prostate surgery, and only then giving radiotherapy, works as well as treating everybody straight away, and spares two men in three the radiotherapy altogether.","tags":"","route":"/trials/radicals-rt/","status":"negative","cancers":"prostate prostate-high-risk prostate-bcr"},{"id":"raves","kind":"trial","name":"RAVES (TROG 08.03/ANZUP)","aka":"RAVES\nTROG 08.03\nANZUP RAVES","tldr":"Waiting for the PSA to rise before giving radiotherapy after prostate surgery gave the same cancer control and spared half the men pelvic radiation, though the trial closed too early to prove it formally.","tags":"","route":"/trials/raves/","status":"mixed","cancers":"prostate prostate-high-risk prostate-bcr"},{"id":"getug-afu-17","kind":"trial","name":"GETUG-AFU 17","aka":"GETUG-AFU 17\nGETUG 17","tldr":"The French version of the same question, and the same answer: treating everyone straight after surgery does not help, and it doubles the rate of lasting bladder and erection problems.","tags":"","route":"/trials/getug-afu-17/","status":"mixed","cancers":"prostate prostate-high-risk prostate-bcr"},{"id":"artistic-meta-analysis","kind":"trial","name":"ARTISTIC meta-analysis","aka":"ARTISTIC\nAdjuvant Radiotherapy Timing In Selected Treatment Individuals after Prostatectomy Consortium","tldr":"Three trials asked the same question and none was big enough alone. Pooling them, planned in advance so nobody could cherry-pick, showed that waiting for the PSA to rise is as good as treating everyone.","tags":"","route":"/trials/artistic-meta-analysis/","status":"negative","cancers":"prostate prostate-high-risk prostate-bcr"},{"id":"radicals-hd","kind":"trial","name":"RADICALS-HD","aka":"RADICALS-HD\nRADICALS hormone duration comparison","tldr":"Two years of hormone therapy alongside radiotherapy after prostate surgery kept the cancer from spreading in six more men in a hundred than six months did, at the cost of more side effects.","tags":"","route":"/trials/radicals-hd/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-high-risk prostate-bcr"},{"id":"getug-afu-16","kind":"trial","name":"GETUG-AFU 16","aka":"GETUG-AFU 16\nGETUG 16","tldr":"Adding six months of hormone therapy to radiotherapy given for a rising PSA after prostate surgery raised the proportion free of progression at ten years from about half to about two thirds.","tags":"","route":"/trials/getug-afu-16/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-bcr"},{"id":"getug-afu-15","kind":"trial","name":"GETUG-AFU 15","aka":"GETUG-AFU 15\nGETUG 15","tldr":"The first trial to test chemotherapy at the start of hormone therapy for metastatic prostate cancer found no benefit. It was too small, and CHAARTED and STAMPEDE later showed it had missed a real effect.","tags":"","route":"/trials/getug-afu-15/","status":"negative","cancers":"prostate prostate-mhspc"},{"id":"swog-9346","kind":"trial","name":"SWOG 9346 (intermittent androgen deprivation)","aka":"SWOG 9346\nS9346\nINT-0162","tldr":"Taking breaks from hormone therapy for metastatic prostate cancer improved sex life and mood for a few months, but the trial could not rule out that it shortens life, so continuous treatment remained the standard.","tags":"","route":"/trials/swog-9346/","status":"mixed","cancers":"prostate prostate-mhspc"},{"id":"patch-transdermal-oestradiol","kind":"trial","name":"PATCH (Prostate Adenocarcinoma Transcutaneous Hormone)","aka":"PATCH\nProstate Adenocarcinoma Transcutaneous Hormone\ntransdermal oestradiol trial","tldr":"Oestrogen patches suppress testosterone as well as the standard injections, protect the bones instead of thinning them, and, contrary to what killed the idea in the 1970s, do not cause more heart attacks and strokes.","tags":"","route":"/trials/patch-transdermal-oestradiol/","status":"active","cancers":"prostate prostate-mhspc prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"hero","kind":"trial","name":"HERO","aka":"HERO\nHERO trial\nrelugolix against leuprolide","tldr":"An androgen deprivation tablet that works faster than the standard injection, wears off faster when stopped, and halved the rate of heart attacks and strokes.","tags":"","route":"/trials/hero/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-mhspc prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"stomp-oligorecurrence","kind":"trial","name":"STOMP","aka":"STOMP\nSurveillance or Metastasis-directed Therapy for Oligometastatic Prostate cancer recurrence","tldr":"Zapping the handful of spots that show up when prostate cancer comes back put off the day hormone therapy was needed, by about eight months, in a small trial.","tags":"","route":"/trials/stomp-oligorecurrence/","status":"mixed","cancers":"prostate prostate-bcr prostate-mhspc"},{"id":"oriole","kind":"trial","name":"ORIOLE","aka":"ORIOLE\nObservation vs Stereotactic Ablative Radiation for Oligometastatic Prostate Cancer","tldr":"Treating one to three secondary tumours with precise radiotherapy cut the chance of the cancer progressing within six months from three in five to one in five, and worked best when a PSMA scan showed nothing had been missed.","tags":"","route":"/trials/oriole/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-bcr prostate-mhspc"},{"id":"tax-327","kind":"trial","name":"TAX 327","aka":"TAX327\nTAX 327 study","tldr":"The trial that first showed any drug could make men with hormone-resistant prostate cancer live longer. The gain was about two and a half months, and it also reduced pain.","tags":"","route":"/trials/tax-327/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"swog-9916","kind":"trial","name":"SWOG 9916","aka":"SWOG 9916\nS9916\nINT-0161","tldr":"The second trial published the same day as TAX 327, showing the same thing by a different route: docetaxel beats mitoxantrone, though the partner drug it used has since been dropped for its side effects.","tags":"","route":"/trials/swog-9916/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"tropic","kind":"trial","name":"TROPIC","aka":"TROPIC\nEFC6193","tldr":"Showed that a second taxane still works after docetaxel has stopped working, adding about two and a half months of life, and that it suppresses the bone marrow hard.","tags":"","route":"/trials/tropic/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"proselica","kind":"trial","name":"PROSELICA","aka":"PROSELICA\ncabazitaxel 20 against 25 mg/m2","tldr":"A lower dose of cabazitaxel works nearly as well and causes far fewer serious side effects, which is why most men now start on the lower dose.","tags":"","route":"/trials/proselica/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"firstana","kind":"trial","name":"FIRSTANA","aka":"FIRSTANA\ncabazitaxel against docetaxel first line","tldr":"Cabazitaxel is no better than docetaxel as the first chemotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer. It is a different set of side effects, not a better drug.","tags":"","route":"/trials/firstana/","status":"negative","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"cou-aa-301","kind":"trial","name":"COU-AA-301","aka":"COU-AA-301\nabiraterone after docetaxel","tldr":"Proved that prostate cancer which has stopped responding to standard hormone therapy is still driven by androgens, by blocking the enzyme that makes them and adding about four months of life.","tags":"","route":"/trials/cou-aa-301/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"cou-aa-302","kind":"trial","name":"COU-AA-302","aka":"COU-AA-302\nabiraterone before chemotherapy","tldr":"Moved abiraterone in front of chemotherapy, doubling the time before scans showed the cancer growing and putting off the day chemotherapy and opiates were needed.","tags":"","route":"/trials/cou-aa-302/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"affirm","kind":"trial","name":"AFFIRM","aka":"AFFIRM\nMDV3100-03","tldr":"Showed that a drug blocking the androgen receptor itself, rather than the hormones that feed it, adds nearly five months of life after chemotherapy has failed.","tags":"","route":"/trials/affirm/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"prevail","kind":"trial","name":"PREVAIL","aka":"PREVAIL\nMDV3100-04","tldr":"Moved enzalutamide in front of chemotherapy, cutting the risk of the cancer showing on scans by four fifths and the risk of death by a third.","tags":"","route":"/trials/prevail/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"card","kind":"trial","name":"CARD","aka":"CARD\ncabazitaxel against a second androgen receptor pathway inhibitor","tldr":"Settled the commonest argument in advanced prostate cancer. When one hormone tablet stops working quickly, switching to the other one is much worse than moving to chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/trials/card/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"impact-sipuleucel-t","kind":"trial","name":"IMPACT (sipuleucel-T)","aka":"IMPACT\nD9902B\nImmunotherapy for Prostate Adenocarcinoma Treatment","tldr":"The first cancer vaccine ever approved anywhere. It extended life by about four months without shrinking a single tumour, and the company that made it went bankrupt.","tags":"","route":"/trials/impact-sipuleucel-t/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"triton3","kind":"trial","name":"TRITON3","aka":"TRITON3\nrucaparib in BRCA or ATM altered mCRPC","tldr":"A PARP inhibitor works for men whose prostate cancer carries a BRCA fault, and does not work for men whose fault is in ATM. Which gene is broken decides whether the drug helps.","tags":"","route":"/trials/triton3/","status":"mixed","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"peace-3","kind":"trial","name":"PEACE-3 (EORTC 1333)","aka":"PEACE-3\nPEACE III\nEORTC 1333-GUCG","tldr":"Combining the bone-seeking radioactive drug radium-223 with enzalutamide made men live about six months longer, and the fractures that sank the earlier version of this idea were prevented by giving bone-protecting drugs to everyone.","tags":"","route":"/trials/peace-3/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"era-223","kind":"trial","name":"ERA 223","aka":"ERA 223\nERA223","tldr":"Combining a bone-seeking radioactive drug with abiraterone did not help, and it nearly tripled the rate of broken bones. The trial was unblinded early and the combination is now contraindicated.","tags":"","route":"/trials/era-223/","status":"negative","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"imbassador250","kind":"trial","name":"IMbassador250","aka":"IMbassador250\nIMbassador 250","tldr":"Adding a checkpoint inhibitor to enzalutamide did not help men with advanced prostate cancer live longer, and the trial explained why: prostate tumours carry very little of what these drugs need.","tags":"","route":"/trials/imbassador250/","status":"negative","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"keynote-921","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-921","aka":"KEYNOTE-921\nMK-3475-921","tldr":"Adding pembrolizumab to chemotherapy for advanced prostate cancer did not work, and it added side effects and lung inflammation.","tags":"","route":"/trials/keynote-921/","status":"negative","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"keynote-641","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-641","aka":"KEYNOTE-641\nMK-3475-641","tldr":"Adding pembrolizumab to enzalutamide did not help. The trial was stopped for futility, and three times as many men had a serious side effect.","tags":"","route":"/trials/keynote-641/","status":"negative","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"keynote-991","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-991","aka":"KEYNOTE-991\nMK-3475-991","tldr":"The last attempt to make immunotherapy work in prostate cancer, this time as early as possible. It was stopped for futility and made rashes and serious side effects much commoner.","tags":"","route":"/trials/keynote-991/","status":"negative","cancers":"prostate prostate-mhspc"},{"id":"ca184-043-ipilimumab","kind":"trial","name":"CA184-043","aka":"CA184-043\nipilimumab after radiotherapy in mCRPC","tldr":"The first big immunotherapy trial in prostate cancer. It missed by a hair, and the way it missed, harm early and benefit late, was the clue nobody managed to cash in.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ca184-043-ipilimumab/","status":"negative","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"armor3-sv","kind":"trial","name":"ARMOR3-SV","aka":"ARMOR3-SV\ngaleterone against enzalutamide in AR-V7 positive disease","tldr":"The only trial ever to pick men for prostate cancer treatment by a splice variant of the androgen receptor. It could not recruit, because the men who qualified were too ill to stay in it.","tags":"","route":"/trials/armor3-sv/","status":"negative","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"synergy-custirsen","kind":"trial","name":"SYNERGY","aka":"SYNERGY\ncustirsen with first-line docetaxel","tldr":"Blocking the survival protein clusterin did not make chemotherapy work better for advanced prostate cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/synergy-custirsen/","status":"negative","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"affinity-custirsen","kind":"trial","name":"AFFINITY","aka":"AFFINITY\ncustirsen with cabazitaxel","tldr":"The second attempt with the same drug, this time after chemotherapy had already failed once. It also found nothing, including in the men expected to benefit most.","tags":"","route":"/trials/affinity-custirsen/","status":"negative","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"elm-pc-4-orteronel","kind":"trial","name":"ELM-PC 4","aka":"ELM-PC 4\nC21004\norteronel in chemotherapy-naive mCRPC","tldr":"A cleaner version of abiraterone held the cancer back on scans for five extra months and did not make anyone live longer. It is the clearest warning in prostate cancer that scans are not survival.","tags":"","route":"/trials/elm-pc-4-orteronel/","status":"negative","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"tasquinimod-10tasq10","kind":"trial","name":"10TASQ10","aka":"10TASQ10\ntasquinimod phase 3","tldr":"A drug aimed at the tissue around the tumour delayed progression on scans by two and a half months, and the men who took it lived, if anything, slightly less long.","tags":"","route":"/trials/tasquinimod-10tasq10/","status":"negative","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"comet-1","kind":"trial","name":"COMET-1","aka":"COMET-1\nXL184-307\ncabozantinib in previously treated mCRPC","tldr":"A drug that made bone scans look dramatically better did not make men live longer. It is the best illustration in prostate cancer that a bone scan is not the disease.","tags":"","route":"/trials/comet-1/","status":"negative","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"swog-s0421-atrasentan","kind":"trial","name":"SWOG S0421","aka":"SWOG S0421\nS0421\natrasentan with docetaxel","tldr":"Adding an endothelin blocker to chemotherapy changed nothing, not survival, not progression, not pain.","tags":"","route":"/trials/swog-s0421-atrasentan/","status":"negative","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"enthuse-m1-zibotentan","kind":"trial","name":"ENTHUSE M1","aka":"ENTHUSE M1\nENTHUSE 14\nZD4054 in bone-metastatic CRPC","tldr":"A drug blocking the endothelin signal that prostate cancer uses in bone did not extend life, and it caused swelling, headaches and heart failure.","tags":"","route":"/trials/enthuse-m1-zibotentan/","status":"negative","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"prospect-prostvac","kind":"trial","name":"PROSPECT","aka":"PROSPECT\nBNIT-PRV-301\nPROSTVAC phase 3","tldr":"The prostate cancer vaccine that looked like it added eight and a half months of life in a small trial added nothing in a big one.","tags":"","route":"/trials/prospect-prostvac/","status":"negative","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"ready-dasatinib","kind":"trial","name":"READY","aka":"READY\nCA180-227\ndasatinib with docetaxel","tldr":"Blocking Src, the kinase that lets prostate cancer cells talk to bone-dissolving cells, did nothing when added to chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ready-dasatinib/","status":"negative","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"calgb-90401","kind":"trial","name":"CALGB 90401","aka":"CALGB 90401\nAlliance 90401\nbevacizumab with docetaxel in mCRPC","tldr":"Adding the anti-angiogenic antibody bevacizumab to chemotherapy delayed progression and shrank more tumours, but men did not live longer and four times as many died of the treatment.","tags":"","route":"/trials/calgb-90401/","status":"negative","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"prostate-cancer-uk","kind":"institution","name":"Prostate Cancer UK","aka":"","tldr":"The UK charity that funds prostate cancer research, answers the questions the NHS has no time for through a team of Specialist Nurses, and is paying for half of TRANSFORM, the trial that will decide whether Britain ever screens for this disease.","tags":"charity uk prostate","route":"/institutions/prostate-cancer-uk/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mhspc prostate-mcrpc prostate-low-risk"},{"id":"jenny-donovan","kind":"person","name":"Jenny Donovan","aka":"","tldr":"The Bristol social scientist who worked out how to recruit men into a trial that asked them to accept a coin toss between surgery, radiotherapy and doing nothing, and then measured honestly what each did to their lives.","tags":"prostate trialist uk","route":"/people/jenny-donovan/","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk"},{"id":"caroline-moore","kind":"person","name":"Caroline Moore","aka":"","tldr":"The UCL urologist who has spent her career on the two questions that decide whether a man with prostate cancer is harmed by being diagnosed: who needs a biopsy, and who needs treating at all.","tags":"prostate uk diagnostics","route":"/people/caroline-moore/","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk"},{"id":"nicholas-van-as","kind":"person","name":"Nicholas van As","aka":"","tldr":"The Royal Marsden oncologist who ran the trial that cut a four-week course of prostate radiotherapy to five treatments, and published the higher urinary side-effect rate alongside the good news.","tags":"prostate radiotherapy uk","route":"/people/nicholas-van-as/","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk"},{"id":"ros-eeles","kind":"person","name":"Rosalind Eeles","aka":"","tldr":"The oncogeneticist who found most of the common genetic variants that raise a man's risk of prostate cancer, and whose work is the reason the UK's first prostate screening programme is defined by a gene rather than by an age.","tags":"prostate genetics uk screening","route":"/people/ros-eeles/","cancers":"prostate prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"rakesh-heer","kind":"person","name":"Rakesh Heer","aka":"","tldr":"The Imperial urologist who is research lead on TRANSFORM and joint chief investigator of the trial asking whether taking the lymph nodes out during a prostatectomy does any good.","tags":"prostate trialist uk","route":"/people/rakesh-heer/","cancers":"prostate prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"promis","kind":"trial","name":"PROMIS","aka":"PROstate MRI Imaging Study\nISRCTN16082556","tldr":"The British study that measured how bad the standard prostate biopsy really was, and how good a scan could be instead: the evidence that put MRI before the needle in the NHS.","tags":"uk prostate diagnostics","route":"/trials/promis/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk"},{"id":"transform-prostate","kind":"trial","name":"TRANSFORM","aka":"Trial of Randomised Approaches for National Screening FOR Men\nISRCTN13801649","tldr":"The trial that will decide whether Britain screens for prostate cancer, designed with the screening committee's input and built from the start to answer the question about Black men that every previous trial was too white to answer.","tags":"uk prostate screening","route":"/trials/transform-prostate/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk"},{"id":"lead-time-bias","kind":"term","name":"Lead time, and lead-time bias","aka":"lead time\nlead-time\nlead time bias\nscreening lead time\nlead time in prostate cancer screening","tldr":"Finding a cancer earlier means you know about it for longer, even if nothing you do changes the day you die. That extra stretch of knowing is called the lead time, and lead-time bias is the mistake of counting it as extra life. It is the single biggest reason survival figures make screening look better than it is.","tags":"gu prostate-glossary","route":"/terms/lead-time-bias/","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk"},{"id":"overtreatment","kind":"term","name":"Overtreatment","aka":"over-treatment\novertreatment of prostate cancer\nunnecessary treatment\ntreatment of overdiagnosed cancer","tldr":"Treating a cancer that was never going to cause trouble. It is the harm that overdiagnosis causes: the diagnosis itself does not leak urine or end erections, the operation does. Published estimates of how much prostate cancer is overdiagnosed range from under 2 percent to two thirds, and the range is a fact about the methods, not about the disease.","tags":"gu prostate-glossary","route":"/terms/overtreatment/","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk"},{"id":"number-needed-to-screen","kind":"term","name":"Number needed to screen (and number needed to diagnose)","aka":"NNS\nnumber needed to invite\nnumber needed to diagnose\nNND\nnumber needed to treat to prevent one prostate cancer death","tldr":"How many men have to be offered the test for one man to be saved from dying of prostate cancer, and how many extra cancers have to be found along the way. In the big European trial the answer at sixteen years was 570 men invited and 18 extra cancers diagnosed per death prevented, and the figures get better the longer the trial runs.","tags":"gu prostate-glossary","route":"/terms/number-needed-to-screen/","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"other-cause-mortality","kind":"term","name":"Other-cause mortality","aka":"death from other causes\ncompeting mortality\nnon-cancer mortality\ncompeting risk of death\nother cause mortality","tldr":"Dying of something that is not the cancer. In prostate cancer most men do, which makes it the outcome that decides how much any treatment can possibly help. It is also where the inequality that survives equal cancer care shows up, and almost no cancer service measures it.","tags":"gu prostate-glossary","route":"/terms/other-cause-mortality/","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk prostate-high-risk prostate-mhspc prostate-nmcrpc"},{"id":"metastasis-free-survival","kind":"term","name":"Metastasis-free survival (MFS)","aka":"MFS\nmetastasis free survival\ntime to first metastasis\ndistant metastasis-free survival\nDMFS","tldr":"The time from joining a trial until a scan first shows the cancer has spread, or the man dies, whichever comes first. It is the endpoint that got three hormone drugs licensed for prostate cancer that had not yet spread, because waiting for deaths would have taken another decade.","tags":"gu prostate-glossary","route":"/terms/metastasis-free-survival/","cancers":"prostate prostate-high-risk prostate-bcr prostate-nmcrpc prostate-mhspc"},{"id":"radiographic-progression-free-survival","kind":"term","name":"Radiographic progression-free survival (rPFS)","aka":"rPFS\nradiographic progression free survival\nradiologic progression-free survival\nimaging-based progression-free survival\nrPFS by PCWG","tldr":"In cancer that has already spread, this is the time until the scans show it getting worse, or the man dies. It deliberately ignores a rising PSA on its own, because in prostate cancer the PSA can rise for reasons that do not mean the treatment has stopped working.","tags":"gu prostate-glossary","route":"/terms/radiographic-progression-free-survival/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc prostate-mhspc prostate-nepc"},{"id":"chromoplexy","kind":"term","name":"Chromoplexy","aka":"chromoplectic rearrangement\nchained rearrangements\npunctuated evolution prostate genome\nclosed chains of rearrangement","tldr":"Instead of collecting damage one mutation at a time, a prostate cancer genome can be scrambled in a single burst: several chromosomes break at once and are stitched back together in a chain, knocking out several cancer genes in one event. It was discovered in prostate cancer and named there.","tags":"gu prostate-glossary","route":"/terms/chromoplexy/","cancers":"prostate prostate-high-risk prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"genome-wide-loss-of-heterozygosity","kind":"term","name":"Genome-wide loss of heterozygosity (gLOH)","aka":"gLOH\ngenomic LOH\nLOH score\ngenome-wide LOH\nLOH-high\ngenomic scar score","tldr":"A score for how much of a tumour's genome has lost one of its two parental copies. A high score is a scar left behind by a broken DNA repair system, and is used as a rough sign that a PARP inhibitor might work. It is a measure of damage already done, not of the fault that caused it.","tags":"gu prostate-glossary","route":"/terms/genome-wide-loss-of-heterozygosity/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc prostate-mhspc"},{"id":"polygenic-risk-score","kind":"term","name":"Polygenic risk score (PRS)","aka":"PRS\npolygenic score\ngenetic risk score\nGRS\nSNP risk score\npolygenic risk score prostate","tldr":"A single number adding up hundreds of common, individually tiny genetic differences to say whether a man's inherited risk of prostate cancer is above or below average. It is not a test for a faulty gene like BRCA2, and it says nothing about how aggressive a cancer would be.","tags":"gu prostate-glossary","route":"/terms/polygenic-risk-score/","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"neuroendocrine-differentiation","kind":"term","name":"Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer","aka":"NED\nneuroendocrine differentiation\ntreatment-emergent neuroendocrine differentiation\nPaneth cell-like change\nchromogranin positive prostate cancer\nsynaptophysin positive prostate cancer","tldr":"Prostate cancer cells that have taken on the look and the markers of nerve-and-hormone cells. A trace of it is present in almost every prostate cancer and means nothing; a tumour made mostly of it is a different and much more serious disease, and it usually appears after years of hormone treatment.","tags":"gu prostate-glossary","route":"/terms/neuroendocrine-differentiation/","cancers":"prostate prostate-nepc prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"whole-mount-pathology","kind":"term","name":"Whole-mount pathology","aka":"whole mount\nwhole-mount sectioning\nwhole mount histopathology\nlarge format histology\nmacrosectioning\nwhole-mount prostatectomy specimen","tldr":"Slicing the whole removed prostate into complete cross-sections on oversized slides, so each slide shows the entire gland in one piece rather than in fragments. It is the reference standard used to check how well a scan found what was really there.","tags":"gu prostate-glossary","route":"/terms/whole-mount-pathology/","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"pi-rads","kind":"term","name":"PI-RADS (Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System)","aka":"PI-RADS\nPIRADS\nPI-RADS v2.1\nPI-RADS score\nPI-RADS 3\nPI-RADS 4\nPI-RADS 5\nProstate Imaging Reporting and Data System","tldr":"The international scoring system radiologists use to say how likely a prostate MRI finding is to be a serious cancer, from 1 (very unlikely) to 5 (very likely). British NHS reports usually do not use it: NICE asks for a 5-point Likert score instead, and the two look identical on the page and are not the same thing.","tags":"gu prostate-glossary","route":"/terms/pi-rads/","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"template-mapping-biopsy","kind":"term","name":"Template mapping biopsy (transperineal template prostate mapping)","aka":"transperineal template mapping biopsy\ntemplate prostate mapping\nTPM biopsy\nmapping template biopsy\ntransperineal template biopsy\n5 mm template mapping biopsy","tldr":"A thorough biopsy done under general anaesthetic through the skin behind the scrotum, using a grid to sample the whole prostate systematically. It gives the most complete picture available short of removing the gland, and for that reason it is used as the yardstick in research rather than as a routine test.","tags":"gu prostate-glossary","route":"/terms/template-mapping-biopsy/","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"bipolar-androgen-therapy","kind":"term","name":"Bipolar androgen therapy (BAT)","aka":"BAT\nbipolar androgen therapy\nsupraphysiological testosterone\nhigh-dose testosterone therapy\ntestosterone cycling prostate cancer","tldr":"Deliberately giving large doses of testosterone to men whose prostate cancer has learned to live without it, swinging the level from very high to very low each month. It is the opposite of standard treatment, and about a third of men respond, with about half then responding again to the hormone-blocking drug that had stopped working.","tags":"gu prostate-glossary","route":"/terms/bipolar-androgen-therapy/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"intermittent-androgen-deprivation","kind":"term","name":"Intermittent androgen deprivation (IAD)","aka":"IAD\nIADT\nintermittent hormone therapy\nintermittent androgen suppression\ntreatment holiday\nhormone therapy break","tldr":"Taking planned breaks from hormone therapy once the PSA has settled, restarting when it rises again. The aim is to give a man time back with his energy, his libido and his mood. The largest trial found the benefit was real but lasted about three months, and could not rule out a worse chance of survival.","tags":"gu prostate-glossary","route":"/terms/intermittent-androgen-deprivation/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mhspc prostate-bcr prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"paper-taplin-ar-mutation-androgen-independent-prostate-nejm-1995","kind":"paper","name":"Mutation of the androgen-receptor gene in metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In half of ten men whose prostate cancer had stopped responding to hormone treatment, the receptor had changed shape so that other hormones, including oestrogen, could switch it on.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-taplin-ar-mutation-androgen-independent-prostate-nejm-1995/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-quigley-structural-variation-mcrpc-cell-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Genomic hallmarks and structural variation in metastatic prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Reading 101 advanced prostate cancers by whole genome rather than by gene panel found that four out of five had amplified a stretch of DNA that switches the androgen receptor on, sitting more than half a million letters away from the gene itself, where no ordinary test would look.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-quigley-structural-variation-mcrpc-cell-2018/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-prophecy-arv7-validation-jco-2019","kind":"paper","name":"PROPHECY: prospective multicentre validation of androgen receptor splice variant 7 and hormone therapy resistance in high-risk castration-resistant prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A blinded study across several hospitals confirmed that men whose circulating tumour cells carry the shortened androgen receptor live less long on hormone tablets, on two different tests that agree with each other four times in five.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-prophecy-arv7-validation-jco-2019/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-scher-nuclear-arv7-taxane-vs-arsi-jama-oncol-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Nuclear-localised androgen receptor splice variant 7 in circulating tumour cells as a predictive biomarker in castration-resistant prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A blinded three-hospital study found that men with the shortened receptor in their circulating tumour cells lived roughly twice as long on chemotherapy as on another hormone tablet, and that men without it did better the other way round.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-scher-nuclear-arv7-taxane-vs-arsi-jama-oncol-2018/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-barbieri-spop-foxa1-med12-prostate-nat-genet-2012","kind":"paper","name":"Exome sequencing identifies recurrent SPOP, FOXA1 and MED12 mutations in prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing the genes of 112 prostate cancers found the disease's commonest point mutation in a gene nobody had linked to it, and showed those tumours are a separate kind that never carries the usual fusion.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-barbieri-spop-foxa1-med12-prostate-nat-genet-2012/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"paper-abida-genomic-correlates-outcome-mcrpc-pnas-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Genomic correlates of clinical outcome in advanced prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Linking the genetics of 429 men with advanced prostate cancer to how long they lived showed that only one gene, RB1, predicted a worse outcome once everything else was accounted for.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-abida-genomic-correlates-outcome-mcrpc-pnas-2019/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-armenia-long-tail-oncogenic-drivers-prostate-nat-genet-2018","kind":"paper","name":"The long tail of oncogenic drivers in prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Reanalysing 1,013 prostate cancers the same way found 97 genes driving the disease, 70 of them new, and almost all of them mutated in fewer than three tumours in a hundred.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-armenia-long-tail-oncogenic-drivers-prostate-nat-genet-2018/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-kumar-interindividual-genomic-diversity-metastatic-prostate-nat-med-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Substantial interindividual and limited intraindividual genomic diversity among tumours from men with metastatic prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing several metastases from the same man showed they are genetically much more alike than metastases from different men, so one good biopsy usually represents the rest.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-kumar-interindividual-genomic-diversity-metastatic-prostate-nat-med-2016/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-stopsack-mcspc-genomic-alterations-outcomes-ccr-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Oncogenic genomic alterations, clinical phenotypes and outcomes in metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing 424 men at the point their cancer had spread but before hormone treatment failed showed which genetic changes make castration resistance come sooner, and which make it come later.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-stopsack-mcspc-genomic-alterations-outcomes-ccr-2020/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mhspc"},{"id":"paper-stopsack-prostate-genomes-by-race-ccr-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Differences in prostate cancer genomes by self-reported race","aka":"","tldr":"Comparing the tumours of 2,069 men treated at one hospital found real genomic differences by race that survived adjusting for stage and PSA, including more of the chromosome change that carries the worst prognosis in Black men.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-stopsack-prostate-genomes-by-race-ccr-2022/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"paper-ren-chinese-prostate-whole-genome-eur-urol-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing of prostate cancer identifies new genetic alterations driving disease progression","aka":"","tldr":"The first large genomic study of prostate cancer in Chinese men found the signature fusion that dominates Western series is uncommon, and a different deletion takes its place.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ren-chinese-prostate-whole-genome-eur-urol-2018/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"paper-mateo-genomics-lethal-prostate-diagnosis-castration-resistance-jci-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Genomics of lethal prostate cancer at diagnosis and castration resistance","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing the original diagnostic biopsies of men who later died of prostate cancer showed the dangerous changes were already there at the start, years before the disease became resistant.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-mateo-genomics-lethal-prostate-diagnosis-castration-resistance-jci-2020/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-nicolosi-germline-variants-prostate-testing-guidelines-jama-oncol-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Prevalence of germline variants in prostate cancer and implications for current genetic testing guidelines","aka":"","tldr":"Testing 3,607 men with prostate cancer on a broad gene panel found something inheritable in one in six, and more than a third of them would not have been offered the test under the guidelines then in force.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-nicolosi-germline-variants-prostate-testing-guidelines-jama-oncol-2019/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"paper-castro-germline-brca-prostate-outcomes-jco-2013","kind":"paper","name":"Germline BRCA mutations are associated with higher risk of nodal involvement, distant metastasis and poor survival outcomes in prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Comparing 79 men who inherited a BRCA fault with 1,940 who did not showed the carriers' cancers were higher grade, more often spread at diagnosis, and shortened life by years.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-castro-germline-brca-prostate-outcomes-jco-2013/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"paper-isaacsson-velho-intraductal-germline-dna-repair-prostate-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Intraductal and ductal histology and lymphovascular invasion are associated with germline DNA-repair gene mutations in prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Among 150 men tested regardless of family history, the ones with an inherited repair fault were four times as likely to have a particular growth pattern on their pathology report.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-isaacsson-velho-intraductal-germline-dna-repair-prostate-2018/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-taylor-germline-brca2-evolutionary-trajectories-nat-commun-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Germline BRCA2 mutations drive prostate cancers with distinct evolutionary trajectories","aka":"","tldr":"Reading the whole genomes of localised prostate cancers from 14 men who had inherited a BRCA2 fault found tumours that already looked like advanced disease while still confined to the prostate.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-taylor-germline-brca2-evolutionary-trajectories-nat-commun-2017/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"paper-quigley-brca2-reversion-cfdna-parp-resistance-cancer-discov-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Analysis of circulating cell-free DNA identifies multiclonal heterogeneity of BRCA2 reversion mutations associated with resistance to PARP inhibitors","aka":"","tldr":"When PARP inhibitors stop working in prostate cancer, the tumour has repaired the broken gene, and a blood test shows it has done so in several different ways at once.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-quigley-brca2-reversion-cfdna-parp-resistance-cancer-discov-2017/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-jensen-clonal-haematopoiesis-cfdna-interference-prostate-jama-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Association of clonal haematopoiesis in DNA repair genes with prostate cancer plasma cell-free DNA testing interference","aka":"","tldr":"In one man in ten with advanced prostate cancer, a DNA repair fault found in a blood test came from his bone marrow rather than from his cancer, which could send him to the wrong drug.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-jensen-clonal-haematopoiesis-cfdna-interference-prostate-jama-oncol-2021/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-carver-pi3k-ar-reciprocal-feedback-prostate-cancer-cell-2011","kind":"paper","name":"Reciprocal feedback regulation of PI3K and androgen receptor signalling in PTEN-deficient prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Two growth pathways in prostate cancer prop each other up: block one and the other switches on, which is why single drugs fail and the pair has to be blocked together.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-carver-pi3k-ar-reciprocal-feedback-prostate-cancer-cell-2011/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-ferraldeschi-pten-protein-loss-abiraterone-eur-urol-2015","kind":"paper","name":"PTEN protein loss and clinical outcome from castration-resistant prostate cancer treated with abiraterone acetate","aka":"","tldr":"Staining tumour samples from 144 men showed that the 40% who had lost a particular protein lived about seven months less on abiraterone.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ferraldeschi-pten-protein-loss-abiraterone-eur-urol-2015/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-ipatential150-ipatasertib-abiraterone-pten-lancet-2021","kind":"paper","name":"IPATential150: ipatasertib plus abiraterone and prednisolone in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding an AKT-blocking tablet to abiraterone delayed progression in the half of men who had lost PTEN, but at a considerable cost in side effects.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ipatential150-ipatasertib-abiraterone-pten-lancet-2021/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-pettersson-tmprss2-erg-outcome-meta-analysis-cebp-2012","kind":"paper","name":"The TMPRSS2-ERG rearrangement, ERG expression and prostate cancer outcomes: a cohort study and meta-analysis","aka":"","tldr":"Following 1,180 men for more than twelve years, and then pooling 48 other studies, found that the commonest genetic change in prostate cancer does not predict who does badly.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-pettersson-tmprss2-erg-outcome-meta-analysis-cebp-2012/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"paper-abida-msi-prostate-checkpoint-blockade-jama-oncol-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Prevalence of microsatellite instability in prostate cancer and response to immune checkpoint blockade","aka":"","tldr":"Three in a hundred prostate cancers have a broken proofreading system, and in the men who did, immunotherapy worked and kept working.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-abida-msi-prostate-checkpoint-blockade-jama-oncol-2019/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-pritchard-complex-msh2-msh6-hypermutated-prostate-nat-commun-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Complex MSH2 and MSH6 mutations in hypermutated microsatellite unstable advanced prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The prostate cancers with a broken proofreading system usually break it by tearing the gene apart rather than by switching it off, which is the opposite of what happens in bowel cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-pritchard-complex-msh2-msh6-hypermutated-prostate-nat-commun-2014/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-guedes-msh2-loss-primary-prostate-ccr-2017","kind":"paper","name":"MSH2 loss in primary prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Staining more than a thousand prostate tumours found the mismatch repair protein missing in about one in eighty, and twenty times more often in the highest-grade cancers.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-guedes-msh2-loss-primary-prostate-ccr-2017/","cancers":"prostate prostate-nepc"},{"id":"paper-silver-psma-expression-normal-malignant-tissues-ccr-1997","kind":"paper","name":"Prostate-specific membrane antigen expression in normal and malignant human tissues","aka":"","tldr":"The survey that mapped where PSMA is found in the body, and showed it is almost nowhere except the prostate, which is what makes it safe to aim a radioactive drug at it.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-silver-psma-expression-normal-malignant-tissues-ccr-1997/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-fendler-psma-pet-biochemical-recurrence-jama-oncol-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Accuracy of gallium-68 PSMA-11 PET in localising recurrent prostate cancer: a prospective single-arm clinical trial","aka":"","tldr":"In 635 men whose PSA had started rising again, a PSMA scan found where the cancer was in three quarters of them, and the chance of finding it rose steeply with the PSA level.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-fendler-psma-pet-biochemical-recurrence-jama-oncol-2019/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"paper-epstein-neuroendocrine-prostate-morphologic-classification-ajsp-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Proposed morphologic classification of prostate cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation","aka":"","tldr":"A working committee sorted the confusing family of neuroendocrine prostate cancers into named categories, so that a few scattered stained cells would stop being reported in the same words as a small cell carcinoma.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-epstein-neuroendocrine-prostate-morphologic-classification-ajsp-2014/","cancers":"prostate prostate-nepc"},{"id":"paper-beltran-nepc-aurka-mycn-cancer-discov-2011","kind":"paper","name":"Molecular characterisation of neuroendocrine prostate cancer and identification of new drug targets","aka":"","tldr":"Profiling the rare aggressive form of prostate cancer found two genes amplified together in four out of ten cases, and blocking one of them switched off the neuroendocrine programme.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-beltran-nepc-aurka-mycn-cancer-discov-2011/","cancers":"prostate prostate-nepc"},{"id":"paper-ku-rb1-trp53-lineage-plasticity-science-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Rb1 and Trp53 cooperate to suppress prostate cancer lineage plasticity, metastasis and antiandrogen resistance","aka":"","tldr":"Deleting two tumour suppressor genes in mouse prostate cancer let the tumour change cell type, spread, and shrug off hormone treatment, and a drug that resets the chromatin reversed it.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ku-rb1-trp53-lineage-plasticity-science-2017/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc prostate-nepc"},{"id":"paper-bluemn-double-negative-prostate-fgf-mapk-cancer-cell-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Androgen receptor pathway-independent prostate cancer is sustained through FGF signalling","aka":"","tldr":"Over two decades a new kind of advanced prostate cancer appeared that uses neither the androgen receptor nor a neuroendocrine programme, and it runs on a growth factor pathway instead.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-bluemn-double-negative-prostate-fgf-mapk-cancer-cell-2017/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc prostate-nepc"},{"id":"paper-labrecque-mcrpc-phenotypes-jci-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Molecular profiling stratifies diverse phenotypes of treatment-refractory metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Deep profiling of treatment-resistant prostate cancers found five distinct kinds rather than the two the field had assumed, and gave a 26-gene signature to tell them apart.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-labrecque-mcrpc-phenotypes-jci-2019/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc prostate-nepc"},{"id":"paper-aparicio-aggressive-variant-prostate-tumour-suppressors-ccr-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Combined tumour suppressor defects characterise clinically defined aggressive variant prostate cancers","aka":"","tldr":"Prostate cancers that behave like small cell carcinoma without looking like it turn out to share the same broken genes, so the clinical description can be checked against the molecular one.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-aparicio-aggressive-variant-prostate-tumour-suppressors-ccr-2016/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc prostate-nepc"},{"id":"paper-berchuck-cfdna-methylation-nepc-detection-ccr-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Detecting neuroendocrine prostate cancer through tissue-informed cell-free DNA methylation analysis","aka":"","tldr":"A blood test that reads chemical marks on DNA rather than its letters separated the aggressive neuroendocrine form of prostate cancer from the ordinary form almost perfectly.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-berchuck-cfdna-methylation-nepc-detection-ccr-2022/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc prostate-nepc"},{"id":"paper-wyatt-ctdna-tissue-concordance-mcrpc-jnci-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Concordance of circulating tumour DNA and matched metastatic tissue biopsy in prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Comparing a blood test with a needle biopsy taken the same day showed that when the blood carried enough tumour DNA, it found everything the biopsy found.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-wyatt-ctdna-tissue-concordance-mcrpc-jnci-2017/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-annala-ctdna-resistance-abiraterone-enzalutamide-cancer-discov-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Circulating tumour DNA genomics correlate with resistance to abiraterone and enzalutamide in prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A blood test taken before the first tablet identified the men whose disease would resist both standard hormone drugs, which the clinical variables could not do.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-annala-ctdna-resistance-abiraterone-enzalutamide-cancer-discov-2018/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-tukachinsky-ctdna-3334-advanced-prostate-ccr-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Genomic analysis of circulating tumour DNA in 3,334 patients with advanced prostate cancer identifies targetable BRCA alterations and AR resistance mechanisms","aka":"","tldr":"The largest blood-based study in advanced prostate cancer found detectable tumour DNA in nineteen men out of twenty, agreed with tissue on BRCA faults nine times out of ten, and found resistance changes tissue had missed.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-tukachinsky-ctdna-3334-advanced-prostate-ccr-2021/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"ar-amplification","kind":"biomarker","name":"AR amplification (gene and upstream enhancer)","aka":"AR amplification\nandrogen receptor amplification\nAR gain\nAR copy number gain\nAR enhancer amplification\nXq12 amplification","tldr":"Extra copies of the gene for the androgen receptor. It is almost never present before hormone treatment and is found in about half of prostate cancers that have become resistant to it, which is why the stage the sample was taken at matters more than the result itself.","tags":"biomarker resistance","route":"/biomarkers/ar-amplification/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc prostate-mhspc"},{"id":"ar-ligand-binding-domain-mutation","kind":"biomarker","name":"AR ligand-binding-domain mutation (L702H, W742C, H875Y, T878A, F877L)","aka":"AR mutation\nandrogen receptor mutation\nL702H\nT878A\nT877A\nH875Y\nF877L\nF876L\nW742C\nAR LBD mutation","tldr":"A change in the part of the androgen receptor that hormone drugs attach to. Depending on which change it is, another hormone the man is already taking can switch the receptor on, or the blocking drug can start behaving as an activating one.","tags":"biomarker resistance","route":"/biomarkers/ar-ligand-binding-domain-mutation/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"hrr-gene-mutation","kind":"biomarker","name":"Homologous recombination repair gene mutation in prostate cancer","aka":"HRR gene mutation\nHRRm\nHRR-mutated\nhomologous recombination repair mutation\nDNA repair gene mutation\nBRCA2 prostate\nATM prostate\nCDK12 prostate","tldr":"A fault in one of the genes a cell uses to mend broken DNA. It decides whether a PARP inhibitor can be prescribed, but the list of genes that counts is different for each of the four approved routes, and the evidence behind them is mostly evidence about BRCA2.","tags":"biomarker prostate","route":"/biomarkers/hrr-gene-mutation/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc prostate-mhspc"},{"id":"tmprss2-erg-fusion","kind":"biomarker","name":"TMPRSS2-ERG fusion (and the other ETS rearrangements)","aka":"TMPRSS2-ERG\nTMPRSS2:ERG\nERG rearrangement\nETS fusion\nERG fusion\nERG positive\nETS-positive prostate cancer\nTMPRSS2-ETV1","tldr":"The commonest genetic change in prostate cancer, present in roughly half of tumours. Nothing treats it and it does not make the cancer more dangerous; it is useful mainly for recognising that two samples came from the same tumour.","tags":"biomarker prostate","route":"/biomarkers/tmprss2-erg-fusion/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"spop-mutation","kind":"biomarker","name":"SPOP mutation","aka":"SPOP\nSPOP mutant\nSPOP F133L\nSPOP mutation\nspeckle-type POZ protein mutation","tldr":"The commonest single point mutation in prostate cancer, in about one tumour in eight. Tumours carrying it never have the usual ERG fusion, and men whose metastatic disease carries it tend to stay hormone-sensitive for longer.","tags":"biomarker prostate","route":"/biomarkers/spop-mutation/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mhspc"},{"id":"nepc-transformation","kind":"biomarker","name":"Treatment-emergent neuroendocrine transformation (recognising it)","aka":"neuroendocrine transformation\nNEPC\nt-NEPC\nCRPC-NE\nsmall cell transformation prostate\nneuroendocrine differentiation prostate\naggressive variant prostate cancer","tldr":"The test result that shows a prostate cancer has changed into a different, faster kind of cancer under hormone treatment. It is made on a biopsy, usually prompted by disease that is growing while the PSA stays flat.","tags":"biomarker resistance","route":"/biomarkers/nepc-transformation/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc prostate-nepc"},{"id":"ctdna-tumour-fraction","kind":"biomarker","name":"Circulating tumour DNA fraction (and what a negative plasma result means)","aka":"ctDNA fraction\ncirculating tumour DNA fraction\ntumour fraction\nctDNA%\ncfDNA tumour content\nplasma tumour fraction","tldr":"How much of the DNA floating in a blood sample came from the cancer. Above a few per cent, a plasma test finds what a biopsy would find; below it, a negative result means the test could not see, not that there is nothing there.","tags":"biomarker prostate","route":"/biomarkers/ctdna-tumour-fraction/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"terminal-duct-lobular-unit","kind":"term","name":"Ducts, lobules and the terminal duct lobular unit","aka":"terminal duct lobular unit\nTDLU\nducts and lobules\nmilk ducts\nlobule\nbreast lobule\nbreast duct\nductal\nlobular\nbreast anatomy\nmammary gland","tldr":"The breast is a tree: fifteen to twenty branching duct systems, each ending in a cluster of milk-making sacs called a lobule. Almost every breast cancer starts at the junction between the smallest ducts and their lobule, which is why the two commonest kinds are called ductal and lobular.","tags":"","route":"/terms/terminal-duct-lobular-unit/","cancers":"breast-cancer invasive-breast-carcinoma-no-special-type invasive-lobular-carcinoma male-breast-cancer"},{"id":"who-breast-classification","kind":"term","name":"The WHO classification of breast tumours, and what the 6th edition changed","aka":"WHO classification of tumours of the breast\nWHO breast classification\nWHO 5th edition breast\nWHO 6th edition breast\nblue book\nWHO blue book breast\nbreast tumour classification\nspecial type\nno special type\nNST","tldr":"The book that decides what a breast tumour is called. Its fifth edition (2019) is the one UK reports are written against in 2026; its sixth edition was set out in April 2026, in the editorial board's own summary of it, and changed the vocabulary, the HER2 reporting categories and the rules for several rare types.","tags":"","route":"/terms/who-breast-classification/","cancers":"breast-cancer invasive-breast-carcinoma-no-special-type invasive-lobular-carcinoma mucinous-carcinoma-breast phyllodes-tumour neuroendocrine-neoplasms-breast medullary-pattern-breast-carcinoma"},{"id":"nottingham-grade","kind":"term","name":"Nottingham grade (breast cancer grade 1, 2 and 3)","aka":"Nottingham grade\nNottingham grading system\nNottingham histological grade\nElston-Ellis grade\nElston and Ellis\nBloom-Richardson\nBloom and Richardson\nScarff-Bloom-Richardson\nSBR grade\nbreast cancer grade\ngrade 1 breast cancer\ngrade 2 breast cancer\ngrade 3 breast cancer\ntubule formation\nnuclear pleomorphism\nmitotic count\nhistological grade breast","tldr":"The grade on a breast report is a sum of three scores: how much of the tumour still forms tubes, how ugly its nuclei are, and how many cells are caught dividing. Each is scored 1 to 3, and the total of 3 to 9 becomes grade 1, 2 or 3. Grade says how the cancer behaves, not how far it has spread.","tags":"","route":"/terms/nottingham-grade/","cancers":"breast-cancer invasive-breast-carcinoma-no-special-type invasive-lobular-carcinoma tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"nottingham-prognostic-index","kind":"term","name":"Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI), and PREDICT","aka":"NPI\nNottingham Prognostic Index\nNottingham index\nprognostic index breast\nPREDICT\nPREDICT tool\nNHS Predict\nPredict breast\nAdjuvant! Online","tldr":"One number that puts a breast cancer's size, its node status and its grade together, because the stage on its own leaves grade out. Score under 2.4 is the excellent group; 5.4 or above is the poor group. PREDICT is the modern web tool that does the same job and adds the receptors, age and the benefit of each treatment.","tags":"","route":"/terms/nottingham-prognostic-index/","cancers":"breast-cancer invasive-breast-carcinoma-no-special-type breast-hr-positive invasive-lobular-carcinoma male-breast-cancer"},{"id":"tnm-breast-cancer-editions","kind":"term","name":"Which staging edition a breast report uses: UICC TNM 8, TNM 9 and the AJCC prognostic stage","aka":"TNM 8 breast\nTNM 9 breast\nUICC TNM breast\nAJCC TNM breast\nAJCC 8th edition breast\nbreast cancer staging edition\nypT\nypN\nyp classification\nTNM edition\nTis (DCIS)\nTis (LCIS)\nT4d","tldr":"UK breast reports stage against the UICC's 8th edition, and the dataset warns against using the American AJCC 8th instead, because the two differ. The 9th edition, in force from January 2026, leaves breast staging alone; the one thing it changes is how a tumour is staged after chemotherapy given before surgery.","tags":"","route":"/terms/tnm-breast-cancer-editions/","cancers":"breast-cancer ductal-carcinoma-in-situ lobular-carcinoma-in-situ inflammatory-breast-cancer paget-disease-of-the-nipple tnbc"},{"id":"grade-stage-receptor-breast","kind":"term","name":"Grade, stage and receptor status: three different things on one breast report","aka":"grade stage receptor\ngrade and stage and receptors\nwhat my breast pathology report means\nbreast pathology report\ngrade versus stage breast\nreceptor status versus stage\nthree numbers on my report","tldr":"A breast report gives three answers to three different questions: the grade says how the cells behave, the stage says how far the cancer has gone, and the receptors say which drugs it will respond to. None of the three can be worked out from the others, and mixing them up is the commonest confusion there is.","tags":"","route":"/terms/grade-stage-receptor-breast/","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc invasive-breast-carcinoma-no-special-type"},{"id":"er-pr-scoring-breast","kind":"term","name":"How ER and PR are scored on a breast report (Allred score, H score, and why PR is not a UK core item)","aka":"Allred score\nAllred\nquick score\nH score\nhistochemical score\nER score\nER percentage\nER 90 percent\nPR score\nPgR score\nhormone receptor score\nER intensity\nnuclear staining","tldr":"The oestrogen receptor test counts stained nuclei under a microscope and reports a percentage with an intensity, sometimes summarised as an Allred score out of 8 or an H score out of 300. There is no single agreed scoring method, the result is close to all-or-nothing in practice, and progesterone receptor is not actually a mandatory item on a UK report.","tags":"","route":"/terms/er-pr-scoring-breast/","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive tnbc ductal-carcinoma-in-situ male-breast-cancer"},{"id":"her2-testing-uk-breast","kind":"term","name":"HER2 testing in the UK: reflex ISH, the ratio against the copy number, and where the UK differs from ASCO/CAP","aka":"HER2 testing\nHER2 test\nHER2 IHC 2+\nreflex ISH\ndual-probe ISH\nHER2 CEP17 ratio\nHER2 copy number\nFISH group 2\nHER2 equivocal\nHER2 borderline\nHER2 heterogeneity\nUK HER2 recommendations\nchicken wire","tldr":"HER2 is scored 0 to 3+ on the stain; 3+ is positive, 0 and 1+ are negative, and 2+ goes on for a gene test. The UK reads one borderline gene result as positive where the American guideline reads it as negative, so the same tumour can be HER2-positive in Britain and HER2-negative in the United States.","tags":"","route":"/terms/her2-testing-uk-breast/","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-her2-positive her2-low-metastatic-breast-cancer tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"receptor-conversion-breast","kind":"term","name":"Receptor conversion: when the receptors change between the primary and a recurrence","aka":"receptor conversion\nreceptor discordance\nreceptor status change\nER conversion\nHER2 conversion\nretesting at recurrence\nrebiopsy at relapse\nbiopsy of metastasis\ndiscordance primary metastasis","tldr":"The receptors measured on the original tumour are not always the receptors of a cancer that comes back years later. On meta-analysis about a fifth of oestrogen receptor-positive primaries had become negative in their metastases, and about half had lost the progesterone receptor. It is why a returning cancer is biopsied again rather than treated from the old report.","tags":"","route":"/terms/receptor-conversion-breast/","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc her2-low-metastatic-breast-cancer hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46"},{"id":"breast-tumour-size-on-the-report","kind":"term","name":"Tumour size on a breast report, and why it differs from the scan","aka":"tumour size breast\ninvasive tumour size\nwhole tumour size\nmaximum dimension\nsize on the report\nsatellite focus\nmultifocal breast cancer\nmulticentric breast cancer\nsize discrepancy","tldr":"The size on the pathology report is the largest continuous lump of invasive cancer measured under the microscope, which is not the same as the size on the mammogram or the MRI. Separate deposits five millimetres or more apart are not added together, and the in-situ disease around the tumour is measured separately.","tags":"","route":"/terms/breast-tumour-size-on-the-report/","cancers":"breast-cancer invasive-breast-carcinoma-no-special-type invasive-lobular-carcinoma ductal-carcinoma-in-situ"},{"id":"breast-conserving-surgery-versus-mastectomy","kind":"term","name":"Breast conservation or mastectomy","aka":"lumpectomy versus mastectomy\nbreast conservation versus mastectomy\nwide local excision or mastectomy","tldr":"For most early breast cancers, removing the lump with a rim of healthy tissue and then giving radiotherapy leads to exactly the same chance of being alive in twenty years as removing the whole breast. The choice is about the breast, not about survival.","tags":"","route":"/terms/breast-conserving-surgery-versus-mastectomy/","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"oncoplastic-breast-surgery","kind":"term","name":"Oncoplastic breast surgery","aka":"oncoplastic surgery\ntherapeutic mammaplasty\nvolume displacement\nvolume replacement\noncoplastic breast conservation","tldr":"Techniques borrowed from cosmetic surgery that let a surgeon take out a larger piece of breast and still leave a breast that looks like one, by moving the remaining tissue around or bringing in tissue from nearby.","tags":"","route":"/terms/oncoplastic-breast-surgery/","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"axillary-surgery-de-escalation","kind":"term","name":"Doing less to the armpit","aka":"axillary de-escalation\naxillary surgery de-escalation\nomission of axillary dissection\naxillary management","tldr":"Over thirty years surgeons went from clearing every lymph node in the armpit, to taking only the first one or two, to leaving even a cancerous node in place, to not operating on the armpit at all in low-risk cases. At each step the cancer outcome stayed the same and the arm got better.","tags":"","route":"/terms/axillary-surgery-de-escalation/","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"targeted-axillary-dissection","kind":"term","name":"Targeted axillary dissection","aka":"TAD\nclipped node removal\nmarked lymph node biopsy\nMARI procedure","tldr":"When chemotherapy is given before surgery, the surgeon marks the lymph node that was known to contain cancer with a clip before treatment starts, then removes that exact node afterwards along with the sentinel nodes. It is the difference between missing leftover cancer one time in ten and one time in fifty.","tags":"","route":"/terms/targeted-axillary-dissection/","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"breast-cancer-related-lymphoedema","kind":"term","name":"Lymphoedema after breast cancer treatment","aka":"breast cancer-related lymphoedema\narm lymphoedema\narm swelling after breast cancer","tldr":"Swelling of the arm, hand or breast that happens when lymph fluid cannot drain because the lymph nodes have been removed or irradiated. It is permanent once established, it can appear years later, and it is the main reason surgeons now take one or two lymph nodes instead of twenty.","tags":"","route":"/terms/breast-cancer-related-lymphoedema/","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"breast-reconstruction","kind":"term","name":"Breast reconstruction","aka":"reconstruction after mastectomy\nimplant reconstruction\nautologous reconstruction\nDIEP flap\ndeep inferior epigastric perforator flap\ntissue expander\nimmediate reconstruction\ndelayed reconstruction\nflap reconstruction","tldr":"Rebuilding the shape of a breast after a mastectomy, either with an implant or with the woman's own tissue, at the same operation or years later. In England every woman having a mastectomy for breast cancer must be offered it, and must be offered both timings whether or not the local hospital provides them.","tags":"","route":"/terms/breast-reconstruction/","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"bia-alcl","kind":"term","name":"Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma","aka":"BIA-ALCL\nbreast implant-associated lymphoma\nimplant-associated ALCL","tldr":"A rare lymphoma that grows in the scar capsule around a breast implant, usually years later, and usually shows itself as sudden swelling of the reconstructed breast from fluid around the implant. It is strongly linked to textured implants, and it is almost always curable by removing the implant and the whole capsule.","tags":"","route":"/terms/bia-alcl/","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc male-breast-cancer"},{"id":"radiotherapy-omission-early-breast-cancer","kind":"term","name":"Leaving radiotherapy out","aka":"radiotherapy omission\nomitting breast radiotherapy\nde-escalation of radiotherapy","tldr":"Radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery halves the chance of the cancer coming back and prevents about one death in breast cancer for every four recurrences it prevents. In older women with small, hormone-sensitive, slow-growing tumours who will take endocrine therapy, the recurrence risk is so low to start with that leaving radiotherapy out changes almost nothing.","tags":"","route":"/terms/radiotherapy-omission-early-breast-cancer/","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"partial-breast-irradiation","kind":"term","name":"Partial-breast irradiation","aka":"accelerated partial breast irradiation\nAPBI\npartial breast radiotherapy\ntumour bed irradiation","tldr":"Treating only the part of the breast around where the lump was, instead of the whole breast, on the grounds that almost all recurrences happen there. It works, but which schedule is used decides whether the breast looks better or worse afterwards.","tags":"","route":"/terms/partial-breast-irradiation/","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc ductal-carcinoma-in-situ"},{"id":"tumour-bed-boost","kind":"term","name":"Tumour bed boost","aka":"boost\nbreast boost\nradiotherapy boost\nboost to the tumour bed","tldr":"An extra dose of radiotherapy aimed at the small area the lump came from, given after the whole breast has been treated. It cuts the chance of the cancer coming back in that breast by about a third, does not help anyone live longer, and triples the chance of the breast becoming hard and scarred.","tags":"","route":"/terms/tumour-bed-boost/","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"post-mastectomy-radiotherapy","kind":"term","name":"Radiotherapy after mastectomy","aka":"postmastectomy radiotherapy\nPMRT\nchest wall radiotherapy\nchest-wall irradiation","tldr":"Radiotherapy to the chest wall, and often the nearby lymph node areas, after the breast has been removed. It clearly helps women with cancer in several lymph nodes. For women with one to three involved nodes treated with modern drugs, a trial that reported in 2025 found it did not lengthen life.","tags":"","route":"/terms/post-mastectomy-radiotherapy/","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"neoadjuvant-versus-adjuvant-breast","kind":"term","name":"Drugs before or after the operation","aka":"neoadjuvant versus adjuvant breast cancer\nprimary systemic therapy\npreoperative chemotherapy in breast cancer","tldr":"Giving the same drugs before surgery rather than after does not change how long a woman lives, but it shrinks the tumour so that more women keep their breast, and it shows whether the drugs worked, which now decides what treatment comes next.","tags":"","route":"/terms/neoadjuvant-versus-adjuvant-breast/","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"nsabp-b06","kind":"trial","name":"NSABP B-06","aka":"National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-06\nNSABP B06","tldr":"This is the trial that ended the routine mastectomy. Twenty years on, women who kept their breast lived exactly as long as those who lost it, and the radiotherapy that went with breast conservation cut the chance of the cancer coming back in that breast from about two in five to about one in seven.","tags":"","route":"/trials/nsabp-b06/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"milan-i","kind":"trial","name":"Milan I (quadrantectomy against radical mastectomy)","aka":"Milan trial\nVeronesi quadrantectomy trial\nQUART","tldr":"Umberto Veronesi ran the European half of the argument, against the most mutilating operation in surgery. After twenty years, women who had a quarter of the breast removed and radiotherapy were as likely to be alive as women who had the breast, the chest muscles and the nodes taken away.","tags":"","route":"/trials/milan-i/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"eortc-10801","kind":"trial","name":"EORTC 10801","aka":"EORTC breast conservation trial","tldr":"The third of the big conservation trials, and the one that deliberately included larger tumours. After twenty-two years there was still no difference in how long women lived, which is why keeping the breast became standard rather than optional.","tags":"","route":"/trials/eortc-10801/","status":"mixed","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"nsabp-b04","kind":"trial","name":"NSABP B-04","aka":"National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-04\nNSABP B04","tldr":"The trial that took the radical out of radical mastectomy. Removing the chest muscles and clearing every node did not help women live longer, and neither did removing nodes that had cancer in them but were not causing trouble. It is the first evidence that breast cancer spreads early through the bloodstream rather than marching outward node by node.","tags":"","route":"/trials/nsabp-b04/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"nsabp-b32","kind":"trial","name":"NSABP B-32","aka":"National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-32\nNSABP B32","tldr":"The trial that made it safe to take one or two lymph nodes instead of twenty. Where the first node the cancer drains to is clear, clearing the rest of the armpit adds nothing to survival and adds a lifetime of arm swelling risk.","tags":"","route":"/trials/nsabp-b32/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"almanac","kind":"trial","name":"ALMANAC (Axillary Lymphatic Mapping Against Nodal Axillary Clearance)","aka":"ALMANAC trial","tldr":"The British half of the sentinel node question, and the one that measured what patients actually feel. A year after surgery, arm swelling had fallen from about one woman in eight to one in twenty, and numbness from about one in three to one in nine.","tags":"","route":"/trials/almanac/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"acosog-z0011","kind":"trial","name":"ACOSOG Z0011 (Alliance)","aka":"Z0011\nZ11\nACOSOG Z11","tldr":"Z0011 is the trial that stopped surgeons clearing the armpit when one or two sentinel nodes contain cancer. Ten years on, the women who kept their remaining nodes were no more likely to have died, and the cancer came back in the armpit in almost nobody.","tags":"","route":"/trials/acosog-z0011/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"amaros","kind":"trial","name":"AMAROS (EORTC 10981-22023)","aka":"EORTC 10981-22023\nAfter Mapping of the Axilla: Radiotherapy Or Surgery","tldr":"AMAROS asked whether radiotherapy could replace surgery in an armpit known to contain cancer. It can: the cancer came back in the armpit in about one woman in a hundred either way, but arm swelling was half as common after radiotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/trials/amaros/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"ibcsg-23-01","kind":"trial","name":"IBCSG 23-01","aka":"International Breast Cancer Study Group 23-01\nIBCSG 23-01 micrometastasis trial","tldr":"A deposit of cancer smaller than two millimetres in a lymph node is not a reason to clear the armpit. Ten years later the women who had nothing further done were doing slightly better, and had a quarter of the arm swelling.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ibcsg-23-01/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"senomac","kind":"trial","name":"SENOMAC","aka":"Sentinel Node Biopsy in Breast Cancer: Omission of Axillary Clearance After Macrometastases","tldr":"The trial that closed the argument Z0011 opened. Even when a node holds a deposit bigger than two millimetres, and even after a mastectomy, leaving the rest of the armpit alone was as safe, provided the nodes were treated with radiotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/trials/senomac/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"posnoc","kind":"trial","name":"POSNOC","aka":"POsitive Sentinel NOde: adjuvant therapy alone versus adjuvant therapy plus Clearance or axillary radiotherapy","tldr":"The British trial that asks the question SENOMAC left open: not whether the armpit operation can be skipped, but whether the armpit can be left untreated altogether. Results are not published yet.","tags":"","route":"/trials/posnoc/","status":"active","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"sound","kind":"trial","name":"SOUND (Sentinel Node vs Observation After Axillary Ultra-Sound)","aka":"SOUND trial","tldr":"SOUND went one step further than every trial before it and asked whether the armpit needs to be operated on at all when the tumour is small and the scan is clear. For those women it does not: almost everyone was free of distant spread at five years either way.","tags":"","route":"/trials/sound/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"insema","kind":"trial","name":"INSEMA (Intergroup Sentinel Mamma)","aka":"Intergroup Sentinel Mamma","tldr":"The largest trial of skipping the armpit operation, and the one with six years of follow-up. Women who had no lymph node surgery did as well as those who did, and had less arm swelling, better shoulder movement and less pain.","tags":"","route":"/trials/insema/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"acosog-z1071","kind":"trial","name":"ACOSOG Z1071 (Alliance)","aka":"Z1071","tldr":"When chemotherapy is given first and clears the lymph nodes, can a surgeon trust the sentinel node to prove it? Z1071 found the sentinel node missed residual cancer about one time in eight, which is too often, and that finding forced the technique to be redesigned.","tags":"","route":"/trials/acosog-z1071/","status":"negative","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"targeted-axillary-dissection-md-anderson","kind":"trial","name":"Targeted axillary dissection (MD Anderson prospective study)","aka":"TAD study\nclipped node study","tldr":"The fix for the problem Z1071 exposed. If the surgeon puts a marker in the lymph node that was biopsied at diagnosis and then goes back for that exact node after chemotherapy, the chance of missing leftover cancer falls from about one in ten to about one in fifty.","tags":"","route":"/trials/targeted-axillary-dissection-md-anderson/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"atnec","kind":"trial","name":"ATNEC","aka":"Axillary management in breast cancer patients with needle biopsy proven nodal metastases after neoadjuvant chemotherapy","tldr":"If chemotherapy has cleared the lymph nodes completely, does the armpit still need an operation or radiotherapy? This British trial is asking, with arm swelling counted as an equal endpoint to survival. It is still recruiting.","tags":"","route":"/trials/atnec/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"start-a","kind":"trial","name":"START-A (UK Standardisation of Breast Radiotherapy, trial A)","aka":"START A\nUK START trial A","tldr":"START-A is the dose-finding half of the British experiment that shortened breast radiotherapy. By giving thirteen larger treatments over the same five weeks at two different total doses, it measured how sensitive breast cancer is to the size of each dose, and the answer is what made three weeks and later one week possible.","tags":"","route":"/trials/start-a/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"fast-trial","kind":"trial","name":"FAST (5-fraction whole-breast radiotherapy)","aka":"FAST trial\nCRUKE/04/015","tldr":"FAST is the trial that found the right five-dose schedule by measuring what the breast looked like afterwards. Giving the five treatments one a week, it showed 28.5 Gy leaves the breast no more changed than five weeks of conventional treatment, while 30 Gy leaves it visibly worse.","tags":"","route":"/trials/fast-trial/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"eortc-22881-boost","kind":"trial","name":"EORTC 22881-10882 (boost against no boost)","aka":"EORTC boost trial\nEORTC 22881\nboost versus no boost trial","tldr":"An extra dose of radiotherapy aimed at the place the lump came from cuts the chance of the cancer returning in that breast by about a third, but it does not help anyone live longer and it triples the chance of the breast becoming hard and scarred. That trade is the reason the extra dose is offered by risk rather than to everybody.","tags":"","route":"/trials/eortc-22881-boost/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"rapid","kind":"trial","name":"RAPID (accelerated partial-breast irradiation)","aka":"RAPID trial\nOCOG RAPID","tldr":"Treating only the part of the breast around the tumour worked as well as treating all of it, but giving the dose twice a day made the breast look worse years later. The lesson is about the timetable, not the target.","tags":"","route":"/trials/rapid/","status":"mixed","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc ductal-carcinoma-in-situ"},{"id":"targit-a","kind":"trial","name":"TARGIT-A (targeted intraoperative radiotherapy)","aka":"TARGIT-A trial\nTARGIT-IORT\nIntrabeam trial","tldr":"One dose of radiotherapy given inside the breast while the patient is still asleep, instead of three to six weeks of daily hospital visits. Cancer control was close enough to count as equivalent, slightly more cancers came back in the breast, and fewer women died of causes other than breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/targit-a/","status":"mixed","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"supremo","kind":"trial","name":"SUPREMO (BIG 2-04)","aka":"SUPREMO trial\nBIG 2-04\nSelective Use of Postoperative Radiotherapy aftEr MastectOmy","tldr":"For women with one to three involved nodes or a larger node-negative tumour, radiotherapy to the chest wall after mastectomy did not help them live longer. It roughly halved the small chance of the cancer returning on the chest wall, from one in forty to one in ninety.","tags":"","route":"/trials/supremo/","status":"negative","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"nsabp-b51","kind":"trial","name":"NSABP B-51 / RTOG 1304","aka":"NSABP B-51\nRTOG 1304\nNRG Oncology/NSABP B-51","tldr":"If chemotherapy given before surgery clears the lymph nodes completely, irradiating those nodes afterwards adds nothing. Fewer than one woman in ten had the cancer come back either way, and the difference between the two groups was within chance.","tags":"","route":"/trials/nsabp-b51/","status":"negative","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"ibra-study","kind":"trial","name":"iBRA (implant Breast Reconstruction evAluation)","aka":"iBRA study","tldr":"The study that counted what actually happens after an implant reconstruction in Britain, rather than what the best units report. One woman in eleven lost the implant, one in four needed treating for infection, and nearly one in five went back to theatre within three months. Every one of those rates is worse than the national standard allows.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ibra-study/","status":"completed","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"pre-bra","kind":"trial","name":"Pre-BRA (pre-pectoral breast reconstruction evaluation)","aka":"Pre-BRA study","tldr":"Putting the implant in front of the chest muscle rather than behind it was adopted across Britain on the argument that it hurts less and looks better. This study followed the first 347 women and found the implant was lost about as often as with the older technique, and that physical and sexual wellbeing were worse than before surgery at both three and eighteen months.","tags":"","route":"/trials/pre-bra/","status":"completed","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"best-bra","kind":"trial","name":"Best-BRA","aka":"Best-BRA pilot trial","tldr":"The first randomised comparison of putting a breast implant in front of the chest muscle or behind it. It is a pilot, because the field adopted the newer technique before anyone tested whether women do better with it.","tags":"","route":"/trials/best-bra/","status":"active","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"mroc","kind":"trial","name":"Mastectomy Reconstruction Outcomes Consortium (MROC)","aka":"MROC study","tldr":"The study that lets a woman compare the two kinds of reconstruction honestly. Building a breast from her own tissue gives her a result she is happier with two years later; it also roughly doubles the chance of a complication and of needing another operation to fix one.","tags":"","route":"/trials/mroc/","status":"completed","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"lymphoedema-after-breast-cancer","kind":"term","name":"Lymphoedema after breast cancer treatment","aka":"breast cancer-related lymphoedema\narm swelling after breast surgery\nBCRL","tldr":"Swelling of the arm, hand, breast or chest wall caused by lymph fluid that can no longer drain, after the lymph nodes under the arm have been removed or irradiated. It can start months or years later, it is controlled rather than cured, and the earlier it is treated the better it goes.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoedema-after-breast-cancer/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"numbness-after-breast-surgery","kind":"term","name":"Numbness and nerve pain after breast surgery","aka":"numb armpit\nloss of sensation after mastectomy\npersistent pain after breast cancer surgery","tldr":"Small sensory nerves are cut during breast and armpit surgery, so an area of the upper inner arm, armpit, chest wall or reconstructed breast is often numb, tingly or painful afterwards. Some feeling returns over months; for many people some of it does not, and almost nobody is warned.","tags":"","route":"/terms/numbness-after-breast-surgery/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"cording-axillary-web-syndrome","kind":"term","name":"Cording (axillary web syndrome)","aka":"axillary web syndrome\ncords in the armpit\nbanding","tldr":"Tight bands of scar tissue that appear in the armpit in the weeks after lymph node surgery and can run down the arm to the elbow, wrist or thumb. They feel like guitar strings under the skin, they hurt and limit movement, and they usually settle within a few months with physiotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cording-axillary-web-syndrome/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"seroma-after-breast-surgery","kind":"term","name":"Seroma after breast surgery","aka":"fluid collection after breast surgery\nseroma","tldr":"A collection of clear fluid under the wound or in the armpit after breast or lymph node surgery. It is common, it is not an infection, and it can be drained with a needle if it is uncomfortable, though it often comes back and settles on its own.","tags":"","route":"/terms/seroma-after-breast-surgery/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"breast-margins-and-re-excision","kind":"term","name":"Margins after breast-conserving surgery, and second operations","aka":"clear margins\ntumour on ink\nre-excision\nfurther surgery after lumpectomy","tldr":"After conserving surgery a pathologist measures how close the cancer came to the edge of the tissue removed. Cancer at the inked edge means another operation is offered; within 1 mm it is considered; and the threshold was lowered in 2024 specifically to spare people a second operation.","tags":"","route":"/terms/breast-margins-and-re-excision/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"ibis-i","kind":"trial","name":"IBIS-I (International Breast Intervention Study I)","aka":"IBIS-1\nISRCTN91879928","tldr":"The UK-led prevention trial that showed five years of tamoxifen keeps preventing breast cancer for at least twenty years, and the reason NICE tells the NHS to offer it to premenopausal women at high familial risk.","tags":"uk breast prevention","route":"/trials/ibis-i/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"ibis-ii","kind":"trial","name":"IBIS-II (International Breast Intervention Study II)","aka":"IBIS-2\nIBIS-II Prevention\nISRCTN31488319","tldr":"The trial that made anastrozole a prevention drug, halving breast cancer in postmenopausal women at high risk and, with a licence granted in 2023, putting a generic tablet on the NHS prevention pathway.","tags":"uk breast prevention","route":"/trials/ibis-ii/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"agex","kind":"trial","name":"AgeX","aka":"The AgeX Trial\nISRCTN33292440","tldr":"The largest randomised trial ever run inside a screening programme: nearly four million women cluster-randomised to an extra mammogram below 50 or above 70, and the reason the programme's age range has not moved.","tags":"uk breast screening","route":"/trials/agex/","status":"mixed","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"curettage-and-cautery","kind":"term","name":"Curettage and cautery","aka":"curettage and electrodesiccation\ncurettage and electrocautery\nC and C\ncurettage\nelectrodesiccation\nC and E\nscrape and burn","tldr":"Scraping a small, low-risk skin cancer away with a spoon-shaped blade under local anaesthetic and then sealing the surface with heat, usually repeated two or three times in the same sitting. It leaves no stitches and a round pale scar, and unlike an excision it produces no edges a pathologist can check.","tags":"","route":"/terms/curettage-and-cautery/","cancers":"skin-cancer basal-cell-carcinoma cutaneous-scc"},{"id":"skin-graft-and-flap-reconstruction","kind":"term","name":"Skin grafts and flaps after skin cancer surgery","aka":"skin graft\nskin flap\nlocal flap\nsplit-thickness graft\nfull-thickness graft\ndonor site\nhealing by secondary intention\nreconstruction after skin cancer","tldr":"Two ways of closing a hole in the skin that is too big to stitch. A graft is a thin sheet of skin taken from somewhere else and laid over the wound, which means a second wound where it came from. A flap is skin from right beside the wound, moved across while still attached to its own blood supply, which is why it usually matches better.","tags":"","route":"/terms/skin-graft-and-flap-reconstruction/","cancers":"skin-cancer basal-cell-carcinoma cutaneous-scc"},{"id":"facial-scar-after-skin-cancer","kind":"term","name":"The scar on the face after skin cancer surgery","aka":"facial scar\nscar after skin cancer\nscar maturation\nskin camouflage\nkeloid scar\nhypertrophic scar","tldr":"Every skin cancer operation leaves a scar, and on a face it is the part people mind most. It is at its most noticeable early on, red and raised, and it settles over months rather than weeks; the NHS says most scars fade over up to two years or more. Massage, sun protection and, if it still bothers you, skin camouflage are the things that help.","tags":"","route":"/terms/facial-scar-after-skin-cancer/","cancers":"skin-cancer basal-cell-carcinoma cutaneous-scc"},{"id":"second-primary-skin-cancer","kind":"term","name":"The next skin cancer: second primaries after a keratinocyte cancer","aka":"second primary skin cancer\nsubsequent non-melanoma skin cancer\nanother skin cancer\nmultiple skin cancers\nfield cancerisation of the skin","tldr":"The likeliest thing to happen after a basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma is not that this one comes back. It is that you get a different one somewhere else, because the whole area of skin took the same ultraviolet damage. The published three-year figures are 44 percent for a further basal cell carcinoma and 18 percent for a further squamous cell carcinoma.","tags":"","route":"/terms/second-primary-skin-cancer/","cancers":"skin-cancer basal-cell-carcinoma cutaneous-scc"},{"id":"sun-protection-after-skin-cancer","kind":"term","name":"Sun protection after a skin cancer diagnosis","aka":"sun protection\nsunscreen after skin cancer\nSPF 50\nUVA stars\nsecondary prevention of skin cancer\nsun safety","tldr":"Not a lecture but a short list: shade between 11am and 3pm, clothes and a wide-brimmed hat, SPF 30 or more with four or five UVA stars used generously and reapplied, never a sunbed, and a vitamin D supplement in winter because the rest of the list reduces it. If you are immunosuppressed the recommendation goes up to SPF 50 every day of the year.","tags":"","route":"/terms/sun-protection-after-skin-cancer/","cancers":"skin-cancer basal-cell-carcinoma cutaneous-scc"},{"id":"bowens-disease","kind":"cancer","name":"Bowen's disease (squamous cell carcinoma in situ)","aka":"Bowen disease\nBowen's disease\nsquamous cell carcinoma in situ\nSCC in situ\ncutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in situ\nintraepidermal carcinoma\nintraepidermal squamous cell carcinoma\nin situ skin cancer\nstage 0 skin cancer\nD04","tldr":"Bowen's disease is the earliest form of squamous cell skin cancer: abnormal cells fill the outer layer of the skin but have not broken through it, so it cannot spread. It looks like a red, scaly patch, often on the lower leg, and it is usually cured by a cream, freezing, light treatment or a small operation.","tags":"skin subtype-page","route":"/cancers/bowens-disease/","parent":"cutaneous-scc"},{"id":"keratinocyte-cancer","kind":"term","name":"Keratinocyte cancer (and why 'non-melanoma skin cancer' is being retired)","aka":"keratinocyte cancer\nkeratinocyte carcinoma\nKC\nkeratinocyte skin cancer\nnon-melanoma skin cancer\nNMSC\nnon melanoma skin cancer\nkeratinocyte-derived skin cancer\nC44\nICD-10 C44","tldr":"The two commonest cancers in the world, basal cell carcinoma and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, both arise from keratinocytes, the cells that make up most of the outer layer of skin. They used to be lumped together as non-melanoma skin cancer, a name defined by what they are not; dermatologists have agreed to call them keratinocyte cancers instead.","tags":"","route":"/terms/keratinocyte-cancer/","cancers":"skin-cancer basal-cell-carcinoma cutaneous-scc bowens-disease merkel-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"keratinocyte-cancer-counting","kind":"term","name":"Why nobody knows how many skin cancers there are: the counting rule behind every figure","aka":"skin cancer under-registration\nnon-melanoma skin cancer registration\nNMSC under-registration\nfirst per person per annum\n1st PPPA\nPPPA\nfirst tumour per patient\nUKIACR counting rule\nC44 excluded\nall cancers excluding non-melanoma skin cancer\nkeratinocyte cancer incidence caveat\nskin cancer statistics caveat","tldr":"Cancer registries were never built to count a cancer that people get several of. Britain's registries long recorded only the first basal cell carcinoma and the first squamous cell carcinoma in a person's lifetime, and the headline 'cancer in the UK' figure leaves these cancers out altogether. Every number on these pages is a floor, not a count.","tags":"","route":"/terms/keratinocyte-cancer-counting/","cancers":"skin-cancer basal-cell-carcinoma cutaneous-scc bowens-disease merkel-cell-carcinoma melanoma"},{"id":"bcc-growth-pattern","kind":"term","name":"The growth pattern on a basal cell carcinoma report: nodular, superficial, infiltrative, basosquamous","aka":"nodular basal cell carcinoma\nsuperficial basal cell carcinoma\ninfiltrative basal cell carcinoma\ninfiltrating basal cell carcinoma\nmorphoeic basal cell carcinoma\nsclerosing basal cell carcinoma\nmicronodular basal cell carcinoma\nbasosquamous carcinoma\nfibroepithelial basal cell carcinoma\nPinkus tumour\nfibroepithelioma of Pinkus\ncomposite basal cell carcinoma\npigmented basal cell carcinoma\nBCC subtype\nBCC growth pattern\nhigh-risk BCC","tldr":"Basal cell carcinomas are sorted by the shape they grow in, and the shape decides how much skin has to be taken and who does it. Nodular and superficial patterns are low risk; infiltrating, sclerosing or morphoeic, and micronodular patterns are high risk because their edges are ragged and invisible. Most tumours contain more than one pattern, and the worst one present decides.","tags":"","route":"/terms/bcc-growth-pattern/","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma locally-advanced-bcc skin-cancer"},{"id":"cscc-subtype-and-grade","kind":"term","name":"The subtype and grade on a cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma report","aka":"acantholytic squamous cell carcinoma\ndesmoplastic squamous cell carcinoma\nspindle cell squamous cell carcinoma\nsarcomatoid squamous cell carcinoma\nadenosquamous carcinoma of skin\nbasaloid squamous cell carcinoma\nwell differentiated squamous cell carcinoma\nmoderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma\npoorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma\ncSCC grade\ncSCC subtype\nBroders grade\nno special type squamous cell carcinoma\nclassic squamous cell carcinoma","tldr":"A squamous cell carcinoma report carries two separate things: a subtype, which is the shape the tumour grows in, and a grade, which is how much it still looks like normal skin. Most are of no special type and well differentiated. Four subtypes and the poorly differentiated grade are counted as high risk in Britain.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cscc-subtype-and-grade/","cancers":"cutaneous-scc advanced-cutaneous-scc bowens-disease skin-cancer"},{"id":"tnm-skin-carcinoma","kind":"term","name":"How skin carcinoma is staged in Britain: UICC TNM, and why it is not the American system","aka":"TNM skin carcinoma\nUICC TNM 9 skin\nUICC TNM 8 skin\nskin cancer staging\ncarcinoma of the skin staging\nskin carcinoma of the head and neck\nAJCC 8 cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma\npT1 skin\npT2 skin\npT3 skin\npT4a skin\npT4b skin\nbasal cell carcinoma staging\ncSCC staging\ndeep invasion skin\nstage 0 skin cancer","tldr":"UK skin carcinoma reports are staged against the UICC's system, not the American AJCC's, and the two are not the same: the American manual covers only the head and neck, while the UICC covers the whole body and includes basal cell carcinoma. In practice almost no basal cell carcinoma is ever given a stage, because the stage would not change anything.","tags":"","route":"/terms/tnm-skin-carcinoma/","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma cutaneous-scc bowens-disease skin-cancer advanced-cutaneous-scc locally-advanced-bcc merkel-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"bwh-staging-cscc","kind":"term","name":"The Brigham and Women's Hospital staging system, and why squamous cell carcinoma has two","aka":"BWH staging\nBrigham and Women's Hospital staging\nBWH T stage\nBWH T2b\nBWH T2a\nBWH T3\nalternative tumour staging cSCC\ncSCC risk stratification\nBaum risk bands","tldr":"The anatomical staging systems put almost every squamous cell carcinoma in one or two categories, so they cannot pick out the few that will spread. A Boston group built an alternative that counts four risk factors instead of measuring the tumour, and it finds the same poor outcomes in a group half the size. Britain uses the anatomical system and treats the Boston one as evidence, not policy.","tags":"","route":"/terms/bwh-staging-cscc/","cancers":"cutaneous-scc advanced-cutaneous-scc skin-cancer"},{"id":"skin-cancer-high-risk-features","kind":"term","name":"What makes a skin cancer high risk: the UK feature lists","aka":"high-risk basal cell carcinoma\nhigh-risk squamous cell carcinoma\nhigh-risk skin cancer\nlow-risk skin cancer\nskin cancer risk stratification\nhigh-risk pathological features\nskin cancer MDT referral\ninvolved margin skin cancer\nclose margin skin cancer","tldr":"Low risk and high risk are the words that actually decide what happens to a keratinocyte cancer in Britain, more than any stage. One high-risk feature is enough. The lists are short, they are about the tumour and the margin, and a clinician can add clinical features the pathologist cannot see.","tags":"","route":"/terms/skin-cancer-high-risk-features/","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma cutaneous-scc locally-advanced-bcc advanced-cutaneous-scc skin-cancer bowens-disease"},{"id":"actinic-keratosis","kind":"term","name":"Actinic keratosis (solar keratosis): sun damage, not cancer","aka":"actinic keratosis\nactinic keratoses\nsolar keratosis\nsolar keratoses\nAK\nsun spots\nsunspots\npre-cancerous skin patches\nL57.0","tldr":"Rough, scaly patches on skin that has had a lot of sun, commonest on the scalp, face, ears, forearms and backs of hands. They are not cancer and are not counted as cancer anywhere in the UK, but they mark skin that has been damaged enough to be worth watching, and a small proportion go on to become squamous cell carcinoma.","tags":"","route":"/terms/actinic-keratosis/","cancers":"cutaneous-scc bowens-disease skin-cancer basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"keratoacanthoma","kind":"term","name":"Keratoacanthoma: the tumour that may be a squamous cell carcinoma","aka":"keratoacanthoma\nKA\nsquamous cell carcinoma keratoacanthoma type\nkeratoacanthomatous squamous cell carcinoma\nself-healing squamous carcinoma","tldr":"A dome-shaped lump with a central plug of keratin that grows fast over a few weeks and may then shrink on its own. Whether it is a benign tumour or a squamous cell carcinoma that happens to regress has been argued for decades; the WHO treats it as a type of squamous cell carcinoma, and no single test tells them apart.","tags":"","route":"/terms/keratoacanthoma/","cancers":"cutaneous-scc skin-cancer bowens-disease"},{"id":"inherited-skin-cancer-syndromes","kind":"term","name":"Inherited syndromes that cause skin cancer: Gorlin syndrome and xeroderma pigmentosum","aka":"Gorlin syndrome\nGorlin-Goltz syndrome\nnaevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome\nnevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome\nNBCCS\nBCNS\nbasal cell naevus syndrome\nPTCH1\nSUFU\nxeroderma pigmentosum\nXP\ninherited skin cancer syndrome\ngenetic skin cancer syndrome","tldr":"Two rare inherited conditions cause skin cancer decades earlier and in far greater numbers than sun exposure alone. Gorlin syndrome causes many basal cell carcinomas from a young age through a fault in the same pathway the hedgehog inhibitor drugs block. Xeroderma pigmentosum leaves cells unable to repair ultraviolet damage at all.","tags":"","route":"/terms/inherited-skin-cancer-syndromes/","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma cutaneous-scc skin-cancer melanoma locally-advanced-bcc bowens-disease"},{"id":"surgical-margins-keratinocyte-cancer","kind":"term","name":"The margin in skin cancer surgery","aka":"excision margin in skin cancer\n4 mm margin\nincomplete excision of skin cancer\nperipheral margin","tldr":"When a skin cancer is cut out, the surgeon takes a rim of normal-looking skin around it, because the cancer reaches further than the eye can see. Four millimetres is the usual rim, and it was chosen by measuring how far tumours actually spread, not by agreement.","tags":"","route":"/terms/surgical-margins-keratinocyte-cancer/","cancers":"skin-cancer basal-cell-carcinoma cutaneous-scc"},{"id":"topical-and-destructive-treatment-bcc","kind":"term","name":"Creams, light and cold for basal cell carcinoma","aka":"non-surgical treatment of basal cell carcinoma\nimiquimod versus fluorouracil versus photodynamic therapy\nfield treatment of skin cancer\ntopical therapy for skin cancer","tldr":"For a thin basal cell carcinoma there are four treatments that avoid an operation: two creams, a light treatment and freezing. All of them cure fewer people than surgery does, and all of them leave a better-looking face. The trials that measured the difference are the ones to read before choosing.","tags":"","route":"/terms/topical-and-destructive-treatment-bcc/","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma skin-cancer"},{"id":"radiotherapy-for-skin-cancer","kind":"term","name":"Radiotherapy for skin cancer","aka":"radiotherapy for basal cell carcinoma\nskin brachytherapy\nsuperficial radiotherapy\nadjuvant radiotherapy for skin cancer","tldr":"Radiotherapy cures most skin cancers without an operation, and is chosen when surgery would take too much, when someone is too frail for it, or when they refuse it. The one trial that compared it head to head with surgery found surgery better on both cure and appearance, which is why it is the second choice and not the first.","tags":"","route":"/terms/radiotherapy-for-skin-cancer/","cancers":"skin-cancer basal-cell-carcinoma cutaneous-scc"},{"id":"hedgehog-inhibitor-tolerability","kind":"term","name":"Why people stop taking hedgehog inhibitors","aka":"vismodegib side effects\nsonidegib side effects\nmuscle spasms and dysgeusia\nhedgehog inhibitor discontinuation\nhedgehog pathway resistance","tldr":"The pills that shrink advanced basal cell carcinoma cause muscle cramps, loss of taste, hair loss and weight loss in almost everyone who takes them. None of that is dangerous, and most people stop anyway, because the drug has to be taken for years and it takes the pleasure out of eating and moving.","tags":"","route":"/terms/hedgehog-inhibitor-tolerability/","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma locally-advanced-bcc skin-cancer"},{"id":"skin-cancer-after-organ-transplant","kind":"term","name":"Skin cancer after an organ transplant","aka":"skin cancer in transplant recipients\nimmunosuppressed skin cancer\nsolid organ transplant recipient skin cancer\npost-transplant squamous cell carcinoma","tldr":"The drugs that keep a transplanted organ alive let skin cancers grow, and they grow differently: faster, in numbers, and far more likely to spread. This group is large, it is getting larger as transplant recipients live longer, and almost every trial of the drugs that would help them has excluded them.","tags":"","route":"/terms/skin-cancer-after-organ-transplant/","cancers":"cutaneous-scc skin-cancer advanced-cutaneous-scc basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"sirolimus","kind":"drug","name":"Sirolimus","aka":"Rapamycin","tldr":"Sirolimus is an anti-rejection tablet taken after an organ transplant. Switching to it from a calcineurin inhibitor roughly halves the number of new skin squamous cell carcinomas in people who have already had one, at the cost of more side effects and a quarter of people stopping it.","tags":"skin","route":"/drugs/sirolimus/","status":"approved","cancers":"cutaneous-scc skin-cancer advanced-cutaneous-scc"},{"id":"mohs-versus-excision-facial-bcc","kind":"trial","name":"Mohs surgery against ordinary excision for facial basal cell carcinoma (Maastricht trial)","aka":"Maastricht Mohs trial\nMohs versus surgical excision trial\nDutch Mohs trial","tldr":"This is the only randomised trial of the microscope-guided skin cancer operation against the ordinary one. For a cancer that has already come back once, the microscope-guided operation clearly wins. For a cancer being treated the first time, the difference took ten years to appear and never reached statistical significance.","tags":"","route":"/trials/mohs-versus-excision-facial-bcc/","status":"positive","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma skin-cancer"},{"id":"sins-trial","kind":"trial","name":"SINS (surgical excision against imiquimod cream for basal cell carcinoma)","aka":"SINS\nSurgery versus Imiquimod for Nodular and Superficial basal cell carcinoma\nISRCTN48755084","tldr":"The largest trial of a cream against an operation for the commonest cancer found the cream is worse, and stayed worse at five years. About one person in six treated with the cream still needed something else done, against one in fifty after surgery. It is still a reasonable choice for some people, but it is not equivalent.","tags":"","route":"/trials/sins-trial/","status":"negative","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma skin-cancer"},{"id":"mal-pdt-imiquimod-fluorouracil-superficial-bcc","kind":"trial","name":"Photodynamic therapy against imiquimod against fluorouracil for superficial basal cell carcinoma","aka":"Arits trial\nDutch superficial basal cell carcinoma trial\nMAL-PDT versus imiquimod versus fluorouracil","tldr":"This trial compared the three non-surgical treatments people are actually offered for a thin basal cell carcinoma. Photodynamic therapy, the one that was assumed to be best, came last. The imiquimod cream was the best of the three at one year and still the best at five, though by then a fifth of those treated with it had the tumour back.","tags":"","route":"/trials/mal-pdt-imiquimod-fluorouracil-superficial-bcc/","status":"positive","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma skin-cancer"},{"id":"scin-trial","kind":"trial","name":"SCIN (curettage then imiquimod against excision for nodular basal cell carcinoma)","aka":"SCIN\nSurgery versus Combined treatment with curettage and Imiquimod for Nodular basal cell carcinoma","tldr":"Scraping the lump off first and then using the cream was tested against simply cutting it out, for the thicker kind of basal cell carcinoma. It did not come close: about one in five of those treated without surgery had the tumour back within five years, against one in fifty after the operation.","tags":"","route":"/trials/scin-trial/","status":"negative","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma skin-cancer"},{"id":"mal-pdt-versus-surgery-nodular-bcc","kind":"trial","name":"Photodynamic therapy against surgery for nodular basal cell carcinoma","aka":"Rhodes trial\nMAL-PDT versus excision surgery in nodular basal cell carcinoma","tldr":"For the thicker, lump-like basal cell carcinoma, light treatment clears about as many at three months as surgery does, but over five years three times as many come back. What it buys is a better-looking result, and that is the whole of the trade.","tags":"","route":"/trials/mal-pdt-versus-surgery-nodular-bcc/","status":"negative","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma skin-cancer"},{"id":"mal-pdt-versus-cryotherapy-superficial-bcc","kind":"trial","name":"Photodynamic therapy against cryotherapy for superficial basal cell carcinoma","aka":"Basset-Seguin trial\nMAL-PDT versus cryotherapy in superficial basal cell carcinoma","tldr":"Freezing a thin basal cell carcinoma with liquid nitrogen and treating it with light gave the same number of recurrences five years later. What separated them was how the skin looked afterwards, and light was much better.","tags":"","route":"/trials/mal-pdt-versus-cryotherapy-superficial-bcc/","status":"mixed","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma skin-cancer"},{"id":"avril-surgery-versus-radiotherapy-bcc","kind":"trial","name":"Surgery against radiotherapy for basal cell carcinoma of the face","aka":"Avril trial\nInstitut Gustave Roussy basal cell carcinoma trial","tldr":"The only randomised trial ever run of surgery against radiotherapy for the commonest skin cancer found surgery better on both counts: fewer cancers came back and the face looked better afterwards. Radiotherapy is used when an operation is not possible, not because it is equal.","tags":"","route":"/trials/avril-surgery-versus-radiotherapy-bcc/","status":"positive","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma skin-cancer"},{"id":"trog-05-01","kind":"trial","name":"TROG 05.01 (chemotherapy added to radiotherapy after surgery for high-risk skin squamous cell carcinoma)","aka":"TROG 05.01\nPOST trial\nTrans Tasman Radiation Oncology Group 05.01","tldr":"Adding chemotherapy to the radiotherapy given after surgery for the most dangerous skin squamous cancers did not help. What the trial did show is how well surgery and radiotherapy already work: more than four in five of these high-risk cancers were still controlled five years later.","tags":"","route":"/trials/trog-05-01/","status":"negative","cancers":"cutaneous-scc skin-cancer"},{"id":"stevie","kind":"trial","name":"STEVIE (vismodegib in ordinary practice)","aka":"STEVIE\nSafety Events in Vismodegib study","tldr":"This is the study that measured what taking the basal cell carcinoma pill is actually like, in more than a thousand ordinary patients rather than a hundred selected ones. It shrank most tumours. Almost everybody had side effects, and the average person stopped after about eight months.","tags":"","route":"/trials/stevie/","status":"mixed","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma locally-advanced-bcc skin-cancer"},{"id":"vismoneo","kind":"trial","name":"VISMONEO (vismodegib before surgery for locally advanced basal cell carcinoma)","aka":"VISMONEO","tldr":"Giving the hedgehog pill first to shrink a large facial basal cell carcinoma made the operation smaller or less disfiguring in four out of five people. Over three years, though, more than a third of those who benefited had the cancer back.","tags":"","route":"/trials/vismoneo/","status":"positive","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma locally-advanced-bcc skin-cancer"},{"id":"cemiplimab-advanced-bcc","kind":"trial","name":"Cemiplimab in basal cell carcinoma after a hedgehog inhibitor","aka":"Study 1620\ncemiplimab in locally advanced basal cell carcinoma","tldr":"Before this trial there was nothing to offer someone whose basal cell carcinoma had outgrown or outlasted the hedgehog pill. Immunotherapy shrank the tumour in about a third of them, and it is now the standard second treatment.","tags":"","route":"/trials/cemiplimab-advanced-bcc/","status":"positive","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma locally-advanced-bcc skin-cancer"},{"id":"c-post","kind":"trial","name":"C-POST (cemiplimab after surgery and radiotherapy for high-risk skin squamous cell carcinoma)","aka":"C-POST\nCemiplimab POST-operative trial","tldr":"This is the first trial to show that a drug given after surgery and radiotherapy stops the most dangerous skin squamous cancers coming back. Two years on, 87 out of 100 treated were still free of the cancer, against 64 out of 100 given a dummy.","tags":"","route":"/trials/c-post/","status":"positive","cancers":"cutaneous-scc advanced-cutaneous-scc skin-cancer"},{"id":"neoadjuvant-cemiplimab-cscc","kind":"trial","name":"Neoadjuvant cemiplimab for resectable stage II to IV skin squamous cell carcinoma","aka":"Gross neoadjuvant cemiplimab study\nneoadjuvant cemiplimab in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","tldr":"Giving the immunotherapy before the operation left no living cancer cells in the removed specimen in half of the patients. For tumours that would otherwise cost someone an eye, an ear or part of the face, that changes what the operation has to take.","tags":"","route":"/trials/neoadjuvant-cemiplimab-cscc/","status":"positive","cancers":"cutaneous-scc advanced-cutaneous-scc skin-cancer"},{"id":"admec-o","kind":"trial","name":"ADMEC-O (adjuvant nivolumab in completely resected Merkel cell carcinoma)","aka":"ADMEC-O\nADMEC","tldr":"Merkel cell carcinoma comes back in a quarter of people even after the surgeon has removed it all. Giving immunotherapy afterwards for a year reduced that by about ten in every hundred, but the trial was small and cannot yet say whether anyone lived longer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/admec-o/","status":"mixed","cancers":"merkel-cell-carcinoma skin-cancer"},{"id":"pod1um-201","kind":"trial","name":"POD1UM-201 (retifanlimab in advanced Merkel cell carcinoma)","aka":"POD1UM-201","tldr":"The third PD-1 antibody tested in this rare and fast-growing skin cancer shrank it in more than half of the people who took it, and most of those responses lasted years. Six in ten were still alive three years later, in a disease that used to kill within months.","tags":"","route":"/trials/pod1um-201/","status":"positive","cancers":"merkel-cell-carcinoma skin-cancer"},{"id":"tumorapa","kind":"trial","name":"TUMORAPA (switching from a calcineurin inhibitor to sirolimus after a transplant skin cancer)","aka":"TUMORAPA\nTUMORAPA 1","tldr":"A person with a transplanted kidney who has had one skin squamous cancer will usually get more. Swapping one anti-rejection drug for another roughly halved the number who got another cancer, but it made people unwell often enough that a quarter stopped the new drug.","tags":"","route":"/trials/tumorapa/","status":"positive","cancers":"cutaneous-scc skin-cancer"},{"id":"cemiplimab-kidney-transplant-cscc","kind":"trial","name":"Cemiplimab for kidney transplant recipients with advanced skin squamous cell carcinoma","aka":"cemiplimab in kidney transplant recipients","tldr":"Transplant patients are kept out of immunotherapy trials because the drugs can make the body reject the transplanted organ. This small study changed the anti-rejection drugs first, then gave the immunotherapy, and no one lost their kidney while nearly half saw their cancer shrink.","tags":"","route":"/trials/cemiplimab-kidney-transplant-cscc/","status":"positive","cancers":"cutaneous-scc advanced-cutaneous-scc skin-cancer"},{"id":"patidegib-gel-gorlin-phase-2","kind":"trial","name":"Patidegib gel in Gorlin syndrome (phase 2A)","aka":"patidegib topical gel phase 2A","tldr":"People born with Gorlin syndrome grow new basal cell carcinomas for life, and the pills that block the pathway cause side effects most cannot live with. Putting the drug on the skin instead was the obvious idea. A small trial hints that it works, but only in analyses decided after the results were seen.","tags":"","route":"/trials/patidegib-gel-gorlin-phase-2/","status":"mixed","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma skin-cancer"},{"id":"melanoma-focus","kind":"institution","name":"Melanoma Focus","aka":"","tldr":"The UK melanoma charity whose free nurse helpline is the one place a frightened person can ask a specialist skin cancer nurse a question without waiting for an appointment, and which says up front that it cannot tell you from a photograph.","tags":"uk charity skin support","route":"/institutions/melanoma-focus/","cancers":"melanoma skin-cancer"},{"id":"skcin","kind":"institution","name":"Skcin (the Karen Clifford Skin Cancer Charity)","aka":"","tldr":"The prevention charity that campaigns on the one lever in skin cancer that is bigger than any drug: what the country does about ultraviolet exposure, and what it charges for sunscreen.","tags":"uk charity prevention skin","route":"/institutions/skcin/","cancers":"skin-cancer melanoma basal-cell-carcinoma cutaneous-scc"},{"id":"british-association-of-dermatologists","kind":"institution","name":"British Association of Dermatologists","aka":"","tldr":"The professional body that writes the UK's skin cancer service standards and, because these cancers have almost no charity of their own, also writes most of the patient information a person with a basal cell carcinoma will be handed.","tags":"uk professional-body skin standards","route":"/institutions/british-association-of-dermatologists/","cancers":"skin-cancer basal-cell-carcinoma cutaneous-scc"},{"id":"hywel-williams","kind":"person","name":"Hywel Williams","aka":"","tldr":"The Nottingham epidemiologist who founded British evidence-based dermatology and ran the trial that answered whether a cream can replace surgery for the commonest cancer there is.","tags":"uk trialist skin dermatology","route":"/people/hywel-williams/","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma skin-cancer"},{"id":"nick-levell","kind":"person","name":"Nick Levell","aka":"","tldr":"The Norwich dermatologist who wrote the national audit of British dermatology, and whose report is the reason anyone can say how many Mohs surgeons England has.","tags":"uk dermatology service-design","route":"/people/nick-levell/","cancers":"skin-cancer basal-cell-carcinoma cutaneous-scc"},{"id":"molemate","kind":"trial","name":"MoleMate UK Trial","aka":"ISRCTN79932379\nSIAscopy with primary care scoring algorithm","tldr":"The trial that tested whether giving GPs a diagnostic gadget would make their skin cancer referrals better, found that it made them more numerous instead, and is the reason the NHS asks for training and dermoscopy rather than devices in primary care.","tags":"uk skin early-detection primary-care","route":"/trials/molemate/","status":"negative","cancers":"melanoma skin-cancer"},{"id":"mcc-rational-treatment","kind":"trial","name":"Rational treatment selection for Merkel cell carcinoma","aka":"ISRCTN16290169","tldr":"The only randomised trial ever attempted in Merkel cell carcinoma, run from Birmingham, closed to recruitment in 2018, and with no published result on its registry record: the reason the first treatment decision in this cancer is still made on opinion.","tags":"uk skin merkel-cell-carcinoma rare","route":"/trials/mcc-rational-treatment/","status":"completed","cancers":"merkel-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"impact-bcc","kind":"trial","name":"IMPACT (cemiplimab in advanced basal cell carcinoma)","aka":"ISRCTN10511385","tldr":"The British trial testing whether the immunotherapy that works for advanced squamous cell carcinoma also works, first line, for the advanced basal cell carcinomas NICE refused to fund a hedgehog inhibitor for.","tags":"uk skin basal-cell-carcinoma recruiting","route":"/trials/impact-bcc/","status":"active","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"spot-it","kind":"trial","name":"SPOT-IT","aka":"cutaneous SCC Prevention using tOpical Therapy in Immunosuppressed patienTs\nISRCTN80116429","tldr":"A prevention trial for the group who get these cancers worst: people on long-term immunosuppression, for whom squamous cell carcinoma is not an event but a recurring condition.","tags":"uk skin prevention recruiting","route":"/trials/spot-it/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"cutaneous-scc skin-cancer"},{"id":"scc-after","kind":"trial","name":"SCC-AFTER","aka":"Adjuvant radiotherapy in patients with high-risk primary cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma AFTER surgery\nISRCTN54806122","tldr":"The trial testing a thing the NHS already does without evidence: giving radiotherapy after surgery for a high-risk squamous cell carcinoma, to stop it coming back.","tags":"uk skin radiotherapy recruiting","route":"/trials/scc-after/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"cutaneous-scc skin-cancer"},{"id":"lymphoma-tx-regimen-alphabet","kind":"term","name":"The lymphoma regimen alphabet: R-CHOP, pola-R-CHP, DA-EPOCH-R, ABVD, BEACOPP and the rest","aka":"Lymphoma chemotherapy acronyms\nR-CHP\nDA-EPOCH-R\nR-ICE\nR-DHAP\nR-GemOx\nCODOX-M/IVAC\nMATRix\nBrECADD\nSMILE\nCHOEP\nVR-CAP\nR-CVP\nBR","tldr":"Lymphoma treatment is written in acronyms, one letter per drug. This entry spells out the ones a patient will see on a chart or a consent form, and says which disease each belongs to.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-tx-regimen-alphabet/","cancers":"dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma burkitt-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma follicular-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma primary-cns-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-tx-cns-prophylaxis","kind":"term","name":"CNS prophylaxis in aggressive B-cell lymphoma, and the evidence against it","aka":"Central nervous system prophylaxis\nCNS-IPI\nIntrathecal methotrexate prophylaxis\nHigh-dose methotrexate prophylaxis","tldr":"Some people with aggressive lymphoma are given extra methotrexate, into the spine or into a vein, to stop the lymphoma reaching the brain. It has been standard for decades, and the best evidence now available suggests it does not work.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-tx-cns-prophylaxis/","cancers":"dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma burkitt-lymphoma primary-cns-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-tx-pod24","kind":"term","name":"POD24: progression of follicular lymphoma within two years, and why it changes the plan","aka":"Progression of disease within 24 months\nEarly progression follicular lymphoma","tldr":"Most follicular lymphoma comes back slowly and is treated again without much loss of life expectancy. For about one in five people it comes back within two years of the first chemotherapy, and that group needs a different plan, usually a biopsy first and then cellular or antibody treatment rather than more of the same.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-tx-pod24/","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-tx-watch-and-wait","kind":"term","name":"Watch and wait in lymphoma: when the right treatment is none yet","aka":"Active monitoring lymphoma\nWatchful waiting follicular lymphoma\nDeferred therapy","tldr":"For slow-growing lymphomas that are not causing symptoms, treating straight away does not help people live longer. The usual plan is regular checks and blood tests, and treatment when the disease starts to cause trouble.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-tx-watch-and-wait/","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma splenic-marginal-zone-lymphoma waldenstrom mantle-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-tx-maintenance","kind":"term","name":"Maintenance and consolidation in lymphoma: where it works and where it does not","aka":"Rituximab maintenance\nLenalidomide maintenance\nBrentuximab consolidation","tldr":"After the main treatment, some lymphomas are given a lower-intensity drug for months or years to hold the remission. It lengthens remission in follicular and mantle cell lymphoma but has never been shown to lengthen life, so it is a trade against two years of infusions and infections.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-tx-maintenance/","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma dlbcl hodgkin-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-tx-car-t-pathway","kind":"term","name":"The CAR-T pathway in lymphoma: referral, apheresis, bridging and the waiting","aka":"CAR-T referral lymphoma\nBridging therapy\nLeukapheresis for CAR-T\nVein-to-vein time","tldr":"CAR-T is not a prescription but a manufacturing process. Cells are collected from the patient, sent away to be engineered, and returned three to five weeks later. What happens during that wait decides whether the treatment is given at all.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-tx-car-t-pathway/","cancers":"dlbcl follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-tx-bispecific-step-up","kind":"term","name":"CD20 bispecific antibodies: step-up dosing, fixed duration and what it is like to take one","aka":"Step-up dosing\nT-cell engager lymphoma\nGlofitamab schedule\nEpcoritamab schedule\nMosunetuzumab schedule","tldr":"Bispecific antibodies grab a lymphoma cell with one arm and a T cell with the other. The first doses are deliberately tiny because the first full dose is what causes fever and low blood pressure; after that most people take them as an outpatient.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-tx-bispecific-step-up/","cancers":"dlbcl follicular-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-tx-transplant-role","kind":"term","name":"Stem cell transplant in lymphoma: what it is still for","aka":"Autologous transplant lymphoma\nAllogeneic transplant lymphoma\nBEAM conditioning\nHigh-dose therapy","tldr":"An autologous transplant is very high-dose chemotherapy followed by the patient's own stored stem cells to rescue the bone marrow. CAR-T and BTK inhibitors have taken over several of its old jobs, but it is still the right answer in a shrinking list of situations.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-tx-transplant-role/","cancers":"dlbcl hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma primary-cns-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-tx-radiotherapy","kind":"term","name":"Radiotherapy in lymphoma: involved-site fields, 24 Gy, 4 Gy and total skin electron therapy","aka":"Involved-site radiotherapy\nISRT\nInvolved-field radiotherapy\nLow-dose radiotherapy lymphoma\nBoom-boom radiotherapy","tldr":"Lymphoma is one of the most radiation-sensitive cancers there is, so the doses are low and the fields are small. Two doses of 2 Gy can shrink a painful node in a fortnight; 24 Gy can cure a stage I follicular lymphoma.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-tx-radiotherapy/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma follicular-lymphoma malt-lymphoma primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl"},{"id":"lymphoma-tx-h-pylori-eradication","kind":"term","name":"Helicobacter pylori eradication as cancer treatment in gastric MALT lymphoma","aka":"Antibiotic treatment of gastric lymphoma\nTriple therapy for MALT lymphoma\nQuadruple therapy","tldr":"Gastric MALT lymphoma is grown by a stomach bacterium, and killing the bacterium with a ten to fourteen day course of antibiotics cures most cases. It is the only common cancer whose first-line treatment is an antibiotic.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-tx-h-pylori-eradication/","cancers":"malt-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma gastric"},{"id":"lymphoma-tx-skin-directed-therapy","kind":"term","name":"Skin-directed therapy in mycosis fungoides: creams, light and small radiotherapy fields","aka":"Topical therapy mycosis fungoides\nPhototherapy for CTCL\nPUVA\nNarrowband UVB\nTotal skin electron beam therapy\nLocalised radiotherapy for CTCL","tldr":"Early mycosis fungoides is treated on the skin, not through the bloodstream. Steroid creams, a chemotherapy gel, ultraviolet light cabinets and very small doses of radiotherapy control it for years, and chemotherapy at this stage does harm without benefit.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-tx-skin-directed-therapy/","cancers":"cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma sezary-syndrome"},{"id":"lymphoma-tx-tumour-lysis","kind":"term","name":"Tumour lysis syndrome in lymphoma: who is at risk, and rasburicase","aka":"TLS\nRasburicase prophylaxis\nAllopurinol prophylaxis","tldr":"When a large, fast-growing lymphoma breaks up quickly, the contents of the cells flood the blood and can stop the kidneys or the heart. It is predictable, preventable and is the reason the first days of treatment are given in hospital with fluids and blood tests every few hours.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-tx-tumour-lysis/","cancers":"burkitt-lymphoma dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-tx-hepatitis-b-reactivation","kind":"term","name":"Hepatitis B reactivation before rituximab and other anti-CD20 antibodies","aka":"HBV reactivation\nEntecavir prophylaxis\nAnti-HBc positive","tldr":"Anyone who has ever had hepatitis B can have the virus wake up when rituximab strips out their B cells, sometimes months later and sometimes fatally. A blood test before the first dose, and a tablet for those who need it, prevents almost all of it.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-tx-hepatitis-b-reactivation/","cancers":"dlbcl follicular-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-tx-pjp-and-infection-prophylaxis","kind":"term","name":"Infection prophylaxis in lymphoma: PJP, herpes, fungal risk and vaccination","aka":"Pneumocystis prophylaxis\nCo-trimoxazole prophylaxis\nPCP prophylaxis\nAciclovir prophylaxis","tldr":"Several lymphoma treatments knock out the part of the immune system that keeps a particular lung infection, Pneumocystis, at bay. A low-dose antibiotic three times a week prevents it, and a separate tablet prevents shingles.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-tx-pjp-and-infection-prophylaxis/","cancers":"dlbcl follicular-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma splenic-marginal-zone-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-tx-immunoglobulin-replacement","kind":"term","name":"Immunoglobulin replacement after CAR-T, bispecifics and long anti-CD20 treatment","aka":"Hypogammaglobulinaemia\nIVIG replacement\nSecondary immunodeficiency\nSubcutaneous immunoglobulin","tldr":"Treatments that remove B cells also remove the antibodies B cells make, and some people never make them again. When repeated chest and sinus infections follow, donated antibody given monthly by drip or weekly under the skin prevents them.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-tx-immunoglobulin-replacement/","cancers":"dlbcl follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-tx-crs-icans","kind":"term","name":"Cytokine release syndrome and ICANS: grading and management","aka":"CRS grading\nASTCT consensus grading\nImmune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome\nTocilizumab for CRS\nICE score","tldr":"When engineered T cells or a bispecific antibody switch on, the immune system can overshoot. The first sign is a fever, and the treatment is a drug that blocks the main signal, given early. A smaller number of people become confused or drowsy, which is graded and treated separately.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-tx-crs-icans/","cancers":"dlbcl follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-tx-fertility-preservation","kind":"term","name":"Fertility before lymphoma treatment: what to ask for, and when","aka":"Sperm banking lymphoma\nOocyte cryopreservation\nOvarian tissue cryopreservation\nGonadotoxicity of alkylators","tldr":"Several lymphoma treatments can end fertility, and the chance to preserve it exists only before the first dose. Lymphoma often strikes people in their teens, twenties and thirties, which makes this one of the few conversations that cannot be postponed.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-tx-fertility-preservation/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl burkitt-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-tx-hodgkin-late-effects","kind":"term","name":"Late effects of Hodgkin lymphoma treatment, and the follow-up that answers them","aka":"Second cancers after Hodgkin lymphoma\nCardiac late effects\nBreast screening after chest radiotherapy\nSurvivorship Hodgkin","tldr":"Hodgkin lymphoma is usually cured, and the problems that follow arrive twenty and thirty years later: heart disease, an underactive thyroid, and second cancers, especially breast cancer in women irradiated to the chest when young. Most of them can be watched for.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-tx-hodgkin-late-effects/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma nodular-lymphocyte-predominant-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-tx-uk-versus-us","kind":"term","name":"British and American lymphoma practice: where they differ, and why","aka":"NICE against NCCN\nUK lymphoma practice\nUS lymphoma practice","tldr":"The same trials are read in both countries and reach different conclusions, because the British system asks what a treatment costs for the benefit it gives and the American one asks whether it is better at all. This is a list of the places where a patient's treatment would genuinely differ.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-tx-uk-versus-us/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-tx-uk-access","kind":"term","name":"What the NHS in England funds for lymphoma, appraisal by appraisal","aka":"NICE lymphoma appraisals\nLymphoma drug funding England\nCancer Drugs Fund lymphoma","tldr":"A drug licensed for lymphoma is not automatically available on the NHS: NICE appraises each use separately and can recommend it, fund it for a while through the Cancer Drugs Fund, or refuse it. This entry lists what NICE decided for each lymphoma treatment, with the reference number to check.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-tx-uk-access/","cancers":"dlbcl follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma waldenstrom hodgkin-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-tx-failed-and-negative","kind":"term","name":"Lymphoma treatments that did not work: the negative trials worth knowing","aka":"Negative lymphoma trials\nFailed lymphoma regimens","tldr":"A list of things that were expected to improve lymphoma treatment and did not. Knowing them is how a patient can tell a reasonable suggestion from an outdated one.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-tx-failed-and-negative/","cancers":"dlbcl follicular-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-decision-watch-and-wait","kind":"term","name":"Watch and wait in follicular lymphoma: being told you have cancer and that nobody will treat it","aka":"Active monitoring follicular lymphoma\nDeferred treatment follicular lymphoma\nWatchful waiting lymphoma","tldr":"For a slow-growing lymphoma that is not causing problems, treating straight away has not been shown to help people live longer, so the usual plan is regular checks and treatment later. It is the hardest thing in lymphoma to be told, and the evidence behind it is good.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-decision-watch-and-wait/","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma splenic-marginal-zone-lymphoma nodal-marginal-zone-lymphoma malt-lymphoma waldenstrom nodular-lymphocyte-predominant-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-decision-transplant-or-car-t","kind":"term","name":"Transplant or CAR-T at second line in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","aka":"Second-line DLBCL decision\nAutologous transplant or CAR-T\nZUMA-7 decision\nEarly relapse large B-cell lymphoma","tldr":"If a large B-cell lymphoma comes back within a year of first treatment, two trials found that engineered T cells worked better than salvage chemotherapy followed by a transplant of the person's own stem cells, and a third trial of a different T-cell product found no difference. If it comes back later, the transplant route is still standard.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-decision-transplant-or-car-t/","cancers":"dlbcl primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-decision-beacopp-or-abvd","kind":"term","name":"Escalated chemotherapy or ABVD in advanced Hodgkin lymphoma: more cures, more late harm, and what the interim scan changed","aka":"BEACOPP or ABVD\nEscalated BEACOPP decision\nBrECADD decision\nPET-adapted Hodgkin treatment","tldr":"Advanced Hodgkin lymphoma can be treated with a gentler combination that fewer people are cured by first time, or a harder one that cures more but leaves more lasting harm. Scanning after two cycles, and the newer escalated regimens, have narrowed the gap between the two rather than settled the argument.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-decision-beacopp-or-abvd/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-decision-fertility-timing","kind":"term","name":"Fertility preservation before lymphoma treatment: a decision with a deadline in days","aka":"Sperm banking before chemotherapy\nEgg freezing before lymphoma treatment\nOncofertility referral lymphoma","tldr":"Most of the ways of preserving fertility have to happen before the first dose of chemotherapy, and two of them take about a fortnight. Lymphoma is often treated quickly, so this is one of the few decisions in the illness with a real deadline, and it is easy to miss while everything else is being arranged.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-decision-fertility-timing/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl burkitt-lymphoma primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma follicular-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-decision-trial","kind":"term","name":"A clinical trial or standard treatment in lymphoma","aka":"Taking part in a lymphoma trial\nLymphoma TrialsLink\nTrial or standard care lymphoma","tldr":"Lymphoma has more trials open to it than almost any other cancer, and in several situations a trial is a reasonable choice beside standard treatment rather than a last resort. Asking early keeps the option open, because many trials require that a particular treatment has not yet been given.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-decision-trial/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl hodgkin-lymphoma follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma primary-cns-lymphoma burkitt-lymphoma waldenstrom marginal-zone-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-decision-local-or-car-t-centre","kind":"term","name":"Treatment at the local hospital or at a cell-therapy centre far from home","aka":"CAR-T centre travel\nTreatment away from home lymphoma\nWhere to have CAR-T","tldr":"Most lymphoma chemotherapy is given at the nearest hospital, but engineered T-cell treatment is only given at a small number of approved centres, and it requires living near that centre for about a month with another adult present. The travel and the accommodation are part of the decision, not an administrative detail.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-decision-local-or-car-t-centre/","cancers":"dlbcl primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma follicular-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-living-fatigue","kind":"term","name":"Fatigue after lymphoma treatment, and why it is a symptom to report","aka":"Cancer-related fatigue lymphoma\nTiredness after lymphoma treatment","tldr":"The tiredness that follows lymphoma treatment is not ordinary tiredness and does not reliably improve with rest. Several of its causes, including anaemia, an underactive thyroid, poor sleep and low mood, are separate and separately treatable, which is the reason to report it rather than to absorb it.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-living-fatigue/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl hodgkin-lymphoma follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma waldenstrom"},{"id":"lymphoma-living-hodgkin-survivorship-screening","kind":"term","name":"After Hodgkin lymphoma: the late effects, and the screening that follows them","aka":"Hodgkin survivorship screening\nBreast screening after chest radiotherapy\nLate effects clinic Hodgkin","tldr":"Most people treated for Hodgkin lymphoma are cured, and the long follow-up cohorts show that the treatment leaves a raised risk of heart disease, of a second cancer and of an underactive thyroid for decades. Several of those risks have a screening programme attached, and the commonest failure is not being enrolled in it.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-living-hodgkin-survivorship-screening/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma nodular-lymphocyte-predominant-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-living-infection-years-after","kind":"term","name":"Low antibodies and infection risk for years after anti-CD20 and bispecific antibodies","aka":"Hypogammaglobulinaemia after rituximab\nInfection risk after CAR-T\nImmunoglobulin replacement lymphoma\nB-cell aplasia","tldr":"Treatments that remove B cells also remove the cells that make antibodies, and the effect can last for years after the last dose. Most people need nothing more than ordinary vigilance, but some need preventive antibiotics or infusions of donor antibodies, and a fever at any point in that period is an emergency rather than a nuisance.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-living-infection-years-after/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma malt-lymphoma splenic-marginal-zone-lymphoma nodal-marginal-zone-lymphoma waldenstrom primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-living-vaccinations","kind":"term","name":"Vaccinations around lymphoma treatment: the ones to have first, and the ones not to have at all","aka":"Live vaccines and lymphoma\nVaccination before rituximab\nRevaccination after transplant","tldr":"Inactivated vaccines work best when they are given at least two weeks before immunosuppressive treatment begins, and live vaccines are generally not given to someone whose immune system is suppressed. Treatment that removes B cells blunts the response to vaccines for a long time afterwards, so the order matters.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-living-vaccinations/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl follicular-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma waldenstrom peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-living-scanxiety-and-surveillance","kind":"term","name":"The surveillance schedule, and the evidence that routine scans do not find relapse first","aka":"Scanxiety lymphoma\nSurveillance imaging lymphoma\nFollow-up scans after lymphoma\nPatient-triggered follow-up","tldr":"Most people expect regular scans after lymphoma treatment and are unsettled when they are not offered. The evidence is that in most lymphomas relapse is found because the person notices something, not because a scan catches it, and that finding it by scan does not lengthen life.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-living-scanxiety-and-surveillance/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl hodgkin-lymphoma follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma waldenstrom primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-living-returning-to-work","kind":"term","name":"Going back to work after lymphoma, and the money in the meantime","aka":"Lymphoma and employment\nSick pay during lymphoma treatment\nPhased return after lymphoma","tldr":"Some people work through lymphoma treatment and some cannot, and the difference is mostly the job rather than the person. In the United Kingdom a cancer diagnosis brings protection from discrimination at work from the day it is made, and the benefits and sick pay rules are worth reading early rather than when the money runs out.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-living-returning-to-work/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl hodgkin-lymphoma follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma waldenstrom"},{"id":"lymphoma-living-indolent-lymphoma","kind":"term","name":"Living with an indolent lymphoma rather than being cured of one","aka":"Chronic lymphoma\nLow-grade lymphoma living with\nRemission and relapse follicular lymphoma","tldr":"Slow-growing lymphomas are usually controlled rather than cured: treatment works, the disease goes away for a while, and at some point it comes back and is treated again. Most people live with that pattern for many years, and it asks something different of a person than being treated once and discharged.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-living-indolent-lymphoma/","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma malt-lymphoma splenic-marginal-zone-lymphoma nodal-marginal-zone-lymphoma waldenstrom non-hodgkin-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"germinal-centre-reaction","kind":"pathway","name":"The germinal centre reaction","aka":"Germinal centre\nGerminal center reaction\nSomatic hypermutation and class switching\nAffinity maturation","tldr":"To make a good antibody, a B cell has to deliberately damage its own DNA and keep dividing while it does. The germinal centre is where that happens, under strict time limits. Most B-cell lymphomas are cells that went through it and did not come out.","tags":"pathway lymphoma","route":"/pathways/germinal-centre-reaction/","cancers":"dlbcl follicular-lymphoma burkitt-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"clonality-testing","kind":"technology","name":"Immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor clonality testing","aka":"IGH clonality\nTCR clonality\nBIOMED-2\nEuroClonality\ngene rearrangement study\nB-cell clonality\nT-cell clonality","tldr":"A test that asks whether a group of lymphocytes is one family descended from a single cell, or a crowd of unrelated ones. Cancer is one family. It is used when the appearance under the microscope is not enough to decide.","tags":"diagnostics lymphoma","route":"/technologies/clonality-testing/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma sezary-syndrome malt-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma follicular-lymphoma dlbcl"},{"id":"lymphoma-bio-germinal-centre","kind":"term","name":"The germinal centre: why lymphoma starts where antibodies are made","aka":"Germinal centre reaction\nSomatic hypermutation\nClass switch recombination\nAffinity maturation","tldr":"To make a better antibody, a B cell has to deliberately damage its own DNA while dividing fast, with its safety checks switched off. Most B-cell lymphomas are cells that went into that process and never came out of it properly.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-bio-germinal-centre/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl follicular-lymphoma burkitt-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-bio-cell-of-origin-in-practice","kind":"term","name":"Cell of origin in practice: Hans against expression profiling, and what it changes","aka":"Hans algorithm\nGCB versus non-GCB\nLymph2Cx\nCell of origin assay","tldr":"Large B-cell lymphoma is split into two types by which normal B cell it most resembles. The split is real and predicts how the disease behaves, but the test most laboratories run is a cheaper approximation of the one that defined it, and today the result rarely changes which treatment is given.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-bio-cell-of-origin-in-practice/","cancers":"dlbcl primary-cns-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-bio-lymphgen","kind":"term","name":"LymphGen and the genetic clusters of large B-cell lymphoma","aka":"LymphGen\nMCD subtype\nBN2 subtype\nEZB subtype\nN1 subtype\nDLBCL genetic subtypes\nChapuy clusters","tldr":"Sequencing shows that large B-cell lymphoma is at least seven diseases, each defined by which faults occur together. The classification explains a great deal about how the disease behaves and currently changes almost nothing about how it is treated.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-bio-lymphgen/","cancers":"dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma primary-cns-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-bio-antigen-escape","kind":"term","name":"Antigen escape: how a lymphoma loses the thing the drug was aimed at","aka":"Antigen loss\nCD19-negative relapse\nCD20 loss\nTarget evasion\nEpitope loss","tldr":"Treatments that find a cancer by one marker on its surface can be defeated if the cancer stops showing that marker. It is one of the main reasons an antibody or CAR-T treatment that worked stops working.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-bio-antigen-escape/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-bio-lineage-antigen-cost","kind":"term","name":"What it costs to aim at a lineage antigen","aka":"Lineage antigen\nOn-target off-tumour toxicity\nB-cell aplasia\nHypogammaglobulinaemia","tldr":"Almost every lymphoma drug that finds the cancer by a surface marker finds healthy cells carrying the same marker. The side effects are not accidents; they are the treatment working on the wrong cells, and they are predictable from the marker.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-bio-lineage-antigen-cost/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma sezary-syndrome peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-bio-ebv-latency","kind":"term","name":"Epstein-Barr virus latency programmes, and why they decide which lymphoma","aka":"EBV latency\nLatency I\nLatency II\nLatency III\nLMP1\nEBNA1","tldr":"Almost everyone carries Epstein-Barr virus for life without harm. Which lymphoma it can help cause depends on how many of its genes the infected cell is switching on, and that depends on how closely the immune system is watching.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-bio-ebv-latency/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma burkitt-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-bio-htlv1","kind":"term","name":"HTLV-1, Tax and HBZ in adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma","aka":"HTLV-1\nHuman T-lymphotropic virus 1\nTax\nHBZ\nATLL","tldr":"A virus passed mostly from mother to child in breast milk, common in parts of Japan, the Caribbean, west Africa and South America. Most people who carry it never become ill, but in a few it causes an aggressive T-cell cancer decades later.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-bio-htlv1/","cancers":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-bio-hodgkin-microenvironment","kind":"term","name":"The Hodgkin microenvironment: when the cancer cell is the minority","aka":"Reed-Sternberg cell\nHodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells\nHodgkin tumour microenvironment\nHRS cells","tldr":"In Hodgkin lymphoma most of the swollen lymph node is not cancer. The cancer cells are scattered giants that make up a small fraction of the tissue; everything else is immune cells the tumour has recruited and put to work.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-bio-hodgkin-microenvironment/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-bio-transformation","kind":"term","name":"Transformation: when a slow lymphoma turns into a fast one","aka":"Histological transformation\nTransformed follicular lymphoma\nRichter transformation\nRichter syndrome","tldr":"An indolent lymphoma can change into an aggressive one, usually by acquiring new genetic faults in the same clone. It is the commonest reason a person who has been well for years becomes unwell quickly, and it is treated as the aggressive disease rather than the original one.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-bio-transformation/","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma richter-transformation-cll marginal-zone-lymphoma waldenstrom non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"bcl2-rearrangement","kind":"biomarker","name":"BCL2 rearrangement, t(14;18)","aka":"t(14;18)\nIGH::BCL2\nBCL2 translocation\nBCL2 break-apart FISH\nbcl-2 rearrangement","tldr":"A swap of DNA that puts the survival gene BCL2 next to an antibody gene, so the cell makes far too much of a protein that stops it dying. It is the founding event of most follicular lymphomas and it happens in the bone marrow, often years before anything is wrong.","tags":"biomarker lymphoma","route":"/biomarkers/bcl2-rearrangement/","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"double-hit-rearrangement","kind":"biomarker","name":"Double-hit and triple-hit: MYC with BCL2 and BCL6 rearrangement","aka":"Double hit lymphoma\nTriple hit lymphoma\nDHL\nHGBL-DH\nhigh-grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 rearrangements\nMYC rearrangement FISH","tldr":"A lymphoma that carries a rearrangement of MYC, the gene that drives growth, together with one of BCL2 or BCL6, the genes that stop a cell dying. Having both is far worse than having either, and it usually means a stronger treatment than standard R-CHOP.","tags":"biomarker lymphoma","route":"/biomarkers/double-hit-rearrangement/","cancers":"dlbcl burkitt-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"myc-bcl2-double-expressor","kind":"biomarker","name":"Double expressor: MYC and BCL2 protein together by immunohistochemistry","aka":"Double expressor lymphoma\nDEL\nMYC and BCL2 co-expression\nMYC IHC\nBCL2 IHC","tldr":"A stain showing that a lymphoma makes a lot of both the growth protein MYC and the survival protein BCL2, without the genes being rearranged. It predicts a worse course, but on its own it does not change the treatment.","tags":"biomarker lymphoma","route":"/biomarkers/myc-bcl2-double-expressor/","cancers":"dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"cd79b-itam-mutation","kind":"biomarker","name":"CD79B ITAM mutation","aka":"CD79B mutation\nCD79B Y196\nCD79A ITAM mutation\nITAM mutation","tldr":"A change in the signalling tail of part of the B-cell receptor that leaves the receptor switched on without needing anything to bind it. It marks a group of large B-cell lymphomas that depend on that signal, and therefore on the enzyme BTK.","tags":"biomarker lymphoma","route":"/biomarkers/cd79b-itam-mutation/","cancers":"dlbcl primary-cns-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"ezh2-y646-mutation","kind":"biomarker","name":"EZH2 gain-of-function mutation (Tyr646, originally Tyr641)","aka":"EZH2 Y646\nEZH2 Y641\nEZH2 mutation\nEZH2 Tyr641\nEZH2-mutant follicular lymphoma","tldr":"A change in an enzyme that puts a chemical silencing mark on DNA. The altered enzyme adds too much of the mark, which keeps a lymphoma cell locked in the state it should have grown out of. It is the one lymphoma mutation that currently selects a tablet.","tags":"biomarker lymphoma","route":"/biomarkers/ezh2-y646-mutation/","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"btk-c481s","kind":"biomarker","name":"BTK resistance mutations: C481S, and L528W and T474I after the non-covalent inhibitors","aka":"BTK C481S\nBTK Cys481Ser\nBTK L528W\nBTK T474I\nBTK resistance mutation\nibrutinib resistance mutation","tldr":"A change in the enzyme BTK at the exact point where the drug grips it. The enzyme keeps working and the drug no longer holds, which is the usual reason a BTK inhibitor stops working after it has been working well.","tags":"biomarker resistance lymphoma","route":"/biomarkers/btk-c481s/","cancers":"mantle-cell-lymphoma waldenstrom non-hodgkin-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma"},{"id":"bcl2-g101v","kind":"biomarker","name":"BCL2 G101V and the other venetoclax binding-site mutations","aka":"BCL2 Gly101Val\nBCL2 G101V\nvenetoclax resistance mutation\nBCL2 D103Y","tldr":"A change in the pocket of the survival protein BCL-2 where venetoclax has to fit. The protein still works and the drug no longer binds it. It can be detected in blood months before the disease starts growing again.","tags":"biomarker resistance lymphoma","route":"/biomarkers/bcl2-g101v/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"rhoa-g17v","kind":"biomarker","name":"RHOA G17V","aka":"RHOA G17V\nRHOA Gly17Val\nRHOA mutation\nT-follicular-helper lymphoma mutation","tldr":"A single change in a small signalling protein, found in about two thirds of one kind of T-cell lymphoma. It is useful because it is specific to the tumour cells, while the other mutations in the same disease are also present in normal blood cells.","tags":"biomarker lymphoma","route":"/biomarkers/rhoa-g17v/","cancers":"angioimmunoblastic-t-cell-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"pd-ligand-9p24-alteration","kind":"biomarker","name":"9p24.1 alteration of the PD-1 ligand loci","aka":"9p24.1 amplification\nCD274 amplification\nPDCD1LG2 amplification\nPD-1 ligand copy gain\n9p24.1 copy gain","tldr":"An extra stretch of chromosome 9 that carries both of the molecules a tumour uses to switch off T cells, plus the enzyme that turns them up further. Nearly every classical Hodgkin lymphoma has it, which is why checkpoint drugs work so well there and so poorly in most other lymphomas.","tags":"biomarker lymphoma","route":"/biomarkers/pd-ligand-9p24-alteration/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"ig-tcr-clonality","kind":"biomarker","name":"Immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor clonality","aka":"IGH clonality\nTCR clonality\nclonal rearrangement\ngene rearrangement study\nB-cell clonality\nT-cell clonality\nBIOMED-2","tldr":"A test that asks whether a group of lymphocytes all descend from one cell. Cancer is one family; a normal immune response is a crowd. It is used when the appearance under the microscope does not settle the question.","tags":"biomarker lymphoma","route":"/biomarkers/ig-tcr-clonality/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma sezary-syndrome malt-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma follicular-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-classification-2022","kind":"term","name":"The two lymphoma classifications of 2022 (WHO-HAEM5 and ICC)","aka":"WHO-HAEM5\nWHO fifth edition\nInternational Consensus Classification\nICC 2022\nWHO Classification of Haematolymphoid Tumours","tldr":"Since 2022 there have been two reference classifications of lymphoma rather than one, published within months of each other by overlapping groups of experts. They agree about most diseases and disagree about a handful of names and boundaries, so the same biopsy can carry two different diagnoses depending on which book the pathologist used.","tags":"heme lymphoma","route":"/terms/lymphoma-classification-2022/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-b-versus-t-cell","kind":"term","name":"B-cell, T-cell and NK-cell lymphoma","aka":"B-cell lymphoma\nT-cell lymphoma\nNK-cell lymphoma\ncell of origin\nlineage","tldr":"The first thing a lymphoma report says is which kind of lymphocyte the cancer came from. B cells make antibodies and carry a surface protein called CD20; T and NK cells kill infected cells directly and carry no CD20. That single difference is why B-cell lymphomas have had thirty years of new antibody treatments and T-cell lymphomas have not.","tags":"heme lymphoma","route":"/terms/lymphoma-b-versus-t-cell/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-indolent-versus-aggressive","kind":"term","name":"Indolent and aggressive lymphoma","aka":"indolent lymphoma\naggressive lymphoma\nlow-grade lymphoma\nhigh-grade lymphoma\nslow-growing lymphoma\nfast-growing lymphoma","tldr":"Lymphomas are split by how fast they grow, and the split decides what happens next. Aggressive lymphomas grow over weeks, are treated at once and are often cured. Indolent lymphomas grow over years, are often watched rather than treated, and are usually controlled for a long time rather than cured. The fast ones are the curable ones, which is the opposite of what most people expect.","tags":"heme lymphoma","route":"/terms/lymphoma-indolent-versus-aggressive/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma follicular-lymphoma dlbcl marginal-zone-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-nodal-versus-extranodal","kind":"term","name":"Nodal and extranodal lymphoma","aka":"nodal lymphoma\nextranodal lymphoma\nprimary extranodal lymphoma\nextranodal site","tldr":"A lymphoma that starts in a lymph node is called nodal; one that starts in an organ is called extranodal. A substantial minority of non-Hodgkin lymphomas start outside the lymph nodes, and where it started often changes the cause, the treatment and the outlook more than the cell type does.","tags":"heme lymphoma","route":"/terms/lymphoma-nodal-versus-extranodal/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma malt-lymphoma primary-cns-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-transformation","kind":"term","name":"Transformation of an indolent lymphoma","aka":"histological transformation\ntransformed lymphoma\nRichter transformation\nhigh-grade transformation","tldr":"A slow-growing lymphoma can change into a fast-growing one. It usually announces itself as one node growing much faster than the others, a sudden rise in lactate dehydrogenase, or new fevers and weight loss in somebody who has been stable for years. It is treated as the aggressive lymphoma it has become, not as the one it came from.","tags":"heme lymphoma","route":"/terms/lymphoma-transformation/","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-pit-score","kind":"term","name":"Prognostic Index for T-cell lymphoma (PIT)","aka":"PIT\nPIT score\nPrognostic Index for PTCL-U\nprognostic index for peripheral T-cell lymphoma","tldr":"A four-item score that estimates the outlook in nodal T-cell lymphoma, built because the index used for B-cell lymphoma separated these patients poorly. It counts age over 60, a performance status of 2 or worse, a raised lactate dehydrogenase, and lymphoma in the bone marrow.","tags":"heme lymphoma","route":"/terms/lymphoma-pit-score/","cancers":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma angioimmunoblastic-t-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-htlv-1","kind":"term","name":"HTLV-1 (human T-lymphotropic virus type 1)","aka":"HTLV-1\nHTLV-I\nhuman T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1\nhuman T-cell leukaemia virus type 1","tldr":"A virus that infects T cells, is passed mainly through breastfeeding and sexual contact, and causes a lymphoma decades later in a small minority of the people it infects. It is common in south-western Japan, the Caribbean, west and central Africa, parts of South America, Romania and Iran, and uncommon elsewhere.","tags":"heme lymphoma","route":"/terms/lymphoma-htlv-1/","cancers":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-lugano-gastrointestinal","kind":"term","name":"Staging a lymphoma of the stomach or bowel","aka":"Lugano staging system for gastrointestinal lymphoma\nParis staging\nTNM for gastric lymphoma\nstage IE gastric lymphoma","tldr":"A lymphoma that starts in the stomach or bowel is staged by how deep it goes into the wall and how far along the lymph node chain it has travelled, not only by how many node regions are involved. The depth is measured by endoscopic ultrasound, and it decides whether antibiotics alone are worth trying.","tags":"heme lymphoma","route":"/terms/lymphoma-lugano-gastrointestinal/","cancers":"malt-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"high-grade-b-cell-lymphoma-myc-bcl2","kind":"cancer","name":"High-grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 rearrangements (double-hit lymphoma)","aka":"Double-hit lymphoma\nDHL\nHGBL-MYC/BCL2\nHGBCL-DH-BCL2\nDiffuse large B-cell lymphoma/high grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 rearrangements\nHigh-grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 rearrangements\nDouble-hit B-cell lymphoma\nTriple-hit lymphoma","tldr":"An aggressive B-cell lymphoma defined not by how it looks but by two genetic faults in the same cell: a rearrangement of MYC, which drives growth, and one of BCL2, which blocks the cell from dying. It behaves worse than ordinary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, so finding the rearrangements changes the treatment.","tags":"heme lymphoma subtype-page","route":"/cancers/high-grade-b-cell-lymphoma-myc-bcl2/","parent":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"mediastinal-grey-zone-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Mediastinal grey zone lymphoma","aka":"Mediastinal gray zone lymphoma\nMGZL\nGrey zone lymphoma\nGray zone lymphoma\nB-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between DLBCL and classic Hodgkin lymphoma\nB-cell lymphoma unclassifiable\nIntermediate DLBCL/CHL","tldr":"A lymphoma of the chest that sits between two diseases: it has some of the features of primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma and some of classic Hodgkin lymphoma, and a pathologist cannot put it cleanly in either. It is recognised as an entity of its own, and the 2022 classifications restricted the name to lymphomas that involve the mediastinum.","tags":"heme lymphoma subtype-page","route":"/cancers/mediastinal-grey-zone-lymphoma/","parent":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"primary-effusion-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Primary effusion lymphoma","aka":"PEL\nBody cavity-based lymphoma\nExtracavitary primary effusion lymphoma\nKSHV/HHV8-associated lymphoma\nHHV8-positive primary effusion lymphoma","tldr":"A rare lymphoma that grows as fluid rather than as a lump: it fills the space around the lungs, the heart or the bowel without forming a mass. It is caused by Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus and arises mostly in people with advanced HIV infection, and it is diagnosed by sending the fluid itself for testing.","tags":"heme lymphoma subtype-page","route":"/cancers/primary-effusion-lymphoma/","parent":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"plasmablastic-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Plasmablastic lymphoma","aka":"PBL\nPlasmablastic lymphoma of the oral cavity\nPlasmablastic lymphoma, HIV-associated","tldr":"An aggressive lymphoma whose cells have taken on the appearance of plasma cells, so they no longer carry the CD20 marker that most B-cell lymphoma treatments aim at. It most often starts in the mouth or jaw, and about half of people diagnosed with it have HIV.","tags":"heme lymphoma subtype-page","route":"/cancers/plasmablastic-lymphoma/","parent":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"t-cell-histiocyte-rich-large-b-cell-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma","aka":"THRLBCL\nT-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma\nT-cell-rich B-cell lymphoma\nT-cell/histiocyte rich large B cell lymphoma","tldr":"A lymphoma in which the cancer cells are a tiny minority of what the pathologist sees: scattered large B cells in a dense crowd of normal T cells and macrophages. It is a form of large B-cell lymphoma, it usually presents with disease in the liver, spleen or bone marrow, and it is easy to mistake for a different disease in both directions.","tags":"heme lymphoma subtype-page","route":"/cancers/t-cell-histiocyte-rich-large-b-cell-lymphoma/","parent":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"ebv-positive-dlbcl","kind":"cancer","name":"EBV-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","aka":"EBV-positive DLBCL\nEBV-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, NOS\nEBV-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the elderly\nEpstein-Barr virus-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma\nEBV+ DLBCL","tldr":"A diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in which Epstein-Barr virus, the virus of glandular fever, is present in the tumour cells. It is diagnosed by a stain on the biopsy, it is commoner in east Asia and Latin America than in Europe, and it is treated in the same way as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma without the virus.","tags":"heme lymphoma subtype-page","route":"/cancers/ebv-positive-dlbcl/","parent":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"primary-testicular-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Primary large B-cell lymphoma of the testis","aka":"Primary testicular lymphoma\nPTL\nPrimary testicular diffuse large B-cell lymphoma\nTesticular lymphoma\nPrimary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the testis\nPrimary large B-cell lymphoma of immune-privileged sites","tldr":"A large B-cell lymphoma that starts in a testicle rather than in a lymph node, usually in a man over 60, and shows itself as a painless swelling. It is the commonest cancer of the testicle in older men, and it behaves as one disease with lymphoma of the brain and of the eye, which is why treatment deliberately protects both.","tags":"heme lymphoma subtype-page","route":"/cancers/primary-testicular-lymphoma/","parent":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"gastric-malt-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Gastric MALT lymphoma","aka":"Gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma\nGastric marginal zone lymphoma\nGastric MALToma\nExtranodal marginal zone lymphoma of the stomach\nHelicobacter pylori-associated gastric lymphoma\nPrimary gastric lymphoma","tldr":"A slow-growing MALT lymphoma that grows in the lining of the stomach, usually caused by a long-standing infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. It is the one lymphoma that is often cured by a fortnight of antibiotics, and a single chromosome change predicts the minority in whom antibiotics will not work.","tags":"heme lymphoma subtype-page","route":"/cancers/gastric-malt-lymphoma/","parent":"malt-lymphoma"},{"id":"ocular-adnexal-malt-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Ocular adnexal MALT lymphoma","aka":"Ocular adnexal marginal zone lymphoma\nOAMZL\nOrbital lymphoma\nConjunctival lymphoma\nLacrimal gland lymphoma\nOcular adnexal lymphoma\nEyelid lymphoma\nSalmon patch lymphoma","tldr":"A slow-growing MALT lymphoma of the tissues around the eye: the conjunctiva, the eye socket, the tear gland or the eyelid. It usually shows itself as a painless salmon-pink patch on the white of the eye or as an eye that has begun to bulge, and it is controlled in almost everybody, often by a short course of radiotherapy.","tags":"heme lymphoma subtype-page","route":"/cancers/ocular-adnexal-malt-lymphoma/","parent":"malt-lymphoma"},{"id":"extranodal-nk-t-cell-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma","aka":"Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type\nENKTL\nENKTCL\nNasal type NK/T-cell lymphoma\nNK/T-cell lymphoma\nLethal midline granuloma\nAngiocentric lymphoma\nExtranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (EBV)","tldr":"An aggressive lymphoma of natural killer cells, always driven by Epstein-Barr virus, that destroys the tissues in the middle of the face: the nose, the palate and the sinuses. It is common in east Asia and Latin America and uncommon in Europe, and it is the one lymphoma in which ordinary anthracycline chemotherapy does not work at all.","tags":"heme lymphoma subtype-page","route":"/cancers/extranodal-nk-t-cell-lymphoma/","parent":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"adult-t-cell-leukaemia-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma","aka":"ATLL\nATL\nAdult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma\nAdult T-cell leukaemia\nHTLV-1-associated lymphoma\nAdult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (HTLV-1)\nSmouldering ATL\nChronic ATL\nAcute ATL\nLymphoma-type ATL","tldr":"A T-cell lymphoma caused by a virus, HTLV-1, which is usually caught in infancy through breast milk and causes the lymphoma decades later in a small minority of the people it infects. It occurs in people from south-western Japan, the Caribbean, west and central Africa, parts of South America, Iran and Romania, and it comes in four forms that are treated very differently.","tags":"heme lymphoma subtype-page","route":"/cancers/adult-t-cell-leukaemia-lymphoma/","parent":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"alk-positive-anaplastic-large-cell-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma","aka":"ALK-positive ALCL\nALK+ ALCL\nAnaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-positive\nALK-positive anaplastic large-cell lymphoma\nSystemic ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma","tldr":"An aggressive T-cell lymphoma, mostly of children and young adults, whose cells carry a broken ALK gene and a protein called CD30 on the surface. Despite looking alarming down the microscope it is the T-cell lymphoma most often cured, and both of its markers are things that drugs can aim at.","tags":"heme lymphoma subtype-page","route":"/cancers/alk-positive-anaplastic-large-cell-lymphoma/","parent":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"alk-negative-anaplastic-large-cell-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"ALK-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma","aka":"ALK-negative ALCL\nALK- ALCL\nAnaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-negative\nALK-negative ALCL (DUSP22, TP63 subsets)\nSystemic ALK-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma","tldr":"An aggressive T-cell lymphoma that looks like its ALK-positive sibling under the microscope and carries the same CD30 marker, but lacks the broken ALK gene. It affects older people and is cured less often, and several genetic changes inside it predict very different outcomes.","tags":"heme lymphoma subtype-page","route":"/cancers/alk-negative-anaplastic-large-cell-lymphoma/","parent":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"breast-implant-associated-alcl","kind":"cancer","name":"Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma","aka":"BIA-ALCL\nBreast implant-associated ALCL\nBreast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma\nImplant-associated ALCL\nBreast implant lymphoma","tldr":"A rare lymphoma that grows in the scar capsule the body forms around a breast implant, usually many years after the operation, and usually shows itself as sudden swelling of the breast from fluid around the implant. It is linked to textured implants, and when it is confined to the capsule it is usually cured by removing the implant and the capsule whole.","tags":"heme lymphoma subtype-page","route":"/cancers/breast-implant-associated-alcl/","parent":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"primary-cutaneous-anaplastic-large-cell-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma","aka":"Primary cutaneous ALCL\npcALCL\nPrimary cutaneous anaplastic large-cell lymphoma\nCutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma\nPrimary cutaneous CD30-positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder: primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma","tldr":"A cutaneous T-cell lymphoma that appears as one or a few red-purple nodules on the skin, often ulcerated, which may shrink on their own. Despite cells that look alarming under the microscope it stays in the skin in almost everybody and is treated with surgery or local radiotherapy rather than chemotherapy.","tags":"heme lymphoma subtype-page","route":"/cancers/primary-cutaneous-anaplastic-large-cell-lymphoma/","parent":"cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphomatoid-papulosis","kind":"cancer","name":"Lymphomatoid papulosis","aka":"LyP\nPrimary cutaneous CD30-positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder: lymphomatoid papulosis\nLymphomatoid papulosis type A\nMucha-Habermann disease","tldr":"A skin condition that keeps producing crops of small red bumps which ulcerate, crust and heal on their own over a few weeks, leaving small scars, and then come back. The biopsy looks like an aggressive lymphoma and the disease behaves nothing like one: nobody in the published series has died of it, but it carries a raised risk of a second lymphoma.","tags":"heme lymphoma subtype-page","route":"/cancers/lymphomatoid-papulosis/","parent":"cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"mycosis-fungoides","kind":"cancer","name":"Mycosis fungoides","aka":"MF\nMycosis fungoides / Sezary syndrome (CTCL)\nAlibert-Bazin syndrome\nGranuloma fungoides\nFolliculotropic mycosis fungoides\nPagetoid reticulosis\nGranulomatous slack skin","tldr":"The commonest cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and a disease that behaves like a long-term skin condition for most of the people who have it: flat scaly patches that have often been treated as eczema or psoriasis for years before anyone takes a biopsy. In its early stages life expectancy is close to normal, and the treatment is creams and light rather than chemotherapy.","tags":"heme lymphoma subtype-page","route":"/cancers/mycosis-fungoides/","parent":"cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"enteropathy-associated-t-cell-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma","aka":"EATL\nEnteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma\nEnteropathy-associated and hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma\nCoeliac-associated T-cell lymphoma\nType I EATL","tldr":"An aggressive T-cell lymphoma of the small bowel that arises out of coeliac disease, usually in somebody whose coeliac disease was diagnosed late or has not responded to a gluten-free diet. It often announces itself as a perforation or obstruction of the bowel in a person who is already underweight, which is why treatment has to deal with nutrition at the same time as the lymphoma.","tags":"heme lymphoma subtype-page","route":"/cancers/enteropathy-associated-t-cell-lymphoma/","parent":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"monomorphic-epitheliotropic-intestinal-t-cell-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma","aka":"MEITL\nType II enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma\nType II EATL\nMonomorphic CD56-positive intestinal T-cell lymphoma","tldr":"An aggressive T-cell lymphoma of the small bowel that looks and presents much like the lymphoma that complicates coeliac disease but has no connection with coeliac disease at all. It was separated out of that diagnosis in 2016, it is made of monotonous small to medium cells, and it often presents with perforation or obstruction of the bowel.","tags":"heme lymphoma subtype-page","route":"/cancers/monomorphic-epitheliotropic-intestinal-t-cell-lymphoma/","parent":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"flyer","kind":"trial","name":"FLYER","aka":"Four versus six cycles of CHOP with rituximab\nFLYER trial","tldr":"Young people with early, low-risk aggressive lymphoma got two fewer rounds of chemotherapy and did just as well, with about a third fewer side effects recorded.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/trials/flyer/","status":"positive","cancers":"dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"calgb-50303","kind":"trial","name":"Alliance/CALGB 50303","aka":"CALGB 50303\nAlliance 50303\nDA-EPOCH-R versus R-CHOP","tldr":"An intensive infusion chemotherapy schedule, widely believed to be better for aggressive lymphoma, was compared head to head with the standard and was not better, only harder to tolerate.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/trials/calgb-50303/","status":"negative","cancers":"dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"goya","kind":"trial","name":"GOYA","aka":"Obinutuzumab versus rituximab in first-line diffuse large B-cell lymphoma\nGOYA trial","tldr":"A newer antibody against the same target as rituximab was tested in first-line treatment for the commonest aggressive lymphoma and did not work better, while causing more side effects.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/trials/goya/","status":"negative","cancers":"dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"remarc","kind":"trial","name":"REMARC","aka":"Lenalidomide maintenance in elderly diffuse large B-cell lymphoma\nREMARC trial","tldr":"Two years of a tablet taken after chemotherapy delayed relapse in older people with aggressive lymphoma but did not help them live longer, and caused low white cell counts in over half.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/trials/remarc/","status":"mixed","cancers":"dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"polargo","kind":"trial","name":"POLARGO","aka":"Pola-R-GemOx\nPOLARGO trial","tldr":"Adding an antibody-drug conjugate to a gentle outpatient chemotherapy pairing added about seven months of life for people with relapsed aggressive lymphoma who could not have a transplant.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/trials/polargo/","status":"positive","cancers":"dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"juliet","kind":"trial","name":"JULIET","aka":"CTL019 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma\nJULIET trial","tldr":"The pivotal study of the second CAR-T cell product approved for adult lymphoma, which put about a third of people with no remaining options into a lasting remission.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/trials/juliet/","status":"positive","cancers":"dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"transcend-nhl-001","kind":"trial","name":"TRANSCEND NHL 001","aka":"JCAR017\nliso-cel pivotal study\nTRANSCEND NHL 001","tldr":"The study that registered the third CAR-T cell product for lymphoma, built from a fixed one-to-one mix of two kinds of T cell, with fewer severe immune side effects than its predecessors.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/trials/transcend-nhl-001/","status":"positive","cancers":"dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma follicular-lymphoma primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"prima-follicular","kind":"trial","name":"PRIMA","aka":"Primary Rituximab and Maintenance\nPRIMA trial\nRituximab maintenance in follicular lymphoma","tldr":"Two years of an antibody given every two months after chemotherapy more than doubled the time before follicular lymphoma came back, but after nine years the two groups were equally likely to be alive.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/trials/prima-follicular/","status":"mixed","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"ielsg-19","kind":"trial","name":"IELSG-19","aka":"IELSG19\nChlorambucil versus rituximab versus both in MALT lymphoma","tldr":"The first randomised trial of first-line drug treatment for MALT lymphoma found that combining an old tablet with an antibody delayed relapse better than either alone, without anyone living longer.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/trials/ielsg-19/","status":"mixed","cancers":"malt-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"trog-99-03","kind":"trial","name":"TROG 99.03","aka":"TROG 99.03\nALLG NHLLOW5\nRadiotherapy with or without systemic therapy in early follicular lymphoma","tldr":"Radiotherapy can cure early follicular lymphoma, but most relapses happen outside the treated area. Adding a short course of drug treatment afterwards halved that risk.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/trials/trog-99-03/","status":"positive","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"elara","kind":"trial","name":"ELARA","aka":"Tisagenlecleucel in follicular lymphoma\nELARA trial","tldr":"A single infusion of a patient's own reprogrammed immune cells cleared follicular lymphoma completely in about seven out of ten people who had already been through several treatments.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/trials/elara/","status":"positive","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"rosewood","kind":"trial","name":"ROSEWOOD","aka":"Zanubrutinib plus obinutuzumab in follicular lymphoma\nROSEWOOD trial","tldr":"Adding a targeted tablet to an antibody roughly doubled the chance of the lymphoma shrinking and tripled the time before it grew again, in people whose follicular lymphoma had already returned twice.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/trials/rosewood/","status":"positive","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"shine","kind":"trial","name":"SHINE","aka":"Ibrutinib with bendamustine and rituximab in untreated mantle cell lymphoma\nSHINE trial","tldr":"Adding a targeted tablet to first-line chemotherapy gave older people with mantle cell lymphoma about two and a half more years before the disease returned, but they did not live longer.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/trials/shine/","status":"mixed","cancers":"mantle-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"enrich","kind":"trial","name":"ENRICH","aka":"Ibrutinib and rituximab versus immunochemotherapy in mantle cell lymphoma\nENRICH trial\nEudraCT 2015-000832-13","tldr":"A British and Nordic trial took chemotherapy out of first-line treatment for older people with mantle cell lymphoma and found the two-drug, chemotherapy-free combination worked better.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/trials/enrich/","status":"positive","cancers":"mantle-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"lyma","kind":"trial","name":"LyMa","aka":"Rituximab maintenance after autologous transplantation in mantle cell lymphoma\nLyMa trial","tldr":"Three years of an antibody every two months after a stem cell transplant kept younger people with mantle cell lymphoma in remission longer and helped them live longer.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/trials/lyma/","status":"positive","cancers":"mantle-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"hd10","kind":"trial","name":"GHSG HD10","aka":"HD10\nReduced treatment intensity in early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma","tldr":"Halving the chemotherapy and cutting the radiation dose by a third worked just as well for early Hodgkin lymphoma with favourable features, and caused fewer side effects.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/trials/hd10/","status":"positive","cancers":"early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"hd16","kind":"trial","name":"GHSG HD16","aka":"HD16\nPositron emission tomography-guided omission of radiotherapy in early Hodgkin lymphoma","tldr":"Trying to spare people radiotherapy by using a clear scan after two rounds of chemotherapy cost them about seven in a hundred in disease control, so the radiotherapy stayed.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/trials/hd16/","status":"negative","cancers":"early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"hd18","kind":"trial","name":"GHSG HD18","aka":"HD18\nPositron emission tomography-guided escalated BEACOPP","tldr":"People whose scan was clear after two rounds of the most intensive Hodgkin chemotherapy could stop after four rounds instead of six or eight, with the same disease control and far fewer severe infections.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/trials/hd18/","status":"positive","cancers":"advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"ahl2011","kind":"trial","name":"AHL2011","aka":"AHL2011\nPositron emission tomography-adapted de-escalation to ABVD","tldr":"Starting with the most intensive Hodgkin chemotherapy and switching to the gentler standard once the scan cleared gave the same results with markedly less anaemia, low platelets and infection.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/trials/ahl2011/","status":"positive","cancers":"advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"eortc-h10","kind":"trial","name":"EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10","aka":"H10\nEORTC H10\nEarly positron emission tomography response-adapted treatment in early Hodgkin lymphoma","tldr":"In early Hodgkin lymphoma, people whose scan was still positive after two rounds did much better on more intensive chemotherapy, and people whose scan was clear still needed their radiotherapy.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/trials/eortc-h10/","status":"mixed","cancers":"early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"jcog9801","kind":"trial","name":"JCOG9801","aka":"JCOG9801\nVCAP-AMP-VECP versus biweekly CHOP in adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma\nLSG15","tldr":"The only randomised trial ever run exclusively in the virus-driven T-cell leukaemia found an intensive Japanese regimen better than standard chemotherapy, at the cost of much more severe low blood counts.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/trials/jcog9801/","status":"mixed","cancers":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"smile-enktl","kind":"trial","name":"SMILE","aka":"SMILE regimen\nSMILE chemotherapy for extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma","tldr":"An asparaginase-based regimen gave a response in four out of five people with an aggressive nasal lymphoma that had always resisted standard chemotherapy, and nearly all of them had dangerously low white cell counts.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/trials/smile-enktl/","status":"positive","cancers":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"radar-hodgkin","kind":"trial","name":"RADAR","aka":"RADAR trial\nA2VD in early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma\nISRCTN RADAR","tldr":"An international trial asking whether swapping one old chemotherapy drug for a targeted antibody lets most people with early Hodgkin lymphoma avoid radiotherapy altogether.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/trials/radar-hodgkin/","status":"active","cancers":"early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"mosun-lbt-fl","kind":"trial","name":"Mosunetuzumab against rituximab in low tumour burden follicular lymphoma","aka":"Rituximab versus mosunetuzumab in low tumour burden follicular lymphoma","tldr":"A large American trial testing whether a two-headed antibody that recruits the immune system should replace the standard antibody as the first treatment for slow-growing follicular lymphoma.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/trials/mosun-lbt-fl/","status":"active","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"mosun-len-mzl","kind":"trial","name":"Mosunetuzumab with lenalidomide in relapsed marginal zone lymphoma","aka":"Mosunetuzumab-lenalidomide in marginal zone lymphoma","tldr":"A European trial for a lymphoma that rarely gets its own study, testing a two-headed antibody with a tablet against the three combinations doctors currently choose between.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/trials/mosun-len-mzl/","status":"active","cancers":"marginal-zone-lymphoma malt-lymphoma splenic-marginal-zone-lymphoma nodal-marginal-zone-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"polar-bear","kind":"trial","name":"POLAR BEAR","aka":"POLAR BEAR trial\nR-pola-miniCHP in very old patients","tldr":"A Nordic trial asking whether the antibody-drug conjugate that improved first-line treatment for younger patients also helps people in their eighties, who were barely represented in the original trial.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/trials/polar-bear/","status":"active","cancers":"dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"arched","kind":"trial","name":"ARCHED","aka":"ARCHED trial\nAcalabrutinib with R-miniCHOP","tldr":"A German trial adding a targeted tablet to the reduced-dose chemotherapy used for older people with aggressive lymphoma, to see whether it delays relapse.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/trials/arched/","status":"active","cancers":"dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"prima-cns","kind":"trial","name":"PRIMA-CNS","aka":"PRIMA-CNS trial\nR-MP versus MARTA with transplant in elderly primary CNS lymphoma","tldr":"The first randomised trial asking whether older people with lymphoma of the brain do better with a short intensive course and a stem cell transplant than with the gentler long regimen that is standard in Germany.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/trials/prima-cns/","status":"active","cancers":"primary-cns-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"fortplus","kind":"trial","name":"FORTplus","aka":"FORTplus trial\nEarly Stage Follicular Lymphoma and Radiotherapy plus Anti-CD20 Antibody","tldr":"A trial testing whether a radiotherapy dose one sixth of the standard works as well for early follicular lymphoma when an antibody is given alongside it.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/trials/fortplus/","status":"active","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-rosenwald-molecular-profiling-dlbcl-nejm-2002","kind":"paper","name":"The use of molecular profiling to predict survival after chemotherapy for diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma","aka":"Rosenwald 2002\nLymphoma/Leukemia Molecular Profiling Project 240 biopsies\nGerminal-centre, activated and type 3 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","tldr":"Reading which genes were switched on in 240 lymphoma samples sorted one disease into three, and the group whose cells looked like a particular stage of normal B-cell development lived the longest.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-rosenwald-molecular-profiling-dlbcl-nejm-2002/","cancers":"dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-hans-immunohistochemistry-cell-of-origin-dlbcl-blood-2004","kind":"paper","name":"Confirmation of the molecular classification of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by immunohistochemistry using a tissue microarray","aka":"Hans algorithm\nHans 2004\nCD10, BCL6 and MUM1 classifier","tldr":"Three ordinary laboratory stains, available in any hospital, were shown to sort lymphoma into the same two prognostic groups that an expensive gene-expression machine had found.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-hans-immunohistochemistry-cell-of-origin-dlbcl-blood-2004/","cancers":"dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-chapuy-molecular-subtypes-dlbcl-nat-med-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Molecular subtypes of diffuse large B cell lymphoma are associated with distinct pathogenic mechanisms and outcomes","aka":"Chapuy 2018\nFive genetic clusters of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma\nC1 to C5 clusters","tldr":"Reading the whole genetic picture of 304 lymphomas, rather than one gene at a time, sorted them into five groups that arise by different routes and respond differently.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-chapuy-molecular-subtypes-dlbcl-nat-med-2018/","cancers":"dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-schmitz-genetics-pathogenesis-dlbcl-nejm-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Genetics and pathogenesis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","aka":"Schmitz 2018\nMCD, BN2, N1 and EZB subtypes\nNational Cancer Institute genetic subtypes","tldr":"Sequencing 574 lymphomas found four genetic patterns that recur, two of which depend on a signalling route that an existing tablet can block.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-schmitz-genetics-pathogenesis-dlbcl-nejm-2018/","cancers":"dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-wright-lymphgen-genetic-subtypes-dlbcl-cancer-cell-2020","kind":"paper","name":"A probabilistic classification tool for genetic subtypes of diffuse large B cell lymphoma with therapeutic implications","aka":"LymphGen\nWright 2020\nSeven genetic subtypes of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","tldr":"A tool that takes one patient's tumour genetics and gives the probability that it belongs to each of seven genetic groups, rather than sorting whole cohorts into clusters.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-wright-lymphgen-genetic-subtypes-dlbcl-cancer-cell-2020/","cancers":"dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma primary-cns-lymphoma primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-phoenix-ibrutinib-r-chop-non-gcb-dlbcl-jco-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Randomized phase III trial of ibrutinib and R-CHOP in non-germinal centre B-cell diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (PHOENIX)","aka":"PHOENIX trial\nYounes 2019\nIbrutinib with R-CHOP in non-germinal centre diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","tldr":"Adding a targeted tablet to standard first-line chemotherapy failed overall, helped people under 60 substantially, and harmed people over 60 by making them unable to finish the chemotherapy.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-phoenix-ibrutinib-r-chop-non-gcb-dlbcl-jco-2019/","cancers":"dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-casulo-pod24-follicular-lymphoma-jco-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Early relapse of follicular lymphoma after R-CHOP defines patients at high risk for death: an analysis from the National LymphoCare Study","aka":"Casulo 2015\nPOD24\nProgression of disease within 24 months in follicular lymphoma","tldr":"One in five people whose follicular lymphoma came back within two years of first treatment had half the five-year survival of everyone else, which is why that two-year mark now changes the plan.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-casulo-pod24-follicular-lymphoma-jco-2015/","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-scherer-ctdna-lymphoma-subtypes-genome-evolution-sci-transl-med-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Distinct biological subtypes and patterns of genome evolution in lymphoma revealed by circulating tumour DNA","aka":"Scherer 2016\nCAPP-Seq in lymphoma\nCirculating tumour DNA genotyping of cell of origin","tldr":"A blood test read the genetic type of a lymphoma without a biopsy, detected disease left behind better than scans did, and spotted the change from a slow lymphoma into an aggressive one before it showed.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-scherer-ctdna-lymphoma-subtypes-genome-evolution-sci-transl-med-2016/","cancers":"dlbcl follicular-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-burkitt-sarcoma-involving-jaws-african-children-br-j-surg-1958","kind":"paper","name":"A sarcoma involving the jaws in African children","aka":"Burkitt 1958\nThe first description of Burkitt lymphoma","tldr":"A surgeon working in Uganda described a tumour of the jaw in children that nobody had named, and the pattern of where it occurred led, six years later, to the discovery of the first human cancer virus.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-burkitt-sarcoma-involving-jaws-african-children-br-j-surg-1958/","cancers":"burkitt-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-epstein-virus-particles-burkitt-lymphoblasts-lancet-1964","kind":"paper","name":"Virus particles in cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt's lymphoma","aka":"Epstein 1964\nEpstein, Achong and Barr\nDiscovery of Epstein-Barr virus","tldr":"Looking at cells grown from an African child's jaw tumour under an electron microscope, three researchers in London saw virus particles, the first virus ever linked to a human cancer.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-epstein-virus-particles-burkitt-lymphoblasts-lancet-1964/","cancers":"burkitt-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma post-transplant-lymphoproliferative-disorder"},{"id":"paper-poiesz-htlv-retrovirus-cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma-pnas-1980","kind":"paper","name":"Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","aka":"Poiesz 1980\nDiscovery of HTLV-1\nThe first human retrovirus","tldr":"The first retrovirus found in people was isolated from the blood cells of a patient with a skin lymphoma, and turned out to cause a leukaemia endemic in southern Japan and the Caribbean.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-poiesz-htlv-retrovirus-cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma-pnas-1980/","cancers":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-hinuma-adult-t-cell-leukaemia-antigen-pnas-1981","kind":"paper","name":"Adult T-cell leukemia: antigen in an ATL cell line and detection of antibodies to the antigen in human sera","aka":"Hinuma 1981\nATLA antigen\nSeroepidemiology of HTLV-1 in Japan","tldr":"Japanese researchers found an antigen in cells from a patient with an unusual leukaemia, then found antibodies to it in every one of 44 patients with that leukaemia and in a quarter of healthy adults where the disease clusters.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-hinuma-adult-t-cell-leukaemia-antigen-pnas-1981/","cancers":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-schaapveld-second-cancer-risk-40-years-hodgkin-nejm-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Second cancer risk up to 40 years after treatment for Hodgkin's lymphoma","aka":"Schaapveld 2015\nDutch Hodgkin late-effects cohort\nSecond malignancy after Hodgkin lymphoma","tldr":"Of nearly 4,000 Dutch people cured of Hodgkin lymphoma, almost half developed another cancer within forty years, and the gentler treatments introduced in the late 1980s had not reduced that risk.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-schaapveld-second-cancer-risk-40-years-hodgkin-nejm-2015/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-van-nimwegen-cardiovascular-disease-after-hodgkin-jama-intern-med-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Cardiovascular disease after Hodgkin lymphoma treatment: 40-year disease risk","aka":"van Nimwegen 2015\nDutch Hodgkin cardiovascular cohort","tldr":"Half of 2,524 people treated for Hodgkin lymphoma developed heart or valve disease within forty years, and the risk was still four to six times the general population's after thirty-five years.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-van-nimwegen-cardiovascular-disease-after-hodgkin-jama-intern-med-2015/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-travis-breast-cancer-after-hodgkin-radiotherapy-jama-2003","kind":"paper","name":"Breast cancer following radiotherapy and chemotherapy among young women with Hodgkin disease","aka":"Travis 2003\nRadiation dose and breast cancer risk after Hodgkin lymphoma","tldr":"In young women treated for Hodgkin lymphoma, breast cancer risk rose with the radiation dose to the breast, and fell when chemotherapy or radiation had stopped the ovaries working.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-travis-breast-cancer-after-hodgkin-radiotherapy-jama-2003/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-flyer-four-vs-six-cycles-r-chop-lancet-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Four versus six cycles of CHOP chemotherapy in combination with six applications of rituximab in patients with aggressive B-cell lymphoma with favourable prognosis (FLYER)","aka":"FLYER\nPoeschel 2019","tldr":"Young people with early, low-risk aggressive lymphoma did just as well with four rounds of chemotherapy as with six, and had roughly a quarter fewer side effects.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-flyer-four-vs-six-cycles-r-chop-lancet-2019/","cancers":"dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-calgb-50303-da-epoch-r-vs-r-chop-jco-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Dose-adjusted EPOCH-R compared with R-CHOP as frontline therapy for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: clinical outcomes of the phase III intergroup trial Alliance/CALGB 50303","aka":"CALGB 50303\nBartlett 2019","tldr":"An intensive infusional chemotherapy regimen that many centres had adopted on single-arm evidence was no better than the standard when finally compared head to head, and was harder to tolerate.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-calgb-50303-da-epoch-r-vs-r-chop-jco-2019/","cancers":"dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-goya-obinutuzumab-vs-rituximab-chop-dlbcl-jco-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Obinutuzumab or rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone in previously untreated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","aka":"GOYA\nVitolo 2017","tldr":"A newer antibody against the same target did not improve first-line treatment of the commonest aggressive lymphoma, although it had improved treatment of two other B-cell cancers.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-goya-obinutuzumab-vs-rituximab-chop-dlbcl-jco-2017/","cancers":"dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-remarc-lenalidomide-maintenance-dlbcl-jco-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Lenalidomide maintenance compared with placebo in responding elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with first-line R-CHOP","aka":"REMARC\nThieblemont 2017","tldr":"Two years of a tablet after chemotherapy delayed relapse in older people with aggressive lymphoma but did not help them live longer.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-remarc-lenalidomide-maintenance-dlbcl-jco-2017/","cancers":"dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-polargo-polatuzumab-r-gemox-dlbcl-jco-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Polatuzumab vedotin plus rituximab, gemcitabine, and oxaliplatin in relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: results from the phase III, randomized POLARGO trial","aka":"POLARGO\nMatasar 2026\nPola-R-GemOx","tldr":"Adding an antibody-drug conjugate to an outpatient chemotherapy pairing added seven months of median survival for people with relapsed aggressive lymphoma who could not have a transplant.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-polargo-polatuzumab-r-gemox-dlbcl-jco-2026/","cancers":"dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-transcend-nhl-001-liso-cel-lancet-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Lisocabtagene maraleucel for patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphomas (TRANSCEND NHL 001): a multicentre seamless design study","aka":"TRANSCEND NHL 001\nAbramson 2020\nJCAR017 pivotal study","tldr":"The pivotal study of the third CAR-T product for lymphoma, built from a fixed one-to-one mix of two kinds of T cell, with severe immune side effects in only a small minority.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-transcend-nhl-001-liso-cel-lancet-2020/","cancers":"dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma follicular-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-belinda-tisagenlecleucel-second-line-nejm-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Second-line tisagenlecleucel or standard care in aggressive B-cell lymphoma","aka":"BELINDA\nBishop 2022","tldr":"The one second-line CAR-T trial that failed. Its result is best explained by how long the cells took to make and what patients received while they waited.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-belinda-tisagenlecleucel-second-line-nejm-2022/","cancers":"dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-echelon-3-brentuximab-lenalidomide-rituximab-dlbcl-jco-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Brentuximab vedotin combination for relapsed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","aka":"ECHELON-3\nBartlett 2025","tldr":"Adding a CD30-directed antibody-drug conjugate to a tablet-and-antibody pairing added about five months of median survival for heavily pretreated people with relapsed aggressive lymphoma.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-echelon-3-brentuximab-lenalidomide-rituximab-dlbcl-jco-2025/","cancers":"dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-prima-rituximab-maintenance-follicular-lancet-2011","kind":"paper","name":"Rituximab maintenance for 2 years in patients with high tumour burden follicular lymphoma responding to rituximab plus chemotherapy (PRIMA): a phase 3, randomised controlled trial","aka":"PRIMA 2011\nSalles 2011","tldr":"Two years of an antibody given every two months after first-line chemotherapy raised the proportion still free of progression at three years from 58 to 75 per cent.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-prima-rituximab-maintenance-follicular-lancet-2011/","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-prima-final-rituximab-maintenance-follicular-jco-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Sustained progression-free survival benefit of rituximab maintenance in patients with follicular lymphoma: long-term results of the PRIMA study","aka":"PRIMA final analysis\nBachy 2019","tldr":"After nine years the antibody maintenance group had gone more than six years longer before their lymphoma returned, and exactly as many people in each group were alive.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-prima-final-rituximab-maintenance-follicular-jco-2019/","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-ielsg-19-chlorambucil-rituximab-malt-jco-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Final results of the IELSG-19 randomized trial of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma: improved event-free and progression-free survival with rituximab plus chlorambucil versus either chlorambucil or rituximab monotherapy","aka":"IELSG-19\nZucca 2017","tldr":"The first randomised trial of first-line drug treatment for MALT lymphoma: the combination of an old tablet and an antibody beat either alone on relapse, and nobody lived longer.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-ielsg-19-chlorambucil-rituximab-malt-jco-2017/","cancers":"malt-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-trog-99-03-radiotherapy-systemic-therapy-early-follicular-jco-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Randomized trial of systemic therapy after involved-field radiotherapy in patients with early-stage follicular lymphoma: TROG 99.03","aka":"TROG 99.03\nMacManus 2018\nALLG NHLLOW5","tldr":"Adding six cycles of drug treatment after radiotherapy for early follicular lymphoma cut relapses outside the treated area and improved ten-year freedom from progression from 41 to 59 per cent.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-trog-99-03-radiotherapy-systemic-therapy-early-follicular-jco-2018/","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-elara-tisagenlecleucel-follicular-nat-med-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Tisagenlecleucel in adult relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma: the phase 2 ELARA trial","aka":"ELARA\nFowler 2022","tldr":"A single infusion of reprogrammed immune cells cleared follicular lymphoma completely in about seven of ten heavily pretreated people, with no severe cytokine release syndrome at all.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-elara-tisagenlecleucel-follicular-nat-med-2022/","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-zuma-5-axi-cel-indolent-lymphoma-lancet-oncol-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Axicabtagene ciloleucel in relapsed or refractory indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (ZUMA-5): a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial","aka":"ZUMA-5\nJacobson 2022","tldr":"The first CAR-T trial in slow-growing lymphoma: more than nine in ten responded and three quarters went into complete remission, with severe neurological events in about one in five.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-zuma-5-axi-cel-indolent-lymphoma-lancet-oncol-2022/","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-rosewood-zanubrutinib-obinutuzumab-follicular-jco-2023","kind":"paper","name":"ROSEWOOD: a phase II randomized study of zanubrutinib plus obinutuzumab versus obinutuzumab monotherapy in patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma","aka":"ROSEWOOD\nZinzani 2023","tldr":"Adding a targeted tablet to an antibody roughly halved the risk of progression in follicular lymphoma that had already returned twice.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-rosewood-zanubrutinib-obinutuzumab-follicular-jco-2023/","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-inmind-tafasitamab-lenalidomide-rituximab-follicular-lancet-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Tafasitamab, lenalidomide, and rituximab in relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma (inMIND): a global, phase 3, randomised controlled trial","aka":"inMIND\nSehn 2026","tldr":"Adding a third antibody, directed at a different target, to the usual tablet-and-antibody pairing added about eight months before follicular lymphoma progressed again.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-inmind-tafasitamab-lenalidomide-rituximab-follicular-lancet-2026/","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-elm-2-odronextamab-follicular-ann-oncol-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Safety and efficacy of odronextamab in patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma","aka":"ELM-2\nKim 2024\nOdronextamab in follicular lymphoma","tldr":"A two-headed antibody given alone put nearly three quarters of people with repeatedly relapsed follicular lymphoma into complete remission, lasting a median of two years.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-elm-2-odronextamab-follicular-ann-oncol-2024/","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-shine-ibrutinib-bendamustine-rituximab-mantle-cell-nejm-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Ibrutinib plus bendamustine and rituximab in untreated mantle-cell lymphoma","aka":"SHINE\nWang 2022","tldr":"Adding a targeted tablet to first-line chemotherapy gave older people with mantle cell lymphoma about two and a half more years before relapse, without helping them live longer.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-shine-ibrutinib-bendamustine-rituximab-mantle-cell-nejm-2022/","cancers":"mantle-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-enrich-ibrutinib-rituximab-mantle-cell-lancet-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Ibrutinib and rituximab versus immunochemotherapy in patients with previously untreated mantle cell lymphoma (ENRICH): a randomised, open-label, phase 2/3 superiority trial","aka":"ENRICH\nLewis 2025","tldr":"The first trial to show that a chemotherapy-free first-line combination beats immunochemotherapy in older people with mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-enrich-ibrutinib-rituximab-mantle-cell-lancet-2025/","cancers":"mantle-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-echo-acalabrutinib-bendamustine-rituximab-mantle-cell-jco-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Acalabrutinib plus bendamustine-rituximab in untreated mantle cell lymphoma","aka":"ECHO\nWang 2025\nAcalabrutinib with bendamustine and rituximab","tldr":"Repeating the SHINE design with a more selective targeted tablet gave another seventeen months before relapse, and again did not extend life.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-echo-acalabrutinib-bendamustine-rituximab-mantle-cell-jco-2025/","cancers":"mantle-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-lyma-rituximab-maintenance-after-transplant-mantle-cell-nejm-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Rituximab after autologous stem-cell transplantation in mantle-cell lymphoma","aka":"LyMa\nLe Gouill 2017","tldr":"Three years of an antibody every two months after a stem cell transplant kept younger people with mantle cell lymphoma in remission longer and helped them live longer.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-lyma-rituximab-maintenance-after-transplant-mantle-cell-nejm-2017/","cancers":"mantle-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-ghsg-hd16-pet-guided-early-favourable-hodgkin-jco-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Positron emission tomography-guided treatment in early-stage favorable Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the international, randomized phase III HD16 trial by the German Hodgkin Study Group","aka":"HD16\nFuchs 2019","tldr":"Trying to spare radiotherapy on the strength of a clear scan after two rounds of chemotherapy cost about seven people in a hundred their remission.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-ghsg-hd16-pet-guided-early-favourable-hodgkin-jco-2019/","cancers":"early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-ghsg-hd18-pet-guided-escalated-beacopp-lancet-2017","kind":"paper","name":"PET-guided treatment in patients with advanced-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma (HD18): final results of an open-label, international, randomised phase 3 trial by the German Hodgkin Study Group","aka":"HD18\nBorchmann 2017","tldr":"People whose scan cleared after two rounds of the most intensive Hodgkin regimen could stop after four rounds instead of six or eight, halving severe infections with no loss of control.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-ghsg-hd18-pet-guided-escalated-beacopp-lancet-2017/","cancers":"advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-ahl2011-pet-adapted-treatment-advanced-hodgkin-lancet-oncol-2019","kind":"paper","name":"PET-adapted treatment for newly diagnosed advanced Hodgkin lymphoma (AHL2011): a randomised, multicentre, non-inferiority, phase 3 study","aka":"AHL2011\nCasasnovas 2019","tldr":"Starting with the most intensive Hodgkin chemotherapy and switching to the gentler standard once the scan cleared gave the same disease control with far less anaemia, bleeding risk and infection.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-ahl2011-pet-adapted-treatment-advanced-hodgkin-lancet-oncol-2019/","cancers":"advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-eortc-h10-pet-adapted-early-hodgkin-jco-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Early positron emission tomography response-adapted treatment in stage I and II Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial","aka":"H10\nAndré 2017\nEORTC H10","tldr":"In early Hodgkin lymphoma, switching to more intensive chemotherapy when the scan was still positive raised five-year freedom from progression from 77 to 91 per cent.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-eortc-h10-pet-adapted-early-hodgkin-jco-2017/","cancers":"early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-jcog9801-vcap-amp-vecp-adult-t-cell-leukaemia-jco-2007","kind":"paper","name":"VCAP-AMP-VECP compared with biweekly CHOP for adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma: Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study JCOG9801","aka":"JCOG9801\nTsukasaki 2007\nLSG15","tldr":"The only randomised trial run exclusively in the virus-driven adult T-cell leukaemia found an intensive Japanese regimen produced more complete remissions than standard chemotherapy, at considerable cost in toxicity.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-jcog9801-vcap-amp-vecp-adult-t-cell-leukaemia-jco-2007/","cancers":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-smile-chemotherapy-nk-t-cell-lymphoma-jco-2011","kind":"paper","name":"Phase II study of SMILE chemotherapy for newly diagnosed stage IV, relapsed, or refractory extranodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type: the NK-Cell Tumor Study Group study","aka":"SMILE\nYamaguchi 2011","tldr":"An asparaginase-based regimen produced a response in four out of five people with an aggressive nasal lymphoma that resists ordinary chemotherapy, and nearly all of them developed dangerously low white cell counts.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/key-papers/paper-smile-chemotherapy-nk-t-cell-lymphoma-jco-2011/","cancers":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Lymphoma roadmap: from a jaw tumour in Uganda and the first human cancer virus to gene-expression subtypes, PET-adapted chemotherapy, CAR-T cells, bispecific antibodies and the genetics-directed trials now recruiting","aka":"Lymphoma history\nLymphoma evidence roadmap\nHodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma roadmap\nHow lymphoma treatment was worked out","tldr":"Lymphoma was the first cancer shown to be caused by a virus, the first common cancer sorted into subtypes by reading which genes were switched on, and the first in which a patient's own immune cells were reprogrammed to cure them. This roadmap follows the evidence from 1958 to the trials reading out in 2032.","tags":"","route":"/roadmaps/lymphoma-roadmap/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma malt-lymphoma primary-cns-lymphoma primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma burkitt-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma waldenstrom"},{"id":"lymphoma-ev-genetic-subtype-directed-first-line","kind":"idea","name":"Assign first-line treatment in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by genetic subtype, not by a three-antibody stain","aka":"LymphGen-directed first-line therapy\nGenetic subtype-directed treatment in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","tldr":"Three genetic classifications of the commonest aggressive lymphoma exist and none of them yet decides anyone's treatment. The trial that would change that has not been run.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/ideas/lymphoma-ev-genetic-subtype-directed-first-line/","cancers":"dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-ev-ctdna-instead-of-the-interim-scan","kind":"idea","name":"Use circulating tumour DNA instead of the interim scan to decide what happens next","aka":"Molecular response-adapted lymphoma therapy\nctDNA-guided de-escalation in lymphoma","tldr":"A blood test detects lymphoma left behind better than a scan does, and no trial has yet used it to change anyone's treatment.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/ideas/lymphoma-ev-ctdna-instead-of-the-interim-scan/","cancers":"dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma follicular-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-ev-radiotherapy-free-early-hodgkin","kind":"idea","name":"A radiotherapy-free cure for early Hodgkin lymphoma that actually holds","aka":"Omitting radiotherapy in early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma\nRadiotherapy-free early Hodgkin lymphoma","tldr":"Every attempt to drop radiotherapy from early Hodgkin lymphoma on the strength of a clear scan has cost people their remission. Changing the chemotherapy as well is the next attempt.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/ideas/lymphoma-ev-radiotherapy-free-early-hodgkin/","cancers":"early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-ev-fixed-duration-chemotherapy-free-first-line","kind":"idea","name":"Fixed-duration, chemotherapy-free first-line treatment for the indolent lymphomas","aka":"Chemotherapy-free first line in follicular and mantle cell lymphoma\nTime-limited bispecific antibody therapy","tldr":"Several treatments now work without chemotherapy, but most are given until the disease comes back. Giving them for a fixed time and stopping is the version patients would choose.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/ideas/lymphoma-ev-fixed-duration-chemotherapy-free-first-line/","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-ev-randomised-evidence-for-the-t-cell-lymphomas","kind":"idea","name":"Randomised evidence for the T-cell lymphomas, including the ones that are not in Europe or North America","aka":"Randomised trials in peripheral T-cell lymphoma\nInternational trials for NK/T-cell and adult T-cell lymphoma","tldr":"Adult T-cell leukaemia has had one randomised trial, in 1998. Most T-cell lymphoma treatment rests on single-arm studies, and the diseases concentrated outside Europe and North America have the least evidence of all.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/ideas/lymphoma-ev-randomised-evidence-for-the-t-cell-lymphomas/","cancers":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma angioimmunoblastic-t-cell-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-ev-manufacturing-time-as-a-trial-endpoint","kind":"idea","name":"Report the time from apheresis to infusion as a trial endpoint, not a logistics footnote","aka":"Vein-to-vein time as a CAR-T endpoint\nManufacturing interval in cell therapy trials","tldr":"The best explanation for why one second-line CAR-T trial failed when two succeeded is how long the cells took to make. That interval is almost never a reported endpoint.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/ideas/lymphoma-ev-manufacturing-time-as-a-trial-endpoint/","cancers":"dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma follicular-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-ev-the-drugs-that-cure-and-the-places-without-them","kind":"idea","name":"The drugs that cure lymphoma, and the places that do not have them","aka":"Global access to rituximab and asparaginase\nLymphoma treatment access","tldr":"Lymphoma is among the most curable common cancers where the drugs exist. Rituximab is thirty years old and still out of reach for many of the people who need it.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/ideas/lymphoma-ev-the-drugs-that-cure-and-the-places-without-them/","cancers":"burkitt-lymphoma dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-ev-late-effects-of-the-treatments-given-now","kind":"idea","name":"Measure the late effects of the treatments being given now, not the ones given in 1975","aka":"Modern Hodgkin survivorship cohorts\nLate effects of brentuximab, checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T","tldr":"Everything known about the long-term cost of curing lymphoma comes from people treated decades ago with much larger radiation fields. Nobody knows the forty-year risks of what is given today.","tags":"lymphoma-evidence","route":"/ideas/lymphoma-ev-late-effects-of-the-treatments-given-now/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-action","kind":"institution","name":"Lymphoma Action","aka":"Lymphoma Association\nLymphoma Action (registered charity 1068395 and SC045850)","tldr":"The United Kingdom's only charity dedicated to lymphoma: a freephone helpline, support groups, a buddy scheme, a lymphoma trials database and a seat at the table when NICE and the Scottish Medicines Consortium appraise a lymphoma medicine.","tags":"charity uk lymphoma patient-support","route":"/institutions/lymphoma-action/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma burkitt-lymphoma primary-cns-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma waldenstrom"},{"id":"blood-cancer-uk","kind":"institution","name":"Blood Cancer UK","aka":"Bloodwise\nLeukaemia and Lymphoma Research\nLeukaemia Research Fund","tldr":"The UK's blood cancer research charity and support line, covering lymphoma alongside leukaemia and myeloma.","tags":"charity uk blood-cancer","route":"/institutions/blood-cancer-uk/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma burkitt-lymphoma primary-cns-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma waldenstrom aml cll all-leukemia multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"anthony-nolan","kind":"institution","name":"Anthony Nolan","aka":"Anthony Nolan Trust\nAnthony Nolan Bone Marrow Trust","tldr":"The UK stem cell register, founded in 1974, and the charity behind the clinical nurse specialists who look after transplant patients in NHS centres.","tags":"charity uk transplant stem-cell","route":"/institutions/anthony-nolan/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma burkitt-lymphoma primary-cns-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma waldenstrom aml all-leukemia cll"},{"id":"imaging","kind":"section","name":"Imaging","aka":"","tldr":"Imaging covers the ways of seeing cancer inside the body without cutting, from X-rays to tracers that light up a single protein.","tags":"diagnosis staging response","route":"/fronts/imaging/"},{"id":"diagnostics","kind":"section","name":"Diagnostics & Biomarkers","aka":"","tldr":"Tests on tissue and blood that say what kind of cancer it is, what is driving it, and which drugs might work.","tags":"genomics liquid-biopsy pathology","route":"/fronts/diagnostics/"},{"id":"early-detection","kind":"section","name":"Early Detection & Screening","aka":"","tldr":"Early detection and screening means finding cancer before it causes symptoms, when it is most curable.","tags":"","route":"/fronts/early-detection/"},{"id":"surgery","kind":"section","name":"Surgery & Interventional","aka":"","tldr":"Removing or destroying tumours physically, increasingly with robots, image guidance, and heat or cold instead of a knife.","tags":"","route":"/fronts/surgery/"},{"id":"radiation","kind":"section","name":"Radiation Therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Using focused beams or radioactive particles to kill tumour cells while sparing healthy tissue.","tags":"","route":"/fronts/radiation/"},{"id":"chemotherapy","kind":"section","name":"Chemotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Drugs that kill fast-dividing cells. Still the backbone of many cures, and now the warhead inside smarter drugs.","tags":"","route":"/fronts/chemotherapy/"},{"id":"targeted-therapy","kind":"section","name":"Targeted Therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Targeted therapies are drugs designed to switch off a specific broken protein that a cancer depends on.","tags":"","route":"/fronts/targeted-therapy/"},{"id":"adcs","kind":"section","name":"Antibody-Drug Conjugates","aka":"","tldr":"An antibody that finds the tumour, carrying a tiny dose of very strong chemotherapy that is released only inside it.","tags":"","route":"/fronts/adcs/"},{"id":"immunotherapy","kind":"section","name":"Immunotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Immunotherapy helps the patient's own immune system recognise and destroy the cancer.","tags":"","route":"/fronts/immunotherapy/"},{"id":"cell-therapy","kind":"section","name":"Cell Therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Taking immune cells, engineering or expanding them, and giving them back as a living drug.","tags":"","route":"/fronts/cell-therapy/"},{"id":"radiopharma","kind":"section","name":"Radiopharmaceuticals & Theranostics","aka":"","tldr":"A molecule that homes to the tumour carries a radioactive atom. The same molecule with a different atom lets you see the tumour first.","tags":"","route":"/fronts/radiopharma/"},{"id":"hormonal","kind":"section","name":"Hormonal Therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Cutting off the hormones that some cancers, especially breast and prostate, need to grow.","tags":"","route":"/fronts/hormonal/"},{"id":"epigenetics","kind":"section","name":"Epigenetic & Transcriptional Therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Epigenetic and transcriptional therapy changes how genes are read rather than the genes themselves.","tags":"","route":"/fronts/epigenetics/"},{"id":"supportive-care","kind":"section","name":"Supportive Care & Survivorship","aka":"","tldr":"Supportive care and survivorship covers everything that keeps a patient well enough to receive treatment, and well afterwards.","tags":"","route":"/fronts/supportive-care/"},{"id":"ai-computation","kind":"section","name":"AI & Computation","aka":"","tldr":"Software that reads scans and slides, predicts outcomes, designs drugs, and matches patients to trials.","tags":"","route":"/fronts/ai-computation/"},{"id":"drug-discovery","kind":"section","name":"Drug Discovery Platforms","aka":"","tldr":"Drug discovery platforms are the tools used to find the next drug: gene screens, organoids, models in mice, and AI.","tags":"","route":"/fronts/drug-discovery/"},{"id":"prevention","kind":"section","name":"Prevention & Risk","aka":"","tldr":"Stopping cancer from starting: vaccines, germline testing, lifestyle, and preventive drugs or surgery.","tags":"","route":"/fronts/prevention/"},{"id":"nutrition-lifestyle","kind":"section","name":"Diet, Exercise & Lifestyle","aka":"","tldr":"What people eat, drink, weigh and do affects who gets cancer, how treatment goes, and who relapses. Those questions are answerable, and the good studies answer them with the rigour of a drug trial.","tags":"nutrition exercise microbiome obesity cachexia prevention","route":"/fronts/nutrition-lifestyle/"},{"id":"devices","kind":"section","name":"Devices & Physical Therapies","aka":"","tldr":"Devices and physical therapies treat cancer with electric fields, heat, or sound rather than chemicals.","tags":"","route":"/fronts/devices/"},{"id":"rejuvenation","kind":"section","name":"Recovery & Rejuvenation","aka":"","tldr":"What cancer treatment took, and whether it comes back: hair, hearing, fertility, bone, muscle, nerves, memory, the heart, skin, sexual function and the years afterwards. Recovery begins during treatment rather than after it, and structured exercise has more evidence behind it than everything sold as rejuvenation put together.","tags":"survivorship late-effects recovery rehabilitation fertility hair exercise rejuvenation","route":"/fronts/rejuvenation/"},{"id":"ct","kind":"technology","name":"CT (computed tomography)","aka":"CT scan\ncomputed tomography\nCAT scan\nCT scanning\ncontrast-enhanced CT","tldr":"A CT scan is a fast 3D X-ray that shows the size and shape of tumours and whether they have spread.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/ct/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"mri","kind":"technology","name":"MRI","aka":"","tldr":"MRI uses a strong magnet and radio waves, with no ionising radiation, to picture soft tissue in finer contrast than CT, so it is the standard scan for brain tumours, prostate, rectal cancer staging, liver lesions and breast screening in high-risk women. It is slow, expensive and blurred by movement.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/mri/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"ultrasound","kind":"technology","name":"Ultrasound","aka":"","tldr":"Ultrasound uses sound waves to make live pictures; it is cheap, safe, and used to guide needles into lumps.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/ultrasound/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive thyroid pancreatic"},{"id":"mammography","kind":"technology","name":"Mammography & tomosynthesis","aka":"","tldr":"Low-dose breast X-ray used for screening. Newer 3D versions find more cancers with fewer false alarms.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/mammography/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"pet","kind":"technology","name":"PET (positron emission tomography)","aka":"PET scan\npositron emission tomography\nPET scanning\nPET imaging","tldr":"A scan that shows where a radioactive tracer accumulates, so it images what tumours are doing rather than what they look like.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/pet/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"pet-ct","kind":"technology","name":"PET/CT","aka":"","tldr":"PET and CT in one machine, so hot spots on the PET are pinned to exact locations on the CT.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/pet-ct/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc"},{"id":"pet-mri","kind":"technology","name":"PET/MRI","aka":"","tldr":"PET combined with MRI instead of CT, giving biology plus the best soft-tissue detail, at lower radiation dose.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/pet-mri/","status":"established"},{"id":"fdg-pet","kind":"technology","name":"FDG PET","aka":"","tldr":"FDG PET is the standard PET scan. A radioactive sugar shows which tissues are burning glucose fast, which most cancers do.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/fdg-pet/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"psma-pet","kind":"technology","name":"PSMA PET","aka":"","tldr":"A prostate-cancer-specific PET scan that finds spread far earlier than CT or bone scan, and tells you whether a matched radioactive drug will work.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/psma-pet/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"fapi-pet","kind":"technology","name":"FAPI PET","aka":"","tldr":"FAPI PET is a PET scan that lights up the scaffolding around almost any solid tumour, including cancers the standard sugar scan misses.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/fapi-pet/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"pancreatic gastric hcc tnbc"},{"id":"trop2-pet","kind":"technology","name":"TROP2 PET","aka":"","tldr":"An experimental PET scan that shows whether a tumour carries the TROP2 protein, so doctors could pick the right ADC before giving it.","tags":"frontier","route":"/technologies/trop2-pet/","status":"phase-1","cancers":"tnbc nsclc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"her2-pet","kind":"technology","name":"HER2 PET","aka":"","tldr":"HER2 PET is a PET scan using radiolabelled trastuzumab or smaller HER2 binders to map HER2 across all metastases at once.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/her2-pet/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"breast-her2-positive breast-hr-positive gastric"},{"id":"immuno-pet","kind":"technology","name":"Immuno-PET","aka":"","tldr":"PET scans built from radiolabelled antibodies or their fragments, to see any protein an antibody can reach, including immune cells inside tumours.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/immuno-pet/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"parp-pet","kind":"technology","name":"PARP PET","aka":"","tldr":"A PET tracer that measures how much of the DNA repair enzyme PARP a tumour has, to predict response to PARP inhibitors.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/parp-pet/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"ovarian tnbc"},{"id":"spect","kind":"technology","name":"SPECT & bone scan","aka":"","tldr":"SPECT and the bone scan are an older type of nuclear scan, still used for bone metastases and to check where a radioactive drug went after treatment.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/spect/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"whole-body-mri","kind":"technology","name":"Whole-body MRI","aka":"","tldr":"Whole-body MRI is an MRI of the entire body without radiation, used to find spread in myeloma and to screen people with high inherited cancer risk.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/whole-body-mri/","status":"established","cancers":"multiple-myeloma prostate"},{"id":"radiology-ai-screening","kind":"technology","name":"AI in radiology","aka":"","tldr":"Software that reads scans alongside radiologists, catching cancers earlier and predicting who is at risk.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/radiology-ai-screening/","status":"established"},{"id":"optical-imaging","kind":"technology","name":"Optical & fluorescence imaging","aka":"","tldr":"Dyes that glow under special light, so surgeons can see tumour edges and nerves in the operating theatre.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/optical-imaging/","status":"established"},{"id":"histopathology-ihc","kind":"technology","name":"Histopathology & immunohistochemistry","aka":"","tldr":"Histopathology means looking at cancer cells under a microscope, and immunohistochemistry stains them for specific proteins. Together they are still the foundation of every diagnosis.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/histopathology-ihc/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"colorectal nsclc sclc non-hodgkin-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl"},{"id":"cgp","kind":"technology","name":"Comprehensive genomic profiling","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing hundreds of cancer genes at once from a biopsy to find the mutations a drug can target.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/cgp/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"colorectal nsclc sclc dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"wes-wgs","kind":"technology","name":"Whole-exome & whole-genome sequencing","aka":"","tldr":"Reading all the genes (exome) or the entire DNA (genome) of a tumour, rather than a chosen panel.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/wes-wgs/","status":"established","cancers":"nsclc sclc"},{"id":"rna-seq","kind":"technology","name":"RNA sequencing & expression profiling","aka":"","tldr":"Measuring which genes a tumour is actively using, which reveals its subtype and finds gene fusions.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/rna-seq/","status":"established","cancers":"pancreatic nsclc sclc"},{"id":"single-cell-spatial","kind":"technology","name":"Single-cell & spatial profiling","aka":"","tldr":"Reading the genes of each individual cell, and mapping where each cell sits in the tumour.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/single-cell-spatial/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"liquid-biopsy","kind":"technology","name":"Liquid biopsy (ctDNA)","aka":"","tldr":"A blood test that reads fragments of DNA shed by the tumour, so you can genotype or monitor cancer without a needle in the tumour.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/liquid-biopsy/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"pancreatic colorectal lung-cancer nsclc dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"mrd-testing","kind":"technology","name":"MRD / molecular residual disease testing","aka":"","tldr":"An ultra-sensitive blood test after surgery that detects leftover cancer months before a scan would.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/mrd-testing/","status":"established","cancers":"colorectal urothelial tnbc nsclc multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"mced","kind":"technology","name":"Multi-cancer early detection (MCED)","aka":"","tldr":"A single blood test intended to screen for dozens of cancers at once, including ones with no screening today.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/mced/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"digital-pathology-ai","kind":"technology","name":"Digital pathology & AI","aka":"","tldr":"Scanning microscope slides and letting software measure things a pathologist cannot see, including predictions of who will benefit from a treatment.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/digital-pathology-ai/","status":"established"},{"id":"companion-diagnostic","kind":"technology","name":"Companion diagnostics","aka":"","tldr":"The test that decides whether a specific drug is right for you, approved together with the drug.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/companion-diagnostic/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"hrd-testing","kind":"technology","name":"HRD & BRCA testing","aka":"","tldr":"Tests that reveal whether a tumour has a broken DNA repair system, which predicts response to PARP inhibitors and platinum.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/hrd-testing/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"germline-testing","kind":"technology","name":"Germline (hereditary) testing","aka":"","tldr":"A test of the DNA you were born with, to find inherited risk genes such as BRCA or Lynch syndrome.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/germline-testing/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"tnbc ovarian prostate pancreatic colorectal lung-cancer nsclc"},{"id":"functional-drug-testing","kind":"technology","name":"Functional (ex vivo) drug testing","aka":"","tldr":"Growing a patient's own cancer cells in a dish and testing drugs on them directly, instead of guessing from genetics.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/functional-drug-testing/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"organoids","kind":"technology","name":"Patient-derived organoids","aka":"","tldr":"Patient-derived organoids are miniature 3D versions of a patient's tumour grown in the lab.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/organoids/","status":"established","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"pdx-models","kind":"technology","name":"Patient-derived xenografts","aka":"","tldr":"A patient-derived xenograft is a patient's tumour grown in a mouse, used to test drugs before they reach people.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/pdx-models/","status":"established"},{"id":"proteomics","kind":"technology","name":"Proteomics & phosphoproteomics","aka":"","tldr":"Measuring the proteins in a tumour, which is what drugs actually hit, rather than the genes that encode them.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/proteomics/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"methylation-profiling","kind":"technology","name":"DNA methylation profiling","aka":"","tldr":"Reading chemical tags on DNA that reveal a cell's identity, used to classify brain tumours and to detect cancer in blood.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/methylation-profiling/","status":"established","cancers":"glioblastoma colorectal"},{"id":"robotic-surgery","kind":"technology","name":"Robotic & minimally invasive surgery","aka":"","tldr":"Surgeons operate through small incisions using robotic arms with tremor-free precision and 3D vision.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/robotic-surgery/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"fluorescence-guided-surgery","kind":"technology","name":"Fluorescence-guided surgery","aka":"","tldr":"Injecting a dye that makes tumour glow so the surgeon can see exactly where to cut.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/fluorescence-guided-surgery/","status":"established"},{"id":"sentinel-node","kind":"technology","name":"Sentinel lymph node biopsy","aka":"","tldr":"Removing just the first lymph node a tumour drains to, instead of all of them, to check for spread.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/sentinel-node/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive melanoma breast-cancer"},{"id":"thermal-ablation","kind":"technology","name":"Thermal ablation (RFA, microwave, cryo)","aka":"","tldr":"Thermal ablation kills a tumour with heat or cold delivered through a needle, with no incision required.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/thermal-ablation/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"hcc rcc colorectal"},{"id":"hifu-histotripsy","kind":"technology","name":"Focused ultrasound & histotripsy","aka":"","tldr":"Destroying tumours from outside the body with tightly focused sound waves, using either heat or microscopic bubbles.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/hifu-histotripsy/","status":"established","cancers":"hcc prostate pancreatic"},{"id":"irreversible-electroporation","kind":"technology","name":"Irreversible electroporation (NanoKnife)","aka":"","tldr":"Irreversible electroporation uses short high-voltage pulses that punch permanent holes in tumour cells while sparing nearby vessels and ducts.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/irreversible-electroporation/","status":"established","cancers":"pancreatic prostate"},{"id":"imrt-igrt","kind":"technology","name":"IMRT / IGRT (modern external beam)","aka":"","tldr":"IMRT and IGRT shape the radiation beam to the tumour's outline from multiple angles and check the patient's position with a scan before every session, so surrounding organs receive less dose. Fewer, larger doses are now standard in breast and prostate cancer, but a low-dose bath still spreads across normal tissue.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/imrt-igrt/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"sbrt","kind":"technology","name":"SBRT / SABR (stereotactic radiotherapy)","aka":"","tldr":"Stereotactic body radiotherapy converges multiple beams with sub-millimetre accuracy to deliver tumour-destroying doses in one to five outpatient sessions, doing the job of surgery for inoperable early lung cancer and for metastases in liver, spine and brain. Tumour size and location limit its use, and late toxicity is a concern near the central airways.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/sbrt/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc sclc"},{"id":"proton-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Proton therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Radiation using protons, which stop inside the tumour instead of passing through, so tissue behind it gets no dose.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/proton-therapy/","status":"established"},{"id":"carbon-ion","kind":"technology","name":"Carbon-ion therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Heavier charged particles that kill even radiation-resistant tumours, available at only a handful of centres worldwide.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/carbon-ion/","status":"established","cancers":"sarcoma pancreatic"},{"id":"brachytherapy","kind":"technology","name":"Brachytherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Brachytherapy places a radioactive source directly inside or next to the tumour.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/brachytherapy/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"cervical prostate melanoma"},{"id":"mr-linac","kind":"technology","name":"MR-guided adaptive radiotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"An MR-linac is a radiation machine with an MRI scanner built in, so images taken during setup let the plan be re-optimised in minutes to that day's anatomy. It allows tighter margins and higher doses in pancreatic and prostate cancer, but treatment is slow and costly, and whether daily adaptation improves cure rates rather than only toxicity is unproven.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/mr-linac/","status":"established","cancers":"pancreatic prostate"},{"id":"flash-rt","kind":"technology","name":"FLASH radiotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Delivering an entire dose in under a second, which in animals spares healthy tissue while still killing the tumour.","tags":"frontier","route":"/technologies/flash-rt/","status":"phase-1"},{"id":"radioligand-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Radioligand therapy (beta emitters)","aka":"","tldr":"A drug that finds tumour cells and carries a radioactive atom that irradiates them from inside the body.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/radioligand-therapy/","status":"approved","cancers":"prostate neuroendocrine"},{"id":"targeted-alpha-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Targeted alpha therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Like radioligand therapy but with alpha particles: far more destructive over a much shorter range, so single cells can be killed with less collateral damage.","tags":"frontier","route":"/technologies/targeted-alpha-therapy/","status":"phase-3"},{"id":"radioimmunotherapy","kind":"technology","name":"Radio-antibody & radio-ADC","aka":"","tldr":"Attaching a radioactive atom to an antibody, so an ADC's targeting is used to deliver radiation instead of chemotherapy.","tags":"frontier","route":"/technologies/radioimmunotherapy/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"bnct","kind":"technology","name":"Boron neutron capture therapy","aka":"","tldr":"In boron neutron capture therapy a boron drug accumulates in tumour cells, then a neutron beam makes only those cells explode from inside.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/bnct/","status":"approved","cancers":"head-and-neck glioblastoma"},{"id":"cytotoxic-chemotherapy","kind":"technology","name":"Cytotoxic chemotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs (platinums, antimetabolites, microtubule agents and topoisomerase inhibitors) kill rapidly dividing cells by damaging DNA or the mitotic spindle. They still cure testicular cancer, lymphoma and leukaemia, and they are the warhead inside antibody-drug conjugates, but a narrow margin between effective and toxic doses is their limitation.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/cytotoxic-chemotherapy/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"platinum","kind":"technology","name":"Platinum agents","aka":"","tldr":"Platinum agents such as cisplatin and carboplatin work by crosslinking DNA. They are curative in testicular cancer and central to lung, ovarian, bladder, head and neck, and TNBC treatment.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/platinum/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"tnbc ovarian nsclc urothelial head-and-neck"},{"id":"topoisomerase-inhibitors","kind":"technology","name":"Topoisomerase-I inhibitors (and ADC payloads)","aka":"","tldr":"Topoisomerase-I inhibitors jam the enzyme that untangles DNA during copying, causing double-strand breaks. As free drugs (irinotecan, topotecan) they are modest, but their analogues SN-38 and deruxtecan are the dominant antibody-drug conjugate payload class of the 2020s, active after taxane failure; cross-resistance between these ADCs is a growing problem.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/topoisomerase-inhibitors/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"hipec","kind":"technology","name":"HIPEC / PIPAC (intraperitoneal chemotherapy)","aka":"","tldr":"Washing the abdominal cavity with heated chemotherapy during surgery to kill microscopic peritoneal deposits.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/hipec/","status":"established","cancers":"ovarian colorectal gastric peritoneal-mesothelioma"},{"id":"kinase-inhibitors","kind":"technology","name":"Small-molecule kinase inhibitors","aka":"","tldr":"Pills that block the specific enzyme a cancer relies on. Imatinib in 2001 proved a cancer could be switched off by design.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/kinase-inhibitors/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"monoclonal-antibody","kind":"technology","name":"Monoclonal antibodies","aka":"","tldr":"Lab-made immune proteins that lock onto one target, either blocking it or flagging the cell for destruction.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/monoclonal-antibody/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl follicular-lymphoma"},{"id":"bispecific-antibody","kind":"technology","name":"Bispecific antibodies","aka":"","tldr":"A bispecific antibody is one antibody with two different grabbing arms, so it can block two targets at once or pull an immune cell onto a cancer cell.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/bispecific-antibody/","status":"approved","cancers":"dlbcl follicular-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"parp-inhibitor","kind":"technology","name":"PARP inhibitors","aka":"","tldr":"Pills that block a DNA repair backup, killing cancer cells that already lost their main repair system (BRCA).","tags":"","route":"/technologies/parp-inhibitor/","status":"approved","cancers":"ovarian tnbc breast-hr-positive prostate pancreatic"},{"id":"cdk46-inhibitor","kind":"technology","name":"CDK4/6 inhibitors","aka":"","tldr":"Pills that stop the cell-division engine, added to hormone therapy for the most common type of breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/cdk46-inhibitor/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"kras-inhibitors","kind":"technology","name":"KRAS & RAS inhibitors","aka":"","tldr":"Drugs against the most common cancer gene, considered impossible to target until sotorasib in 2021.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/kras-inhibitors/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc colorectal pancreatic"},{"id":"protac-degrader","kind":"technology","name":"PROTACs & molecular glues (targeted protein degradation)","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of blocking a protein, these drugs tag it for the cell's own garbage disposal, removing it entirely.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/protac-degrader/","status":"approved"},{"id":"antisense-sirna","kind":"technology","name":"Oligonucleotide therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Oligonucleotide therapeutics are short synthetic strands of genetic code that silence a specific cancer gene.","tags":"frontier","route":"/technologies/antisense-sirna/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"synthetic-lethality-approaches","kind":"technology","name":"Synthetic lethality approaches","aka":"","tldr":"Finding a second gene that a cancer needs only because its first gene is broken, then hitting the second one.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/synthetic-lethality-approaches/","status":"approved"},{"id":"antiangiogenic","kind":"technology","name":"Anti-angiogenic therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Anti-angiogenic therapy cuts off the tumour's blood supply; it is now mostly used to help immunotherapy work better.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/antiangiogenic/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"rcc hcc colorectal endometrial"},{"id":"adc","kind":"technology","name":"Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC)","aka":"","tldr":"An antibody-drug conjugate is an antibody that homes to a protein on the tumour cell, is swallowed, and releases a chemotherapy payload inside it. That widens chemotherapy's safe dose window about a hundredfold, which is why payloads too toxic to give alone can be used, though lung inflammation, neutropenia and eye toxicity from the payload still occur.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/adc/","status":"approved","cancers":"dlbcl hodgkin-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"bispecific-adc","kind":"technology","name":"Bispecific ADC","aka":"","tldr":"A bispecific ADC is an ADC whose antibody grabs two different proteins on the cancer cell, so it sticks better to tumour and less to healthy tissue.","tags":"frontier","route":"/technologies/bispecific-adc/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"tnbc nsclc esophageal urothelial"},{"id":"dual-payload-adc","kind":"technology","name":"Dual-payload ADC","aka":"","tldr":"A dual-payload ADC is an ADC carrying two different poisons at once, so the tumour cannot escape by becoming resistant to one.","tags":"frontier","route":"/technologies/dual-payload-adc/","status":"phase-1"},{"id":"degrader-antibody-conjugate","kind":"technology","name":"Degrader-antibody conjugate (DAC)","aka":"","tldr":"An ADC that delivers a protein-destroying molecule instead of chemotherapy, hitting targets inside the cell that were previously unreachable.","tags":"frontier","route":"/technologies/degrader-antibody-conjugate/","status":"phase-1"},{"id":"immune-stimulating-adc","kind":"technology","name":"Immune-stimulating antibody conjugate (ISAC)","aka":"","tldr":"An immune-stimulating antibody conjugate (ISAC) is an ADC whose payload wakes up the immune system inside the tumour rather than poisoning the cell.","tags":"frontier","route":"/technologies/immune-stimulating-adc/","status":"phase-1"},{"id":"masked-adc","kind":"technology","name":"Masked / conditionally active ADC","aka":"","tldr":"An ADC wearing a mask that only comes off inside the tumour, so it ignores the same protein on healthy tissue.","tags":"frontier","route":"/technologies/masked-adc/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"site-specific-conjugation","kind":"technology","name":"Site-specific conjugation & linker chemistry","aka":"","tldr":"Site-specific conjugation and linker chemistry decide exactly where and how many payloads attach to the antibody, which determines how safe and effective an ADC is.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/site-specific-conjugation/","status":"established"},{"id":"peptide-drug-conjugate","kind":"technology","name":"Peptide-drug & small-molecule-drug conjugates","aka":"","tldr":"Like an ADC but with a small targeting peptide instead of an antibody, so it penetrates tumours faster and is cheaper to make.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/peptide-drug-conjugate/","status":"approved"},{"id":"checkpoint-inhibitor","kind":"technology","name":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors","aka":"","tldr":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors are antibodies against CTLA-4, PD-1 or PD-L1 that release the brakes on T cells so they attack the cancer. They are approved in more than 20 tumour types and produce lasting, sometimes curative responses that chemotherapy rarely does, but most patients do not respond and autoimmune side effects are the cost.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/checkpoint-inhibitor/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"colorectal lung-cancer nsclc sclc hodgkin-lymphoma primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"t-cell-engager","kind":"technology","name":"T-cell engagers (bispecific)","aka":"","tldr":"An off-the-shelf drug that physically links a killer T cell to a cancer cell, forcing the attack.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/t-cell-engager/","status":"approved","cancers":"dlbcl follicular-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"neoantigen-mrna-vaccine","kind":"technology","name":"Personalised neoantigen (mRNA) vaccines","aka":"","tldr":"A vaccine made for one patient, encoding the unique mutations in their own tumour, to train the immune system to hunt it.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/neoantigen-mrna-vaccine/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"melanoma pancreatic nsclc rcc"},{"id":"shared-antigen-vaccine","kind":"technology","name":"Off-the-shelf cancer vaccines","aka":"","tldr":"Off-the-shelf cancer vaccines target antigens shared across patients, such as mutant KRAS or HER2 peptides, so they are made in advance rather than per person. Sipuleucel-T is still the only approved therapeutic cancer vaccine in the US; tolerance to self-antigens and weak past results hold them back.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/shared-antigen-vaccine/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"pancreatic colorectal prostate"},{"id":"oncolytic-virus","kind":"technology","name":"Oncolytic viruses","aka":"Oncolytic virus\nOncolytic virotherapy","tldr":"Viruses engineered to infect and burst cancer cells while leaving normal cells alone, and to alert the immune system in the process.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/oncolytic-virus/","status":"approved","cancers":"melanoma urothelial glioblastoma hcc multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"cytokine-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Cytokines & engineered cytokines","aka":"","tldr":"Cytokine therapy gives immune-signalling proteins as drugs. High-dose interleukin-2 was the first immunotherapy to cure some melanomas, at great toxicity.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/cytokine-therapy/","status":"approved","cancers":"urothelial melanoma rcc"},{"id":"sting-agonist","kind":"technology","name":"STING & innate immune agonists","aka":"","tldr":"Drugs that trigger the cell's built-in 'virus alarm' inside tumours to summon immune cells.","tags":"frontier","route":"/technologies/sting-agonist/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"car-t","kind":"technology","name":"CAR-T cell therapy","aka":"CAR-T\nCAR T cells\nCAR T-cell therapy\nChimeric antigen receptor T cells","tldr":"A patient's T cells are removed, given a synthetic receptor that recognises the cancer, multiplied, and put back as a living drug.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/car-t/","status":"approved","cancers":"dlbcl follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"in-vivo-car-t","kind":"technology","name":"In vivo CAR-T","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of engineering T cells in a factory, an injection reprograms them inside the patient's body.","tags":"frontier","route":"/technologies/in-vivo-car-t/","status":"phase-1"},{"id":"til-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"TIL therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Immune cells that have already found their way into the tumour are harvested, grown to billions, and returned.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/til-therapy/","status":"approved","cancers":"melanoma nsclc cervical advanced-melanoma"},{"id":"tcr-t","kind":"technology","name":"TCR-T cell therapy","aka":"","tldr":"T cells engineered with a receptor that sees fragments of proteins inside the cancer cell, reaching targets CAR-T cannot.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/tcr-t/","status":"approved","cancers":"sarcoma melanoma"},{"id":"car-nk-macrophage","kind":"technology","name":"CAR-NK & CAR-macrophage","aka":"CAR-NK\nCAR-NK cells\nCAR-macrophage","tldr":"Putting the cancer-seeking receptor on natural killer cells or macrophages instead of T cells, which could be safer and off-the-shelf.","tags":"frontier","route":"/technologies/car-nk-macrophage/","status":"phase-1"},{"id":"allogeneic-cell-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Allogeneic (off-the-shelf) cell therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Cell therapies made from healthy donors in advance, so patients do not have to wait for their own cells to be engineered.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/allogeneic-cell-therapy/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"armored-car","kind":"technology","name":"Armoured, logic-gated & next-gen CARs","aka":"","tldr":"Upgraded CAR-T cells that also secrete immune boosters, resist exhaustion, or only fire when two signals are present.","tags":"frontier","route":"/technologies/armored-car/","status":"phase-1"},{"id":"endocrine-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Endocrine therapy (SERMs, AIs, SERDs)","aka":"","tldr":"Pills that block or remove oestrogen signalling, the mainstay of treatment for hormone-driven breast cancer for 50 years.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/endocrine-therapy/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"androgen-deprivation","kind":"technology","name":"Androgen deprivation & AR pathway inhibitors","aka":"","tldr":"Androgen deprivation lowers testosterone or blocks its receptor, and has been the foundation of prostate cancer treatment since 1941 (Nobel Prize 1966).","tags":"","route":"/technologies/androgen-deprivation/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"epigenetic-drugs","kind":"technology","name":"Epigenetic drugs (HDAC, DNMT, EZH2, IDH, menin, BET)","aka":"","tldr":"Drugs that change how genes are switched on and off without changing the DNA itself.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/epigenetic-drugs/","status":"approved","cancers":"aml glioblastoma sarcoma"},{"id":"scalp-cooling","kind":"technology","name":"Scalp cooling (cold caps: DigniCap, Paxman)","aka":"Cold cap\nScalp hypothermia\nDigniCap\nPaxman Scalp Cooling System","tldr":"A tightly fitted cap chilled to a few degrees above freezing, worn before, during and after each chemotherapy infusion, narrows the blood vessels of the scalp so less drug reaches the hair roots. In a randomised trial about half of women on taxane-based chemotherapy kept most of their hair, compared with none who went without.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:strong hair-loss","route":"/technologies/scalp-cooling/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc breast-her2-positive ovarian prostate breast-cancer"},{"id":"cardio-oncology","kind":"technology","name":"Cardio-oncology","aka":"","tldr":"Cardio-oncology builds heart risk assessment, monitoring and prevention into cancer care so patients can finish curative treatment without trading cancer for heart failure. It targets anthracycline and trastuzumab damage, checkpoint-inhibitor myocarditis and radiation heart disease using echocardiography, troponin tests and protective drugs; specialist clinics are concentrated in large centres.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/cardio-oncology/","status":"established"},{"id":"exercise-oncology","kind":"technology","name":"Exercise & lifestyle oncology","aka":"","tldr":"Structured exercise during and after treatment, which the CHALLENGE trial showed improves survival in colon cancer.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/exercise-oncology/","status":"established","cancers":"colorectal tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"geriatric-assessment","kind":"technology","name":"Geriatric assessment","aka":"","tldr":"Geriatric assessment is a structured check of an older patient's fitness, memory, and support that predicts treatment tolerance better than age.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/geriatric-assessment/","status":"established"},{"id":"pathology-foundation-model","kind":"technology","name":"Pathology & radiology foundation models","aka":"","tldr":"Pathology and radiology foundation models are AI networks pretrained without labels on over a million slides or scans (Virchow used 1.5 million), then adapted with small task heads to predict mutations, prognosis or treatment response from routine images. They power the FDA-cleared ArteraAI tools, but validation across hospitals and how regulators treat general-purpose models remain unsettled.","tags":"frontier","route":"/technologies/pathology-foundation-model/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"ai-trial-matching","kind":"technology","name":"AI trial matching & clinical decision support","aka":"","tldr":"Software, increasingly LLM-based, that reads a patient's record and finds trials or guideline options they qualify for.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/ai-trial-matching/","status":"established"},{"id":"ai-drug-design","kind":"technology","name":"AI-driven drug & target discovery","aka":"","tldr":"Using machine learning to pick targets, design molecules and antibodies, and predict which ADC will work.","tags":"frontier","route":"/technologies/ai-drug-design/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"crispr-screens","kind":"technology","name":"CRISPR functional genomics","aka":"","tldr":"Knocking out every gene one at a time in cancer cells to find which ones they cannot live without.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/crispr-screens/","status":"established"},{"id":"hpv-vaccine","kind":"technology","name":"HPV & HBV vaccination","aka":"","tldr":"Vaccines that prevent the viral infections behind cervical, throat, anal, and liver cancers. The most effective anti-cancer intervention ever created.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/hpv-vaccine/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"cervical head-and-neck hcc"},{"id":"chemoprevention","kind":"technology","name":"Chemoprevention & risk-reducing surgery","aka":"","tldr":"Drugs or surgery for people at high inherited risk, before any cancer appears.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/chemoprevention/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive ovarian colorectal gastric skin-cancer basal-cell-carcinoma cutaneous-scc"},{"id":"ttfields","kind":"technology","name":"Tumour treating fields (TTFields)","aka":"","tldr":"Wearable electrodes that deliver alternating electric fields disrupting cancer cell division.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/ttfields/","status":"approved","cancers":"glioblastoma pancreatic nsclc mesothelioma"},{"id":"photoimmunotherapy","kind":"technology","name":"Photoimmunotherapy & photodynamic therapy","aka":"","tldr":"An antibody carries a light-sensitive dye to the tumour; shining near-infrared light then bursts the cells.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/photoimmunotherapy/","status":"approved","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"hyperthermia","kind":"technology","name":"Hyperthermia","aka":"","tldr":"Hyperthermia heats tumours to 40-43 °C to make radiation and chemotherapy work better.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/hyperthermia/","status":"established","cancers":"cervical sarcoma extremity-soft-tissue-sarcoma glioblastoma"},{"id":"spatial-transcriptomics","kind":"technology","name":"Spatial transcriptomics","aka":"","tldr":"Methods that read which genes are switched on in each spot or cell of a tumour slice while keeping the tissue's geography, so scientists can see how cancer, immune and stromal cells sit next to one another.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/spatial-transcriptomics/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"imaging-mass-cytometry","kind":"technology","name":"Imaging mass cytometry","aka":"","tldr":"A way to stain a tumour slice for dozens of proteins at once using metal-tagged antibodies read by a mass spectrometer, giving a detailed map of which cells are where.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/imaging-mass-cytometry/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"multiplex-immunofluorescence","kind":"technology","name":"Multiplex immunofluorescence","aka":"","tldr":"Staining one tumour slide for several proteins in different colours, then using software to count immune and cancer cells and measure how close they are.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/multiplex-immunofluorescence/","status":"established"},{"id":"ai-pathology-scoring","kind":"technology","name":"AI scoring of biomarkers and grade on pathology slides","aka":"","tldr":"Software that reads digitised biopsy slides to detect cancer, grade it, and score biomarkers such as HER2, PD-L1 and Ki-67 more consistently than the eye alone.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/ai-pathology-scoring/","status":"approved","cancers":"prostate breast-her2-positive nsclc"},{"id":"radiomics","kind":"technology","name":"Radiomics","aka":"","tldr":"Turning ordinary CT, MRI and PET scans into hundreds of measured features of shape and texture that computers relate to tumour biology and outcome.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/radiomics/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"ctc-capture","kind":"technology","name":"Circulating tumour cell capture","aka":"","tldr":"Fishing whole cancer cells out of a blood sample to count them or study them; the count is prognostic in breast, prostate and colorectal cancer.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/ctc-capture/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate colorectal"},{"id":"cfdna-methylation-testing","kind":"technology","name":"Cell-free DNA methylation tests","aka":"","tldr":"Blood tests that read chemical marks on fragments of DNA shed by tumours; the marks tell cancer DNA from normal DNA and hint at where the cancer is.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/cfdna-methylation-testing/","status":"approved","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"gene-expression-prognostic-assays","kind":"technology","name":"Gene-expression prognostic assays","aka":"","tldr":"Tests that measure a set of genes in a removed tumour to estimate how likely it is to come back, so patients with low scores can safely skip chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/gene-expression-prognostic-assays/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate"},{"id":"oncology-pharmacogenomics","kind":"technology","name":"Pharmacogenomic testing before chemotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Testing a patient's inherited genes before certain chemotherapies to spot people who cannot break the drug down and would suffer severe, sometimes fatal, side effects.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/oncology-pharmacogenomics/","status":"established"},{"id":"ai-mammography-screening","kind":"technology","name":"AI-assisted mammography screening","aka":"","tldr":"Software that reads screening mammograms alongside or before radiologists, catching more cancers and cutting the reading workload in large trials.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/ai-mammography-screening/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"ai-endoscopy-detection","kind":"technology","name":"AI polyp detection in colonoscopy","aka":"","tldr":"Real-time software that highlights polyps on the colonoscopy screen, helping doctors find more of the growths that could become bowel cancer.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/ai-endoscopy-detection/","status":"approved","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"cns-tumour-methylation-classifier","kind":"technology","name":"Methylation classifier for brain tumours","aka":"","tldr":"A test that reads the methylation pattern of a brain tumour's DNA and matches it to a reference library, giving a more reliable diagnosis than the microscope alone.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/cns-tumour-methylation-classifier/","status":"established","cancers":"glioblastoma brain-tumours childhood-cancers"},{"id":"clonal-evolution-tracking","kind":"technology","name":"Tumour clonal evolution tracking","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing several parts of a tumour, or blood over time, to draw its family tree of mutations and see which branches drive relapse and resistance.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/clonal-evolution-tracking/","status":"emerging","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"tigit-blockade","kind":"technology","name":"TIGIT blockade","aka":"","tldr":"Antibodies against TIGIT, a brake on T cells and natural killer cells, tested alongside PD-L1 drugs; the biggest lung cancer trials so far have failed.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/tigit-blockade/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"lag3-blockade","kind":"technology","name":"LAG-3 blockade","aka":"","tldr":"Antibodies against LAG-3, another brake on tired T cells; relatlimab plus nivolumab became the first approved LAG-3 combination for melanoma in 2022.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/lag3-blockade/","status":"approved","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"tim3-blockade","kind":"technology","name":"TIM-3 blockade","aka":"","tldr":"Antibodies against TIM-3, a checkpoint on exhausted T cells and myeloid cells, tested mostly with PD-1 drugs and in blood cancers.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/tim3-blockade/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"mds aml nsclc"},{"id":"cd47-blockade","kind":"technology","name":"CD47 and SIRP-alpha blockade","aka":"","tldr":"Drugs that remove the 'don't eat me' signal cancer cells show to macrophages, so the immune system's scavenger cells can engulf them; the lead programme was halted for safety.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/cd47-blockade/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"mds aml dlbcl"},{"id":"cd40-agonists","kind":"technology","name":"CD40 agonist antibodies","aka":"","tldr":"Antibodies that switch on CD40 on dendritic cells and macrophages to kick-start an immune response against tumours that checkpoint drugs alone cannot reach.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/cd40-agonists/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"pancreatic melanoma"},{"id":"immunocytokines","kind":"technology","name":"Immunocytokines (antibody-cytokine fusions)","aka":"","tldr":"Cytokines such as interleukin-2 or TNF fused to an antibody that homes to the tumour, aiming to concentrate the immune boost where it is needed and spare the rest of the body.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/immunocytokines/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"melanoma sarcoma"},{"id":"nk-cell-engagers","kind":"technology","name":"NK cell engagers","aka":"","tldr":"Bispecific or trispecific antibodies that hold a natural killer cell against a tumour cell and switch it on, an alternative to T-cell engagers with potentially milder side effects.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/nk-cell-engagers/","status":"phase-1"},{"id":"trispecific-antibodies","kind":"technology","name":"Trispecific antibodies","aka":"","tldr":"Antibodies engineered to bind three things at once, for example a tumour antigen, a T-cell activator and a co-stimulatory signal, to make a stronger or more selective immune attack.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/trispecific-antibodies/","status":"phase-1","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"dendritic-cell-vaccines","kind":"technology","name":"Dendritic cell vaccines","aka":"Dendritic cell vaccine\nDC vaccine","tldr":"Vaccines made from a patient's own antigen-presenting cells loaded with tumour proteins; sipuleucel-T for prostate cancer was the first approved, and newer versions are tested in brain and other cancers.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/dendritic-cell-vaccines/","status":"approved","cancers":"prostate glioblastoma"},{"id":"bacterial-vector-vaccines","kind":"technology","name":"Bacterial vector cancer vaccines","aka":"","tldr":"Weakened bacteria such as Listeria engineered to carry tumour antigens, using the body's strong response to infection to train T cells against cancer.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/bacterial-vector-vaccines/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"cervical pancreatic"},{"id":"gamma-delta-t-cell-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Gamma-delta T cell therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Cell therapies built from a rare T-cell type that recognises stressed cancer cells without needing tissue matching, making them candidates for off-the-shelf products.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/gamma-delta-t-cell-therapy/","status":"phase-1","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"nk-cell-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"NK cell therapy and CAR-NK","aka":"","tldr":"Infusions of natural killer cells from donors or cord blood, sometimes fitted with a CAR, offering an off-the-shelf alternative to CAR-T with less cytokine release.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/nk-cell-therapy/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"dlbcl aml"},{"id":"virus-specific-t-cells","kind":"technology","name":"Virus-specific T cells","aka":"","tldr":"Off-the-shelf T cells from healthy donors that recognise Epstein-Barr virus, used to treat virus-driven lymphomas after transplant; tabelecleucel was approved in Europe in 2022.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/virus-specific-t-cells/","status":"approved","cancers":"dlbcl nasopharyngeal"},{"id":"lu177-radioligand-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Lutetium-177 radioligand therapy","aka":"177Lu\nLu-177\nLutetium-177","tldr":"Cancer-seeking molecules carrying the radioactive metal lutetium-177, which delivers short-range radiation to tumours it binds; approved for neuroendocrine tumours and prostate cancer.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/lu177-radioligand-therapy/","status":"approved","cancers":"prostate neuroendocrine"},{"id":"astatine-211-alpha-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Astatine-211 alpha therapy","aka":"","tldr":"A rare alpha-emitting halogen that can be attached to antibodies and small molecules like iodine, tested in leukaemia conditioning and brain and ovarian cancer.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/astatine-211-alpha-therapy/","status":"phase-1","cancers":"ovarian aml prostate"},{"id":"radioligand-dosimetry","kind":"technology","name":"Radioligand dosimetry","aka":"","tldr":"Measuring, from scans taken after each dose, how much radiation a radioligand actually delivers to the tumour and to kidneys and marrow, so treatment can be personalised.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/radioligand-dosimetry/","status":"established"},{"id":"menin-inhibitors","kind":"technology","name":"Menin inhibitors","aka":"","tldr":"Pills that break the interaction between menin and the KMT2A protein that acute leukaemias with KMT2A rearrangements or NPM1 mutations depend on; revumenib was the first approved, in 2024.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/menin-inhibitors/","status":"approved","cancers":"aml all-leukemia"},{"id":"bcl2-inhibitors","kind":"technology","name":"BCL-2 inhibitors","aka":"","tldr":"Drugs that switch off BCL-2, the protein that lets cancer cells refuse to die; venetoclax transformed treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and acute myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/bcl2-inhibitors/","status":"approved","cancers":"cll aml"},{"id":"idh-inhibitors","kind":"technology","name":"IDH inhibitors","aka":"","tldr":"Pills that block mutant IDH1 or IDH2 enzymes, which flood cells with a metabolite that blocks maturation; approved in leukaemia, bile duct cancer and low-grade glioma.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/idh-inhibitors/","status":"approved","cancers":"aml cholangiocarcinoma glioblastoma chondrosarcoma"},{"id":"pi3k-akt-mtor-inhibitors","kind":"technology","name":"PI3K, AKT and mTOR inhibitors","aka":"","tldr":"Drugs against one of the most commonly mutated growth pathways in cancer, now used with hormone therapy in breast cancer and in kidney and neuroendocrine tumours, with high blood sugar as the shared side effect.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/pi3k-akt-mtor-inhibitors/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive rcc"},{"id":"mdm2-inhibitors","kind":"technology","name":"MDM2 inhibitors","aka":"","tldr":"Drugs that stop MDM2 destroying p53, reawakening the cell's guardian protein in tumours where p53 is intact but suppressed, such as some sarcomas and leukaemias.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/mdm2-inhibitors/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"aml sarcoma retroperitoneal-sarcoma"},{"id":"her2-tyrosine-kinase-inhibitors","kind":"technology","name":"HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors","aka":"","tldr":"Small pills that block HER2 from inside the cell, complementing antibody drugs; tucatinib is notable for working against brain metastases.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/her2-tyrosine-kinase-inhibitors/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-her2-positive colorectal"},{"id":"oral-serds","kind":"technology","name":"Oral SERDs","aka":"","tldr":"Oral drugs that destroy the oestrogen receptor rather than just blocking it, working even when the receptor has mutated to escape older hormone therapies.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/oral-serds/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"hedgehog-inhibitors","kind":"technology","name":"Hedgehog pathway inhibitors","aka":"","tldr":"Pills that block a developmental signalling pathway hijacked by basal cell skin cancer, shrinking tumours that cannot be operated on; also used in some leukaemia.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/hedgehog-inhibitors/","status":"approved","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma aml locally-advanced-bcc skin-cancer"},{"id":"gamma-secretase-inhibitors","kind":"technology","name":"Gamma-secretase inhibitors","aka":"","tldr":"Drugs that block the enzyme that activates Notch signalling; nirogacestat became the first approved, in 2023, for desmoid tumours, a rare but destructive growth of connective tissue.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/gamma-secretase-inhibitors/","status":"approved","cancers":"sarcoma multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"celmods","kind":"technology","name":"Cereblon E3 ligase modulators (CELMoDs)","aka":"","tldr":"Next-generation relatives of lenalidomide that make the cell's disposal machinery destroy the myeloma proteins Ikaros and Aiolos more completely, working after older drugs fail.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/celmods/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"lsd1-inhibitors","kind":"technology","name":"LSD1 inhibitors","aka":"","tldr":"Drugs against the histone demethylase LSD1, which keeps blood and neuroendocrine cancer cells from maturing; being tested in myelofibrosis, leukaemia and small cell lung cancer.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/lsd1-inhibitors/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"aml sclc myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"atr-chk1-inhibitors","kind":"technology","name":"ATR and CHK1 inhibitors","aka":"","tldr":"Drugs that disable the checkpoint cancer cells use to pause and repair DNA under replication stress, pushing tumours with faulty DNA repair into collapse.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/atr-chk1-inhibitors/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"ovarian nsclc clear-cell-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"kat6-inhibitors","kind":"technology","name":"KAT6 inhibitors","aka":"","tldr":"First-in-class drugs against the histone acetyltransferases KAT6A and KAT6B, in late trials for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer that has stopped responding to endocrine therapy.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/kat6-inhibitors/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"genetically-engineered-mouse-models","kind":"technology","name":"Genetically engineered mouse models","aka":"","tldr":"Mice carrying the same mutations as human cancers so that tumours arise in the right tissue with an intact immune system; the KPC pancreatic model is the best known.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/genetically-engineered-mouse-models/","status":"established","cancers":"pancreatic nsclc prostate"},{"id":"humanised-mouse-models","kind":"technology","name":"Humanised mouse models","aka":"","tldr":"Immunodeficient mice given a human immune system from stem cells, so human immunotherapies and CAR-T cells can be tested against human tumours in a living animal.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/humanised-mouse-models/","status":"established"},{"id":"cancer-cell-line-encyclopedias","kind":"technology","name":"Cancer cell line encyclopedias and dependency maps","aka":"","tldr":"Large public collections of cancer cell lines profiled for their genomes, drug sensitivity and gene dependencies, the reference data behind much of modern target discovery.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/cancer-cell-line-encyclopedias/","status":"established"},{"id":"tumour-on-chip","kind":"technology","name":"Tumour-on-a-chip","aka":"","tldr":"Small microfluidic devices that grow tumour cells with blood-vessel-like channels and immune cells, letting researchers watch drugs act in a more life-like setting than a dish.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/tumour-on-chip/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"trop2","kind":"target","name":"TROP2","aka":"","tldr":"TROP2 is a surface glycoprotein present at high levels on most epithelial cancers (breast, lung, urothelial, gastric, pancreatic) and at low levels on normal tissue. It does not drive the cancer; it is a delivery address, used by the approved ADCs sacituzumab govitecan and datopotamab deruxtecan and by sacituzumab tirumotecan, with a TROP2 PET tracer in development to pick patients.","tags":"adc-target pet-target","route":"/targets/trop2/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive nsclc urothelial"},{"id":"her2","kind":"target","name":"HER2","aka":"","tldr":"A growth-signal receptor. Some cancers make far too much of it, and drugs that block it or use it as a docking site have transformed those cancers.","tags":"adc-target driver","route":"/targets/her2/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive breast-hr-positive gastric nsclc colorectal cholangiocarcinoma tnbc pancreatic gallbladder"},{"id":"her3","kind":"target","name":"HER3","aka":"","tldr":"HER3 is a cousin of HER2 that cancers use as an escape route when HER2 or EGFR are blocked.","tags":"adc-target resistance","route":"/targets/her3/","cancers":"tnbc nsclc breast-hr-positive gallbladder"},{"id":"egfr","kind":"target","name":"EGFR","aka":"","tldr":"A growth receptor that is mutated in some lung cancers and overproduced in others; the first great success of targeted pills.","tags":"driver kinase","route":"/targets/egfr/","cancers":"nsclc colorectal head-and-neck glioblastoma tnbc gallbladder"},{"id":"nectin4","kind":"target","name":"Nectin-4","aka":"","tldr":"Nectin-4 is an adhesion protein plentiful on bladder cancer cells, used as the docking site for the ADC enfortumab vedotin.","tags":"adc-target","route":"/targets/nectin4/","cancers":"urothelial tnbc"},{"id":"b7h3","kind":"target","name":"B7-H3","aka":"","tldr":"B7-H3 is an immune checkpoint-like surface protein found on 60 to 70% of small-cell lung cancers and 80 to 90% of castration-resistant prostate cancers, with little on normal tissue. It is used as an ADC address, chiefly by ifinatamab deruxtecan, now in phase 3 in small-cell lung cancer; whether blocking its immune-dampening role adds anything beyond payload delivery is unresolved.","tags":"adc-target","route":"/targets/b7h3/","cancers":"sclc prostate"},{"id":"cldn18-2","kind":"target","name":"Claudin 18.2","aka":"","tldr":"A tight-junction protein normally hidden in the stomach lining that becomes exposed in gastric and pancreatic cancers.","tags":"adc-target car-t-target","route":"/targets/cldn18-2/","cancers":"gastric pancreatic"},{"id":"psma","kind":"target","name":"PSMA","aka":"","tldr":"A protein on prostate cancer cells that lets doctors both see the cancer on a PET scan and hit it with a radioactive drug.","tags":"theranostic pet-target","route":"/targets/psma/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"fap","kind":"target","name":"FAP","aka":"","tldr":"FAP (fibroblast activation protein) sits on the cancer-associated fibroblasts that scaffold more than 90% of epithelial cancers and is almost absent from normal adult tissue. FAPI PET tracers therefore light up tumours with high contrast, including pancreatic, gastric and low-grade cancers where FDG PET is weak, and FAP-targeted radioligands are in development.","tags":"theranostic pet-target stroma","route":"/targets/fap/","cancers":"pancreatic gastric tnbc sarcoma"},{"id":"sstr2","kind":"target","name":"Somatostatin receptor 2","aka":"","tldr":"Somatostatin receptor 2 is a hormone receptor densely present on neuroendocrine tumours, and was the first theranostic target to reach routine care.","tags":"theranostic","route":"/targets/sstr2/","cancers":"neuroendocrine sclc"},{"id":"dll3","kind":"target","name":"DLL3","aka":"","tldr":"A protein that appears on the surface of small-cell lung cancer cells, now hit by a drug that pulls T cells onto them.","tags":"t-cell-engager-target","route":"/targets/dll3/","cancers":"sclc prostate"},{"id":"folr1","kind":"target","name":"Folate receptor alpha","aka":"","tldr":"Folate receptor alpha is a vitamin receptor that ovarian cancer cells carry in large numbers, used as the docking site for the ADC mirvetuximab.","tags":"adc-target","route":"/targets/folr1/","cancers":"ovarian endometrial nsclc"},{"id":"tissue-factor","kind":"target","name":"Tissue factor","aka":"","tldr":"Tissue factor is a clotting protein that cancers abnormally display on their surface, used as an ADC target in cervical cancer.","tags":"adc-target","route":"/targets/tissue-factor/","cancers":"cervical pancreatic"},{"id":"cdh6","kind":"target","name":"CDH6","aka":"","tldr":"CDH6 is an adhesion protein from kidney development that reappears on ovarian and kidney cancers.","tags":"adc-target","route":"/targets/cdh6/","cancers":"ovarian rcc"},{"id":"ceacam5","kind":"target","name":"CEACAM5","aka":"","tldr":"The classic 'CEA' tumour marker measured in blood, also present on the cell surface where ADCs can reach it.","tags":"adc-target biomarker","route":"/targets/ceacam5/","cancers":"colorectal nsclc gastric"},{"id":"gpc3","kind":"target","name":"Glypican-3","aka":"","tldr":"Glypican-3 is a fetal liver protein that reappears in liver cancer, giving CAR-T and bispecifics a clean target.","tags":"car-t-target","route":"/targets/gpc3/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"mesothelin","kind":"target","name":"Mesothelin","aka":"","tldr":"Mesothelin is a surface protein on mesothelioma, ovarian, and pancreatic cancers, targeted by ADCs, CAR-T, and T-cell engagers.","tags":"car-t-target adc-target","route":"/targets/mesothelin/","cancers":"mesothelioma pancreatic ovarian"},{"id":"cd70","kind":"target","name":"CD70","aka":"","tldr":"CD70 is a protein normally only on activated immune cells, but permanently switched on in kidney cancer and some leukaemias.","tags":"car-t-target","route":"/targets/cd70/","cancers":"rcc aml"},{"id":"ror1","kind":"target","name":"ROR1","aka":"","tldr":"ROR1 is a fetal pseudo-kinase receptor re-expressed on over 90% of chronic lymphocytic leukaemias, 30 to 50% of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas and 40 to 60% of triple-negative breast cancers, and largely absent from healthy adult tissue. Zilovertamab vedotin uses it as an ADC address, in phase 3 in large B-cell lymphoma; whether expression level predicts benefit is unproven.","tags":"adc-target","route":"/targets/ror1/","cancers":"dlbcl cll tnbc"},{"id":"cd19","kind":"target","name":"CD19","aka":"","tldr":"CD19 is a marker on B cells and B-cell cancers, and was the target of the first CAR-T therapies ever approved.","tags":"car-t-target","route":"/targets/cd19/","cancers":"all-leukemia dlbcl cll non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"cd20","kind":"target","name":"CD20","aka":"","tldr":"CD20 is a B-cell marker; rituximab against it was the first antibody approved for cancer, in 1997.","tags":"antibody-target","route":"/targets/cd20/","cancers":"dlbcl cll non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"bcma","kind":"target","name":"BCMA","aka":"","tldr":"BCMA is a survival receptor on plasma cells, and the target that made CAR-T and bispecifics work in multiple myeloma.","tags":"car-t-target t-cell-engager-target","route":"/targets/bcma/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"gprc5d","kind":"target","name":"GPRC5D","aka":"","tldr":"GPRC5D is a second myeloma target used when BCMA-directed drugs stop working.","tags":"t-cell-engager-target","route":"/targets/gprc5d/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"cd3","kind":"target","name":"CD3","aka":"","tldr":"CD3 is the switch on every T cell. Bispecific drugs grab it with one arm and the tumour with the other, forcing the T cell to attack.","tags":"t-cell-engager-target","route":"/targets/cd3/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"cd38","kind":"target","name":"CD38","aka":"","tldr":"CD38 is a myeloma surface enzyme and the target of daratumumab, which is now given as a quick under-the-skin injection.","tags":"antibody-target","route":"/targets/cd38/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"cd33","kind":"target","name":"CD33","aka":"","tldr":"CD33 is a myeloid surface marker on the blasts of 85 to 90% of acute myeloid leukaemias and on normal myeloid cells, so drugs against it also hit healthy marrow. It is the target of gemtuzumab ozogamicin, the first ADC ever approved (2000), withdrawn in 2010 and re-approved in 2017 at a lower fractionated dose.","tags":"adc-target","route":"/targets/cd33/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"cd123","kind":"target","name":"CD123","aka":"","tldr":"CD123 is the interleukin-3 receptor alpha chain, present on every blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm and on the blasts and leukaemia stem cells of 70 to 80% of acute myeloid leukaemias. Tagraxofusp and pivekimab sunirine target it in that rare neoplasm, and CAR-T cells against it in AML must spare the normal blood-forming progenitors that also carry it.","tags":"adc-target","route":"/targets/cd123/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"mage-a4","kind":"target","name":"MAGE-A4","aka":"","tldr":"A protein normally only in testis that some sarcomas and other tumours switch on; T cells can be engineered to recognise fragments of it.","tags":"tcr-target","route":"/targets/mage-a4/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"gp100","kind":"target","name":"gp100 (PMEL)","aka":"","tldr":"gp100 is a pigment-cell protein, and the target of the first bispecific drug to improve survival in a solid tumour, uveal melanoma.","tags":"tcr-target","route":"/targets/gp100/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"pd1","kind":"target","name":"PD-1","aka":"","tldr":"PD-1 is a brake on T cells. Blocking it releases the immune system against the tumour and has cured some previously incurable cancers.","tags":"checkpoint","route":"/targets/pd1/","cancers":"melanoma nsclc rcc urothelial head-and-neck tnbc hodgkin-lymphoma colorectal"},{"id":"pdl1","kind":"target","name":"PD-L1","aka":"","tldr":"PD-L1 is the tumour's side of the PD-1 brake, and also the biomarker that decides who gets immunotherapy.","tags":"checkpoint biomarker","route":"/targets/pdl1/","cancers":"tnbc nsclc urothelial sclc gallbladder non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"ctla4","kind":"target","name":"CTLA-4","aka":"","tldr":"The first immune brake ever targeted for cancer; releasing it won a Nobel Prize and cures a fraction of melanomas.","tags":"checkpoint","route":"/targets/ctla4/","cancers":"melanoma rcc colorectal hcc mesothelioma"},{"id":"lag3","kind":"target","name":"LAG-3","aka":"","tldr":"LAG-3 is the third immune brake to reach approval, combined with PD-1 blockade in melanoma.","tags":"checkpoint","route":"/targets/lag3/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"tigit","kind":"target","name":"TIGIT","aka":"","tldr":"TIGIT is an inhibitory receptor on T and natural killer cells that binds PVR (CD155) on tumour cells, so blocking it was expected to amplify PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors. Tiragolumab, domvanalimab and others then failed to add benefit in phase 3 lung cancer trials despite encouraging phase 2 signals, and the lack of a TIGIT-specific biomarker remains a weakness.","tags":"checkpoint failed-so-far","route":"/targets/tigit/","cancers":"nsclc sclc"},{"id":"kras","kind":"target","name":"KRAS","aka":"","tldr":"KRAS is the most commonly mutated cancer gene, called 'undruggable' for 40 years until 2021.","tags":"driver","route":"/targets/kras/","cancers":"pancreatic colorectal nsclc gallbladder"},{"id":"braf","kind":"target","name":"BRAF","aka":"","tldr":"BRAF is a signalling kinase mutated in half of melanomas; blocking it with two drugs at once became a template for targeted therapy.","tags":"driver kinase","route":"/targets/braf/","cancers":"melanoma colorectal thyroid nsclc pancreatic gallbladder"},{"id":"alk","kind":"target","name":"ALK","aka":"","tldr":"ALK is a gene fusion driver in about 4 to 5% of non-small-cell lung cancers that responds to a succession of ALK inhibitor pills. Lorlatinib kept about 60% of patients progression-free at five years, alectinib is approved after surgery, and neladalkib targets compound resistance mutations.","tags":"driver kinase","route":"/targets/alk/","cancers":"nsclc neuroblastoma pancreatic colorectal"},{"id":"met","kind":"target","name":"MET","aka":"","tldr":"A receptor that is either mutated in some lung cancers or amplified as an escape route when other lung cancer drugs fail.","tags":"driver kinase adc-target","route":"/targets/met/","cancers":"nsclc gastric rcc"},{"id":"ret","kind":"target","name":"RET","aka":"","tldr":"RET is a kinase altered in thyroid cancer and a small slice of lung cancer, treatable with one selective pill regardless of where the tumour is.","tags":"driver kinase","route":"/targets/ret/","cancers":"thyroid nsclc colorectal"},{"id":"ntrk","kind":"target","name":"NTRK","aka":"","tldr":"Rare gene fusions found across dozens of cancer types; the first target where a drug was approved for any tumour carrying it.","tags":"driver tumour-agnostic","route":"/targets/ntrk/","cancers":"sarcoma thyroid colorectal pancreatic gallbladder nsclc"},{"id":"fgfr2","kind":"target","name":"FGFR2","aka":"","tldr":"FGFR2 is a growth receptor fused in bile-duct cancer and overproduced in gastric cancer.","tags":"driver kinase","route":"/targets/fgfr2/","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma gastric urothelial pancreatic gallbladder"},{"id":"kit","kind":"target","name":"KIT","aka":"","tldr":"KIT mutation is the driver behind most gastrointestinal stromal tumours, and the reason imatinib turned a sarcoma with a median survival of about a year into a chronic disease.","tags":"driver kinase","route":"/targets/kit/","cancers":"sarcoma melanoma"},{"id":"flt3","kind":"target","name":"FLT3","aka":"","tldr":"FLT3 is a kinase mutated in about a third of acute myeloid leukaemias, where adding an inhibitor to chemotherapy improves survival.","tags":"driver kinase","route":"/targets/flt3/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"pik3ca","kind":"target","name":"PIK3CA / PI3K-alpha","aka":"","tldr":"PIK3CA is the most commonly mutated gene in hormone-driven breast cancer. Drugs against it work, but hitting it cleanly without raising blood sugar took years.","tags":"driver kinase","route":"/targets/pik3ca/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive endometrial head-and-neck tnbc colorectal gallbladder nsclc prostate"},{"id":"akt","kind":"target","name":"AKT","aka":"","tldr":"AKT is a central survival kinase downstream of PI3K, blocked by capivasertib in breast and now prostate cancer.","tags":"kinase","route":"/targets/akt/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate tnbc"},{"id":"cdk4-6","kind":"target","name":"CDK4/6","aka":"","tldr":"CDK4/6 is the engine that pushes a cell to copy its DNA. Blocking it alongside hormone therapy roughly doubled the time hormone-driven breast cancer stays controlled.","tags":"kinase","route":"/targets/cdk4-6/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive sarcoma"},{"id":"parp","kind":"target","name":"PARP","aka":"PARP1/2\nPoly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 2","tldr":"PARP is a DNA repair enzyme. Cancers that have already lost one repair system (BRCA) die when this second one is blocked; healthy cells survive.","tags":"synthetic-lethality","route":"/targets/parp/","cancers":"ovarian tnbc breast-hr-positive prostate pancreatic prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"atr","kind":"target","name":"ATR","aka":"","tldr":"ATR is a DNA-damage alarm kinase. Blocking it makes tumours with broken repair systems collapse under their own replication stress.","tags":"ddr","route":"/targets/atr/","cancers":"nsclc ovarian tnbc"},{"id":"wee1","kind":"target","name":"WEE1","aka":"","tldr":"A checkpoint kinase that gives cells time to fix DNA before dividing. Removing it forces damaged cancer cells into a fatal division.","tags":"ddr","route":"/targets/wee1/","cancers":"ovarian endometrial tnbc"},{"id":"idh","kind":"target","name":"IDH1 / IDH2","aka":"","tldr":"A metabolic enzyme whose mutant form produces a molecule that scrambles how genes are read; blocking it slows brain tumours and leukaemias.","tags":"driver epigenetic","route":"/targets/idh/","cancers":"glioblastoma aml cholangiocarcinoma gallbladder prostate"},{"id":"menin","kind":"target","name":"Menin","aka":"","tldr":"A scaffold protein that certain leukaemias need to keep their genes switched on; the first drug against it was approved in 2024.","tags":"epigenetic","route":"/targets/menin/","cancers":"aml all-leukemia"},{"id":"ezh2","kind":"target","name":"EZH2","aka":"PRC2","tldr":"EZH2 is an enzyme that silences genes. The first drug against it treated a rare sarcoma and some lymphomas until it was withdrawn in 2026 for causing second blood cancers.","tags":"epigenetic","route":"/targets/ezh2/","cancers":"sarcoma prostate dlbcl prostate-mcrpc prostate-nepc non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"bcl2","kind":"target","name":"BCL-2","aka":"","tldr":"A protein that stops cells from self-destructing. Venetoclax removes that protection and has transformed leukaemia treatment.","tags":"apoptosis","route":"/targets/bcl2/","cancers":"cll aml dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"vegf","kind":"target","name":"VEGF / VEGFR","aka":"","tldr":"The signal tumours use to grow their own blood supply. Blocking it starves tumours and, surprisingly, helps immunotherapy work.","tags":"angiogenesis","route":"/targets/vegf/","cancers":"rcc hcc colorectal nsclc ovarian"},{"id":"hif2a","kind":"target","name":"HIF-2α","aka":"","tldr":"A master switch that kidney cancer cells leave permanently on when they lose the VHL gene; belzutifan blocks it.","tags":"transcription","route":"/targets/hif2a/","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"estrogen-receptor","kind":"target","name":"Estrogen receptor (ERα)","aka":"","tldr":"The hormone switch that drives most breast cancers. Blocking or destroying it is the oldest and most effective targeted therapy.","tags":"hormonal","route":"/targets/estrogen-receptor/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive endometrial"},{"id":"androgen-receptor","kind":"target","name":"Androgen receptor","aka":"","tldr":"The hormone switch that drives prostate cancer, attacked by castration and by pills that block the receptor.","tags":"hormonal","route":"/targets/androgen-receptor/","cancers":"prostate tnbc"},{"id":"tp53","kind":"target","name":"TP53","aka":"","tldr":"TP53 is the 'guardian of the genome', broken in half of all cancers. Fixing it directly has so far defeated every attempt, so drugs exploit what its loss makes cancers depend on.","tags":"tumour-suppressor undrugged","route":"/targets/tp53/","cancers":"tnbc ovarian sclc aml pancreatic colorectal gallbladder nsclc prostate non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"brca","kind":"target","name":"BRCA1 / BRCA2 (HRD)","aka":"","tldr":"DNA repair genes. Inheriting a broken copy raises breast and ovarian cancer risk, but tumours that lose them become uniquely vulnerable to PARP inhibitors and platinum.","tags":"germline biomarker","route":"/targets/brca/","cancers":"tnbc ovarian prostate pancreatic breast-hr-positive gallbladder"},{"id":"cd47","kind":"target","name":"CD47","aka":"","tldr":"CD47 is the 'don't eat me' signal: it binds SIRP-alpha on macrophages to stop them engulfing the cell, and over 90% of AML blasts and large B-cell lymphoma cells display it. Blocking it should let macrophages eat tumour cells, but red cells carry CD47 too, so anaemia is built in, and the lead antibody magrolimab was dropped after failed trials.","tags":"checkpoint innate failed-so-far","route":"/targets/cd47/","cancers":"aml dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"cyp17a1","kind":"target","name":"CYP17A1 (17-alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase)","aka":"","tldr":"The enzyme that makes androgens in the testes, the adrenal glands and prostate tumours themselves. Abiraterone blocks it, cutting androgen production below what castration alone achieves.","tags":"","route":"/targets/cyp17a1/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"aromatase","kind":"target","name":"Aromatase (CYP19A1)","aka":"","tldr":"The enzyme that turns androgens into oestrogen in fat, muscle and breast tissue after the menopause. Aromatase inhibitors remove the oestrogen that drives most breast cancers in post-menopausal women.","tags":"","route":"/targets/aromatase/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"proteasome","kind":"target","name":"Proteasome (PSMB5)","aka":"","tldr":"The cell's protein shredder. Myeloma cells make huge amounts of antibody protein and depend on the proteasome to clear the waste, so blocking it kills them.","tags":"","route":"/targets/proteasome/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"cereblon","kind":"target","name":"Cereblon (CRBN)","aka":"","tldr":"The protein that lenalidomide and pomalidomide latch onto. Bound drug changes which proteins the cell tags for destruction, degrading the myeloma transcription factors Ikaros and Aiolos.","tags":"","route":"/targets/cereblon/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma mds"},{"id":"top1","kind":"target","name":"Topoisomerase I (TOP1)","aka":"","tldr":"The enzyme that nicks one DNA strand to relieve twisting while DNA is copied. Camptothecins and the payloads of several antibody-drug conjugates trap it on the DNA so the nick becomes a permanent break when the cell replicates.","tags":"","route":"/targets/top1/","cancers":"colorectal sclc tnbc breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"top2a","kind":"target","name":"Topoisomerase II alpha (TOP2A)","aka":"","tldr":"The enzyme that cuts both DNA strands to untangle chromosomes before cell division. Etoposide and the anthracyclines hold it in the cut state, filling dividing cells with double-strand breaks.","tags":"","route":"/targets/top2a/","cancers":"sclc testicular dlbcl"},{"id":"tyms","kind":"target","name":"Thymidylate synthase (TYMS)","aka":"","tldr":"The enzyme that makes the thymine building block of DNA. Fluorouracil, capecitabine and pemetrexed jam it, starving dividing cells of thymidine.","tags":"","route":"/targets/tyms/","cancers":"colorectal gastric pancreatic"},{"id":"dhfr","kind":"target","name":"Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)","aka":"","tldr":"The enzyme that recycles folate so cells can build DNA. Methotrexate blocks it, which is why folinic acid rescue after high-dose methotrexate matters.","tags":"","route":"/targets/dhfr/","cancers":"all-leukemia osteosarcoma primary-cns-lymphoma"},{"id":"gnrhr","kind":"target","name":"GnRH receptor (GNRHR)","aka":"","tldr":"The pituitary receptor that starts the hormone chain leading to testosterone and oestrogen. Agonists overstimulate it into silence and antagonists block it outright, the basis of medical castration in prostate cancer and ovarian suppression in breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/targets/gnrhr/","cancers":"prostate breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"xpo1","kind":"target","name":"Exportin-1 (XPO1)","aka":"","tldr":"The export pump that carries tumour suppressor proteins such as p53 out of the nucleus, where they cannot act. Selinexor blocks it so those brakes stay in the nucleus and cancer cells die.","tags":"","route":"/targets/xpo1/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma dlbcl endometrial"},{"id":"slamf7","kind":"target","name":"SLAMF7 (CS1)","aka":"","tldr":"A surface protein found on myeloma cells and on natural killer cells. Elotuzumab tags myeloma cells with it while also switching on the natural killer cells that carry it.","tags":"","route":"/targets/slamf7/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"tubulin","kind":"target","name":"Tubulin (microtubules)","aka":"","tldr":"The protein that builds the microtubule scaffolding a cell needs to pull its chromosomes apart. Taxanes freeze the scaffold and vinca alkaloids and eribulin stop it forming; either way the dividing cell stalls and dies.","tags":"","route":"/targets/tubulin/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive nsclc ovarian all-leukemia"},{"id":"dnmt1","kind":"target","name":"DNMT1 (DNA methyltransferase 1)","aka":"","tldr":"The enzyme that copies methylation marks onto newly made DNA, keeping genes silenced. Azacitidine and decitabine trap and destroy it, waking silenced tumour suppressor genes in blood cancers.","tags":"","route":"/targets/dnmt1/","cancers":"mds aml cmml"},{"id":"rrm1","kind":"target","name":"Ribonucleotide reductase (RRM1)","aka":"","tldr":"The enzyme that makes DNA building blocks from RNA building blocks. Gemcitabine's active form shuts it down and hydroxyurea quenches its catalytic radical, starving dividing cells of the nucleotides they need.","tags":"","route":"/targets/rrm1/","cancers":"pancreatic nsclc urothelial"},{"id":"pik3cd","kind":"target","name":"PI3K delta (PIK3CD)","aka":"","tldr":"The blood-cell version of the PI3K survival signal that keeps B cells alive. Idelalisib, duvelisib and copanlisib block it in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and follicular lymphoma, at the price of immune-related colitis, liver inflammation and infections that have limited their use.","tags":"","route":"/targets/pik3cd/","cancers":"cll follicular-lymphoma"},{"id":"rara","kind":"target","name":"Retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARA)","aka":"","tldr":"The retinoic acid receptor that, fused to PML in acute promyelocytic leukaemia, blocks white blood cells from maturing. All-trans retinoic acid releases the block and arsenic trioxide destroys the fusion protein, turning a once rapidly fatal leukaemia into one of the most curable.","tags":"","route":"/targets/rara/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"fgfr3-receptor","kind":"target","name":"FGFR3","aka":"","tldr":"A growth-factor receptor that is mutated or fused in a sizeable minority of bladder cancers. Erdafitinib blocks it and is the first targeted drug approved for urothelial cancer selected by a genomic test.","tags":"","route":"/targets/fgfr3-receptor/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"pdgfrb","kind":"target","name":"PDGFRB","aka":"","tldr":"A growth receptor on connective-tissue and blood-vessel cells. Imatinib works in rare cancers driven by PDGFRB fusions, such as dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and some chronic myeloid neoplasms with eosinophilia.","tags":"","route":"/targets/pdgfrb/","cancers":"sarcoma cmml"},{"id":"src","kind":"target","name":"SRC family kinases","aka":"","tldr":"The first cancer gene ever identified, a kinase that relays growth, adhesion and movement signals. Dasatinib and bosutinib were designed as BCR::ABL1 drugs but also hit SRC-family kinases, part of the reason they work when imatinib has failed.","tags":"","route":"/targets/src/","cancers":"cml all-leukemia"},{"id":"ifnar1","kind":"target","name":"Interferon alpha receptor (IFNAR1)","aka":"","tldr":"The receptor through which interferon alpha alerts immune cells and slows tumour growth. Interferon was one of the first immunotherapies, used in melanoma, hairy cell leukaemia and chronic myeloid leukaemia, and has largely given way to targeted drugs and checkpoint inhibitors.","tags":"","route":"/targets/ifnar1/","cancers":"melanoma hairy-cell-leukemia cml"},{"id":"csf3r","kind":"target","name":"G-CSF receptor (CSF3R)","aka":"","tldr":"The receptor that tells the bone marrow to make neutrophils. Filgrastim and pegfilgrastim stimulate it to shorten the dangerous low-neutrophil period after chemotherapy, cutting the risk of febrile neutropenia.","tags":"","route":"/targets/csf3r/"},{"id":"htr3a","kind":"target","name":"5-HT3 receptor (HTR3A)","aka":"","tldr":"The serotonin receptor on the gut's vagus nerve endings and in the brainstem vomiting centre that chemotherapy triggers. Ondansetron and palonosetron block it, the foundation of modern anti-sickness treatment.","tags":"","route":"/targets/htr3a/"},{"id":"tacr1","kind":"target","name":"NK1 receptor (TACR1)","aka":"","tldr":"The substance P receptor that drives the delayed nausea felt in the days after chemotherapy. Aprepitant and netupitant block it and are combined with a 5-HT3 blocker and dexamethasone for the most nausea-provoking regimens.","tags":"","route":"/targets/tacr1/"},{"id":"epor","kind":"target","name":"Erythropoietin receptor (EPOR)","aka":"","tldr":"The receptor that tells the marrow to make red blood cells. Epoetin stimulates it to treat chemotherapy-induced anaemia, used with care because it can raise the risk of blood clots and, in some cancers, tumour growth.","tags":"","route":"/targets/epor/"},{"id":"axl","kind":"target","name":"AXL","aka":"","tldr":"A receptor that helps cancer cells survive stress, resist treatment and spread. Cabozantinib is among the multi-kinase drugs that block it, and dedicated AXL inhibitors and antibody-drug conjugates are in trials.","tags":"","route":"/targets/axl/","cancers":"rcc hcc thyroid"},{"id":"glucocorticoid-receptor","kind":"target","name":"Glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1)","aka":"","tldr":"The receptor that steroid hormones switch on inside cells. In lymphoid cancers, dexamethasone and prednisone acting through it kill malignant lymphocytes directly, which is why steroids sit inside leukaemia, lymphoma and myeloma regimens as well as easing nausea and swelling.","tags":"","route":"/targets/glucocorticoid-receptor/","cancers":"all-leukemia multiple-myeloma hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl"},{"id":"gamma-secretase","kind":"target","name":"Gamma-secretase (PSEN1)","aka":"","tldr":"The membrane enzyme that releases the active part of Notch. Nirogacestat blocks it and became the first drug approved for desmoid tumours, the aggressive but non-metastasising growths driven by Wnt signalling.","tags":"","route":"/targets/gamma-secretase/","cancers":"desmoid-tumour"},{"id":"fgfr1","kind":"target","name":"FGFR1","aka":"","tldr":"A growth receptor amplified in squamous lung cancer and fused in a rare blood cancer. Pemigatinib is approved for the FGFR1-rearranged myeloid and lymphoid neoplasm, and pan-FGFR drugs block FGFR1 too, which is why they raise blood phosphate.","tags":"","route":"/targets/fgfr1/","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms nsclc"},{"id":"erbb4","kind":"target","name":"HER4 (ERBB4)","aka":"","tldr":"The fourth member of the HER family, hit by the irreversible pan-HER inhibitors afatinib, dacomitinib and neratinib along with EGFR and HER2. It has no approved drug of its own, and its role in cancer is less clear than that of its siblings.","tags":"","route":"/targets/erbb4/","cancers":"nsclc breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"ada","kind":"target","name":"Adenosine deaminase (ADA)","aka":"","tldr":"Adenosine deaminase is an enzyme that breaks down adenosine and deoxyadenosine; blocking it with pentostatin poisons lymphocytes, which is why the drug works in hairy cell leukaemia and some T-cell cancers.","tags":"","route":"/targets/ada/","cancers":"hairy-cell-leukemia cll"},{"id":"pgr","kind":"target","name":"Progesterone receptor (PGR)","aka":"","tldr":"The progesterone receptor is the hormone receptor that, alongside the oestrogen receptor, marks breast cancers likely to respond to hormone therapy, and it is the target of the progestins megestrol and medroxyprogesterone used in endometrial and breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/targets/pgr/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive endometrial"},{"id":"eef2","kind":"target","name":"Elongation factor 2 (EEF2)","aka":"","tldr":"EEF2 is the ribosome's motor for moving along messenger RNA; the CML drug omacetaxine stalls protein production by acting at this step.","tags":"","route":"/targets/eef2/","cancers":"cml"},{"id":"fkbp12","kind":"target","name":"FKBP12 (FKBP1A)","aka":"","tldr":"FKBP12 is the small protein that rapamycin-type drugs grab first; the drug-FKBP12 pair then clamps onto mTOR and switches off its growth signalling.","tags":"","route":"/targets/fkbp12/","cancers":"rcc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"dnmt3a","kind":"target","name":"DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A)","aka":"","tldr":"DNMT3A writes new methyl marks on DNA; it is one of the most commonly mutated genes in acute myeloid leukaemia and is trapped by the hypomethylating drugs azacitidine and decitabine.","tags":"","route":"/targets/dnmt3a/","cancers":"aml mds non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"gart","kind":"target","name":"GART (trifunctional purine synthesis enzyme)","aka":"","tldr":"GART is one of the enzymes that builds purines from scratch; pemetrexed blocks it alongside thymidylate synthase, which is why the drug starves fast-growing lung and mesothelioma cells.","tags":"","route":"/targets/gart/","cancers":"nsclc mesothelioma"},{"id":"tlr7","kind":"target","name":"Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)","aka":"","tldr":"TLR7 is an innate immune sensor for viral RNA; the cream imiquimod switches it on to make the skin's immune cells attack superficial basal cell carcinoma.","tags":"","route":"/targets/tlr7/","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"pap","kind":"target","name":"Prostatic acid phosphatase (ACP3, PAP)","aka":"","tldr":"Prostatic acid phosphatase is an enzyme made almost only by the prostate; the cell vaccine sipuleucel-T trains a patient's immune cells against it.","tags":"","route":"/targets/pap/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"ron","kind":"target","name":"RON receptor (MST1R)","aka":"","tldr":"RON is a receptor kinase from the same family as MET; multi-kinase drugs such as crizotinib and cabozantinib hit it as well as their main targets.","tags":"","route":"/targets/ron/","cancers":"nsclc colorectal"},{"id":"ddr2","kind":"target","name":"DDR2 receptor kinase","aka":"","tldr":"DDR2 is a receptor that senses collagen; mutations in it occur in a small share of squamous lung cancers, and dasatinib inhibits it.","tags":"","route":"/targets/ddr2/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"epha2","kind":"target","name":"EphA2 receptor","aka":"","tldr":"EphA2 is a cell-guidance receptor that many solid tumours overexpress; dasatinib and regorafenib block it among their many kinase targets, and it is being tested as an antibody-drug conjugate and CAR-T target.","tags":"","route":"/targets/epha2/","cancers":"glioblastoma ovarian"},{"id":"raf1","kind":"target","name":"CRAF (RAF1)","aka":"","tldr":"CRAF is BRAF's sibling in the growth-signal relay; sorafenib and regorafenib were designed against it, and it is the route by which RAS-mutant tumours escape BRAF-only drugs.","tags":"","route":"/targets/raf1/","cancers":"hcc rcc colorectal"},{"id":"pkc","kind":"target","name":"Protein kinase C family (PKC)","aka":"","tldr":"Protein kinase C is a family of signalling enzymes; the AML drug midostaurin started life as a PKC inhibitor and still hits the family alongside FLT3.","tags":"","route":"/targets/pkc/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"cox2","kind":"target","name":"COX-2 (PTGS2)","aka":"","tldr":"COX-2 makes the inflammatory prostaglandins that help tumours grow; aspirin and celecoxib block it, which is why they reduce colorectal polyps and are studied for cancer prevention.","tags":"","route":"/targets/cox2/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"tshr","kind":"target","name":"TSH receptor (TSHR)","aka":"","tldr":"The TSH receptor tells thyroid cells to take up iodine; recombinant TSH (thyrotropin alfa) stimulates it so that radioactive iodine can find and destroy leftover thyroid cancer.","tags":"","route":"/targets/tshr/","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"igf1r","kind":"target","name":"IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R)","aka":"","tldr":"The IGF-1 receptor is a growth-factor receptor that many cancers use to survive; a decade of antibodies and kinase inhibitors against it failed in trials, a cautionary tale in oncology drug development.","tags":"","route":"/targets/igf1r/","cancers":"ewing-sarcoma nsclc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"tie2","kind":"target","name":"TIE2 receptor (TEK)","aka":"","tldr":"TIE2 is the angiopoietin receptor that keeps blood vessels stable; regorafenib and cabozantinib block it as part of their attack on the tumour's blood supply.","tags":"","route":"/targets/tie2/","cancers":"colorectal hcc rcc"},{"id":"il11ra","kind":"target","name":"IL-11 receptor alpha","aka":"","tldr":"The IL-11 receptor was the target of oprelvekin, the first drug approved to prevent the severe platelet falls that chemotherapy causes; the drug was withdrawn in 2011 and thrombopoietin agonists took over the problem.","tags":"chembl-gap","route":"/targets/il11ra/","cancers":"gastric colorectal"},{"id":"csf2ra","kind":"target","name":"GM-CSF receptor (CSF2RA)","aka":"","tldr":"The GM-CSF receptor is what sargramostim switches on to speed the recovery of white cells after leukaemia chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation, and it is the signal that tumour vaccines such as talimogene use to recruit immune cells.","tags":"chembl-gap","route":"/targets/csf2ra/","cancers":"aml melanoma"},{"id":"lyn","kind":"target","name":"LYN kinase","aka":"","tldr":"LYN is a SRC-family kinase that sits under the B-cell receptor; dasatinib and bosutinib inhibit it alongside BCR-ABL, and LYN over-activity is one way chronic myeloid leukaemia escapes imatinib.","tags":"chembl-gap","route":"/targets/lyn/","cancers":"cml cll aml"},{"id":"hck","kind":"target","name":"HCK kinase","aka":"","tldr":"HCK is a SRC-family kinase of white blood cells that dasatinib and bosutinib inhibit; it drives growth in some leukaemias and in Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia, where ibrutinib also hits it.","tags":"chembl-gap","route":"/targets/hck/","cancers":"cml waldenstrom colorectal"},{"id":"ptk6","kind":"target","name":"PTK6 (BRK)","aka":"","tldr":"PTK6, also called breast tumour kinase, is over-expressed in most breast cancers and is one of the off-targets of dasatinib; drugs made specifically against it are still experimental.","tags":"chembl-gap","route":"/targets/ptk6/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive tnbc colorectal prostate"},{"id":"frk","kind":"target","name":"FRK kinase","aka":"","tldr":"FRK is a SRC-related kinase that mostly acts as a brake on growth; it is a minor off-target of approved kinase inhibitors and is lost or mutated in some liver and brain cancers.","tags":"chembl-gap","route":"/targets/frk/","cancers":"glioblastoma hcc"},{"id":"xdh","kind":"target","name":"Xanthine oxidase (XDH)","aka":"","tldr":"Xanthine oxidase makes uric acid from the breakdown of DNA; allopurinol blocks it to prevent the kidney damage of tumour lysis syndrome when chemotherapy kills many cancer cells at once.","tags":"chembl-gap","route":"/targets/xdh/","cancers":"all-leukemia aml burkitt-lymphoma dlbcl"},{"id":"txnrd1","kind":"target","name":"Thioredoxin reductase 1","aka":"","tldr":"Thioredoxin reductase keeps cells' antioxidant defences charged; arsenic trioxide, the drug that cures most acute promyelocytic leukaemia with ATRA, inhibits it as one of its several actions.","tags":"chembl-gap","route":"/targets/txnrd1/","cancers":"aml cll ovarian"},{"id":"gsr","kind":"target","name":"Glutathione reductase","aka":"","tldr":"Glutathione reductase regenerates the cell's main antioxidant; the nitrosourea carmustine inhibits it as a side action to its DNA cross-linking, which adds to the drug's toxicity as well as its effect.","tags":"chembl-gap","route":"/targets/gsr/","cancers":"glioblastoma dlbcl"},{"id":"pola1","kind":"target","name":"DNA polymerase alpha (POLA1)","aka":"","tldr":"DNA polymerase alpha starts every new DNA strand; nucleoside chemotherapies such as cytarabine, fludarabine and gemcitabine are converted inside cells into fake building blocks that jam this and the other replicative polymerases.","tags":"chembl-gap","route":"/targets/pola1/","cancers":"aml all-leukemia pancreatic nsclc"},{"id":"cyp11a1","kind":"target","name":"CYP11A1 (cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme)","aka":"","tldr":"CYP11A1 is the first enzyme in making every steroid hormone from cholesterol; the historic breast cancer drug aminoglutethimide blocked it, cutting oestrogen and adrenal steroids, before aromatase inhibitors made that approach precise.","tags":"chembl-gap","route":"/targets/cyp11a1/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate"},{"id":"srd5a2","kind":"target","name":"5-alpha-reductase type 2 (SRD5A2)","aka":"","tldr":"5-alpha-reductase turns testosterone into the more potent dihydrotestosterone inside the prostate; finasteride and dutasteride block it, and two large trials showed they cut prostate cancer diagnoses by about a quarter while raising concern about high-grade tumours.","tags":"chembl-gap","route":"/targets/srd5a2/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"drd2","kind":"target","name":"Dopamine D2 receptor","aka":"","tldr":"The dopamine D2 receptor is how cabergoline and bromocriptine shrink prolactin-secreting pituitary tumours without surgery, and it is the target of the antiemetics metoclopramide and prochlorperazine used during chemotherapy.","tags":"chembl-gap","route":"/targets/drd2/","cancers":"pituitary-tumours neuroendocrine glioblastoma"},{"id":"oprm1","kind":"target","name":"Mu-opioid receptor","aka":"","tldr":"The mu-opioid receptor is the target of morphine and the other strong opioids that control most severe cancer pain; the same receptor in the gut causes opioid constipation, which methylnaltrexone and naloxegol relieve by blocking it outside the brain.","tags":"chembl-gap","route":"/targets/oprm1/"},{"id":"cnr1","kind":"target","name":"Cannabinoid receptor 1","aka":"","tldr":"The CB1 cannabinoid receptor is how dronabinol and nabilone, synthetic cannabinoids approved for chemotherapy nausea that other drugs fail to control, act on the brain; their place is behind the 5-HT3 and NK1 antagonists.","tags":"chembl-gap","route":"/targets/cnr1/"},{"id":"tph1","kind":"target","name":"Tryptophan hydroxylase 1","aka":"","tldr":"Tryptophan hydroxylase makes serotonin, the hormone that neuroendocrine tumours pour out in carcinoid syndrome; telotristat ethyl blocks the enzyme to cut the diarrhoea that somatostatin analogues leave uncontrolled.","tags":"chembl-gap","route":"/targets/tph1/","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"impdh2","kind":"target","name":"IMP dehydrogenase (IMPDH2)","aka":"","tldr":"IMPDH is the bottleneck enzyme for making guanine nucleotides; mycophenolate blocks it to hold back the donor T cells that cause graft-versus-host disease after stem cell transplantation, and the enzyme is over-expressed in fast-growing tumours.","tags":"chembl-gap","route":"/targets/impdh2/","cancers":"glioblastoma sclc"},{"id":"sacituzumab-govitecan","kind":"drug","name":"Sacituzumab govitecan","aka":"","tldr":"The first TROP2-targeted ADC. It delivers a strong chemotherapy directly to breast and bladder cancer cells and is now a first-line option in triple-negative breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/sacituzumab-govitecan/","status":"approved","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive urothelial tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"trastuzumab-deruxtecan","kind":"drug","name":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan","aka":"","tldr":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan (Enhertu) is the most successful ADC ever. It redefined HER2 by working in tumours with only tiny amounts of the protein, and in 2026 moved into early-stage breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/trastuzumab-deruxtecan/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-her2-positive breast-hr-positive gastric gastric-her2-positive nsclc colorectal oesophageal-adenocarcinoma salivary-duct-carcinoma her2-amplified-colorectal her2-low-metastatic-breast-cancer her2-positive-early-breast-cancer her2-positive-breast-brain-metastases her2-mutant-nsclc advanced-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma tnbc tnbc-metastatic gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"datopotamab-deruxtecan","kind":"drug","name":"Datopotamab deruxtecan","aka":"","tldr":"Datopotamab deruxtecan (Datroway) is the second TROP2 ADC and shares Enhertu's payload. In 2026 it became a first-line option for triple-negative breast cancer patients who cannot receive immunotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/datopotamab-deruxtecan/","status":"approved","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive nsclc tnbc-metastatic egfr-mutant-nsclc pdl1-high-nsclc"},{"id":"sacituzumab-tirumotecan","kind":"drug","name":"Sacituzumab tirumotecan","aka":"","tldr":"Sacituzumab tirumotecan is Kelun-Biotech's TROP2 ADC, approved in China in 2024 for pretreated triple-negative breast cancer and then EGFR-mutant lung cancer. Merck holds rights outside Greater China and runs the TroFuse programme of more than ten phase 3 trials across breast, lung, endometrial and cervical cancer; in the US it holds a priority voucher but no approval yet.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/sacituzumab-tirumotecan/","status":"approved","cancers":"tnbc nsclc breast-hr-positive endometrial cervical"},{"id":"trastuzumab-emtansine","kind":"drug","name":"Trastuzumab emtansine","aka":"","tldr":"Trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla, T-DM1) was the first ADC for a solid tumour (2013). It is still standard after surgery for HER2+ breast cancer patients whose tumour did not fully respond to pre-surgery treatment.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/trastuzumab-emtansine/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-her2-positive her2-positive-early-breast-cancer"},{"id":"enfortumab-vedotin","kind":"drug","name":"Enfortumab vedotin","aka":"","tldr":"Enfortumab vedotin is an ADC against Nectin-4 that, combined with pembrolizumab, nearly doubled survival in advanced bladder cancer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/enfortumab-vedotin/","status":"approved","cancers":"urothelial muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer"},{"id":"brentuximab-vedotin","kind":"drug","name":"Brentuximab vedotin","aka":"","tldr":"The ADC that made the modern field credible (2011), for Hodgkin lymphoma and CD30+ lymphomas.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/brentuximab-vedotin/","status":"approved","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"mirvetuximab-soravtansine","kind":"drug","name":"Mirvetuximab soravtansine","aka":"","tldr":"Mirvetuximab soravtansine (Elahere) is the first ADC for ovarian cancer, for tumours with high folate receptor alpha.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/mirvetuximab-soravtansine/","status":"approved","cancers":"ovarian high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"tisotumab-vedotin","kind":"drug","name":"Tisotumab vedotin","aka":"","tldr":"Tisotumab vedotin is an ADC against tissue factor, the first to show a survival benefit in recurrent cervical cancer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/tisotumab-vedotin/","status":"approved","cancers":"cervical recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer"},{"id":"telisotuzumab-vedotin","kind":"drug","name":"Telisotuzumab vedotin","aka":"","tldr":"Telisotuzumab vedotin (Emrelis) is the first c-MET-directed ADC, approved in 2025 for lung cancer with high c-MET protein.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/telisotuzumab-vedotin/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc met-altered-nsclc"},{"id":"zynlonta","kind":"drug","name":"Loncastuximab tesirine","aka":"","tldr":"Loncastuximab tesirine (Zynlonta) is a CD19 ADC with a DNA-crosslinking payload for relapsed large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/zynlonta/","status":"approved","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"gemtuzumab-ozogamicin","kind":"drug","name":"Gemtuzumab ozogamicin","aka":"","tldr":"Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg) is an anti-CD33 antibody linked to the DNA-cutting payload calicheamicin, the first ADC approved, in 2000 for relapsed acute myeloid leukaemia. An unstable linker and no benefit in a confirmatory trial led to withdrawal in 2010; it returned in 2017 at a lower fractionated dose, with liver toxicity, including veno-occlusive disease, its defining risk.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/gemtuzumab-ozogamicin/","status":"approved","cancers":"aml aml-paediatric"},{"id":"belantamab-mafodotin","kind":"drug","name":"Belantamab mafodotin","aka":"","tldr":"A myeloma ADC that was withdrawn in 2022 then came back in 2025 after strong trials in earlier lines.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/belantamab-mafodotin/","status":"approved","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-relapsed-refractory"},{"id":"izalontamab-brengitecan","kind":"drug","name":"Izalontamab brengitecan","aka":"","tldr":"Izalontamab brengitecan is the first bispecific ADC to succeed in a phase 3 trial, hitting two growth receptors at once in triple-negative breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/izalontamab-brengitecan/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"tnbc esophageal nsclc urothelial"},{"id":"patritumab-deruxtecan","kind":"drug","name":"Patritumab deruxtecan","aka":"","tldr":"A HER3-directed ADC with Enhertu's payload, active in lung and all subtypes of breast cancer, but with a bumpy regulatory road.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/patritumab-deruxtecan/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc tnbc breast-hr-positive egfr-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"ifinatamab-deruxtecan","kind":"drug","name":"Ifinatamab deruxtecan","aka":"","tldr":"Ifinatamab deruxtecan is a B7-H3 ADC showing some of the best response rates ever seen in relapsed small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/ifinatamab-deruxtecan/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"sclc prostate extensive-stage-sclc"},{"id":"raludotatug-deruxtecan","kind":"drug","name":"Raludotatug deruxtecan","aka":"","tldr":"Raludotatug deruxtecan is a CDH6 ADC in phase 3 for platinum-resistant ovarian cancer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/raludotatug-deruxtecan/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"ovarian rcc"},{"id":"tilatamig-samrotecan","kind":"drug","name":"Tilatamig samrotecan","aka":"","tldr":"AstraZeneca's EGFR×c-MET bispecific ADC, the most advanced in the most crowded next-generation ADC target pair.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/tilatamig-samrotecan/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"nsclc head-and-neck"},{"id":"ak146d1","kind":"drug","name":"AK146D1","aka":"","tldr":"AK146D1 is Akeso's Nectin-4 × TROP2 bispecific ADC, combining the two most validated ADC addresses in one molecule.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/ak146d1/","status":"phase-1","cancers":"urothelial tnbc nsclc"},{"id":"disitamab-vedotin","kind":"drug","name":"Disitamab vedotin","aka":"","tldr":"Disitamab vedotin is a Chinese HER2 ADC approved for gastric and bladder cancer, now in global trials with Pfizer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/disitamab-vedotin/","status":"approved","cancers":"gastric urothelial"},{"id":"zilovertamab-vedotin","kind":"drug","name":"Zilovertamab vedotin","aka":"","tldr":"Zilovertamab vedotin is a ROR1-directed ADC in phase 3 for large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/zilovertamab-vedotin/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"cmg901","kind":"drug","name":"Sonesitatug vedotin","aka":"","tldr":"Sonesitatug vedotin is a Claudin 18.2 ADC in phase 3 for gastric cancer, licensed by AstraZeneca from KYM Biosciences.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/cmg901/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"gastric pancreatic"},{"id":"puxitatug-samrotecan","kind":"drug","name":"Puxitatug samrotecan","aka":"","tldr":"Puxitatug samrotecan is a B7-H4 ADC targeting a checkpoint-like protein enriched in breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancers.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/puxitatug-samrotecan/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"tnbc ovarian endometrial"},{"id":"pembrolizumab","kind":"drug","name":"Pembrolizumab","aka":"","tldr":"Pembrolizumab is a PD-1 blocking antibody approved in more than 40 settings, from melanoma and lung cancer to the first tumour-agnostic approval for mismatch-repair-deficient tumours in 2017, and before and after surgery in triple-negative breast cancer. A subcutaneous form arrived in 2025, and it is the backbone partner for ADCs and personalised neoantigen vaccines.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/pembrolizumab/","status":"approved","cancers":"msi-high-pdac tnbc nsclc melanoma head-and-neck recurrent-metastatic-hnscc hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer urothelial colorectal gastric gastric-pdl1-high gastric-msi-high cervical hcc rcc endometrial hodgkin-lymphoma ovarian pancreatic msi-high-colorectal primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma tnbc-early tnbc-metastatic pdl1-high-nsclc resectable-nsclc advanced-melanoma stage-iii-melanoma stage-ii-melanoma advanced-cutaneous-scc merkel-cell-carcinoma endometrial-mmr-deficient advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer locally-advanced-cervical-cancer recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer vaginal-adenocarcinoma advanced-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma lung-cancer"},{"id":"nivolumab","kind":"drug","name":"Nivolumab","aka":"","tldr":"Nivolumab was the second PD-1 blocker and is often combined with ipilimumab. Long-term data show about half of advanced melanoma patients alive at 10 years on the combination.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/nivolumab/","status":"approved","cancers":"melanoma nsclc rcc hodgkin-lymphoma colorectal gastric gastric-pdl1-high hcc hcc-advanced mesothelioma urothelial head-and-neck recurrent-metastatic-hnscc msi-high-colorectal pdl1-high-nsclc resectable-nsclc advanced-melanoma stage-iii-melanoma stage-ii-melanoma mucosal-melanoma acral-melanoma lung-cancer"},{"id":"ipilimumab","kind":"drug","name":"Ipilimumab","aka":"","tldr":"Ipilimumab was the first checkpoint inhibitor (2011), and proved the immune system could be unleashed against cancer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/ipilimumab/","status":"approved","cancers":"melanoma rcc colorectal hcc mesothelioma msi-high-colorectal advanced-melanoma stage-iii-melanoma mucosal-melanoma acral-melanoma lung-cancer"},{"id":"atezolizumab","kind":"drug","name":"Atezolizumab","aka":"","tldr":"A PD-L1 blocker used in lung, liver, and bladder cancer. In 2026 it became the first drug approved based on a blood test showing leftover cancer after bladder surgery.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/atezolizumab/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc sclc hcc hcc-advanced urothelial tnbc alveolar-soft-part-sarcoma tnbc-metastatic pdl1-high-nsclc resectable-nsclc extensive-stage-sclc pancreatic resectable-pdac lung-cancer"},{"id":"durvalumab","kind":"drug","name":"Durvalumab","aka":"","tldr":"A PD-L1 blocker that became standard after chemoradiation for stage III lung cancer, and now in bladder, biliary, and gastric cancers.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/durvalumab/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc sclc cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma hcc hcc-advanced hcc-intermediate urothelial gastric tnbc resectable-nsclc stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc limited-stage-sclc extensive-stage-sclc advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer tnbc-early tnbc-metastatic lung-cancer"},{"id":"relatlimab-nivolumab","kind":"drug","name":"Relatlimab + nivolumab","aka":"","tldr":"Opdualag combines relatlimab, the first drug targeting the LAG-3 immune brake, with nivolumab for melanoma.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/relatlimab-nivolumab/","status":"approved","cancers":"melanoma advanced-melanoma"},{"id":"dostarlimab","kind":"drug","name":"Dostarlimab","aka":"","tldr":"Dostarlimab is a PD-1 blocker famous for making rectal cancer disappear without surgery in every patient with a mismatch-repair-deficient tumour.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/dostarlimab/","status":"approved","cancers":"msi-high-pdac endometrial colorectal msi-high-colorectal rectal-cancer endometrial-mmr-deficient advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer uterine-carcinosarcoma pancreatic"},{"id":"cemiplimab","kind":"drug","name":"Cemiplimab","aka":"","tldr":"A PD-1 blocker that is the standard for advanced skin squamous cell carcinoma, and in 2025 became the first adjuvant immunotherapy for it.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/cemiplimab/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc melanoma pdl1-high-nsclc cutaneous-scc advanced-cutaneous-scc lip-cancer basal-cell-carcinoma locally-advanced-bcc cervical recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer lung-cancer"},{"id":"tarlatamab","kind":"drug","name":"Tarlatamab","aka":"","tldr":"The first T-cell engager to improve survival in a common solid tumour, small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/tarlatamab/","status":"approved","cancers":"sclc extensive-stage-sclc limited-stage-sclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"teclistamab","kind":"drug","name":"Teclistamab","aka":"","tldr":"Teclistamab was the first off-the-shelf bispecific for multiple myeloma, and is now approved after just one prior line of therapy.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/teclistamab/","status":"approved","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-relapsed-refractory"},{"id":"glofitamab","kind":"drug","name":"Glofitamab","aka":"","tldr":"Glofitamab is a fixed-duration bispecific for large B-cell lymphoma, with OS benefit when combined with chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/glofitamab/","status":"approved","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"tebentafusp","kind":"drug","name":"Tebentafusp","aka":"","tldr":"The first drug to improve survival in metastatic uveal melanoma, and the first TCR-based bispecific.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/tebentafusp/","status":"approved","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"blinatumomab","kind":"drug","name":"Blinatumomab","aka":"","tldr":"Blinatumomab was the first T-cell engager (2014), and is now given to children and adults with leukaemia even when in remission, because it improves survival.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/blinatumomab/","status":"approved","cancers":"all-leukemia all-paediatric-standard-risk all-paediatric-relapsed all-infant"},{"id":"amivantamab","kind":"drug","name":"Amivantamab","aka":"","tldr":"A two-armed antibody that blocks EGFR and its escape partner MET, now first-line for EGFR-mutant lung cancer with lazertinib.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/amivantamab/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc met-altered-nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"zanidatamab","kind":"drug","name":"Zanidatamab","aka":"","tldr":"Zanidatamab (Ziihera) is an antibody that grabs HER2 at two different spots, approved for HER2+ bile duct cancer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/zanidatamab/","status":"approved","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma gastric gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"zenocutuzumab","kind":"drug","name":"Zenocutuzumab","aka":"","tldr":"Zenocutuzumab is the first drug for cancers driven by NRG1 gene fusions, working by blocking HER3 from receiving its growth signal.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/zenocutuzumab/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc pancreatic kras-wild-type-pdac cholangiocarcinoma metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"ivonescimab","kind":"drug","name":"Ivonescimab","aka":"","tldr":"A Chinese bispecific that beat Keytruda head-to-head on progression-free survival in lung cancer, the first drug ever to do so.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/ivonescimab/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc colorectal tnbc pdl1-high-nsclc"},{"id":"ciltacabtagene-autoleucel","kind":"drug","name":"Ciltacabtagene autoleucel","aka":"","tldr":"Ciltacabtagene autoleucel is a one-time BCMA CAR-T for myeloma that, in CARTITUDE-4, cut the risk of death by about 45% compared with standard regimens.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/ciltacabtagene-autoleucel/","status":"approved","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-relapsed-refractory"},{"id":"axicabtagene-ciloleucel","kind":"drug","name":"Axicabtagene ciloleucel","aka":"","tldr":"A CD19 CAR-T that cures about 40% of patients with large B-cell lymphoma who had failed everything, and beat transplant in second line.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/axicabtagene-ciloleucel/","status":"approved","cancers":"dlbcl primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"satricabtagene-autoleucel","kind":"drug","name":"Satricabtagene autoleucel","aka":"","tldr":"Satricabtagene autoleucel (satri-cel) is the first CAR-T therapy approved for a solid tumour (gastric cancer), in China.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/satricabtagene-autoleucel/","status":"approved","cancers":"gastric pancreatic"},{"id":"lifileucel","kind":"drug","name":"Lifileucel","aka":"","tldr":"Lifileucel was the first approved TIL therapy: the patient's own tumour-fighting immune cells are expanded to billions and given back.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/lifileucel/","status":"approved","cancers":"melanoma nsclc advanced-melanoma"},{"id":"afamitresgene-autoleucel","kind":"drug","name":"Afamitresgene autoleucel","aka":"","tldr":"Afamitresgene autoleucel was the first engineered T-cell receptor therapy approved for a solid tumour, synovial sarcoma.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/afamitresgene-autoleucel/","status":"approved","cancers":"sarcoma synovial-sarcoma"},{"id":"pluvicto","kind":"drug","name":"Lutetium-177 vipivotide tetraxetan","aka":"","tldr":"A radioactive drug that seeks out PSMA on prostate cancer cells; the best-selling radiopharmaceutical ever.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/pluvicto/","status":"approved","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc prostate-mhspc"},{"id":"lutathera","kind":"drug","name":"Lutetium-177 dotatate","aka":"","tldr":"Lutetium-177 dotatate was the first modern radioligand therapy (2018), for neuroendocrine tumours, and is now used in first line.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/lutathera/","status":"approved","cancers":"neuroendocrine small-intestinal-net pancreatic-net grade-3-net metastatic-ppgl esthesioneuroblastoma"},{"id":"pylarify","kind":"drug","name":"Piflufolastat F-18 / Pylarify TruVu","aka":"Piflufolastat (18F)\nPylclari","tldr":"Piflufolastat F-18 (Pylarify) is the leading PSMA PET tracer for prostate cancer, with a new formulation approved in March 2026.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/pylarify/","status":"approved","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"ryz101","kind":"drug","name":"Actinium-225 DOTATATE","aka":"","tldr":"An alpha-particle version of Lutathera for neuroendocrine tumours that have stopped responding to the beta version.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/ryz101/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"neuroendocrine sclc"},{"id":"ac225-psma","kind":"drug","name":"Actinium-225 PSMA agents","aka":"","tldr":"Alpha-emitting PSMA drugs that produce responses even after Pluvicto fails, held back mainly by isotope supply.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/ac225-psma/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"fap-2286","kind":"drug","name":"FAP-2286 (177Lu / 68Ga)","aka":"","tldr":"A FAP-targeted theranostic pair: one version images almost any solid tumour, the other treats it with radiation.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/fap-2286/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"pancreatic sarcoma tnbc"},{"id":"osimertinib","kind":"drug","name":"Osimertinib","aka":"","tldr":"Osimertinib (Tagrisso) is the standard pill for EGFR-mutant lung cancer, now also given after surgery and with chemotherapy or after chemoradiation.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/osimertinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc resectable-nsclc stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc"},{"id":"lorlatinib","kind":"drug","name":"Lorlatinib","aka":"","tldr":"An ALK inhibitor with the longest disease control ever recorded for a targeted lung cancer pill: 60% progression-free at five years.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/lorlatinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc secondary-brain-tumours neuroblastoma-high-risk alk-positive-nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"sotorasib","kind":"drug","name":"Sotorasib","aka":"","tldr":"Sotorasib (Lumakras) was the first drug to hit KRAS, approved in 2021 after four decades of failure.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/sotorasib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc colorectal kras-g12c-colorectal kras-g12c-nsclc kras-g12c-pdac pancreatic lung-cancer"},{"id":"adagrasib","kind":"drug","name":"Adagrasib","aka":"","tldr":"Adagrasib was the second KRAS G12C inhibitor, with a long half-life and brain penetration, and is approved in lung and colorectal cancer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/adagrasib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc colorectal pancreatic kras-g12c-colorectal kras-g12c-nsclc kras-g12c-pdac"},{"id":"daraxonrasib","kind":"drug","name":"Daraxonrasib","aka":"","tldr":"The first drug that blocks all active RAS variants, approved by the FDA in August 2026 for metastatic pancreatic cancer, where KRAS drives 90% of tumours.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/daraxonrasib/","status":"approved","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac kras-g12c-pdac nsclc colorectal"},{"id":"encorafenib","kind":"drug","name":"Encorafenib","aka":"","tldr":"Encorafenib is a BRAF inhibitor that, with cetuximab and chemotherapy, became first-line standard for BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer in 2026.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/encorafenib/","status":"approved","cancers":"colorectal melanoma nsclc braf-v600e-colorectal braf-v600e-nsclc braf-v600-melanoma advanced-melanoma"},{"id":"selpercatinib","kind":"drug","name":"Selpercatinib","aka":"","tldr":"Selpercatinib is a selective RET inhibitor approved for any tumour with a RET fusion, with a further label update in July 2026.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/selpercatinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"thyroid nsclc medullary-thyroid-cancer papillary-thyroid-cancer ret-fusion-nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"zongertinib","kind":"drug","name":"Zongertinib","aka":"","tldr":"Zongertinib was the first oral HER2 inhibitor for lung cancer with HER2 mutations, approved in 2025 and moved to first line in 2026.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/zongertinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc her2-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"zidesamtinib","kind":"drug","name":"Zidesamtinib","aka":"","tldr":"A ROS1 inhibitor approved in July 2026 that works after other ROS1 drugs fail and avoids their brain side effects.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/zidesamtinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc ros1-positive-nsclc"},{"id":"olaparib","kind":"drug","name":"Olaparib","aka":"","tldr":"Olaparib was the first PARP inhibitor, and turned an inherited BRCA mutation from a risk factor into a drug target, including after surgery in breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/olaparib/","status":"approved","cancers":"ovarian tnbc breast-hr-positive prostate pancreatic high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer prostate-mcrpc tnbc-early tnbc-metastatic platinum-sensitive-ovarian-cancer brca-palb2-pdac"},{"id":"niraparib","kind":"drug","name":"Niraparib","aka":"Niraparib Tosylate Monohydrate and Abiraterone Acetate\nAkeega","tldr":"Niraparib is a PARP inhibitor approved as maintenance for ovarian cancer regardless of BRCA status, and in prostate cancer with abiraterone.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/niraparib/","status":"approved","cancers":"ovarian prostate high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer prostate-mcrpc platinum-sensitive-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"talazoparib","kind":"drug","name":"Talazoparib","aka":"","tldr":"Talazoparib is a PARP inhibitor that traps PARP on DNA about 100 times more strongly than olaparib, which is why it works at a 1 mg daily dose. It is approved for germline BRCA-mutant HER2-negative breast cancer and, with enzalutamide, for HRR-mutant castration-resistant prostate cancer; anaemia is its dominant side effect.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/talazoparib/","status":"approved","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive prostate prostate-mcrpc tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"palbociclib","kind":"drug","name":"Palbociclib","aka":"","tldr":"Palbociclib was the first CDK4/6 inhibitor (2015), and in 2026 became the first approved as maintenance in HER2-positive, hormone-positive breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/palbociclib/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"ribociclib","kind":"drug","name":"Ribociclib","aka":"Ribociclib Succinate and Letrozole\nKisqali Femara Co-Pack","tldr":"Ribociclib is the CDK4/6 inhibitor with the most consistent survival benefit, approved for a broad population of early breast cancer patients since 2024.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/ribociclib/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-early-high-risk"},{"id":"abemaciclib","kind":"drug","name":"Abemaciclib","aka":"","tldr":"Abemaciclib was the first CDK4/6 inhibitor approved after surgery for high-risk hormone-positive breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/abemaciclib/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-early-high-risk hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46"},{"id":"capivasertib","kind":"drug","name":"Capivasertib","aka":"","tldr":"Capivasertib (Truqap) is the first AKT inhibitor, for breast cancer with PI3K-pathway mutations and, since 2026, for prostate cancer with PTEN loss.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/capivasertib/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate prostate-mhspc hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46 tnbc tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"inavolisib","kind":"drug","name":"Inavolisib","aka":"","tldr":"Inavolisib is a PI3K drug that also destroys the mutant protein, approved in 2024 with palbociclib and fulvestrant for PIK3CA-mutant breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/inavolisib/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46"},{"id":"gedatolisib","kind":"drug","name":"Gedatolisib","aka":"","tldr":"An intravenous drug that blocks the whole PI3K/mTOR pathway, approved in July 2026 for hormone-positive breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/gedatolisib/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46"},{"id":"vepdegestrant","kind":"drug","name":"Vepdegestrant","aka":"","tldr":"Vepdegestrant is the first PROTAC ever approved (2026): a pill that tags the oestrogen receptor for destruction, for breast cancers with ESR1 mutations.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/vepdegestrant/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46"},{"id":"elacestrant","kind":"drug","name":"Elacestrant","aka":"","tldr":"Elacestrant was the first oral oestrogen-receptor degrader (2023), for ESR1-mutant breast cancer detected by blood test.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/elacestrant/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46"},{"id":"belzutifan","kind":"drug","name":"Belzutifan","aka":"","tldr":"Belzutifan is the first HIF-2α inhibitor, born from Nobel-winning biology, and is now approved after kidney cancer surgery with pembrolizumab.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/belzutifan/","status":"approved","cancers":"rcc clear-cell-rcc spinal-cord-tumours pancreatic-net hereditary-ppgl metastatic-ppgl"},{"id":"relacorilant","kind":"drug","name":"Relacorilant","aka":"","tldr":"A first-in-class drug that blocks cortisol signalling in tumour cells, approved in 2026 for platinum-resistant ovarian cancer with chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/relacorilant/","status":"approved","cancers":"ovarian platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer advanced-adrenocortical-carcinoma"},{"id":"revumenib","kind":"drug","name":"Revumenib","aka":"","tldr":"Revumenib (Revuforj) is the first menin inhibitor (2024), for acute leukaemias with KMT2A rearrangements or NPM1 mutations.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/revumenib/","status":"approved","cancers":"aml all-leukemia aml-npm1-kmt2a"},{"id":"vorasidenib","kind":"drug","name":"Vorasidenib","aka":"","tldr":"The first targeted therapy for low-grade brain tumours, delaying the need for radiation and chemotherapy by years.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/vorasidenib/","status":"approved","cancers":"glioblastoma idh-mutant-astrocytoma oligodendroglioma"},{"id":"venetoclax","kind":"drug","name":"Venetoclax","aka":"","tldr":"A pill that removes the survival shield from leukaemia cells, enabling chemotherapy-free, time-limited treatment for CLL.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/venetoclax/","status":"approved","cancers":"cll aml aml-older-unfit"},{"id":"imatinib","kind":"drug","name":"Imatinib","aka":"STI571\nSTI-571\nGlivec","tldr":"The drug that started the targeted therapy era in 2001, turning chronic myeloid leukaemia into a manageable condition with near-normal life expectancy.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/imatinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"sarcoma cll cml-chronic-phase gist-kit-exon-11 all-paediatric-ph-positive dermatofibrosarcoma-protuberans mucosal-melanoma acral-melanoma"},{"id":"trastuzumab","kind":"drug","name":"Trastuzumab","aka":"Trastuzumab and Hyaluronidase-oysk\nHerceptin Hylecta","tldr":"The first targeted antibody for a solid tumour (1998), which turned HER2-positive breast cancer from the worst subtype into one of the most treatable.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/trastuzumab/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-her2-positive gastric gastric-her2-positive salivary-duct-carcinoma her2-positive-early-breast-cancer endometrial-p53-abnormal colorectal gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"tucatinib","kind":"drug","name":"Tucatinib","aka":"","tldr":"A HER2-selective pill that works in the brain, for HER2-positive breast cancer with brain metastases.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/tucatinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-her2-positive colorectal her2-amplified-colorectal secondary-brain-tumours her2-positive-breast-brain-metastases"},{"id":"intismeran-autogene","kind":"drug","name":"Intismeran autogene","aka":"mRNA-4157\nV940\npersonalised cancer vaccine (PCV)\nindividualised neoantigen therapy (INT)","tldr":"A custom mRNA vaccine encoding up to 34 of a patient's own tumour mutations. In August 2026 it became the first personalised cancer vaccine to win a phase 3 trial.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/intismeran-autogene/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"melanoma nsclc rcc urothelial stage-iii-melanoma stage-ii-melanoma"},{"id":"autogene-cevumeran","kind":"drug","name":"Autogene cevumeran","aka":"","tldr":"Autogene cevumeran is BioNTech and Genentech's personalised mRNA vaccine encoding each patient's own tumour neoantigens. In a small phase 1 in resected pancreatic cancer, half of patients mounted T-cell responses and stayed free of recurrence far longer; phase 2 IMCODE003 tests whether that holds.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/autogene-cevumeran/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac colorectal melanoma"},{"id":"vusolimogene-oderparepvec","kind":"drug","name":"Vusolimogene oderparepvec","aka":"","tldr":"Vusolimogene oderparepvec is an engineered herpes virus injected into melanoma tumours, approved in August 2026 with nivolumab after immunotherapy failure.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/vusolimogene-oderparepvec/","status":"approved","cancers":"melanoma advanced-melanoma"},{"id":"talimogene-laherparepvec","kind":"drug","name":"Talimogene laherparepvec","aka":"","tldr":"Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC, Imlygic) was the first approved oncolytic virus (2015), injected into melanoma skin lesions.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/talimogene-laherparepvec/","status":"approved","cancers":"melanoma advanced-melanoma stage-iii-melanoma"},{"id":"optune","kind":"drug","name":"Optune / Optune Pax (TTFields)","aka":"","tldr":"Optune is a wearable device delivering electric fields that disrupt cell division. It is approved for glioblastoma and, in 2026, pancreatic cancer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/optune/","status":"approved","cancers":"glioblastoma pancreatic locally-advanced-pdac nsclc mesothelioma"},{"id":"galleri","kind":"drug","name":"Galleri","aka":"","tldr":"A blood test screening for more than 50 cancers at once, before the FDA in September 2026.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/galleri/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"shield","kind":"drug","name":"Shield","aka":"","tldr":"The first FDA-approved blood test for colorectal cancer screening (2024), now optionally reporting other cancers too.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/shield/","status":"approved","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"signatera","kind":"drug","name":"Signatera","aka":"","tldr":"Signatera is Natera's tumour-informed blood test that tracks 16 mutations from each patient's own tumour to detect residual or returning cancer after surgery. Medicare covers it in colorectal, breast, bladder, lung and ovarian cancer and for immunotherapy monitoring, and in 2026 it selected the bladder cancer patients for the first approval based on circulating tumour DNA.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/signatera/","status":"established","cancers":"colorectal urothelial tnbc nsclc pancreatic"},{"id":"foundationone-cdx","kind":"drug","name":"FoundationOne CDx / Liquid CDx","aka":"","tldr":"The FDA-approved tissue (324 genes) and blood genomic tests that serve as companion diagnostics for dozens of drugs.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/foundationone-cdx/","status":"approved","cancers":"tnbc pancreatic colorectal"},{"id":"oncotype-dx","kind":"drug","name":"Oncotype DX","aka":"","tldr":"A 21-gene test that tells most women with early hormone-positive breast cancer whether they can safely skip chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/oncotype-dx/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-early-high-risk"},{"id":"artera-ai-prostate","kind":"drug","name":"ArteraAI Prostate","aka":"","tldr":"The first AI tool cleared by the FDA to predict both prognosis and treatment benefit from a routine biopsy slide, in prostate cancer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/artera-ai-prostate/","status":"approved","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"artera-ai-breast","kind":"drug","name":"ArteraAI Breast","aka":"","tldr":"An FDA-cleared AI test (May 2026) that reads breast cancer slides to estimate recurrence risk in early hormone-positive disease.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/artera-ai-breast/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"carboplatin","kind":"drug","name":"Carboplatin","aka":"","tldr":"Carboplatin is a platinum chemotherapy that crosslinks DNA; it is part of the standard pre-surgery regimen for triple-negative breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/carboplatin/","status":"approved","cancers":"tnbc ovarian nsclc sclc seminoma cns-germ-cell-tumours cup-favourable-subsets metastatic-anal-cancer"},{"id":"paclitaxel","kind":"drug","name":"Paclitaxel / nab-paclitaxel","aka":"","tldr":"A microtubule poison discovered in the Pacific yew tree, among the most used chemotherapies in breast, lung, and ovarian cancer.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/paclitaxel/","status":"approved","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive nsclc ovarian pancreatic angiosarcoma cup-favourable-subsets metastatic-anal-cancer"},{"id":"omidubicel","kind":"drug","name":"Omidubicel","aka":"","tldr":"An expanded umbilical cord blood graft that shortens the dangerous wait for neutrophils to return after a transplant for blood cancer, the first cell therapy approved to speed engraftment.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/omidubicel/","status":"approved","cancers":"aml all-leukemia mds"},{"id":"tregzi","kind":"drug","name":"Allogeneic regulatory T cell immunotherapy with HSPC and T cells-vldq","aka":"Orca-T\nTregzi","tldr":"Tregzi, formerly Orca-T, is a donor stem cell transplant sorted with high precision and given with regulatory T cells, so that patients with blood cancers keep the graft's anti-cancer effect while being protected from chronic graft-versus-host disease. The FDA approved it on 30 June 2026 for adults having a matched-donor transplant.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/tregzi/","status":"approved","cancers":"aml all-leukemia mds"},{"id":"remestemcel-l","kind":"drug","name":"Remestemcel-L","aka":"","tldr":"Donor bone marrow stromal cells given to children whose acute graft-versus-host disease no longer responds to steroids, the first mesenchymal stromal cell therapy approved in the United States.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/remestemcel-l/","status":"approved"},{"id":"hepzato","kind":"drug","name":"Melphalan hepatic delivery system","aka":"","tldr":"High-dose melphalan pumped through the liver's own blood supply while the blood leaving the liver is filtered, the first approved treatment for uveal melanoma that has spread to the liver.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/hepzato/","status":"approved","cancers":"uveal-melanoma"},{"id":"merck","kind":"company","name":"Merck & Co. (MSD)","aka":"","tldr":"Merck & Co. (MSD) makes Keytruda, the world's best-selling cancer drug, and is now building the next act around TROP2 ADCs and personalised vaccines.","tags":"","route":"/companies/merck/"},{"id":"astrazeneca","kind":"company","name":"AstraZeneca","aka":"Acerta Pharma\nAlexion Pharmaceuticals\nMedImmune LLC\nMedImmune","tldr":"AstraZeneca is the most ADC-committed large pharma, co-owner of Enhertu and Datroway, with deep targeted-therapy and radiopharma bets.","tags":"","route":"/companies/astrazeneca/"},{"id":"daiichi-sankyo","kind":"company","name":"Daiichi Sankyo","aka":"","tldr":"Daiichi Sankyo is the Japanese company whose DXd payload technology created the best ADC platform in the industry.","tags":"","route":"/companies/daiichi-sankyo/"},{"id":"gilead","kind":"company","name":"Gilead Sciences (incl. Kite)","aka":"","tldr":"Gilead owns Trodelvy (via the $21B Immunomedics deal) and the Kite CAR-T franchise.","tags":"","route":"/companies/gilead/"},{"id":"bms","kind":"company","name":"Bristol Myers Squibb","aka":"Bristol-Myers Squibb\nJuno Therapeutics\nMirati Therapeutics\nCelgene\nAmerican Regent, Inc.\nAmerican Regent\nYM BioSciences","tldr":"Pioneer of checkpoint inhibitors (Opdivo, Yervoy), now betting on the first successful bispecific ADC and alpha radiopharmaceuticals.","tags":"","route":"/companies/bms/"},{"id":"roche-genentech","kind":"company","name":"Roche / Genentech","aka":"","tldr":"Creator of Herceptin, Avastin, and Rituxan, and owner of Foundation Medicine; the company that defined antibody oncology.","tags":"","route":"/companies/roche-genentech/"},{"id":"novartis","kind":"company","name":"Novartis","aka":"Endocyte","tldr":"The company that made radioligand therapy a business, with Pluvicto and Lutathera, and the maker of Kisqali and Gleevec.","tags":"","route":"/companies/novartis/"},{"id":"pfizer","kind":"company","name":"Pfizer (incl. Seagen)","aka":"Seagen\nSeagen (Pfizer)\nSeattle Genetics","tldr":"Bought Seagen for $43B to become an ADC leader; also makes Ibrance, Lorbrena, Braftovi, and the first PROTAC.","tags":"","route":"/companies/pfizer/"},{"id":"johnson-johnson","kind":"company","name":"Johnson & Johnson","aka":"Alza Corporation\nJanssen\nOrtho Biotech Products, L.P.\nOrtho Biotech\nSequus Pharmaceuticals\nCentocor, Inc.\nCentocor\nAlza Corporation, DE, USA\nCougar Biotechnology, Inc.\nCougar Biotechnology\nMcNeil Consumer & Specialty Pharmaceuticals\nMcNeil","tldr":"Johnson & Johnson leads in multiple myeloma (Darzalex, Carvykti, Tecvayli, Talvey) and in bispecific antibodies for lung cancer (Rybrevant).","tags":"","route":"/companies/johnson-johnson/"},{"id":"abbvie","kind":"company","name":"AbbVie (incl. ImmunoGen, Capstan)","aka":"Pharmacyclics\nAllergan\nKythera Biopharmaceuticals\nRepros Therapeutics Inc.\nFacet Biotech","tldr":"AbbVie owns Venclexta and Elahere, and bought Capstan, the leading in vivo CAR-T company.","tags":"","route":"/companies/abbvie/"},{"id":"amgen","kind":"company","name":"Amgen","aka":"BioVex Limited\nBioVex","tldr":"Amgen invented the BiTE T-cell engager format and the first KRAS inhibitor.","tags":"","route":"/companies/amgen/"},{"id":"eli-lilly","kind":"company","name":"Eli Lilly (incl. Loxo)","aka":"","tldr":"Eli Lilly makes Verzenio and Retevmo, as well as the oral SERD imlunestrant and the BTK inhibitor pirtobrutinib.","tags":"","route":"/companies/eli-lilly/"},{"id":"gsk","kind":"company","name":"GSK","aka":"Tesaro, Inc.\nTesaro\nBellus Health Inc. - a GSK company\nBellus Health","tldr":"GSK makes Jemperli, Zejula, and the twice-approved myeloma ADC Blenrep.","tags":"","route":"/companies/gsk/"},{"id":"bayer","kind":"company","name":"Bayer","aka":"","tldr":"Bayer owns Xofigo, the only approved alpha emitter, and is developing next-generation actinium PSMA agents.","tags":"","route":"/companies/bayer/"},{"id":"astellas","kind":"company","name":"Astellas","aka":"OSI Pharmaceuticals","tldr":"Astellas co-owns Padcev and makes Vyloy, the first Claudin 18.2 drug.","tags":"","route":"/companies/astellas/"},{"id":"takeda","kind":"company","name":"Takeda","aka":"Millennium Pharmaceuticals\nAriad Pharmaceuticals\nARIAD\nNycomed\nShire","tldr":"Takeda co-owns Adcetris outside the US and is developing STING-agonist conjugates and CAR-NK cells.","tags":"","route":"/companies/takeda/"},{"id":"boehringer-ingelheim","kind":"company","name":"Boehringer Ingelheim","aka":"","tldr":"Private German pharma whose zongertinib became the first oral HER2 inhibitor for lung cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/boehringer-ingelheim/"},{"id":"sanofi","kind":"company","name":"Sanofi","aka":"Genzyme\nGenzyme, a Sanofi Company\nKiadis Pharma\nAventis Pharmaceuticals\nAventis\nILEX Oncology Services, Incorporated\nILEX Oncology\nShantha Biotechnics Limited\nShantha Biotechnics","tldr":"Sanofi makes Sarclisa (isatuximab), now in a subcutaneous form approved in July 2026.","tags":"","route":"/companies/sanofi/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"regeneron","kind":"company","name":"Regeneron","aka":"","tldr":"Regeneron makes Libtayo and has a large portfolio of CD3 bispecifics (odronextamab, linvoseltamab).","tags":"","route":"/companies/regeneron/"},{"id":"servier","kind":"company","name":"Servier","aka":"","tldr":"Servier is the private French pharma that brought vorasidenib, the first low-grade glioma drug, to market.","tags":"","route":"/companies/servier/"},{"id":"kelun-biotech","kind":"company","name":"Sichuan Kelun-Biotech","aka":"","tldr":"Chinese ADC developer whose TROP2 ADC sac-TMT was licensed to Merck in one of the largest China-out deals.","tags":"","route":"/companies/kelun-biotech/"},{"id":"systimmune","kind":"company","name":"SystImmune / Sichuan Biokin","aka":"Sichuan Baili Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.\nSichuan Baili Pharmaceutical\nBaili-Bio","tldr":"SystImmune developed iza-bren, the first bispecific ADC to win a phase 3 trial.","tags":"","route":"/companies/systimmune/"},{"id":"akeso","kind":"company","name":"Akeso","aka":"","tldr":"Chinese biotech whose ivonescimab beat Keytruda head-to-head, and developer of the Nectin-4×TROP2 ADC.","tags":"","route":"/companies/akeso/"},{"id":"summit-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Summit Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Summit Therapeutics holds Western rights to ivonescimab and is running the global HARMONi trials.","tags":"","route":"/companies/summit-therapeutics/"},{"id":"adc-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"ADC Therapeutics","aka":"ADC Therapeutics S.A.\nADC Therapeutics SA","tldr":"ADC Therapeutics, based in Lausanne, developed Zynlonta (loncastuximab tesirine), an antibody-drug conjugate built on its pyrrolobenzodiazepine payload platform and approved in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. It is now switching to exatecan-based payloads, so its future rests on changing platform while staying independent.","tags":"","route":"/companies/adc-therapeutics/"},{"id":"zymeworks","kind":"company","name":"Zymeworks","aka":"","tldr":"Zymeworks invented zanidatamab and a hydrophilic TOP1 ADC platform (ZW191 FRα, ZW251 GPC3).","tags":"","route":"/companies/zymeworks/"},{"id":"jazz","kind":"company","name":"Jazz Pharmaceuticals","aka":"","tldr":"Jazz Pharmaceuticals, based in Dublin, sells zanidatamab (Ziihera), a HER2-targeting antibody, outside Asia for biliary tract and gastro-oesophageal cancer, alongside Rylaze, Zepzelca (lurbinectedin) and CPX-351 for acute myeloid leukaemia. Whether zanidatamab can grow from a rare bile duct indication into gastric cancer is its open question.","tags":"","route":"/companies/jazz/"},{"id":"beone","kind":"company","name":"BeOne Medicines (formerly BeiGene)","aka":"BeiGene\nBeiGene USA\nInc.\nBeOne\nBeOne (BeiGene)\nGW Pharmaceuticals Ltd\nGW Pharmaceuticals","tldr":"BeOne Medicines makes Brukinsa, the leading BTK inhibitor, and tislelizumab, and is the Asia partner for zanidatamab.","tags":"","route":"/companies/beone/"},{"id":"remegen","kind":"company","name":"RemeGen","aka":"","tldr":"RemeGen developed disitamab vedotin, China's first domestic ADC.","tags":"","route":"/companies/remegen/"},{"id":"dualitybio","kind":"company","name":"Duality Biotherapeutics","aka":"DualityBio Inc.","tldr":"Chinese ADC platform company behind BioNTech's trastuzumab pamirtecan (BNT323/DB-1303) and AI-nominated targets.","tags":"","route":"/companies/dualitybio/"},{"id":"medilink","kind":"company","name":"MediLink Therapeutics","aka":"MediLink Therapeutics (Suzhou)\nMediLink Therapeutics","tldr":"MediLink developed the TMALIN ADC linker platform, licensed to Zai Lab, BioNTech, and Roche.","tags":"","route":"/companies/medilink/"},{"id":"avenzo","kind":"company","name":"Avenzo Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Avenzo in-licenses Chinese assets, including the Nectin-4×TROP2 bispecific ADC AVZO-103 and a CDK2 inhibitor.","tags":"","route":"/companies/avenzo/"},{"id":"merus","kind":"company","name":"Merus","aka":"","tldr":"Dutch bispecific antibody company behind zenocutuzumab and petosemtamab; acquired by Genmab in 2025.","tags":"","route":"/companies/merus/"},{"id":"genmab","kind":"company","name":"Genmab","aka":"","tldr":"Genmab is the Danish antibody engineering company behind the DuoBody platform, Tivdak, Epkinly, and (via ProfoundBio) rinatabart sesutecan.","tags":"","route":"/companies/genmab/"},{"id":"revolution-medicines","kind":"company","name":"Revolution Medicines","aka":"EQRx International, Inc.\nEQRx","tldr":"Revolution Medicines is the leading RAS company, with daraxonrasib in phase 3 for pancreatic cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/revolution-medicines/"},{"id":"arvinas","kind":"company","name":"Arvinas","aka":"","tldr":"PROTAC pioneer whose vepdegestrant became the first approved targeted protein degrader in 2026.","tags":"","route":"/companies/arvinas/"},{"id":"nuvalent","kind":"company","name":"Nuvalent","aka":"","tldr":"Designer of cleaner kinase inhibitors; zidesamtinib (ROS1) approved July 2026, neladalkib (ALK) next.","tags":"","route":"/companies/nuvalent/"},{"id":"celcuity","kind":"company","name":"Celcuity","aka":"","tldr":"Celcuity developed gedatolisib, approved in July 2026 for hormone-positive breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/celcuity/"},{"id":"menarini","kind":"company","name":"Menarini / Stemline","aka":"","tldr":"Menarini is the private Italian pharma that commercialises the first oral SERD, elacestrant.","tags":"","route":"/companies/menarini/"},{"id":"corcept","kind":"company","name":"Corcept Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Corcept is a cortisol-modulation company whose relacorilant was approved in ovarian cancer in 2026.","tags":"","route":"/companies/corcept/"},{"id":"syndax","kind":"company","name":"Syndax Pharmaceuticals","aka":"","tldr":"Syndax Pharmaceuticals, of Waltham, Massachusetts, developed revumenib (Revuforj), the first menin inhibitor approved for leukaemia, proved in relapsed leukaemias driven by KMT2A rearrangement or NPM1 mutation. It also makes axatilimab for chronic graft-versus-host disease, and resistance mutations in menin itself are the class's unsolved problem.","tags":"","route":"/companies/syndax/"},{"id":"moderna","kind":"company","name":"Moderna","aka":"","tldr":"Moderna is the mRNA company whose personalised cancer vaccine intismeran won the first phase 3 in the class (August 2026).","tags":"","route":"/companies/moderna/"},{"id":"biontech","kind":"company","name":"BioNTech","aka":"","tldr":"From COVID vaccine to a broad oncology pipeline: personalised vaccines, ADCs from China, and a PD-L1×VEGF bispecific sold to BMS for $11B.","tags":"","route":"/companies/biontech/"},{"id":"replimune","kind":"company","name":"Replimune","aka":"","tldr":"Oncolytic virus company whose RP1 (Tudriqev) was approved in August 2026 after an initial FDA rejection.","tags":"","route":"/companies/replimune/"},{"id":"immunocore","kind":"company","name":"Immunocore","aka":"","tldr":"Inventor of the ImmTAC soluble TCR bispecific; tebentafusp was the first to improve survival in a solid tumour.","tags":"","route":"/companies/immunocore/"},{"id":"iovance","kind":"company","name":"Iovance Biotherapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Iovance Biotherapeutics, of San Carlos, California, makes Amtagvi (lifileucel), the first approved tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte therapy, a treatment grown from a patient's own tumour-resident immune cells and approved in melanoma. Making it fast and cheap enough to reach most eligible patients is its open question.","tags":"","route":"/companies/iovance/"},{"id":"legend-biotech","kind":"company","name":"Legend Biotech","aka":"","tldr":"Legend Biotech is the Chinese-origin developer of Carvykti, the most effective myeloma CAR-T, with J&J.","tags":"","route":"/companies/legend-biotech/"},{"id":"carsgen","kind":"company","name":"CARsgen Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"CARsgen Therapeutics developed satri-cel, the first CAR-T approved for a solid tumour (gastric cancer, China).","tags":"","route":"/companies/carsgen/"},{"id":"adaptimmune","kind":"company","name":"Adaptimmune","aka":"","tldr":"Adaptimmune developed Tecelra, the first TCR-T for a solid tumour, and sold the US rights to US WorldMeds in 2025 amid financial distress.","tags":"","route":"/companies/adaptimmune/"},{"id":"lantheus","kind":"company","name":"Lantheus","aka":"Progenics Pharmaceuticals, Inc.\nProgenics\nMolecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Inc.\nMolecular Insight Pharmaceuticals","tldr":"Lantheus makes Pylarify, the leading PSMA PET agent, with a new TruVu formulation approved in March 2026.","tags":"","route":"/companies/lantheus/"},{"id":"telix","kind":"company","name":"Telix Pharmaceuticals","aka":"","tldr":"Telix is the Australian theranostics company behind Illuccix and Gozellix PSMA imaging and a broad therapeutic pipeline.","tags":"","route":"/companies/telix/"},{"id":"rayzebio","kind":"company","name":"RayzeBio (BMS)","aka":"","tldr":"RayzeBio is the actinium-225 radiopharma company that BMS bought for $4.1B; its RYZ101 is in phase 3.","tags":"","route":"/companies/rayzebio/"},{"id":"fusion-pharma","kind":"company","name":"Fusion Pharmaceuticals (AstraZeneca)","aka":"","tldr":"Alpha-emitter company acquired by AstraZeneca ($2.4B, 2024); FPI-2265 (225Ac-PSMA-I&T) in phase 3.","tags":"","route":"/companies/fusion-pharma/"},{"id":"itm","kind":"company","name":"ITM Isotope Technologies Munich","aka":"ITM Solucin GmbH","tldr":"ITM is the largest non-carrier-added lutetium-177 supplier and the developer of ITM-11 (177Lu-edotreotide).","tags":"","route":"/companies/itm/"},{"id":"terrapower-isotopes","kind":"company","name":"TerraPower Isotopes","aka":"","tldr":"Bill Gates-backed producer of actinium-225 from thorium-229, building a Philadelphia facility to raise supply 20-fold.","tags":"isotope-supply","route":"/companies/terrapower-isotopes/"},{"id":"orano-med","kind":"company","name":"Orano Med","aka":"","tldr":"Orano Med is the leading lead-212 producer and the developer of 212Pb-DOTAMTATE (AlphaMedix).","tags":"","route":"/companies/orano-med/"},{"id":"foundation-medicine","kind":"company","name":"Foundation Medicine (Roche)","aka":"","tldr":"Maker of the FDA-approved FoundationOne CDx genomic test used across dozens of drug labels.","tags":"","route":"/companies/foundation-medicine/"},{"id":"guardant-health","kind":"company","name":"Guardant Health","aka":"Guardant","tldr":"Liquid biopsy leader: Guardant360 for genotyping, Reveal for MRD, Shield for screening.","tags":"","route":"/companies/guardant-health/"},{"id":"natera","kind":"company","name":"Natera","aka":"","tldr":"Natera makes Signatera, the dominant tumour-informed MRD test.","tags":"","route":"/companies/natera/"},{"id":"grail","kind":"company","name":"GRAIL","aka":"","tldr":"GRAIL developed Galleri, the multi-cancer blood test awaiting an FDA decision after a September 2026 advisory committee.","tags":"","route":"/companies/grail/"},{"id":"exact-sciences","kind":"company","name":"Exact Sciences (Abbott)","aka":"","tldr":"Exact Sciences makes Cologuard and Oncotype DX and is launching Cancerguard MCED and Oncodetect MRD; it is being acquired by Abbott for $21B.","tags":"","route":"/companies/exact-sciences/"},{"id":"tempus","kind":"company","name":"Tempus AI","aka":"","tldr":"Genomic testing plus one of the largest multimodal clinical datasets, used for AI models and trial matching.","tags":"","route":"/companies/tempus/"},{"id":"caris","kind":"company","name":"Caris Life Sciences","aka":"","tldr":"Whole-exome and whole-transcriptome tumour profiling at scale, with a large real-world database.","tags":"","route":"/companies/caris/"},{"id":"bostongene","kind":"company","name":"BostonGene","aka":"","tldr":"BostonGene, of Waltham, Massachusetts, sells the Tumor Portrait, a single report combining genomic, transcriptomic and immune microenvironment analysis that sorts tumours into immune-enriched, fibrotic or depleted subtypes to guide immunotherapy decisions. Whether those subtypes predict immunotherapy response well enough to change practice is unproven.","tags":"","route":"/companies/bostongene/"},{"id":"illumina","kind":"company","name":"Illumina","aka":"","tldr":"Illumina is the dominant DNA sequencing platform underneath nearly every genomic test in oncology.","tags":"","route":"/companies/illumina/"},{"id":"10x-genomics","kind":"company","name":"10x Genomics","aka":"","tldr":"Leader in single-cell and spatial biology tools (Chromium, Visium, Xenium) used to dissect tumours.","tags":"","route":"/companies/10x-genomics/"},{"id":"artera","kind":"company","name":"Artera","aka":"","tldr":"First company with FDA-cleared AI pathology tests that predict treatment benefit (prostate 2025, breast 2026).","tags":"","route":"/companies/artera/"},{"id":"paige","kind":"company","name":"Paige AI","aka":"","tldr":"MSK spin-out with the first FDA-cleared AI pathology product and the Virchow foundation model.","tags":"","route":"/companies/paige/"},{"id":"pathai","kind":"company","name":"PathAI","aka":"","tldr":"PathAI runs the AISight AI pathology platform and quantifies biomarkers for pharma trials.","tags":"","route":"/companies/pathai/"},{"id":"owkin","kind":"company","name":"Owkin","aka":"","tldr":"French AI biotech using federated learning across hospitals; first CE-marked AI for MSI prediction from H&E.","tags":"","route":"/companies/owkin/"},{"id":"novocure","kind":"company","name":"Novocure","aka":"","tldr":"Novocure makes Optune tumour treating fields, approved in glioblastoma, lung, mesothelioma, and (2026) pancreatic cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/novocure/"},{"id":"intuitive-surgical","kind":"company","name":"Intuitive Surgical","aka":"","tldr":"Intuitive Surgical makes the da Vinci robot, used in most robotic cancer surgeries worldwide.","tags":"","route":"/companies/intuitive-surgical/"},{"id":"histosonics","kind":"company","name":"HistoSonics","aka":"","tldr":"Inventor of histotripsy, non-invasive tumour destruction with focused ultrasound bubbles; acquired for $2.25B in 2025.","tags":"","route":"/companies/histosonics/"},{"id":"insightec","kind":"company","name":"Insightec","aka":"","tldr":"MR-guided focused ultrasound company, with oncology use in blood-brain-barrier opening for brain tumours.","tags":"","route":"/companies/insightec/"},{"id":"varian","kind":"company","name":"Varian (Siemens Healthineers)","aka":"","tldr":"Varian is the largest radiotherapy equipment maker and is running the first human FLASH proton trials.","tags":"","route":"/companies/varian/"},{"id":"elekta","kind":"company","name":"Elekta","aka":"","tldr":"Elekta is the Swedish radiotherapy company behind Unity, the leading MR-linac, and Gamma Knife.","tags":"","route":"/companies/elekta/"},{"id":"reflexion","kind":"company","name":"RefleXion Medical","aka":"","tldr":"RefleXion Medical makes the first PET-guided radiotherapy system, which uses the tumour's own emissions to steer the beam.","tags":"","route":"/companies/reflexion/"},{"id":"iba","kind":"company","name":"IBA (Ion Beam Applications)","aka":"","tldr":"IBA (Ion Beam Applications), of Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, is the largest supplier of proton therapy equipment: its Proteus One and Proteus Plus systems equip proton centres worldwide, and it also builds cyclotrons for PET isotope production. Proton therapy's capital cost is the problem its compact systems try to answer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/iba/"},{"id":"mevion","kind":"company","name":"Mevion Medical Systems","aka":"","tldr":"Mevion Medical Systems, of Littleton, Massachusetts, makes the MEVION S250-FIT, a compact single-room proton therapy system meant to bring protons within reach of community cancer centres. Whether smaller, cheaper proton machines widen access without diluting the evidence base is the open question.","tags":"","route":"/companies/mevion/"},{"id":"ge-healthcare","kind":"company","name":"GE HealthCare","aka":"","tldr":"GE HealthCare, of Chicago, makes PET/CT, MRI and CT scanners (Omni Legend, SIGNA, Revolution) and PET tracers through its Pharmaceutical Diagnostics business, including Cerianna, the fluoroestradiol F-18 agent that images oestrogen receptors in breast cancer. Whether receptor-imaging tracers change treatment decisions often enough to be reimbursed is its tracer business's open question.","tags":"","route":"/companies/ge-healthcare/"},{"id":"siemens-healthineers","kind":"company","name":"Siemens Healthineers","aka":"","tldr":"Siemens Healthineers makes the Biograph Vision Quadra total-body PET and photon-counting CT, and owns Varian.","tags":"","route":"/companies/siemens-healthineers/"},{"id":"united-imaging","kind":"company","name":"United Imaging","aka":"","tldr":"Chinese imaging company that built uEXPLORER, the first total-body PET scanner.","tags":"","route":"/companies/united-imaging/"},{"id":"cancer-commons","kind":"company","name":"Cancer Commons","aka":"","tldr":"Nonprofit that helps advanced-cancer patients navigate precision-oncology options and trials, free of charge.","tags":"","route":"/companies/cancer-commons/"},{"id":"celldex","kind":"company","name":"Celldex Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Biotech that ran one of the early GPNMB ADCs in triple-negative breast cancer, which failed, and has since pivoted to mast-cell (KIT) antibodies for allergic disease.","tags":"failure adc-history","route":"/companies/celldex/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"debiopharm","kind":"company","name":"Debiopharm","aka":"","tldr":"Debiopharm is the private Swiss developer of the WEE1 inhibitor zedoresertib (Debio 0123) and of dual-payload ADC research.","tags":"","route":"/companies/debiopharm/","cancers":"ovarian sclc"},{"id":"keymed","kind":"company","name":"Keymed Biosciences (KYM Biosciences)","aka":"","tldr":"Chinese biotech whose joint venture KYM Biosciences created the Claudin 18.2 ADC CMG901, licensed to AstraZeneca in 2023.","tags":"","route":"/companies/keymed/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"morphosys","kind":"company","name":"MorphoSys (Novartis)","aka":"","tldr":"German antibody company that acquired Constellation's BET inhibitor pelabresib and was itself bought by Novartis in 2024.","tags":"","route":"/companies/morphosys/","status":"historic","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"gritstone","kind":"company","name":"Gritstone bio","aka":"","tldr":"Neoantigen-vaccine pioneer (GRANITE, SLATE) that ran out of money and filed for bankruptcy in October 2024; a cautionary tale for the personalised-vaccine field.","tags":"failure","route":"/companies/gritstone/","status":"withdrawn","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"serova","kind":"company","name":"Serova","aka":"","tldr":"Serova is an early-stage company building a personalised cancer vaccine platform that redesigns the vaccine as the tumour evolves.","tags":"early-stage","route":"/companies/serova/"},{"id":"bulsara-bioworks","kind":"company","name":"Bulsara Bioworks","aka":"","tldr":"Bulsara Bioworks is a 2025 start-up focused on precise p53-pathway activation for solid tumours.","tags":"early-stage","route":"/companies/bulsara-bioworks/"},{"id":"circle-pharma","kind":"company","name":"Circle Pharma","aka":"","tldr":"Circle Pharma is developing CID-078, the first oral cyclin A/B RxL inhibitor, aimed at cancers with a broken G1/S checkpoint such as small-cell lung and triple-negative breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/circle-pharma/","cancers":"sclc tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"valius","kind":"company","name":"Valius Sciences","aka":"valius-sciences","tldr":"Valius is a patient-centred multi-omic profiling service that runs whole genome, bulk and single-cell RNA, spatial transcriptomics, high-plex protein, and ctDNA on one tumour.","tags":"startup evenone-portfolio oncology","route":"/companies/valius/"},{"id":"elucidate-bio","kind":"company","name":"Elucidate Bio","aka":"","tldr":"Spatial multi-omics service that images DNA, RNA, and protein from the same tissue slide to predict therapeutic response.","tags":"","route":"/companies/elucidate-bio/"},{"id":"sengine","kind":"company","name":"SEngine Precision Medicine","aka":"","tldr":"Runs the PARIS test: a patient's tumour grown as organoids and screened against 240+ drugs to find options sequencing cannot see.","tags":"","route":"/companies/sengine/"},{"id":"champions-oncology","kind":"company","name":"Champions Oncology","aka":"","tldr":"Oncology CRO with the largest bank of patient-derived xenograft models (TumorGraft), now adding 3D organoid screening and radiopharmaceutical services.","tags":"","route":"/companies/champions-oncology/"},{"id":"navexio","kind":"company","name":"Navexio","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer navigation consultancy that helps patients find, understand, and enrol in biomarker-matched clinical trials.","tags":"","route":"/companies/navexio/"},{"id":"patient-data-vault","kind":"company","name":"Patient Data Vault (data-vault.health)","aka":"","tldr":"AI clinical-trial matcher for cancer patients: upload records or connect a health system, get explained matches updated daily from ClinicalTrials.gov.","tags":"","route":"/companies/patient-data-vault/"},{"id":"more-health","kind":"company","name":"MORE Health","aka":"","tldr":"MORE Health is a cross-border telemedicine company delivering expert second opinions from leading specialists for serious illness including cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/more-health/"},{"id":"finaldose","kind":"company","name":"FinalDose","aka":"","tldr":"Y Combinator Spring 2026 start-up building a programmable DNA-targeting drug: a molecule that recognises a cancer-specific DNA sequence inside a cell and triggers a kill switch only there.","tags":"frontier early-stage yc","route":"/companies/finaldose/"},{"id":"orna-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Orna Therapeutics (Eli Lilly)","aka":"","tldr":"Circular-RNA in vivo CAR company bought by Eli Lilly for about $2.4B in February 2026.","tags":"frontier","route":"/companies/orna-therapeutics/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"umoja-biopharma","kind":"company","name":"Umoja Biopharma","aka":"","tldr":"In vivo CAR-T company using lentiviral vectors (VivoVec); first CD22-directed in vivo CAR-T cleared for US trials in 2026.","tags":"frontier","route":"/companies/umoja-biopharma/","cancers":"dlbcl all-leukemia"},{"id":"interius","kind":"company","name":"Interius BioTherapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Penn spin-out that dosed the first patient ever with a durable in vivo CAR gene therapy (INT2104, CD20) in the INVISE trial.","tags":"frontier","route":"/companies/interius/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"insilico-medicine","kind":"company","name":"Insilico Medicine","aka":"","tldr":"Generative-AI drug discovery company, listed in Hong Kong in December 2025, with a pan-KRAS candidate and a pan-TEAD inhibitor in the clinic.","tags":"","route":"/companies/insilico-medicine/","cancers":"mesothelioma pancreatic"},{"id":"recursion","kind":"company","name":"Recursion Pharmaceuticals","aka":"","tldr":"Recursion is an AI-first biotech (merged with Exscientia in 2024) with a clinical oncology pipeline that includes an RBM39 degrader and a MEK inhibitor for familial adenomatous polyposis.","tags":"","route":"/companies/recursion/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"isomorphic-labs","kind":"company","name":"Isomorphic Labs","aka":"","tldr":"Alphabet's AlphaFold-derived drug design company; its first AI-designed oncology candidate was cleared for human trials in January 2026 after a $2.1B raise.","tags":"frontier","route":"/companies/isomorphic-labs/"},{"id":"generate-biomedicines","kind":"company","name":"Generate:Biomedicines","aka":"","tldr":"Generative-AI protein design company (Flagship) that went public in 2026 and is testing an antibody that neutralises leaked ADC payload to reduce side effects.","tags":"frontier","route":"/companies/generate-biomedicines/","cancers":"urothelial ovarian"},{"id":"perspective-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Perspective Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Lead-212 alpha-therapy company whose SSTR2 agent [212Pb]VMT-α-NET reported a 43% response rate in neuroendocrine tumours and is heading for phase 3.","tags":"","route":"/companies/perspective-therapeutics/","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"clarity-pharmaceuticals","kind":"company","name":"Clarity Pharmaceuticals","aka":"","tldr":"Clarity Pharmaceuticals, a Sydney radiopharmaceutical company, pairs copper isotopes with SAR-bisPSMA, a molecule that binds PSMA on prostate cancer cells: copper-64 for PET imaging, in the phase 3 AMPLIFY and CLARIFY trials, and copper-67 for therapy in the SECuRE trial. The copper-67 therapy is still at the dose-finding stage.","tags":"","route":"/companies/clarity-pharmaceuticals/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"aktis-oncology","kind":"company","name":"Aktis Oncology","aka":"","tldr":"Miniprotein alpha-radiopharmaceutical company; the first biotech IPO of 2026 (~$365M) funds Ac-225 programmes against Nectin-4 and B7-H3.","tags":"frontier","route":"/companies/aktis-oncology/","cancers":"urothelial sclc prostate"},{"id":"radiomedix","kind":"company","name":"RadioMedix","aka":"","tldr":"RadioMedix is developing AlphaMedix (212Pb-DOTAMTATE) with Orano Med, the first targeted alpha therapy to receive FDA Breakthrough designation.","tags":"","route":"/companies/radiomedix/","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"sutro-biopharma","kind":"company","name":"Sutro Biopharma","aka":"","tldr":"Cell-free protein synthesis ADC company that refocused on exatecan and dual-payload ADCs, deprioritising its folate-receptor ADC luveltamab.","tags":"","route":"/companies/sutro-biopharma/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"mersana","kind":"company","name":"Mersana Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"ADC platform company betting on B7-H4: emiltatug ledadotin (Emi-Le) has Breakthrough designation in adenoid cystic carcinoma and activity in TNBC after TOP1 ADCs.","tags":"","route":"/companies/mersana/","cancers":"tnbc head-and-neck ovarian endometrial"},{"id":"tubulis","kind":"company","name":"Tubulis (Gilead)","aka":"","tldr":"German ADC company whose NaPi2b ADC TUB-040 posted a 59% response rate in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer; Gilead agreed to buy it for up to $5B.","tags":"","route":"/companies/tubulis/","cancers":"ovarian nsclc"},{"id":"araris","kind":"company","name":"Araris Biotech (Taiho)","aka":"","tldr":"Swiss linker-technology company (AraLinQ) acquired by Taiho for up to $1.14B; first clinical ADC ARC-02 (CD79b) dosed in June 2026.","tags":"","route":"/companies/araris/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"synaffix","kind":"company","name":"Synaffix (Lonza)","aka":"","tldr":"Licensor of the GlycoConnect site-specific ADC conjugation platform, now part of Lonza and used by dozens of ADC developers.","tags":"","route":"/companies/synaffix/"},{"id":"kymera","kind":"company","name":"Kymera Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Oral degrader company, mostly immunology, whose CDK2 molecular-glue degrader was optioned by Gilead in 2026 for CCNE1-driven cancers.","tags":"","route":"/companies/kymera/","cancers":"ovarian breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"nurix","kind":"company","name":"Nurix Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Nurix Therapeutics is developing bexobrutideg, a brain-penetrant BTK degrader in pivotal trials for CLL, co-developed with Roche from June 2026.","tags":"","route":"/companies/nurix/","cancers":"cll dlbcl"},{"id":"c4-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"C4 Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Degrader company whose IKZF1/3 molecular glue cemsidomide showed a 53% response rate in heavily pretreated myeloma and entered phase 2 in 2026.","tags":"","route":"/companies/c4-therapeutics/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"monte-rosa","kind":"company","name":"Monte Rosa Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Molecular-glue degrader company with a GSPT1 degrader in phase 2 for AR-mutant prostate cancer and a CCNE1-directed glue in preclinical development.","tags":"","route":"/companies/monte-rosa/","cancers":"prostate ovarian"},{"id":"verastem","kind":"company","name":"Verastem Oncology","aka":"","tldr":"RAS/MAPK-pathway company whose avutometinib + defactinib combination became the first approved treatment for KRAS-mutant low-grade serous ovarian cancer (May 2025).","tags":"","route":"/companies/verastem/","cancers":"ovarian pancreatic"},{"id":"frontier-medicines","kind":"company","name":"Frontier Medicines","aka":"","tldr":"Chemoproteomics company with FMC-376, a KRAS G12C inhibitor that hits both the ON and OFF states of the protein, in phase 1/2.","tags":"","route":"/companies/frontier-medicines/","cancers":"nsclc colorectal pancreatic"},{"id":"quanta-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Quanta Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Quanta Therapeutics develops oral multi-KRAS inhibitors biased to G12D (QTX3034) and G12V (QTX3544), with responses in pancreatic, colorectal, and endometrial cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/quanta-therapeutics/","cancers":"pancreatic colorectal endometrial"},{"id":"arsenal-bio","kind":"company","name":"Arsenal Biosciences","aka":"","tldr":"Programmable CAR-T company using logic gates so cells fire only when two tumour proteins are present; AB-2100 (PSMA + CA9) is in phase 1/2 for kidney cancer.","tags":"frontier","route":"/companies/arsenal-bio/","cancers":"rcc ovarian"},{"id":"sana-biotechnology","kind":"company","name":"Sana Biotechnology","aka":"","tldr":"Sana Biotechnology is a hypoimmune cell-therapy company that suspended its oncology allogeneic CAR-T (SC262) in late 2025 and pivoted to type 1 diabetes and in vivo CAR-T (SG293).","tags":"pivot","route":"/companies/sana-biotechnology/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"allogene","kind":"company","name":"Allogene Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Allogeneic CAR-T leader: cema-cel (CD19) as MRD-guided first-line consolidation in lymphoma, and ALLO-316 (CD70) with responses in kidney cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/allogene/","cancers":"dlbcl rcc"},{"id":"caribou","kind":"company","name":"Caribou Biosciences","aka":"","tldr":"CRISPR-edited allogeneic CAR-T company whose vispa-cel (CB-010) matched autologous CAR-T efficacy in lymphoma in 2025 data.","tags":"","route":"/companies/caribou/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"nkarta","kind":"company","name":"Nkarta","aka":"","tldr":"CAR-NK company that shelved its oncology programmes after falling response rates and pivoted to autoimmune disease.","tags":"pivot failure","route":"/companies/nkarta/","cancers":"aml dlbcl"},{"id":"fate-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Fate Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Fate Therapeutics builds iPSC-derived off-the-shelf CAR-T and CAR-NK cells (FT819, FT522) for cancer and autoimmune disease.","tags":"","route":"/companies/fate-therapeutics/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"freenome","kind":"company","name":"Freenome","aka":"","tldr":"Freenome makes SimpleScreen CRC, the second FDA-approved blood test for colorectal cancer screening (July 2026), commercialised by Abbott.","tags":"","route":"/companies/freenome/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"delfi-diagnostics","kind":"company","name":"DELFI Diagnostics","aka":"","tldr":"Fragmentomics company whose FirstLook Lung blood test aims to raise lung-cancer screening uptake; first randomised clinical-utility data in 2026.","tags":"","route":"/companies/delfi-diagnostics/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"harbinger-health","kind":"company","name":"Harbinger Health","aka":"","tldr":"Flagship-founded blood-test company launching RESOLVE, a multi-cancer detection test for people with symptoms who are waiting for a diagnosis.","tags":"","route":"/companies/harbinger-health/"},{"id":"personalis","kind":"company","name":"Personalis (Tempus)","aka":"","tldr":"Maker of the ultra-sensitive NeXT Personal MRD test, being acquired by Tempus AI for about $1.5B (announced July 2026).","tags":"","route":"/companies/personalis/"},{"id":"foresight-diagnostics","kind":"company","name":"Foresight Diagnostics","aka":"","tldr":"Stanford spin-out whose PhasED-Seq ctDNA technology detects residual lymphoma more accurately than PET/CT; clinical launch of CLARITY in 2026.","tags":"","route":"/companies/foresight-diagnostics/","cancers":"dlbcl hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"lunit","kind":"company","name":"Lunit","aka":"","tldr":"Korean AI company spanning mammography reading (INSIGHT MMG), breast-density risk (Volpara), and AI pathology for immunotherapy biomarkers.","tags":"","route":"/companies/lunit/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc nsclc"},{"id":"aidoc","kind":"company","name":"Aidoc","aka":"","tldr":"Radiology AI company with the first FDA-cleared foundation-model triage platform (CARE, January 2026); oncology-relevant for incidental findings and workflow.","tags":"","route":"/companies/aidoc/"},{"id":"xilis","kind":"company","name":"Xilis","aka":"","tldr":"Duke spin-out whose MicroOrganoSphere droplets grow a patient's tumour and screen drugs within two weeks.","tags":"","route":"/companies/xilis/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"curesponse","kind":"company","name":"Curesponse","aka":"","tldr":"Israeli company whose cResponse test keeps a patient's tumour fragment alive, with its vessels and immune cells, to test which treatments it responds to.","tags":"","route":"/companies/curesponse/"},{"id":"compugen","kind":"company","name":"Compugen","aka":"Compugen Ltd\nCompugen Ltd.","tldr":"An Israeli company that looks for new immune checkpoints in silico first and only then in the laboratory. It found PVRIG that way, and the antibody against it is in trials; its TIGIT antibody sits inside AstraZeneca's bispecific.","tags":"","route":"/companies/compugen/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"immatics","kind":"company","name":"Immatics","aka":"","tldr":"TCR-T company whose PRAME-directed anzu-cel (IMA203) is in the phase 3 SUPRAME trial in melanoma, with a launch targeted for 2027.","tags":"","route":"/companies/immatics/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"tscan","kind":"company","name":"TScan Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"TCR discovery company that cut 75% of staff in September 2026 to focus on in vivo-engineered TCR-T for solid tumours (PRAME, MAGE-A4).","tags":"pivot","route":"/companies/tscan/"},{"id":"xencor","kind":"company","name":"Xencor","aka":"","tldr":"Xencor is an antibody-engineering company (XmAb Fc technology) developing 2+1 T-cell engagers for kidney cancer (ENPP3) and ovarian/germ-cell tumours (CLDN6).","tags":"","route":"/companies/xencor/","cancers":"rcc ovarian"},{"id":"sofie-biosciences","kind":"company","name":"SOFIE Biosciences","aka":"","tldr":"SOFIE Biosciences is a US radiopharmacy network running two phase 3 trials of the FAP PET tracer [18F]FAPI-74 in pancreatic and gastro-oesophageal cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/sofie-biosciences/","cancers":"pancreatic gastric esophageal"},{"id":"nouscom","kind":"company","name":"Nouscom","aka":"","tldr":"Nouscom is developing Nous-209, an off-the-shelf viral-vector vaccine encoding 209 shared frameshift neoantigens to intercept cancer in Lynch syndrome carriers.","tags":"","route":"/companies/nouscom/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"mskcc","kind":"institution","name":"Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center","aka":"","tldr":"The world's top-ranked cancer hospital, home of MSK-IMPACT sequencing, the dostarlimab rectal cancer study, and CAR-T pioneers.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/mskcc/"},{"id":"md-anderson","kind":"institution","name":"MD Anderson Cancer Center","aka":"","tldr":"MD Anderson is the largest cancer centre in the world by patient volume, with the biggest phase 1 programme and a leading CAR-NK effort.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/md-anderson/"},{"id":"samsung-medical-center","kind":"institution","name":"Samsung Medical Center","aka":"","tldr":"Samsung Medical Center in Seoul is Korea's highest-ranked cancer hospital and one of Asia's largest enrolling sites for lung, gastric and breast antibody-drug conjugate trials; it also runs a proton therapy centre. How far its largely Korean trial results generalise to other regions is a question regulators keep asking.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/samsung-medical-center/"},{"id":"asan-medical-center","kind":"institution","name":"Asan Medical Center","aka":"","tldr":"Asan Medical Center is Korea's largest hospital and a global leader in liver transplantation and gastric cancer surgery.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/asan-medical-center/","cancers":"hcc gastric"},{"id":"mayo-clinic","kind":"institution","name":"Mayo Clinic","aka":"","tldr":"Consistently the top-ranked US hospital overall, with strong proton therapy and the first US carbon-ion centre under construction.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/mayo-clinic/"},{"id":"gustave-roussy","kind":"institution","name":"Gustave Roussy","aka":"","tldr":"Gustave Roussy, outside Paris, is Europe's largest cancer centre; its DITEP phase 1 unit and its breast antibody-drug conjugate and immunotherapy trials (trastuzumab deruxtecan, datopotamab deruxtecan) make it a lead site for industry studies, and it created the ESMO-MCBS scale for grading how much benefit a new drug offers.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/gustave-roussy/"},{"id":"royal-marsden","kind":"institution","name":"The Royal Marsden","aka":"","tldr":"The Royal Marsden was the world's first hospital dedicated to cancer (1851) and is paired with the Institute of Cancer Research.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/royal-marsden/","cancers":"colorectal nsclc lung-cancer prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"snuh","kind":"institution","name":"Seoul National University Hospital","aka":"","tldr":"Seoul National University Hospital is Korea's national university hospital and a top global enroller for gastric and lung cancer trials.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/snuh/","cancers":"gastric nsclc"},{"id":"princess-margaret","kind":"institution","name":"Princess Margaret Cancer Centre","aka":"","tldr":"Princess Margaret is Canada's leading cancer centre and a pioneer in immunotherapy and cancer stem cell research.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/princess-margaret/"},{"id":"johns-hopkins","kind":"institution","name":"Johns Hopkins Hospital / Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center","aka":"","tldr":"Johns Hopkins is the birthplace of cancer genomics (Vogelstein), MSI-high immunotherapy (Le, Diaz), and liquid biopsy and MCED science (CancerSEEK).","tags":"","route":"/institutions/johns-hopkins/"},{"id":"ieo-milan","kind":"institution","name":"IEO (European Institute of Oncology)","aka":"","tldr":"Founded by Umberto Veronesi, pioneer of breast-conserving surgery and sentinel node biopsy.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/ieo-milan/","cancers":"tnbc breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"charite","kind":"institution","name":"Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin","aka":"Charité Comprehensive Cancer Center\nCharité Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCCC)","tldr":"Charité is Europe's largest university hospital, with a Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Berlin Institute of Health.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/charite/"},{"id":"ncc-japan","kind":"institution","name":"National Cancer Center Hospital","aka":"","tldr":"The National Cancer Center Hospital is Japan's national cancer centre and the leading site for Daiichi Sankyo's DXd ADC trials.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/ncc-japan/"},{"id":"peter-mac","kind":"institution","name":"Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre","aka":"","tldr":"Peter Mac is Australia's only dedicated cancer hospital and a leader in theranostics, CAR-T, and radiation oncology.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/peter-mac/"},{"id":"dana-farber","kind":"institution","name":"Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center","aka":"","tldr":"Where chemotherapy began (Farber, 1948) and where much of modern breast, lung, and myeloma oncology was defined.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/dana-farber/","cancers":"tnbc nsclc multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"mgh","kind":"institution","name":"Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center","aka":"","tldr":"Harvard's largest hospital; leaders in lung cancer targeted therapy, proton therapy, and ctDNA research.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/mgh/"},{"id":"einstein-sao-paulo","kind":"institution","name":"Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein","aka":"","tldr":"Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein is Latin America's top-ranked hospital and cancer programme.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/einstein-sao-paulo/"},{"id":"heidelberg-nct","kind":"institution","name":"Heidelberg University Hospital / NCT / DKFZ","aka":"","tldr":"Heidelberg is Germany's cancer research capital, home to the DKFZ (largest cancer research institute in Germany) and the NCT, and the birthplace of FAPI PET and the brain tumour methylation classifier.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/heidelberg-nct/"},{"id":"sirio-libanes","kind":"institution","name":"Hospital Sírio-Libanês","aka":"","tldr":"Brazil's second top-ranked oncology hospital with strong radiotherapy and research programmes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/sirio-libanes/"},{"id":"cleveland-clinic","kind":"institution","name":"Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute","aka":"","tldr":"Cleveland Clinic is a top US hospital with a Comprehensive Cancer Center (with Case Western) and a TNBC preventive vaccine programme.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/cleveland-clinic/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"institut-curie","kind":"institution","name":"Institut Curie","aka":"","tldr":"Founded by Marie Curie; a leader in breast cancer, radiotherapy, and proton therapy.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/institut-curie/","cancers":"tnbc melanoma"},{"id":"severance","kind":"institution","name":"Severance Hospital, Yonsei University","aka":"","tldr":"Severance Hospital houses Yonsei Cancer Center and Korea's first heavy-ion (carbon) therapy centre (2023).","tags":"","route":"/institutions/severance/"},{"id":"the-christie","kind":"institution","name":"The Christie NHS Foundation Trust","aka":"","tldr":"The Christie is Europe's largest single-site cancer centre and the UK's first NHS proton therapy centre.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/the-christie/","cancers":"tnbc nsclc lung-cancer sclc"},{"id":"uke-hamburg","kind":"institution","name":"Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf","aka":"","tldr":"UKE Hamburg is a German university cancer centre with strengths in prostate cancer surgery (Martini-Klinik) and haematology.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/uke-hamburg/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"jfcr","kind":"institution","name":"Cancer Institute Hospital of JFCR","aka":"","tldr":"The Cancer Institute Hospital of JFCR is Japan's oldest cancer institute (1908), strong in gastric cancer surgery and breast oncology.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/jfcr/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"int-milan","kind":"institution","name":"Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori","aka":"","tldr":"The Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori is Italy's national cancer institute and a leader in sarcoma, thoracic oncology, and immunotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/int-milan/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"vall-dhebron","kind":"institution","name":"Vall d'Hebron University Hospital / VHIO","aka":"Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus\nVall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus","tldr":"Vall d'Hebron is Spain's leading cancer research hospital and a global leader in phase 1 and breast cancer ADC trials.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/vall-dhebron/"},{"id":"gemelli","kind":"institution","name":"Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli","aka":"","tldr":"Gemelli is Rome's Catholic university hospital and a leader in gynaecologic oncology.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/gemelli/","cancers":"ovarian cervical endometrial"},{"id":"stanford","kind":"institution","name":"Stanford Health Care / Stanford Cancer Institute","aka":"","tldr":"Stanford is home to CAR-T innovation (Mackall, Majzner), the CD47 discovery (Weissman), and AI in medicine.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/stanford/"},{"id":"lmu-munich","kind":"institution","name":"LMU Klinikum München","aka":"","tldr":"LMU Klinikum is Munich's university cancer centre, with strengths in PSMA theranostics and haematology.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/lmu-munich/"},{"id":"uniklinik-koeln","kind":"institution","name":"Uniklinik Köln (CIO)","aka":"","tldr":"Uniklinik Köln runs the Centre for Integrated Oncology and leads lung cancer genomics via the Network Genomic Medicine.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/uniklinik-koeln/","cancers":"nsclc cll"},{"id":"ucsf","kind":"institution","name":"UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center","aka":"","tldr":"UCSF is the birthplace of oncogene biology (Bishop, Varmus) and KRAS G12C drugging (Shokat), and a leader in I-SPY adaptive breast trials.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/ucsf/"},{"id":"mount-sinai","kind":"institution","name":"The Mount Sinai Hospital / Tisch Cancer Institute","aka":"Mount Sinai Tisch Cancer Center\nTisch Cancer Institute","tldr":"Mount Sinai is a New York academic centre with strengths in myeloma and cancer immunology.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/mount-sinai/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"la-paz","kind":"institution","name":"Hospital Universitario La Paz","aka":"","tldr":"La Paz is Madrid's flagship public hospital, with a large oncology programme.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/la-paz/"},{"id":"karolinska","kind":"institution","name":"Karolinska University Hospital","aka":"Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center","tldr":"Sweden's leading cancer hospital, linked to the Karolinska Institutet and Nobel Assembly, with strong registry-based research.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/karolinska/"},{"id":"gregorio-maranon","kind":"institution","name":"Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón","aka":"","tldr":"Gregorio Marañón is a Madrid public hospital with a leading breast cancer research group (GEICAM).","tags":"","route":"/institutions/gregorio-maranon/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"nci","kind":"institution","name":"National Cancer Institute (NIH)","aka":"","tldr":"The NCI is the US government's cancer research agency, spending ~$7B a year and running the Cancer Centers Program, TCGA, and Rosenberg's cell therapy lab.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/nci/"},{"id":"fred-hutch","kind":"institution","name":"Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center","aka":"","tldr":"Birthplace of bone marrow transplantation (Thomas, Nobel 1990) and a CAR-T pioneer (Riddell).","tags":"","route":"/institutions/fred-hutch/"},{"id":"penn-abramson","kind":"institution","name":"Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania","aka":"","tldr":"Where CAR-T became a drug (June, Levine; Emily Whitehead), mRNA was made druggable (Karikó, Weissman), and PARP PET was invented.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/penn-abramson/"},{"id":"city-of-hope","kind":"institution","name":"City of Hope","aka":"","tldr":"Los Angeles cancer centre where synthetic insulin and humanised antibodies were developed; a CAR-T manufacturing leader.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/city-of-hope/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"moffitt","kind":"institution","name":"Moffitt Cancer Center","aka":"","tldr":"Moffitt is Florida's cancer centre and the leading US site for TIL therapy and evolutionary ('adaptive') therapy research.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/moffitt/"},{"id":"michigan-rogel","kind":"institution","name":"University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center","aka":"","tldr":"Michigan's Rogel Cancer Center is home to the TMPRSS2-ERG discovery, MI-ONCOSEQ, and pioneering degrader chemistry (Wang).","tags":"","route":"/institutions/michigan-rogel/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"wustl-siteman","kind":"institution","name":"Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University","aka":"","tldr":"Sequenced the first cancer genome (2008) and leads in neoantigen vaccine science and CIViC.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/wustl-siteman/"},{"id":"ucla-jonsson","kind":"institution","name":"UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center","aka":"","tldr":"Where trastuzumab (Slamon) and palbociclib were developed clinically, and a leader in PSMA PET and melanoma immunotherapy (Ribas).","tags":"","route":"/institutions/ucla-jonsson/"},{"id":"roswell-park","kind":"institution","name":"Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center","aka":"","tldr":"Roswell Park is America's first cancer centre (1898), with strengths in immunotherapy and cell therapy manufacturing.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/roswell-park/"},{"id":"broad-institute","kind":"institution","name":"Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard","aka":"","tldr":"The Broad Institute is the genomics powerhouse behind DepMap, cBioPortal co-development, and the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/broad-institute/"},{"id":"cold-spring-harbor","kind":"institution","name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","aka":"","tldr":"Basic-science cancer centre where RAS biology, tumour suppressors, and organoid models were advanced.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/cold-spring-harbor/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"francis-crick","kind":"institution","name":"The Francis Crick Institute","aka":"","tldr":"The Francis Crick Institute is Europe's largest biomedical research institute, home of the TRACERx tumour evolution studies (Swanton).","tags":"","route":"/institutions/francis-crick/","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"icr-london","kind":"institution","name":"The Institute of Cancer Research","aka":"","tldr":"Discovered more cancer drugs than any other academic institution, including abiraterone and the clinical use of PARP inhibitors.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/icr-london/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"cruk","kind":"institution","name":"Cancer Research UK","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer Research UK is the world's largest independent cancer research charity, funding the Crick, ICR, Manchester, Cambridge, and the STAMPEDE and TRACERx trials.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/cruk/"},{"id":"nki","kind":"institution","name":"Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI-AvL)","aka":"","tldr":"Dutch national cancer centre that pioneered neoadjuvant immunotherapy (NADINA, NICHE) and TIL therapy in Europe.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/nki/"},{"id":"dkfz","kind":"institution","name":"German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)","aka":"","tldr":"The DKFZ is Germany's largest cancer research institute, where Harald zur Hausen linked HPV to cervical cancer (Nobel 2008).","tags":"","route":"/institutions/dkfz/"},{"id":"sysucc","kind":"institution","name":"Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center","aka":"","tldr":"Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center is one of China's largest cancer centres, the global leader in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and a top enroller for Chinese ADC and PD-1 trials.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/sysucc/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"fuscc","kind":"institution","name":"Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center","aka":"","tldr":"Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center is China's leading breast cancer centre and the site of first-in-human TROP2 PET imaging.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/fuscc/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"west-china","kind":"institution","name":"West China Hospital, Sichuan University","aka":"","tldr":"West China Hospital is one of the largest hospitals in the world and a top-4 Nature Index healthcare institution, strong in oncology and biotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/west-china/"},{"id":"cams-cancer-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","aka":"","tldr":"The CAMS Cancer Hospital is China's national cancer centre, leading regulatory-grade trials of domestic ADCs and PD-1 antibodies.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/cams-cancer-hospital/"},{"id":"tata-memorial","kind":"institution","name":"Tata Memorial Centre","aka":"","tldr":"India's largest cancer centre, a leader in low-cost, high-impact trials such as low-dose immunotherapy and oral metronomic chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/tata-memorial/","cancers":"head-and-neck cervical"},{"id":"asco","kind":"institution","name":"American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)","aka":"","tldr":"ASCO is the world's largest oncology professional society; its annual meeting each June is where most practice-changing trials are first presented.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/asco/"},{"id":"esmo","kind":"institution","name":"European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO)","aka":"","tldr":"ESMO is Europe's oncology society, known for its Congress each autumn and the ESMO-MCBS scale for grading the value of new drugs.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/esmo/"},{"id":"aacr","kind":"institution","name":"American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)","aka":"","tldr":"The AACR is the oldest and largest cancer research society; its April meeting is where early-stage science and first-in-human data appear.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/aacr/"},{"id":"iarc","kind":"institution","name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO)","aka":"","tldr":"IARC is the WHO's cancer agency, responsible for global cancer statistics (GLOBOCAN), carcinogen classification, and prevention research.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/iarc/"},{"id":"pi3k-akt-mtor","kind":"pathway","name":"PI3K / AKT / mTOR","aka":"","tldr":"The cell's 'grow and survive' circuit. Growth signals from the surface switch on PI3K, which switches on AKT, which switches on mTOR, which builds proteins and blocks self-destruction.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/pi3k-akt-mtor/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive endometrial prostate tnbc gallbladder"},{"id":"ras-mapk","kind":"pathway","name":"RAS / RAF / MEK / ERK (MAPK)","aka":"","tldr":"The RAS-MAPK pathway is the cell's 'divide' relay. A signal at the surface flips RAS on, which passes to RAF, MEK, and ERK, which tell the nucleus to make the cell divide. KRAS and BRAF mutations jam it in the on position.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/ras-mapk/","cancers":"pancreatic colorectal nsclc melanoma gallbladder"},{"id":"p53-cell-cycle","kind":"pathway","name":"p53 / RB / cell-cycle checkpoint","aka":"","tldr":"The p53 and RB checkpoints are the cell's brakes. p53 senses damage and stops the cell from copying itself; RB holds the cell at the G1 gate until CDK4/6 unlocks it. Cancers cut these brakes.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/p53-cell-cycle/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc ovarian sarcoma gallbladder"},{"id":"ddr","kind":"pathway","name":"DNA damage response & homologous recombination","aka":"","tldr":"The DNA damage response is the cell's set of repair crews. Single-strand breaks are patched by PARP; double-strand breaks by BRCA-dependent homologous recombination. Lose one crew and the cell survives; lose both and it dies. That is how PARP inhibitors work.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/ddr/","cancers":"ovarian tnbc prostate pancreatic"},{"id":"pd1-checkpoint","kind":"pathway","name":"PD-1 / PD-L1 immune checkpoint & T-cell activation","aka":"","tldr":"How T cells decide to attack. A T cell needs to see the target (TCR-MHC) and get a 'go' signal (CD28). PD-1 and CTLA-4 are 'stop' signals; tumours exploit them. Checkpoint inhibitors remove the stop.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/pd1-checkpoint/","cancers":"melanoma nsclc tnbc rcc urothelial non-hodgkin-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"cgas-sting","kind":"pathway","name":"cGAS-STING innate sensing","aka":"","tldr":"cGAS-STING is the cell's alarm for DNA in the wrong place. Radiation, chemotherapy, and ADCs spill DNA into the cytoplasm; cGAS detects it, STING sounds the alarm, and interferon calls in the immune system.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/cgas-sting/"},{"id":"er-signaling","kind":"pathway","name":"Oestrogen receptor signalling","aka":"","tldr":"In hormone-positive breast cancer, oestrogen binds its receptor, which switches on genes that make the cell divide. Every endocrine therapy cuts this chain somewhere.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/er-signaling/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"ar-signaling","kind":"pathway","name":"Androgen receptor signalling","aka":"","tldr":"Androgen receptor signalling is prostate cancer's engine. Testosterone becomes DHT, binds the androgen receptor, and drives growth genes. Castration removes the fuel; newer pills block the receptor or the enzyme that makes fuel inside the tumour.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/ar-signaling/","cancers":"prostate tnbc"},{"id":"apoptosis-bcl2","kind":"pathway","name":"Intrinsic apoptosis (BCL-2 family)","aka":"","tldr":"Intrinsic apoptosis is the cell's self-destruct switch. BCL-2 holds it shut; BAX and BAK pull it open. Venetoclax pries BCL-2 off so the switch can fire.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/apoptosis-bcl2/","cancers":"cll aml dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"vegf-angiogenesis","kind":"pathway","name":"VEGF angiogenesis","aka":"","tldr":"How tumours grow their own blood supply. Low oxygen makes cells release VEGF, which tells blood-vessel cells to sprout toward the tumour.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/vegf-angiogenesis/","cancers":"rcc hcc colorectal nsclc"},{"id":"hif-vhl","kind":"pathway","name":"VHL / HIF oxygen sensing","aka":"","tldr":"The VHL/HIF pathway is how cells sense oxygen (the 2019 Nobel Prize). VHL destroys HIF when oxygen is present. Kidney cancers lose VHL, so HIF-2α is permanently on and drives blood vessel growth and proliferation.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/hif-vhl/","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"wnt","kind":"pathway","name":"Wnt / β-catenin","aka":"","tldr":"Wnt/β-catenin is a developmental pathway hijacked by colorectal cancer. Normally a destruction complex keeps β-catenin low; losing APC lets it flood the nucleus and drive growth genes.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/wnt/","cancers":"colorectal hcc endometrial gallbladder"},{"id":"emt","kind":"pathway","name":"Epithelial-mesenchymal transition & drug efflux","aka":"","tldr":"How a cancer cell changes shape to migrate and to shrug off drugs. Transcription factors like ZEB1 and SNAIL loosen the cell, switch on pumps that eject chemotherapy, and hide it from the immune system.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/emt/","cancers":"tnbc nsclc"},{"id":"bcr-signalling","kind":"pathway","name":"B-cell receptor / BTK signalling (to NF-κB)","aka":"","tldr":"The B-cell receptor is the survival switch of B cells. Signals from it pass through BTK to free NF-kappa-B, which keeps the cell alive. B-cell cancers hold it on; BTK inhibitors, proteasome inhibitors and lenalidomide each cut the line at a different point.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/bcr-signalling/","cancers":"dlbcl cll mantle-cell-lymphoma waldenstrom multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma primary-cns-lymphoma"},{"id":"idh-2hg","kind":"pathway","name":"Mutant IDH / 2-hydroxyglutarate","aka":"","tldr":"A single mutation in a metabolic enzyme (IDH1 or IDH2) makes cells pour out a molecule they should never make, 2-hydroxyglutarate. It jams the machinery that erases chemical marks on DNA and histones, so blood and brain cells get stuck before they mature. Pills that block the mutant enzyme let them mature again.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/idh-2hg/","cancers":"aml glioblastoma cholangiocarcinoma mds"},{"id":"fgfr-signalling","kind":"pathway","name":"FGF / FGFR signalling","aka":"","tldr":"Fibroblast growth factor receptors are growth antennas on the cell surface. Bladder cancer mutates FGFR3, bile duct cancer fuses FGFR2 to other genes, and stomach cancer overproduces FGFR2b; each has its own drug, and each brings a tell-tale side effect (high phosphate) because the same receptors control phosphate in the kidney.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/fgfr-signalling/","cancers":"urothelial cholangiocarcinoma gastric"},{"id":"menin-kmt2a","kind":"pathway","name":"Menin / KMT2A (HOXA9-MEIS1 axis)","aka":"","tldr":"In some leukaemias a broken chromatin protein (KMT2A, once called MLL) or a mutant NPM1 keeps embryonic growth genes (HOXA9, MEIS1) switched on, so blood cells never mature. Both need a partner called menin to stay on the DNA. Menin inhibitors pull the plug and the cells mature; the first was approved in 2024.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/menin-kmt2a/","cancers":"aml all-leukemia"},{"id":"bcr-abl1-signalling","kind":"pathway","name":"BCR::ABL1 (Philadelphia chromosome)","aka":"","tldr":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia is caused by one broken gene: two chromosomes swap pieces and glue a kinase (ABL1) to a protein that forces it permanently on. Imatinib, the first drug to target it, turned a fatal disease into a manageable one, and later drugs cover the mutations that escape it.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/bcr-abl1-signalling/","cancers":"cml all-leukemia"},{"id":"cd47-sirpa","kind":"pathway","name":"CD47 / SIRPα (the 'don't eat me' signal)","aka":"","tldr":"Macrophages eat cells that look wrong unless the cell shows CD47, a 'don't eat me' badge that binds SIRP-alpha. Leukaemias, myelodysplastic syndromes, lymphomas and carcinomas overproduce CD47 to escape being eaten; antibodies that cover the badge work in the lab, but the leading drug, magrolimab, failed in blood cancers because red cells wear the same badge and lose it too.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/cd47-sirpa/","cancers":"aml mds dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"payload","kind":"term","name":"Payload (ADC)","aka":"","tldr":"The payload is the poison an ADC carries, usually a chemotherapy far too toxic to give on its own.","tags":"","route":"/terms/payload/"},{"id":"linker","kind":"term","name":"Linker (ADC)","aka":"","tldr":"The linker is the chemical tether between antibody and payload. It must hold in the blood and let go inside the tumour.","tags":"","route":"/terms/linker/"},{"id":"dar","kind":"term","name":"Drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR)","aka":"drug-to-antibody ratios","tldr":"The drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) is how many payload molecules ride on each antibody, typically 2 to 8.","tags":"","route":"/terms/dar/"},{"id":"bystander-effect","kind":"term","name":"Bystander effect (ADC)","aka":"","tldr":"When a released payload leaks out of the targeted cell and kills its neighbours, including cells that lack the target.","tags":"","route":"/terms/bystander-effect/"},{"id":"ild","kind":"term","name":"Interstitial lung disease (ILD) / pneumonitis","aka":"","tldr":"Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is lung inflammation, a serious side effect of some ADCs (especially Enhertu) and immunotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/terms/ild/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"efflux-pump","kind":"term","name":"Drug efflux pumps (ABC transporters)","aka":"","tldr":"Molecular pumps on cancer cells that eject chemotherapy and ADC payloads before they can act.","tags":"","route":"/terms/efflux-pump/"},{"id":"resistance","kind":"term","name":"Drug resistance (primary and acquired)","aka":"acquired resistance\nprimary resistance\nadaptive resistance\npre-existing resistance\nresistance mechanism\nresistance mechanisms\nresistant clone\nresistant clones\nresistant subclone\nresistant subclones\nbypass pathways\nbypass signalling\nbypass resistance\nchemoresistance\nchemoresistant\nchemotherapy resistance\nTKI resistance\nTKI-resistant\ndrug-resistant\ntherapy-resistant\nbecome resistant\nbecomes resistant\nescape mechanism\nescape mechanisms\nescape mutation\nescape mutations\nreversion mutations\nBRCA reversion\non-target mutations\ncompound resistance mutations\nconfers resistance\nemergence of resistance\novercome resistance\nresistance alteration\nresistance pathway\nresistant disease","tldr":"Why cancer drugs stop working: the tumour either never depended on the target or evolves around the block.","tags":"","route":"/terms/resistance/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"orr","kind":"term","name":"Objective response rate (ORR)","aka":"objective response\nobjective responses\nobjective response rates\noverall response rate\noverall response\nconfirmed responses\nradiographic response\nradiological response","tldr":"Objective response rate (ORR) is the percentage of patients whose tumours shrink by at least 30%.","tags":"","route":"/terms/orr/"},{"id":"recist","kind":"term","name":"RECIST","aka":"RECIST 1.1\nmeasurable disease\nnew lesion\nnew lesions\nsum of longest diameters\n30% decrease\n≥30% decrease\n20% increase\n≥20% increase\n30% reduction\nRANO\nmRECIST\nPCWG3","tldr":"RECIST is the rulebook for measuring whether tumours have grown or shrunk on scans.","tags":"","route":"/terms/recist/"},{"id":"pfs","kind":"term","name":"Progression-free survival (PFS)","aka":"progression-free\nmPFS\nprogression or death","tldr":"Progression-free survival (PFS) is how long patients live without their cancer growing.","tags":"","route":"/terms/pfs/"},{"id":"os","kind":"term","name":"Overall survival (OS)","aka":"OS\noverall-survival\nmOS\nsurvival benefit\nsurvival advantage\nsurvival detriment\nlive longer\nlived longer\nlonger survival\ndeath from any cause","tldr":"Overall survival (OS) is how long patients live, full stop. It is the gold-standard endpoint.","tags":"","route":"/terms/os/"},{"id":"efs","kind":"term","name":"Event-free / disease-free survival (EFS, DFS, iDFS, RFS)","aka":"EFS\nDFS\niDFS\nRFS\nevent-free survival\nrecurrence-free survival\nrecurrence-free\nrelapse-free survival\nrelapse-free\ninvasive disease-free survival\ndistant disease-free survival\ndistant recurrence-free\nfailure-free survival\ntime to recurrence","tldr":"In early-stage cancer: how long patients stay free of recurrence, progression, or death.","tags":"","route":"/terms/efs/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"hazard-ratio","kind":"term","name":"Hazard ratio (HR)","aka":"HR 0\nHR 1\nHR of\nHR for death\nHR for progression\nHR for recurrence\nHRs\nCox proportional hazards\nproportional hazards","tldr":"A hazard ratio is a number comparing the rate of bad events in two groups. An HR of 0.5 means the risk is halved at any moment.","tags":"","route":"/terms/hazard-ratio/"},{"id":"pcr","kind":"term","name":"Pathologic complete response (pCR)","aka":"pathological complete response\nypT0\nypN0\nnon-pCR\nresidual invasive disease\nresidual disease after neoadjuvant","tldr":"No invasive cancer left in the breast and lymph nodes when the surgeon removes the tissue after pre-surgery treatment.","tags":"","route":"/terms/pcr/","cancers":"tnbc breast-her2-positive tnbc-early"},{"id":"rcb","kind":"term","name":"Residual cancer burden (RCB)","aka":"","tldr":"A pathology score for how much cancer remains in the breast and lymph nodes after pre-surgery treatment, from 0 (none) to III (a large amount), combining tumour bed size, cellularity and nodal involvement. RCB-II or III after neoadjuvant therapy predicts a high risk of relapse and defines who enters escalation trials.","tags":"","route":"/terms/rcb/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"ppv","kind":"term","name":"Positive predictive value (PPV)","aka":"","tldr":"Positive predictive value (PPV) is the chance that a positive test result is actually right: true positives divided by all positives. Because it falls as a disease becomes rarer, even a specific screening test gives mostly false alarms when prevalence is low, which is why PPV decides whether a multi-cancer blood test is useful.","tags":"","route":"/terms/ppv/"},{"id":"stage-shift","kind":"term","name":"Stage shift","aka":"","tldr":"Stage shift means finding more cancers early and fewer late; it is the measurable goal of screening.","tags":"","route":"/terms/stage-shift/"},{"id":"suv","kind":"term","name":"Standardised uptake value (SUV)","aka":"","tldr":"The standardised uptake value (SUV) is a number for how brightly a spot lights up on a PET scan.","tags":"","route":"/terms/suv/"},{"id":"ihc","kind":"term","name":"Immunohistochemistry (IHC)","aka":"0/1+\n1+/2+\n2+/3+\nmembrane staining\nmembranous staining\nstaining intensity","tldr":"Staining a tissue slice with antibodies so a protein shows up in colour under the microscope.","tags":"","route":"/terms/ihc/"},{"id":"her2-low","kind":"term","name":"HER2-low and HER2-ultralow","aka":"HER2-low\nHER2 low\nHER2-ultralow\nHER2 ultralow\nHER2-ultra-low\nHER2 IHC 1+\nIHC 1+\nIHC 2+ ISH-negative\nHER2 IHC 0\nHER2-zero\nHER2 0\nHER2 immunohistochemistry score\nHER2-low status","tldr":"Tumours with a little HER2 (IHC 1+ or 2+ without amplification), or a trace (ultralow), which older HER2 drugs ignored but Enhertu can attack.","tags":"","route":"/terms/her2-low/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"cps","kind":"term","name":"Combined positive score (CPS)","aka":"","tldr":"A PD-L1 score that counts stained tumour cells and immune cells together.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cps/"},{"id":"tils","kind":"term","name":"Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs)","aka":"tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes\ntumour-infiltrating lymphocyte","tldr":"Immune cells that have got inside the tumour. More of them means better outcomes in triple-negative breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/terms/tils/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"tmb","kind":"term","name":"Tumour mutational burden (TMB)","aka":"","tldr":"How many mutations a tumour has. More mutations mean more targets for the immune system.","tags":"","route":"/terms/tmb/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"msi","kind":"term","name":"Microsatellite instability (MSI-H) / mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR)","aka":"MSI-high\nmicrosatellite instability-high\nmismatch repair-deficient\nmismatch repair deficient\nMMR-deficient\nMMR deficiency\nMMRd\nMMR immunohistochemistry\nmismatch repair immunohistochemistry\nMMR IHC\nmismatch repair proteins\nMLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2\nMSI by PCR\nmicrosatellite instability testing\nMSI testing","tldr":"Microsatellite instability is the mark of a broken DNA spell-checker (loss of MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 or PMS2) that leaves thousands of mutations, so the tumour displays abnormal proteins that T cells can recognise. It is found in a fraction of colorectal and endometrial cancers and was the basis of the first tumour-agnostic approval, pembrolizumab in 2017.","tags":"","route":"/terms/msi/","cancers":"colorectal endometrial prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"hrd","kind":"term","name":"Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD)","aka":"","tldr":"A tumour that cannot properly repair double-strand DNA breaks, usually because of BRCA or related gene loss.","tags":"","route":"/terms/hrd/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"ctdna","kind":"term","name":"Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA)","aka":"circulating tumor DNA\nctDNA-positive\nctDNA-negative\nctDNA-based\nctDNA-directed\ntumour fraction","tldr":"Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) consists of fragments of DNA shed by tumour cells into the blood, detectable with sensitive sequencing.","tags":"","route":"/terms/ctdna/","cancers":"nsclc prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"mrd","kind":"term","name":"Minimal / molecular residual disease (MRD)","aka":"MRD-directed\nMRD-negativity\nmeasurable residual disease\nminimal residual disease\nmolecular remission","tldr":"Cancer still present after treatment but too small to see on scans, detected by blood or marrow tests.","tags":"","route":"/terms/mrd/"},{"id":"vaf","kind":"term","name":"Variant allele frequency (VAF)","aka":"","tldr":"The fraction of DNA reads carrying a mutation. Tells you how much of the sample is mutant and how clonal it is.","tags":"","route":"/terms/vaf/"},{"id":"vus","kind":"term","name":"Variant of uncertain significance (VUS)","aka":"","tldr":"A variant of uncertain significance (VUS) is a genetic change that has been found but nobody yet knows whether it matters.","tags":"","route":"/terms/vus/"},{"id":"founder-variant","kind":"term","name":"Founder variant","aka":"founder mutation\nfounder mutations\nfounder variants\nfounder allele\nfounder alleles\nfounder effect\nrecurring founder variant\nfounder panel","tldr":"A disease-causing genetic change that is common in one population because many of its members descend from a small group of ancestors who happened to carry it. It says nothing about whether any particular person has it, and a negative founder test does not mean no inherited risk.","tags":"","route":"/terms/founder-variant/"},{"id":"ngs","kind":"term","name":"Next-generation sequencing (NGS)","aka":"","tldr":"Reading millions of DNA fragments in parallel, the engine behind every modern genomic test.","tags":"","route":"/terms/ngs/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc"},{"id":"gene-fusion","kind":"term","name":"Gene fusion","aka":"gene fusions\nfusion gene\nfusion genes\nfusion-driven\nfusion-positive\nfusions\noncogenic fusions\nrearrangement\nchromosomal translocation\nchromosomal rearrangements","tldr":"A gene fusion is two genes broken and joined together, creating a hybrid protein that can drive cancer. Fusion-driven cancers are often exquisitely drug-sensitive.","tags":"","route":"/terms/gene-fusion/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"mutational-signature","kind":"term","name":"Mutational signature","aka":"mutational signatures","tldr":"A characteristic pattern of mutations that reveals what caused them: tobacco, UV, a broken repair gene.","tags":"","route":"/terms/mutational-signature/"},{"id":"pam50","kind":"term","name":"PAM50 / intrinsic subtypes","aka":"PAM50 molecular subtypes\nPAM50 gene set\nPAM50 subtypes\nintrinsic subtype\nBasal-like\nPAM50 Basal\nbasal-like subtype\nHER2-enriched\nPAM50 Her2\nHER2-enriched subtype\nNormal-like\nPAM50 Normal\nnormal-like subtype","tldr":"A 50-gene test that sorts breast cancers into luminal A, luminal B, HER2-enriched, and basal-like.","tags":"","route":"/terms/pam50/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"neoantigen","kind":"term","name":"Neoantigen","aka":"neoantigens","tldr":"A protein fragment created by a tumour mutation that the immune system has never seen before, so it can attack it without harming normal cells.","tags":"","route":"/terms/neoantigen/"},{"id":"oncogene-addiction","kind":"term","name":"Oncogene addiction","aka":"","tldr":"When a cancer depends so completely on one mutated gene that blocking it collapses the tumour.","tags":"","route":"/terms/oncogene-addiction/"},{"id":"synthetic-lethality","kind":"term","name":"Synthetic lethality","aka":"","tldr":"Two genes where losing either alone is fine but losing both kills the cell. Cancers that have lost one become vulnerable to drugs against the other.","tags":"","route":"/terms/synthetic-lethality/"},{"id":"crs","kind":"term","name":"Cytokine release syndrome (CRS)","aka":"","tldr":"A flood of inflammatory signals when immune cells are activated en masse, causing fever, low blood pressure, and sometimes organ failure.","tags":"","route":"/terms/crs/","cancers":"dlbcl primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"icans","kind":"term","name":"ICANS (neurotoxicity)","aka":"","tldr":"ICANS is confusion, speech difficulty, and rarely seizures after CAR-T or bispecific therapy.","tags":"","route":"/terms/icans/","cancers":"dlbcl primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"irae","kind":"term","name":"Immune-related adverse events (irAEs)","aka":"immune-related adverse event","tldr":"Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are the autoimmune side effects of checkpoint inhibitors: colitis, thyroid problems, rash, hepatitis, pneumonitis.","tags":"","route":"/terms/irae/","cancers":"tnbc lung-cancer nsclc sclc"},{"id":"abscopal-effect","kind":"term","name":"Abscopal effect","aka":"abscopal effects","tldr":"When irradiating one tumour causes untreated tumours elsewhere to shrink, via the immune system.","tags":"","route":"/terms/abscopal-effect/"},{"id":"immunogenic-cell-death","kind":"term","name":"Immunogenic cell death","aka":"","tldr":"Immunogenic cell death is a way of dying that alerts the immune system, unlike quiet apoptosis.","tags":"","route":"/terms/immunogenic-cell-death/"},{"id":"adcc","kind":"term","name":"ADCC (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity)","aka":"","tldr":"In ADCC, an antibody flags a cell, and NK cells recognise the flag and kill it.","tags":"","route":"/terms/adcc/"},{"id":"fc-effector","kind":"term","name":"Fc engineering / effector function","aka":"","tldr":"Tweaking the antibody's tail to make it recruit immune cells more strongly, or not at all.","tags":"","route":"/terms/fc-effector/"},{"id":"oligometastatic","kind":"term","name":"Oligometastatic disease","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer that has spread to only a few places, which may still be curable by treating each spot.","tags":"","route":"/terms/oligometastatic/"},{"id":"neoadjuvant-adjuvant","kind":"term","name":"Neoadjuvant / adjuvant / perioperative","aka":"adjuvant vs neoadjuvant therapy\nadjuvant versus neoadjuvant therapy\nneoadjuvant vs adjuvant\npre-operative\npreoperative\npost-operative\npostoperative\npost-surgical","tldr":"Neoadjuvant therapy is treatment given before surgery, adjuvant therapy is treatment given after it, and perioperative therapy is both. Neoadjuvant treatment shrinks tumours and shows whether the drug works in the living patient; adjuvant treatment aims to kill microscopic disease left behind.","tags":"","route":"/terms/neoadjuvant-adjuvant/"},{"id":"first-line","kind":"term","name":"Lines of therapy","aka":"first-line\nsecond-line\nthird-line\nlater-line\nlater lines\n1L\n2L\n3L\nfirst line\nsecond line\nthird line\nline of therapy\nfront-line\nfrontline\npreviously untreated\nprior lines\ntreatment-naive","tldr":"First-line is the first treatment for advanced cancer; second-line is what comes after it fails, and so on.","tags":"","route":"/terms/first-line/"},{"id":"standard-of-care","kind":"term","name":"Standard of care","aka":"SoC\nstandard-of-care\nstandard therapy\nstandard therapies\nstandard treatment\nstandard treatments\nstandard care\nstandard chemotherapy\nstandard regimen\ncurrent standard\nguideline-recommended\nguideline-concordant","tldr":"The standard of care is the treatment that guidelines and experts currently consider the best-proven option.","tags":"","route":"/terms/standard-of-care/"},{"id":"accelerated-approval","kind":"term","name":"Accelerated approval","aka":"accelerated approvals\naccelerated-approval\nProject Confirm","tldr":"FDA approval based on early evidence (like tumour shrinkage) on condition that a confirmatory trial follows.","tags":"","route":"/terms/accelerated-approval/"},{"id":"breakthrough-designation","kind":"term","name":"Breakthrough Therapy / Priority Review / Priority Voucher","aka":"","tldr":"Breakthrough Therapy, Priority Review and the Priority Voucher are FDA fast lanes for drugs that look substantially better than existing options.","tags":"","route":"/terms/breakthrough-designation/"},{"id":"companion-diagnostic-term","kind":"term","name":"Companion diagnostic","aka":"","tldr":"A companion diagnostic is a test the FDA requires before a particular drug can be prescribed.","tags":"","route":"/terms/companion-diagnostic-term/"},{"id":"tumour-agnostic","kind":"term","name":"Tumour-agnostic (tissue-agnostic) approval","aka":"","tldr":"A tumour-agnostic approval lets a drug be used for any cancer carrying a specific molecular feature, regardless of where it started.","tags":"","route":"/terms/tumour-agnostic/"},{"id":"basket-umbrella-platform","kind":"term","name":"Basket, umbrella, and platform trials","aka":"basket trial\nbasket trials\numbrella trial\numbrella trials\nplatform trial\nplatform trials\nmaster protocol trial\nmulti-arm multi-stage\nMAMS\nshared control arm\ncommon control arm\nperpetual trial","tldr":"Trial designs that test one drug across several cancers sharing a mutation (basket, such as NCI-MATCH), several drugs each matched to a biomarker within one cancer (umbrella, such as Lung-MAP), or keep adding and dropping arms over time (platform, such as I-SPY 2). Basket results underpin tumour-agnostic approvals.","tags":"","route":"/terms/basket-umbrella-platform/"},{"id":"real-world-evidence","kind":"term","name":"Real-world evidence","aka":"RWE\nreal world evidence\nreal-world data\nRWD\nreal-world study\nreal-world studies\nreal-world outcomes\nobservational study\nobservational studies\ntarget trial emulation\nelectronic health records\nclaims data\nclinico-genomic database","tldr":"Data from routine care rather than clinical trials, used to check whether results hold outside the trial population.","tags":"","route":"/terms/real-world-evidence/"},{"id":"theranostics","kind":"term","name":"Theranostics","aka":"theranostic","tldr":"Using the same targeting molecule for a diagnostic scan and a therapy, so you treat exactly what you can see.","tags":"","route":"/terms/theranostics/"},{"id":"alpha-vs-beta","kind":"term","name":"Alpha vs beta emitters","aka":"","tldr":"Beta particles (lutetium-177) travel millimetres and are good for bulky disease; alpha particles (actinium-225) travel a few cells' width and kill with far higher energy.","tags":"","route":"/terms/alpha-vs-beta/"},{"id":"dosimetry","kind":"term","name":"Dosimetry","aka":"","tldr":"Measuring how much radiation dose each organ and tumour actually received from a radioactive drug.","tags":"","route":"/terms/dosimetry/"},{"id":"germline-vs-somatic","kind":"term","name":"Germline vs somatic mutations","aka":"germline\nsomatic\ninherited mutations\ntumour-normal","tldr":"Germline mutations are inherited and in every cell; somatic mutations arise in the tumour only.","tags":"","route":"/terms/germline-vs-somatic/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"tnm-staging","kind":"term","name":"TNM staging","aka":"TNM\nT stage\nN stage\nT1a\nT1b\nT1c\npT2\nT1-2\nT3-4\nN2-3\nM0 disease\nclinical stage","tldr":"TNM staging is the universal system describing tumour size (T), lymph node spread (N), and distant metastasis (M).","tags":"","route":"/terms/tnm-staging/"},{"id":"cold-vs-hot","kind":"term","name":"Hot vs cold tumours","aka":"","tldr":"'Hot' tumours are full of immune cells and respond to immunotherapy; 'cold' tumours have kept the immune system out.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cold-vs-hot/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"adc-sequencing","kind":"term","name":"ADC sequencing","aka":"","tldr":"The open question of whether a second ADC works after the first one fails, especially when both carry the same type of payload.","tags":"","route":"/terms/adc-sequencing/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"netter-1","kind":"trial","name":"NETTER-1","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that made radioligand therapy a standard: a radioactive drug homing to the somatostatin receptor held midgut neuroendocrine tumours in check far longer than high-dose octreotide, and it underpins Lutathera's approvals.","tags":"","route":"/trials/netter-1/","status":"positive","cancers":"neuroendocrine small-intestinal-net"},{"id":"luminosity","kind":"trial","name":"LUMINOSITY","aka":"","tldr":"The single-arm study behind the first c-Met-directed antibody-drug conjugate approval in lung cancer: tumours shrank in about a third of patients whose cancers carried high c-Met protein, with eye and nerve side effects to watch.","tags":"","route":"/trials/luminosity/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc met-altered-nsclc"},{"id":"navigate","kind":"trial","name":"NAVIGATE","aka":"","tldr":"The basket trial behind the first tumour-agnostic TRK inhibitor approval: larotrectinib shrank tumours in three of four patients whatever the organ, as long as the cancer carried an NTRK gene fusion.","tags":"","route":"/trials/navigate/","status":"positive","cancers":"metastatic-cancer ntrk-fusion-nsclc"},{"id":"keynote-522","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-522","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that added immunotherapy to pre-surgery chemotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer and, uniquely, improved survival.","tags":"","route":"/trials/keynote-522/","status":"positive","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"keynote-355","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-355","aka":"","tldr":"Established immunotherapy plus chemotherapy as first-line treatment for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer with PD-L1 expression.","tags":"","route":"/trials/keynote-355/","status":"positive","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"impassion130","kind":"trial","name":"IMpassion130","aka":"","tldr":"IMpassion130 was the first immunotherapy success in breast cancer, later undermined when a sister trial failed and the approval was withdrawn.","tags":"","route":"/trials/impassion130/","status":"mixed","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"ascent","kind":"trial","name":"ASCENT","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that proved a TROP2 ADC could nearly double survival in heavily pretreated triple-negative breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ascent/","status":"positive","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"ascent-03","kind":"trial","name":"ASCENT-03","aka":"","tldr":"Moved Trodelvy into first-line use for triple-negative patients who cannot receive immunotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ascent-03/","status":"positive","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"ascent-04","kind":"trial","name":"ASCENT-04 / KEYNOTE-D19","aka":"","tldr":"Showed that pairing an ADC with immunotherapy beats chemotherapy plus immunotherapy in first-line PD-L1-positive TNBC.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ascent-04/","status":"positive","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"tropion-breast01","kind":"trial","name":"TROPION-Breast01","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that got Datroway approved in hormone-positive breast cancer, though it did not extend overall survival.","tags":"","route":"/trials/tropion-breast01/","status":"mixed","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"tropion-breast02","kind":"trial","name":"TROPION-Breast02","aka":"","tldr":"The first trial to show an overall survival benefit for a first-line ADC in triple-negative breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/tropion-breast02/","status":"positive","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"tropion-breast05","kind":"trial","name":"TROPION-Breast05","aka":"","tldr":"Tests whether Dato-DXd plus a PD-L1 blocker beats today's immunotherapy-chemotherapy standard.","tags":"","route":"/trials/tropion-breast05/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"bl-b01d1-307","kind":"trial","name":"BL-B01D1-307","aka":"","tldr":"The first phase 3 win for a bispecific ADC, in triple-negative breast cancer, announced February 2026.","tags":"","route":"/trials/bl-b01d1-307/","status":"positive","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"izabright-breast01","kind":"trial","name":"IZABRIGHT-Breast01","aka":"","tldr":"IZABRIGHT-Breast01 is the global first-line trial of the EGFR×HER3 bispecific ADC in triple-negative breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/izabright-breast01/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"optimice-pcr","kind":"trial","name":"OptimICE-pCR (A012103)","aka":"","tldr":"Asks whether patients whose cancer completely disappeared before surgery still need a year of immunotherapy afterwards.","tags":"","route":"/trials/optimice-pcr/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"scarlet-s2212","kind":"trial","name":"SCARLET (SWOG S2212)","aka":"","tldr":"Tests whether the anthracycline can be dropped from TNBC pre-surgery treatment without losing effect.","tags":"","route":"/trials/scarlet-s2212/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"olympia","kind":"trial","name":"OlympiA","aka":"","tldr":"Showed that a year of a PARP inhibitor after standard treatment improves survival in women with inherited BRCA mutations.","tags":"","route":"/trials/olympia/","status":"positive","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive tnbc-early hr-positive-early-high-risk"},{"id":"destiny-breast03","kind":"trial","name":"DESTINY-Breast03","aka":"","tldr":"The head-to-head ADC trial where Enhertu beat Kadcyla by a wide margin, showing that payload and bystander effect matter.","tags":"","route":"/trials/destiny-breast03/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"destiny-breast04","kind":"trial","name":"DESTINY-Breast04","aka":"","tldr":"Created a new category of breast cancer, HER2-low, by showing Enhertu works in tumours previously called HER2-negative.","tags":"","route":"/trials/destiny-breast04/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc her2-low-metastatic-breast-cancer tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"destiny-breast06","kind":"trial","name":"DESTINY-Breast06","aka":"","tldr":"Moved Enhertu ahead of chemotherapy in hormone-positive breast cancer and extended it to 'ultralow' HER2.","tags":"","route":"/trials/destiny-breast06/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive her2-low-metastatic-breast-cancer hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46"},{"id":"destiny-breast09","kind":"trial","name":"DESTINY-Breast09","aka":"","tldr":"Showed Enhertu plus pertuzumab beats the decade-old first-line standard for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/destiny-breast09/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"destiny-breast11","kind":"trial","name":"DESTINY-Breast11","aka":"","tldr":"DESTINY-Breast11 brought Enhertu into pre-surgery treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer, replacing anthracyclines.","tags":"","route":"/trials/destiny-breast11/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-her2-positive her2-positive-early-breast-cancer"},{"id":"natalee","kind":"trial","name":"NATALEE","aka":"","tldr":"Extended CDK4/6 inhibitors to a broad group of early hormone-positive breast cancer patients, including node-negative.","tags":"","route":"/trials/natalee/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-early-high-risk"},{"id":"monarche","kind":"trial","name":"monarchE","aka":"","tldr":"The first CDK4/6 inhibitor to reduce recurrence after surgery in high-risk hormone-positive breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/monarche/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-early-high-risk"},{"id":"veritac-2","kind":"trial","name":"VERITAC-2","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that got the first PROTAC approved, with benefit only in tumours with ESR1 mutations.","tags":"","route":"/trials/veritac-2/","status":"mixed","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"adaura","kind":"trial","name":"ADAURA","aka":"Adjuvant osimertinib after complete resection of EGFR-mutant lung cancer\nADAURA trial","tldr":"Showed a targeted pill after lung cancer surgery halves the risk of death, the first such result for a targeted therapy.","tags":"","route":"/trials/adaura/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"flaura2","kind":"trial","name":"FLAURA2","aka":"","tldr":"Adding chemotherapy to osimertinib extended both progression-free and, in 2025, overall survival.","tags":"","route":"/trials/flaura2/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"mariposa","kind":"trial","name":"MARIPOSA","aka":"","tldr":"The first regimen to beat osimertinib in EGFR-mutant lung cancer, with a survival benefit exceeding a year.","tags":"","route":"/trials/mariposa/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"tropion-lung01","kind":"trial","name":"TROPION-Lung01","aka":"","tldr":"A TROP2 ADC helped in non-squamous lung cancer but not squamous, and the overall survival result fell short.","tags":"","route":"/trials/tropion-lung01/","status":"mixed","cancers":"nsclc pdl1-high-nsclc"},{"id":"codebreak-300","kind":"trial","name":"CodeBreaK 300","aka":"","tldr":"CodeBreaK 300 showed that a KRAS drug needs an EGFR antibody partner to work in colorectal 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stage-iii-melanoma stage-ii-melanoma"},{"id":"ev-302","kind":"trial","name":"EV-302 / KEYNOTE-A39","aka":"EV-302\nKEYNOTE-A39","tldr":"Nearly doubled survival in advanced bladder cancer, ending 40 years of platinum chemotherapy as the standard.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ev-302/","status":"positive","cancers":"urothelial muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer"},{"id":"imvigor011","kind":"trial","name":"IMvigor011","aka":"","tldr":"The first trial to use a blood test for leftover cancer to decide who gets immunotherapy, and it worked.","tags":"","route":"/trials/imvigor011/","status":"positive","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"vision","kind":"trial","name":"VISION","aka":"","tldr":"VISION was the trial that established radioligand therapy in prostate cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/vision/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"psmafore","kind":"trial","name":"PSMAfore","aka":"","tldr":"PSMAfore moved Pluvicto before chemotherapy in prostate 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safely halve the number of colon cancer patients given chemotherapy after surgery.","tags":"","route":"/trials/dynamic/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"adc-plus-io","kind":"pairing","name":"ADC + checkpoint inhibitor","aka":"","tldr":"An ADC kills tumour cells in a way that alerts the immune system; a checkpoint inhibitor lets the immune system finish the job.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/adc-plus-io/","cancers":"urothelial tnbc nsclc"},{"id":"cdk46-plus-endocrine","kind":"pairing","name":"CDK4/6 inhibitor + endocrine therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Cut the fuel (oestrogen) and jam the engine (CDK4/6) at the same time.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/cdk46-plus-endocrine/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"braf-plus-mek","kind":"pairing","name":"BRAF inhibitor + MEK inhibitor","aka":"","tldr":"Blocking two consecutive steps in the same relay prevents the pathway from rerouting and reduces side effects.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/braf-plus-mek/","cancers":"melanoma colorectal nsclc"},{"id":"kras-plus-egfr-crc","kind":"pairing","name":"KRAS G12C inhibitor + anti-EGFR antibody (colorectal)","aka":"","tldr":"In colorectal cancer, a KRAS blocker alone has little effect because the cell turns EGFR up; adding an EGFR antibody stops that.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/kras-plus-egfr-crc/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"io-plus-vegf","kind":"pairing","name":"PD-1 blockade + VEGF inhibition","aka":"","tldr":"Normalising the tumour's blood vessels lets immune cells in, and VEGF blockade removes an immunosuppressive signal.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/io-plus-vegf/","cancers":"rcc hcc endometrial nsclc"},{"id":"parp-plus-arpi","kind":"pairing","name":"PARP inhibitor + AR pathway inhibitor (prostate)","aka":"","tldr":"In prostate cancer, blocking androgen signalling makes cells more dependent on PARP, and PARP inhibition weakens AR signalling in turn.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/parp-plus-arpi/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"vaccine-plus-pd1","kind":"pairing","name":"Personalised neoantigen vaccine + PD-1 blockade","aka":"","tldr":"The vaccine teaches the immune system what to hunt; PD-1 blockade stops the tumour from switching the hunters off.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/vaccine-plus-pd1/","cancers":"melanoma pancreatic"},{"id":"radiation-plus-io","kind":"pairing","name":"Radiotherapy + immunotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Radiation turns the irradiated tumour into a vaccine; immunotherapy spreads the response.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/radiation-plus-io/","cancers":"nsclc cervical sclc"},{"id":"oncolytic-plus-pd1","kind":"pairing","name":"Oncolytic virus + PD-1 blockade","aka":"","tldr":"An oncolytic virus blows up tumour cells and inflames the tumour; PD-1 blockade then exploits the 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Only patients whose tumours light up are treated.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/psma-pet-to-rlt/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"trop2-pet-to-adc","kind":"pairing","name":"TROP2 PET → TROP2 ADC selection","aka":"","tldr":"Proposed: a TROP2 PET scan to choose between three TROP2 ADCs and predict who will respond, since tissue staining has not worked.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/trop2-pet-to-adc/","cancers":"tnbc nsclc"},{"id":"ctdna-mrd-to-adjuvant","kind":"pairing","name":"ctDNA MRD → adjuvant therapy decision","aka":"","tldr":"A ctDNA MRD blood test after surgery decides who gets more treatment and who is spared it.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/ctdna-mrd-to-adjuvant/","cancers":"urothelial colorectal tnbc"},{"id":"her2-low-to-tdxd","kind":"pairing","name":"HER2-low scoring → T-DXd","aka":"","tldr":"Reading the faint end of the HER2 stain decides who gets Enhertu.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/her2-low-to-tdxd/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"germline-to-parp","kind":"pairing","name":"Germline BRCA test → adjuvant PARP inhibitor","aka":"","tldr":"A blood test for inherited BRCA mutations unlocks a year of olaparib after surgery, which improves survival.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/germline-to-parp/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"ai-pathology-to-adt","kind":"pairing","name":"AI pathology → androgen deprivation duration","aka":"","tldr":"An AI reading of the biopsy slide says whether adding hormone therapy to radiation will help.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/ai-pathology-to-adt/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"tki-then-adc-lung","kind":"pairing","name":"EGFR TKI → ADC on progression","aka":"","tldr":"After the lung cancer pill stops working, an ADC that does not care which resistance mutation emerged.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/tki-then-adc-lung/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"io-then-til","kind":"pairing","name":"PD-1 failure → TIL therapy","aka":"","tldr":"When checkpoint blockade fails in melanoma, harvesting and expanding the patient's own tumour-reactive T cells still works in a third of patients.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/io-then-til/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"beta-then-alpha","kind":"pairing","name":"Beta radioligand → alpha radioligand","aka":"","tldr":"After lutetium therapy stops working, an actinium version of the same drug can still produce responses.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/beta-then-alpha/","cancers":"prostate neuroendocrine"},{"id":"adc-after-adc-caution","kind":"pairing","name":"Caution: TOP1 ADC immediately after TOP1 ADC","aka":"","tldr":"Giving a second ADC with the same kind of payload straight after the first often does not work well.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/adc-after-adc-caution/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"tigit-plus-pd1-caution","kind":"pairing","name":"Caution: TIGIT + PD-(L)1 blockade","aka":"","tldr":"Adding a TIGIT blocker to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade looked good in phase 2 and then failed repeatedly in phase 3.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/tigit-plus-pd1-caution/","cancers":"nsclc sclc"},{"id":"ild-overlap-caution","kind":"pairing","name":"Caution: DXd ADC + agents with pneumonitis risk","aka":"","tldr":"Enhertu and its DXd cousins can inflame the lungs; combining them with immunotherapy, radiation, or mTOR inhibitors stacks that risk.","tags":"","route":"/pairings/ild-overlap-caution/"},{"id":"proton-vs-imrt","kind":"pairing","name":"Caution: proton therapy vs IMRT","aka":"","tldr":"Protons stop inside the tumour; modern X-ray beams (IMRT) still exit through healthy tissue. That physical difference only matters if it changes cure or late harm enough to justify the cost, which randomised adult trials have not settled.","tags":"radiation-wave5","route":"/pairings/proton-vs-imrt/","cancers":"prostate breast-hr-positive esophageal nsclc medulloblastoma chordoma"},{"id":"adc-generations","kind":"roadmap","name":"ADC roadmap: from Mylotarg to bispecific and dual-payload ADCs","aka":"","tldr":"Twenty-five years of trying to make chemotherapy hit only cancer cells, from the unstable first ADC to today's third-generation blockbusters and the fourth generation now in trials.","tags":"","route":"/roadmaps/adc-generations/"},{"id":"trop2-adc-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"TROP2 ADC roadmap: sacituzumab govitecan → Dato-DXd → sac-TMT → bispecifics and PET","aka":"","tldr":"One target, three approved-or-nearly-approved drugs, and a fourth wave. How TROP2 went from an obscure trophoblast antigen to the centre of breast and lung cancer treatment.","tags":"","route":"/roadmaps/trop2-adc-roadmap/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive nsclc urothelial"},{"id":"tnbc-history","kind":"roadmap","name":"TNBC roadmap: from 'nothing to target' to ADC + immunotherapy first line","aka":"","tldr":"How triple-negative breast cancer went from the subtype with no targeted therapy to one with immunotherapy, PARP inhibitors, three ADCs, and a positive bispecific ADC in six years.","tags":"","route":"/roadmaps/tnbc-history/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"radiopharma-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Radiopharmaceutical roadmap: iodine → lutetium → actinium","aka":"","tldr":"The radiopharmaceutical roadmap runs eighty years from radioactive iodine for thyroid cancer to alpha-emitting drugs for prostate and neuroendocrine cancers, with isotope supply as the limiting factor.","tags":"","route":"/roadmaps/radiopharma-roadmap/"},{"id":"cell-therapy-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Cell therapy roadmap: CD19 CAR-T → solid tumours → in vivo CAR","aka":"","tldr":"From a cure for some leukaemias in 2017 to the first solid-tumour CAR-T and the prospect of making CAR-T inside the body with an injection.","tags":"","route":"/roadmaps/cell-therapy-roadmap/"},{"id":"molecular-imaging-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Molecular imaging roadmap: FDG → PSMA → FAP → antigen and immune PET","aka":"","tldr":"From a sugar tracer that lights up most cancers to tracers that show a single protein, a stromal cell type, or the immune cells inside a tumour.","tags":"","route":"/roadmaps/molecular-imaging-roadmap/"},{"id":"early-detection-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Early detection roadmap: organ screening → blood tests for many cancers","aka":"","tldr":"From mammograms and colonoscopies to a single blood draw that might screen for dozens of cancers, with the FDA's first decision imminent.","tags":"","route":"/roadmaps/early-detection-roadmap/","cancers":"pancreatic colorectal lung-cancer prostate"},{"id":"immunotherapy-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Immunotherapy roadmap: Coley's toxins → checkpoint inhibitors → engineered immunity","aka":"","tldr":"The immunotherapy roadmap is a 130-year arc from injecting bacteria into tumours to releasing immune brakes, and now to designing the immune response itself with vaccines, engagers, and cells.","tags":"","route":"/roadmaps/immunotherapy-roadmap/"},{"id":"kras-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"KRAS roadmap: undruggable → G12C → pan-RAS","aka":"","tldr":"The most important cancer gene was declared undruggable for 40 years. Then a pocket was found, and now a pan-RAS drug is in phase 3 for pancreatic cancer.","tags":"","route":"/roadmaps/kras-roadmap/","cancers":"pancreatic colorectal nsclc"},{"id":"idea-trop2-pet-selection","kind":"idea","name":"TROP2 PET to choose and sequence TROP2 ADCs","aka":"","tldr":"Use a whole-body TROP2 scan instead of a single tissue stain to decide which patients get a TROP2 ADC, which one, and when to switch.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-trop2-pet-selection/","cancers":"tnbc nsclc"},{"id":"idea-payload-switching","kind":"idea","name":"Payload-class switching as the rule for ADC sequencing","aka":"","tldr":"When one ADC fails, the next should carry a different kind of poison, not just aim at a different protein.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-payload-switching/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-post-neoadjuvant-adc","kind":"idea","name":"ADC for residual disease after KEYNOTE-522","aka":"","tldr":"Patients whose TNBC survives chemo-immunotherapy before surgery have a high relapse risk. Give them an ADC after surgery.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-post-neoadjuvant-adc/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"idea-ctdna-escalation-tnbc","kind":"idea","name":"ctDNA-triggered escalation in early TNBC","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of treating everyone after surgery, test blood every few months and treat only when tumour DNA reappears.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-ctdna-escalation-tnbc/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"idea-efflux-agnostic","kind":"idea","name":"Efflux-agnostic therapy for mesenchymal TNBC","aka":"","tldr":"Some tumours pump out every drug. Use treatments the pumps cannot touch: radiation, radioligands, immune cells, and payloads designed to evade them.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-efflux-agnostic/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"idea-fap-theranostics-pancancer","kind":"idea","name":"FAP theranostics as a pan-cancer stromal strategy","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of finding a different target for each cancer, hit the scaffolding cells that almost all solid tumours share.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fap-theranostics-pancancer/","cancers":"pancreatic gastric sarcoma"},{"id":"idea-in-vivo-car-solid","kind":"idea","name":"In vivo CAR-T against solid-tumour antigens","aka":"","tldr":"If a lipid nanoparticle can make CAR-T cells inside the body for lymphoma, it could be redosed weekly against solid-tumour targets that autologous CAR-T cannot sustain.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-in-vivo-car-solid/","cancers":"gastric hcc pancreatic"},{"id":"idea-neoadjuvant-adc-io","kind":"idea","name":"Neoadjuvant ADC + IO replacing anthracycline chemotherapy in TNBC","aka":"","tldr":"Replace the toughest part of pre-surgery chemotherapy with an ADC plus immunotherapy, aiming for the same cure rate with less harm.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-neoadjuvant-adc-io/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"idea-til-guided-deescalation","kind":"idea","name":"TIL-based omission of chemotherapy in stage I TNBC","aka":"","tldr":"Small triple-negative tumours packed with immune cells almost never come back. The idea is to skip chemotherapy for those patients.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-til-guided-deescalation/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"idea-ai-her2-low-scoring","kind":"idea","name":"AI quantification of HER2-low and HER2-ultralow","aka":"","tldr":"Pathologists disagree about faint HER2 staining, yet that decision unlocks Enhertu. Let a validated algorithm do the counting.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-ai-her2-low-scoring/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"idea-alpha-after-adc","kind":"idea","name":"Alpha radioligands after ADC failure","aka":"","tldr":"When ADCs against a surface protein stop working because the payload no longer kills, use the same protein to deliver radiation instead.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-alpha-after-adc/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-shared-kras-vaccine-adjuvant","kind":"idea","name":"Off-the-shelf KRAS vaccines after pancreatic cancer surgery","aka":"","tldr":"Almost every pancreatic cancer shares one of a handful of KRAS mutations. A pre-made vaccine against them could be given to every patient after surgery.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-shared-kras-vaccine-adjuvant/","cancers":"pancreatic colorectal"},{"id":"idea-mced-plus-fapi","kind":"idea","name":"FAPI PET as the workup for MCED positives","aka":"","tldr":"When a blood test says 'cancer signal, origin unclear', a FAPI PET scan may find it where FDG cannot.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-mced-plus-fapi/","cancers":"pancreatic gastric ovarian"},{"id":"idea-total-body-pet-dosimetry","kind":"idea","name":"Total-body PET for personalised radioligand dosing","aka":"","tldr":"Ultra-sensitive whole-body scanners can measure exactly where a radioactive drug goes at tiny tracer doses, allowing each patient's therapeutic dose to be tailored.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-total-body-pet-dosimetry/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"idea-organoid-guided-adc","kind":"idea","name":"Patient-derived organoids to pick ADC payloads","aka":"","tldr":"Grow the patient's tumour in a dish and test which ADC payload kills it before choosing among three TROP2 ADCs.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-organoid-guided-adc/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-dual-payload-first","kind":"idea","name":"Dual-payload ADCs in first line to prevent resistance","aka":"","tldr":"Rather than waiting for resistance to one payload and then switching, give two mechanisms from day one, as HIV therapy does.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-dual-payload-first/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-cd8-pet-io","kind":"idea","name":"CD8 PET to stop or switch immunotherapy early","aka":"","tldr":"Scan for T cells inside the tumour a few weeks after starting immunotherapy. If they have not arrived, change course.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cd8-pet-io/","cancers":"melanoma nsclc"},{"id":"idea-exercise-as-adjuvant","kind":"idea","name":"Structured exercise prescribed like a drug in all curative-intent cancer care","aka":"","tldr":"The CHALLENGE trial showed a supervised exercise programme improves survival in colon cancer. Extend it to breast, prostate, and lung cancer with the same rigour.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-exercise-as-adjuvant/","cancers":"colorectal tnbc prostate"},{"id":"idea-multimodal-foundation-model","kind":"idea","name":"Patient-level multimodal foundation models for treatment selection","aka":"","tldr":"Train one AI on scans, pathology slides, genomics and treatment outcomes pooled across patients, including completed phase 3 trials, so it can predict which treatment will work for a new patient. Pathology and radiology models already exist separately; combining them with genomic and trial outcome data is the untested step.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-multimodal-foundation-model/"},{"id":"idea-interception-vaccines","kind":"idea","name":"Cancer interception vaccines for high-risk carriers","aka":"","tldr":"Vaccinate people with BRCA or Lynch mutations against the antigens their future cancers will express, before any cancer exists.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-interception-vaccines/","cancers":"colorectal tnbc"},{"id":"intogen","kind":"collection","name":"IntOGen","aka":"","tldr":"IntOGen reads the mutations in thousands of tumour genomes and asks which genes are hit more often, or in more telling patterns, than chance allows. Those are its driver genes, and it says for each whether the mutations switch the gene on or knock it out.","tags":"","route":"/collections/intogen/"},{"id":"clinicaltrials-gov","kind":"collection","name":"ClinicalTrials.gov","aka":"","tldr":"ClinicalTrials.gov is the master list of clinical trials. Every trial on this site links to its record.","tags":"","route":"/collections/clinicaltrials-gov/"},{"id":"oncokb","kind":"collection","name":"OncoKB","aka":"","tldr":"Tells you, for a given mutation, whether an approved or investigational drug exists and how strong the evidence is.","tags":"","route":"/collections/oncokb/"},{"id":"civic","kind":"collection","name":"CIViC","aka":"","tldr":"CIViC is an open, Wikipedia-style database of what cancer mutations mean for treatment.","tags":"","route":"/collections/civic/"},{"id":"cbioportal","kind":"collection","name":"cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics","aka":"","tldr":"cBioPortal lets you browse the mutations, copy number, and expression of tens of thousands of tumours without writing code.","tags":"","route":"/collections/cbioportal/"},{"id":"tcga-gdc","kind":"collection","name":"TCGA / NCI Genomic Data Commons","aka":"TCGA\nThe Cancer Genome Atlas\nGDC\nGenomic Data Commons\nGDC Data Portal\nTCGA PanCanAtlas\nPan-Cancer Atlas","tldr":"The reference atlas of cancer genomes that most cancer biology since 2008 is built on.","tags":"","route":"/collections/tcga-gdc/"},{"id":"depmap","kind":"collection","name":"DepMap (Cancer Dependency Map)","aka":"Broad DepMap portal\nDepMap portal\nCancer Dependency Map","tldr":"Which genes each cancer cell line cannot live without. The map of synthetic-lethal targets.","tags":"","route":"/collections/depmap/"},{"id":"open-targets","kind":"collection","name":"Open Targets Platform","aka":"","tldr":"Open Targets scores how strongly each gene is linked to each disease, with the evidence behind it.","tags":"","route":"/collections/open-targets/"},{"id":"cosmic","kind":"collection","name":"COSMIC (Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer)","aka":"","tldr":"COSMIC, the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer, is the largest curated catalogue of mutations found in tumours, run by the Wellcome Sanger Institute. It also holds the Cancer Gene Census of around 750 genes, the reference mutational signatures and a cell line project; academic use is free, industry needs a licence.","tags":"","route":"/collections/cosmic/"},{"id":"clinvar","kind":"collection","name":"ClinVar","aka":"","tldr":"Whether a genetic variant is thought to cause disease, according to the labs that have seen it.","tags":"","route":"/collections/clinvar/"},{"id":"drugbank-chembl","kind":"collection","name":"DrugBank & ChEMBL","aka":"","tldr":"DrugBank and ChEMBL hold the chemistry and mechanism of every drug and most tool compounds.","tags":"","route":"/collections/drugbank-chembl/"},{"id":"ttd","kind":"collection","name":"Therapeutic Target Database (TTD)","aka":"","tldr":"The Therapeutic Target Database lists every protein anyone has tried to drug, and what they tried.","tags":"","route":"/collections/ttd/"},{"id":"adcdb","kind":"collection","name":"ADCdb / ADC Review","aka":"","tldr":"ADCdb and ADC Review are where to track the hundreds of ADCs in trials, with target, payload, and linker.","tags":"","route":"/collections/adcdb/"},{"id":"nccn","kind":"collection","name":"NCCN Guidelines","aka":"","tldr":"The algorithms US oncologists follow. If a drug is in NCCN, insurers usually pay.","tags":"","route":"/collections/nccn/"},{"id":"esmo-guidelines","kind":"collection","name":"ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines & MCBS","aka":"","tldr":"The ESMO guidelines are Europe's treatment algorithms, and the ESMO-MCBS scores how much each new drug actually helps.","tags":"","route":"/collections/esmo-guidelines/"},{"id":"fda-approvals","kind":"collection","name":"FDA Oncology Approvals (OCE) & Novel Drug Approvals","aka":"","tldr":"The FDA's oncology approval notifications are the official record of what is approved for what.","tags":"","route":"/collections/fda-approvals/"},{"id":"seer","kind":"collection","name":"SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results)","aka":"","tldr":"SEER records how many people in the US get each cancer and how long they live, by stage, age, race, and year.","tags":"","route":"/collections/seer/"},{"id":"globocan","kind":"collection","name":"GLOBOCAN / Global Cancer Observatory","aka":"","tldr":"GLOBOCAN is the world's cancer numbers: incidence and mortality estimates for 185 countries and 36 cancers.","tags":"","route":"/collections/globocan/"},{"id":"cancer-gov-pdq","kind":"collection","name":"NCI PDQ Cancer Information Summaries","aka":"","tldr":"The NCI's PDQ summaries are the most reliable free, plain-language explanation of each cancer's treatment.","tags":"","route":"/collections/cancer-gov-pdq/"},{"id":"awesome-cancer-variant-resources","kind":"collection","name":"awesome-cancer-variant-resources","aka":"","tldr":"A GitHub list of every cancer variant database, maintained by the community.","tags":"","route":"/collections/awesome-cancer-variant-resources/"},{"id":"genie","kind":"collection","name":"AACR Project GENIE","aka":"","tldr":"AACR Project GENIE is real-world tumour sequencing data shared by leading cancer centres.","tags":"","route":"/collections/genie/"},{"id":"hpa","kind":"collection","name":"Human Protein Atlas","aka":"","tldr":"The Human Protein Atlas shows where in the body each protein is found, which tells you whether an ADC target is safe.","tags":"","route":"/collections/hpa/"},{"id":"cptac","kind":"collection","name":"CPTAC (Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium)","aka":"CPTAC pipelines\nClinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium","tldr":"CPTAC measures the proteins, not just the genes, of thousands of tumours.","tags":"","route":"/collections/cptac/"},{"id":"cellxgene-hca","kind":"collection","name":"CZ CELLxGENE / Human Cell Atlas","aka":"CELLxGENE\nCZ CELLxGENE\nHuman Cell Atlas\nHCA\nCELLxGENE Census","tldr":"CELLxGENE and the Human Cell Atlas hold single-cell data from healthy and diseased tissue, browsable and downloadable.","tags":"","route":"/collections/cellxgene-hca/"},{"id":"cancer-models","kind":"collection","name":"Cancer Models (PDCM Finder) & HCMI","aka":"","tldr":"Find a mouse or dish model that matches a tumour type or mutation.","tags":"","route":"/collections/cancer-models/"},{"id":"pubmed-europepmc","kind":"collection","name":"PubMed & Europe PMC","aka":"","tldr":"PubMed and Europe PMC together form the searchable index of the biomedical literature; every claim here should trace back to something in them.","tags":"","route":"/collections/pubmed-europepmc/"},{"id":"eudract-ctis","kind":"collection","name":"EU Clinical Trials Register / CTIS","aka":"","tldr":"The EU Clinical Trials Register and CTIS are Europe's trial registry, complementing ClinicalTrials.gov for EU-only studies.","tags":"","route":"/collections/eudract-ctis/"},{"id":"newsweek-hospitals","kind":"collection","name":"Newsweek/Statista World's Best Specialized Hospitals: Oncology","aka":"","tldr":"The Newsweek/Statista ranking is the most-cited global hospital ranking for cancer care. OnCo uses it as one input to its institution table.","tags":"","route":"/collections/newsweek-hospitals/"},{"id":"nature-index","kind":"collection","name":"Nature Index: Healthcare and Cancer institutions","aka":"","tldr":"The Nature Index shows which institutions publish the most top-tier research. It is the best public proxy for university output in cancer science.","tags":"","route":"/collections/nature-index/"},{"id":"scimago-oncology","kind":"collection","name":"SCImago Institutions Rankings: Oncology","aka":"","tldr":"The SCImago Institutions Rankings score research institutions in the Oncology subject area on three measures: research output drawn from Scopus, innovation measured by patents, and societal impact measured by web visibility. On OnCo it is a cross-check against the Nature Index, since the two draw on different publication sets.","tags":"","route":"/collections/scimago-oncology/"},{"id":"nci-cancer-centers","kind":"collection","name":"NCI-Designated Cancer Centers","aka":"","tldr":"NCI-designated cancer centres are the US government's list of the cancer centres that meet its research and care standards.","tags":"","route":"/collections/nci-cancer-centers/"},{"id":"tiragolumab","kind":"drug","name":"Tiragolumab","aka":"","tldr":"An immune-brake blocker that looked excellent in a phase 2 lung cancer trial and then failed every phase 3.","tags":"failure lesson:phase-2-mirage","route":"/drugs/tiragolumab/","status":"negative","cancers":"nsclc sclc"},{"id":"magrolimab","kind":"drug","name":"Magrolimab","aka":"","tldr":"The first 'don't eat me' signal blocker. Gilead paid $4.9B for it; it was stopped in 2024 after trials showed more deaths, not fewer.","tags":"failure lesson:toxicity","route":"/drugs/magrolimab/","status":"withdrawn","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"rovalpituzumab-tesirine","kind":"drug","name":"Rovalpituzumab tesirine","aka":"","tldr":"Rovalpituzumab tesirine (Rova-T) was the first drug against DLL3 in small-cell lung cancer. AbbVie bought it for $5.8B and abandoned it after two failed phase 3 trials. The target later worked with a different weapon.","tags":"failure lesson:wrong-drug","route":"/drugs/rovalpituzumab-tesirine/","status":"withdrawn","cancers":"sclc"},{"id":"iniparib","kind":"drug","name":"Iniparib","aka":"","tldr":"Billed as the first PARP inhibitor for triple-negative breast cancer, it failed its phase 3 in 2011. It turned out not to inhibit PARP at all.","tags":"failure lesson:wrong-drug","route":"/drugs/iniparib/","status":"negative","cancers":"tnbc nsclc"},{"id":"bempegaldesleukin","kind":"drug","name":"Bempegaldesleukin","aka":"","tldr":"Bempegaldesleukin was a re-engineered interleukin-2 meant to be a safer version of a famous old immunotherapy. It added nothing to nivolumab in three phase 3 trials.","tags":"failure lesson:phase-2-mirage","route":"/drugs/bempegaldesleukin/","status":"negative","cancers":"melanoma rcc urothelial"},{"id":"adu-s100","kind":"drug","name":"ADU-S100 (MIW815)","aka":"","tldr":"ADU-S100 was the first STING agonist in the clinic. Injected directly into tumours, it produced almost no responses, alone or with checkpoint blockade.","tags":"failure lesson:wrong-drug","route":"/drugs/adu-s100/","status":"withdrawn","cancers":"melanoma head-and-neck"},{"id":"eprenetapopt","kind":"drug","name":"Eprenetapopt","aka":"","tldr":"Eprenetapopt (APR-246) was a drug meant to refold mutant p53, the most common broken protein in cancer. Its phase 3 in blood cancer failed in 2020.","tags":"failure lesson:wrong-target","route":"/drugs/eprenetapopt/","status":"negative","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"tusamitamab-ravtansine","kind":"drug","name":"Tusamitamab ravtansine","aka":"","tldr":"Tusamitamab ravtansine was Sanofi's ADC against the classic CEA tumour marker, stopped for futility in lung cancer in 2023.","tags":"failure lesson:wrong-drug","route":"/drugs/tusamitamab-ravtansine/","status":"withdrawn","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"impassion131","kind":"trial","name":"IMpassion131","aka":"","tldr":"IMpassion131 was the sister trial to the first immunotherapy success in breast cancer. It failed, and the approval it was meant to confirm was withdrawn.","tags":"failure lesson:partner-and-biomarker","route":"/trials/impassion131/","status":"negative","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"epacadostat","kind":"drug","name":"Epacadostat","aka":"","tldr":"An enzyme blocker meant to stop tumours starving T cells of tryptophan. Its 2018 phase 3 failure ended an entire class overnight.","tags":"failure lesson:phase-2-mirage","route":"/drugs/epacadostat/","status":"negative","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"trastuzumab-duocarmazine","kind":"drug","name":"Trastuzumab duocarmazine","aka":"","tldr":"A HER2 ADC with a DNA-alkylating payload that beat chemotherapy in a phase 3 trial yet never reached the market, because eye and lung toxicity and a stronger rival arrived first.","tags":"failure lesson:toxicity","route":"/drugs/trastuzumab-duocarmazine/","status":"withdrawn","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"melflufen","kind":"drug","name":"Melphalan flufenamide","aka":"","tldr":"A myeloma drug given accelerated approval in 2021 and withdrawn in the US months later when its confirmatory trial suggested it shortened survival.","tags":"failure lesson:regulatory","route":"/drugs/melflufen/","status":"withdrawn","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"ascent-05","kind":"trial","name":"ASCENT-05 / OptimICE-RD (AFT-65, GBG 119, NSABP B-63)","aka":"","tldr":"Tests whether giving a TROP2 ADC after surgery can cure more of the triple-negative patients whose cancer survived pre-surgery chemo-immunotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ascent-05/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"tropion-breast03","kind":"trial","name":"TROPION-Breast03","aka":"","tldr":"TROPION-Breast03 is the Dato-DXd counterpart to ASCENT-05: an ADC, with or without immunotherapy, for triple-negative patients with leftover cancer at surgery.","tags":"","route":"/trials/tropion-breast03/","status":"active","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"nccn-org","kind":"institution","name":"National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN)","aka":"","tldr":"The NCCN is an alliance of 33 US cancer centres whose guidelines decide, in practice, what US oncologists do and what insurers pay for.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/nccn-org/"},{"id":"programmable-dna-targeting-therapeutics","kind":"technology","name":"Programmable DNA-targeting therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Programmable DNA-targeting therapeutics are an experimental idea: a drug that reads a cell's DNA, recognises a cancer-specific sequence, and kills only cells that carry it. Change the guide, and the same drug becomes a new drug.","tags":"frontier concept","route":"/technologies/programmable-dna-targeting-therapeutics/","status":"preclinical"},{"id":"fragmentomics","kind":"technology","name":"cfDNA fragmentomics","aka":"","tldr":"Fragmentomics reads the sizes and positions of DNA fragments in blood, not the mutations. Cancer cells die messily and leave a recognisable fragmentation pattern.","tags":"frontier","route":"/technologies/fragmentomics/","status":"established","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"adc-payload-neutralizer","kind":"technology","name":"ADC payload neutralisers","aka":"","tldr":"An ADC payload neutraliser is an antibody given alongside an ADC that mops up the poison once it leaks into the bloodstream, so the ADC can hit the tumour with fewer side effects.","tags":"frontier","route":"/technologies/adc-payload-neutralizer/","status":"phase-1","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"in-vivo-gene-editing-cancer","kind":"technology","name":"In vivo base and prime editing for cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In vivo base and prime editing would rewrite a cancer's DNA letter by letter inside the body. It works in the liver for inherited disease; nobody has yet corrected a cancer this way in a person.","tags":"frontier radical","route":"/technologies/in-vivo-gene-editing-cancer/","status":"concept"},{"id":"epigenetic-editing","kind":"technology","name":"Epigenetic editing (durable gene silencing)","aka":"","tldr":"Switching a gene off for good without changing the DNA sequence, by writing chemical marks onto it.","tags":"frontier radical","route":"/technologies/epigenetic-editing/","status":"concept"},{"id":"self-amplifying-rna","kind":"technology","name":"Self-amplifying and circular RNA therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"RNA drugs that copy themselves inside the cell, or are made as a loop so they last longer. Both aim to get more protein from a smaller dose.","tags":"frontier promising","route":"/technologies/self-amplifying-rna/","status":"phase-1"},{"id":"stroma-directed-car","kind":"technology","name":"CAR-T against stroma: fibroblasts and myeloid cells","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of attacking the cancer cell, engineering T cells to strip away the scaffolding and the suppressive immune cells that protect it.","tags":"frontier radical","route":"/technologies/stroma-directed-car/","status":"preclinical","cancers":"pancreatic mesothelioma"},{"id":"engineered-bacteria-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Engineered bacteria as living cancer drugs","aka":"","tldr":"Bacteria that seek out the low-oxygen core of tumours, then manufacture a drug on the spot.","tags":"frontier radical","route":"/technologies/engineered-bacteria-therapy/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"phage-delivery","kind":"technology","name":"Bacteriophage-based tumour delivery","aka":"","tldr":"Bacteriophage delivery uses viruses that infect bacteria, not human cells, as engineered shells whose coat proteins display tumour-homing peptides or antigens and carry drugs or vaccines. They are cheap and cannot replicate in people, but the work is preclinical: no oncology phage trial had reported efficacy by 2026, and the body clears them quickly.","tags":"frontier radical","route":"/technologies/phage-delivery/","status":"preclinical"},{"id":"microbiome-modulation-io","kind":"technology","name":"Microbiome modulation to unlock immunotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Changing the gut bacteria of a patient whose immunotherapy stopped working, in the hope of restarting the response.","tags":"frontier promising","route":"/technologies/microbiome-modulation-io/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"melanoma rcc"},{"id":"tumour-microbiome-targeting","kind":"technology","name":"Targeting the tumour's own microbes","aka":"","tldr":"Some tumours contain bacteria and fungi that shelter cancer cells and break down chemotherapy. Killing them may make treatment work.","tags":"frontier radical","route":"/technologies/tumour-microbiome-targeting/","status":"preclinical","cancers":"colorectal pancreatic"},{"id":"dna-origami-nanorobots","kind":"technology","name":"DNA origami nanorobots","aka":"","tldr":"Folded DNA machines that open only when they touch a tumour, releasing a payload or clotting the tumour's blood supply.","tags":"frontier radical","route":"/technologies/dna-origami-nanorobots/","status":"preclinical"},{"id":"magnetic-nanoparticle-hyperthermia","kind":"technology","name":"Magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia","aka":"","tldr":"Magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia injects iron-oxide nanoparticles into a tumour and heats them from outside with an alternating magnetic field.","tags":"frontier","route":"/technologies/magnetic-nanoparticle-hyperthermia/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"glioblastoma prostate"},{"id":"photothermal-nanoparticles","kind":"technology","name":"Photothermal (plasmonic) nanoparticle ablation","aka":"","tldr":"Gold nanoshells that accumulate in a tumour and cook it when a near-infrared laser is shone on them.","tags":"frontier","route":"/technologies/photothermal-nanoparticles/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"sonodynamic-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Sonodynamic therapy","aka":"","tldr":"A drug that does nothing until ultrasound hits it, then kills the cells that took it up. Being tested in brain tumours because sound reaches where light cannot.","tags":"frontier promising","route":"/technologies/sonodynamic-therapy/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"radiodynamic-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Radiodynamic therapy and radiosensitising nanoparticles","aka":"","tldr":"Nanoparticles that turn ordinary radiotherapy X-rays into a much bigger dose exactly where they sit.","tags":"frontier promising","route":"/technologies/radiodynamic-therapy/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"sarcoma head-and-neck"},{"id":"vhee-radiotherapy","kind":"technology","name":"Very-high-energy electron therapy","aka":"","tldr":"VHEE radiotherapy fires electrons at 100 to 250 MeV, energies that reach deep tumours and can be steered by magnets, aiming to deliver FLASH-speed radiation from a machine smaller and cheaper than a proton facility. It is still at the accelerator-development and preclinical stage: no patient had been treated by September 2026.","tags":"frontier radical","route":"/technologies/vhee-radiotherapy/","status":"preclinical"},{"id":"proton-arc-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Proton arc therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Rotating the proton beam continuously around the patient instead of firing from a few fixed angles, to spread the entrance dose and sharpen the target dose.","tags":"frontier","route":"/technologies/proton-arc-therapy/","status":"phase-1"},{"id":"lattice-radiotherapy","kind":"technology","name":"Lattice and GRID radiotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Lattice radiotherapy deliberately treats a bulky tumour unevenly, placing peaks of tumour-destroying dose at spaced points inside it while the tissue between receives far less, relying on bystander and immune effects to extend the kill. It runs on standard linear accelerators, but evidence is mostly palliative and single-arm, and the mechanism is unsettled.","tags":"frontier promising","route":"/technologies/lattice-radiotherapy/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"auger-electron-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Auger-electron therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Auger-electron therapy uses radioactive atoms such as iodine-125 or terbium-161 that release cascades of low-energy electrons travelling only nanometres to micrometres, so they kill a cell only if the atom sits on or inside its DNA and spare the neighbours. Terbium-161 can replace lutetium-177 in existing PSMA ligands; true nuclear delivery remains preclinical.","tags":"frontier radical","route":"/technologies/auger-electron-therapy/","status":"preclinical"},{"id":"alpha-nanogenerators","kind":"technology","name":"Alpha-emitter nanogenerators and daughter trapping","aka":"","tldr":"Actinium-225 releases four alpha particles as it decays, but the daughters escape and irradiate the kidneys and salivary glands. Nanocarriers try to hold them in place.","tags":"frontier radical","route":"/technologies/alpha-nanogenerators/","status":"preclinical"},{"id":"radionuclide-parp-combination","kind":"technology","name":"Radioligand plus DNA-repair inhibitor combinations","aka":"","tldr":"Adding a PARP or ATR inhibitor to a radioactive drug so the tumour cannot repair the damage the radiation causes.","tags":"frontier promising","route":"/technologies/radionuclide-parp-combination/","status":"phase-1","cancers":"prostate neuroendocrine"},{"id":"nerve-tumour-denervation","kind":"technology","name":"Cancer neuroscience: cutting the nerve supply","aka":"","tldr":"Tumours recruit nerves and use nerve signals to grow. Blocking that traffic, with beta-blockers or botulinum toxin, is being tested.","tags":"frontier radical","route":"/technologies/nerve-tumour-denervation/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"prostate pancreatic ovarian gastric"},{"id":"cachexia-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Cachexia-directed therapy (GDF-15 blockade)","aka":"","tldr":"Cachexia-directed therapy treats cancer wasting by blocking GDF-15, a hormone that rises in advanced cancer and acts on the brainstem to suppress appetite. Pfizer's antibody ponsegromab improved weight in a phase 2 trial and is in phase 2/3 in pancreatic cancer cachexia; whether weight gain translates into function is the open question.","tags":"frontier promising","route":"/technologies/cachexia-therapy/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"pancreatic nsclc"},{"id":"chronotherapy","kind":"technology","name":"Chronotherapy: timing treatment to the body clock","aka":"","tldr":"Giving the same drug at a different time of day, because the body clock changes how much damage it does and how well the immune system responds.","tags":"frontier promising","route":"/technologies/chronotherapy/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"metabolic-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Metabolic therapy: starving the tumour of a nutrient","aka":"","tldr":"Removing an amino acid or nutrient that certain tumours cannot make for themselves, while normal cells can.","tags":"frontier","route":"/technologies/metabolic-therapy/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"mesothelioma all-leukemia sarcoma"},{"id":"senescence-targeting","kind":"technology","name":"Senolytics and senescence-directed therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Chemotherapy leaves behind zombie cells that will not divide but poison their neighbours. Senolytics aim to clear them.","tags":"frontier radical","route":"/technologies/senescence-targeting/","status":"preclinical"},{"id":"il12-electroporation","kind":"technology","name":"Intratumoural gene electrotransfer (IL-12 plasmid)","aka":"","tldr":"Intratumoural gene electrotransfer injects a plasmid carrying the interleukin-12 gene into a tumour and pushes it into cells with electric pulses, so this T-cell-activating cytokine is made locally instead of at the toxic doses intravenous IL-12 needed. It produced responses with pembrolizumab in anti-PD-1-resistant melanoma, but the sponsor's programmes have stalled.","tags":"frontier","route":"/technologies/il12-electroporation/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"melanoma tnbc"},{"id":"de-novo-protein-design","kind":"technology","name":"De novo designed protein binders","aka":"","tldr":"Designing a protein from scratch on a computer to grip a chosen target, instead of finding one in an animal or a library.","tags":"frontier promising","route":"/technologies/de-novo-protein-design/","status":"phase-1"},{"id":"molecular-glue-platforms","kind":"technology","name":"Molecular glue discovery platforms","aka":"","tldr":"Molecular glues are small molecules that stick two proteins together so the cell destroys one of them. They are smaller and more drug-like than bifunctional degraders.","tags":"frontier promising","route":"/technologies/molecular-glue-platforms/","status":"phase-1"},{"id":"antibody-oligonucleotide-conjugates","kind":"technology","name":"Antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates","aka":"","tldr":"An ADC that carries a gene-silencing strand instead of a chemotherapy, so it can switch a protein off rather than poison the cell.","tags":"frontier radical","route":"/technologies/antibody-oligonucleotide-conjugates/","status":"preclinical"},{"id":"logic-gated-therapeutics","kind":"technology","name":"Logic-gated therapeutics (AND, NOT gates)","aka":"","tldr":"Cells or drugs that fire only when two conditions are true at once, so healthy tissue expressing just one of them is spared.","tags":"frontier promising","route":"/technologies/logic-gated-therapeutics/","status":"phase-1"},{"id":"in-situ-vaccination","kind":"technology","name":"In situ vaccination","aka":"","tldr":"Treating one tumour so aggressively that the immune system learns to attack every other one, using the tumour itself as the vaccine.","tags":"frontier promising","route":"/technologies/in-situ-vaccination/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"melanoma dlbcl"},{"id":"interception-vaccination","kind":"technology","name":"Cancer interception vaccines","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer interception vaccines immunise people who do not yet have cancer but carry a high inherited risk, such as Lynch syndrome carriers, against the antigens their future tumour is predicted to express, so memory T cells remove transformed cells early. Because healthy people accept risk for a probabilistic benefit, the safety bar is far higher and trials take years.","tags":"frontier radical","route":"/technologies/interception-vaccination/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"colorectal tnbc"},{"id":"trained-innate-immunity","kind":"technology","name":"Trained innate immunity","aka":"","tldr":"Giving the innate immune system a memory, so monocytes and NK cells respond harder the next time they meet a tumour.","tags":"frontier","route":"/technologies/trained-innate-immunity/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"histotripsy-immune-priming","kind":"technology","name":"Histotripsy as an immune primer","aka":"","tldr":"Destroying a tumour mechanically with sound, rather than heat, leaves the debris intact enough for the immune system to learn from it.","tags":"frontier promising","route":"/technologies/histotripsy-immune-priming/","status":"phase-1","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"mechanobiology-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Targeting tumour mechanics and pressure","aka":"","tldr":"Stiff, high-pressure tumours squeeze their own blood vessels shut, keeping drugs out. Softening them is a way in.","tags":"frontier","route":"/technologies/mechanobiology-therapy/","status":"preclinical","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"hypoxia-activated-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Hypoxia-activated prodrugs","aka":"","tldr":"A harmless molecule that turns into a poison only where there is no oxygen, which in the body means inside a tumour.","tags":"frontier","route":"/technologies/hypoxia-activated-therapy/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"pancreatic sarcoma"},{"id":"digital-twins-trials","kind":"technology","name":"Digital twins and virtual control arms","aka":"","tldr":"Using a model of what would have happened to a patient on standard treatment, so fewer people have to be randomised to it.","tags":"frontier promising","route":"/technologies/digital-twins-trials/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"n-of-1-platforms","kind":"technology","name":"N-of-1 and rapid platform trials","aka":"","tldr":"Building a trial around one patient, or letting one trial swap drugs in and out as evidence accumulates.","tags":"frontier promising","route":"/technologies/n-of-1-platforms/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"continuous-ctdna-monitoring","kind":"technology","name":"Continuous and near-continuous ctDNA monitoring","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of testing blood every three months, sampling constantly, so a relapse is caught the week it starts.","tags":"frontier promising","route":"/technologies/continuous-ctdna-monitoring/","status":"concept"},{"id":"breath-vocs","kind":"technology","name":"Breath and volatile-organic-compound detection","aka":"","tldr":"Smelling cancer: measuring the trace chemicals a tumour puts into exhaled breath.","tags":"frontier","route":"/technologies/breath-vocs/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"colorectal nsclc"},{"id":"drug-repurposing","kind":"technology","name":"Systematic drug repurposing","aka":"","tldr":"Testing cheap old drugs, aspirin, metformin, statins, beta-blockers, as cancer treatments, because they are safe, available and sometimes work.","tags":"frontier","route":"/technologies/drug-repurposing/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"colorectal breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"total-body-pet-screening","kind":"technology","name":"Total-body PET for screening and ultra-low-dose imaging","aka":"","tldr":"Scanners sensitive enough to image the whole body in seconds at a fraction of the radiation dose, which raises the question of whether healthy people should be scanned at all.","tags":"frontier","route":"/technologies/total-body-pet-screening/","status":"concept"},{"id":"quantum-dot-imaging","kind":"technology","name":"Quantum-dot and molecular ultrasound imaging agents","aka":"","tldr":"Brighter, longer-lasting fluorescent particles and targeted microbubbles that make tumours visible during surgery or on an ultrasound scan.","tags":"frontier","route":"/technologies/quantum-dot-imaging/","status":"preclinical"},{"id":"organoid-guided-therapy-scale","kind":"technology","name":"Organoid-guided therapy at 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trials.","tags":"","route":"/people/miguel-martin/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"sara-lopez-tarruella","kind":"person","name":"Sara López-Tarruella","aka":"","tldr":"Sara López-Tarruella is a breast oncologist leading GEICAM neoadjuvant studies in triple-negative disease.","tags":"","route":"/people/sara-lopez-tarruella/","cancers":"tnbc breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"pilar-garrido","kind":"person","name":"Pilar Garrido","aka":"","tldr":"Pilar Garrido is a thoracic oncologist and past president of the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology.","tags":"","route":"/people/pilar-garrido/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"denis-lacombe","kind":"person","name":"Denis Lacombe","aka":"","tldr":"Denis Lacombe leads Europe's academic cancer trials organisation.","tags":"","route":"/people/denis-lacombe/"},{"id":"alexander-eggermont","kind":"person","name":"Alexander Eggermont","aka":"","tldr":"Surgical oncologist who led the EORTC adjuvant ipilimumab and pembrolizumab trials in melanoma.","tags":"","route":"/people/alexander-eggermont/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"martine-piccart","kind":"person","name":"Martine Piccart","aka":"","tldr":"Co-founded the Breast International Group and led HERA, the trial that made adjuvant trastuzumab standard.","tags":"","route":"/people/martine-piccart/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"michael-weller","kind":"person","name":"Michael Weller","aka":"","tldr":"Neuro-oncologist who leads the EORTC Brain Tumor Group and co-authors the European glioma guidelines.","tags":"","route":"/people/michael-weller/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"roger-stupp","kind":"person","name":"Roger Stupp","aka":"","tldr":"Led the EORTC/NCIC trial that made temozolomide with radiotherapy the glioblastoma standard, and the EF-14 trial of tumour treating fields.","tags":"","route":"/people/roger-stupp/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"nathan-cherny","kind":"person","name":"Nathan Cherny","aka":"","tldr":"Created the ESMO Magnitude of Clinical Benefit Scale, the standard tool for grading how much a cancer drug really helps.","tags":"","route":"/people/nathan-cherny/"},{"id":"andres-cervantes","kind":"person","name":"Andrés Cervantes","aka":"","tldr":"Andrés Cervantes is a gastrointestinal oncologist and was ESMO President for 2023-2024.","tags":"","route":"/people/andres-cervantes/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"solange-peters","kind":"person","name":"Solange Peters","aka":"","tldr":"Solange Peters is a lung cancer trialist and past ESMO President who led CheckMate 743 in mesothelioma.","tags":"","route":"/people/solange-peters/","cancers":"mesothelioma nsclc"},{"id":"david-cameron","kind":"person","name":"David Cameron","aka":"","tldr":"David Cameron is a breast oncologist who chairs the Breast International Group.","tags":"","route":"/people/david-cameron/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"evandro-de-azambuja","kind":"person","name":"Evandro de Azambuja","aka":"","tldr":"Evandro de Azambuja is a breast oncologist who studies heart safety of HER2-targeted therapy in BIG trials.","tags":"","route":"/people/evandro-de-azambuja/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"sibylle-loibl","kind":"person","name":"Sibylle Loibl","aka":"","tldr":"Leads the German Breast Group, whose GeparX trials defined neoadjuvant chemotherapy and immunotherapy in breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/people/sibylle-loibl/","cancers":"tnbc breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"gunter-von-minckwitz","kind":"person","name":"Gunter von Minckwitz","aka":"","tldr":"Founded the German Breast Group and led KATHERINE, which made T-DM1 standard after residual disease.","tags":"","route":"/people/gunter-von-minckwitz/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"carsten-denkert","kind":"person","name":"Carsten Denkert","aka":"","tldr":"Pathologist who established tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes as a biomarker in breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/people/carsten-denkert/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"jean-yves-blay","kind":"person","name":"Jean-Yves Blay","aka":"","tldr":"Sarcoma expert who leads Centre Léon Bérard and the French cancer centre network UNICANCER.","tags":"","route":"/people/jean-yves-blay/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"thomas-bachelot","kind":"person","name":"Thomas Bachelot","aka":"","tldr":"Breast oncologist who led UNICANCER trials on brain metastases and hormone therapy resistance.","tags":"","route":"/people/thomas-bachelot/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"christophe-le-tourneau","kind":"person","name":"Christophe Le Tourneau","aka":"","tldr":"Led SHIVA, the first randomised trial of genomics-matched therapy, and heads Institut Curie's early trials unit.","tags":"","route":"/people/christophe-le-tourneau/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"anthony-goncalves","kind":"person","name":"Anthony Gonçalves","aka":"","tldr":"Anthony Gonçalves is a medical oncologist leading breast and ovarian cancer research at Institut Paoli-Calmettes.","tags":"","route":"/people/anthony-goncalves/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive ovarian"},{"id":"ahn-myung-ju","kind":"person","name":"Myung-Ju Ahn","aka":"","tldr":"Myung-Ju Ahn is one of Asia's most prolific lung cancer trialists, a steady presence on the steering committees of the EGFR, ALK, and immunotherapy trials that set today's standards.","tags":"lung","route":"/people/ahn-myung-ju/","cancers":"nsclc head-and-neck"},{"id":"park-yeon-hee","kind":"person","name":"Yeon Hee Park","aka":"","tldr":"Leads breast medical oncology at Samsung Medical Center and has driven Korean participation in the HER2 and CDK4/6 trials that changed practice.","tags":"","route":"/people/park-yeon-hee/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"lee-jeeyun","kind":"person","name":"Jeeyun Lee","aka":"","tldr":"A gastric cancer trialist who pioneered biomarker-driven umbrella trials in Korea and helped bring HER2 and Claudin 18.2 agents to Asian patients.","tags":"","route":"/people/lee-jeeyun/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"kang-won-ki","kind":"person","name":"Won Ki Kang","aka":"","tldr":"A senior gastric cancer oncologist whose adjuvant and perioperative trials in Korea helped define post-gastrectomy chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/people/kang-won-ki/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"lim-ho-yeong","kind":"person","name":"Ho Yeong Lim","aka":"","tldr":"A liver cancer oncologist who has been on the steering group of several global HCC trials with strong Asian enrolment.","tags":"","route":"/people/lim-ho-yeong/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"park-woong-yang","kind":"person","name":"Woong-Yang Park","aka":"","tldr":"Built the genome institute behind Samsung Medical Center's precision oncology programme and its single-cell studies of tumours.","tags":"","route":"/people/park-woong-yang/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"kim-sung-bae","kind":"person","name":"Sung-Bae Kim","aka":"","tldr":"Sung-Bae Kim is a leading Korean breast oncologist on the steering committees of the trastuzumab emtansine and deruxtecan trials.","tags":"","route":"/people/kim-sung-bae/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"kang-yoon-koo","kind":"person","name":"Yoon-Koo Kang","aka":"","tldr":"Led the ATTRACTION-2 nivolumab trial and the SPOTLIGHT zolbetuximab trial, two of the defining gastric cancer studies of the decade.","tags":"","route":"/people/kang-yoon-koo/","cancers":"gastric sarcoma"},{"id":"ryu-min-hee","kind":"person","name":"Min-Hee Ryu","aka":"","tldr":"Min-Hee Ryu is a gastric cancer and GIST trialist central to the Asian arms of ramucirumab, pembrolizumab, and zolbetuximab studies.","tags":"","route":"/people/ryu-min-hee/","cancers":"gastric sarcoma"},{"id":"kim-tae-won","kind":"person","name":"Tae Won Kim","aka":"","tldr":"Tae Won Kim is Korea's leading colorectal cancer trialist, an investigator on the fruquintinib, trifluridine/tipiracil, and anti-EGFR studies used worldwide.","tags":"","route":"/people/kim-tae-won/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"lee-jae-lyun","kind":"person","name":"Jae Lyun Lee","aka":"","tldr":"Jae Lyun Lee is a genitourinary oncologist who brought Korean cohorts into the enfortumab, pembrolizumab, and PARP-inhibitor GU trials.","tags":"","route":"/people/lee-jae-lyun/","cancers":"urothelial prostate rcc"},{"id":"lee-dae-ho","kind":"person","name":"Dae Ho Lee","aka":"","tldr":"Dae Ho Lee is a thoracic oncologist behind Korean participation in the EGFR, ALK, and MET inhibitor trials that shaped lung cancer care.","tags":"","route":"/people/lee-dae-ho/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"lee-sung-gyu","kind":"person","name":"Sung-Gyu Lee","aka":"","tldr":"Built the world's highest-volume living-donor liver transplant programme, a cornerstone of liver cancer care in Asia.","tags":"","route":"/people/lee-sung-gyu/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"bang-yung-jue","kind":"person","name":"Yung-Jue Bang","aka":"","tldr":"Principal investigator of ToGA, the trial that made trastuzumab standard in HER2-positive gastric cancer, and a founder of Korean phase 1 oncology.","tags":"","route":"/people/bang-yung-jue/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"im-seock-ah","kind":"person","name":"Seock-Ah Im","aka":"","tldr":"Led MONALEESA-7, which proved a CDK4/6 inhibitor extends survival in premenopausal breast cancer, and steers Korea's breast cancer trial network.","tags":"","route":"/people/im-seock-ah/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"oh-do-youn","kind":"person","name":"Do-Youn Oh","aka":"","tldr":"Principal investigator of TOPAZ-1, the trial that added immunotherapy to first-line chemotherapy for bile duct cancer.","tags":"","route":"/people/oh-do-youn/","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma pancreatic"},{"id":"kim-tae-you","kind":"person","name":"Tae-You Kim","aka":"","tldr":"A GI oncologist and genomics researcher who leads precision oncology and colorectal cancer trials at Seoul National University.","tags":"","route":"/people/kim-tae-you/","cancers":"colorectal gastric"},{"id":"kim-dong-wan","kind":"person","name":"Dong-Wan Kim","aka":"","tldr":"Dong-Wan Kim is a thoracic oncologist central to the ALK and ROS1 inhibitor trials, from crizotinib to brigatinib and beyond.","tags":"","route":"/people/kim-dong-wan/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"lee-se-hoon","kind":"person","name":"Se-Hoon Lee","aka":"","tldr":"A lung cancer oncologist who has helped test checkpoint inhibitors and next-generation ADCs in Korean patients.","tags":"","route":"/people/lee-se-hoon/","cancers":"nsclc sclc"},{"id":"cho-byoung-chul","kind":"person","name":"Byoung Chul Cho","aka":"","tldr":"Co-led MARIPOSA, the trial where amivantamab plus lazertinib beat osimertinib, and a leading figure in Asian lung cancer drug development.","tags":"","route":"/people/cho-byoung-chul/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"rha-sun-young","kind":"person","name":"Sun Young Rha","aka":"","tldr":"A gastric cancer trialist who led Korean arms of first-line immunotherapy and Claudin 18.2 studies.","tags":"","route":"/people/rha-sun-young/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"kim-hye-ryun","kind":"person","name":"Hye Ryun Kim","aka":"","tldr":"A Yonsei oncologist who has led checkpoint-inhibitor and combination trials in lung and head-and-neck cancer.","tags":"","route":"/people/kim-hye-ryun/","cancers":"nsclc head-and-neck"},{"id":"shin-sang-joon","kind":"person","name":"Sang Joon Shin","aka":"","tldr":"Sang Joon Shin is a Yonsei medical oncologist active in colorectal cancer and melanoma immunotherapy trials.","tags":"","route":"/people/shin-sang-joon/","cancers":"colorectal melanoma"},{"id":"sohn-joohyuk","kind":"person","name":"Joohyuk Sohn","aka":"","tldr":"Joohyuk Sohn is a Yonsei breast oncologist and investigator on the DESTINY-Breast and TROPION trials.","tags":"","route":"/people/sohn-joohyuk/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"nakagama-hitoshi","kind":"person","name":"Hitoshi Nakagama","aka":"","tldr":"Leads Japan's national cancer centre, the hub of the country's genomic medicine and early-phase trial programmes.","tags":"","route":"/people/nakagama-hitoshi/"},{"id":"ohe-yuichiro","kind":"person","name":"Yuichiro Ohe","aka":"","tldr":"Thoracic oncologist who leads NCC Hospital in Tokyo and has been a Japanese principal investigator on a generation of lung cancer trials.","tags":"","route":"/people/ohe-yuichiro/","cancers":"nsclc sclc"},{"id":"yamamoto-noboru","kind":"person","name":"Noboru Yamamoto","aka":"","tldr":"Runs Japan's largest first-in-human oncology unit, where many Daiichi Sankyo DXd ADCs were first given to patients.","tags":"","route":"/people/yamamoto-noboru/"},{"id":"yonemori-kan","kind":"person","name":"Kan Yonemori","aka":"","tldr":"A breast and gynaecologic oncologist deeply involved in the early trastuzumab deruxtecan studies and in Japanese ADC development.","tags":"","route":"/people/yonemori-kan/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive breast-hr-positive ovarian"},{"id":"kohno-takashi","kind":"person","name":"Takashi Kohno","aka":"","tldr":"Genomics leader behind LC-SCRUM-Japan, the nationwide screening network that finds rare lung cancer drivers for trials.","tags":"","route":"/people/kohno-takashi/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"goto-koichi","kind":"person","name":"Koichi Goto","aka":"","tldr":"Leads thoracic oncology at NCC East and the LC-SCRUM-Japan network that connects rare-driver lung cancer patients to trials.","tags":"","route":"/people/goto-koichi/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"yoshino-takayuki","kind":"person","name":"Takayuki Yoshino","aka":"takayuki-yoshino","tldr":"Leads CIRCULATE-Japan, the largest ctDNA-guided adjuvant programme in colorectal cancer, and the PARADIGM and SCRUM-Japan GI efforts.","tags":"leadership clinician-scientist colorectal cancer precision oncology","route":"/people/yoshino-takayuki/","cancers":"colorectal gastric"},{"id":"shitara-kohei","kind":"person","name":"Kohei Shitara","aka":"","tldr":"Principal investigator of SPOTLIGHT and DESTINY-Gastric01, two trials that created new drug classes for stomach cancer.","tags":"","route":"/people/shitara-kohei/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"doi-toshihiko","kind":"person","name":"Toshihiko Doi","aka":"toshihiko-doi","tldr":"Led the first-in-human study of trastuzumab deruxtecan and runs one of Asia's most productive phase 1 units.","tags":"leadership clinician-scientist gastric cancer drug development","route":"/people/doi-toshihiko/","cancers":"gastric esophageal"},{"id":"sano-takeshi","kind":"person","name":"Takeshi Sano","aka":"","tldr":"Takeshi Sano is one of the world's authorities on gastric cancer surgery and the Japanese staging and treatment guidelines.","tags":"","route":"/people/sano-takeshi/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"takahashi-shunji","kind":"person","name":"Shunji Takahashi","aka":"","tldr":"Shunji Takahashi leads medical oncology and early-phase trials at Japan's oldest cancer institute.","tags":"","route":"/people/takahashi-shunji/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"ohno-shinji","kind":"person","name":"Shinji Ohno","aka":"","tldr":"A senior breast cancer specialist who has led Japanese arms of adjuvant and metastatic breast cancer trials for two decades.","tags":"","route":"/people/ohno-shinji/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"ueno-takayuki","kind":"person","name":"Takayuki Ueno","aka":"","tldr":"Takayuki Ueno is a breast surgeon whose translational work links tumour biology to neoadjuvant response.","tags":"","route":"/people/ueno-takayuki/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"fukuda-haruhiko","kind":"person","name":"Haruhiko Fukuda","aka":"","tldr":"Built the data centre behind the Japan Clinical Oncology Group, the country's main academic trials network.","tags":"","route":"/people/fukuda-haruhiko/","cancers":"gastric esophageal nsclc"},{"id":"kitagawa-yuko","kind":"person","name":"Yuko Kitagawa","aka":"","tldr":"Yuko Kitagawa is a leading oesophageal surgeon in the JCOG network, whose trials define perioperative treatment for oesophageal cancer in Japan.","tags":"","route":"/people/kitagawa-yuko/","cancers":"esophageal"},{"id":"hofman-michael","kind":"person","name":"Michael Hofman","aka":"","tldr":"Led proPSMA and TheraP, the trials that proved PSMA PET beats conventional imaging and that lutetium-PSMA beats chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/people/hofman-michael/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"mcarthur-grant","kind":"person","name":"Grant McArthur","aka":"","tldr":"A melanoma pioneer who led the vemurafenib and cobimetinib trials and now heads Victoria's cancer alliance.","tags":"","route":"/people/mcarthur-grant/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"loi-sherene","kind":"person","name":"Sherene Loi","aka":"","tldr":"Showed that immune cells inside breast tumours predict outcome, the basis for de-escalating chemotherapy in TNBC.","tags":"","route":"/people/loi-sherene/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"solomon-benjamin","kind":"person","name":"Benjamin Solomon","aka":"","tldr":"Principal investigator of CROWN, where lorlatinib produced the longest disease control ever recorded for a targeted lung cancer pill.","tags":"","route":"/people/solomon-benjamin/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"sandhu-shahneen","kind":"person","name":"Shahneen Sandhu","aka":"","tldr":"Runs the medical oncology side of Peter Mac's theranostics programme, combining lutetium-PSMA with hormonal and immune therapies.","tags":"","route":"/people/sandhu-shahneen/","cancers":"prostate melanoma"},{"id":"dawson-sarah-jane","kind":"person","name":"Sarah-Jane Dawson","aka":"","tldr":"A ctDNA pioneer whose early work showed blood could track breast cancer better than protein markers or imaging.","tags":"","route":"/people/dawson-sarah-jane/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"trapani-joseph","kind":"person","name":"Joseph Trapani","aka":"","tldr":"An immunologist who worked out how killer T cells destroy their targets, and now directs research at Australia's cancer hospital.","tags":"","route":"/people/trapani-joseph/"},{"id":"kaliks-rafael","kind":"person","name":"Rafael Kaliks","aka":"","tldr":"A São Paulo medical oncologist who has helped shape Einstein's precision oncology and quality programmes.","tags":"","route":"/people/kaliks-rafael/"},{"id":"hoff-paulo","kind":"person","name":"Paulo Hoff","aka":"","tldr":"Brazil's most prominent GI oncologist, a former MD Anderson faculty member who built oncology programmes at Sírio-Libanês and ICESP.","tags":"","route":"/people/hoff-paulo/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"katz-artur","kind":"person","name":"Artur Katz","aka":"","tldr":"Artur Katz is a senior São Paulo oncologist and long-time leader of the Sírio-Libanês oncology centre.","tags":"","route":"/people/katz-artur/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"barrios-carlos","kind":"person","name":"Carlos Barrios","aka":"","tldr":"Carlos Barrios is the most visible Latin American voice in global breast cancer trials and a founder of the region's cooperative group LACOG.","tags":"","route":"/people/barrios-carlos/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"ma-jun","kind":"person","name":"Jun Ma","aka":"","tldr":"Jun Ma is the world's leading nasopharyngeal carcinoma trialist, whose randomised studies define induction chemotherapy and immunotherapy for the disease.","tags":"","route":"/people/ma-jun/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"xu-rui-hua","kind":"person","name":"Rui-Hua Xu","aka":"","tldr":"Leads China's largest cancer centre and has run the Chinese phase 3 trials that brought PD-1 antibodies into GI cancer.","tags":"","route":"/people/xu-rui-hua/","cancers":"esophageal colorectal gastric"},{"id":"zhang-li-sysucc","kind":"person","name":"Li Zhang","aka":"","tldr":"Led the Chinese trials of PD-1 blockade in nasopharyngeal and lung cancer and the early studies of the EGFR×HER3 bispecific ADC iza-bren.","tags":"","route":"/people/zhang-li-sysucc/","cancers":"nsclc head-and-neck"},{"id":"fang-wenfeng","kind":"person","name":"Wenfeng Fang","aka":"","tldr":"Wenfeng Fang is a lung cancer oncologist at the centre of China's PD-1 and bispecific antibody trials, including ivonescimab in EGFR-mutant disease.","tags":"","route":"/people/fang-wenfeng/","cancers":"nsclc head-and-neck"},{"id":"zeng-mu-sheng","kind":"person","name":"Mu-Sheng Zeng","aka":"","tldr":"Virologist who mapped how Epstein-Barr virus drives nasopharyngeal cancer and is developing vaccines against it.","tags":"","route":"/people/zeng-mu-sheng/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"wang-feng-sysucc","kind":"person","name":"Feng Wang","aka":"","tldr":"A GI oncologist whose work on immunotherapy biomarkers and Chinese gastric cancer trials feeds global guidelines.","tags":"","route":"/people/wang-feng-sysucc/","cancers":"gastric colorectal"},{"id":"shao-zhi-ming","kind":"person","name":"Zhi-Ming Shao","aka":"","tldr":"Leads the world's highest-volume breast cancer surgical unit and the FUTURE trial that treats triple-negative breast cancer by molecular subtype.","tags":"","route":"/people/shao-zhi-ming/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"jiang-yi-zhou","kind":"person","name":"Yi-Zhou Jiang","aka":"","tldr":"Co-architect of the Fudan TNBC subtypes and the metabolic and immune atlases that guide subtype-specific treatment.","tags":"","route":"/people/jiang-yi-zhou/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"hu-xichun","kind":"person","name":"Xichun Hu","aka":"","tldr":"A breast medical oncologist who has led Chinese trials of chemotherapy, CDK4/6 inhibitors, and ADCs in advanced breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/people/hu-xichun/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"song-shaoli","kind":"person","name":"Shaoli Song","aka":"","tldr":"Leads the nuclear medicine group behind the first human TROP2 PET imaging, aiming to pick patients for TROP2 ADCs with a scan.","tags":"","route":"/people/song-shaoli/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"ye-dingwei","kind":"person","name":"Dingwei Ye","aka":"","tldr":"Dingwei Ye is China's leading uro-oncologist, whose department runs the Chinese arms of major prostate and bladder cancer trials.","tags":"","route":"/people/ye-dingwei/","cancers":"prostate urothelial rcc"},{"id":"li-jin-fuscc","kind":"person","name":"Jin Li","aka":"","tldr":"Principal investigator of FRESCO, the Chinese trial that first proved fruquintinib works in refractory colorectal cancer.","tags":"","route":"/people/li-jin-fuscc/","cancers":"colorectal gastric"},{"id":"wei-yuquan","kind":"person","name":"Yuquan Wei","aka":"","tldr":"Built China's flagship biotherapy laboratory, a source of cancer vaccines, gene therapies, and biologics.","tags":"","route":"/people/wei-yuquan/"},{"id":"lu-you","kind":"person","name":"You Lu","aka":"","tldr":"Ran the first clinical trial of CRISPR-edited T cells in humans, in patients with lung cancer.","tags":"","route":"/people/lu-you/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"li-weimin","kind":"person","name":"Weimin Li","aka":"","tldr":"Leads one of the world's largest hospitals and its lung cancer screening and AI programmes.","tags":"","route":"/people/li-weimin/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"he-jie","kind":"person","name":"Jie He","aka":"","tldr":"Runs China's national cancer centre and the registry that reports the country's cancer statistics.","tags":"","route":"/people/he-jie/","cancers":"nsclc esophageal"},{"id":"shi-yuankai","kind":"person","name":"Yuankai Shi","aka":"","tldr":"A medical oncologist who has led many of China's registrational trials of domestically developed targeted agents and antibodies.","tags":"","route":"/people/shi-yuankai/","cancers":"nsclc dlbcl"},{"id":"xu-binghe","kind":"person","name":"Binghe Xu","aka":"","tldr":"Principal investigator of OptiTROP-Breast01, the Chinese trial that got the TROP2 ADC sacituzumab tirumotecan approved before any Western approval.","tags":"","route":"/people/xu-binghe/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"wang-jie-cams","kind":"person","name":"Jie Wang","aka":"","tldr":"Led the RATIONALE trials of tislelizumab in lung cancer and many other Chinese registrational NSCLC studies.","tags":"","route":"/people/wang-jie-cams/","cancers":"nsclc sclc"},{"id":"ma-fei","kind":"person","name":"Fei Ma","aka":"","tldr":"A breast oncologist who led Chinese pyrotinib and ADC trials and studies of ctDNA in HER2-positive disease.","tags":"","route":"/people/ma-fei/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"huang-jing-cams","kind":"person","name":"Jing Huang","aka":"","tldr":"Principal investigator of ESCORT, the trial that established camrelizumab in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma.","tags":"","route":"/people/huang-jing-cams/","cancers":"esophageal"},{"id":"zhou-caicun","kind":"person","name":"Caicun Zhou","aka":"caicun-zhou","tldr":"Principal investigator of HARMONi-2, the trial where ivonescimab beat pembrolizumab head-to-head, and of the first EGFR-TKI phase 3 in Chinese patients.","tags":"leadership clinician-scientist lung cancer","route":"/people/zhou-caicun/","cancers":"nsclc sclc"},{"id":"shen-lin","kind":"person","name":"Lin Shen","aka":"","tldr":"Led the CT041 trials that produced the first CAR-T therapy approved for a solid tumour, in gastric cancer.","tags":"","route":"/people/shen-lin/","cancers":"gastric pancreatic"},{"id":"qi-changsong","kind":"person","name":"Changsong Qi","aka":"","tldr":"First author of the CT041 trials that showed a CAR-T can shrink gastric and pancreatic tumours.","tags":"","route":"/people/qi-changsong/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"wu-yi-long","kind":"person","name":"Yi-Long Wu","aka":"","tldr":"Co-led ADAURA and IPASS, the trials that made EGFR-targeted pills standard before and after surgery.","tags":"","route":"/people/wu-yi-long/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"lu-shun","kind":"person","name":"Shun Lu","aka":"shun-lu","tldr":"A Shanghai lung cancer trialist who has led many Chinese PD-1 and EGFR-TKI phase 3 studies.","tags":"clinician-scientist lung cancer targeted therapy","route":"/people/lu-shun/","cancers":"nsclc sclc"},{"id":"gupta-sudeep","kind":"person","name":"Sudeep Gupta","aka":"","tldr":"Sudeep Gupta leads India's largest cancer centre and its programme of pragmatic, affordable trials.","tags":"","route":"/people/gupta-sudeep/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc ovarian"},{"id":"badwe-rajendra","kind":"person","name":"Rajendra Badwe","aka":"","tldr":"A surgeon-scientist whose low-cost randomised trials, from peritumoral lidocaine to timing of surgery, challenged assumptions in breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/people/badwe-rajendra/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"patil-vijay","kind":"person","name":"Vijay Patil","aka":"","tldr":"Showed that very low-dose nivolumab added to cheap chemotherapy improves survival in head and neck cancer, a landmark for affordable immunotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/people/patil-vijay/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"prabhash-kumar","kind":"person","name":"Kumar Prabhash","aka":"","tldr":"Leads medical oncology at Tata Memorial and its programme of pragmatic trials that make treatments affordable.","tags":"","route":"/people/prabhash-kumar/","cancers":"head-and-neck nsclc"},{"id":"noronha-vanita","kind":"person","name":"Vanita Noronha","aka":"","tldr":"A medical oncologist who co-leads Tata Memorial's lung cancer trials and built India's geriatric oncology programme.","tags":"","route":"/people/noronha-vanita/","cancers":"nsclc head-and-neck"},{"id":"chaturvedi-pankaj","kind":"person","name":"Pankaj Chaturvedi","aka":"pankaj-chaturvedi","tldr":"A surgeon and public-health campaigner whose work links oral cancer to tobacco and drives prevention policy in India.","tags":"leadership clinician-scientist head and neck cancer cancer prevention","route":"/people/chaturvedi-pankaj/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"shastri-surendra","kind":"person","name":"Surendra Shastri","aka":"","tldr":"Led the Mumbai trial showing that visual inspection with acetic acid by health workers cuts cervical cancer deaths.","tags":"","route":"/people/shastri-surendra/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"dancey-janet","kind":"person","name":"Janet Dancey","aka":"","tldr":"Runs Canada's academic cancer trials network, which has led practice-changing trials from PA.3 to CO.17 and beyond.","tags":"","route":"/people/dancey-janet/"},{"id":"tu-dongsheng","kind":"person","name":"Dongsheng Tu","aka":"","tldr":"Dongsheng Tu is the statistician behind decades of CCTG trials, including the erlotinib and cetuximab studies that changed lung and colorectal cancer care.","tags":"","route":"/people/tu-dongsheng/","cancers":"colorectal nsclc"},{"id":"parulekar-wendy","kind":"person","name":"Wendy Parulekar","aka":"","tldr":"Senior investigator behind CCTG's breast cancer trials, including the MA.17 and MA.32 studies of extended endocrine therapy and metformin.","tags":"","route":"/people/parulekar-wendy/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"weiderpass-elisabete","kind":"person","name":"Elisabete Weiderpass","aka":"","tldr":"Leads the WHO's cancer research agency, which classifies carcinogens and publishes the world's cancer statistics.","tags":"","route":"/people/weiderpass-elisabete/"},{"id":"bray-freddie","kind":"person","name":"Freddie Bray","aka":"","tldr":"Freddie Bray runs GLOBOCAN, the source of the world's cancer incidence and mortality figures.","tags":"statistics","route":"/people/bray-freddie/"},{"id":"basu-partha","kind":"person","name":"Partha Basu","aka":"","tldr":"Leads IARC's early detection and prevention work, central to the WHO cervical cancer elimination strategy.","tags":"","route":"/people/basu-partha/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"cree-ian","kind":"person","name":"Ian Cree","aka":"","tldr":"Ian Cree edits the WHO 'Blue Books', the classification every pathologist uses to name a cancer.","tags":"","route":"/people/cree-ian/"},{"id":"ilbawi-andre","kind":"person","name":"André Ilbawi","aka":"","tldr":"The WHO's lead on cancer control, steering the cervical cancer elimination and global breast and childhood cancer initiatives.","tags":"","route":"/people/ilbawi-andre/","cancers":"cervical breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"selwyn-vickers","kind":"person","name":"Selwyn M. Vickers","aka":"","tldr":"Selwyn Vickers is a surgeon-scientist who leads the world's top-ranked cancer hospital.","tags":"","route":"/people/selwyn-vickers/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"andrea-cercek","kind":"person","name":"Andrea Cercek","aka":"","tldr":"Led the study in which every patient with mismatch-repair-deficient rectal cancer had a complete response to dostarlimab, without surgery or radiation.","tags":"","route":"/people/andrea-cercek/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"luis-diaz","kind":"person","name":"Luis A. Diaz Jr.","aka":"","tldr":"Co-led the work that made pembrolizumab the first tumour-agnostic cancer drug approval, for mismatch-repair-deficient tumours.","tags":"","route":"/people/luis-diaz/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"charles-sawyers","kind":"person","name":"Charles L. Sawyers","aka":"","tldr":"Co-developed imatinib's successor dasatinib and the prostate drug enzalutamide, and explained how cancers resist targeted drugs.","tags":"","route":"/people/charles-sawyers/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"howard-scher","kind":"person","name":"Howard I. Scher","aka":"","tldr":"Defined how prostate cancer trials are run and read, from PSA working-group criteria to circulating tumour cell biomarkers.","tags":"","route":"/people/howard-scher/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"michael-morris","kind":"person","name":"Michael J. Morris","aka":"","tldr":"Principal investigator of the VISION trial that made lutetium-PSMA a standard prostate cancer treatment.","tags":"","route":"/people/michael-morris/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"bob-li","kind":"person","name":"Bob T. Li","aka":"","tldr":"Ran the trials that made trastuzumab deruxtecan the first HER2-directed drug for lung cancer.","tags":"","route":"/people/bob-li/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"alexander-drilon","kind":"person","name":"Alexander Drilon","aka":"","tldr":"Led the trials of larotrectinib, entrectinib, repotrectinib and selpercatinib that turned rare gene fusions into treatable targets.","tags":"","route":"/people/alexander-drilon/","cancers":"nsclc thyroid"},{"id":"helena-yu","kind":"person","name":"Helena A. Yu","aka":"","tldr":"Mapped how EGFR-mutant lung cancers resist osimertinib and led the HER3-directed ADC trials that followed.","tags":"","route":"/people/helena-yu/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"yelena-janjigian","kind":"person","name":"Yelena Y. Janjigian","aka":"","tldr":"Led CheckMate 649, which made immunotherapy plus chemotherapy the first-line standard for gastric cancer, and the pembrolizumab-trastuzumab combination in HER2-positive disease.","tags":"","route":"/people/yelena-janjigian/","cancers":"gastric esophageal"},{"id":"eileen-oreilly","kind":"person","name":"Eileen M. O'Reilly","aka":"","tldr":"Leading pancreatic cancer trialist, including the maintenance PARP-inhibitor and germline-BRCA studies.","tags":"","route":"/people/eileen-oreilly/","cancers":"pancreatic cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"ross-levine","kind":"person","name":"Ross L. Levine","aka":"","tldr":"Discovered the JAK2 mutation behind most myeloproliferative neoplasms and defined the genetics of clonal haematopoiesis.","tags":"","route":"/people/ross-levine/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"jae-park","kind":"person","name":"Jae H. Park","aka":"","tldr":"Ran the long-term CD19 CAR-T studies in adult leukaemia that showed durable remissions and defined toxicity risk.","tags":"","route":"/people/jae-park/","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"saad-usmani","kind":"person","name":"Saad Z. Usmani","aka":"","tldr":"Saad Usmani led the pivotal teclistamab study, the first bispecific antibody approved for myeloma.","tags":"","route":"/people/saad-usmani/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"david-solit","kind":"person","name":"David B. Solit","aka":"","tldr":"Built MSK-IMPACT, the first FDA-authorised tumour sequencing panel, and the clinical genomics programme behind OncoKB and cBioPortal.","tags":"","route":"/people/david-solit/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"benjamin-ebert","kind":"person","name":"Benjamin L. Ebert","aka":"","tldr":"Discovered how lenalidomide works, launching the field of molecular-glue degraders, and defined clonal haematopoiesis before leading Dana-Farber.","tags":"","route":"/people/benjamin-ebert/","cancers":"aml multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"sara-tolaney","kind":"person","name":"Sara M. Tolaney","aka":"","tldr":"Leads Dana-Farber's breast oncology division and many of the trials that moved ADCs and de-escalated therapy into breast cancer care.","tags":"","route":"/people/sara-tolaney/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"nancy-lin","kind":"person","name":"Nancy U. Lin","aka":"","tldr":"Nancy Lin is the leading authority on brain metastases from breast cancer, including the HER2CLIMB tucatinib data in patients with active brain disease.","tags":"","route":"/people/nancy-lin/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"pasi-janne","kind":"person","name":"Pasi A. Jänne","aka":"","tldr":"Co-discovered EGFR mutations in lung cancer and has led the drug development that followed, from osimertinib to KRAS G12C inhibitors.","tags":"","route":"/people/pasi-janne/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"kenneth-anderson","kind":"person","name":"Kenneth C. Anderson","aka":"","tldr":"Translated bortezomib and lenalidomide from bench to bedside, helping turn myeloma from a two-year to a decade-plus disease.","tags":"","route":"/people/kenneth-anderson/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"paul-richardson","kind":"person","name":"Paul G. Richardson","aka":"","tldr":"Led the DETERMINATION trial and many of the myeloma drug approvals of the past two decades.","tags":"","route":"/people/paul-richardson/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"ursula-matulonis","kind":"person","name":"Ursula A. Matulonis","aka":"","tldr":"Ursula Matulonis led the MIRASOL trial that gave ovarian cancer its first ADC with a survival benefit.","tags":"","route":"/people/ursula-matulonis/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"toni-choueiri","kind":"person","name":"Toni K. Choueiri","aka":"","tldr":"Leads kidney cancer research worldwide, including the adjuvant pembrolizumab and belzutifan trials.","tags":"","route":"/people/toni-choueiri/","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"f-stephen-hodi","kind":"person","name":"F. Stephen Hodi","aka":"","tldr":"First author of the 2010 ipilimumab trial that proved immunotherapy could extend survival in melanoma.","tags":"","route":"/people/f-stephen-hodi/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"william-kaelin","kind":"person","name":"William G. Kaelin Jr.","aka":"","tldr":"William Kaelin is the Nobel laureate whose work on VHL and HIF-2α led directly to belzutifan.","tags":"","route":"/people/william-kaelin/","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"eliezer-van-allen","kind":"person","name":"Eliezer M. Van Allen","aka":"","tldr":"Computational oncologist who built open tools for interpreting tumour genomes and predicting response.","tags":"","route":"/people/eliezer-van-allen/","cancers":"melanoma prostate"},{"id":"judy-garber","kind":"person","name":"Judy E. Garber","aka":"","tldr":"A leading authority on inherited cancer risk and how BRCA carriers should be treated and screened.","tags":"","route":"/people/judy-garber/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive ovarian"},{"id":"ann-partridge","kind":"person","name":"Ann H. Partridge","aka":"","tldr":"Ann Partridge led the POSITIVE trial showing women can safely pause hormone therapy to have a baby.","tags":"","route":"/people/ann-partridge/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"daniel-haber","kind":"person","name":"Daniel A. Haber","aka":"","tldr":"Co-discovered EGFR mutations in lung cancer and pioneered circulating tumour cell technology.","tags":"","route":"/people/daniel-haber/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"keith-flaherty","kind":"person","name":"Keith T. Flaherty","aka":"","tldr":"Led the first trials of BRAF inhibition in melanoma and chairs the NCI-MATCH precision medicine trial.","tags":"","route":"/people/keith-flaherty/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"lecia-sequist","kind":"person","name":"Lecia V. Sequist","aka":"","tldr":"Defined EGFR resistance mechanisms in lung cancer and now leads early-detection research including the Sybil AI lung-risk model.","tags":"","route":"/people/lecia-sequist/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"justin-gainor","kind":"person","name":"Justin F. Gainor","aka":"","tldr":"Showed that oncogene-driven lung cancers respond poorly to immunotherapy and led the pivotal RET and ALK inhibitor studies.","tags":"","route":"/people/justin-gainor/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"ryan-corcoran","kind":"person","name":"Ryan B. Corcoran","aka":"","tldr":"Worked out why BRAF inhibitors fail in colorectal cancer and how to combine drugs to overcome it.","tags":"","route":"/people/ryan-corcoran/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"ryan-sullivan","kind":"person","name":"Ryan J. Sullivan","aka":"","tldr":"Ryan Sullivan is a melanoma trialist and a leading voice on managing immunotherapy side effects.","tags":"","route":"/people/ryan-sullivan/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"theodore-hong","kind":"person","name":"Theodore S. Hong","aka":"","tldr":"Showed how radiation, including proton therapy, can be used in liver and pancreatic cancers previously considered unsuitable.","tags":"","route":"/people/theodore-hong/","cancers":"hcc cholangiocarcinoma pancreatic"},{"id":"leif-ellisen","kind":"person","name":"Leif W. Ellisen","aka":"","tldr":"Runs breast medical oncology at MGH and studies the tumour-suppressor biology behind hereditary and triple-negative breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/people/leif-ellisen/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"william-nelson","kind":"person","name":"William G. Nelson","aka":"william-g-nelson","tldr":"William Nelson is the long-time director of the Johns Hopkins cancer centre and a prostate cancer epigenetics researcher.","tags":"leadership clinician-scientist prostate cancer","route":"/people/william-nelson/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"bert-vogelstein","kind":"person","name":"Bert Vogelstein","aka":"","tldr":"Bert Vogelstein is the most-cited scientist in cancer genetics: he mapped how colorectal cancer develops and founded the field of cancer genome sequencing and blood-based detection.","tags":"","route":"/people/bert-vogelstein/","cancers":"colorectal pancreatic"},{"id":"kenneth-kinzler","kind":"person","name":"Kenneth W. Kinzler","aka":"","tldr":"Co-discovered APC, the gatekeeper gene of colorectal cancer, and co-led the first cancer genome sequences.","tags":"","route":"/people/kenneth-kinzler/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"drew-pardoll","kind":"person","name":"Drew M. Pardoll","aka":"","tldr":"Immunologist who helped define the PD-1 pathway's role in cancer and built one of the largest immunotherapy institutes.","tags":"","route":"/people/drew-pardoll/"},{"id":"suzanne-topalian","kind":"person","name":"Suzanne L. Topalian","aka":"","tldr":"Suzanne Topalian led the first nivolumab trials showing PD-1 blockade works across several cancers.","tags":"","route":"/people/suzanne-topalian/","cancers":"melanoma nsclc rcc"},{"id":"julie-brahmer","kind":"person","name":"Julie R. Brahmer","aka":"","tldr":"Led CheckMate 017, the first trial to show immunotherapy beats chemotherapy in lung cancer.","tags":"","route":"/people/julie-brahmer/","cancers":"nsclc mesothelioma"},{"id":"dung-le","kind":"person","name":"Dung T. Le","aka":"","tldr":"First author of the studies that showed mismatch-repair-deficient tumours respond to PD-1 blockade regardless of origin.","tags":"","route":"/people/dung-le/","cancers":"colorectal pancreatic"},{"id":"elizabeth-jaffee","kind":"person","name":"Elizabeth M. Jaffee","aka":"","tldr":"Pancreatic cancer immunologist who developed the GVAX vaccine and led national cancer policy panels.","tags":"","route":"/people/elizabeth-jaffee/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"patrick-forde","kind":"person","name":"Patrick M. Forde","aka":"","tldr":"Led CheckMate 816, which established neoadjuvant chemo-immunotherapy for resectable lung cancer.","tags":"","route":"/people/patrick-forde/","cancers":"nsclc mesothelioma"},{"id":"stephen-baylin","kind":"person","name":"Stephen B. Baylin","aka":"","tldr":"Founder of cancer epigenetics, showing that abnormal DNA methylation silences tumour-suppressor genes and can be reversed by drugs.","tags":"","route":"/people/stephen-baylin/","cancers":"nsclc aml"},{"id":"kellie-smith","kind":"person","name":"Kellie N. Smith","aka":"","tldr":"Developed the MANAFEST assay to track the tumour-specific T cells that immunotherapy awakens.","tags":"","route":"/people/kellie-smith/"},{"id":"robert-vonderheide","kind":"person","name":"Robert H. Vonderheide","aka":"","tldr":"Directs Penn's cancer centre and pioneered CD40 agonist immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer.","tags":"","route":"/people/robert-vonderheide/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"carl-june","kind":"person","name":"Carl H. June","aka":"","tldr":"Developed the CD19 CAR-T therapy that became the first approved gene-modified cell therapy for cancer.","tags":"","route":"/people/carl-june/","cancers":"all-leukemia cll dlbcl"},{"id":"bruce-levine","kind":"person","name":"Bruce L. Levine","aka":"","tldr":"Built the manufacturing that turned CAR-T from a lab idea into a product given to thousands of patients.","tags":"","route":"/people/bruce-levine/"},{"id":"drew-weissman","kind":"person","name":"Drew Weissman","aka":"","tldr":"Drew Weissman is the Nobel laureate whose modified-mRNA discovery underlies mRNA vaccines and now in vivo CAR-T.","tags":"","route":"/people/drew-weissman/"},{"id":"susan-domchek","kind":"person","name":"Susan M. Domchek","aka":"","tldr":"Leads the world's first centre dedicated to BRCA-related cancers and the trials of PARP inhibitors plus immunotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/people/susan-domchek/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive ovarian pancreatic"},{"id":"angela-demichele","kind":"person","name":"Angela DeMichele","aka":"","tldr":"Angela DeMichele led the first palbociclib clinical trial and co-leads the I-SPY 2 adaptive platform.","tags":"","route":"/people/angela-demichele/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"charu-aggarwal","kind":"person","name":"Charu Aggarwal","aka":"","tldr":"Showed that adding blood-based sequencing to tissue testing finds more targetable lung cancer mutations.","tags":"","route":"/people/charu-aggarwal/","cancers":"nsclc head-and-neck"},{"id":"robert-mach","kind":"person","name":"Robert H. Mach","aka":"","tldr":"Robert Mach invented the PARP PET tracer FluorThanatrace that images DNA repair capacity in tumours.","tags":"","route":"/people/robert-mach/"},{"id":"david-porter","kind":"person","name":"David L. Porter","aka":"","tldr":"Treated the first adult CLL patients with CAR-T and reported a decade of durable remissions.","tags":"","route":"/people/david-porter/","cancers":"cll all-leukemia"},{"id":"anthony-letai","kind":"person","name":"Anthony Letai","aka":"","tldr":"Invented BH3 profiling, the functional test behind venetoclax's success, before becoming NCI director.","tags":"","route":"/people/anthony-letai/","cancers":"aml cll"},{"id":"douglas-lowy","kind":"person","name":"Douglas R. Lowy","aka":"","tldr":"Co-developed the HPV vaccine technology that is eliminating cervical cancer in vaccinated populations.","tags":"","route":"/people/douglas-lowy/","cancers":"cervical head-and-neck"},{"id":"steven-rosenberg","kind":"person","name":"Steven A. 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Galsky","aka":"","tldr":"Led trials that brought immunotherapy into bladder cancer and tested skipping cystectomy in responders.","tags":"","route":"/people/matthew-galsky/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"nina-bhardwaj","kind":"person","name":"Nina Bhardwaj","aka":"","tldr":"Nina Bhardwaj is a dendritic-cell immunologist running personalised neoantigen vaccine trials.","tags":"","route":"/people/nina-bhardwaj/"},{"id":"thomas-marron","kind":"person","name":"Thomas U. Marron","aka":"","tldr":"Showed that neoadjuvant immunotherapy can produce major pathologic responses in liver cancer.","tags":"","route":"/people/thomas-marron/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"candace-johnson","kind":"person","name":"Candace S. Johnson","aka":"","tldr":"Candace Johnson is a pharmacologist who has led America's oldest cancer centre since 2015.","tags":"","route":"/people/candace-johnson/"},{"id":"renier-brentjens","kind":"person","name":"Renier J. 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Aguirre","aka":"","tldr":"Uses organoids and functional genomics to find what pancreatic cancers depend on beyond KRAS.","tags":"","route":"/people/andrew-aguirre/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"feng-zhang","kind":"person","name":"Feng Zhang","aka":"","tldr":"Pioneer of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing in human cells, the tool behind cancer dependency screens and edited cell therapies.","tags":"","route":"/people/feng-zhang/"},{"id":"bradley-bernstein","kind":"person","name":"Bradley E. Bernstein","aka":"","tldr":"Bradley Bernstein mapped the chromatin landscapes that let cancer cells switch identities and resist drugs.","tags":"","route":"/people/bradley-bernstein/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"bruce-stillman","kind":"person","name":"Bruce W. Stillman","aka":"","tldr":"Bruce Stillman discovered how DNA replication starts, the process cancer cells push into overdrive.","tags":"","route":"/people/bruce-stillman/"},{"id":"david-tuveson","kind":"person","name":"David A. Tuveson","aka":"","tldr":"Built the pancreatic cancer organoid models now used to test drugs against a patient's own tumour.","tags":"","route":"/people/david-tuveson/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"christopher-vakoc","kind":"person","name":"Christopher R. Vakoc","aka":"","tldr":"Found that leukaemias depend on the chromatin reader BRD4, launching BET inhibitors, and mapped transcriptional addictions in sarcoma.","tags":"","route":"/people/christopher-vakoc/","cancers":"aml sarcoma"},{"id":"adrian-krainer","kind":"person","name":"Adrian R. Krainer","aka":"","tldr":"Adrian Krainer invented the antisense drug nusinersen and studies how splicing errors drive cancer.","tags":"","route":"/people/adrian-krainer/"},{"id":"tobias-janowitz","kind":"person","name":"Tobias Janowitz","aka":"","tldr":"Studies how cancer wastes the whole body and how to stop it, one of the field's neglected problems.","tags":"","route":"/people/tobias-janowitz/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"semir-beyaz","kind":"person","name":"Semir Beyaz","aka":"","tldr":"Shows how diet reprogrammes intestinal stem cells and immunity to change colorectal cancer risk.","tags":"","route":"/people/semir-beyaz/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"timothy-eberlein","kind":"person","name":"Timothy J. Eberlein","aka":"","tldr":"Surgeon who has led Siteman since its founding and built it into a top NCI comprehensive centre.","tags":"","route":"/people/timothy-eberlein/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"timothy-ley","kind":"person","name":"Timothy J. 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Chinnaiyan","aka":"","tldr":"Discovered the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion in prostate cancer and built one of the first clinical sequencing programmes.","tags":"","route":"/people/arul-chinnaiyan/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"shaomeng-wang","kind":"person","name":"Shaomeng Wang","aka":"","tldr":"Shaomeng Wang is the medicinal chemist behind some of the first clinical MDM2 inhibitors and PROTAC degraders.","tags":"","route":"/people/shaomeng-wang/"},{"id":"max-wicha","kind":"person","name":"Max S. Wicha","aka":"","tldr":"Max Wicha identified breast cancer stem cells and made them a therapeutic target.","tags":"","route":"/people/max-wicha/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"weiping-zou","kind":"person","name":"Weiping Zou","aka":"","tldr":"Immunologist who showed PD-L1 on tumours suppresses T cells and linked interferon to ferroptosis.","tags":"","route":"/people/weiping-zou/"},{"id":"theodore-lawrence","kind":"person","name":"Theodore S. 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Galloway","aka":"","tldr":"Virologist whose HPV research underpinned the vaccines that are eliminating cervical cancer.","tags":"","route":"/people/denise-galloway/","cancers":"cervical head-and-neck"},{"id":"hans-peter-kiem","kind":"person","name":"Hans-Peter Kiem","aka":"","tldr":"Hans-Peter Kiem is a gene and cell therapy researcher working on editing blood stem cells inside the body.","tags":"","route":"/people/hans-peter-kiem/","cancers":"glioblastoma aml"},{"id":"gary-lyman","kind":"person","name":"Gary H. Lyman","aka":"","tldr":"Gary Lyman is an oncologist and health economist behind guidelines on growth factors, thrombosis, and biosimilars in cancer care.","tags":"","route":"/people/gary-lyman/"},{"id":"dawn-hershman","kind":"person","name":"Dawn L. Hershman","aka":"","tldr":"Breast oncologist who co-leads SWOG and studies adherence, toxicity, and how care is actually delivered.","tags":"","route":"/people/dawn-hershman/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"primo-lara","kind":"person","name":"Primo N. Lara Jr.","aka":"","tldr":"Primo Lara is a GU and lung oncologist who co-chairs SWOG and directs UC Davis's cancer centre.","tags":"","route":"/people/primo-lara/","cancers":"urothelial rcc prostate nsclc"},{"id":"charles-blanke","kind":"person","name":"Charles D. Blanke","aka":"","tldr":"Charles Blanke is a GI oncologist who chaired SWOG for a decade and led early imatinib trials in GIST.","tags":"","route":"/people/charles-blanke/","cancers":"sarcoma colorectal"},{"id":"neeraj-agarwal","kind":"person","name":"Neeraj Agarwal","aka":"","tldr":"GU oncologist who led TALAPRO-2 and other trials combining PARP inhibitors with hormone therapy.","tags":"","route":"/people/neeraj-agarwal/","cancers":"prostate rcc"},{"id":"kathy-albain","kind":"person","name":"Kathy S. Albain","aka":"","tldr":"Breast and lung oncologist who led the trials showing gene tests can guide chemotherapy decisions.","tags":"","route":"/people/kathy-albain/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive nsclc"},{"id":"priyanka-sharma","kind":"person","name":"Priyanka Sharma","aka":"","tldr":"Priyanka Sharma is a TNBC trialist testing whether anthracyclines can be dropped from pre-surgery treatment.","tags":"","route":"/people/priyanka-sharma/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"anne-chiang","kind":"person","name":"Anne C. Chiang","aka":"","tldr":"Anne Chiang is a thoracic oncologist overseeing SWOG's breast and lung trial portfolios.","tags":"","route":"/people/anne-chiang/","cancers":"sclc nsclc"},{"id":"hagen-kennecke","kind":"person","name":"Hagen F. Kennecke","aka":"","tldr":"Hagen Kennecke is a GI oncologist who leads SWOG's gastrointestinal and melanoma committees.","tags":"","route":"/people/hagen-kennecke/","cancers":"colorectal melanoma"},{"id":"charles-geyer","kind":"person","name":"Charles E. Geyer Jr.","aka":"","tldr":"Breast trialist who co-led OlympiA, showing adjuvant olaparib improves survival in BRCA carriers.","tags":"","route":"/people/charles-geyer/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"lori-pierce","kind":"person","name":"Lori J. Pierce","aka":"","tldr":"Lori Pierce is a breast radiation oncologist and ASCO past president focused on equity in cancer care.","tags":"","route":"/people/lori-pierce/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"deborah-bruner","kind":"person","name":"Deborah Watkins Bruner","aka":"","tldr":"Nurse scientist who put patient-reported outcomes into cooperative group radiation trials.","tags":"","route":"/people/deborah-bruner/","cancers":"prostate head-and-neck"},{"id":"peter-odwyer","kind":"person","name":"Peter J. O'Dwyer","aka":"","tldr":"Peter O'Dwyer is a GI oncologist who co-leads ECOG-ACRIN, one of the NCI's national trial networks.","tags":"","route":"/people/peter-odwyer/","cancers":"colorectal pancreatic"},{"id":"mitchell-schnall","kind":"person","name":"Mitchell D. Schnall","aka":"","tldr":"Mitchell Schnall is the radiologist who brought imaging research into the ECOG-ACRIN cooperative group.","tags":"","route":"/people/mitchell-schnall/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"mark-litzow","kind":"person","name":"Mark R. Litzow","aka":"","tldr":"Leukaemia specialist who led E1910, the trial that put blinatumomab into frontline treatment for adults in remission.","tags":"","route":"/people/mark-litzow/","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"douglas-hawkins","kind":"person","name":"Douglas S. Hawkins","aka":"","tldr":"Paediatric oncologist who chairs the world's largest childhood cancer research organisation.","tags":"","route":"/people/douglas-hawkins/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"rachel-rau","kind":"person","name":"Rachel E. Rau","aka":"","tldr":"Paediatric oncologist who led the COG trial showing blinatumomab helps children with standard-risk leukaemia.","tags":"","route":"/people/rachel-rau/","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"susan-cohn","kind":"person","name":"Susan L. Cohn","aka":"","tldr":"Neuroblastoma expert who built the international risk classification used to guide treatment.","tags":"","route":"/people/susan-cohn/","cancers":"neuroblastoma"},{"id":"julie-park","kind":"person","name":"Julie R. Park","aka":"","tldr":"Julie Park led the COG trial that made tandem transplant standard for high-risk neuroblastoma.","tags":"","route":"/people/julie-park/","cancers":"neuroblastoma"},{"id":"alice-yu","kind":"person","name":"Alice L. Yu","aka":"","tldr":"Led the trial proving that an anti-GD2 antibody improves survival in high-risk neuroblastoma.","tags":"","route":"/people/alice-yu/","cancers":"neuroblastoma"},{"id":"clifford-hudis","kind":"person","name":"Clifford A. Hudis","aka":"","tldr":"Clifford Hudis is a breast oncologist who has run ASCO since 2016.","tags":"","route":"/people/clifford-hudis/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"robin-zon","kind":"person","name":"Robin T. Zon","aka":"","tldr":"Community oncologist who led ASCO in 2024-25 with a focus on bringing trials to patients close to home.","tags":"","route":"/people/robin-zon/"},{"id":"lynn-schuchter","kind":"person","name":"Lynn M. Schuchter","aka":"","tldr":"Lynn Schuchter is a melanoma oncologist who led ASCO in 2023-24.","tags":"","route":"/people/lynn-schuchter/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"everett-vokes","kind":"person","name":"Everett E. Vokes","aka":"","tldr":"Head and neck cancer leader who established organ-preserving chemoradiation and led ASCO in 2021-22.","tags":"","route":"/people/everett-vokes/","cancers":"head-and-neck nsclc"},{"id":"margaret-foti","kind":"person","name":"Margaret Foti","aka":"","tldr":"Has led AACR for more than four decades, growing it into the world's largest cancer research society.","tags":"","route":"/people/margaret-foti/"},{"id":"emily-whitehead","kind":"person","name":"Emily Whitehead","aka":"","tldr":"The first child treated with CAR-T cells, in 2012. Her recovery from relapsed leukaemia turned an experimental idea into an approved therapy.","tags":"hero patient","route":"/people/emily-whitehead/","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"henrietta-lacks","kind":"person","name":"Henrietta Lacks","aka":"","tldr":"Her cervical cancer cells, taken in 1951 without her knowledge, became HeLa, the first immortal human cell line. Her story changed how consent and family rights in research are handled.","tags":"hero patient","route":"/people/henrietta-lacks/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"einar-gustafson","kind":"person","name":"Einar \"Jimmy\" Gustafson","aka":"","tldr":"A 12-year-old lymphoma patient of Sidney Farber whose 1948 radio broadcast launched the Jimmy Fund, which has funded Dana-Farber for more than 75 years.","tags":"hero patient","route":"/people/einar-gustafson/"},{"id":"terry-fox","kind":"person","name":"Terry Fox","aka":"","tldr":"After losing a leg to bone cancer at 18, he set out in 1980 to run across Canada for cancer research. He covered 5,373 km before the disease returned; the run he started has raised over C$850 million.","tags":"hero patient","route":"/people/terry-fox/","cancers":"osteosarcoma sarcoma"},{"id":"stephen-sutton","kind":"person","name":"Stephen Sutton","aka":"","tldr":"Diagnosed with bowel cancer at 15, he turned his final years into a public campaign that raised more than £5 million for the Teenage Cancer Trust before he died at 19.","tags":"hero patient","route":"/people/stephen-sutton/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"angelina-jolie","kind":"person","name":"Angelina Jolie","aka":"","tldr":"Her 2013 New York Times essay about carrying a BRCA1 mutation and choosing preventive mastectomy roughly doubled referrals for hereditary cancer testing in several countries: the \"Angelina Jolie effect\".","tags":"public-figure patient advocate","route":"/people/angelina-jolie/","cancers":"ovarian tnbc"},{"id":"katie-couric","kind":"person","name":"Katie Couric","aka":"","tldr":"After her husband died of colon cancer at 42, she had a colonoscopy live on national television in 2000. Screening rates rose measurably afterwards: the \"Couric effect\".","tags":"public-figure carer advocate patient","route":"/people/katie-couric/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"chadwick-boseman","kind":"person","name":"Chadwick Boseman","aka":"","tldr":"He made Black Panther and other films while being treated for colon cancer, which he kept private. His death at 43 in 2020 forced attention on rising colorectal cancer in young adults and its heavier toll on Black Americans.","tags":"public-figure patient","route":"/people/chadwick-boseman/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"jade-goody","kind":"person","name":"Jade Goody","aka":"","tldr":"A reality-television star whose cervical cancer and death at 27 in 2009 were followed by hundreds of thousands of extra cervical screening tests in England: the \"Jade Goody effect\".","tags":"public-figure patient","route":"/people/jade-goody/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"lance-armstrong","kind":"person","name":"Lance Armstrong","aka":"","tldr":"Treated in 1996 for testicular cancer that had spread to his lungs and brain, he founded the foundation that made survivorship a public cause and sold 80 million yellow wristbands. His doping and its exposure in 2012 complicate the legacy.","tags":"public-figure patient advocate","route":"/people/lance-armstrong/","cancers":"testicular"},{"id":"steve-jobs","kind":"person","name":"Steve Jobs","aka":"","tldr":"Diagnosed in 2003 with a rare, slow-growing pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour, he put off surgery for about nine months while trying diet and alternative approaches. His case is the standard example in discussions of delay and unproven therapies.","tags":"public-figure patient","route":"/people/steve-jobs/","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"randy-pausch","kind":"person","name":"Randy Pausch","aka":"","tldr":"A computer scientist with terminal pancreatic cancer who gave a lecture in 2007 on achieving childhood dreams. Tens of millions watched it, and he testified to Congress for pancreatic cancer research funding before he died at 47.","tags":"hero patient","route":"/people/randy-pausch/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"deborah-james","kind":"person","name":"Dame Deborah James","aka":"","tldr":"Diagnosed with bowel cancer at 35, she spent five years telling people to check their poo, co-hosted the BBC's You, Me and the Big C, and raised over £11 million for Cancer Research UK in the weeks before her death in 2022.","tags":"hero patient advocate","route":"/people/deborah-james/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"kris-hallenga","kind":"person","name":"Kris Hallenga","aka":"","tldr":"Diagnosed with incurable breast cancer at 23 after her symptoms were dismissed, she founded CoppaFeel! in 2009 to teach young people to check their chests. She lived with the disease for fifteen years.","tags":"hero patient advocate","route":"/people/kris-hallenga/"},{"id":"ashya-king","kind":"person","name":"Ashya King","aka":"","tldr":"In 2014 his parents took him from a British hospital to seek proton beam therapy for a brain tumour abroad, were arrested, then vindicated. The case sped the building of NHS proton centres.","tags":"hero patient","route":"/people/ashya-king/","cancers":"medulloblastoma"},{"id":"kate-granger","kind":"person","name":"Kate Granger","aka":"","tldr":"A geriatrician with a rare sarcoma who noticed that the staff treating her did not introduce themselves. Her 2013 campaign, #hellomynameis, was adopted by hundreds of thousands of health workers.","tags":"hero patient advocate","route":"/people/kate-granger/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"betty-ford","kind":"person","name":"Betty Ford","aka":"","tldr":"Weeks after becoming First Lady in 1974 she had a mastectomy and, unusually for the time, said so publicly. Clinics recorded a surge of women coming for breast examinations.","tags":"public-figure patient advocate","route":"/people/betty-ford/"},{"id":"audre-lorde","kind":"person","name":"Audre Lorde","aka":"","tldr":"After a mastectomy in 1978 she wrote The Cancer Journals, refusing a prosthesis and the expectation that women hide their cancer. The book became a founding text of patient writing.","tags":"hero patient advocate","route":"/people/audre-lorde/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"rose-kushner","kind":"person","name":"Rose Kushner","aka":"","tldr":"Diagnosed in 1974, she refused the standard practice of biopsy and mastectomy under one anaesthetic without the patient's say. Her campaign made the two-step procedure and informed choice the norm.","tags":"hero patient advocate","route":"/people/rose-kushner/"},{"id":"gilda-radner","kind":"person","name":"Gilda Radner","aka":"","tldr":"The Saturday Night Live star wrote about her ovarian cancer in It's Always Something and died at 42 in 1989. Her name lives on in Gilda's Club and the familial ovarian cancer registry at Roswell Park.","tags":"public-figure patient","route":"/people/gilda-radner/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"jim-valvano","kind":"person","name":"Jim Valvano","aka":"","tldr":"Dying of metastatic cancer, he told an audience in 1993, \"Don't give up, don't ever give up,\" and announced a foundation that has since granted hundreds of millions of dollars to cancer research.","tags":"public-figure patient advocate","route":"/people/jim-valvano/","cancers":"cancer-of-unknown-primary"},{"id":"alex-scott","kind":"person","name":"Alexandra \"Alex\" Scott","aka":"","tldr":"Diagnosed with neuroblastoma before her first birthday, she set up a lemonade stand at four to raise money for her hospital. By her death at eight in 2004 it had raised $1 million; the foundation in her name has raised hundreds of millions since.","tags":"hero patient","route":"/people/alex-scott/","cancers":"neuroblastoma"},{"id":"barbara-bradfield","kind":"person","name":"Barbara Bradfield","aka":"","tldr":"In 1992 she was the first patient with recurrent HER2-positive breast cancer to be treated with the antibody that became Herceptin, in Dennis Slamon's trial at UCLA. She became its first long-term survivor.","tags":"hero patient","route":"/people/barbara-bradfield/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"bud-romine","kind":"person","name":"Bud Romine","aka":"","tldr":"A retired railway engineer from Oregon with chronic myeloid leukaemia, he was the first person to take the drug that became Gleevec, in June 1998, after reading about Brian Druker's research in a newspaper.","tags":"hero patient","route":"/people/bud-romine/","cancers":"cml"},{"id":"sharon-belvin","kind":"person","name":"Sharon Belvin","aka":"","tldr":"Diagnosed with metastatic melanoma at 22, she received the anti-CTLA-4 antibody ipilimumab in an early trial at Memorial Sloan Kettering and has been cancer-free since. Her meeting with James Allison in 2006 is part of immunotherapy's history.","tags":"hero patient","route":"/people/sharon-belvin/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"robert-sandler","kind":"person","name":"Robert Sandler","aka":"","tldr":"A two-year-old with acute leukaemia treated by Sidney Farber with the folate antagonist aminopterin from December 1947. His temporary remission, reported in 1948, was the first evidence that a drug could turn back leukaemia.","tags":"hero patient","route":"/people/robert-sandler/","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"mary-lasker","kind":"person","name":"Mary Lasker","aka":"","tldr":"She turned the American Cancer Society into a research funder in the 1940s, built the Lasker Awards, and led the lobbying that produced the 1971 National Cancer Act and the modern NCI budget.","tags":"hero advocate","route":"/people/mary-lasker/"},{"id":"nancy-brinker","kind":"person","name":"Nancy Brinker","aka":"","tldr":"She promised her dying sister, Susan Komen, that she would end breast cancer, and in 1982 founded the organisation that created the Race for the Cure and made breast cancer a mainstream cause.","tags":"hero advocate carer","route":"/people/nancy-brinker/"},{"id":"evelyn-lauder","kind":"person","name":"Evelyn Lauder","aka":"","tldr":"A breast cancer survivor and Estée Lauder executive who co-created the pink ribbon in 1992 and founded the Breast Cancer Research Foundation in 1993, now one of the largest private funders of breast cancer research.","tags":"hero advocate patient","route":"/people/evelyn-lauder/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"fran-visco","kind":"person","name":"Fran Visco","aka":"","tldr":"A lawyer treated for breast cancer in 1987 who built the National Breast Cancer Coalition and won the Department of Defense breast cancer programme, the first to put trained patient advocates on scientific review panels.","tags":"hero advocate patient","route":"/people/fran-visco/"},{"id":"susan-love","kind":"person","name":"Susan Love","aka":"","tldr":"Her Breast Book gave women the information to question their surgeons; she co-founded the National Breast Cancer Coalition and in 2008 recruited hundreds of thousands of women into research through the Army of Women.","tags":"hero advocate pioneer patient","route":"/people/susan-love/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"cicely-saunders","kind":"person","name":"Dame Cicely Saunders","aka":"","tldr":"Nurse, social worker and doctor who opened St Christopher's Hospice in 1967 and established that pain in advanced cancer could be prevented with regular oral morphine and attention to the whole person.","tags":"hero advocate pioneer","route":"/people/cicely-saunders/"},{"id":"elisabeth-kubler-ross","kind":"person","name":"Elisabeth Kübler-Ross","aka":"","tldr":"Her 1969 book On Death and Dying, based on interviews with terminally ill patients in a Chicago hospital, made it acceptable for doctors to talk with patients about dying and helped launch the American hospice movement.","tags":"hero pioneer advocate","route":"/people/elisabeth-kubler-ross/"},{"id":"sidney-farber","kind":"person","name":"Sidney Farber","aka":"","tldr":"In 1947-48 he showed that the folate antagonist aminopterin could send childhood leukaemia into remission, the first drug ever to do so. He then built Dana-Farber and, with Mary Lasker, won the 1971 National Cancer Act.","tags":"hero pioneer","route":"/people/sidney-farber/","cancers":"all-leukemia wilms-tumor"},{"id":"gertrude-elion","kind":"person","name":"Gertrude Elion","aka":"","tldr":"Without a doctorate, she and George Hitchings designed drugs to block DNA building blocks. Their 6-mercaptopurine of 1951 remains part of the cure for childhood leukaemia; she won the Nobel Prize in 1988.","tags":"hero pioneer","route":"/people/gertrude-elion/","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"jane-cooke-wright","kind":"person","name":"Jane Cooke Wright","aka":"","tldr":"At Harlem Hospital in the 1950s she showed methotrexate could shrink breast and skin cancers, tested drugs on patients' own tumour cells, and in 1964 was the only woman among the seven founders of ASCO.","tags":"hero pioneer","route":"/people/jane-cooke-wright/"},{"id":"emil-freireich","kind":"person","name":"Emil J Freireich","aka":"","tldr":"At the NCI in the early 1960s he and Emil Frei gave children four drugs at once, VAMP, against fierce opposition, and turned a leukaemia almost no child survived into a curable one. He also worked out platelet transfusion.","tags":"hero pioneer","route":"/people/emil-freireich/","cancers":"all-leukemia aml"},{"id":"emil-frei","kind":"person","name":"Emil \"Tom\" Frei III","aka":"","tldr":"With Emil Freireich he showed that combinations of drugs could cure childhood leukaemia, then extended the idea to Hodgkin lymphoma and to adjuvant treatment after surgery.","tags":"hero pioneer","route":"/people/emil-frei/","cancers":"all-leukemia hodgkin-lymphoma osteosarcoma"},{"id":"donald-pinkel","kind":"person","name":"Donald Pinkel","aka":"","tldr":"As the founding director of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in 1962 he designed Total Therapy, combining drugs with treatment of the brain and spinal fluid, and raised childhood leukaemia cure rates from near zero to about half within a decade.","tags":"hero pioneer","route":"/people/donald-pinkel/","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"bernard-fisher","kind":"person","name":"Bernard Fisher","aka":"","tldr":"He argued that breast cancer is a systemic disease from early on, then proved in randomised trials that lumpectomy with radiation equals mastectomy and that tamoxifen after surgery, and even before cancer, saves lives.","tags":"hero pioneer","route":"/people/bernard-fisher/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"jimmie-holland","kind":"person","name":"Jimmie Holland","aka":"","tldr":"A psychiatrist who set up the first full-time psychiatry service in a cancer hospital at Memorial Sloan Kettering in 1977, founded the field's societies and journal, and made distress a vital sign in cancer care.","tags":"hero pioneer","route":"/people/jimmie-holland/"},{"id":"judah-folkman","kind":"person","name":"Judah Folkman","aka":"","tldr":"In 1971 he proposed that tumours cannot grow beyond a few millimetres without recruiting blood vessels, and that blocking them could treat cancer. Dismissed for decades, the idea produced bevacizumab and a class of drugs.","tags":"hero pioneer","route":"/people/judah-folkman/"},{"id":"brian-druker","kind":"person","name":"Brian Druker","aka":"","tldr":"He pushed a shelved kinase inhibitor through the laboratory and into a 1998 trial when few believed a targeted pill could work. Imatinib made chronic myeloid leukaemia a disease people live with, and became the model for targeted therapy.","tags":"hero pioneer","route":"/people/brian-druker/","cancers":"cml"},{"id":"tasuku-honjo","kind":"person","name":"Tasuku Honjo","aka":"","tldr":"He discovered the PD-1 molecule on T cells in 1992 and showed it acts as a brake on immune attack. Blocking it produced nivolumab and pembrolizumab, now used across dozens of cancers; Nobel Prize 2018.","tags":"hero pioneer","route":"/people/tasuku-honjo/","cancers":"melanoma nsclc"},{"id":"harald-zur-hausen","kind":"person","name":"Harald zur Hausen","aka":"","tldr":"Against the consensus that herpes was to blame, he proposed in 1976 that papillomaviruses cause cervical cancer and isolated HPV16 and HPV18 from tumours in 1983-84, making vaccination and HPV testing possible. Nobel Prize 2008.","tags":"hero pioneer","route":"/people/harald-zur-hausen/","cancers":"cervical head-and-neck anal"},{"id":"ian-frazer","kind":"person","name":"Ian Frazer","aka":"","tldr":"In 1991 he and Jian Zhou made HPV virus-like particles in the laboratory, the basis of the vaccines that could eliminate cervical cancer. Australia, where the vaccine was rolled out first, is on course to do so.","tags":"hero pioneer","route":"/people/ian-frazer/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"jian-zhou","kind":"person","name":"Jian Zhou","aka":"","tldr":"A Chinese virologist whose skill in expressing viral proteins made the first HPV virus-like particles in 1991. He died in 1999 at 42, seven years before the vaccine reached the public.","tags":"hero pioneer","route":"/people/jian-zhou/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"mary-claire-king","kind":"person","name":"Mary-Claire King","aka":"","tldr":"In 1990 she showed that a single gene on chromosome 17, BRCA1, causes inherited breast and ovarian cancer, when most of the field doubted such a gene existed. Genetic testing and risk-reducing care followed.","tags":"hero pioneer","route":"/people/mary-claire-king/","cancers":"ovarian tnbc"},{"id":"janet-rowley","kind":"person","name":"Janet Rowley","aka":"","tldr":"Working part-time at her dining-room table in 1972, she showed the Philadelphia chromosome in CML is a swap between chromosomes 9 and 22. Cancer had a genetic cause, and imatinib later hit the fused gene.","tags":"hero pioneer","route":"/people/janet-rowley/","cancers":"cml aml"},{"id":"sid-sijbrandij","kind":"person","name":"Sid Sijbrandij","aka":"","tldr":"The GitLab co-founder who kept working and writing in public through osteosarcoma treatment, showing what living with a rare bone cancer looks like from the inside.","tags":"hero patient technology","route":"/people/sid-sijbrandij/","cancers":"sarcoma osteosarcoma"},{"id":"daniel-ludwig","kind":"person","name":"Daniel K. Ludwig","aka":"","tldr":"In 1971 he put nearly all of his international holdings into a cancer research institute that carries his name reluctantly; it has since spent more than $1.8 billion of its own money on cancer science.","tags":"hero donor","route":"/people/daniel-ludwig/"},{"id":"sean-parker","kind":"person","name":"Sean Parker","aka":"","tldr":"In 2016 he founded and funded an institute that runs cancer immunotherapy research as one network across a dozen leading cancer centres, sharing data, samples and patents rather than competing for them.","tags":"hero donor","route":"/people/sean-parker/"},{"id":"michael-bloomberg","kind":"person","name":"Michael Bloomberg","aka":"","tldr":"In 2016 his $50 million, matched by Sidney Kimmel and others to $125 million, launched a Johns Hopkins institute that put more than a hundred scientists and clinicians to work on cancer immunotherapy.","tags":"hero donor","route":"/people/michael-bloomberg/"},{"id":"sidney-kimmel","kind":"person","name":"Sidney Kimmel","aka":"","tldr":"The Jones Apparel founder has given $157 million to Johns Hopkins since 2001, which named its cancer centre for him, and put $50 million into the Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy in 2016.","tags":"hero donor","route":"/people/sidney-kimmel/"},{"id":"david-koch","kind":"person","name":"David H. Koch","aka":"","tldr":"Treated for prostate cancer from 1992, he gave MIT $100 million in 2007 to build an institute that puts engineers and cancer biologists under one roof, and MSK $150 million in 2015 for a new outpatient cancer building.","tags":"hero donor patient","route":"/people/david-koch/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"eli-broad","kind":"person","name":"Eli Broad","aka":"Eli and Edythe Broad","tldr":"Eli and Edythe Broad gave $100 million in 2004 to start the Broad Institute and kept giving until their total passed $700 million in 2013; the genomics it produced underpins much of precision oncology.","tags":"hero donor","route":"/people/eli-broad/"},{"id":"jon-huntsman","kind":"person","name":"Jon M. Huntsman Sr.","aka":"Jon and Karen Huntsman","tldr":"A chemicals billionaire treated for cancer several times, he and his wife Karen founded Huntsman Cancer Institute in 1995 and their family gave more than $400 million to build its research institute and hospital.","tags":"hero donor patient","route":"/people/jon-huntsman/"},{"id":"phil-knight","kind":"person","name":"Phil Knight","aka":"Phil and Penny Knight","tldr":"Phil and Penny Knight gave OHSU $100 million in 2008, a $500 million challenge in 2013 that Oregon met within two years, and $2 billion in 2025, described by OHSU as the largest gift to a US university.","tags":"hero donor","route":"/people/phil-knight/"},{"id":"gert-boyle","kind":"person","name":"Gert Boyle","aka":"","tldr":"In 2014 the Columbia Sportswear chairwoman gave $100 million to OHSU's Knight Cancer Institute, the largest single contribution toward matching Phil and Penny Knight's $500 million challenge.","tags":"hero donor","route":"/people/gert-boyle/"},{"id":"larry-ellison","kind":"person","name":"Larry Ellison","aka":"","tldr":"In 2016 he founded an institute in Los Angeles to reimagine cancer care, and his Ellison Institute of Technology is building an Oxford campus with a £130 million alliance with the university.","tags":"hero donor","route":"/people/larry-ellison/"},{"id":"herbert-irving","kind":"person","name":"Herbert Irving","aka":"Herbert and Florence Irving","tldr":"Herbert and Florence Irving's gifts to Columbia began with $8.5 million in 1987, founded its cancer centre in 1995 and ended with a $700 million bequest in 2017 for cancer research; the total passed $900 million.","tags":"hero donor","route":"/people/herbert-irving/"},{"id":"mortimer-zuckerman","kind":"person","name":"Mortimer Zuckerman","aka":"","tldr":"His 2006 pledge of $100 million, then the largest individual commitment in MSK's history, built a 23-storey laboratory tower that nearly doubled the centre's research space.","tags":"hero donor","route":"/people/mortimer-zuckerman/"},{"id":"helen-diller","kind":"person","name":"Helen Diller","aka":"Helen and Sanford Diller","tldr":"The cancer centre at UCSF carries her name, and in 2017 the Helen Diller Foundation gave UCSF $500 million, the largest gift in its history, bringing the family's total there to $650 million.","tags":"hero donor","route":"/people/helen-diller/"},{"id":"leonard-abramson","kind":"person","name":"Leonard Abramson","aka":"Leonard and Madlyn Abramson","tldr":"In 1997 he and his wife Madlyn, a cancer survivor, gave the University of Pennsylvania the gift that created the Abramson Cancer Center, where CAR-T therapy was later developed.","tags":"hero donor","route":"/people/leonard-abramson/"},{"id":"richard-rogel","kind":"person","name":"Richard Rogel","aka":"Richard and Susan Rogel","tldr":"Richard and Susan Rogel's 2018 gift to the University of Michigan renamed its NCI-designated comprehensive cancer centre, founded in 1986, the Rogel Cancer Center.","tags":"hero donor","route":"/people/richard-rogel/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"sanford-weill","kind":"person","name":"Sanford I. Weill","aka":"Joan and Sandy Weill","tldr":"In May 2025 the Weill Family Foundation's $100 million challenge launched a $200 million, ten-year cancer research partnership between UCSF and Stanford, the two big Bay Area cancer centres that usually compete.","tags":"hero donor","route":"/people/sanford-weill/"},{"id":"john-jacob-astor-iii","kind":"person","name":"John Jacob Astor III","aka":"John and Charlotte Astor","tldr":"In 1884 he and his wife Charlotte were among the group who founded New York Cancer Hospital, the institution that became Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.","tags":"hero donor","route":"/people/john-jacob-astor-iii/"},{"id":"john-d-rockefeller-jr","kind":"person","name":"John D. Rockefeller Jr.","aka":"","tldr":"In 1936 he donated the land on York Avenue to which Memorial Hospital moved; Memorial Sloan Kettering has been there ever since.","tags":"hero donor","route":"/people/john-d-rockefeller-jr/"},{"id":"alfred-sloan","kind":"person","name":"Alfred P. Sloan Jr.","aka":"","tldr":"In the 1940s the General Motors chairman joined engineer Charles Kettering to establish the Sloan Kettering Institute, dedicated in 1948, which gave Memorial Hospital a research arm and its modern name.","tags":"hero donor","route":"/people/alfred-sloan/"},{"id":"charles-kettering","kind":"person","name":"Charles F. Kettering","aka":"","tldr":"The inventor of the electric car starter and head of General Motors research joined Alfred Sloan in the 1940s to establish the Sloan Kettering Institute for cancer research.","tags":"hero donor","route":"/people/charles-kettering/"},{"id":"monroe-anderson","kind":"person","name":"Monroe Dunaway Anderson","aka":"","tldr":"He never saw the hospital: his foundation, left $19 million on his death in 1939, matched the State of Texas's $500,000 in 1941 on condition the new cancer hospital be built in Houston and carry his name.","tags":"hero donor","route":"/people/monroe-anderson/"},{"id":"robert-woodruff","kind":"person","name":"Robert W. Woodruff","aka":"","tldr":"After his mother Emily Winship Woodruff died of cancer in 1937, he gave Emory University the gift that founded the Winship Clinic; his foundation's $400 million gift in 2018 is building Winship's new Midtown Atlanta home.","tags":"hero donor","route":"/people/robert-woodruff/"},{"id":"lucille-markey","kind":"person","name":"Lucille P. Markey","aka":"","tldr":"In the late 1970s the owner of Calumet Farm approved a $1 million gift, the first of many, and in 1983 the Lucille Parker Markey Cancer Center was founded in her name in Lexington.","tags":"hero donor","route":"/people/lucille-markey/"},{"id":"martha-ingram","kind":"person","name":"Martha Rivers Ingram","aka":"E. Bronson Ingram\nIngram family","tldr":"In 1999 the Ingram family made what Vanderbilt calls a transformational gift in honour of the late E. Bronson Ingram; the centre took the family's name and became Tennessee's leading cancer research centre.","tags":"hero donor","route":"/people/martha-ingram/"},{"id":"ann-lurie","kind":"person","name":"Ann Lurie","aka":"Robert H. 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after his death in 1952 she carried the campaign for cancer research into law.","tags":"hero donor","route":"/people/albert-lasker/"},{"id":"walter-winchell","kind":"person","name":"Walter Winchell","aka":"","tldr":"When his friend Damon Runyon died of throat cancer in 1946 he asked his radio audience for a penny, a nickel, a dime or a dollar; the fund he started has invested over $490 million and backed more than 4,000 scientists.","tags":"public-figure donor","route":"/people/walter-winchell/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"sherry-lansing","kind":"person","name":"Sherry Lansing","aka":"","tldr":"The former Paramount chief co-founded Stand Up To Cancer, whose televised specials and Dream Teams have pledged over $800 million to collaborative research that fed into several approved cancer drugs.","tags":"public-figure donor","route":"/people/sherry-lansing/"},{"id":"marc-lustgarten","kind":"person","name":"Marc Lustgarten","aka":"","tldr":"Diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in 1998 at 51, he set up a foundation that awarded ten $100,000 grants in its first year and became the largest private funder of pancreatic cancer research; he died in 1999.","tags":"hero donor patient","route":"/people/marc-lustgarten/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"priscilla-chan","kind":"person","name":"Priscilla Chan","aka":"Priscilla Chan and Mark Zuckerberg\nChan Zuckerberg Initiative","tldr":"She and Mark Zuckerberg founded the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub with the stated mission to cure or prevent all disease; its programmes include engineering the immune system to detect cancer and other diseases early.","tags":"hero donor","route":"/people/priscilla-chan/"},{"id":"bill-gates","kind":"person","name":"Bill Gates","aka":"Bill and Melinda Gates\nGates Foundation","tldr":"The Gates Foundation has committed $4.1 billion to Gavi, the vaccine alliance it helped found in 2000, whose HPV programme had fully immunised nearly 60 million girls against cervical cancer by the end of 2024.","tags":"hero donor","route":"/people/bill-gates/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"li-ka-shing","kind":"person","name":"Li Ka-shing","aka":"","tldr":"Since 1980 he has put more than HK$30 billion into his foundation; its Heart of Gold programme gave free hospice care to tens of thousands of poor terminal cancer patients, and its gift built the Cambridge centre that houses Cancer Research UK's institute there.","tags":"hero donor","route":"/people/li-ka-shing/"},{"id":"dorabji-tata","kind":"person","name":"Sir Dorabji Tata","aka":"Dorab Tata\nLady Meherbai Tata","tldr":"After his wife Meherbai's illness and death in 1931 he founded the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust in 1932 and left it everything he had; the Trust built Tata Memorial in 1941, called the first large contribution of India to the international fight against cancer.","tags":"hero donor","route":"/people/dorabji-tata/"},{"id":"ratan-tata","kind":"person","name":"Ratan Tata","aka":"","tldr":"Under his chairmanship Tata Trusts launched a cancer care programme in 2017 to bring affordable treatment closer to home: 20 hospitals across seven states and, with the Assam government, a three-level network of 19 cancer facilities across the north-east.","tags":"hero donor","route":"/people/ratan-tata/"},{"id":"ted-williams","kind":"person","name":"Ted Williams","aka":"","tldr":"From the 1940s until his last clinic visit in 1999 the greatest hitter in baseball raised money for Dana-Farber's Jimmy Fund and visited children on the wards on condition that no one wrote about it.","tags":"public-figure donor","route":"/people/ted-williams/"},{"id":"billy-starr","kind":"person","name":"Billy Starr","aka":"","tldr":"After his mother died of melanoma he organised a bike ride across Massachusetts in 1980 with 36 riders; the Pan-Mass Challenge has since raised $1.125 billion for Dana-Farber and passes on every rider-raised dollar.","tags":"hero donor","route":"/people/billy-starr/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"chris-hoy","kind":"person","name":"Sir Chris Hoy","aka":"","tldr":"Britain's most decorated Olympic cyclist made his stage 4 prostate cancer public in 2024 and founded Tour de 4, a mass ride that shows people can live well with advanced cancer and has raised more than £2.7 million for cancer charities.","tags":"public-figure donor patient","route":"/people/chris-hoy/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"iwona-lugowska","kind":"person","name":"Iwona Ługowska","aka":"","tldr":"Polish medical oncologist and sarcoma specialist who serves as President of the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes.","tags":"leadership clinician-scientist sarcoma cancer centre accreditation","route":"/people/iwona-lugowska/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"claudio-lombardo","kind":"person","name":"Claudio Lombardo","aka":"","tldr":"Long-serving General Manager of the OECI, running the day-to-day operations of Europe's cancer institute network.","tags":"leadership cancer policy accreditation","route":"/people/claudio-lombardo/"},{"id":"matthew-hurles","kind":"person","name":"Matthew Hurles","aka":"","tldr":"Human geneticist who directs the Wellcome Sanger Institute, a world centre for cancer genome research.","tags":"leadership clinician-scientist genomics","route":"/people/matthew-hurles/"},{"id":"michael-stratton","kind":"person","name":"Michael Stratton","aka":"","tldr":"Pioneer of cancer genome sequencing and mutational signatures; led the Cancer Genome Project and formerly directed the Sanger Institute.","tags":"clinician-scientist cancer genomics mutational signatures","route":"/people/michael-stratton/"},{"id":"david-probert","kind":"person","name":"David Probert","aka":"","tldr":"Chief Executive of University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, which runs the UCH Macmillan Cancer Centre.","tags":"leadership hospital management","route":"/people/david-probert/"},{"id":"sandra-demaria","kind":"person","name":"Sandra Demaria","aka":"","tldr":"Weill Cornell pathologist-immunologist known for radiation-immunotherapy research; SITC Vice President.","tags":"leadership clinician-scientist immunotherapy radiotherapy","route":"/people/sandra-demaria/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"ziyu-li","kind":"person","name":"Ziyu Li","aka":"","tldr":"Gastric cancer surgeon who serves as President of Peking University Cancer Hospital.","tags":"leadership clinician-scientist gastric cancer surgical oncology","route":"/people/ziyu-li/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"yuqin-song","kind":"person","name":"Yuqin Song","aka":"","tldr":"Lymphoma specialist and Vice President of Peking University Cancer Hospital.","tags":"leadership clinician-scientist lymphoma","route":"/people/yuqin-song/","cancers":"dlbcl follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"barbara-jereczek-fossa","kind":"person","name":"Barbara Jereczek-Fossa","aka":"","tldr":"Milan radiation oncologist leading ESTRO, Europe's radiotherapy and oncology society.","tags":"leadership clinician-scientist radiotherapy prostate cancer","route":"/people/barbara-jereczek-fossa/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"matthias-guckenberger","kind":"person","name":"Matthias Guckenberger","aka":"","tldr":"Zurich radiation oncologist and ESTRO Past-President, a leading voice on stereotactic radiotherapy for oligometastases.","tags":"leadership clinician-scientist radiotherapy lung cancer","route":"/people/matthias-guckenberger/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"dirk-schadendorf","kind":"person","name":"Dirk Schadendorf","aka":"","tldr":"Melanoma expert who directs the West German Cancer Center at University Hospital Essen.","tags":"leadership clinician-scientist melanoma immunotherapy","route":"/people/dirk-schadendorf/","cancers":"melanoma cutaneous-scc merkel-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"martin-schuler","kind":"person","name":"Martin Schuler","aka":"","tldr":"Medical oncologist and lung cancer trialist who is Deputy Director of the West German Cancer Center in Essen.","tags":"leadership clinician-scientist lung cancer","route":"/people/martin-schuler/","cancers":"nsclc sclc"},{"id":"emer-cooke","kind":"person","name":"Emer Cooke","aka":"","tldr":"Executive Director of the European Medicines Agency since November 2020, overseeing EU approval of cancer medicines.","tags":"leadership regulation drug approval","route":"/people/emer-cooke/"},{"id":"matthew-powell","kind":"person","name":"Matthew A. Powell","aka":"","tldr":"Gynecologic oncologist and endometrial cancer trialist who is President of the Society of Gynecologic Oncology.","tags":"leadership clinician-scientist gynecologic oncology endometrial cancer","route":"/people/matthew-powell/","cancers":"endometrial ovarian"},{"id":"karen-lu","kind":"person","name":"Karen H. Lu","aka":"","tldr":"Gynecologic oncologist known for research on hereditary and early-detection strategies in gynecologic cancers; SGO Immediate Past President.","tags":"leadership clinician-scientist gynecologic oncology cancer prevention","route":"/people/karen-lu/","cancers":"ovarian endometrial"},{"id":"josep-maria-campistol","kind":"person","name":"Josep Maria Campistol","aka":"","tldr":"Nephrologist and CEO of Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, one of Spain's leading academic hospitals.","tags":"leadership hospital management","route":"/people/josep-maria-campistol/"},{"id":"susana-puig","kind":"person","name":"Susana Puig","aka":"","tldr":"Dermatologist and melanoma researcher who directs IDIBAPS, the research institute of Hospital Clínic de Barcelona.","tags":"leadership clinician-scientist melanoma","route":"/people/susana-puig/","cancers":"melanoma basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"thomas-herzog","kind":"person","name":"Thomas Herzog","aka":"","tldr":"Cincinnati gynecologic oncologist who has led the GOG Foundation as President since July 2023.","tags":"leadership clinician-scientist gynecologic oncology ovarian cancer","route":"/people/thomas-herzog/","cancers":"ovarian endometrial cervical"},{"id":"robert-mannel","kind":"person","name":"Robert S. 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France.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/yacine-merrouche/"},{"id":"didier-peiffert","kind":"person","name":"Didier Peiffert","aka":"","tldr":"Didier Peiffert represents Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in France.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/didier-peiffert/"},{"id":"vigdis-hallgrimsdottir","kind":"person","name":"Vigdís Hallgrímsdóttir","aka":"","tldr":"Vigdís Hallgrímsdóttir represents Landspítali, the National University Hospital of Iceland in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Iceland.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/vigdis-hallgrimsdottir/"},{"id":"maeve-lowery","kind":"person","name":"Maeve Lowery","aka":"","tldr":"Maeve Lowery represents Trinity St James's Cancer Institute in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Ireland.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/maeve-lowery/"},{"id":"anne-coyle","kind":"person","name":"Anne Coyle","aka":"","tldr":"Anne Coyle represents Beaumont RCSI Cancer Centre in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Ireland.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/anne-coyle/"},{"id":"jerome-coffey","kind":"person","name":"Jerome Coffey","aka":"","tldr":"Jerome Coffey represents Mater Private Network in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Ireland.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/jerome-coffey/"},{"id":"emma-browne","kind":"person","name":"Emma Browne","aka":"","tldr":"Emma Browne represents Irish Cancer Society in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Ireland.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/emma-browne/"},{"id":"ilaria-panzini","kind":"person","name":"Ilaria Panzini","aka":"","tldr":"Ilaria Panzini represents IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Italy.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/ilaria-panzini/"},{"id":"carlo-cimbri","kind":"person","name":"Carlo Cimbri","aka":"","tldr":"Carlo Cimbri represents IEO (European Institute of Oncology) in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Italy.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/carlo-cimbri/"},{"id":"andrea-agnelli","kind":"person","name":"Andrea Agnelli","aka":"","tldr":"Andrea Agnelli represents Istituto di Candiolo IRCCS (FPO) in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Italy.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/andrea-agnelli/"},{"id":"mario-taccolini","kind":"person","name":"Mario Taccolini","aka":"","tldr":"Mario Taccolini represents Fondazione Poliambulanza in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Italy.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/mario-taccolini/"},{"id":"alessandro-venturi","kind":"person","name":"Alessandro Venturi","aka":"","tldr":"Alessandro Venturi represents Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Italy.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/alessandro-venturi/"},{"id":"tomas-jovaisa","kind":"person","name":"Tomas Jovaiša","aka":"","tldr":"Tomas Jovaiša represents Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Lithuania.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/tomas-jovaisa/"},{"id":"audrius-simaitis","kind":"person","name":"Audrius Šimaitis","aka":"","tldr":"Audrius Šimaitis represents Klaipėda University Hospital in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Lithuania.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/audrius-simaitis/"},{"id":"jakub-kraszewski","kind":"person","name":"Jakub Kraszewski","aka":"","tldr":"Jakub Kraszewski represents University Clinical Centre, Gdańsk in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Poland.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/jakub-kraszewski/"},{"id":"iwona-maroszynska","kind":"person","name":"Iwona Maroszyńska","aka":"","tldr":"Iwona Maroszyńska represents Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Poland.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/iwona-maroszynska/"},{"id":"jasna-trifunovic","kind":"person","name":"Jasna Trifunovic","aka":"","tldr":"Jasna Trifunovic represents Oncology Institute of Vojvodina in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Serbia.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/jasna-trifunovic/"},{"id":"albert-salazar-soler","kind":"person","name":"Albert Salazar Soler","aka":"","tldr":"Albert Salazar Soler represents Vall d'Hebron University Hospital / VHIO in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Spain.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/albert-salazar-soler/"},{"id":"anton-benet-catala","kind":"person","name":"Anton Benet Català","aka":"","tldr":"Anton Benet Català represents Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Spain.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/anton-benet-catala/"},{"id":"adria-comella-carnice","kind":"person","name":"Adrià Comella Carnicé","aka":"","tldr":"Adrià Comella Carnicé represents Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Spain.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/adria-comella-carnice/"},{"id":"mark-de-ridder","kind":"person","name":"Mark De Ridder","aka":"","tldr":"Mark De Ridder represents Brussels Cancer Centre (UZ Brussel) in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Belgium.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/mark-de-ridder/"},{"id":"nikolaos-zamboglou","kind":"person","name":"Nikolaos Zamboglou","aka":"","tldr":"Nikolaos Zamboglou represents German Oncology Center in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Cyprus.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/nikolaos-zamboglou/"},{"id":"ben-o-sullivan","kind":"person","name":"Ben O'Sullivan","aka":"","tldr":"Ben O'Sullivan represents University Hospital Waterford in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Ireland.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/ben-o-sullivan/"},{"id":"renaldas-jurkevicius","kind":"person","name":"Renaldas Jurkevičius","aka":"","tldr":"Renaldas Jurkevičius represents Hospital of the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kauno Klinikos in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Lithuania.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/renaldas-jurkevicius/"},{"id":"ruslan-baltaga","kind":"person","name":"Ruslan Baltaga","aka":"","tldr":"Ruslan Baltaga represents Oncological Institute of Moldova in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Moldova.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/ruslan-baltaga/"},{"id":"igor-stojkovski","kind":"person","name":"Igor Stojkovski","aka":"","tldr":"Igor Stojkovski represents University Clinic for Radiotherapy and Oncology, Skopje in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in North Macedonia.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/igor-stojkovski/"},{"id":"giuliana-cardenas-gamarra","kind":"person","name":"Giuliana Càrdenas Gamarra","aka":"","tldr":"Giuliana Càrdenas Gamarra represents Oncosalud (AUNA) in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Peru.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/giuliana-cardenas-gamarra/"},{"id":"mirela-grosu","kind":"person","name":"Mirela Grosu","aka":"","tldr":"Mirela Grosu represents Iași Regional Oncology Institute in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Romania.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/mirela-grosu/"},{"id":"cesar-gregorio-munoz-sanchez-miguel","kind":"person","name":"César Gregorio Muñoz Sánchez-Miguel","aka":"","tldr":"César Gregorio Muñoz Sánchez-Miguel represents Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal (HM CIOCC) in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Spain.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/cesar-gregorio-munoz-sanchez-miguel/"},{"id":"jesus-fernandez-galan","kind":"person","name":"Jesús Fernández Galán","aka":"","tldr":"Jesús Fernández Galán represents Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Spain.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/jesus-fernandez-galan/"},{"id":"luis-ibanez-gadea","kind":"person","name":"Luis Ibáñez Gadea","aka":"","tldr":"Luis Ibáñez Gadea represents Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Spain.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/luis-ibanez-gadea/"},{"id":"patrik-rossi","kind":"person","name":"Patrik Rossi","aka":"","tldr":"Patrik Rossi represents Karolinska University Hospital in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Sweden.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/patrik-rossi/"},{"id":"jonas-claesson","kind":"person","name":"Jonas Claesson","aka":"","tldr":"Jonas Claesson represents Örebro University Hospital in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Sweden.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/jonas-claesson/"},{"id":"pia-nasvall","kind":"person","name":"Pia Näsvall","aka":"","tldr":"Pia Näsvall represents Umeå University Hospital (Norrland University Hospital) in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Sweden.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/pia-nasvall/"},{"id":"rosaline-den-blanken","kind":"person","name":"Rosaline den Blanken","aka":"","tldr":"Rosaline den Blanken represents Rijnstate in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in The Netherlands.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/rosaline-den-blanken/"},{"id":"haiko-bloemendal","kind":"person","name":"Haiko Bloemendal","aka":"","tldr":"Haiko Bloemendal represents Radboudumc Centre for Oncology in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in The Netherlands.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/haiko-bloemendal/"},{"id":"ernst-j-kuipers","kind":"person","name":"Ernst J. Kuipers","aka":"","tldr":"Ernst J. Kuipers represents Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation (IKNL) in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in The Netherlands.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/ernst-j-kuipers/"},{"id":"refik-emre-cecen","kind":"person","name":"Refik Emre Çeçen","aka":"","tldr":"Refik Emre Çeçen represents Dokuz Eylül University Institute of Oncology in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Turkey.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/refik-emre-cecen/"},{"id":"rob-bristow","kind":"person","name":"Rob Bristow","aka":"","tldr":"Rob Bristow represents The Christie NHS Foundation Trust in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in United Kingdom.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/rob-bristow/"},{"id":"sacha-gougnard","kind":"person","name":"Sacha Gougnard","aka":"","tldr":"Sacha Gougnard represents Institut Jules Bordet in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Belgium.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/sacha-gougnard/"},{"id":"frank-vermassen","kind":"person","name":"Frank Vermassen","aka":"","tldr":"Frank Vermassen represents Ghent University Hospital / Cancer Research Institute Ghent in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Belgium.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/frank-vermassen/"},{"id":"rolando-medeiros","kind":"person","name":"Rolando Medeiros","aka":"","tldr":"Rolando Medeiros represents Fundación Arturo López Pérez in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Chile.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/rolando-medeiros/"},{"id":"carolina-wiesner","kind":"person","name":"Carolina Wiesner","aka":"","tldr":"Carolina Wiesner represents Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (Colombia) in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Colombia.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/carolina-wiesner/"},{"id":"robert-separovic","kind":"person","name":"Robert Šeparović","aka":"","tldr":"Robert Šeparović represents University Hospital for Tumors, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Croatia.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/robert-separovic/"},{"id":"panos-ergatoudes","kind":"person","name":"Panos Ergatoudes","aka":"","tldr":"Panos Ergatoudes represents Bank of Cyprus Oncology Centre in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Cyprus.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/panos-ergatoudes/"},{"id":"petr-poloucek","kind":"person","name":"Petr Polouček","aka":"","tldr":"Petr Polouček represents Motol University Hospital in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Czech Republic.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/petr-poloucek/"},{"id":"jannick-brennum","kind":"person","name":"Jannick Brennum","aka":"","tldr":"Jannick Brennum represents Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Denmark.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/jannick-brennum/"},{"id":"arto-mannermaa","kind":"person","name":"Arto Mannermaa","aka":"","tldr":"Arto Mannermaa represents Kuopio University Hospital Cancer Center in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Finland.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/arto-mannermaa/"},{"id":"eric-felix-lartigau","kind":"person","name":"Eric Felix Lartigau","aka":"","tldr":"Eric Felix Lartigau represents Centre Oscar Lambret in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in France.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/eric-felix-lartigau/"},{"id":"charles-coutant","kind":"person","name":"Charles Coutant","aka":"","tldr":"Charles Coutant represents Centre Georges-François Leclerc in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in France.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/charles-coutant/"},{"id":"panagiotis-klirides","kind":"person","name":"Panagiotis Klirides","aka":"","tldr":"Panagiotis Klirides represents Saint Savvas General Oncology Hospital of Athens in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Greece.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/panagiotis-klirides/"},{"id":"sarantos-efstathopoulos","kind":"person","name":"Sarantos Efstathopoulos","aka":"","tldr":"Sarantos Efstathopoulos represents Metaxa Cancer Hospital, Piraeus in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Greece.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/sarantos-efstathopoulos/"},{"id":"joseph-martin","kind":"person","name":"Joseph Martin","aka":"","tldr":"Joseph Martin represents University of Galway / Saolta Cancer Centre in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Ireland.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/joseph-martin/"},{"id":"tracey-fitzpatrick","kind":"person","name":"Tracey Fitzpatrick","aka":"","tldr":"Tracey Fitzpatrick represents Mater Misericordiae University Hospital in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Ireland.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/tracey-fitzpatrick/"},{"id":"gustavo-galmozzi","kind":"person","name":"Gustavo Galmozzi","aka":"","tldr":"Gustavo Galmozzi represents Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Italy.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/gustavo-galmozzi/"},{"id":"livio-de-angelis","kind":"person","name":"Livio De Angelis","aka":"","tldr":"Livio De Angelis represents IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Italy.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/livio-de-angelis/"},{"id":"marco-centenari","kind":"person","name":"Marco Centenari","aka":"","tldr":"Marco Centenari represents IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Italy.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/marco-centenari/"},{"id":"riccardo-bui","kind":"person","name":"Riccardo Bui","aka":"","tldr":"Riccardo Bui represents IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Italy.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/riccardo-bui/"},{"id":"roberto-cunsolo","kind":"person","name":"Roberto Cunsolo","aka":"","tldr":"Roberto Cunsolo represents Mediterranean Institute of Oncology (IOM) in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Italy.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/roberto-cunsolo/"},{"id":"nicola-normanno","kind":"person","name":"Nicola Normanno","aka":"","tldr":"Nicola Normanno represents IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori 'Dino Amadori' (IRST) in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Italy.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/nicola-normanno/"},{"id":"daniele-piacentini","kind":"person","name":"Daniele Piacentini","aka":"","tldr":"Daniele Piacentini represents Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Italy.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/daniele-piacentini/"},{"id":"alinta-hegmane","kind":"person","name":"Alinta Hegmane","aka":"","tldr":"Alinta Hegmane represents Riga East University Hospital / Oncology Centre of Latvia in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Latvia.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/alinta-hegmane/"},{"id":"lauris-vidzis","kind":"person","name":"Lauris Vidzis","aka":"","tldr":"Lauris Vidzis represents Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Latvia.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/lauris-vidzis/"},{"id":"oddbjorn-straume","kind":"person","name":"Oddbjorn Straume","aka":"","tldr":"Oddbjorn Straume represents Haukeland University Hospital in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Norway.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/oddbjorn-straume/"},{"id":"oystein-maeland","kind":"person","name":"Øystein Mæland","aka":"","tldr":"Øystein Mæland represents Akershus University Hospital in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Norway.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/oystein-maeland/"},{"id":"helena-isabal-roca","kind":"person","name":"Helena Isàbal Roca","aka":"","tldr":"Helena Isàbal Roca represents Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Spain.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/helena-isabal-roca/"},{"id":"manuel-llombart-fuertes","kind":"person","name":"Manuel Llombart Fuertes","aka":"","tldr":"Manuel Llombart Fuertes represents Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología (IVO) in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Spain.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/manuel-llombart-fuertes/"},{"id":"carmen-martinez-de-pancorbo-gonzalez","kind":"person","name":"Carmen Martínez de Pancorbo González","aka":"","tldr":"Carmen Martínez de Pancorbo González represents Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Spain.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/carmen-martinez-de-pancorbo-gonzalez/"},{"id":"rafael-perez-santamarina","kind":"person","name":"Rafael Pérez-Santamarina","aka":"","tldr":"Rafael Pérez-Santamarina represents Hospital Universitario La Paz in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Spain.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/rafael-perez-santamarina/"},{"id":"sonia-garcia-de-san-jose","kind":"person","name":"Sonia García de San José","aka":"","tldr":"Sonia García de San José represents Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Spain.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/sonia-garcia-de-san-jose/"},{"id":"pamela-buchwald","kind":"person","name":"Pamela Buchwald","aka":"","tldr":"Pamela Buchwald represents Skåne University Hospital / Lund University Cancer Centre in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Sweden.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/pamela-buchwald/"},{"id":"erik-johnsson","kind":"person","name":"Erik Johnsson","aka":"","tldr":"Erik Johnsson represents Sahlgrenska University Hospital / Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Sweden.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/erik-johnsson/"},{"id":"karl-landergren","kind":"person","name":"Karl Landergren","aka":"","tldr":"Karl Landergren represents Linköping University Hospital Cancer Center in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Sweden.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/karl-landergren/"},{"id":"markus-g-manz","kind":"person","name":"Markus G. Manz","aka":"","tldr":"Markus G. Manz represents University Hospital Zurich / Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Switzerland.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/markus-g-manz/"},{"id":"daniel-staub","kind":"person","name":"Daniel Staub","aka":"","tldr":"Daniel Staub represents University Hospital Basel / Tumour Centre in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Switzerland.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/daniel-staub/"},{"id":"sulaiman-shahabuddin","kind":"person","name":"Sulaiman Shahabuddin","aka":"","tldr":"Sulaiman Shahabuddin represents The Aga Khan Hospital, Dar es Salaam in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Tanzania.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/sulaiman-shahabuddin/"},{"id":"maurice-van-den-bosch","kind":"person","name":"Maurice van den Bosch","aka":"","tldr":"Maurice van den Bosch represents Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI-AvL) in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in The Netherlands.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/maurice-van-den-bosch/"},{"id":"h-m-w-verheul","kind":"person","name":"H.M.W. Verheul","aka":"","tldr":"H.M.W. Verheul represents Erasmus MC Cancer Institute in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in The Netherlands.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/h-m-w-verheul/"},{"id":"lukas-b-been","kind":"person","name":"Lukas B. Been","aka":"","tldr":"Lukas B. Been represents University Medical Center Groningen Comprehensive Cancer Center in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in The Netherlands.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/lukas-b-been/"},{"id":"vasyl-f-chekhun","kind":"person","name":"Vasyl F. Chekhun","aka":"","tldr":"Vasyl F. Chekhun represents R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Ukraine.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/vasyl-f-chekhun/"},{"id":"hugo-ford","kind":"person","name":"Hugo Ford","aka":"","tldr":"Hugo Ford represents Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre / CRUK Cambridge Institute in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in United Kingdom.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/hugo-ford/"},{"id":"jacinta-abraham","kind":"person","name":"Jacinta Abraham","aka":"","tldr":"Jacinta Abraham represents Velindre Cancer Centre in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in United Kingdom.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/jacinta-abraham/"},{"id":"daniel-serin","kind":"person","name":"Daniel Serin","aka":"","tldr":"Daniel Serin represents Institut Sainte Catherine in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the organisation among its members in France.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/daniel-serin/"},{"id":"georgios-kapetanakis","kind":"person","name":"Georgios Kapetanakis","aka":"","tldr":"Georgios Kapetanakis represents Hellenic Cancer Federation (ELLOK) in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the organisation among its members in Greece.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/georgios-kapetanakis/"},{"id":"krisztina-bogos","kind":"person","name":"Krisztina Bogos","aka":"","tldr":"Krisztina Bogos represents National Korányi Institute for Pulmonology in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the organisation among its members in Hungary.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/krisztina-bogos/"},{"id":"francesco-de-lorenzo","kind":"person","name":"Francesco De Lorenzo","aka":"","tldr":"Francesco De Lorenzo represents FAVO, Italian Federation of Voluntary Associations in Oncology in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the organisation among its members in Italy.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/francesco-de-lorenzo/"},{"id":"tomasz-maciejewski","kind":"person","name":"Tomasz Maciejewski","aka":"","tldr":"Tomasz Maciejewski represents Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the organisation among its members in Poland.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/tomasz-maciejewski/"},{"id":"miroslav-chovanec","kind":"person","name":"Miroslav Chovanec","aka":"","tldr":"Miroslav Chovanec represents Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the organisation among its members in Slovakia.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/miroslav-chovanec/"},{"id":"ramon-reyes-bori","kind":"person","name":"Ramón Reyes Bori","aka":"","tldr":"Ramón Reyes Bori represents Spanish Association Against Cancer (AECC) in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the organisation among its members in Spain.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/ramon-reyes-bori/"},{"id":"adda-bounedjar","kind":"person","name":"Adda Bounedjar","aka":"","tldr":"Adda Bounedjar represents Anti-Cancer Center of Blida in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the organisation among its members in Algeria.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/adda-bounedjar/"},{"id":"toni-vekov","kind":"person","name":"Toni Vekov","aka":"","tldr":"Toni Vekov represents Heart and Brain Hospital, Pleven in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the organisation among its members in Bulgaria.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/toni-vekov/"},{"id":"assia-konsoulova","kind":"person","name":"Assia Konsoulova","aka":"","tldr":"Assia Konsoulova represents Bulgarian Joint Cancer Network (BJCN) in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the organisation among its members in Bulgaria.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/assia-konsoulova/"},{"id":"wensheng-liu","kind":"person","name":"Wensheng Liu","aka":"","tldr":"Wensheng Liu represents Jinshazhou Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the organisation among its members in China.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/wensheng-liu/"},{"id":"ladislav-dusek","kind":"person","name":"Ladislav Dušek","aka":"","tldr":"Ladislav Dušek represents Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the organisation among its members in Czech Republic.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/ladislav-dusek/"},{"id":"xavier-pivot","kind":"person","name":"Xavier Pivot","aka":"","tldr":"Xavier Pivot represents Institut Strauss in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the organisation among its members in France.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/xavier-pivot/"},{"id":"breda-duggan","kind":"person","name":"Breda Duggan","aka":"","tldr":"Breda Duggan represents Mid-Western Cancer Centre, University Hospital Limerick in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the organisation among its members in Ireland.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/breda-duggan/"},{"id":"maria-rosaria-iardino","kind":"person","name":"Maria Rosaria Iardino","aka":"","tldr":"Maria Rosaria Iardino represents Fondazione The Bridge in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the organisation among its members in Italy.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/maria-rosaria-iardino/"},{"id":"joanna-lorenc","kind":"person","name":"Joanna Lorenc","aka":"","tldr":"Joanna Lorenc represents AidPort Clinical Trial Hospital in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the organisation among its members in Poland.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/joanna-lorenc/"},{"id":"delia-nicoara","kind":"person","name":"Delia Nicoară","aka":"","tldr":"Delia Nicoară represents Cancer Free Future Association (CFFA) in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the organisation among its members in Romania.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/delia-nicoara/"},{"id":"gustaf-storm","kind":"person","name":"Gustaf Storm","aka":"","tldr":"Gustaf Storm represents Capio S:t Göran's Hospital in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the organisation among its members in Sweden.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/gustaf-storm/"},{"id":"alvaro-bonet-pla","kind":"person","name":"Álvaro Bonet Pla","aka":"","tldr":"Álvaro Bonet Pla represents INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute / Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Spain.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/alvaro-bonet-pla/"},{"id":"bjorn-atle-bjornbeth","kind":"person","name":"Bjørn Atle Bjørnbeth","aka":"","tldr":"Bjørn Atle Bjørnbeth represents Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its members in Norway.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/bjorn-atle-bjornbeth/"},{"id":"r-r-w-j-van-der-hulst","kind":"person","name":"R.R.W.J. van der Hulst","aka":"","tldr":"R.R.W.J. van der Hulst represents Maastricht UMC+ Comprehensive Cancer Center and OncoZON Comprehensive Cancer Network in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists both among its members in The Netherlands.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/r-r-w-j-van-der-hulst/"},{"id":"carlos-mingo-rodriguez","kind":"person","name":"Carlos Mingo Rodriguez","aka":"","tldr":"Carlos Mingo Rodriguez represents Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its full members in Spain.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/carlos-mingo-rodriguez/"},{"id":"cesar-adolfo-gomez-derch","kind":"person","name":"César Adolfo Gómez Derch","aka":"","tldr":"César Adolfo Gómez Derch represents Hospital Clínico San Carlos in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its full members in Spain.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/cesar-adolfo-gomez-derch/"},{"id":"jose-julian-diaz-melguizo","kind":"person","name":"Jose Julián Díaz Melguizo","aka":"","tldr":"Jose Julián Díaz Melguizo represents Hospital Universitario de La Princesa in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its full members in Spain.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/jose-julian-diaz-melguizo/"},{"id":"julio-garcia-pondal","kind":"person","name":"Julio García Pondal","aka":"","tldr":"Julio García Pondal represents Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its full members in Spain.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/julio-garcia-pondal/"},{"id":"lisbet-isenbeg-ravn","kind":"person","name":"Lisbet Isenbeg Ravn","aka":"","tldr":"Lisbet Isenbeg Ravn represents Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its full members in Denmark.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/lisbet-isenbeg-ravn/"},{"id":"julian-malicki","kind":"person","name":"Julian Malicki","aka":"","tldr":"Julian Malicki represents Greater Poland Cancer Centre in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its full members in Poland.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/julian-malicki/"},{"id":"christophe-tournigand","kind":"person","name":"Christophe Tournigand","aka":"","tldr":"Christophe Tournigand represents AP-HP Henri-Mondor University Hospitals Cancer Institute in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its full members in France.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/christophe-tournigand/"},{"id":"philippe-leroy","kind":"person","name":"Philippe Leroy","aka":"","tldr":"Philippe Leroy represents the King Albert II Cancer Institute of Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its full members in Belgium.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/philippe-leroy/"},{"id":"ivan-s-stilidi","kind":"person","name":"Ivan S. Stilidi","aka":"","tldr":"Ivan S. Stilidi represents N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its associate members in the Russian Federation.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/ivan-s-stilidi/"},{"id":"pascal-hammel","kind":"person","name":"Pascal Hammel","aka":"","tldr":"Pascal Hammel represents AP-HP Paris-Saclay University Hospitals Cancer Institute in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the centre among its full members in France.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/pascal-hammel/"},{"id":"nikolai-goncharenko","kind":"person","name":"Nikolai Goncharenko","aka":"","tldr":"Nikolai Goncharenko represents Institut National du Cancer, Luxembourg in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the organisation among its associate members in Luxembourg.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/nikolai-goncharenko/"},{"id":"olena-yefimenko","kind":"person","name":"Olena Yefimenko","aka":"","tldr":"Olena Yefimenko represents National Cancer Institute of Ukraine in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the organisation among its associate members in Ukraine.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/olena-yefimenko/"},{"id":"tomi-p-makela","kind":"person","name":"Tomi P. Mäkelä","aka":"","tldr":"Tomi P. Mäkelä represents Finnish Cancer Center (FICAN) in the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes, which lists the organisation among its full members in Finland.","tags":"oeci-representative leader","route":"/people/tomi-p-makela/"},{"id":"poornima-parameswaran","kind":"person","name":"Poornima Parameswaran","aka":"","tldr":"Poornima Parameswaran leads Future of Cancer Care Today, the Sijbrandij Foundation's free navigation service for cancer patients; she is a genomics scientist and entrepreneur.","tags":"leader patient-first","route":"/people/poornima-parameswaran/"},{"id":"bayli-divita-dean","kind":"person","name":"Bayli DiVita Dean","aka":"","tldr":"Bayli DiVita Dean is the scientist and science communicator who runs patient connections at Future of Cancer Care Today; a thirty-minute call with her team is the service's entry point.","tags":"patient-first","route":"/people/bayli-divita-dean/"},{"id":"pramesh-c-s","kind":"person","name":"C. S. Pramesh","aka":"","tldr":"The surgeon who built the National Cancer Grid into a network of hundreds of Indian cancer centres and used its buying power to cut cancer drug prices by a median of 82%.","tags":"","route":"/people/pramesh-c-s/","cancers":"esophageal nsclc"},{"id":"dcruz-anil","kind":"person","name":"Anil K. D'Cruz","aka":"","tldr":"Led the Tata Memorial trial that settled a decades-old question, showing that removing neck lymph nodes at the first operation for early oral cancer saves lives.","tags":"","route":"/people/dcruz-anil/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"raina-vinod","kind":"person","name":"Vinod Raina","aka":"","tldr":"A medical oncologist who led the cancer hospital at AIIMS Delhi for many years, trained a large share of India's medical oncologists and helped write the country's early cancer treatment standards.","tags":"","route":"/people/raina-vinod/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive dlbcl hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"shanta-v","kind":"person","name":"V. Shanta","aka":"","tldr":"The doctor who spent 66 years building Chennai's Cancer Institute into a hospital where most patients are treated free, and who set up India's first population cancer registry and paediatric oncology unit.","tags":"","route":"/people/shanta-v/","status":"historic","cancers":"cervical all-leukemia head-and-neck"},{"id":"sankaranarayanan-rengaswamy","kind":"person","name":"Rengaswamy Sankaranarayanan","aka":"","tldr":"Ran the large Indian trials that showed a single round of HPV testing halves cervical cancer deaths and that visual oral examination cuts deaths in tobacco users, and led the study behind single-dose HPV vaccination.","tags":"","route":"/people/sankaranarayanan-rengaswamy/","cancers":"cervical head-and-neck"},{"id":"mazumdar-shaw-kiran","kind":"person","name":"Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw","aka":"","tldr":"Founded Biocon in a garage in 1978 and turned it into the company behind the world's first approved trastuzumab biosimilar, and co-founded a 1,400-bed cancer campus in Bengaluru.","tags":"","route":"/people/mazumdar-shaw-kiran/"},{"id":"purwar-rahul","kind":"person","name":"Rahul Purwar","aka":"","tldr":"The IIT Bombay immunologist whose laboratory designed India's first approved CAR-T therapy and who founded the company that makes it for a fraction of Western prices.","tags":"","route":"/people/purwar-rahul/"},{"id":"jain-hasmukh","kind":"person","name":"Hasmukh Jain","aka":"","tldr":"First author of the phase 1/2 trial of India's first CAR-T therapy, which treated adults with relapsed lymphoma and leukaemia at six Indian centres.","tags":"","route":"/people/jain-hasmukh/","cancers":"dlbcl all-leukemia"},{"id":"narula-gaurav","kind":"person","name":"Gaurav Narula","aka":"","tldr":"A paediatric oncologist at Tata Memorial who led the leukaemia arm of India's first CAR-T trials and runs national childhood leukaemia protocols.","tags":"","route":"/people/narula-gaurav/","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"kapoor-akhil","kind":"person","name":"Akhil Kapoor","aka":"","tldr":"First author of METRO PLUS, the Varanasi trial that doubled survival in advanced head and neck cancer by adding cheap oral metronomic drugs to standard chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/people/kapoor-akhil/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"mathur-prashant","kind":"person","name":"Prashant Mathur","aka":"","tldr":"Directs the institute that runs India's cancer registries and is first author of the national report estimating 1.39 million new cancers in 2020.","tags":"","route":"/people/mathur-prashant/"},{"id":"shetty-devi","kind":"person","name":"Devi Shetty","aka":"","tldr":"The cardiac surgeon who showed that high-volume hospitals can cut the price of complex care by an order of magnitude, a model now applied to cancer at Narayana Health's Bengaluru campus.","tags":"","route":"/people/shetty-devi/"},{"id":"ajaikumar-b-s","kind":"person","name":"B. S. Ajaikumar","aka":"","tldr":"A US-trained oncologist who returned to Bengaluru and built HCG into India's largest specialist cancer hospital chain.","tags":"","route":"/people/ajaikumar-b-s/"},{"id":"zelig-eshhar","kind":"person","name":"Zelig Eshhar","aka":"","tldr":"The immunologist who, in 1989, first gave a T cell an antibody's aim. Every CAR-T product on the market descends from that experiment.","tags":"clinician-scientist immunology cell-therapy","route":"/people/zelig-eshhar/","cancers":"all-leukemia dlbcl multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"yardena-samuels","kind":"person","name":"Yardena Samuels","aka":"","tldr":"She found that PIK3CA is one of the most frequently mutated genes in human cancer, then spent the next twenty years working out which of a melanoma's mutations the immune system can actually see.","tags":"scientist genomics immunology","route":"/people/yardena-samuels/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"yosef-yarden","kind":"person","name":"Yosef Yarden","aka":"","tldr":"One of the people who worked out what the HER family of receptors does and how antibodies against them behave, including why combining two antibodies against the same receptor works better than either alone.","tags":"scientist cancer-biology","route":"/people/yosef-yarden/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive nsclc"},{"id":"moshe-oren","kind":"person","name":"Moshe Oren","aka":"","tldr":"Cloned p53 and then spent a career on what it does. The field's first reading of his own 1984 result, that p53 was an oncogene, turned out to be wrong, and the correction is the better story.","tags":"scientist cancer-biology","route":"/people/moshe-oren/"},{"id":"aaron-ciechanover","kind":"person","name":"Aaron Ciechanover","aka":"","tldr":"Shared the 2004 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering how cells label proteins for destruction. That labelling system is what proteasome inhibitors block and what every protein degrader hijacks.","tags":"scientist nobel-laureate cancer-biology","route":"/people/aaron-ciechanover/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"avram-hershko","kind":"person","name":"Avram Hershko","aka":"","tldr":"Shared the 2004 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation, and still works on how the machinery that destroys proteins controls cell division.","tags":"scientist nobel-laureate cancer-biology","route":"/people/avram-hershko/"},{"id":"yechezkel-barenholz","kind":"person","name":"Yechezkel Barenholz","aka":"","tldr":"Invented the chemistry that made Doxil work, the first nanomedicine any regulator approved, which is still a standard treatment for relapsed ovarian cancer three decades later.","tags":"scientist drug-delivery","route":"/people/yechezkel-barenholz/","cancers":"ovarian kaposi-sarcoma"},{"id":"ephrat-levy-lahad","kind":"person","name":"Ephrat Levy-Lahad","aka":"","tldr":"Produced the evidence that made Israel the first country to offer BRCA testing to a whole population group, by measuring cancer risk in carriers found through healthy men rather than through cancer clinics.","tags":"clinician-scientist genetics prevention","route":"/people/ephrat-levy-lahad/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive ovarian"},{"id":"rachel-michaelson-cohen","kind":"person","name":"Rachel Michaelson-Cohen","aka":"","tldr":"Led the work of turning nine Israeli high-risk clinics, which were each doing something different, into one national protocol for looking after the carriers the screening programme keeps finding.","tags":"clinician-scientist genetics policy","route":"/people/rachel-michaelson-cohen/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive ovarian pancreatic"},{"id":"eitan-friedman","kind":"person","name":"Eitan Friedman","aka":"","tldr":"Mapped which inherited cancer variants recur in which Israeli communities, and showed that outside the Ashkenazi founder panel there is no shortcut: you have to sequence.","tags":"clinician-scientist genetics","route":"/people/eitan-friedman/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive ovarian"},{"id":"jacob-schachter","kind":"person","name":"Jacob Schachter","aka":"","tldr":"Built the melanoma and immunotherapy institute at Sheba that has been growing patients' own tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and giving them back since 2006, more than a decade before any regulator approved the idea.","tags":"clinician-scientist immunotherapy","route":"/people/jacob-schachter/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"michal-besser","kind":"person","name":"Michal Besser","aka":"","tldr":"Runs the laboratory that actually grows the cells. Her papers are the reason anyone outside the United States believed a hospital could manufacture tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes reliably.","tags":"scientist cell-therapy","route":"/people/michal-besser/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"gal-markel","kind":"person","name":"Gal Markel","aka":"","tldr":"A tumour immunologist who helped build Israel's melanoma cell therapy programme at Sheba and now runs the melanoma centre at Davidoff, publishing what checkpoint drugs do outside the clean conditions of a trial.","tags":"clinician-scientist immunotherapy","route":"/people/gal-markel/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"polina-stepensky","kind":"person","name":"Polina Stepensky","aka":"","tldr":"Runs a hospital department that makes its own CAR-T cells and gives them fresh, without freezing, at a fraction of what a commercial product costs.","tags":"clinician-scientist cell-therapy","route":"/people/polina-stepensky/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma dlbcl"},{"id":"alberto-gabizon","kind":"person","name":"Alberto Gabizon","aka":"","tldr":"The clinician half of the partnership that turned a liposome chemistry idea into Doxil, and the person who did the trials that showed it behaved differently in patients from free doxorubicin.","tags":"clinician-scientist drug-delivery","route":"/people/alberto-gabizon/","cancers":"ovarian kaposi-sarcoma"},{"id":"huang-xiaojun","kind":"person","name":"Xiaojun Huang","aka":"Huang Xiao-Jun\n黄晓军","tldr":"Xiaojun Huang built the Beijing Protocol for stem cell transplants from half-matched family donors, which means almost every Chinese leukaemia patient can now find a donor.","tags":"china","route":"/people/huang-xiaojun/","cancers":"aml all-leukemia"},{"id":"chen-saijuan","kind":"person","name":"Saijuan Chen","aka":"Chen Sai-Juan\n陈赛娟","tldr":"Saijuan Chen helped turn acute promyelocytic leukaemia from a leukaemia that often killed within weeks into one of the most curable, by showing how retinoic acid and arsenic act and combining them.","tags":"china","route":"/people/chen-saijuan/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"chen-zhu","kind":"person","name":"Zhu Chen","aka":"陈竺","tldr":"Zhu Chen, a leukaemia scientist who became China's health minister, co-developed the retinoic acid plus arsenic treatment that cures most acute promyelocytic leukaemia and then reformed the health system that pays for it.","tags":"china","route":"/people/chen-zhu/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"qin-shukui","kind":"person","name":"Shukui Qin","aka":"Qin Shu-Kui\n秦叔逵","tldr":"Shukui Qin has led most of the Chinese liver cancer trials of the past decade, including the ones that put camrelizumab plus rivoceranib and donafenib into first-line use.","tags":"china","route":"/people/qin-shukui/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"fan-jia","kind":"person","name":"Jia Fan","aka":"樊嘉\njia-fan","tldr":"Jia Fan leads one of the world's busiest liver cancer surgery and transplant programmes and the proteogenomic studies that mapped how hepatitis B-related liver cancer differs at the molecular level.","tags":"china leadership clinician-scientist liver cancer surgical oncology","route":"/people/fan-jia/","cancers":"hcc cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"xu-jianming","kind":"person","name":"Jianming Xu","aka":"Xu Jian-Ming\n徐建明","tldr":"Jianming Xu led the Chinese stomach cancer trials of sintilimab, the ADC disitamab vedotin and other domestic drugs, in the country with the most stomach cancer patients.","tags":"china","route":"/people/xu-jianming/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"cheng-ying","kind":"person","name":"Ying Cheng","aka":"程颖","tldr":"Ying Cheng has led most of the Chinese small cell lung cancer immunotherapy trials, including ASTRUM-005 and CAPSTONE-1.","tags":"china","route":"/people/cheng-ying/","cancers":"sclc"},{"id":"guo-jun","kind":"person","name":"Jun Guo","aka":"郭军","tldr":"Jun Guo built China's melanoma programme around the acral and mucosal subtypes common in Asia, and led the trials that made toripalimab the first domestic PD-1 antibody approved.","tags":"china","route":"/people/guo-jun/","cancers":"melanoma rcc"},{"id":"li-zonghai","kind":"person","name":"Zonghai Li","aka":"李宗海","tldr":"Zonghai Li moved CAR-T therapy from blood cancers into stomach cancer, founding CARsgen and developing satri-cel, the first CAR-T approved for a solid tumour.","tags":"china","route":"/people/li-zonghai/","cancers":"gastric hcc multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"oyler-john","kind":"person","name":"John Oyler","aka":"","tldr":"John Oyler co-founded BeiGene in Beijing in 2010 and built it into the first China-born biotech to run global trials, win FDA approvals and out-sell Western rivals with zanubrutinib.","tags":"china","route":"/people/oyler-john/"},{"id":"xia-michelle","kind":"person","name":"Michelle Xia (Xia Yu)","aka":"Yu Xia\n夏瑜","tldr":"Michelle Xia founded Akeso, the Zhongshan company whose bispecific antibody ivonescimab was the first drug to beat pembrolizumab in a head-to-head trial.","tags":"china","route":"/people/xia-michelle/"},{"id":"yu-michael","kind":"person","name":"Michael Yu (Yu De-Chao)","aka":"De-Chao Yu\n俞德超","tldr":"Michael Yu founded Innovent in Suzhou in 2011 and made sintilimab one of China's best-selling cancer drugs before turning the company into a supplier of new medicines to Roche and Takeda.","tags":"china","route":"/people/yu-michael/"},{"id":"sun-piaoyang","kind":"person","name":"Piaoyang Sun","aka":"孙飘扬","tldr":"Piaoyang Sun turned a small Lianyungang generics factory into Hengrui, China's largest originator drug company and the source of camrelizumab, apatinib and a dozen other approved cancer drugs.","tags":"china","route":"/people/sun-piaoyang/"},{"id":"du-samantha","kind":"person","name":"Samantha Du (Du Ying)","aka":"Ying Du\n杜莺","tldr":"Samantha Du founded Zai Lab in 2014 to license Western cancer drugs for China, bringing niraparib, zanidatamab and Tumour Treating Fields to Chinese patients years earlier than they would otherwise have arrived.","tags":"china","route":"/people/du-samantha/"},{"id":"li-ge","kind":"person","name":"Ge Li","aka":"李革","tldr":"Ge Li founded WuXi AppTec in Shanghai in 2000 and built the contract research and manufacturing network that much of the world's cancer pipeline now depends on.","tags":"china","route":"/people/li-ge/"},{"id":"su-weiguo","kind":"person","name":"Weiguo Su","aka":"苏慰国","tldr":"Weiguo Su led the Shanghai chemistry that produced fruquintinib, savolitinib and surufatinib, three Chinese-discovered cancer pills approved at home and, for fruquintinib, in the US.","tags":"china","route":"/people/su-weiguo/"},{"id":"zhang-fangliang","kind":"person","name":"Fangliang (Frank) Zhang","aka":"Frank Zhang\n张方亮","tldr":"Frank Zhang founded GenScript and its cell therapy spin-out Legend Biotech, whose Nanjing team invented the myeloma CAR-T that became Carvykti.","tags":"china","route":"/people/zhang-fangliang/"},{"id":"richard-finn","kind":"person","name":"Richard S. Finn","aka":"","tldr":"Led PALOMA-2, which made palbociclib a first-line breast cancer drug, and IMbrave150, which made immunotherapy the standard for liver cancer.","tags":"breast hcc trialist","route":"/people/richard-finn/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hcc"},{"id":"massimo-cristofanilli","kind":"person","name":"Massimo Cristofanilli","aka":"","tldr":"Showed that counting tumour cells in blood predicts survival in breast cancer and co-led PALOMA-3, which brought palbociclib to endocrine-resistant disease.","tags":"breast liquid-biopsy","route":"/people/massimo-cristofanilli/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"gabriel-hortobagyi","kind":"person","name":"Gabriel N. Hortobagyi","aka":"","tldr":"Breast oncologist who led MONALEESA-2, the first CDK4/6 trial to show an overall survival gain in first-line HR-positive disease.","tags":"breast trialist","route":"/people/gabriel-hortobagyi/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"stephen-johnston","kind":"person","name":"Stephen Johnston","aka":"","tldr":"Chief investigator of monarchE, the trial that added abemaciclib to adjuvant endocrine therapy for high-risk early breast cancer.","tags":"breast trialist","route":"/people/stephen-johnston/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"komal-jhaveri","kind":"person","name":"Komal Jhaveri","aka":"","tldr":"Leads the next wave of endocrine therapy: oral SERDs like imlunestrant and the PI3K inhibitor inavolisib.","tags":"breast endocrine early-phase","route":"/people/komal-jhaveri/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"joseph-sparano","kind":"person","name":"Joseph A. Sparano","aka":"","tldr":"Led TAILORx, which showed most women with intermediate Oncotype scores can safely skip chemotherapy.","tags":"breast de-escalation ecog-acrin","route":"/people/joseph-sparano/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"kevin-kalinsky","kind":"person","name":"Kevin Kalinsky","aka":"","tldr":"Led RxPONDER, which showed postmenopausal women with 1-3 positive nodes and low recurrence scores do not need chemotherapy.","tags":"breast de-escalation swog","route":"/people/kevin-kalinsky/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"prudence-francis","kind":"person","name":"Prudence A. Francis","aka":"","tldr":"Led SOFT and TEXT, the trials that showed ovarian suppression plus exemestane helps young women with breast cancer.","tags":"breast premenopausal ibcsg","route":"/people/prudence-francis/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"nadia-harbeck","kind":"person","name":"Nadia Harbeck","aka":"","tldr":"German breast oncologist whose ADAPT trials use biology to decide who can have less chemotherapy.","tags":"breast de-escalation guidelines","route":"/people/nadia-harbeck/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"mitch-dowsett","kind":"person","name":"Mitch Dowsett","aka":"","tldr":"The translational scientist behind the aromatase inhibitor era and the Ki67 response test used in POETIC.","tags":"breast biomarkers translational","route":"/people/mitch-dowsett/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"jack-cuzick","kind":"person","name":"Jack Cuzick","aka":"","tldr":"Epidemiologist who led IBIS-I and IBIS-II, proving tamoxifen and anastrozole prevent breast cancer in high-risk women.","tags":"prevention epidemiology breast","route":"/people/jack-cuzick/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive cervical"},{"id":"charles-perou","kind":"person","name":"Charles M. Perou","aka":"","tldr":"Defined the molecular subtypes of breast cancer (luminal, HER2-enriched, basal-like) that clinicians now use every day.","tags":"breast genomics classification","route":"/people/charles-perou/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"sandra-swain","kind":"person","name":"Sandra M. Swain","aka":"","tldr":"Led CLEOPATRA, which showed dual HER2 blockade with pertuzumab gives an unprecedented 16-month survival gain in metastatic disease.","tags":"breast her2 trialist","route":"/people/sandra-swain/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"ian-krop","kind":"person","name":"Ian E. Krop","aka":"","tldr":"Breast oncologist who took T-DM1 and then trastuzumab deruxtecan from first-in-human studies to approval.","tags":"breast adc her2","route":"/people/ian-krop/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"shanu-modi","kind":"person","name":"Shanu Modi","aka":"","tldr":"Led DESTINY-Breast01 and DESTINY-Breast04, the trials that created the HER2-low category and opened T-DXd to most breast cancers.","tags":"breast adc her2-low","route":"/people/shanu-modi/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"cristina-saura","kind":"person","name":"Cristina Saura","aka":"","tldr":"Spanish breast oncologist leading DESTINY-Breast09, which moved trastuzumab deruxtecan into first-line HER2-positive disease.","tags":"breast her2 adc","route":"/people/cristina-saura/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"helena-earl","kind":"person","name":"Helena Earl","aka":"","tldr":"Led PERSEPHONE, which showed six months of trastuzumab is nearly as good as twelve for most patients.","tags":"breast de-escalation her2","route":"/people/helena-earl/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"aleix-prat","kind":"person","name":"Aleix Prat","aka":"","tldr":"Translational oncologist who built genomic tests (HER2DX) to decide which HER2-positive patients can skip chemotherapy.","tags":"breast genomics de-escalation","route":"/people/aleix-prat/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"eleftherios-mamounas","kind":"person","name":"Eleftherios P. Mamounas","aka":"","tldr":"Surgeon who chairs the NRG Oncology breast committee and co-led the KATHERINE and B-42 trials.","tags":"breast surgery nrg-oncology","route":"/people/eleftherios-mamounas/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"peter-schmid","kind":"person","name":"Peter Schmid","aka":"","tldr":"Led KEYNOTE-522 and IMpassion130, the trials that brought immunotherapy into triple-negative breast cancer.","tags":"tnbc immunotherapy trialist","route":"/people/peter-schmid/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"aditya-bardia","kind":"person","name":"Aditya Bardia","aka":"","tldr":"Led ASCENT, the trial that made sacituzumab govitecan the first ADC for triple-negative breast cancer, and the EMERALD trial of elacestrant.","tags":"breast adc trialist","route":"/people/aditya-bardia/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"lajos-pusztai","kind":"person","name":"Lajos Pusztai","aka":"","tldr":"Translational breast oncologist who co-leads the I-SPY2 platform trial and helped show immunotherapy works in early TNBC.","tags":"tnbc platform-trial biomarkers","route":"/people/lajos-pusztai/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"elizabeth-mittendorf","kind":"person","name":"Elizabeth A. Mittendorf","aka":"","tldr":"Surgeon-scientist who led IMpassion031 and studies of surgery de-escalation after neoadjuvant immunotherapy.","tags":"tnbc surgery immunotherapy","route":"/people/elizabeth-mittendorf/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"monica-morrow","kind":"person","name":"Monica Morrow","aka":"","tldr":"Breast surgeon whose margin and axillary guidelines cut unnecessary re-excisions and lymph node surgery worldwide.","tags":"breast surgery de-escalation","route":"/people/monica-morrow/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"armando-giuliano","kind":"person","name":"Armando E. Giuliano","aka":"","tldr":"Brought sentinel node biopsy to breast cancer and led ACOSOG Z0011, which ended routine axillary dissection for many women.","tags":"breast surgery de-escalation","route":"/people/armando-giuliano/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"roy-herbst","kind":"person","name":"Roy S. Herbst","aka":"","tldr":"Lung cancer trialist behind KEYNOTE-010 and the ADAURA adjuvant osimertinib trial.","tags":"lung immunotherapy adjuvant","route":"/people/roy-herbst/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"martin-reck","kind":"person","name":"Martin Reck","aka":"","tldr":"Led KEYNOTE-024, the trial that made pembrolizumab alone first-line therapy for PD-L1-high lung cancer.","tags":"lung immunotherapy trialist","route":"/people/martin-reck/","cancers":"nsclc sclc"},{"id":"scott-antonia","kind":"person","name":"Scott J. Antonia","aka":"","tldr":"Led PACIFIC, which made a year of durvalumab after chemoradiation the standard for stage III lung cancer.","tags":"lung immunotherapy stage-iii","route":"/people/scott-antonia/","cancers":"nsclc sclc"},{"id":"charles-rudin","kind":"person","name":"Charles M. Rudin","aka":"","tldr":"Defined the molecular subtypes of small-cell lung cancer and led early trials of DLL3-targeted therapy.","tags":"sclc biology dll3","route":"/people/charles-rudin/","cancers":"sclc"},{"id":"ross-camidge","kind":"person","name":"D. Ross Camidge","aka":"","tldr":"Led the crizotinib and brigatinib trials that defined ALK-targeted lung cancer therapy.","tags":"lung alk targeted-therapy","route":"/people/ross-camidge/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"ferdinandos-skoulidis","kind":"person","name":"Ferdinandos Skoulidis","aka":"","tldr":"Led CodeBreaK 100, the trial that made sotorasib the first approved KRAS inhibitor, and showed STK11/KEAP1 co-mutations blunt immunotherapy.","tags":"lung kras targeted-therapy","route":"/people/ferdinandos-skoulidis/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"tina-cascone","kind":"person","name":"Tina Cascone","aka":"","tldr":"Led CheckMate 77T, one of the perioperative immunotherapy trials that changed how operable lung cancer is treated.","tags":"lung neoadjuvant immunotherapy","route":"/people/tina-cascone/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"qing-zhou","kind":"person","name":"Qing Zhou","aka":"","tldr":"Chinese thoracic oncologist behind HARMONi-2, where the PD-1/VEGF bispecific ivonescimab beat pembrolizumab head to head.","tags":"lung bispecific china","route":"/people/qing-zhou/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"jonathan-spicer","kind":"person","name":"Jonathan Spicer","aka":"","tldr":"The surgeon on CheckMate 816 who showed neoadjuvant immunotherapy does not make lung cancer operations harder.","tags":"lung surgery neoadjuvant","route":"/people/jonathan-spicer/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"harry-de-koning","kind":"person","name":"Harry J. de Koning","aka":"","tldr":"Led the NELSON trial, which confirmed CT screening cuts lung cancer deaths in Europe and shaped screening policy.","tags":"screening lung epidemiology","route":"/people/harry-de-koning/","cancers":"nsclc prostate"},{"id":"denise-aberle","kind":"person","name":"Denise R. Aberle","aka":"","tldr":"Principal investigator of the National Lung Screening Trial, which first proved CT screening saves lives.","tags":"screening lung radiology","route":"/people/denise-aberle/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"robert-timmerman","kind":"person","name":"Robert D. Timmerman","aka":"","tldr":"Pioneer of stereotactic body radiotherapy, whose RTOG 0236 trial made SBRT the standard for inoperable early lung cancer.","tags":"radiotherapy sbrt lung","route":"/people/robert-timmerman/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"joe-chang","kind":"person","name":"Joe Y. Chang","aka":"","tldr":"Led the trials comparing stereotactic radiotherapy with surgery for operable early lung cancer.","tags":"radiotherapy sbrt lung","route":"/people/joe-chang/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"david-palma","kind":"person","name":"David A. Palma","aka":"","tldr":"Led SABR-COMET, the trial that showed treating a few metastases with high-dose radiation can prolong survival.","tags":"radiotherapy oligometastatic sbrt","route":"/people/david-palma/"},{"id":"jeffrey-bradley","kind":"person","name":"Jeffrey D. Bradley","aka":"","tldr":"Led RTOG 0617, the trial that showed higher radiation doses do not help in stage III lung cancer and set today's 60 Gy standard.","tags":"radiotherapy lung nrg-oncology","route":"/people/jeffrey-bradley/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"corinne-faivre-finn","kind":"person","name":"Corinne Faivre-Finn","aka":"","tldr":"Led CONVERT, which set the radiotherapy schedule for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"radiotherapy sclc","route":"/people/corinne-faivre-finn/","cancers":"sclc nsclc"},{"id":"thierry-andre","kind":"person","name":"Thierry André","aka":"","tldr":"Led MOSAIC, which made FOLFOX the adjuvant standard, and KEYNOTE-177, which made pembrolizumab first-line for MSI-high colon cancer.","tags":"colorectal immunotherapy adjuvant","route":"/people/thierry-andre/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"scott-kopetz","kind":"person","name":"Scott Kopetz","aka":"","tldr":"Led BEACON and BREAKWATER, the trials that gave BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer its first targeted therapies.","tags":"colorectal braf targeted-therapy","route":"/people/scott-kopetz/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"eric-van-cutsem","kind":"person","name":"Eric Van Cutsem","aka":"","tldr":"Led CRYSTAL, which established cetuximab in RAS wild-type colorectal cancer, and has shaped ESMO's GI guidelines for two decades.","tags":"colorectal guidelines esmo","route":"/people/eric-van-cutsem/","cancers":"colorectal gastric pancreatic"},{"id":"heinz-josef-lenz","kind":"person","name":"Heinz-Josef Lenz","aka":"","tldr":"Colorectal oncologist who led CheckMate 142 and co-led CheckMate 8HW, bringing nivolumab plus ipilimumab to MSI-high disease.","tags":"colorectal immunotherapy swog","route":"/people/heinz-josef-lenz/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"jeanne-tie","kind":"person","name":"Jeanne Tie","aka":"","tldr":"Led DYNAMIC, the first randomised trial to show ctDNA can safely guide who needs chemotherapy after colon cancer surgery.","tags":"ctdna colorectal de-escalation","route":"/people/jeanne-tie/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"julio-garcia-aguilar","kind":"person","name":"Julio Garcia-Aguilar","aka":"","tldr":"Surgeon who led OPRA, showing half of rectal cancer patients can keep their rectum with total neoadjuvant therapy and watch-and-wait.","tags":"colorectal surgery organ-preservation","route":"/people/julio-garcia-aguilar/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"angelita-habr-gama","kind":"person","name":"Angelita Habr-Gama","aka":"","tldr":"Brazilian surgeon who first showed that rectal cancers that vanish after chemoradiation can be watched rather than removed.","tags":"colorectal surgery organ-preservation latin-america","route":"/people/angelita-habr-gama/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"michael-bretthauer","kind":"person","name":"Michael Bretthauer","aka":"","tldr":"Led NordICC, the first randomised trial of screening colonoscopy, which found smaller benefits than many expected.","tags":"screening colorectal epidemiology","route":"/people/michael-bretthauer/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"aimery-de-gramont","kind":"person","name":"Aimery de Gramont","aka":"","tldr":"Invented the FOLFOX regimen that anchors colorectal chemotherapy and founded the GERCOR and ARCAD trial groups.","tags":"colorectal chemotherapy cooperative-group","route":"/people/aimery-de-gramont/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"thierry-conroy","kind":"person","name":"Thierry Conroy","aka":"","tldr":"Led the FOLFIRINOX trials that gave pancreatic cancer its most active chemotherapy in both metastatic and adjuvant settings.","tags":"pancreatic chemotherapy trialist","route":"/people/thierry-conroy/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"daniel-von-hoff","kind":"person","name":"Daniel D. Von Hoff","aka":"","tldr":"Led the MPACT trial of nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine and has run more first-in-human cancer trials than almost anyone.","tags":"pancreatic early-phase drug-development","route":"/people/daniel-von-hoff/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"vinod-balachandran","kind":"person","name":"Vinod P. Balachandran","aka":"","tldr":"Surgeon-scientist whose personalised mRNA vaccine trial showed pancreatic cancer can provoke lasting T-cell immunity.","tags":"pancreatic vaccine immunotherapy","route":"/people/vinod-balachandran/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"talia-golan","kind":"person","name":"Talia Golan","aka":"","tldr":"Led POLO, the first biomarker-driven trial in pancreatic cancer, which brought olaparib to BRCA carriers.","tags":"pancreatic parp brca","route":"/people/talia-golan/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"hedy-kindler","kind":"person","name":"Hedy L. Kindler","aka":"","tldr":"Senior investigator of POLO and a leader in mesothelioma trials, including the ASCO guidelines for the disease.","tags":"pancreatic mesothelioma guidelines","route":"/people/hedy-kindler/","cancers":"pancreatic mesothelioma"},{"id":"zev-wainberg","kind":"person","name":"Zev A. Wainberg","aka":"","tldr":"Led NAPOLI 3, the trial that made NALIRIFOX a first-line option for metastatic pancreatic cancer.","tags":"pancreatic gastric trialist","route":"/people/zev-wainberg/","cancers":"pancreatic gastric"},{"id":"marc-besselink","kind":"person","name":"Marc G. Besselink","aka":"","tldr":"Dutch surgeon who leads the PREOPANC trials testing chemotherapy or chemoradiation before pancreatic cancer surgery.","tags":"pancreatic surgery neoadjuvant","route":"/people/marc-besselink/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"jaffer-ajani","kind":"person","name":"Jaffer A. Ajani","aka":"","tldr":"Gastro-oesophageal oncologist who co-led CheckMate 649, the trial that added nivolumab to first-line gastric cancer chemotherapy.","tags":"gastric esophageal immunotherapy","route":"/people/jaffer-ajani/","cancers":"gastric esophageal"},{"id":"florian-lordick","kind":"person","name":"Florian Lordick","aka":"","tldr":"German GI oncologist who leads ESMO's gastric cancer guidelines and pivotal perioperative trials.","tags":"gastric guidelines esmo","route":"/people/florian-lordick/","cancers":"gastric esophageal"},{"id":"jan-van-lanschot","kind":"person","name":"J. Jan B. van Lanschot","aka":"","tldr":"Surgeon who led the CROSS trial, which made chemoradiotherapy before surgery the standard for oesophageal cancer.","tags":"esophageal surgery chemoradiotherapy","route":"/people/jan-van-lanschot/","cancers":"esophageal"},{"id":"ronan-kelly","kind":"person","name":"Ronan J. Kelly","aka":"","tldr":"Led CheckMate 577, the first trial to show adjuvant immunotherapy helps oesophageal cancer patients with residual disease.","tags":"esophageal immunotherapy adjuvant","route":"/people/ronan-kelly/","cancers":"esophageal gastric"},{"id":"ken-kato","kind":"person","name":"Ken Kato","aka":"","tldr":"Japanese oncologist who led ATTRACTION-3 and KEYNOTE-590, bringing immunotherapy to oesophageal cancer.","tags":"esophageal immunotherapy japan","route":"/people/ken-kato/","cancers":"esophageal head-and-neck"},{"id":"mitsuru-sasako","kind":"person","name":"Mitsuru Sasako","aka":"","tldr":"Japanese surgeon whose JCOG trials defined D2 gastrectomy and adjuvant S-1 as standards for gastric cancer.","tags":"gastric surgery japan","route":"/people/mitsuru-sasako/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"josep-llovet","kind":"person","name":"Josep M. Llovet","aka":"Josep Maria Llovet\nJosep Llovet","tldr":"Led SHARP, which made sorafenib the first systemic therapy for liver cancer, and created the BCLC staging system.","tags":"hcc staging trialist clinician-scientist liver cancer hepatocellular carcinoma","route":"/people/josep-llovet/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"ann-lii-cheng","kind":"person","name":"Ann-Lii Cheng","aka":"","tldr":"Taiwanese oncologist who led the Asia-Pacific sorafenib trial and co-led IMbrave150, the immunotherapy standard for liver cancer.","tags":"hcc immunotherapy asia","route":"/people/ann-lii-cheng/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"masatoshi-kudo","kind":"person","name":"Masatoshi Kudo","aka":"","tldr":"Japanese hepatologist who led REFLECT, the trial that made lenvatinib a first-line option for liver cancer.","tags":"hcc japan trialist","route":"/people/masatoshi-kudo/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"ghassan-abou-alfa","kind":"person","name":"Ghassan K. Abou-Alfa","aka":"","tldr":"Led HIMALAYA and ClarIDHy, which gave liver cancer a dual-immunotherapy option and biliary cancer its first targeted drug.","tags":"hcc biliary trialist","route":"/people/ghassan-abou-alfa/","cancers":"hcc cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"juan-valle","kind":"person","name":"Juan W. Valle","aka":"","tldr":"Led ABC-02, which made gemcitabine plus cisplatin the global standard for biliary cancer, and co-led TOPAZ-1.","tags":"biliary chemotherapy trialist","route":"/people/juan-valle/","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"lipika-goyal","kind":"person","name":"Lipika Goyal","aka":"","tldr":"Led the futibatinib trial and defined how FGFR2-driven bile duct cancers become resistant to targeted drugs.","tags":"biliary fgfr2 targeted-therapy","route":"/people/lipika-goyal/","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"christopher-sweeney","kind":"person","name":"Christopher J. Sweeney","aka":"","tldr":"Led CHAARTED, which showed adding docetaxel to hormone therapy extends survival in newly metastatic prostate cancer.","tags":"prostate trialist ecog-acrin","route":"/people/christopher-sweeney/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"oliver-sartor","kind":"person","name":"A. Oliver Sartor","aka":"","tldr":"Led VISION, the trial that made lutetium-PSMA the first radioligand therapy for prostate cancer.","tags":"prostate radioligand trialist","route":"/people/oliver-sartor/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"matthew-smith","kind":"person","name":"Matthew R. Smith","aka":"","tldr":"Led ARASENS and SPARTAN, trials that established darolutamide triplet therapy and apalutamide for prostate cancer.","tags":"prostate trialist","route":"/people/matthew-smith/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"kim-chi","kind":"person","name":"Kim N. Chi","aka":"","tldr":"Led TITAN and MAGNITUDE, bringing apalutamide to hormone-sensitive disease and niraparib to HRR-mutant prostate cancer.","tags":"prostate trialist canada","route":"/people/kim-chi/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"maha-hussain","kind":"person","name":"Maha Hussain","aka":"","tldr":"Led PROSPER and the PROfound survival analysis, and settled the intermittent hormone therapy question with SWOG 9346.","tags":"prostate swog parp","route":"/people/maha-hussain/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"andrew-armstrong","kind":"person","name":"Andrew J. Armstrong","aka":"","tldr":"Led ARCHES, which established enzalutamide with hormone therapy for metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer.","tags":"prostate trialist","route":"/people/andrew-armstrong/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"freddie-hamdy","kind":"person","name":"Freddie C. Hamdy","aka":"","tldr":"Led ProtecT, the trial that showed monitoring, surgery and radiotherapy give equally low prostate cancer death rates at 15 years.","tags":"prostate surgery active-surveillance","route":"/people/freddie-hamdy/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"mark-emberton","kind":"person","name":"Mark Emberton","aka":"","tldr":"Urologist behind PROMIS and PRECISION, which put MRI before biopsy in the prostate cancer pathway.","tags":"prostate imaging focal-therapy","route":"/people/mark-emberton/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"hashim-ahmed","kind":"person","name":"Hashim U. Ahmed","aka":"","tldr":"Led PROMIS, the trial that showed MRI can safely spare a quarter of men from prostate biopsy.","tags":"prostate imaging focal-therapy","route":"/people/hashim-ahmed/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"anthony-damico","kind":"person","name":"Anthony V. D'Amico","aka":"","tldr":"Created the low, intermediate and high-risk classification that every prostate cancer decision starts from.","tags":"prostate radiotherapy risk-stratification","route":"/people/anthony-damico/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"louise-emmett","kind":"person","name":"Louise Emmett","aka":"","tldr":"Nuclear medicine physician who leads ENZA-p and the PSMA imaging trials shaping Australian theranostics.","tags":"prostate radioligand australia","route":"/people/louise-emmett/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"declan-murphy","kind":"person","name":"Declan G. Murphy","aka":"","tldr":"Urologist who co-led proPSMA, the trial that showed PSMA PET should replace CT and bone scan for staging prostate cancer.","tags":"prostate imaging surgery","route":"/people/declan-murphy/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"daniel-spratt","kind":"person","name":"Daniel E. Spratt","aka":"","tldr":"Radiation oncologist who built AI models from trial slides to decide which prostate cancer patients need hormone therapy.","tags":"prostate ai radiotherapy","route":"/people/daniel-spratt/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"silke-gillessen","kind":"person","name":"Silke Gillessen","aka":"","tldr":"Founder and chair of the APCCC consensus conference that guides advanced prostate cancer management worldwide.","tags":"prostate guidelines switzerland","route":"/people/silke-gillessen/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"thomas-powles","kind":"person","name":"Thomas Powles","aka":"","tldr":"Led EV-302, NIAGARA and IMvigor011, the trials that transformed bladder cancer from chemotherapy-only to ADC, immunotherapy and ctDNA-guided care.","tags":"urothelial adc ctdna trialist","route":"/people/thomas-powles/","cancers":"urothelial rcc"},{"id":"jonathan-rosenberg","kind":"person","name":"Jonathan E. Rosenberg","aka":"","tldr":"Led the early enfortumab vedotin trials and the atezolizumab study that first brought immunotherapy to bladder cancer.","tags":"urothelial adc immunotherapy","route":"/people/jonathan-rosenberg/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"dean-bajorin","kind":"person","name":"Dean F. Bajorin","aka":"","tldr":"Led CheckMate 274, which established adjuvant nivolumab after bladder cancer surgery.","tags":"urothelial adjuvant immunotherapy","route":"/people/dean-bajorin/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"joaquim-bellmunt","kind":"person","name":"Joaquim Bellmunt","aka":"","tldr":"Led KEYNOTE-045, the first trial to show immunotherapy beats chemotherapy in advanced bladder cancer.","tags":"urothelial immunotherapy","route":"/people/joaquim-bellmunt/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"arjun-balar","kind":"person","name":"Arjun V. Balar","aka":"","tldr":"Led KEYNOTE-052 and IMvigor210 cohort 1, establishing first-line immunotherapy for cisplatin-ineligible bladder cancer.","tags":"urothelial immunotherapy","route":"/people/arjun-balar/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"ashish-kamat","kind":"person","name":"Ashish M. Kamat","aka":"","tldr":"Urologist who set the definitions for BCG-unresponsive bladder cancer and leads the International Bladder Cancer Group.","tags":"urothelial surgery bcg","route":"/people/ashish-kamat/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"andrea-necchi","kind":"person","name":"Andrea Necchi","aka":"","tldr":"Led PURE-01, the first neoadjuvant pembrolizumab trial in bladder cancer, and now leads bladder-preserving immunotherapy studies.","tags":"urothelial neoadjuvant italy","route":"/people/andrea-necchi/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"robert-motzer","kind":"person","name":"Robert J. Motzer","aka":"","tldr":"The kidney cancer trialist behind sunitinib, CheckMate 214 and CLEAR, three shifts in first-line standard of care.","tags":"rcc trialist","route":"/people/robert-motzer/","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"brian-rini","kind":"person","name":"Brian I. Rini","aka":"","tldr":"Led KEYNOTE-426, which made pembrolizumab plus axitinib a first-line standard for kidney cancer.","tags":"rcc immunotherapy trialist","route":"/people/brian-rini/","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"laurence-albiges","kind":"person","name":"Laurence Albiges","aka":"","tldr":"French kidney cancer specialist who co-led CheckMate 214 and the belzutifan trials.","tags":"rcc hif2a guidelines","route":"/people/laurence-albiges/","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"sumanta-pal","kind":"person","name":"Sumanta K. Pal","aka":"","tldr":"Led SWOG 1500, the first randomised trial to set a standard for papillary kidney cancer, and studies of the microbiome in RCC immunotherapy.","tags":"rcc swog microbiome","route":"/people/sumanta-pal/","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"arnaud-mejean","kind":"person","name":"Arnaud Méjean","aka":"","tldr":"Surgeon who led CARMENA, the trial that showed most metastatic kidney cancer patients do not benefit from removing the kidney.","tags":"rcc surgery","route":"/people/arnaud-mejean/","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"kathleen-moore","kind":"person","name":"Kathleen N. Moore","aka":"","tldr":"Led SOLO-1 and MIRASOL, which gave ovarian cancer a maintenance PARP inhibitor and its first ADC with a survival benefit.","tags":"ovarian parp adc trialist","route":"/people/kathleen-moore/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"isabelle-ray-coquard","kind":"person","name":"Isabelle Ray-Coquard","aka":"","tldr":"Led PAOLA-1, which showed olaparib plus bevacizumab helps women with HRD-positive ovarian cancer beyond BRCA carriers.","tags":"ovarian parp hrd","route":"/people/isabelle-ray-coquard/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"jonathan-ledermann","kind":"person","name":"Jonathan A. Ledermann","aka":"","tldr":"Led Study 19, the trial that first showed PARP inhibitor maintenance works in ovarian cancer.","tags":"ovarian parp uk","route":"/people/jonathan-ledermann/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"robert-coleman","kind":"person","name":"Robert L. Coleman","aka":"","tldr":"Gynaecologic oncologist who led ARIEL3 and GOG-0213, shaping PARP maintenance and secondary surgery in relapsed ovarian cancer.","tags":"ovarian parp surgery","route":"/people/robert-coleman/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"andreas-du-bois","kind":"person","name":"Andreas du Bois","aka":"","tldr":"Surgeon who chairs the German AGO group and led DESKTOP III, proving secondary surgery can extend survival in selected relapsed ovarian cancer.","tags":"ovarian surgery cooperative-group","route":"/people/andreas-du-bois/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"willemien-van-driel","kind":"person","name":"Willemien J. van Driel","aka":"","tldr":"Led OVHIPEC-1, the trial that showed heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy at surgery extends survival in ovarian cancer.","tags":"ovarian surgery hipec","route":"/people/willemien-van-driel/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"ignace-vergote","kind":"person","name":"Ignace Vergote","aka":"","tldr":"Led the EORTC trial that made neoadjuvant chemotherapy acceptable in ovarian cancer and innovaTV 301, the first ADC survival win in cervical cancer.","tags":"ovarian cervical adc cooperative-group","route":"/people/ignace-vergote/","cancers":"ovarian cervical"},{"id":"usha-menon","kind":"person","name":"Usha Menon","aka":"","tldr":"Led UKCTOCS, the 200,000-woman trial that found ovarian cancer screening does not save lives despite detecting cancers earlier.","tags":"screening ovarian early-detection","route":"/people/usha-menon/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"mansoor-raza-mirza","kind":"person","name":"Mansoor Raza Mirza","aka":"","tldr":"Led NOVA and RUBY, the trials that established niraparib maintenance in ovarian cancer and dostarlimab in advanced endometrial cancer.","tags":"endometrial ovarian trialist","route":"/people/mansoor-raza-mirza/","cancers":"endometrial ovarian"},{"id":"ramez-eskander","kind":"person","name":"Ramez N. Eskander","aka":"","tldr":"Led NRG-GY018, which showed pembrolizumab with chemotherapy helps advanced endometrial cancer in both MMR-deficient and proficient disease.","tags":"endometrial immunotherapy nrg-oncology","route":"/people/ramez-eskander/","cancers":"endometrial"},{"id":"carien-creutzberg","kind":"person","name":"Carien L. Creutzberg","aka":"","tldr":"Led the PORTEC trials that defined who needs radiotherapy for endometrial cancer and brought molecular classification into treatment decisions.","tags":"endometrial radiotherapy molecular-classification","route":"/people/carien-creutzberg/","cancers":"endometrial"},{"id":"douglas-levine","kind":"person","name":"Douglas A. Levine","aka":"","tldr":"Surgeon-scientist who led the TCGA endometrial cancer study that created today's four molecular subtypes.","tags":"endometrial genomics surgery","route":"/people/douglas-levine/","cancers":"endometrial ovarian"},{"id":"domenica-lorusso","kind":"person","name":"Domenica Lorusso","aka":"","tldr":"Led KEYNOTE-A18, which showed adding pembrolizumab to chemoradiotherapy improves survival in locally advanced cervical cancer.","tags":"cervical immunotherapy italy","route":"/people/domenica-lorusso/","cancers":"cervical endometrial ovarian"},{"id":"nicoletta-colombo","kind":"person","name":"Nicoletta Colombo","aka":"","tldr":"Led KEYNOTE-826, which made pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy the first-line standard for recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer.","tags":"cervical immunotherapy guidelines","route":"/people/nicoletta-colombo/","cancers":"cervical ovarian"},{"id":"bradley-monk","kind":"person","name":"Bradley J. Monk","aka":"","tldr":"Gynaecologic oncologist who co-led KEYNOTE-826, innovaTV 301 and KEYNOTE-A18, the trials that rebuilt cervical cancer treatment.","tags":"cervical ovarian cooperative-group","route":"/people/bradley-monk/","cancers":"cervical ovarian"},{"id":"pedro-ramirez","kind":"person","name":"Pedro T. Ramirez","aka":"","tldr":"Surgeon who led the LACC trial, which unexpectedly showed keyhole hysterectomy worsens survival in early cervical cancer.","tags":"cervical surgery","route":"/people/pedro-ramirez/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"mary-mccormack","kind":"person","name":"Mary McCormack","aka":"","tldr":"Led INTERLACE, which showed a short course of chemotherapy before chemoradiation cuts cervical cancer deaths using cheap, available drugs.","tags":"cervical chemoradiotherapy global-health","route":"/people/mary-mccormack/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"linda-mileshkin","kind":"person","name":"Linda Mileshkin","aka":"","tldr":"Led OUTBACK, which showed adding chemotherapy after chemoradiation does not help cervical cancer, a key negative result.","tags":"cervical australia cooperative-group","route":"/people/linda-mileshkin/","cancers":"cervical cancer-of-unknown-primary"},{"id":"georgina-long","kind":"person","name":"Georgina V. Long","aka":"","tldr":"Melanoma trialist who led COMBI-d, COMBI-AD and NADINA, moving immunotherapy before surgery for stage III disease.","tags":"melanoma neoadjuvant australia","route":"/people/georgina-long/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"jedd-wolchok","kind":"person","name":"Jedd D. Wolchok","aka":"","tldr":"Led CheckMate 067, the trial whose ten-year data showed half of advanced melanoma patients on nivolumab plus ipilimumab are alive.","tags":"melanoma immunotherapy trialist","route":"/people/jedd-wolchok/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"caroline-robert","kind":"person","name":"Caroline Robert","aka":"","tldr":"Led KEYNOTE-006 and COMBI-v, the trials that made pembrolizumab and dabrafenib-trametinib standards in melanoma.","tags":"melanoma immunotherapy trialist","route":"/people/caroline-robert/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"hussein-tawbi","kind":"person","name":"Hussein A. Tawbi","aka":"","tldr":"Led RELATIVITY-047, which made relatlimab the first approved LAG-3 inhibitor, and the trial that showed immunotherapy works in melanoma brain metastases.","tags":"melanoma lag3 brain-metastases","route":"/people/hussein-tawbi/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"paolo-ascierto","kind":"person","name":"Paolo A. Ascierto","aka":"","tldr":"Italian melanoma oncologist who co-led CheckMate 238, CheckMate 067 and the COLUMBUS BRAF/MEK trial.","tags":"melanoma immunotherapy italy","route":"/people/paolo-ascierto/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"michael-postow","kind":"person","name":"Michael A. Postow","aka":"","tldr":"Led CheckMate 069, the first randomised trial of nivolumab plus ipilimumab, and defines how to manage immunotherapy side effects.","tags":"melanoma immunotherapy toxicity","route":"/people/michael-postow/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"jeffrey-weber","kind":"person","name":"Jeffrey S. Weber","aka":"","tldr":"Led CheckMate 238, which made adjuvant nivolumab standard after melanoma surgery, and co-led the mRNA vaccine trial KEYNOTE-942.","tags":"melanoma adjuvant vaccine","route":"/people/jeffrey-weber/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"sapna-patel","kind":"person","name":"Sapna P. Patel","aka":"","tldr":"Led SWOG S1801, the trial that showed giving pembrolizumab before surgery, not just after, improves outcomes in melanoma.","tags":"melanoma neoadjuvant swog","route":"/people/sapna-patel/","cancers":"melanoma uveal-melanoma"},{"id":"jason-luke","kind":"person","name":"Jason J. Luke","aka":"","tldr":"Led KEYNOTE-716, which extended adjuvant pembrolizumab to high-risk stage II melanoma.","tags":"melanoma adjuvant early-phase","route":"/people/jason-luke/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"mark-faries","kind":"person","name":"Mark B. Faries","aka":"","tldr":"Surgeon who led MSLT-II, showing that removing all lymph nodes after a positive sentinel node does not improve melanoma survival.","tags":"melanoma surgery de-escalation","route":"/people/mark-faries/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"reinhard-dummer","kind":"person","name":"Reinhard Dummer","aka":"","tldr":"Swiss dermato-oncologist who led COLUMBUS and the neoadjuvant talimogene laherparepvec studies.","tags":"melanoma targeted-therapy switzerland","route":"/people/reinhard-dummer/","cancers":"melanoma merkel-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"paul-nathan","kind":"person","name":"Paul Nathan","aka":"","tldr":"Led the tebentafusp trial, the first treatment ever to extend survival in metastatic uveal melanoma.","tags":"uveal-melanoma bispecific uk","route":"/people/paul-nathan/","cancers":"uveal-melanoma melanoma"},{"id":"richard-carvajal","kind":"person","name":"Richard D. Carvajal","aka":"","tldr":"Melanoma oncologist who led the tebentafusp programme in the United States and defined targeted therapy for rare melanoma subtypes.","tags":"uveal-melanoma rare-cancers","route":"/people/richard-carvajal/","cancers":"uveal-melanoma melanoma"},{"id":"jennifer-wargo","kind":"person","name":"Jennifer A. Wargo","aka":"","tldr":"Surgeon-scientist who showed the gut microbiome shapes response to immunotherapy and led early neoadjuvant melanoma trials.","tags":"melanoma microbiome neoadjuvant","route":"/people/jennifer-wargo/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"ingo-mellinghoff","kind":"person","name":"Ingo K. Mellinghoff","aka":"","tldr":"Led INDIGO, the trial that made vorasidenib the first targeted therapy for low-grade IDH-mutant glioma.","tags":"glioma idh targeted-therapy","route":"/people/ingo-mellinghoff/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"patrick-wen","kind":"person","name":"Patrick Y. Wen","aka":"","tldr":"Neuro-oncologist who created the RANO response criteria used in every brain tumour trial and leads glioblastoma drug development.","tags":"glioma response-criteria neuro-oncology","route":"/people/patrick-wen/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"martin-van-den-bent","kind":"person","name":"Martin J. van den Bent","aka":"","tldr":"Led the EORTC glioma trials that established chemotherapy for anaplastic gliomas and the value of 1p/19q and IDH status.","tags":"glioma eortc chemotherapy","route":"/people/martin-van-den-bent/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"monika-hegi","kind":"person","name":"Monika E. Hegi","aka":"","tldr":"Showed that MGMT promoter methylation predicts benefit from temozolomide, the biomarker every glioblastoma patient is now tested for.","tags":"glioma biomarkers mgmt","route":"/people/monika-hegi/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"mitchel-berger","kind":"person","name":"Mitchel S. Berger","aka":"","tldr":"Neurosurgeon who proved that removing more of a glioma extends survival and pioneered awake mapping to do it safely.","tags":"glioma surgery neurosurgery","route":"/people/mitchel-berger/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"timothy-cloughesy","kind":"person","name":"Timothy F. Cloughesy","aka":"","tldr":"Neuro-oncologist whose neoadjuvant PD-1 trial showed immunotherapy before surgery can activate immune responses in glioblastoma.","tags":"glioma immunotherapy neoadjuvant","route":"/people/timothy-cloughesy/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"michelle-monje","kind":"person","name":"Michelle Monje","aka":"","tldr":"Founded cancer neuroscience and led the GD2 CAR-T trial that produced the first regressions of diffuse midline glioma.","tags":"paediatric glioma car-t cancer-neuroscience","route":"/people/michelle-monje/"},{"id":"michael-taylor","kind":"person","name":"Michael D. Taylor","aka":"","tldr":"Neurosurgeon-scientist who defined the four molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma that now guide therapy.","tags":"paediatric medulloblastoma genomics","route":"/people/michael-taylor/","cancers":"medulloblastoma"},{"id":"barbara-burtness","kind":"person","name":"Barbara Burtness","aka":"","tldr":"Led KEYNOTE-048, which made pembrolizumab first-line therapy for recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer.","tags":"head-and-neck immunotherapy ecog-acrin","route":"/people/barbara-burtness/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"jan-vermorken","kind":"person","name":"Jan B. Vermorken","aka":"","tldr":"Led EXTREME and TAX 323, which defined the chemotherapy standards for head and neck cancer for a decade.","tags":"head-and-neck chemotherapy eortc","route":"/people/jan-vermorken/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"maura-gillison","kind":"person","name":"Maura L. Gillison","aka":"","tldr":"Established that HPV causes a distinct, better-prognosis form of throat cancer and led RTOG 1016 on how to treat it.","tags":"head-and-neck hpv de-escalation","route":"/people/maura-gillison/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"hisham-mehanna","kind":"person","name":"Hisham Mehanna","aka":"","tldr":"Surgeon who led De-ESCALaTE and PET-NECK, two trials that changed how HPV-positive throat cancer is treated and followed up.","tags":"head-and-neck surgery de-escalation uk","route":"/people/hisham-mehanna/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"ezra-cohen","kind":"person","name":"Ezra E. W. Cohen","aka":"","tldr":"Led KEYNOTE-040, which showed pembrolizumab improves survival in previously treated head and neck cancer.","tags":"head-and-neck immunotherapy","route":"/people/ezra-cohen/","cancers":"head-and-neck thyroid"},{"id":"ravindra-uppaluri","kind":"person","name":"Ravindra Uppaluri","aka":"","tldr":"Surgeon-scientist who led the first neoadjuvant pembrolizumab trial in head and neck cancer and the KEYNOTE-689 study that made it standard.","tags":"head-and-neck surgery neoadjuvant","route":"/people/ravindra-uppaluri/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"jean-bourhis","kind":"person","name":"Jean Bourhis","aka":"","tldr":"Radiation oncologist behind the MACH-NC meta-analyses that proved chemoradiotherapy helps head and neck cancer, and the first FLASH-treated patient.","tags":"head-and-neck radiotherapy flash","route":"/people/jean-bourhis/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"george-demetri","kind":"person","name":"George D. Demetri","aka":"","tldr":"Led the imatinib trial in GIST that proved a targeted drug could melt away a solid tumour, and every GIST kinase inhibitor since.","tags":"gist sarcoma targeted-therapy","route":"/people/george-demetri/","cancers":"gist sarcoma"},{"id":"william-tap","kind":"person","name":"William D. Tap","aka":"","tldr":"Sarcoma oncologist who led ANNOUNCE and the pexidartinib trial that produced the first drug for tenosynovial giant cell tumour.","tags":"sarcoma trialist","route":"/people/william-tap/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"sandra-dangelo","kind":"person","name":"Sandra P. D'Angelo","aka":"","tldr":"Led SPEARHEAD-1, the trial that made afami-cel the first engineered TCR T-cell therapy approved for a solid tumour.","tags":"sarcoma cell-therapy tcr-t","route":"/people/sandra-dangelo/","cancers":"sarcoma merkel-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"winette-van-der-graaf","kind":"person","name":"Winette T. A. van der Graaf","aka":"","tldr":"Led PALETTE, the trial that made pazopanib the first targeted drug for soft-tissue sarcoma.","tags":"sarcoma eortc aya","route":"/people/winette-van-der-graaf/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"silvia-stacchiotti","kind":"person","name":"Silvia Stacchiotti","aka":"","tldr":"Italian oncologist who leads histology-specific trials in ultra-rare sarcomas and the Connective Tissue Oncology Society.","tags":"sarcoma rare-cancers italy","route":"/people/silvia-stacchiotti/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"stefan-bielack","kind":"person","name":"Stefan S. Bielack","aka":"","tldr":"Leads the COSS group and co-led EURAMOS-1, the largest osteosarcoma trial ever run.","tags":"paediatric osteosarcoma cooperative-group","route":"/people/stefan-bielack/","cancers":"osteosarcoma"},{"id":"lori-wirth","kind":"person","name":"Lori J. Wirth","aka":"","tldr":"Led LIBRETTO-001 in thyroid cancer, which made selpercatinib the first RET-selective drug approved for RET-driven tumours.","tags":"thyroid ret targeted-therapy","route":"/people/lori-wirth/","cancers":"thyroid head-and-neck"},{"id":"martin-schlumberger","kind":"person","name":"Martin Schlumberger","aka":"","tldr":"Led SELECT (lenvatinib) and the ESTIMABL trials that showed many thyroid cancer patients can have lower radioiodine doses or none at all.","tags":"thyroid radioiodine de-escalation","route":"/people/martin-schlumberger/","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"marcia-brose","kind":"person","name":"Marcia S. Brose","aka":"","tldr":"Led DECISION, the trial that made sorafenib the first approved targeted drug for radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancer.","tags":"thyroid targeted-therapy","route":"/people/marcia-brose/","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"maria-cabanillas","kind":"person","name":"Maria E. Cabanillas","aka":"","tldr":"Turned anaplastic thyroid cancer, once measured in months, into a treatable disease with BRAF-targeted therapy and neoadjuvant strategies.","tags":"thyroid braf neoadjuvant","route":"/people/maria-cabanillas/","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"jonathan-strosberg","kind":"person","name":"Jonathan R. Strosberg","aka":"","tldr":"Led NETTER-1, the trial that made lutetium dotatate the first approved radioligand therapy for neuroendocrine tumours.","tags":"neuroendocrine radioligand trialist","route":"/people/jonathan-strosberg/","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"simron-singh","kind":"person","name":"Simron Singh","aka":"","tldr":"Led NETTER-2, which moved lutetium dotatate into first-line treatment of higher-grade neuroendocrine tumours.","tags":"neuroendocrine radioligand canada","route":"/people/simron-singh/","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"martyn-caplin","kind":"person","name":"Martyn E. Caplin","aka":"","tldr":"Led CLARINET, which showed lanreotide slows tumour growth and made somatostatin analogues first-line antiproliferative therapy for NETs.","tags":"neuroendocrine somatostatin uk","route":"/people/martyn-caplin/","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"james-yao","kind":"person","name":"James C. Yao","aka":"","tldr":"Led the RADIANT trials that made everolimus a standard therapy for pancreatic and other neuroendocrine tumours.","tags":"neuroendocrine mtor trialist","route":"/people/james-yao/","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"paul-baas","kind":"person","name":"Paul Baas","aka":"","tldr":"Led CheckMate 743, the trial that gave mesothelioma its first new first-line therapy in 16 years.","tags":"mesothelioma immunotherapy","route":"/people/paul-baas/","cancers":"mesothelioma"},{"id":"dean-fennell","kind":"person","name":"Dean A. Fennell","aka":"","tldr":"Led CONFIRM and MARS 2, which showed nivolumab helps relapsed mesothelioma and that radical surgery does not.","tags":"mesothelioma immunotherapy surgery uk","route":"/people/dean-fennell/","cancers":"mesothelioma"},{"id":"anna-nowak","kind":"person","name":"Anna K. Nowak","aka":"","tldr":"Australian oncologist who led DREAM and DREAM3R, testing durvalumab with chemotherapy in mesothelioma.","tags":"mesothelioma immunotherapy australia","route":"/people/anna-nowak/","cancers":"mesothelioma"},{"id":"ruth-ladenstein","kind":"person","name":"Ruth Ladenstein","aka":"","tldr":"Chaired the SIOPEN HR-NBL1 trial, the largest neuroblastoma trial ever, which set European standards for high-risk disease.","tags":"paediatric neuroblastoma cooperative-group","route":"/people/ruth-ladenstein/","cancers":"neuroblastoma"},{"id":"john-maris","kind":"person","name":"John M. Maris","aka":"","tldr":"Neuroblastoma geneticist whose lab found the ALK mutations and immunotherapy targets now in paediatric trials.","tags":"paediatric neuroblastoma genomics","route":"/people/john-maris/","cancers":"neuroblastoma"},{"id":"yael-mosse","kind":"person","name":"Yael P. Mossé","aka":"","tldr":"Discovered ALK mutations in neuroblastoma and led the trials bringing crizotinib and lorlatinib to children.","tags":"paediatric neuroblastoma alk","route":"/people/yael-mosse/","cancers":"neuroblastoma"},{"id":"nai-kong-cheung","kind":"person","name":"Nai-Kong V. Cheung","aka":"","tldr":"Developed the anti-GD2 antibodies 3F8 and naxitamab that treat relapsed neuroblastoma.","tags":"paediatric neuroblastoma immunotherapy","route":"/people/nai-kong-cheung/","cancers":"neuroblastoma"},{"id":"stephen-hunger","kind":"person","name":"Stephen P. Hunger","aka":"","tldr":"Chaired the COG leukaemia committee through the era that pushed childhood ALL cure rates above 90%.","tags":"paediatric all cooperative-group","route":"/people/stephen-hunger/","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"ching-hon-pui","kind":"person","name":"Ching-Hon Pui","aka":"","tldr":"Led the St. Jude Total Therapy studies that cure over 90% of children with leukaemia without cranial radiation.","tags":"paediatric all st-jude","route":"/people/ching-hon-pui/","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"sumit-gupta","kind":"person","name":"Sumit Gupta","aka":"","tldr":"Led COG AALL1731, which showed adding blinatumomab to chemotherapy improves survival for children with standard-risk leukaemia.","tags":"paediatric all immunotherapy","route":"/people/sumit-gupta/","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"jeffrey-dome","kind":"person","name":"Jeffrey S. Dome","aka":"","tldr":"Led the COG renal tumour committee that used biology to tailor Wilms tumour treatment.","tags":"paediatric wilms-tumor cooperative-group","route":"/people/jeffrey-dome/","cancers":"wilms-tumor"},{"id":"amar-gajjar","kind":"person","name":"Amar Gajjar","aka":"","tldr":"Led the St. Jude medulloblastoma trials that introduced molecular subgroups into risk-adapted treatment.","tags":"paediatric medulloblastoma st-jude","route":"/people/amar-gajjar/","cancers":"medulloblastoma"},{"id":"courtney-dinardo","kind":"person","name":"Courtney D. DiNardo","aka":"","tldr":"Led VIALE-A, which made venetoclax plus azacitidine the standard for older patients with acute myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"aml venetoclax trialist","route":"/people/courtney-dinardo/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"richard-stone","kind":"person","name":"Richard M. Stone","aka":"","tldr":"Led RATIFY, the trial that made midostaurin the first targeted therapy added to induction chemotherapy for AML.","tags":"aml flt3 cooperative-group","route":"/people/richard-stone/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"alexander-perl","kind":"person","name":"Alexander E. Perl","aka":"","tldr":"Led ADMIRAL, which made gilteritinib the standard for relapsed FLT3-mutant AML.","tags":"aml flt3 targeted-therapy","route":"/people/alexander-perl/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"hartmut-dohner","kind":"person","name":"Hartmut Döhner","aka":"","tldr":"Leads the European LeukemiaNet classification that defines how AML is diagnosed and risk-stratified worldwide.","tags":"aml classification guidelines","route":"/people/hartmut-dohner/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"eytan-stein","kind":"person","name":"Eytan M. Stein","aka":"","tldr":"Led the enasidenib and revumenib trials that brought IDH2 and menin inhibitors to acute leukaemia.","tags":"aml menin idh early-phase","route":"/people/eytan-stein/","cancers":"aml all-leukemia"},{"id":"ghayas-issa","kind":"person","name":"Ghayas C. Issa","aka":"","tldr":"First author of the revumenib trial that created the menin inhibitor class for acute leukaemia.","tags":"aml menin targeted-therapy","route":"/people/ghayas-issa/","cancers":"aml all-leukemia"},{"id":"andrew-wei","kind":"person","name":"Andrew H. Wei","aka":"","tldr":"Australian haematologist who led VIALE-C and QUAZAR AML-001, advancing venetoclax and oral azacitidine maintenance in AML.","tags":"aml venetoclax australia","route":"/people/andrew-wei/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"uwe-platzbecker","kind":"person","name":"Uwe Platzbecker","aka":"","tldr":"Led MEDALIST and COMMANDS, which made luspatercept a first-line treatment for anaemia in lower-risk MDS.","tags":"mds anaemia trialist","route":"/people/uwe-platzbecker/","cancers":"mds aml"},{"id":"pierre-fenaux","kind":"person","name":"Pierre Fenaux","aka":"","tldr":"Led AZA-001, which showed azacitidine extends survival in high-risk MDS and made hypomethylating agents standard.","tags":"mds epigenetics france","route":"/people/pierre-fenaux/","cancers":"mds aml"},{"id":"claire-harrison","kind":"person","name":"Claire Harrison","aka":"","tldr":"Led COMFORT-II, which established ruxolitinib as the first drug for myelofibrosis, and most UK MPN trials since.","tags":"mpn jak-inhibitor uk","route":"/people/claire-harrison/","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"timothy-hughes","kind":"person","name":"Timothy P. Hughes","aka":"","tldr":"Defined molecular response monitoring in CML and showed that many patients can safely stop imatinib.","tags":"cml molecular-monitoring australia","route":"/people/timothy-hughes/","cancers":"cml"},{"id":"elias-jabbour","kind":"person","name":"Elias Jabbour","aka":"","tldr":"Leukaemia specialist who built chemotherapy-light regimens combining inotuzumab, blinatumomab and ponatinib for adult ALL.","tags":"all immunotherapy chemo-free","route":"/people/elias-jabbour/","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"nicola-gokbuget","kind":"person","name":"Nicola Gökbuget","aka":"","tldr":"Leads the German GMALL group and showed blinatumomab clears residual leukaemia in adults with ALL.","tags":"all mrd cooperative-group","route":"/people/nicola-gokbuget/","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"gilles-salles","kind":"person","name":"Gilles Salles","aka":"","tldr":"Led PRIMA, which established rituximab maintenance in follicular lymphoma, and co-chaired POLARIX in DLBCL.","tags":"lymphoma trialist lysa","route":"/people/gilles-salles/","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma dlbcl"},{"id":"herve-tilly","kind":"person","name":"Hervé Tilly","aka":"","tldr":"Principal investigator of POLARIX, the trial that gave DLBCL its first improvement on R-CHOP in twenty years.","tags":"lymphoma adc lysa","route":"/people/herve-tilly/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"laurie-sehn","kind":"person","name":"Laurie H. Sehn","aka":"","tldr":"Lymphoma specialist who wrote the definitive DLBCL review and helped establish polatuzumab and other new agents.","tags":"lymphoma canada outcomes","route":"/people/laurie-sehn/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"sattva-neelapu","kind":"person","name":"Sattva S. Neelapu","aka":"","tldr":"Led ZUMA-1, the trial that made axicabtagene ciloleucel the first CAR-T therapy approved for lymphoma.","tags":"lymphoma car-t cell-therapy","route":"/people/sattva-neelapu/","cancers":"dlbcl follicular-lymphoma"},{"id":"stephen-schuster","kind":"person","name":"Stephen J. Schuster","aka":"","tldr":"Led JULIET, which brought tisagenlecleucel, the first CAR-T, to adults with relapsed large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"lymphoma car-t cell-therapy","route":"/people/stephen-schuster/","cancers":"dlbcl follicular-lymphoma"},{"id":"jason-westin","kind":"person","name":"Jason R. Westin","aka":"","tldr":"Led the ZUMA-7 overall survival analysis that made CAR-T the standard second-line therapy for early-relapsing lymphoma.","tags":"lymphoma car-t second-line","route":"/people/jason-westin/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"michael-dickinson","kind":"person","name":"Michael Dickinson","aka":"","tldr":"Led the pivotal glofitamab trial, establishing off-the-shelf bispecific antibodies for relapsed large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"lymphoma bispecific australia","route":"/people/michael-dickinson/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"catherine-thieblemont","kind":"person","name":"Catherine Thieblemont","aka":"","tldr":"Led EPCORE NHL-1, the trial that established the subcutaneous bispecific epcoritamab for relapsed large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"lymphoma bispecific lysa","route":"/people/catherine-thieblemont/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"michael-wang","kind":"person","name":"Michael L. Wang","aka":"","tldr":"Led the ibrutinib and brexucabtagene autoleucel trials that transformed mantle cell lymphoma treatment.","tags":"lymphoma mantle-cell car-t","route":"/people/michael-wang/","cancers":"mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"martin-dreyling","kind":"person","name":"Martin Dreyling","aka":"","tldr":"Chairs the European MCL Network and led TRIANGLE, which showed ibrutinib can replace transplant in younger mantle cell lymphoma patients.","tags":"lymphoma mantle-cell cooperative-group","route":"/people/martin-dreyling/","cancers":"mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"joseph-connors","kind":"person","name":"Joseph M. Connors","aka":"","tldr":"Led ECHELON-1, which replaced bleomycin with brentuximab vedotin in first-line advanced Hodgkin lymphoma.","tags":"hodgkin adc canada","route":"/people/joseph-connors/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"peter-borchmann","kind":"person","name":"Peter Borchmann","aka":"","tldr":"Leads the German Hodgkin Study Group and HD21, which made BrECADD the most effective and least toxic regimen for advanced Hodgkin lymphoma.","tags":"hodgkin ghsg trialist","route":"/people/peter-borchmann/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"andreas-engert","kind":"person","name":"Andreas Engert","aka":"","tldr":"Led the GHSG for two decades, running the HD10 to HD18 trials that cure over 90% of Hodgkin lymphoma with less treatment.","tags":"hodgkin ghsg de-escalation","route":"/people/andreas-engert/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"kara-kelly","kind":"person","name":"Kara M. Kelly","aka":"","tldr":"Leads the COG Hodgkin lymphoma committee and the trials bringing brentuximab and nivolumab to children with the disease.","tags":"paediatric hodgkin cooperative-group","route":"/people/kara-kelly/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"wyndham-wilson","kind":"person","name":"Wyndham H. Wilson","aka":"","tldr":"Developed dose-adjusted EPOCH-R, the regimen that cures primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma without radiotherapy.","tags":"lymphoma nci chemotherapy","route":"/people/wyndham-wilson/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"steven-treon","kind":"person","name":"Steven P. Treon","aka":"","tldr":"Discovered the MYD88 mutation that defines Waldenström macroglobulinaemia and led the trial that made ibrutinib its first approved drug.","tags":"lymphoma waldenstrom genomics","route":"/people/steven-treon/","cancers":"waldenstrom"},{"id":"steven-horwitz","kind":"person","name":"Steven M. Horwitz","aka":"","tldr":"Led ECHELON-2, the first trial to improve survival in peripheral T-cell lymphoma, using brentuximab vedotin.","tags":"lymphoma t-cell adc","route":"/people/steven-horwitz/","cancers":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"andres-ferreri","kind":"person","name":"Andrés J. M. Ferreri","aka":"","tldr":"Led the IELSG trials that made MATRix induction and consolidation the standard for primary CNS lymphoma.","tags":"lymphoma cns-lymphoma ielsg","route":"/people/andres-ferreri/","cancers":"primary-cns-lymphoma"},{"id":"john-byrd","kind":"person","name":"John C. Byrd","aka":"","tldr":"Led the ibrutinib trials that turned CLL from a chemotherapy disease into one treated with pills.","tags":"cll btk targeted-therapy","route":"/people/john-byrd/","cancers":"cll"},{"id":"jennifer-woyach","kind":"person","name":"Jennifer A. Woyach","aka":"","tldr":"Led Alliance A041202, which showed ibrutinib beats chemoimmunotherapy in older CLL patients, and discovered BTK C481S resistance.","tags":"cll btk alliance","route":"/people/jennifer-woyach/","cancers":"cll"},{"id":"jennifer-brown","kind":"person","name":"Jennifer R. Brown","aka":"","tldr":"Led ALPINE, the first head-to-head trial in which a next-generation BTK inhibitor (zanubrutinib) beat ibrutinib.","tags":"cll btk trialist","route":"/people/jennifer-brown/","cancers":"cll"},{"id":"kirsten-fischer","kind":"person","name":"Kirsten Fischer","aka":"","tldr":"Led CLL14, which established one year of venetoclax plus obinutuzumab as a fixed-duration, chemotherapy-free CLL treatment.","tags":"cll venetoclax fixed-duration","route":"/people/kirsten-fischer/","cancers":"cll"},{"id":"barbara-eichhorst","kind":"person","name":"Barbara Eichhorst","aka":"","tldr":"Led CLL13 (GAIA), showing venetoclax-based fixed-duration therapy beats chemoimmunotherapy in fit CLL patients.","tags":"cll venetoclax guidelines","route":"/people/barbara-eichhorst/","cancers":"cll"},{"id":"peter-hillmen","kind":"person","name":"Peter Hillmen","aka":"","tldr":"Led FLAIR, the UK trial showing MRD-guided ibrutinib plus venetoclax outperforms chemoimmunotherapy in CLL.","tags":"cll mrd uk","route":"/people/peter-hillmen/","cancers":"cll"},{"id":"john-seymour","kind":"person","name":"John F. Seymour","aka":"","tldr":"Led MURANO, which established venetoclax plus rituximab as fixed-duration therapy for relapsed CLL.","tags":"cll venetoclax australia","route":"/people/john-seymour/","cancers":"cll"},{"id":"william-wierda","kind":"person","name":"William G. Wierda","aka":"","tldr":"Led CAPTIVATE, which established fixed-duration ibrutinib plus venetoclax as a first-line option for CLL.","tags":"cll fixed-duration guidelines","route":"/people/william-wierda/","cancers":"cll"},{"id":"constantine-tam","kind":"person","name":"Constantine S. Tam","aka":"","tldr":"Led the zanubrutinib SEQUOIA trial and the first ibrutinib-venetoclax study in mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cll btk australia","route":"/people/constantine-tam/","cancers":"cll mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"philippe-moreau","kind":"person","name":"Philippe Moreau","aka":"","tldr":"Led MajesTEC-1 and CASSIOPEIA, bringing the first bispecific antibody and daratumumab quadruplets to myeloma.","tags":"myeloma bispecific trialist","route":"/people/philippe-moreau/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"thierry-facon","kind":"person","name":"Thierry Facon","aka":"","tldr":"Led MAIA, which made daratumumab-lenalidomide-dexamethasone the standard for older patients with myeloma.","tags":"myeloma older-patients trialist","route":"/people/thierry-facon/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"pieter-sonneveld","kind":"person","name":"Pieter Sonneveld","aka":"","tldr":"Led PERSEUS, which established daratumumab-VRd as the standard for transplant-eligible myeloma.","tags":"myeloma transplant hovon","route":"/people/pieter-sonneveld/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"maria-victoria-mateos","kind":"person","name":"María-Victoria Mateos","aka":"","tldr":"Led ALCYONE and the smouldering myeloma trials that showed treating early can delay progression to active disease.","tags":"myeloma smouldering spain","route":"/people/maria-victoria-mateos/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"nikhil-munshi","kind":"person","name":"Nikhil C. Munshi","aka":"","tldr":"Led KarMMa, which brought idecabtagene vicleucel, the first CAR-T for myeloma, to approval.","tags":"myeloma car-t genomics","route":"/people/nikhil-munshi/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"jesus-berdeja","kind":"person","name":"Jesús G. Berdeja","aka":"","tldr":"Led CARTITUDE-1, the trial that brought ciltacabtagene autoleucel, the most active myeloma CAR-T, to approval.","tags":"myeloma car-t community-research","route":"/people/jesus-berdeja/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"sagar-lonial","kind":"person","name":"Sagar Lonial","aka":"","tldr":"Led SIRIUS and the DREAMM programme, bringing daratumumab monotherapy and the BCMA ADC belantamab to myeloma.","tags":"myeloma adc swog","route":"/people/sagar-lonial/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"noopur-raje","kind":"person","name":"Noopur Raje","aka":"","tldr":"Led the first-in-human trial of BCMA CAR-T (bb2121) in myeloma and studies of bone disease treatment.","tags":"myeloma car-t bone-disease","route":"/people/noopur-raje/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"ajai-chari","kind":"person","name":"Ajai Chari","aka":"","tldr":"Led the pivotal talquetamab trial, establishing GPRC5D as the second bispecific target in myeloma.","tags":"myeloma bispecific gprc5d","route":"/people/ajai-chari/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"ola-landgren","kind":"person","name":"C. Ola Landgren","aka":"","tldr":"Showed that MGUS precedes essentially all myeloma and leads MRD-driven trials aiming for cure without transplant.","tags":"myeloma mrd precursor","route":"/people/ola-landgren/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"sigurdur-kristinsson","kind":"person","name":"Sigurdur Y. Kristinsson","aka":"","tldr":"Leads iStopMM, which screened most of Iceland's adults for myeloma precursors to test whether early detection helps.","tags":"myeloma screening epidemiology","route":"/people/sigurdur-kristinsson/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"graham-jackson","kind":"person","name":"Graham H. Jackson","aka":"","tldr":"Led Myeloma XI, the 4,000-patient UK trial that proved lenalidomide maintenance extends survival after transplant.","tags":"myeloma maintenance uk","route":"/people/graham-jackson/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"meletios-dimopoulos","kind":"person","name":"Meletios A. Dimopoulos","aka":"","tldr":"Greek haematologist who led POLLUX and CANDOR, two of the pivotal daratumumab combination trials in relapsed myeloma.","tags":"myeloma trialist greece","route":"/people/meletios-dimopoulos/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma waldenstrom"},{"id":"michel-sadelain","kind":"person","name":"Michel Sadelain","aka":"","tldr":"Designed the second-generation CAR with a CD28 costimulatory domain that made CAR-T therapy work.","tags":"cell-therapy car-t engineering","route":"/people/michel-sadelain/","cancers":"all-leukemia dlbcl"},{"id":"stephan-grupp","kind":"person","name":"Stephan A. Grupp","aka":"","tldr":"Treated the first child with CAR-T cells and led ELIANA, the trial behind the first CAR-T approval.","tags":"cell-therapy car-t paediatric","route":"/people/stephan-grupp/","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"marcela-maus","kind":"person","name":"Marcela V. Maus","aka":"","tldr":"Cell therapy engineer whose CAR-TEAM cells produced rapid regressions of recurrent glioblastoma.","tags":"cell-therapy car-t solid-tumours","route":"/people/marcela-maus/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"waseem-qasim","kind":"person","name":"Waseem Qasim","aka":"","tldr":"Delivered the first gene-edited off-the-shelf CAR-T cells to infants with leukaemia and the first base-edited CAR-T therapy.","tags":"cell-therapy gene-editing paediatric","route":"/people/waseem-qasim/","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"katy-rezvani","kind":"person","name":"Katayoun Rezvani","aka":"","tldr":"Created cord blood-derived CAR-NK cells, the first off-the-shelf CAR cell therapy to show remissions in lymphoma.","tags":"cell-therapy nk-cells off-the-shelf","route":"/people/katy-rezvani/","cancers":"cll dlbcl"},{"id":"inge-marie-svane","kind":"person","name":"Inge Marie Svane","aka":"","tldr":"Led the Dutch-Danish trial that proved TIL therapy beats ipilimumab in melanoma, the first randomised win for a cell therapy in a solid tumour.","tags":"cell-therapy til melanoma","route":"/people/inge-marie-svane/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"robbie-majzner","kind":"person","name":"Robbie G. Majzner","aka":"","tldr":"Led the GD2 CAR-T trial in diffuse midline glioma and defined antigen density as a barrier to CAR-T in solid tumours.","tags":"cell-therapy car-t paediatric","route":"/people/robbie-majzner/","cancers":"neuroblastoma osteosarcoma"},{"id":"ken-herrmann","kind":"person","name":"Ken Herrmann","aka":"","tldr":"Nuclear medicine leader who co-led VISION and runs one of the world's largest theranostics programmes.","tags":"radioligand nuclear-medicine germany","route":"/people/ken-herrmann/","cancers":"prostate neuroendocrine"},{"id":"wolfgang-weber","kind":"person","name":"Wolfgang A. Weber","aka":"","tldr":"Nuclear medicine physician who established PET response criteria and leads Munich's radiopharmaceutical development pipeline.","tags":"nuclear-medicine imaging theranostics","route":"/people/wolfgang-weber/"},{"id":"jason-lewis","kind":"person","name":"Jason S. Lewis","aka":"","tldr":"Radiochemist who built the zirconium-89 immuno-PET platform and MSKCC's radiopharmaceutical pipeline.","tags":"radiochemistry immuno-pet theranostics","route":"/people/jason-lewis/"},{"id":"lieping-chen","kind":"person","name":"Lieping Chen","aka":"","tldr":"Discovered PD-L1 (B7-H1) and showed tumours use it to escape immunity, the biology behind every anti-PD-1 drug.","tags":"immunotherapy discovery pd-l1","route":"/people/lieping-chen/"},{"id":"gordon-freeman","kind":"person","name":"Gordon J. Freeman","aka":"","tldr":"Showed that PD-L1 is the ligand for PD-1 and that the pair switches T cells off, the foundation of checkpoint immunotherapy.","tags":"immunotherapy discovery pd-1","route":"/people/gordon-freeman/"},{"id":"thomas-gajewski","kind":"person","name":"Thomas F. Gajewski","aka":"","tldr":"Defined the T-cell-inflamed tumour, discovered STING's role in anti-tumour immunity and showed gut bacteria shape immunotherapy response.","tags":"immunotherapy microbiome sting","route":"/people/thomas-gajewski/"},{"id":"shimon-sakaguchi","kind":"person","name":"Shimon Sakaguchi","aka":"","tldr":"Discovered regulatory T cells, the immune cells that suppress anti-tumour responses and are now a target for cancer therapy.","tags":"immunology regulatory-t-cells discovery japan","route":"/people/shimon-sakaguchi/"},{"id":"ugur-sahin","kind":"person","name":"Uğur Şahin","aka":"","tldr":"Immunologist who built individualised mRNA neoantigen vaccines for cancer, the platform later used for COVID-19.","tags":"vaccine mrna immunotherapy","route":"/people/ugur-sahin/","cancers":"melanoma pancreatic"},{"id":"catherine-wu","kind":"person","name":"Catherine J. Wu","aka":"","tldr":"Led the first personalised neoantigen peptide vaccine trial in melanoma and mapped how CLL evolves under treatment.","tags":"vaccine neoantigen genomics","route":"/people/catherine-wu/","cancers":"melanoma cll glioblastoma"},{"id":"howard-kaufman","kind":"person","name":"Howard L. Kaufman","aka":"","tldr":"Led OPTiM, the trial that made talimogene laherparepvec the first approved oncolytic virus therapy.","tags":"immunotherapy oncolytic-virus melanoma","route":"/people/howard-kaufman/","cancers":"melanoma merkel-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"ignacio-melero","kind":"person","name":"Ignacio Melero","aka":"","tldr":"Spanish immunologist who pioneered CD137 agonist antibodies and intratumoural immunotherapy.","tags":"immunotherapy costimulation spain","route":"/people/ignacio-melero/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"michael-berger","kind":"person","name":"Michael F. Berger","aka":"","tldr":"Built MSK-IMPACT, the tumour sequencing test used on more than 100,000 patients and the first FDA-authorised hospital panel.","tags":"genomics precision-oncology diagnostics","route":"/people/michael-berger/"},{"id":"serena-nik-zainal","kind":"person","name":"Serena Nik-Zainal","aka":"","tldr":"Deciphered the mutational signatures written in cancer genomes and turned them into clinical tests like HRDetect.","tags":"genomics mutational-signatures uk","route":"/people/serena-nik-zainal/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"ludmil-alexandrov","kind":"person","name":"Ludmil B. Alexandrov","aka":"","tldr":"Created the mathematical framework for extracting mutational signatures from cancer genomes and the COSMIC signature catalogue.","tags":"genomics mutational-signatures computational","route":"/people/ludmil-alexandrov/"},{"id":"carlos-caldas","kind":"person","name":"Carlos Caldas","aka":"","tldr":"Led METABRIC, which used 2,000 tumours to define ten genomic subtypes of breast cancer and their long-term outcomes.","tags":"genomics breast classification","route":"/people/carlos-caldas/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"christina-curtis","kind":"person","name":"Christina Curtis","aka":"","tldr":"Showed that colorectal cancers grow as a 'Big Bang' and that metastasis can be seeded years before diagnosis.","tags":"tumour-evolution computational genomics","route":"/people/christina-curtis/","cancers":"colorectal breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"nickolas-papadopoulos","kind":"person","name":"Nickolas Papadopoulos","aka":"","tldr":"Co-developed CancerSEEK, the blood test that showed multi-cancer early detection is possible, and ran the first prospective screening study of it.","tags":"early-detection liquid-biopsy mced","route":"/people/nickolas-papadopoulos/"},{"id":"alberto-bardelli","kind":"person","name":"Alberto Bardelli","aka":"","tldr":"Used ctDNA to show how colorectal cancers evolve resistance to EGFR antibodies and how that resistance can fade.","tags":"ctdna colorectal resistance","route":"/people/alberto-bardelli/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"nitzan-rosenfeld","kind":"person","name":"Nitzan Rosenfeld","aka":"","tldr":"Showed that whole-exome sequencing of blood can track how a cancer evolves, and co-founded Inivata.","tags":"ctdna liquid-biopsy genomics","route":"/people/nitzan-rosenfeld/"},{"id":"viktor-adalsteinsson","kind":"person","name":"Viktor A. Adalsteinsson","aka":"","tldr":"Engineer who showed low-pass sequencing of blood can replace tumour biopsies and built ultra-sensitive MRD tests.","tags":"ctdna mrd diagnostics","route":"/people/viktor-adalsteinsson/"},{"id":"thomas-helleday","kind":"person","name":"Thomas Helleday","aka":"","tldr":"Co-discovered that PARP inhibitors kill BRCA-deficient cells, the synthetic lethality behind olaparib and its successors.","tags":"parp synthetic-lethality discovery","route":"/people/thomas-helleday/"},{"id":"alan-dandrea","kind":"person","name":"Alan D. D'Andrea","aka":"","tldr":"Mapped the Fanconi anaemia/BRCA DNA repair pathway and how tumours become resistant to PARP inhibitors.","tags":"dna-repair parp resistance","route":"/people/alan-dandrea/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"razelle-kurzrock","kind":"person","name":"Razelle Kurzrock","aka":"","tldr":"Precision oncology pioneer who showed that matching drugs to each patient's mutations, in combination, improves outcomes.","tags":"precision-oncology early-phase n-of-1","route":"/people/razelle-kurzrock/"},{"id":"charlotte-coles","kind":"person","name":"Charlotte E. Coles","aka":"","tldr":"Led IMPORT LOW, which showed partial-breast radiotherapy is as effective as whole-breast treatment with fewer side effects.","tags":"radiotherapy breast de-escalation","route":"/people/charlotte-coles/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"murray-brunt","kind":"person","name":"A. Murray Brunt","aka":"","tldr":"Led FAST-Forward, which cut breast radiotherapy from three weeks to one with no loss of effectiveness.","tags":"radiotherapy breast hypofractionation","route":"/people/murray-brunt/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"timothy-whelan","kind":"person","name":"Timothy J. Whelan","aka":"","tldr":"Led the Canadian trials that established three-week breast radiotherapy and defined when nodal radiotherapy helps.","tags":"radiotherapy breast canada","route":"/people/timothy-whelan/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"marie-catherine-vozenin","kind":"person","name":"Marie-Catherine Vozenin","aka":"","tldr":"Radiobiologist who discovered the FLASH effect: ultra-fast radiation spares healthy tissue while still killing tumours.","tags":"radiotherapy flash radiobiology","route":"/people/marie-catherine-vozenin/"},{"id":"bas-raaymakers","kind":"person","name":"Bas W. Raaymakers","aka":"","tldr":"Physicist who invented the MR-linac, letting radiotherapy see and adapt to the tumour in real time.","tags":"radiotherapy mr-linac physics","route":"/people/bas-raaymakers/"},{"id":"anthony-zietman","kind":"person","name":"Anthony L. Zietman","aka":"","tldr":"Led the proton dose-escalation trial in prostate cancer and the comparative-effectiveness debate over proton therapy.","tags":"radiotherapy proton prostate","route":"/people/anthony-zietman/","cancers":"prostate urothelial"},{"id":"quynh-thu-le","kind":"person","name":"Quynh-Thu Le","aka":"","tldr":"Chairs NRG Oncology, the largest US radiotherapy cooperative group, and leads head and neck de-escalation trials.","tags":"radiotherapy head-and-neck nrg-oncology","route":"/people/quynh-thu-le/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"shankar-siva","kind":"person","name":"Shankar Siva","aka":"","tldr":"Radiation oncologist who established stereotactic radiotherapy as a non-surgical option for primary kidney cancer.","tags":"radiotherapy sbrt kidney australia","route":"/people/shankar-siva/","cancers":"rcc prostate"},{"id":"cornelis-van-de-velde","kind":"person","name":"Cornelis J. H. van de Velde","aka":"","tldr":"Surgeon who led the Dutch TME trial, proving standardised rectal surgery with radiotherapy cuts local recurrence.","tags":"surgery colorectal quality","route":"/people/cornelis-van-de-velde/","cancers":"colorectal gastric"},{"id":"yuman-fong","kind":"person","name":"Yuman Fong","aka":"","tldr":"Liver surgeon who defined who benefits from resecting colorectal liver metastases and pioneered oncolytic virus therapy.","tags":"surgery liver oncolytic-virus","route":"/people/yuman-fong/","cancers":"colorectal hcc"},{"id":"valerie-rusch","kind":"person","name":"Valerie W. Rusch","aka":"","tldr":"Thoracic surgeon who led the IASLC staging projects that define how lung cancer and mesothelioma are staged.","tags":"surgery thoracic staging","route":"/people/valerie-rusch/","cancers":"nsclc mesothelioma"},{"id":"rebecca-fitzgerald","kind":"person","name":"Rebecca C. Fitzgerald","aka":"","tldr":"Invented the Cytosponge, a swallowable sponge-on-a-string that finds Barrett's oesophagus without endoscopy.","tags":"early-detection esophageal uk","route":"/people/rebecca-fitzgerald/","cancers":"esophageal"},{"id":"peter-sasieni","kind":"person","name":"Peter Sasieni","aka":"","tldr":"Epidemiologist who showed HPV vaccination has nearly eliminated cervical cancer in vaccinated English women and leads NHS-Galleri.","tags":"screening hpv prevention","route":"/people/peter-sasieni/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"nubia-munoz","kind":"person","name":"Nubia Muñoz","aka":"","tldr":"Colombian epidemiologist whose IARC studies proved HPV causes cervical cancer and identified the types the vaccines target.","tags":"hpv epidemiology prevention latin-america","route":"/people/nubia-munoz/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"mark-schiffman","kind":"person","name":"Mark Schiffman","aka":"","tldr":"NCI epidemiologist whose HPV natural history studies underpin HPV-based cervical screening and risk-based management worldwide.","tags":"hpv screening epidemiology","route":"/people/mark-schiffman/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"kristina-lang","kind":"person","name":"Kristina Lång","aka":"","tldr":"Led MASAI, the first randomised trial of AI-supported mammography screening, which found more cancers with half the radiologist workload.","tags":"screening ai breast sweden","route":"/people/kristina-lang/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"constance-lehman","kind":"person","name":"Constance D. Lehman","aka":"","tldr":"Breast radiologist who co-developed the Mirai AI model that predicts breast cancer risk from a mammogram.","tags":"screening ai breast","route":"/people/constance-lehman/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"eric-klein","kind":"person","name":"Eric A. Klein","aka":"","tldr":"Urologist who led the CCGA study validating the Galleri methylation-based multi-cancer detection test.","tags":"early-detection mced prostate","route":"/people/eric-klein/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"deb-schrag","kind":"person","name":"Deborah Schrag","aka":"","tldr":"Led PATHFINDER, the first prospective study of a multi-cancer blood test in practice, and the PROSPECT rectal cancer trial.","tags":"early-detection mced colorectal","route":"/people/deb-schrag/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"faisal-mahmood","kind":"person","name":"Faisal Mahmood","aka":"","tldr":"Built UNI and CONCH, the pathology foundation models that let AI read whole-slide images across cancer types.","tags":"ai pathology foundation-models","route":"/people/faisal-mahmood/"},{"id":"thomas-fuchs","kind":"person","name":"Thomas J. Fuchs","aka":"","tldr":"Trained the first clinical-grade AI on tens of thousands of slides, leading to the first FDA-authorised AI pathology product.","tags":"ai pathology digital-pathology","route":"/people/thomas-fuchs/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"jakob-nikolas-kather","kind":"person","name":"Jakob Nikolas Kather","aka":"","tldr":"Showed that deep learning can read genetic features like microsatellite instability directly from routine pathology slides.","tags":"ai pathology biomarkers germany","route":"/people/jakob-nikolas-kather/","cancers":"colorectal gastric"},{"id":"regina-barzilay","kind":"person","name":"Regina Barzilay","aka":"","tldr":"Computer scientist who built Mirai and Sybil, AI models that predict breast and lung cancer risk years before diagnosis.","tags":"ai risk-prediction screening","route":"/people/regina-barzilay/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive nsclc"},{"id":"jennifer-temel","kind":"person","name":"Jennifer S. Temel","aka":"","tldr":"Showed that early palliative care helps lung cancer patients live better and longer, changing oncology guidelines worldwide.","tags":"supportive-care palliative-care outcomes","route":"/people/jennifer-temel/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"ethan-basch","kind":"person","name":"Ethan Basch","aka":"","tldr":"Proved that letting patients report symptoms electronically during chemotherapy improves quality of life and survival.","tags":"supportive-care patient-reported-outcomes outcomes","route":"/people/ethan-basch/"},{"id":"supriya-mohile","kind":"person","name":"Supriya G. Mohile","aka":"","tldr":"Led GAP70+, which showed a geriatric assessment cuts serious chemotherapy toxicity in older patients.","tags":"supportive-care geriatric-oncology toxicity","route":"/people/supriya-mohile/"},{"id":"kerry-courneya","kind":"person","name":"Kerry S. Courneya","aka":"","tldr":"Exercise scientist behind CHALLENGE, the first trial to show a structured exercise programme improves survival after colon cancer.","tags":"exercise survivorship supportive-care","route":"/people/kerry-courneya/","cancers":"colorectal breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"christopher-booth","kind":"person","name":"Christopher M. Booth","aka":"","tldr":"Oncologist who co-led CHALLENGE and founded Common Sense Oncology to refocus trials on outcomes that matter to patients.","tags":"evidence policy exercise","route":"/people/christopher-booth/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"ian-tannock","kind":"person","name":"Ian F. Tannock","aka":"","tldr":"Led TAX 327, which made docetaxel the first life-extending chemotherapy for prostate cancer, and has spent decades pressing for higher trial standards.","tags":"evidence methodology prostate","route":"/people/ian-tannock/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"joseph-unger","kind":"person","name":"Joseph M. Unger","aka":"","tldr":"Biostatistician who showed most patients are excluded from trials by structural barriers, not by unwillingness to take part.","tags":"trials disparities biostatistics","route":"/people/joseph-unger/"},{"id":"richard-gray","kind":"person","name":"Richard Gray","aka":"","tldr":"Statistician behind the Early Breast Cancer Trialists' meta-analyses that set the global evidence base for adjuvant therapy.","tags":"meta-analysis biostatistics breast","route":"/people/richard-gray/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal"},{"id":"richard-peto","kind":"person","name":"Sir Richard Peto","aka":"","tldr":"Epidemiologist who quantified how smoking kills and invented the meta-analysis methods that established adjuvant cancer therapy.","tags":"epidemiology tobacco meta-analysis","route":"/people/richard-peto/","cancers":"nsclc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"mahesh-parmar","kind":"person","name":"Mahesh K. B. Parmar","aka":"","tldr":"Statistician who invented the multi-arm multi-stage design behind STAMPEDE, letting one trial test many treatments at once.","tags":"biostatistics trial-design platform-trials","route":"/people/mahesh-parmar/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"judith-bliss","kind":"person","name":"Judith M. Bliss","aka":"","tldr":"Statistician who ran the START, FAST-Forward and POETIC trials that reshaped breast cancer radiotherapy and endocrine therapy.","tags":"biostatistics breast radiotherapy","route":"/people/judith-bliss/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"rolf-stahel","kind":"person","name":"Rolf A. Stahel","aka":"","tldr":"Founded the European Thoracic Oncology Platform and leads the merged ETOP IBCSG academic trials foundation.","tags":"cooperative-group thoracic europe","route":"/people/rolf-stahel/","cancers":"nsclc mesothelioma"},{"id":"beata-halassy","kind":"person","name":"Beata Halassy","aka":"","tldr":"Beata Halassy is a Croatian virologist who grows and characterises viruses, and is the senior author of a 2024 case report of self-experimental oncolytic virotherapy.","tags":"virology oncolytic-virus croatia","route":"/people/beata-halassy/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"dubravko-forcic","kind":"person","name":"Dubravko Forcic","aka":"","tldr":"Dubravko Forcic is a Croatian virologist who works on vaccine virus strains and was joint first author of the 2024 self-experimental oncolytic virotherapy case report.","tags":"virology oncolytic-virus croatia","route":"/people/dubravko-forcic/"},{"id":"stephen-russell","kind":"person","name":"Stephen J. Russell","aka":"","tldr":"Stephen Russell built the engineered measles viruses used against cancer and reported the case in which one intravenous dose put a patient's myeloma into complete remission.","tags":"oncolytic-virus immunotherapy myeloma","route":"/people/stephen-russell/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"john-bell","kind":"person","name":"John C. Bell","aka":"","tldr":"John Bell's laboratory showed that cancer cells which have broken their interferon alarm cannot defend themselves against a virus, the mechanism the whole field is built on.","tags":"oncolytic-virus immunotherapy canada","route":"/people/john-bell/"},{"id":"robert-martuza","kind":"person","name":"Robert L. Martuza","aka":"","tldr":"Robert Martuza built the first genetically engineered virus designed to treat a cancer, a herpes virus crippled so that it could only replicate in dividing tumour cells.","tags":"oncolytic-virus neuro-oncology","route":"/people/robert-martuza/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"tomoki-todo","kind":"person","name":"Tomoki Todo","aka":"","tldr":"Tomoki Todo built the triple-mutated herpes virus that became the first oncolytic virus approved in Japan, and ran the trial in recurrent glioblastoma behind that approval.","tags":"oncolytic-virus neuro-oncology japan","route":"/people/tomoki-todo/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"matthew-hellmann","kind":"person","name":"Matthew D. Hellmann","aka":"","tldr":"Lung cancer doctor who was the lead author of CheckMate 227, the trial that showed the immunotherapy pair nivolumab and ipilimumab helps people with advanced lung cancer live longer than chemotherapy alone.","tags":"lung immunotherapy trialist","route":"/people/matthew-hellmann/","cancers":"pdl1-high-nsclc nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"keunchil-park","kind":"person","name":"Keunchil Park","aka":"","tldr":"Korean lung cancer specialist who led CHRYSALIS, the first human study of amivantamab, whose exon 20 insertion cohort earned the drug its first approval.","tags":"lung targeted-therapy trialist","route":"/people/keunchil-park/","cancers":"egfr-mutant-nsclc nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"alice-shaw","kind":"person","name":"Alice T. Shaw","aka":"","tldr":"Lung cancer doctor whose trials at Massachusetts General Hospital showed that crizotinib works in ROS1-rearranged lung cancer and defined how ALK-positive tumours become resistant to targeted drugs.","tags":"lung targeted-therapy trialist","route":"/people/alice-shaw/","cancers":"ros1-positive-nsclc nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"robert-doebele","kind":"person","name":"Robert C. Doebele","aka":"","tldr":"Lung cancer researcher who led the pooled analysis showing that entrectinib shrinks NTRK fusion-positive tumours of many kinds, and who studied how ROS1 and NTRK cancers escape targeted drugs.","tags":"lung targeted-therapy","route":"/people/robert-doebele/","cancers":"ntrk-fusion-nsclc ros1-positive-nsclc nsclc"},{"id":"gregory-riely","kind":"person","name":"Gregory J. Riely","aka":"","tldr":"Lung cancer doctor who led PHAROS, the trial that brought the encorafenib and binimetinib pair to BRAF V600E-mutant lung cancer.","tags":"lung targeted-therapy trialist","route":"/people/gregory-riely/","cancers":"braf-v600e-nsclc nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"paul-paik","kind":"person","name":"Paul K. Paik","aka":"","tldr":"Lung cancer doctor who was lead author of VISION, the trial that established tepotinib for lung cancers with MET exon 14 skipping mutations.","tags":"lung targeted-therapy trialist","route":"/people/paul-paik/","cancers":"met-altered-nsclc nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"salah-eddin-al-batran","kind":"person","name":"Salah-Eddin Al-Batran","aka":"","tldr":"German oncologist who led FLOT4, the trial that made the FLOT chemotherapy regimen the standard before and after surgery for stomach and oesophago-gastric junction cancer.","tags":"gastric oesophageal trialist","route":"/people/salah-eddin-al-batran/","cancers":"oesophageal-adenocarcinoma gastric-her2-positive esophageal gastric"},{"id":"yuichiro-doki","kind":"person","name":"Yuichiro Doki","aka":"","tldr":"Japanese surgeon who was lead author of CheckMate 648, which established nivolumab-based first-line treatment for advanced oesophageal squamous-cell carcinoma.","tags":"oesophageal surgery trialist","route":"/people/yuichiro-doki/","cancers":"oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma esophageal"},{"id":"jong-mu-sun","kind":"person","name":"Jong-Mu Sun","aka":"","tldr":"Korean oncologist who was lead author of KEYNOTE-590, the trial that added pembrolizumab to first-line chemotherapy for advanced oesophageal cancer.","tags":"oesophageal immunotherapy trialist","route":"/people/jong-mu-sun/","cancers":"oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma oesophageal-adenocarcinoma esophageal"},{"id":"peter-thuss-patience","kind":"person","name":"Peter Thuss-Patience","aka":"","tldr":"Berlin oncologist who led GATSBY, the trial showing that the antibody-drug conjugate T-DM1 did not beat taxane chemotherapy in previously treated HER2-positive stomach cancer.","tags":"gastric trialist","route":"/people/peter-thuss-patience/","cancers":"gastric-her2-positive gastric"},{"id":"jens-hoeppner","kind":"person","name":"Jens Höppner","aka":"","tldr":"German surgeon who led ESOPEC, the trial that compared FLOT chemotherapy with CROSS chemoradiotherapy before surgery for oesophageal adenocarcinoma and found FLOT gave longer survival.","tags":"oesophageal surgery trialist","route":"/people/jens-hoeppner/","cancers":"oesophageal-adenocarcinoma esophageal"},{"id":"hyung-ho-kim","kind":"person","name":"Hyung-Ho Kim","aka":"","tldr":"Korean surgeon who led KLASS-01, the trial that showed keyhole gastrectomy is as safe and effective as open surgery for early stomach cancer.","tags":"gastric surgery trialist","route":"/people/hyung-ho-kim/","cancers":"early-gastric-cancer gastric"},{"id":"hitoshi-katai","kind":"person","name":"Hitoshi Katai","aka":"","tldr":"Japanese surgeon who led JCOG0912, the trial that confirmed laparoscopic gastrectomy is not inferior to open surgery for early stomach cancer.","tags":"gastric surgery trialist","route":"/people/hitoshi-katai/","cancers":"early-gastric-cancer gastric"},{"id":"manish-shah","kind":"person","name":"Manish A. Shah","aka":"","tldr":"New York oncologist who was lead author of GLOW, one of the two trials that established zolbetuximab, the first drug aimed at claudin 18.2, for stomach cancer.","tags":"gastric trialist","route":"/people/manish-shah/","cancers":"gastric-cldn18-2-positive gastric"},{"id":"hansjochen-wilke","kind":"person","name":"Hansjochen Wilke","aka":"","tldr":"German oncologist who led RAINBOW, the trial that made ramucirumab plus paclitaxel a standard second-line treatment for advanced stomach cancer.","tags":"gastric trialist","route":"/people/hansjochen-wilke/","cancers":"gastric-pdl1-high gastric"},{"id":"jordi-bruix","kind":"person","name":"Jordi Bruix","aka":"","tldr":"Barcelona liver specialist who co-created the BCLC staging system used worldwide to decide how liver cancer is treated, and led STORM, which showed adjuvant sorafenib does not help after curative treatment.","tags":"hcc trialist","route":"/people/jordi-bruix/","cancers":"hcc-early hcc-advanced hcc"},{"id":"john-primrose","kind":"person","name":"John N. Primrose","aka":"","tldr":"British surgeon who led BILCAP, the trial that made six months of capecitabine the standard after surgery for bile duct and gallbladder cancer.","tags":"biliary surgery trialist","route":"/people/john-primrose/","cancers":"extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"robin-kate-kelley","kind":"person","name":"Robin Kate Kelley","aka":"","tldr":"San Francisco oncologist who was lead author of KEYNOTE-966, which showed that adding pembrolizumab to gemcitabine and cisplatin helps people with advanced bile duct cancer live longer.","tags":"biliary hcc immunotherapy trialist","route":"/people/robin-kate-kelley/","cancers":"intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer hcc"},{"id":"angela-lamarca","kind":"person","name":"Angela Lamarca","aka":"","tldr":"Oncologist who was lead author of ABC-06, the first randomised trial to show that second-line chemotherapy helps people with advanced bile duct cancer.","tags":"biliary trialist","route":"/people/angela-lamarca/","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer neuroendocrine"},{"id":"andrew-zhu","kind":"person","name":"Andrew X. Zhu","aka":"","tldr":"Oncologist who led REACH-2, the first positive biomarker-selected trial in liver cancer, which established ramucirumab for patients with a high alpha-fetoprotein level.","tags":"hcc biliary trialist","route":"/people/andrew-zhu/","cancers":"hcc-advanced hcc intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"michael-heinrich","kind":"person","name":"Michael C. Heinrich","aka":"","tldr":"Oregon physician-scientist who showed that the KIT mutation type in a GIST predicts how well imatinib works, discovered PDGFRA mutations in the tumours without KIT mutations, and led NAVIGATOR, which established avapritinib for PDGFRA D842V disease.","tags":"gist targeted-therapy trialist","route":"/people/michael-heinrich/","cancers":"gist-pdgfra-d842v gist-kit-exon-11 gist sarcoma"},{"id":"sebastian-bauer","kind":"person","name":"Sebastian Bauer","aka":"","tldr":"German sarcoma specialist who was lead author of INTRIGUE, the trial that compared ripretinib with sunitinib as second-line treatment for GIST.","tags":"gist sarcoma trialist","route":"/people/sebastian-bauer/","cancers":"gist-imatinib-resistant gist sarcoma"},{"id":"heikki-joensuu","kind":"person","name":"Heikki Joensuu","aka":"","tldr":"Finnish oncologist who treated the first GIST patient with imatinib in 2000 and led SSG XVIII, the trial that showed three years of adjuvant imatinib beats one year after surgery for high-risk GIST.","tags":"gist trialist","route":"/people/heikki-joensuu/","cancers":"gist-kit-exon-11 gist sarcoma"},{"id":"herve-dombret","kind":"person","name":"Hervé Dombret","aka":"","tldr":"Paris haematologist who led AZA-AML-001, the trial that showed azacitidine can extend survival for older people with acute myeloid leukaemia who cannot have intensive chemotherapy.","tags":"leukaemia trialist","route":"/people/herve-dombret/","cancers":"aml-older-unfit aml"},{"id":"francesco-lo-coco","kind":"person","name":"Francesco Lo-Coco","aka":"","tldr":"Italian haematologist who led APL0406, the trial that showed acute promyelocytic leukaemia can be cured with all-trans retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide alone, without chemotherapy.","tags":"leukaemia trialist","route":"/people/francesco-lo-coco/","cancers":"apl aml"},{"id":"miguel-sanz","kind":"person","name":"Miguel A. Sanz","aka":"","tldr":"Spanish haematologist who led the PETHEMA trials that tailored acute promyelocytic leukaemia treatment to relapse risk, and who chaired the European LeukemiaNet recommendations for the disease.","tags":"leukaemia guidelines","route":"/people/miguel-sanz/","cancers":"apl aml"},{"id":"michel-attal","kind":"person","name":"Michel Attal","aka":"","tldr":"French haematologist whose trials established autologous stem-cell transplantation for myeloma in the 1990s and, in IFM 2009, showed that transplant still adds benefit in the era of lenalidomide, bortezomib and dexamethasone.","tags":"myeloma transplant trialist","route":"/people/michel-attal/","cancers":"myeloma-transplant-eligible multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"jeffrey-lancet","kind":"person","name":"Jeffrey E. Lancet","aka":"","tldr":"Florida leukaemia doctor who led the phase 3 trial of CPX-351, the liposomal form of daunorubicin and cytarabine that lengthened survival for older people with secondary acute myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"leukaemia trialist","route":"/people/jeffrey-lancet/","cancers":"aml-secondary aml"},{"id":"jan-burger","kind":"person","name":"Jan A. Burger","aka":"","tldr":"Leukaemia specialist who was lead author of RESONATE-2, the trial that made ibrutinib a first-line treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in older patients.","tags":"leukaemia targeted-therapy trialist","route":"/people/jan-burger/","cancers":"cll-treatment-naive cll"},{"id":"srdan-verstovsek","kind":"person","name":"Srdan Verstovsek","aka":"","tldr":"Haematologist who led the COMFORT-I trial that established ruxolitinib, the first drug approved for myelofibrosis, and MOMENTUM, which established momelotinib for patients with anaemia.","tags":"mpn trialist","route":"/people/srdan-verstovsek/","cancers":"primary-myelofibrosis myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"raajit-rampal","kind":"person","name":"Raajit K. Rampal","aka":"","tldr":"New York haematologist who led MANIFEST-2, the trial testing whether adding the BET inhibitor pelabresib to ruxolitinib helps people with myelofibrosis more than ruxolitinib alone.","tags":"mpn trialist","route":"/people/raajit-rampal/","cancers":"primary-myelofibrosis myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"amer-zeidan","kind":"person","name":"Amer M. Zeidan","aka":"","tldr":"Yale haematologist who led VERONA, the trial that asked whether adding venetoclax to azacitidine helps people with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes, and found it did not lengthen survival.","tags":"mds trialist","route":"/people/amer-zeidan/","cancers":"mds-higher-risk mds"},{"id":"john-leonard","kind":"person","name":"John P. Leonard","aka":"","tldr":"New York lymphoma specialist who led AUGMENT, the trial that established lenalidomide plus rituximab as a chemotherapy-free option for relapsed follicular and marginal zone lymphoma.","tags":"lymphoma trialist","route":"/people/john-leonard/","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"philippe-armand","kind":"person","name":"Philippe Armand","aka":"","tldr":"Boston lymphoma doctor who led KEYNOTE-170, the trial that showed pembrolizumab can control relapsed primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma, and who helped bring PD-1 blockade to Hodgkin lymphoma.","tags":"lymphoma immunotherapy trialist","route":"/people/philippe-armand/","cancers":"primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"caron-jacobson","kind":"person","name":"Caron A. Jacobson","aka":"","tldr":"Boston lymphoma doctor who led ZUMA-5, the trial that brought the CAR-T therapy axicabtagene ciloleucel to relapsed follicular lymphoma.","tags":"lymphoma car-t cell-therapy trialist","route":"/people/caron-jacobson/","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"miles-prince","kind":"person","name":"H. Miles Prince","aka":"","tldr":"Melbourne haematologist who led ALCANZA, the trial that showed brentuximab vedotin beats standard treatment for CD30-expressing cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.","tags":"lymphoma trialist","route":"/people/miles-prince/","cancers":"cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"youn-kim","kind":"person","name":"Youn H. Kim","aka":"","tldr":"Stanford dermatologist who led MAVORIC, the trial that established mogamulizumab for mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome after earlier treatment.","tags":"lymphoma dermatology trialist","route":"/people/youn-kim/","cancers":"cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"rashmi-murthy","kind":"person","name":"Rashmi K. Murthy","aka":"","tldr":"Houston breast cancer doctor who was lead author of HER2CLIMB, the trial that established tucatinib for HER2-positive breast cancer, including in patients with brain metastases.","tags":"breast trialist","route":"/people/rashmi-murthy/","cancers":"her2-positive-breast-brain-metastases breast-her2-positive breast-cancer"},{"id":"rupert-bartsch","kind":"person","name":"Rupert Bartsch","aka":"","tldr":"Vienna oncologist who led TUXEDO-1, the small trial that showed trastuzumab deruxtecan can shrink active brain metastases from HER2-positive breast cancer.","tags":"breast brain-metastases trialist","route":"/people/rupert-bartsch/","cancers":"her2-positive-breast-brain-metastases breast-her2-positive breast-cancer"},{"id":"mark-robson","kind":"person","name":"Mark E. Robson","aka":"","tldr":"New York breast oncologist and cancer geneticist who led OlympiAD, the trial that made olaparib the first PARP inhibitor approved for BRCA-mutated breast cancer.","tags":"breast genetics trialist","route":"/people/mark-robson/","cancers":"tnbc-metastatic breast-cancer"},{"id":"andrea-decensi","kind":"person","name":"Andrea DeCensi","aka":"","tldr":"Italian oncologist who led TAM-01, the trial that showed a low dose of tamoxifen halves recurrence after non-invasive breast cancer with fewer side effects than the standard dose.","tags":"breast prevention trialist","route":"/people/andrea-decensi/","cancers":"ductal-carcinoma-in-situ breast-cancer"},{"id":"shelley-hwang","kind":"person","name":"E. Shelley Hwang","aka":"","tldr":"Duke surgeon who led COMET, the trial testing whether women with low-risk DCIS can safely be monitored instead of having surgery straight away.","tags":"breast surgery de-escalation trialist","route":"/people/shelley-hwang/","cancers":"ductal-carcinoma-in-situ breast-cancer"},{"id":"luca-gianni","kind":"person","name":"Luca Gianni","aka":"","tldr":"Milan oncologist who led NeoSphere, the trial that showed adding pertuzumab to trastuzumab and docetaxel before surgery clears more HER2-positive breast cancers, the basis for pertuzumab's neoadjuvant approval.","tags":"breast neoadjuvant trialist","route":"/people/luca-gianni/","cancers":"her2-positive-early-breast-cancer breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"jose-baselga","kind":"person","name":"José Baselga","aka":"","tldr":"Spanish oncologist who helped develop trastuzumab, pertuzumab and everolimus for breast cancer, and was lead author of BOLERO-2, which established everolimus plus exemestane for hormone-receptor-positive disease.","tags":"breast targeted-therapy trialist","route":"/people/jose-baselga/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46 breast-her2-positive breast-cancer"},{"id":"paul-chapman","kind":"person","name":"Paul B. Chapman","aka":"","tldr":"New York melanoma doctor who was lead author of BRIM-3, the trial that showed vemurafenib lengthens survival in BRAF-mutant melanoma and launched targeted therapy for the disease.","tags":"melanoma targeted-therapy trialist","route":"/people/paul-chapman/","cancers":"braf-v600-melanoma melanoma"},{"id":"michael-atkins","kind":"person","name":"Michael B. Atkins","aka":"","tldr":"Washington oncologist who led DREAMseq, the trial that showed people with BRAF-mutant melanoma live longer if immunotherapy is given before targeted therapy rather than after.","tags":"melanoma immunotherapy trialist","route":"/people/michael-atkins/","cancers":"advanced-melanoma braf-v600-melanoma melanoma rcc"},{"id":"john-kirkwood","kind":"person","name":"John M. Kirkwood","aka":"","tldr":"Pittsburgh melanoma doctor who ran the interferon trials that were the first adjuvant treatment for high-risk melanoma, and later led CheckMate 76K on adjuvant nivolumab for stage II disease.","tags":"melanoma adjuvant trialist","route":"/people/john-kirkwood/","cancers":"stage-ii-melanoma stage-iii-melanoma melanoma"},{"id":"jeffrey-gershenwald","kind":"person","name":"Jeffrey E. Gershenwald","aka":"","tldr":"Houston surgeon who chaired the melanoma expert panel for the eighth edition of the AJCC staging system, the classification doctors use to describe how far a melanoma has spread.","tags":"melanoma surgery staging","route":"/people/jeffrey-gershenwald/","cancers":"stage-ii-melanoma stage-iii-melanoma melanoma"},{"id":"piotr-rutkowski","kind":"person","name":"Piotr Rutkowski","aka":"","tldr":"Polish surgical oncologist who led the pooled EORTC and SWOG trials showing that imatinib shrinks dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, a rare skin sarcoma driven by a PDGFB fusion.","tags":"sarcoma melanoma surgery trialist","route":"/people/piotr-rutkowski/","cancers":"dermatofibrosarcoma-protuberans melanoma gist sarcoma"},{"id":"aleksandar-sekulic","kind":"person","name":"Aleksandar Sekulic","aka":"","tldr":"Mayo Clinic dermatologist who led ERIVANCE, the trial that established vismodegib, the first Hedgehog pathway inhibitor, for advanced basal cell carcinoma.","tags":"skin targeted-therapy trialist","route":"/people/aleksandar-sekulic/","cancers":"locally-advanced-bcc skin-cancer"},{"id":"alexander-stratigos","kind":"person","name":"Alexander J. Stratigos","aka":"","tldr":"Athens dermatologist who led the trial showing that cemiplimab works in advanced basal cell carcinoma after Hedgehog inhibitors have failed, and who co-authors the European skin cancer guidelines.","tags":"skin immunotherapy guidelines","route":"/people/alexander-stratigos/","cancers":"locally-advanced-bcc advanced-cutaneous-scc skin-cancer"},{"id":"michael-migden","kind":"person","name":"Michael R. Migden","aka":"","tldr":"Houston dermatologist who led the trials that established cemiplimab, the first drug approved for advanced cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma, and sonidegib for basal cell carcinoma.","tags":"skin immunotherapy trialist","route":"/people/michael-migden/","cancers":"advanced-cutaneous-scc locally-advanced-bcc skin-cancer"},{"id":"jean-jacques-grob","kind":"person","name":"Jean-Jacques Grob","aka":"","tldr":"Marseille dermatologist who led KEYNOTE-629, which established pembrolizumab for advanced cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma, and who has been a senior investigator on many European melanoma trials.","tags":"skin melanoma immunotherapy trialist","route":"/people/jean-jacques-grob/","cancers":"advanced-cutaneous-scc melanoma skin-cancer"},{"id":"danny-rischin","kind":"person","name":"Danny Rischin","aka":"","tldr":"Melbourne oncologist who led C-POST, the trial that showed cemiplimab after surgery and radiotherapy cuts recurrence in high-risk cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma.","tags":"skin head-and-neck immunotherapy trialist","route":"/people/danny-rischin/","cancers":"advanced-cutaneous-scc head-and-neck skin-cancer"},{"id":"neil-gross","kind":"person","name":"Neil D. Gross","aka":"","tldr":"Houston surgeon who led the trial showing that giving cemiplimab before surgery can eliminate cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma in about half of patients, sparing many from extensive operations.","tags":"skin surgery immunotherapy trialist","route":"/people/neil-gross/","cancers":"advanced-cutaneous-scc head-and-neck skin-cancer"},{"id":"ralf-gutzmer","kind":"person","name":"Ralf Gutzmer","aka":"","tldr":"German dermato-oncologist who was lead author of IMspire150, the trial that added atezolizumab to vemurafenib and cobimetinib in BRAF-mutant melanoma.","tags":"melanoma immunotherapy trialist","route":"/people/ralf-gutzmer/","cancers":"braf-v600-melanoma melanoma"},{"id":"shailender-bhatia","kind":"person","name":"Shailender Bhatia","aka":"","tldr":"Seattle oncologist who led STAMP, the trial that showed pembrolizumab after surgery reduces recurrence of Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare and aggressive skin cancer.","tags":"skin immunotherapy trialist","route":"/people/shailender-bhatia/","cancers":"merkel-cell-carcinoma skin-cancer melanoma"},{"id":"robert-ferris","kind":"person","name":"Robert L. Ferris","aka":"","tldr":"Surgeon and immunologist who led CheckMate 141, the trial that made nivolumab the first drug to lengthen survival in head and neck cancer after platinum failure, and E3311 on transoral surgery for HPV-positive throat cancer.","tags":"head-and-neck immunotherapy surgery trialist","route":"/people/robert-ferris/","cancers":"recurrent-metastatic-hnscc hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer oropharyngeal-cancer head-and-neck"},{"id":"joel-guigay","kind":"person","name":"Joël Guigay","aka":"","tldr":"Nice oncologist who led TPExtreme, the GORTEC trial that showed the shorter TPEx regimen is a reasonable alternative to EXTREME for recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer.","tags":"head-and-neck trialist","route":"/people/joel-guigay/","cancers":"recurrent-metastatic-hnscc head-and-neck"},{"id":"jean-pascal-machiels","kind":"person","name":"Jean-Pascal Machiels","aka":"","tldr":"Brussels oncologist who led KEYNOTE-412, the trial that tested adding pembrolizumab to chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer.","tags":"head-and-neck immunotherapy trialist","route":"/people/jean-pascal-machiels/","cancers":"hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer head-and-neck"},{"id":"anthony-nichols","kind":"person","name":"Anthony C. Nichols","aka":"","tldr":"Canadian surgeon who led ORATOR, the first randomised trial to compare robotic surgery with radiotherapy for early throat cancer, which found swallowing was slightly better after radiotherapy.","tags":"head-and-neck surgery trialist","route":"/people/anthony-nichols/","cancers":"hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer oropharyngeal-cancer head-and-neck"},{"id":"rossella-elisei","kind":"person","name":"Rossella Elisei","aka":"","tldr":"Pisa endocrinologist who led EXAM, the trial that established cabozantinib for progressive medullary thyroid cancer, and who has studied RET mutations in the disease for decades.","tags":"thyroid targeted-therapy trialist","route":"/people/rossella-elisei/","cancers":"medullary-thyroid-cancer thyroid"},{"id":"samuel-wells","kind":"person","name":"Samuel A. Wells Jr.","aka":"","tldr":"American surgeon who pioneered removing the thyroid in children with inherited RET mutations before cancer develops, led ZETA, the trial that established vandetanib for medullary thyroid cancer, and chaired the American Thyroid Association guideline for the disease.","tags":"thyroid surgery trialist","route":"/people/samuel-wells/","cancers":"medullary-thyroid-cancer thyroid"},{"id":"bryan-haugen","kind":"person","name":"Bryan R. Haugen","aka":"","tldr":"Colorado endocrinologist who chaired the 2015 American Thyroid Association guidelines, the reference for how thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer are diagnosed and treated.","tags":"thyroid guidelines","route":"/people/bryan-haugen/","cancers":"papillary-thyroid-cancer follicular-thyroid-cancer thyroid"},{"id":"keith-bible","kind":"person","name":"Keith C. Bible","aka":"","tldr":"Mayo Clinic oncologist who chaired the American Thyroid Association guidelines for anaplastic thyroid cancer, one of the fastest-growing human cancers.","tags":"thyroid guidelines","route":"/people/keith-bible/","cancers":"anaplastic-thyroid-cancer thyroid"},{"id":"julien-hadoux","kind":"person","name":"Julien Hadoux","aka":"","tldr":"Paris endocrine oncologist who was lead author of LIBRETTO-531, the trial that showed the selective RET inhibitor selpercatinib beats older kinase inhibitors as first treatment for advanced medullary thyroid cancer.","tags":"thyroid targeted-therapy trialist","route":"/people/julien-hadoux/","cancers":"medullary-thyroid-cancer thyroid"},{"id":"vivek-subbiah","kind":"person","name":"Vivek Subbiah","aka":"","tldr":"Early-phase trialist who led the study showing dabrafenib and trametinib work in BRAF-mutant anaplastic thyroid cancer, the first approved treatment for that disease, and many of the RET inhibitor trials.","tags":"thyroid targeted-therapy early-phase trialist","route":"/people/vivek-subbiah/","cancers":"anaplastic-thyroid-cancer thyroid medullary-thyroid-cancer"},{"id":"stephen-freedland","kind":"person","name":"Stephen J. Freedland","aka":"","tldr":"Los Angeles urologist who was lead author of EMBARK, the trial that established enzalutamide for men whose prostate cancer is returning fast after surgery or radiotherapy.","tags":"prostate trialist","route":"/people/stephen-freedland/","cancers":"prostate-bcr prostate"},{"id":"chris-parker","kind":"person","name":"Chris C. Parker","aka":"","tldr":"London radiation oncologist who led ALSYMPCA, the trial that showed radium-223 lengthens survival in prostate cancer that has spread to bone, and RADICALS-RT, which showed radiotherapy after prostatectomy can safely wait until the PSA rises.","tags":"prostate radiotherapy trialist","route":"/people/chris-parker/","cancers":"prostate-mcrpc prostate-bcr prostate"},{"id":"gerhardt-attard","kind":"person","name":"Gerhardt Attard","aka":"","tldr":"London oncologist who helped develop abiraterone and led the STAMPEDE analysis showing that two years of abiraterone alongside hormone therapy and radiotherapy improves survival in high-risk localised prostate cancer.","tags":"prostate trialist","route":"/people/gerhardt-attard/","cancers":"prostate-high-risk prostate"},{"id":"david-dearnaley","kind":"person","name":"David Dearnaley","aka":"","tldr":"British radiation oncologist who led CHHiP, the trial that showed prostate cancer can be treated in 20 radiotherapy sessions rather than 37 with the same results, changing practice worldwide.","tags":"prostate radiotherapy trialist","route":"/people/david-dearnaley/","cancers":"prostate-intermediate-risk prostate"},{"id":"fred-saad","kind":"person","name":"Fred Saad","aka":"","tldr":"Montreal urologist who led the zoledronic acid trials in prostate cancer bone metastases and was lead author of ARANOTE, which established darolutamide plus hormone therapy for metastatic hormone-sensitive disease.","tags":"prostate trialist","route":"/people/fred-saad/","cancers":"prostate-mhspc prostate-mcrpc prostate"},{"id":"stephen-boorjian","kind":"person","name":"Stephen A. Boorjian","aka":"","tldr":"Mayo Clinic urologist who led the trial of nadofaragene firadenovec, the first gene therapy approved for bladder cancer that no longer responds to BCG.","tags":"urothelial gene-therapy surgery trialist","route":"/people/stephen-boorjian/","cancers":"non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer urothelial"},{"id":"krishnansu-tewari","kind":"person","name":"Krishnansu S. Tewari","aka":"","tldr":"California gynaecologic oncologist who led GOG 240, the trial that made bevacizumab the first targeted drug to lengthen survival in advanced cervical cancer, and EMPOWER-Cervical 1, which did the same for the PD-1 antibody cemiplimab.","tags":"cervical gynaecological trialist","route":"/people/krishnansu-tewari/","cancers":"recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer cervical"},{"id":"david-gershenson","kind":"person","name":"David M. Gershenson","aka":"","tldr":"Houston gynaecologic oncologist who defined low-grade serous ovarian cancer as a distinct disease and led GOG 281, the trial that showed the MEK inhibitor trametinib works better than standard treatments for it.","tags":"ovarian gynaecological trialist","route":"/people/david-gershenson/","cancers":"low-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer ovarian"},{"id":"vicky-makker","kind":"person","name":"Vicky Makker","aka":"","tldr":"New York oncologist who led KEYNOTE-775, the trial that established lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab for advanced endometrial cancer after chemotherapy.","tags":"endometrial gynaecological immunotherapy trialist","route":"/people/vicky-makker/","cancers":"advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer endometrial"},{"id":"shannon-westin","kind":"person","name":"Shannon N. Westin","aka":"","tldr":"Houston gynaecologic oncologist who led DUO-E, the trial that added durvalumab, with or without olaparib, to first-line chemotherapy for advanced endometrial cancer.","tags":"endometrial gynaecological trialist","route":"/people/shannon-westin/","cancers":"advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer endometrial ovarian"},{"id":"marie-plante","kind":"person","name":"Marie Plante","aka":"","tldr":"Quebec surgeon who pioneered fertility-sparing surgery for cervical cancer and led SHAPE, the trial that showed a simple hysterectomy is enough for low-risk early cervical cancer.","tags":"cervical surgery de-escalation trialist","route":"/people/marie-plante/","cancers":"early-cervical-cancer cervical"},{"id":"remi-nout","kind":"person","name":"Remi A. Nout","aka":"","tldr":"Dutch radiation oncologist who was lead author of PORTEC-2, the trial that showed vaginal brachytherapy is as good as pelvic radiotherapy for high-intermediate-risk endometrial cancer, with fewer side effects.","tags":"endometrial radiotherapy trialist","route":"/people/remi-nout/","cancers":"endometrial-nsmp endometrial cervical"},{"id":"ana-oaknin","kind":"person","name":"Ana Oaknin","aka":"","tldr":"Barcelona oncologist who led GARNET, the trial that brought dostarlimab to mismatch repair-deficient endometrial cancer, and who has led many trials of new drugs for gynaecological cancers.","tags":"endometrial gynaecological immunotherapy trialist","route":"/people/ana-oaknin/","cancers":"endometrial-mmr-deficient endometrial cervical"},{"id":"amanda-fader","kind":"person","name":"Amanda Nickles Fader","aka":"","tldr":"Baltimore gynaecologic oncologist who led the trial showing that adding trastuzumab to chemotherapy helps women with HER2-positive uterine serous carcinoma, an aggressive form of endometrial cancer.","tags":"endometrial gynaecological trialist","route":"/people/amanda-fader/","cancers":"endometrial-p53-abnormal endometrial"},{"id":"susana-banerjee","kind":"person","name":"Susana Banerjee","aka":"","tldr":"London gynaecological oncologist who led RAMP 201, the trial that established the avutometinib and defactinib combination for recurrent KRAS-mutant low-grade serous ovarian cancer.","tags":"ovarian gynaecological targeted-therapy trialist","route":"/people/susana-banerjee/","cancers":"low-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer ovarian"},{"id":"paul-brown","kind":"person","name":"Paul D. Brown","aka":"","tldr":"Mayo Clinic radiation oncologist whose trials showed that focused radiosurgery preserves thinking and memory better than whole-brain radiotherapy for brain metastases, and that sparing the hippocampus reduces cognitive harm when whole-brain treatment is needed.","tags":"brain radiotherapy trialist","route":"/people/paul-brown/","cancers":"secondary-brain-tumours brain-tumours"},{"id":"jan-buckner","kind":"person","name":"Jan C. Buckner","aka":"","tldr":"Mayo Clinic neuro-oncologist who was lead author of the long-term RTOG 9802 results, which showed that adding PCV chemotherapy to radiotherapy roughly doubles survival in high-risk low-grade glioma.","tags":"brain trialist","route":"/people/jan-buckner/","cancers":"idh-mutant-astrocytoma oligodendroglioma brain-tumours"},{"id":"eric-jonasch","kind":"person","name":"Eric Jonasch","aka":"","tldr":"Houston oncologist who led the trial that established belzutifan, the first drug for the tumours of von Hippel-Lindau disease, including kidney cancers, pancreatic tumours and haemangioblastomas.","tags":"kidney targeted-therapy trialist","route":"/people/eric-jonasch/","cancers":"spinal-cord-tumours clear-cell-rcc rcc"},{"id":"scott-plotkin","kind":"person","name":"Scott R. Plotkin","aka":"","tldr":"Boston neuro-oncologist who showed that bevacizumab can shrink vestibular schwannomas and restore hearing in people with neurofibromatosis type 2.","tags":"brain rare-cancers trialist","route":"/people/scott-plotkin/","cancers":"vestibular-schwannoma brain-tumours"},{"id":"andrew-lassman","kind":"person","name":"Andrew B. Lassman","aka":"","tldr":"New York neuro-oncologist who led INTELLANCE-1, the trial that tested the EGFR-directed antibody-drug conjugate depatuxizumab mafodotin in newly diagnosed glioblastoma and found it did not extend survival.","tags":"brain trialist","route":"/people/andrew-lassman/","cancers":"glioblastoma brain-tumours"},{"id":"olivier-chinot","kind":"person","name":"Olivier L. Chinot","aka":"","tldr":"Marseille neuro-oncologist who was lead author of AVAglio, the trial that showed adding bevacizumab to standard glioblastoma treatment delays progression but does not lengthen life.","tags":"brain trialist","route":"/people/olivier-chinot/","cancers":"glioblastoma brain-tumours"},{"id":"jacques-grill","kind":"person","name":"Jacques Grill","aka":"","tldr":"Paris paediatric neuro-oncologist who led HERBY, the trial that showed adding bevacizumab does not help children with high-grade glioma, and who leads European trials in diffuse midline glioma.","tags":"paediatric brain trialist","route":"/people/jacques-grill/","cancers":"paediatric-high-grade-glioma glioblastoma childhood-cancers"},{"id":"darren-hargrave","kind":"person","name":"Darren R. Hargrave","aka":"","tldr":"London paediatric neuro-oncologist who led the trial showing that dabrafenib and trametinib work in children with BRAF V600-mutant high-grade glioma.","tags":"paediatric brain targeted-therapy trialist","route":"/people/darren-hargrave/","cancers":"paediatric-high-grade-glioma childhood-cancers"},{"id":"giles-robinson","kind":"person","name":"Giles W. Robinson","aka":"","tldr":"Memphis paediatric neuro-oncologist who led the study showing that the Hedgehog inhibitor vismodegib helps only adults and older children whose medulloblastoma belongs to the SHH subgroup, an early example of subgroup-directed brain tumour therapy.","tags":"paediatric brain targeted-therapy trialist","route":"/people/giles-robinson/","cancers":"medulloblastoma-shh medulloblastoma childhood-cancers"},{"id":"sarah-leary","kind":"person","name":"Sarah E. S. Leary","aka":"","tldr":"Seattle paediatric neuro-oncologist who led COG ACNS0332, the trial that found adding carboplatin to radiotherapy improves survival in children with high-risk group 3 medulloblastoma but isotretinoin does not help.","tags":"paediatric brain trialist","route":"/people/sarah-leary/","cancers":"medulloblastoma-group-3-4 medulloblastoma childhood-cancers"},{"id":"kimberly-dunsmore","kind":"person","name":"Kimberly P. Dunsmore","aka":"","tldr":"Paediatric oncologist who chaired COG AALL0434, the largest trial ever run in childhood T-cell leukaemia, which showed that adding nelarabine improves disease-free survival.","tags":"paediatric leukaemia trialist","route":"/people/kimberly-dunsmore/","cancers":"all-paediatric-high-risk all-leukemia childhood-cancers"},{"id":"rob-pieters","kind":"person","name":"Rob Pieters","aka":"","tldr":"Dutch paediatric oncologist who led the international Interfant trials for babies with leukaemia and helped create the Princess Máxima Center, which brought all Dutch childhood cancer care into one hospital.","tags":"paediatric leukaemia trialist","route":"/people/rob-pieters/","cancers":"all-infant all-leukemia childhood-cancers"},{"id":"inge-van-der-sluis","kind":"person","name":"Inge M. van der Sluis","aka":"","tldr":"Dutch paediatric oncologist who led the study showing that adding one course of blinatumomab to chemotherapy sharply improves survival for babies with KMT2A-rearranged leukaemia.","tags":"paediatric leukaemia immunotherapy trialist","route":"/people/inge-van-der-sluis/","cancers":"all-infant all-leukemia childhood-cancers"},{"id":"sylvie-bonvalot","kind":"person","name":"Sylvie Bonvalot","aka":"","tldr":"Paris surgeon who championed compartmental resection for retroperitoneal sarcoma and led STRASS, the trial that showed preoperative radiotherapy does not improve abdominal recurrence-free survival overall.","tags":"sarcoma surgery trialist","route":"/people/sylvie-bonvalot/","cancers":"retroperitoneal-sarcoma liposarcoma sarcoma"},{"id":"andrew-wagner","kind":"person","name":"Andrew J. Wagner","aka":"","tldr":"Boston sarcoma doctor who first showed that mTOR inhibitors shrink perivascular epithelioid cell tumours and then led AMPECT, the trial that made nab-sirolimus the first approved treatment for these rare cancers.","tags":"sarcoma rare-cancers targeted-therapy trialist","route":"/people/andrew-wagner/","cancers":"pecoma sarcoma"},{"id":"patricia-pautier","kind":"person","name":"Patricia Pautier","aka":"","tldr":"Paris oncologist who led LMS-04, the trial that showed doxorubicin plus trabectedin lengthens survival in advanced leiomyosarcoma compared with doxorubicin alone.","tags":"sarcoma trialist","route":"/people/patricia-pautier/","cancers":"leiomyosarcoma extremity-soft-tissue-sarcoma retroperitoneal-sarcoma sarcoma"},{"id":"patrick-schoffski","kind":"person","name":"Patrick Schöffski","aka":"","tldr":"Leuven oncologist who led the trial that showed eribulin lengthens survival in advanced liposarcoma, the basis of the drug's approval for that disease.","tags":"sarcoma trialist","route":"/people/patrick-schoffski/","cancers":"liposarcoma leiomyosarcoma sarcoma"},{"id":"alice-chen","kind":"person","name":"Alice P. Chen","aka":"","tldr":"NCI oncologist who led the trial that showed atezolizumab produces lasting responses in alveolar soft part sarcoma, the first approved treatment for this rare cancer.","tags":"sarcoma rare-cancers immunotherapy trialist","route":"/people/alice-chen/","cancers":"alveolar-soft-part-sarcoma sarcoma"},{"id":"antoine-italiano","kind":"person","name":"Antoine Italiano","aka":"","tldr":"Bordeaux oncologist who led CABONE, the trial that showed cabozantinib shrinks or stabilises osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma after standard treatment has failed.","tags":"sarcoma early-phase trialist","route":"/people/antoine-italiano/","cancers":"osteosarcoma ewing-sarcoma sarcoma"},{"id":"florence-duffaud","kind":"person","name":"Florence Duffaud","aka":"","tldr":"Marseille oncologist who led REGOBONE, the trial that showed regorafenib delays progression in metastatic osteosarcoma and other bone sarcomas.","tags":"sarcoma trialist","route":"/people/florence-duffaud/","cancers":"osteosarcoma ewing-sarcoma chondrosarcoma sarcoma"},{"id":"robin-jones","kind":"person","name":"Robin L. Jones","aka":"","tldr":"London sarcoma specialist who led TAPPAS, the trial that tested the anti-angiogenic protein TRC105 with pazopanib in angiosarcoma, and who has led many international sarcoma trials.","tags":"sarcoma trialist","route":"/people/robin-jones/","cancers":"angiosarcoma vascular-tumours sarcoma"},{"id":"jennifer-chan","kind":"person","name":"Jennifer A. Chan","aka":"","tldr":"Boston oncologist who led CABINET, the trial that showed cabozantinib delays progression of advanced neuroendocrine tumours after other treatments have failed.","tags":"neuroendocrine targeted-therapy trialist","route":"/people/jennifer-chan/","cancers":"pancreatic-net small-intestinal-net lung-net neuroendocrine"},{"id":"john-strickler","kind":"person","name":"John H. Strickler","aka":"","tldr":"Duke oncologist who led MOUNTAINEER, the trial that made tucatinib plus trastuzumab the first approved HER2-directed treatment for colorectal cancer.","tags":"colorectal targeted-therapy trialist","route":"/people/john-strickler/","cancers":"her2-amplified-colorectal colorectal"},{"id":"andrea-sartore-bianchi","kind":"person","name":"Andrea Sartore-Bianchi","aka":"","tldr":"Milan oncologist who was lead author of HERACLES, the first trial to show that HER2-targeted drugs work in HER2-amplified colorectal cancer.","tags":"colorectal targeted-therapy trialist","route":"/people/andrea-sartore-bianchi/","cancers":"her2-amplified-colorectal colorectal"},{"id":"salvatore-siena","kind":"person","name":"Salvatore Siena","aka":"","tldr":"Milan oncologist who co-led HERACLES and was lead author of DESTINY-CRC01, which showed trastuzumab deruxtecan is active in HER2-positive colorectal cancer, and a leader of the anti-EGFR antibody trials in the disease.","tags":"colorectal targeted-therapy trialist","route":"/people/salvatore-siena/","cancers":"her2-amplified-colorectal colorectal"},{"id":"rona-yaeger","kind":"person","name":"Rona Yaeger","aka":"","tldr":"New York oncologist who was lead author of the KRYSTAL-1 colorectal report, which showed adagrasib with cetuximab shrinks KRAS G12C-mutant colorectal cancer and led to the combination's approval.","tags":"colorectal targeted-therapy trialist","route":"/people/rona-yaeger/","cancers":"kras-g12c-colorectal braf-v600e-colorectal colorectal"},{"id":"gerald-prager","kind":"person","name":"Gerald W. Prager","aka":"","tldr":"Vienna oncologist who was lead author of SUNLIGHT, the trial that showed adding bevacizumab to trifluridine-tipiracil lengthens survival in refractory colorectal cancer.","tags":"colorectal trialist","route":"/people/gerald-prager/","cancers":"kras-g12c-colorectal colorectal"},{"id":"quincy-chu","kind":"person","name":"Quincy Chu","aka":"","tldr":"Edmonton oncologist who was lead author of KEYNOTE-483 (CCTG IND.227), the trial that showed adding pembrolizumab to chemotherapy lengthens survival in pleural mesothelioma.","tags":"mesothelioma immunotherapy trialist","route":"/people/quincy-chu/","cancers":"pleural-mesothelioma"},{"id":"maria-de-santis","kind":"person","name":"Maria De Santis","aka":"","tldr":"Berlin oncologist who led SEMPET, the study showing that a PET scan can tell which residual masses after chemotherapy for seminoma still contain cancer, sparing many men further treatment.","tags":"testis imaging trialist","route":"/people/maria-de-santis/","cancers":"seminoma"},{"id":"b-tumor-heterogeneity","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Tumour heterogeneity and clonal evolution","aka":"","tldr":"Every tumour is a population of genetically distinct clones: in multi-region sequencing of kidney tumours, roughly two thirds of mutations were missing from at least one region. Treatment kills the dominant clones and leaves resistant minor clones to grow back, yet a single diagnostic biopsy is still treated as the whole disease.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-tumor-heterogeneity/","cancers":"rcc nsclc glioblastoma pancreatic breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"b-undruggable-targets","kind":"bottleneck","name":"The undruggable drivers","aka":"","tldr":"The proteins that drive most cancers, such as MYC, mutant p53 and most RAS variants, still have no good drug.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-undruggable-targets/","cancers":"pancreatic colorectal nsclc aml sarcoma"},{"id":"b-preclinical-models","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Lab models that fail to predict what happens in patients","aka":"","tldr":"Nine in ten cancer drugs that work in mice fail in humans. Our models are the reason.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-preclinical-models/","cancers":"pancreatic glioblastoma colorectal"},{"id":"b-metastasis-biology","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Metastasis is understood least and studied last","aka":"","tldr":"Metastasis causes about nine in ten cancer deaths but gets a small fraction of research money and almost no trials of its own.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-metastasis-biology/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc colorectal prostate melanoma nsclc"},{"id":"b-dormancy-mrd","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Dormant cells and minimal residual disease","aka":"","tldr":"After a 'successful' treatment, cells can sleep for years then relapse. We can barely detect them and cannot target them.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-dormancy-mrd/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal urothelial nsclc multiple-myeloma aml all-leukemia"},{"id":"b-resistance","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Acquired resistance to every therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Nearly every targeted therapy stops working within months to a few years as the tumour adapts.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-resistance/","cancers":"nsclc breast-hr-positive cll prostate melanoma dlbcl"},{"id":"b-tme-immunosuppression","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Cold tumours and the immunosuppressive microenvironment","aka":"","tldr":"Most tumours keep the immune system out or asleep, so immunotherapy helps only a minority.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-tme-immunosuppression/","cancers":"pancreatic prostate colorectal glioblastoma breast-hr-positive ovarian"},{"id":"b-brain-delivery","kind":"bottleneck","name":"The brain: barrier and sanctuary","aka":"","tldr":"The blood-brain barrier's tight junctions and efflux pumps keep antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates and most kinase inhibitors out of the brain, so glioblastoma treatment has barely changed since 2005 and brain metastases, which develop in about a fifth of adults with cancer, are usually left to radiotherapy alone.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-brain-delivery/","cancers":"glioblastoma breast-her2-positive nsclc melanoma sclc"},{"id":"b-cachexia-supportive","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Cachexia, toxicity and the limits of the patient","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer cachexia, the muscle and fat wasting driven by tumour and host inflammatory signals, affects most patients with advanced pancreatic, gastric and lung cancer, and treatment-limiting toxicities decide what dose a patient can receive. Only Japan has an approved cachexia drug, and supportive care research gets a small share of funding relative to its effect.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-cachexia-supportive/","cancers":"pancreatic gastric nsclc esophageal head-and-neck"},{"id":"b-rare-cancers","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Rare and paediatric cancers without markets","aka":"","tldr":"Taken together rare cancers are a fifth of all cancers, but each one alone is too small for a company to invest in.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-rare-cancers/","cancers":"sarcoma neuroblastoma mesothelioma cholangiocarcinoma neuroendocrine all-leukemia thyroid"},{"id":"b-immunotherapy-response","kind":"bottleneck","name":"No one can predict who responds to immunotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Checkpoint drugs cure some patients and do nothing for most. We still cannot tell the two apart before treating.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-immunotherapy-response/","cancers":"nsclc melanoma head-and-neck urothelial gastric colorectal"},{"id":"b-early-detection","kind":"bottleneck","name":"The hardest cancers are found late","aka":"","tldr":"Screening exists for only a few cancers. Pancreatic, ovarian, liver, oesophageal and most lung cancers are found when cure is unlikely.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-early-detection/","cancers":"pancreatic ovarian hcc esophageal gastric nsclc colorectal"},{"id":"b-overdiagnosis","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Overdiagnosis and false alarms","aka":"","tldr":"Finding more cancer is not the same as saving lives. Screening also finds cancers that would never have hurt anyone, and treats them.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-overdiagnosis/","cancers":"thyroid prostate breast-hr-positive nsclc rcc"},{"id":"b-prevention-adoption","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Prevention we already have is not deployed","aka":"","tldr":"Around four in ten cancers are preventable with tools we already own: vaccines, tobacco control, weight, alcohol, sun and infection control.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-prevention-adoption/","cancers":"cervical hcc gastric nsclc head-and-neck esophageal colorectal melanoma"},{"id":"b-hereditary-risk","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Inherited risk is mostly unidentified","aka":"","tldr":"Most people who carry a high-risk cancer gene do not know it until they or a relative gets cancer.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-hereditary-risk/","cancers":"ovarian tnbc breast-hr-positive colorectal endometrial pancreatic prostate gastric"},{"id":"b-trial-enrolment","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Trials enrol too few, too slowly","aka":"","tldr":"Fewer than one in ten adults with cancer joins a trial. Trials close for lack of patients, not lack of ideas.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-trial-enrolment/"},{"id":"b-trial-design","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Trial design, endpoints and cost","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial takes years and hundreds of millions of dollars, and often answers a question that has already moved on.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-trial-design/","cancers":"prostate multiple-myeloma breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"b-trial-diversity","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Trials do not represent the people who get cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Older, Black, Hispanic, Asian, rural, poor and multimorbid patients are under-represented, so results may not apply to them.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-trial-diversity/","cancers":"prostate multiple-myeloma tnbc nsclc hcc gastric"},{"id":"b-dose-optimisation","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Wrong doses","aka":"","tldr":"Most drug doses were chosen as the highest a person can tolerate, which is often more than they need.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-dose-optimisation/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive breast-hr-positive nsclc aml neuroendocrine sarcoma"},{"id":"b-combination-space","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Too many combinations to test","aka":"","tldr":"There are thousands of possible drug pairs and sequences. Trials can test a few dozen a year.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-combination-space/","cancers":"prostate tnbc nsclc melanoma"},{"id":"b-negative-results","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Failures are hidden","aka":"","tldr":"Negative trials, failed drugs and abandoned programmes are rarely published, so the same mistakes are repeated.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-negative-results/"},{"id":"b-biomarker-validation","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Biomarkers are not validated or standardised","aka":"","tldr":"Tests that decide who gets a drug are often not validated prospectively and are measured differently in every lab.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-biomarker-validation/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive breast-hr-positive nsclc ovarian gastric urothelial"},{"id":"b-regulatory-fragmentation","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Regulatory divergence between regions","aka":"","tldr":"Regulatory divergence means a drug approved in one country can take years to reach another, or never arrive.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-regulatory-fragmentation/"},{"id":"b-manufacturing-cell-therapy","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Manufacturing cost and time for living and radioactive medicines","aka":"","tldr":"Cell therapies take weeks to make for one patient and cost hundreds of thousands of dollars. Isotopes run short.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-manufacturing-cell-therapy/","cancers":"dlbcl all-leukemia multiple-myeloma prostate neuroendocrine melanoma"},{"id":"b-drug-pricing","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Prices and value","aka":"","tldr":"New cancer drugs routinely cost over $150,000 a year, often for months of benefit. Systems cannot afford them and patients go bankrupt.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-drug-pricing/"},{"id":"b-generic-repurposing","kind":"bottleneck","name":"No incentive to repurpose cheap drugs","aka":"","tldr":"Old, cheap drugs with anti-cancer signals never get the trials they need because no one profits from the result.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-generic-repurposing/","cancers":"colorectal breast-hr-positive prostate neuroblastoma"},{"id":"b-global-access","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Most of the world has almost no cancer care","aka":"","tldr":"Seven in ten cancer deaths happen in low- and middle-income countries, where radiotherapy, pathology, surgery and drugs are scarce.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-global-access/","cancers":"cervical hcc gastric esophageal all-leukemia hodgkin-lymphoma breast-her2-positive head-and-neck"},{"id":"b-workforce","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Not enough oncologists, nurses, pathologists, physicists","aka":"","tldr":"The number of people with cancer is rising faster than the workforce trained to treat them.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-workforce/"},{"id":"b-care-fragmentation","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Fragmented care and guideline gaps","aka":"","tldr":"Patients fall between specialists, wait for referrals and often do not get the treatment guidelines say they should.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-care-fragmentation/","cancers":"nsclc colorectal pancreatic head-and-neck esophageal"},{"id":"b-survivorship","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Survivorship and late effects are neglected","aka":"","tldr":"Tens of millions of people live after cancer with heart damage, infertility, second cancers and fear, and few services.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-survivorship/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma all-leukemia neuroblastoma breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive thyroid prostate"},{"id":"b-palliative","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Pain relief and palliative care are unavailable to most","aka":"","tldr":"Most people who die of cancer worldwide do so without adequate pain relief.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-palliative/","cancers":"pancreatic hcc glioblastoma esophageal gastric nsclc cervical"},{"id":"b-aging-comorbidity","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Older and multimorbid patients are excluded and undertreated","aka":"","tldr":"Most people with cancer are over 65 but most trial patients are younger and fitter. We guess how to treat the majority.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-aging-comorbidity/","cancers":"aml cll dlbcl multiple-myeloma prostate nsclc colorectal"},{"id":"b-data-silos","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Data silos","aka":"","tldr":"Records, scans, genomes and outcomes sit in separate systems that cannot talk. Every patient's experience is lost to the next.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-data-silos/"},{"id":"b-real-world-evidence","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Weak real-world evidence and registries","aka":"","tldr":"We do not reliably know what happens to patients after approval, so we cannot tell which drugs deliver in practice.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-real-world-evidence/"},{"id":"b-reproducibility","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Preclinical results do not reproduce","aka":"","tldr":"Fewer than half of landmark cancer biology findings reproduce when someone else tries.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-reproducibility/"},{"id":"b-knowledge-diffusion","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Knowledge reaches practice too slowly","aka":"","tldr":"Knowledge diffusion is slow: it takes years for a proven result to change what most patients receive, and no one can keep up with the literature.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-knowledge-diffusion/","cancers":"nsclc breast-her2-positive colorectal"},{"id":"b-ai-validation","kind":"bottleneck","name":"AI that is built but not validated or deployed","aka":"","tldr":"Thousands of cancer AI models are published; a handful are in clinical use, and fewer have shown they help patients.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-ai-validation/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate nsclc melanoma colorectal"},{"id":"b-funding-allocation","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Funding follows fashion, not burden","aka":"","tldr":"Research money follows visibility, not burden: breast, prostate and leukaemia receive far more funding per death or year of life lost than lung, pancreatic, liver, oesophageal, gastric, bladder and uterine cancers, and metastasis research gets an estimated 5% of funding despite causing most deaths. Advocacy strength and peer review that rewards mechanism explain the skew.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-funding-allocation/","cancers":"pancreatic hcc gastric esophageal nsclc urothelial endometrial glioblastoma"},{"id":"b-incentive-misalignment","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Incentives reward me-too drugs and marginal gains","aka":"","tldr":"The system pays the same for a drug that adds two months as for a cure, so companies race to copy rather than to cure.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-incentive-misalignment/","cancers":"pancreatic glioblastoma nsclc tnbc multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"b-translational-valley","kind":"bottleneck","name":"The valley of death between lab and product","aka":"","tldr":"Most academic discoveries die before anyone tests them in people because nobody funds the middle step.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-translational-valley/"},{"id":"b-ip-collaboration","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Secrecy and intellectual property block collaboration","aka":"","tldr":"Companies with complementary drugs rarely test them together, and data that could answer questions stays locked up.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-ip-collaboration/"},{"id":"b-surgery-radiation-innovation","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Surgery and radiotherapy cure most, get least","aka":"","tldr":"Surgery and radiotherapy cure more people than drugs do, but attract a fraction of the research investment.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-surgery-radiation-innovation/","cancers":"melanoma cervical mesothelioma esophageal prostate rcc urothelial"},{"id":"b-patient-voice","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Patients lack understanding, navigation and agency","aka":"","tldr":"Most patients cannot understand their options, find trials, or push back, so decisions are made for them.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-patient-voice/"},{"id":"b-toxicity-qol","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Toxicity and quality of life are undervalued","aka":"","tldr":"Trials measure how long people live, not how they live. Side-effects are under-reported and under-treated.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-toxicity-qol/"},{"id":"b-misinformation","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Misinformation and unproven therapies","aka":"","tldr":"Patients are sold unproven treatments and frightened away from proven ones.","tags":"","route":"/bottlenecks/b-misinformation/","cancers":"cervical breast-hr-positive colorectal prostate nsclc"},{"id":"idea-bio1-multiregion-blocks-default","kind":"idea","name":"Bank three spatially separate tumour blocks from every resection","aka":"","tldr":"Hospitals usually keep one piece of a removed tumour. Keeping three pieces from different parts would show how varied the tumour is, at almost no extra cost.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-multiregion-blocks-default/","cancers":"nsclc colorectal rcc"},{"id":"idea-bio1-rapid-autopsy-network","kind":"idea","name":"A national rapid research autopsy network for end-stage cancer","aka":"","tldr":"When patients who agreed in advance die of cancer, sampling every tumour within hours reveals how the disease evolved and escaped every drug. Few hospitals can do this today.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-rapid-autopsy-network/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-ctdna-clone-report","kind":"idea","name":"A clone report from blood at every treatment cycle","aka":"","tldr":"Blood tests can already detect tumour DNA. Reporting which sub-populations of the tumour are growing or shrinking, cycle by cycle, would turn the test into an evolution monitor.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-ctdna-clone-report/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"idea-bio1-truncal-branch-labelling","kind":"idea","name":"Label every targetable mutation as truncal or branch on the report","aka":"","tldr":"A drug aimed at a mutation present in every tumour cell works differently from one aimed at a mutation in only some cells. Test reports should say which is which.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-truncal-branch-labelling/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-outlier-lesion-biopsy","kind":"idea","name":"Biopsy the one lesion that is growing while the others shrink","aka":"","tldr":"When a scan shows most tumours shrinking but one growing, that odd lesion holds the escape mechanism. Sampling it, and treating it locally, should be routine.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-outlier-lesion-biopsy/","cancers":"nsclc melanoma"},{"id":"idea-bio1-barcoded-avatars-clonal-fitness","kind":"idea","name":"Barcode patient-derived tumours to watch which clones win under each drug","aka":"","tldr":"Tag every cell in a patient's lab-grown tumour with a unique DNA label, give it a drug, and read the labels to see which cells survive. This predicts which resistant clone will emerge.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-barcoded-avatars-clonal-fitness/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-evolvability-index","kind":"idea","name":"A standard evolvability score for every tumour","aka":"","tldr":"Some tumours change fast and escape drugs quickly; others are stable. A single validated score for how evolvable a tumour is would tell doctors how aggressively to combine treatments.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-evolvability-index/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-adaptive-therapy-platform","kind":"idea","name":"A multi-cancer platform trial of adaptive (dose-holiday) therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of hitting a tumour with the maximum dose until it stops working, adjust the dose to keep the tumour small and let drug-sensitive cells suppress resistant ones. Test this properly across several cancers.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-adaptive-therapy-platform/","cancers":"prostate ovarian melanoma"},{"id":"idea-bio1-ctdna-adaptive-tki","kind":"idea","name":"ctDNA-guided dose holidays for lung cancer targeted therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Use tumour DNA in the blood as the signal to pause and restart a lung cancer pill, keeping the tumour in check while slowing the rise of resistant cells.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-ctdna-adaptive-tki/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"idea-bio1-first-strike-second-strike","kind":"idea","name":"Switch drugs at maximum response, not at relapse","aka":"","tldr":"Species go extinct when a second disaster hits a population already shrunk by a first one. Apply the same logic: hit the tumour with a different kind of drug when it is smallest, rather than waiting for it to grow back.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-first-strike-second-strike/","cancers":"nsclc melanoma"},{"id":"idea-bio1-collateral-sensitivity-atlas","kind":"idea","name":"An open atlas of collateral sensitivity for every approved targeted drug","aka":"","tldr":"When a tumour evolves resistance to one drug, it sometimes becomes weaker against another. Map these trade-offs systematically so doctors can pick the next drug to exploit them.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-collateral-sensitivity-atlas/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-evolutionary-double-bind","kind":"idea","name":"Design drug pairs where resisting one makes you vulnerable to the other","aka":"","tldr":"Choose two treatments so that whatever the tumour does to escape the first, it becomes easier to kill with the second. The immune system is a good candidate partner.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-evolutionary-double-bind/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-spatial-clone-immune-map","kind":"idea","name":"Map which tumour clones sit next to which immune cells before choosing therapy","aka":"","tldr":"New imaging shows where every cell type sits in a tumour slice. Using it to see which sub-populations are hidden from immune cells could explain why immunotherapy fails in parts of a tumour.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-spatial-clone-immune-map/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-methylation-clone-tracking","kind":"idea","name":"Track clones in blood with methylation patterns instead of mutations","aka":"","tldr":"Tumour DNA in blood can be told apart by chemical marks as well as mutations. Marks are more numerous and cheaper to read, so they could track more sub-populations for less money.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-methylation-clone-tracking/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-clonal-clearance-endpoint","kind":"idea","name":"Make clonal clearance, not tumour shrinkage, a trial endpoint","aka":"","tldr":"A drug that shrinks a tumour by half but leaves the resistant sub-population untouched will fail. Trials should measure whether every sub-population is cleared, not just overall size.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-clonal-clearance-endpoint/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-evolution-forecasting","kind":"idea","name":"Forecast the next resistance mutation like the weather","aka":"","tldr":"Flu vaccines are chosen by predicting which virus strains will dominate next season. The same forecasting maths could predict which resistance mutation a patient's tumour will develop next.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-evolution-forecasting/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-baseline-ultradeep-resistant-clones","kind":"idea","name":"Look for the resistant sub-population before the first dose","aka":"","tldr":"Resistance mutations often exist in a tiny fraction of cells before treatment starts. Error-corrected sequencing that detects variants below 0.01 percent allele fraction could find them at diagnosis and prompt a mechanism-matched combination from day one.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-baseline-ultradeep-resistant-clones/","cancers":"nsclc colorectal breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-bio1-cfrna-plasticity-tracking","kind":"idea","name":"Detect tumours changing cell type from RNA in the blood","aka":"","tldr":"Some cancers escape treatment by changing into a different kind of cell that the drug no longer affects. Tumour RNA in blood could show this shift months before a biopsy would.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-cfrna-plasticity-tracking/","cancers":"nsclc prostate sclc"},{"id":"idea-bio1-evolutionary-tumour-boards","kind":"idea","name":"Evolutionary tumour boards with a modeller in the room","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer is an evolving population, but treatment decisions are rarely made with an evolutionary biologist present. Add one to the weekly meeting and see whether decisions change.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-evolutionary-tumour-boards/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-apobec-inhibitor-adjunct","kind":"idea","name":"Slow the tumour's mutation engine with APOBEC inhibitors during targeted therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Subsets of lung, bladder and breast cancers carry raised APOBEC enzyme activity that keeps generating new mutations, feeding resistance. Blocking APOBEC3 alongside a targeted drug aims not to kill cells but to slow the rate at which resistant variants arise; the inhibitors are still in discovery.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-apobec-inhibitor-adjunct/","cancers":"nsclc urothelial"},{"id":"idea-bio1-cin-vulnerability-kif18a","kind":"idea","name":"Turn chromosomal chaos into a weakness with KIF18A inhibitors","aka":"","tldr":"Chromosomally unstable, often whole-genome-doubled tumours survive constant chromosome mistakes by depending on the motor protein KIF18A, which diploid cells do not need. Blocking it kills unstable cancer cells while sparing normal ones; inhibitors are in early trials in ovarian and other cancers.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-cin-vulnerability-kif18a/","cancers":"ovarian tnbc"},{"id":"idea-bio1-federated-evolution-atlas","kind":"idea","name":"Pool every multi-sample tumour genome into one open evolution atlas","aka":"","tldr":"Several big projects have sequenced the same tumours at different times and places, but their data sit apart. Bringing them together with common analysis would show general rules of how cancers evolve.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-federated-evolution-atlas/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-clone-to-lesion-mapping","kind":"idea","name":"Match each blood-detected clone to the lesion it comes from on the scan","aka":"","tldr":"Blood tests tell you which tumour sub-populations are growing; scans tell you which lesions are growing. Joining the two would tell you where to biopsy or irradiate.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-clone-to-lesion-mapping/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-rebiopsy-before-switch","kind":"idea","name":"Re-test the metastasis, not the old primary, before every change of treatment","aka":"","tldr":"Treatment is often chosen from a biopsy taken years earlier from the original tumour. The spread disease may now look different. Test it again before switching drugs.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-rebiopsy-before-switch/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive nsclc"},{"id":"idea-bio1-clonal-neoantigen-vaccines","kind":"idea","name":"Vaccines aimed only at mutations shared by every tumour cell","aka":"","tldr":"Personal cancer vaccines target a list of mutations, some present in only part of the tumour, so the tumour can escape by losing them. Restricting vaccines and T-cell products to clonal mutations shared by every tumour cell, identified by multi-region sequencing, should close that escape route.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-clonal-neoantigen-vaccines/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-myc-max-molecular-glue","kind":"idea","name":"Molecular glues that break the MYC-MAX partnership","aka":"","tldr":"MYC is a cancer-driving transcription factor with no drug because it has no binding pocket. A molecular glue or degrader that jams its required partner MAX, or recruits an E3 ligase to the MYC-MAX interface, could switch it off; gluing disordered proteins now has precedent from cereblon-binding drugs.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-myc-max-molecular-glue/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-omomyc-mrna","kind":"idea","name":"mRNA-delivered MYC decoy proteins instead of MYC inhibitors","aka":"","tldr":"A decoy protein can bind MYC's partner and block it. Delivering the instructions for that decoy as mRNA in a fat nanoparticle avoids having to inject the protein itself.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-omomyc-mrna/","cancers":"sclc pancreatic"},{"id":"idea-bio1-p53-mutant-reactivator-expansion","kind":"idea","name":"Extend p53 reactivation beyond the Y220C mutation","aka":"","tldr":"One faulty version of the p53 guardian protein can now be repaired by a drug that plugs a hole in it. Systematically hunting for similar holes in other faulty versions could help far more patients.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-p53-mutant-reactivator-expansion/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-mutant-p53-degrader","kind":"idea","name":"Degrade the damaged p53 protein rather than trying to repair it","aka":"","tldr":"Some faulty p53 proteins do not just stop protecting the cell; they actively help the cancer. Removing them entirely may be easier than fixing them.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-mutant-p53-degrader/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-pan-ras-covalent-g12d","kind":"idea","name":"Covalent chemistry for the RAS mutations that still have no drug","aka":"","tldr":"One RAS mutation can now be drugged because it offers a reactive handle. Most RAS mutations do not, so new chemistry is needed to grab other amino acids.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-pan-ras-covalent-g12d/","cancers":"pancreatic colorectal"},{"id":"idea-bio1-covalent-ligandability-atlas","kind":"idea","name":"An open map of which cancer proteins any drug can stick to","aka":"","tldr":"Most cancer proteins have never been tested to see whether a small molecule can attach to them at all. A public map of what is chemically reachable would tell the field where to aim.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-covalent-ligandability-atlas/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-glue-degrader-atlas","kind":"idea","name":"Screen glue-like compounds against every cancer cell line and publish it","aka":"","tldr":"Molecular glue degraders make one protein destroy another, but thalidomide analogues and indisulam were found by luck. A systematic screen of chemical libraries against genetically diverse cancer cell lines, published as an open atlas, would map which of the roughly 600 human E3 ligases can be redirected and against which targets.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-glue-degrader-atlas/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-fusion-tf-degraders","kind":"idea","name":"Degraders for the fusion proteins that drive childhood sarcomas","aka":"","tldr":"Some sarcomas in children are caused by two genes fused into one abnormal protein. That protein is the whole disease, but no drug binds it. Destroying it instead of blocking it could work.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-fusion-tf-degraders/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"idea-bio1-condensate-disruptors","kind":"idea","name":"Break up the liquid droplets where oncogenic transcription happens","aka":"","tldr":"Some cancer-driving proteins gather into droplet-like blobs inside the nucleus to switch genes on. Drugs that dissolve those blobs might switch the cancer programme off.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-condensate-disruptors/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-tumour-restricted-e3-atlas","kind":"idea","name":"Find E3 ligases that only tumours have, and build degraders around them","aka":"","tldr":"Protein-destroying drugs work by hijacking cellular waste-disposal machines. Using a machine that is mostly present in cancer cells would make these drugs safer.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-tumour-restricted-e3-atlas/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-antibody-degrader-conjugates","kind":"idea","name":"Use antibodies to deliver protein-destroying drugs into the right cells","aka":"","tldr":"Drugs that destroy proteins can hit healthy cells too. Attaching them to an antibody that only docks onto tumour cells would keep them where they are needed.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-antibody-degrader-conjugates/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-lytac-surface-degraders","kind":"idea","name":"Drag cancer's surface and secreted proteins to the cell's recycling bin","aka":"","tldr":"Some cancer proteins sit on the cell surface or float outside cells, where protein-destroying drugs cannot reach. A different trick can drag them inside to be broken down.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-lytac-surface-degraders/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-rna-targeting-small-molecules","kind":"idea","name":"Small molecules that cut the RNA message of an undruggable oncogene","aka":"","tldr":"If the protein cannot be drugged, target the message that makes it. Small molecules can now recognise folded shapes in RNA and recruit an enzyme that chops it up.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-rna-targeting-small-molecules/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-epigenetic-silencing-in-vivo","kind":"idea","name":"Switch off an undruggable oncogene permanently with epigenetic editing","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of blocking a cancer protein, add a chemical off-switch to its gene so the cell stops making it. Early versions of this tool are being tested in other diseases.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-epigenetic-silencing-in-vivo/","cancers":"neuroblastoma"},{"id":"idea-bio1-paralog-synthetic-lethality","kind":"idea","name":"Attack the backup copy when a tumour has lost the original gene","aka":"","tldr":"Tumours often lose one of a pair of near-identical genes. They then depend entirely on the remaining copy, which a drug can block, killing only the cancer.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-paralog-synthetic-lethality/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-pp2a-activators","kind":"idea","name":"Turn a brake back on: drugs that reactivate the PP2A phosphatase","aka":"","tldr":"Cells have an enzyme, PP2A, that removes the growth signals cancer relies on. Cancers switch it off. Drugs that switch it back on are an unusual and largely untried approach.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-pp2a-activators/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"idea-bio1-wrn-msi-programme","kind":"idea","name":"WRN inhibitors: a second synthetic-lethal win for mismatch-repair cancers","aka":"","tldr":"Cancers with faulty DNA proof-reading depend on one particular unwinding enzyme to survive. Blocking it kills them and spares normal cells.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-wrn-msi-programme/","cancers":"colorectal endometrial"},{"id":"idea-bio1-macrocycle-ppi-campaign","kind":"idea","name":"Macrocyclic peptides to cover protein surfaces that pills cannot","aka":"","tldr":"Undruggable cancer proteins such as beta-catenin, MYC and KRAS act through broad flat protein-protein interfaces that small pills cannot cover. Ring-shaped macrocyclic peptides can, some series are cell-permeable, and mRNA display can screen trillions of candidates; the proposal is a focused campaign with open publication of permeability rules.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-macrocycle-ppi-campaign/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-arv7-degrader","kind":"idea","name":"Destroy the truncated androgen receptor that hormone drugs cannot touch","aka":"","tldr":"In advanced prostate cancer the AR-V7 splice variant of the androgen receptor lacks the ligand-binding domain that enzalutamide and abiraterone act on, and its presence predicts resistance. A degrader or N-terminal binder that removes the whole protein, variants included, would still work; AR-V7 is already measurable in circulating tumour cells.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-arv7-degrader/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"idea-bio1-ai-binders-disordered-regions","kind":"idea","name":"AI-designed proteins that grip the floppy parts of cancer drivers","aka":"","tldr":"MYC, fusion oncoproteins and transcription factors have shapeless, flexible regions that drugs cannot grip. Deep-learning protein design tools such as RFdiffusion may be able to invent binders that clamp them, for use as degradation handles, intrabodies or targeting domains for CAR and bispecific therapies rather than as drugs themselves.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-ai-binders-disordered-regions/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-pmhc-bispecifics-public-drivers","kind":"idea","name":"Antibodies that see mutant KRAS and p53 fragments displayed on the cell surface","aka":"","tldr":"Cells chop up their internal proteins and display the pieces on their surface. That means even undruggable proteins inside the cell can be attacked from outside by the immune system.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-pmhc-bispecifics-public-drivers/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-mrna-intrabodies","kind":"idea","name":"Instruct tumour cells to make antibodies against their own oncoprotein","aka":"","tldr":"Deliver genetic instructions so the cancer cell itself manufactures a molecule that traps its driver protein inside the cell.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-mrna-intrabodies/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-translation-dependency-myc","kind":"idea","name":"Starve MYC-driven tumours by blocking protein production machinery","aka":"","tldr":"Cancers driven by MYC need to make proteins at an unusually fast rate. Slowing the cell's protein factory hits them harder than it hits normal cells.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-translation-dependency-myc/","cancers":"sclc tnbc"},{"id":"idea-bio1-undruggable-open-consortium","kind":"idea","name":"A precompetitive consortium for the twenty hardest cancer targets","aka":"","tldr":"No single company will spend a decade on a target that might be impossible. A shared, openly published effort across the twenty hardest targets spreads that risk.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-undruggable-open-consortium/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-undruggable-market-commitment","kind":"idea","name":"A guaranteed purchase prize for the first drug against a named hard target","aka":"","tldr":"Governments promised in advance to buy vaccines that did not yet exist, and they got made. The same promise could be made for a drug against a target everyone has given up on.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-undruggable-market-commitment/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"idea-bio1-immune-matched-humanised-mice","kind":"idea","name":"Humanised mice with an immune system matched to the tumour donor","aka":"","tldr":"Most cancer drugs are tested in mice with no immune system, then given to people who have one. Mice carrying the same patient's immune cells and tumour would be a fairer test.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-immune-matched-humanised-mice/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-co-clinical-avatar-trials","kind":"idea","name":"Run the mouse or organoid trial at the same time as the human trial","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of testing a drug in lab models first and hoping the results carry over, build the same models from trial participants and run both experiments in parallel to see how well the models predict.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-co-clinical-avatar-trials/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-organoid-immune-coculture","kind":"idea","name":"Grow tumour organoids together with the patient's own immune cells","aka":"","tldr":"Lab-grown mini-tumours usually contain only cancer cells. Adding the patient's own immune cells lets researchers test immunotherapy outside the body.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-organoid-immune-coculture/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-tumour-on-chip-penetration","kind":"idea","name":"Tumour-on-a-chip with blood flow to test whether big drugs actually get in","aka":"","tldr":"Large drugs such as antibody-drug conjugates must cross vessel walls and travel through dense tissue. A chip with flowing channels and human tissue can measure how far they get.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-tumour-on-chip-penetration/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-in-silico-trials-dose","kind":"idea","name":"In silico trials to choose the dose before the first patient","aka":"","tldr":"Simulating thousands of virtual patients on a computer can suggest which dose and schedule to test, so fewer real patients receive doses that are too high or too low.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-in-silico-trials-dose/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-preclinical-preregistration","kind":"idea","name":"Pre-register animal efficacy studies like clinical trials","aka":"","tldr":"Clinical trials must be registered before they start so that failures cannot be hidden. Animal studies used to justify human trials should follow the same rule.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-preclinical-preregistration/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-multicentre-mouse-trials","kind":"idea","name":"Multi-centre randomised animal trials before committing to a human trial","aka":"","tldr":"A drug that works in one laboratory's mice often fails elsewhere. Running the confirmatory animal study as a randomised, blinded, multi-laboratory trial, as stroke and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis research has done, would catch this before a human trial; oncology has no such standing infrastructure.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-multicentre-mouse-trials/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-model-predictivity-benchmark","kind":"idea","name":"Score every model system on how well it predicted real trial results","aka":"","tldr":"No one keeps score of which laboratory models actually predicted what happened in patients. A public scoreboard would show which models to trust.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-model-predictivity-benchmark/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-negative-preclinical-repository","kind":"idea","name":"A home for the animal and organoid experiments that failed","aka":"","tldr":"Failed laboratory experiments are rarely published, so other teams repeat them. A searchable place to deposit them would save years of duplicated work.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-negative-preclinical-repository/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-tumour-slice-cultures","kind":"idea","name":"Test drugs on freshly cut slices of the patient's own tumour","aka":"","tldr":"A thin slice of a tumour, kept alive for a few days, still contains the immune cells and scaffolding that lab-grown cells lose. Drugs can be tested on it directly.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-tumour-slice-cultures/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-metastatic-niche-models","kind":"idea","name":"Build laboratory models of the organs cancer spreads to","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer usually kills by spreading to bone, liver, lung or brain. Almost all laboratory models grow tumours under the skin instead, where the surroundings are nothing like those organs.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-metastatic-niche-models/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-aged-comorbid-models","kind":"idea","name":"Test cancer drugs in old and unhealthy animals, not just young fit ones","aka":"","tldr":"Most cancer patients are older and have other illnesses, but nearly all animal experiments use young healthy mice. Results may not transfer.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-aged-comorbid-models/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-comparative-oncology-dogs","kind":"idea","name":"Pet dogs with spontaneous cancer as a bridge before human trials","aka":"","tldr":"Dogs get cancers that closely resemble human ones, with real immune systems and years of natural history. Treating them, with owner consent, can test drugs in a way mice cannot.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-comparative-oncology-dogs/","cancers":"sarcoma glioblastoma dlbcl"},{"id":"idea-bio1-zebrafish-avatars","kind":"idea","name":"Zebrafish avatars for a drug answer within a week","aka":"","tldr":"Tumour cells injected into transparent fish embryos grow in days, so several drugs can be compared in about a week, fast enough to help a patient who cannot wait.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-zebrafish-avatars/","cancers":"colorectal pancreatic"},{"id":"idea-bio1-multi-organ-chip-tox","kind":"idea","name":"Linked human organ chips to predict side effects before people are dosed","aka":"","tldr":"Damage to the lungs, heart or liver is a common reason cancer drugs fail. Connected chips of human tissue may spot this earlier than animal tests.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-multi-organ-chip-tox/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-rare-cancer-organoid-bank","kind":"idea","name":"An open organoid bank for cancers too rare to have models","aka":"","tldr":"Rare and paediatric cancers often have no cell line or xenograft anywhere in the world, so no one can test drugs on them. A funded network collecting tissue at referral centres, deriving organoids under one protocol and distributing them at cost with no reach-through rights would change that.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-rare-cancer-organoid-bank/","cancers":"sarcoma neuroblastoma cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"idea-bio1-organoid-assay-clinical-validation","kind":"idea","name":"Hold organoid drug tests to the same standard as a diagnostic test","aka":"","tldr":"Lab-grown mini-tumours are already being sold to guide treatment, but the tests are not validated like other medical tests. They should be.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-organoid-assay-clinical-validation/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-organoid-cell-therapy-potency","kind":"idea","name":"Use patient organoids to check a cell therapy will work before infusing it","aka":"","tldr":"Cell therapies are tested for purity and count, but not for whether they can actually kill that patient's tumour. Testing them against the patient's own mini-tumour would show this.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-organoid-cell-therapy-potency/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-somatic-crispr-gemms","kind":"idea","name":"Make bespoke mouse cancer models in weeks with in vivo gene editing","aka":"","tldr":"Building a genetically engineered mouse for a specific cancer takes years. Editing genes directly in an adult mouse's organ can produce the same tumour in weeks.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-somatic-crispr-gemms/","cancers":"nsclc pancreatic glioblastoma"},{"id":"idea-bio1-ctc-derived-explants","kind":"idea","name":"Grow models from tumour cells in the blood when a biopsy is impossible","aka":"","tldr":"Some patients cannot have their tumour biopsied safely. Cancer cells captured from a blood sample can sometimes be grown into a model instead.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-ctc-derived-explants/","cancers":"sclc prostate"},{"id":"idea-bio1-model-authentication-mandate","kind":"idea","name":"Prove the cell line is what you say it is, or the paper does not run","aka":"","tldr":"A troubling share of published cancer experiments use cell lines that are contaminated or mislabelled. Requiring a simple identity check before publication would stop this.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-model-authentication-mandate/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-reverse-translation-resistance-models","kind":"idea","name":"Every resistance mechanism found in a patient must be rebuilt in the laboratory","aka":"","tldr":"When doctors discover how a tumour escaped a drug, that finding usually stops at a paper. Recreating it in a model gives everyone a system to test the next drug against.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-reverse-translation-resistance-models/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-ex-vivo-perfused-tumour","kind":"idea","name":"Keep a freshly removed tumour alive on a pump and test drugs in it","aka":"","tldr":"After surgery, a tumour with its blood vessels can be connected to a pump and kept alive for hours or days, allowing drugs to be tested in genuinely human tissue.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-ex-vivo-perfused-tumour/","cancers":"colorectal hcc"},{"id":"idea-bio1-model-patient-matching","kind":"idea","name":"Pick the laboratory model that matches the patient, not the one to hand","aka":"","tldr":"Labs usually use whichever tumour models they already have. A searchable index that finds the model closest to a specific patient's tumour would make experiments more relevant.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-model-patient-matching/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-virtual-cell-perturbation","kind":"idea","name":"A virtual cancer cell that predicts what a drug will do before you test it","aka":"","tldr":"Train a model on millions of experiments where genes and drugs were altered, so it can predict the effect of a new combination without running the experiment.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-virtual-cell-perturbation/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-mandatory-progression-biopsy","kind":"idea","name":"Fund a biopsy at progression, every time, as standard care","aka":"","tldr":"When a treatment stops working, the tumour is rarely re-sampled, so nobody learns why. Paying for a biopsy at that moment would build the missing map of resistance.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-mandatory-progression-biopsy/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-open-resistance-atlas","kind":"idea","name":"One open atlas of how tumours escape every drug","aka":"","tldr":"Knowledge about how cancers become resistant is scattered across thousands of papers and company files. Pooling it into one structured, public resource would let anyone see the pattern.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-open-resistance-atlas/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-upfront-bypass-combination","kind":"idea","name":"Add the second drug on day one when the escape route is predictable","aka":"","tldr":"If most tumours escape a drug by the same back-up route, blocking that route from the start may prevent resistance rather than chase it.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-upfront-bypass-combination/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"idea-bio1-pre-randomised-sequencing-trials","kind":"idea","name":"Randomise the next line of treatment before the first one fails","aka":"","tldr":"Trials usually study one treatment at a time, so nobody knows the best order. Deciding the next step in advance, by lottery, answers the sequencing question at little extra cost.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-pre-randomised-sequencing-trials/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-antigen-mapping-at-progression","kind":"idea","name":"Re-map the tumour's surface proteins before choosing the next antibody drug","aka":"","tldr":"Antibody drugs need their target to still be present. After one fails, checking which surface markers remain would guide the choice of the next one instead of guessing.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-antigen-mapping-at-progression/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-dual-antigen-adc-escape","kind":"idea","name":"Two-target antibody drugs to close the antigen escape route","aka":"","tldr":"If a drug relies on one marker, the tumour can survive by dropping it. A drug that recognises two markers at once makes that escape harder.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-dual-antigen-adc-escape/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-adaptive-car-antigen-switch","kind":"idea","name":"Plan the second CAR-T target before the first one is lost","aka":"","tldr":"Cell therapies fail when the tumour stops showing the marker they were built to find. Preparing an alternative product in advance would let doctors switch quickly.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-adaptive-car-antigen-switch/","cancers":"dlbcl multiple-myeloma all-leukemia"},{"id":"idea-bio1-drug-holiday-resensitisation","kind":"idea","name":"Pause a failed drug so the tumour becomes sensitive to it again","aka":"","tldr":"Resistant cancer cells can become dependent on the drug they resisted, as shown for BRAF-inhibitor-resistant melanoma in mice. Stopping the drug for a defined washout and then rechallenging, while tracking the resistance allele in blood tumour DNA, could make the tumour vulnerable to it once more.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-drug-holiday-resensitisation/","cancers":"melanoma nsclc"},{"id":"idea-bio1-persister-ferroptosis","kind":"idea","name":"Kill the sleeping survivor cells with iron-dependent cell death","aka":"","tldr":"A few cancer cells survive treatment by going quiet rather than mutating. These survivors are unusually vulnerable to a particular kind of cell death, which a drug could trigger.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-persister-ferroptosis/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-epigenetic-persister-blockade","kind":"idea","name":"Block the chemical switch that lets cells hide from treatment","aka":"","tldr":"Cells that survive treatment do so by changing which genes they use, not their DNA. Drugs that block that change may stop survivors from forming at all.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-epigenetic-persister-blockade/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-mutagenesis-blockade-rev1","kind":"idea","name":"Turn off the error-prone repair that manufactures resistance mutations","aka":"","tldr":"Under treatment stress, cancer cells switch on sloppy DNA copying that generates the mutations they need to survive. Blocking that machinery could stop resistance being invented.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-mutagenesis-blockade-rev1/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-stress-response-blockade","kind":"idea","name":"Cut off the emergency programme cancer cells use to survive treatment","aka":"","tldr":"When attacked, cells switch on a survival programme that buys them time to adapt. Blocking that programme could turn a partial response into a complete one.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-stress-response-blockade/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-senolytics-after-therapy","kind":"idea","name":"Clear the zombie cells left behind by chemotherapy and radiotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Treatment leaves behind damaged cells that stop dividing but do not die, and they release signals that help surviving cancer cells regrow. Removing them could reduce relapse.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-senolytics-after-therapy/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-persister-metabolic-vulnerability","kind":"idea","name":"Starve the survivors: target the energy pathway drug-tolerant cells switch to","aka":"","tldr":"Cells that survive treatment often change how they make energy, relying on burning fat rather than sugar. Blocking that switch might finish them off.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-persister-metabolic-vulnerability/","cancers":"melanoma aml"},{"id":"idea-bio1-molecular-progression-add-on","kind":"idea","name":"Add a drug when the blood test turns, without stopping the one that works","aka":"","tldr":"When a resistance mutation first appears in the blood, the current drug is often still controlling most of the tumour. Adding a second drug rather than swapping may keep both under control.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-molecular-progression-add-on/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"idea-bio1-alternating-schedules","kind":"idea","name":"Rotate between drugs on a fixed schedule instead of waiting for failure","aka":"","tldr":"Hospitals rotate antibiotics to stop bacteria adapting. Cycling between two cancer drugs on a set schedule, rather than using one until it fails, might work the same way.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-alternating-schedules/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate"},{"id":"idea-bio1-resistance-mutation-vaccine","kind":"idea","name":"Vaccinate against the resistance mutation before it takes over","aka":"","tldr":"Resistance often arrives as the same few mutations. Teaching the immune system to recognise them in advance could remove the escaping cells while they are still rare.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-resistance-mutation-vaccine/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-mechanism-matched-access","kind":"idea","name":"A fast route to the matched drug when it is licensed for another cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Sometimes a progression biopsy shows exactly which drug would help, but it is licensed for another cancer and cannot be obtained. A standing pathway would fix that.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-mechanism-matched-access/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-resistance-platform-trial","kind":"idea","name":"A standing platform trial that assigns treatment by how the tumour escaped","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of a new trial for each resistance mechanism, one continuous trial could sort patients into arms based on the reason their last treatment failed.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-resistance-platform-trial/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-slfn11-payload-guidance","kind":"idea","name":"Use SLFN11 status to decide which antibody-drug payload to give next","aka":"","tldr":"A single protein predicts whether a tumour will respond to DNA-damaging drug payloads. Measuring it could stop patients receiving a second drug of the same kind that will not work.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-slfn11-payload-guidance/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-stromal-resistance-blockade","kind":"idea","name":"Block the survival signals the tumour's neighbours provide","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer cells can survive a drug because surrounding normal cells feed them growth signals. Blocking those signals could make existing drugs work better and longer.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-stromal-resistance-blockade/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-real-world-resistance-surveillance","kind":"idea","name":"Treat resistance like an infectious disease and run national surveillance","aka":"","tldr":"Countries track how bacteria become resistant to antibiotics and publish it. Doing the same for cancer drugs would show which escape routes are becoming common and where.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-real-world-resistance-surveillance/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-approval-linked-progression-sampling","kind":"idea","name":"Make post-progression sampling a condition of accelerated approval","aka":"","tldr":"Drugs approved on early evidence come with follow-up obligations. One of them should be finding out how tumours escape the new drug.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-approval-linked-progression-sampling/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-drug-exposure-sanctuary-mapping","kind":"idea","name":"Find the parts of a tumour the drug never reaches","aka":"","tldr":"Cells that receive only a small amount of a drug survive and adapt. Measuring where inside a tumour the drug actually reaches would show where resistance is being bred.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-drug-exposure-sanctuary-mapping/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-immunopeptidome-timing","kind":"idea","name":"Time immunotherapy to the moment targeted drugs make tumours visible","aka":"","tldr":"Targeted drugs briefly make cancer cells easier for the immune system to spot. Giving immunotherapy exactly in that window, rather than at the same time, may work better.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-immunopeptidome-timing/","cancers":"melanoma breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-bio2-antimetastatic-endpoint","kind":"idea","name":"A regulatory endpoint for drugs that block spread, not tumours","aka":"","tldr":"Today a cancer drug is approved for shrinking tumours. A drug that stopped cancer spreading would fail that test, so almost nobody develops one. A new endpoint would fix that.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-antimetastatic-endpoint/","cancers":"prostate breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-bio2-ctc-clearance-go-nogo","kind":"idea","name":"Circulating tumour cell clearance as the phase 2 gate for anti-metastatic drugs","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer cells travelling in the blood can be counted. If a drug clears them, that is an early sign it may stop spread, and it reads out in weeks rather than years.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-ctc-clearance-go-nogo/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate"},{"id":"idea-bio2-net-blockade-perioperative","kind":"idea","name":"Break the neutrophil DNA nets that catch tumour cells after surgery","aka":"","tldr":"Surgery makes some immune cells throw out sticky DNA webs that trap travelling cancer cells and help them settle. Dissolving those webs during the operation might prevent some relapses.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-net-blockade-perioperative/","cancers":"colorectal pancreatic"},{"id":"idea-bio2-perioperative-betablocker-nsaid","kind":"idea","name":"Cheap perioperative beta-blocker plus anti-inflammatory to blunt surgical stress","aka":"","tldr":"The stress of an operation may help stray cancer cells survive and settle. A few days of two cheap old drugs around surgery might reduce that risk.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-perioperative-betablocker-nsaid/","cancers":"colorectal breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-bio2-premetastatic-niche-assay","kind":"idea","name":"A blood test for the pre-metastatic niche","aka":"","tldr":"Before cancer spreads, distant organs are changed to become welcoming. A test for those changes would show which organ is at risk while a person still looks cancer-free.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-premetastatic-niche-assay/","cancers":"colorectal breast-hr-positive pancreatic"},{"id":"idea-bio2-inhaled-lung-niche-immunotherapy","kind":"idea","name":"Inhaled immune therapy to make the lung hostile to arriving tumour cells","aka":"","tldr":"Breathing in an immune-activating drug could turn the lungs into bad soil for cancer seeds, at doses far too low to cause body-wide side-effects.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-inhaled-lung-niche-immunotherapy/","cancers":"sarcoma rcc"},{"id":"idea-bio2-liver-niche-kupffer-reprogramming","kind":"idea","name":"Reprogramme the liver's own immune cells to refuse metastases","aka":"","tldr":"The liver is where bowel cancer most often spreads. Drugs delivered straight into the liver's blood supply could retrain its resident immune cells to reject arriving cancer cells.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-liver-niche-kupffer-reprogramming/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"idea-bio2-cxcr4-mobilise-then-kill","kind":"idea","name":"Flush dormant cells out of bone marrow, then kill them","aka":"","tldr":"Sleeping cancer cells hide in bone marrow where drugs cannot reach them. Pushing them into the bloodstream on purpose, then treating, might clear them.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-cxcr4-mobilise-then-kill/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"idea-bio2-platelet-cloak-aspirin-mrd","kind":"idea","name":"Strip the platelet coat off travelling tumour cells in ctDNA-positive patients","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer cells in the blood wrap themselves in platelets as camouflage. Aspirin may remove that cloak, and it is cheapest to test in the patients at highest risk of relapse.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-platelet-cloak-aspirin-mrd/","cancers":"colorectal breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-bio2-rapid-autopsy-commons","kind":"idea","name":"A global rapid tissue donation network for metastatic disease","aka":"","tldr":"Almost all cancer deaths are caused by spread, yet metastatic tissue is rarely studied because rapid autopsy programmes exist at only a handful of centres. A funded 20-site network with one protocol, one consent framework and open sample access would collect donated tissue within hours of death.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-rapid-autopsy-commons/"},{"id":"idea-bio2-metastasis-screen-standard","kind":"idea","name":"Make in vivo metastasis screens a required step in drug discovery","aka":"","tldr":"Drug candidates are tested for shrinking tumours, almost never for stopping spread. A standard spread test would find anti-metastatic drugs we are throwing away.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-metastasis-screen-standard/"},{"id":"idea-bio2-ctc-culture-functional-testing","kind":"idea","name":"Grow blood-borne tumour cells to test drugs on the cells that actually spread","aka":"","tldr":"Drug tests normally use cells from the original tumour. Growing the rarer cells found in blood would test drugs against the cells that are actually travelling.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-ctc-culture-functional-testing/","cancers":"sclc prostate"},{"id":"idea-bio2-lymph-node-immune-priming","kind":"idea","name":"Treat the draining lymph node before removing it","aka":"","tldr":"The first lymph node cancer reaches is also where the immune system learns to fight it. Injecting immunotherapy into that node before surgery, instead of removing it blindly, may work better.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-lymph-node-immune-priming/","cancers":"head-and-neck melanoma"},{"id":"idea-bio2-organotropism-atlas","kind":"idea","name":"An organotropism atlas that predicts where a cancer will spread","aka":"","tldr":"Different cancers favour different organs, and so do different patients. A model that predicts which organ is at risk could target surveillance and prevention.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-organotropism-atlas/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive melanoma prostate"},{"id":"idea-bio2-metastasis-funding-floor","kind":"idea","name":"Ring-fence a fifth of national cancer research money for metastasis","aka":"","tldr":"Spread causes around nine in ten cancer deaths but receives a small slice of research funding. A funding floor would change what gets studied.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-metastasis-funding-floor/"},{"id":"idea-bio2-matrix-stiffness-prevention","kind":"idea","name":"Soften the tissue that new metastases need in order to grow","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer cells need stiff, cross-linked tissue scaffolding to settle and grow in a new organ. Blocking the enzymes that build it may stop new colonies taking hold.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-matrix-stiffness-prevention/","cancers":"pancreatic breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-bio2-brain-met-prevention-trials","kind":"idea","name":"Prevention trials aimed only at brain metastasis","aka":"","tldr":"Some cancers reach the brain in up to a quarter of patients. Prevention trials could aim specifically at stopping that, instead of treating it once it has happened.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-brain-met-prevention-trials/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive nsclc"},{"id":"idea-bio2-oligometastatic-signature","kind":"idea","name":"A test to tell true oligometastatic disease from hidden widespread spread","aka":"","tldr":"Some people have only a few sites of spread and can be treated at each one; others have further deposits not yet visible, and counting lesions cannot tell them apart. A signature built from tumour DNA levels, microRNA classifiers and clonal diversity across lesions would define the biology and spare futile ablation.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-oligometastatic-signature/","cancers":"nsclc prostate colorectal"},{"id":"idea-bio2-dormancy-selective-screen","kind":"idea","name":"A drug screen that only rewards killing sleeping cancer cells","aka":"","tldr":"Nearly all cancer drugs are found by killing fast-growing cells. Sleeping cells survive them. A screen designed around dormant cells would find a different class of drug.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-dormancy-selective-screen/"},{"id":"idea-bio2-autophagy-block-mrd","kind":"idea","name":"Block the recycling that keeps dormant cells alive","aka":"","tldr":"Sleeping cancer cells survive by recycling their own contents. An old malaria drug blocks that recycling and is being tested in people with no visible cancer but detectable residual cells.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-autophagy-block-mrd/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"idea-bio2-pro-dormancy-therapy","kind":"idea","name":"Keep dormant cells asleep instead of trying to kill them","aka":"","tldr":"If we cannot kill sleeping cancer cells, we could try to keep them asleep for life. That would turn residual cancer into a harmless passenger.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-pro-dormancy-therapy/","cancers":"head-and-neck breast-hr-positive prostate"},{"id":"idea-bio2-il1-awakening-blockade","kind":"idea","name":"Blunt the inflammation that wakes sleeping cancer cells","aka":"","tldr":"Inflammation from infection, injury or surgery can wake dormant cancer cells. Interleukin-1 beta drives that awakening in mouse models of breast cancer, and a cardiovascular trial of the interleukin-1 beta blocker canakinumab saw fewer lung cancers, so blocking it early might keep dormant cells asleep.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-il1-awakening-blockade/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive nsclc"},{"id":"idea-bio2-national-mrd-platform","kind":"idea","name":"A national platform trial that every ctDNA-positive patient can join","aka":"","tldr":"Blood tests can now find leftover cancer months before scans, but most patients who test positive have nothing to enrol in. One standing trial per country would fix that.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-national-mrd-platform/"},{"id":"idea-bio2-mrd-reference-standards","kind":"idea","name":"Reference materials and open proficiency testing for residual disease tests","aka":"","tldr":"Different companies' leftover-cancer blood tests disagree, and there is no shared yardstick. Public reference samples would let anyone check which test actually works.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-mrd-reference-standards/"},{"id":"idea-bio2-mrd-triggered-neoantigen-vaccine","kind":"idea","name":"Personalised vaccines given only when the blood test turns positive","aka":"","tldr":"Individualised mRNA cancer vaccines take weeks to manufacture and work best against minimal residual disease. Making the vaccine at surgery and giving it only when a blood tumour DNA test turns positive matches both facts and concentrates the cost on the minority who will relapse.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-mrd-triggered-neoantigen-vaccine/","cancers":"pancreatic colorectal melanoma"},{"id":"idea-bio2-nk-cells-for-mrd","kind":"idea","name":"Off-the-shelf natural killer cells to sweep up residual disease","aka":"","tldr":"Donor immune cells that need no matching could be given as short courses to clear the few cancer cells left after surgery, when the target is smallest.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-nk-cells-for-mrd/","cancers":"colorectal tnbc"},{"id":"idea-bio2-whole-genome-mrd-depth","kind":"idea","name":"Push residual disease detection a hundredfold deeper with whole-genome methods","aka":"","tldr":"Current blood tests for leftover cancer track a few dozen mutations and miss low-level disease. Whole-genome and error-corrected methods integrate signal across thousands of tumour-specific sites plus methylation and fragment features, reaching detection near one part per million in research settings; cost, turnaround and reproducibility are the barriers.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-whole-genome-mrd-depth/"},{"id":"idea-bio2-marrow-niche-on-chip","kind":"idea","name":"A bone marrow niche on a chip to study human dormancy","aka":"","tldr":"Dormant cancer cells hide in bone marrow. A lab-built model of that hiding place would let us watch them sleep and wake, and test drugs on them.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-marrow-niche-on-chip/"},{"id":"idea-bio2-localise-the-mrd","kind":"idea","name":"When the blood test is positive, hunt for the lesion with sensitive imaging","aka":"","tldr":"A positive blood test tells you cancer is back but not where. Combining whole-body MRI with modern PET tracers may find a single spot that can be zapped.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-localise-the-mrd/","cancers":"colorectal breast-hr-positive prostate"},{"id":"idea-bio2-circadian-mrd-sampling","kind":"idea","name":"Take the blood test, and give the drug, at the right time of day","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer cells enter the blood mostly during rest, so a morning blood test may miss them. Sampling and dosing at the right hour may be a free improvement.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-circadian-mrd-sampling/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-bio2-mrd-guided-endocrine-duration","kind":"idea","name":"Use residual disease tests to decide who needs ten years of hormone therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Extended hormone therapy after breast cancer prevents late recurrence in a minority of women while imposing joint pain, bone loss and sexual side-effects on everyone for a decade. A sensitive residual disease blood test at year five, repeated annually, could show who can safely stop.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-mrd-guided-endocrine-duration/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-bio2-mrd-coverage-with-evidence","kind":"idea","name":"Pay for residual disease tests only inside a trial or registry","aka":"","tldr":"Leftover-cancer blood tests are being sold faster than evidence that acting on them helps. Paying for them only when the result is recorded would generate the missing evidence.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-mrd-coverage-with-evidence/"},{"id":"idea-bio2-mrd-clinic-service","kind":"idea","name":"A dedicated clinic for people whose blood test says the cancer is back","aka":"","tldr":"A positive leftover-cancer blood test leaves patients frightened and their doctors unsure what to do. A specialist clinic could give them a plan and a trial.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-mrd-clinic-service/"},{"id":"idea-bio2-survivor-plasma-biobank","kind":"idea","name":"Bank yearly blood from cancer survivors so future tests can be validated","aka":"","tldr":"To prove a leftover-cancer test works you need blood taken years before relapse. Collecting and freezing yearly samples now makes every future test testable.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-survivor-plasma-biobank/"},{"id":"idea-bio2-trem2-myeloid-reprogramming","kind":"idea","name":"Reprogramme suppressive macrophages instead of trying to delete them","aka":"","tldr":"Tumours fill with immune cells that protect them. Earlier drugs tried to remove those cells and failed. Newer ones aim to switch them to the attacking side.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-trem2-myeloid-reprogramming/","cancers":"pancreatic colorectal glioblastoma"},{"id":"idea-bio2-in-situ-vaccination-solid","kind":"idea","name":"Turn one tumour into a vaccine to treat all the others","aka":"","tldr":"Injecting immune-activating agents into a single tumour, plus a small dose of radiation, can teach the immune system to attack tumours elsewhere in the body.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-in-situ-vaccination-solid/","cancers":"dlbcl head-and-neck sarcoma"},{"id":"idea-bio2-oncolytic-regulated-il12","kind":"idea","name":"Oncolytic viruses that make interleukin-12 only inside the tumour","aka":"","tldr":"Interleukin-12 is an immune-stimulating cytokine that caused severe toxicity when injected into the bloodstream in the 1990s and was abandoned. An oncolytic herpes or adenovirus carrying the interleukin-12 gene under a drug-inducible promoter makes it only inside the tumour, keeping exposure local; trials include recurrent glioblastoma.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-oncolytic-regulated-il12/","cancers":"glioblastoma melanoma urothelial"},{"id":"idea-bio2-engineered-bacteria-payloads","kind":"idea","name":"Engineered bacteria that live in tumours and manufacture drugs there","aka":"","tldr":"Some harmless bacteria naturally grow in the low-oxygen core of tumours. Engineering them to produce immune-activating drugs turns them into tiny factories inside the tumour.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-engineered-bacteria-payloads/","cancers":"pancreatic colorectal"},{"id":"idea-bio2-tumour-anchored-tgfbeta-trap","kind":"idea","name":"Anchor a TGF-beta trap in the tumour stroma so it cannot act everywhere","aka":"","tldr":"TGF-beta is a signal that keeps immune cells out of tumours, but blocking it throughout the body caused bleeding and heart toxicity and sank bintrafusp alfa. Tethering the blocker to tumour stroma with a FAP anchor, a collagen-binding domain or a protease-activated mask could give the benefit without the harm.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-tumour-anchored-tgfbeta-trap/","cancers":"urothelial pancreatic"},{"id":"idea-bio2-lactate-acid-axis","kind":"idea","name":"De-acidify the tumour so T cells can work in it","aka":"","tldr":"Tumours are acidic, and immune cells stop working in acid. Neutralising that acid, or blocking the pumps that create it, might let immunotherapy work.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-lactate-acid-axis/","cancers":"pancreatic melanoma"},{"id":"idea-bio2-radiotherapy-sting-fractionation","kind":"idea","name":"Pick the radiation dose that switches the immune alarm on, not off","aka":"","tldr":"Radiation can alert the immune system through the cGAS-STING pathway, but single doses above roughly 12 to 18 Gy switch on the enzyme TREX1, which destroys the alarm signal. Choosing fractionated schedules around 8 Gy times three for immune priming may add benefit at no extra cost.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-radiotherapy-sting-fractionation/"},{"id":"idea-bio2-let-rbe-ab-selects-protons","kind":"idea","name":"Use LET, RBE and alpha/beta to decide when protons beat IMRT","aka":"","tldr":"Protons cost more than shaped X-ray beams. They are worth it when the extra punch where the beam stops, and the missing exit dose, widen the gap between killing the tumour and harming late-reacting tissue: an alpha/beta and RBE question, not a machine question.","tags":"radiation-wave5","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-let-rbe-ab-selects-protons/","cancers":"prostate breast-hr-positive esophageal nsclc"},{"id":"idea-bio2-tertiary-lymphoid-induction","kind":"idea","name":"Grow immune command posts inside tumours","aka":"","tldr":"Tumours that contain small immune structures resembling lymph nodes respond far better to immunotherapy. Inducing those structures on purpose could make cold tumours responsive.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-tertiary-lymphoid-induction/","cancers":"sarcoma rcc melanoma"},{"id":"idea-bio2-cxcr2-neutrophil-blockade","kind":"idea","name":"Clear the suppressive neutrophils out of pancreatic tumours first","aka":"","tldr":"Pancreatic tumours are packed with a type of white blood cell that shuts down the immune attack. Blocking the signal that recruits them may open the tumour to immunotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-cxcr2-neutrophil-blockade/","cancers":"pancreatic head-and-neck"},{"id":"idea-bio2-caf-subtype-assignment","kind":"idea","name":"Match therapy to the type of scar-forming cell in the tumour","aka":"","tldr":"The support cells that build a tumour's scaffolding come in several types: some protect the tumour, others restrain it. Treating all of them the same way explains past failures.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-caf-subtype-assignment/","cancers":"pancreatic colorectal"},{"id":"idea-bio2-implantable-microdevice-screen","kind":"idea","name":"Implant a tiny device that tests twenty drugs inside the patient's own tumour","aka":"","tldr":"A rice-grain-sized implant releases microdoses of up to 20 drugs into separate spots of a tumour for one to three days, then is removed so pathologists can see which drug worked in that person's own tumour. First-in-human studies have been done in breast, sarcoma and brain tumours.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-implantable-microdevice-screen/","cancers":"sarcoma glioblastoma tnbc"},{"id":"idea-bio2-vascular-normalisation-window","kind":"idea","name":"Use imaging to find the window when tumour blood vessels are working properly","aka":"","tldr":"Low doses of anti-blood-vessel drugs briefly make tumour vessels work better, which helps immune cells and other drugs get in. Scans can find that window for each patient.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-vascular-normalisation-window/"},{"id":"idea-bio2-complement-c5ar-blockade","kind":"idea","name":"Block the complement signal that recruits tumour-protecting cells","aka":"","tldr":"An old part of the immune system called complement can be hijacked by tumours to summon protective cells. Drugs that block it already exist for other diseases.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-complement-c5ar-blockade/","cancers":"nsclc pancreatic cervical"},{"id":"idea-bio2-intracavitary-immunotherapy","kind":"idea","name":"Treat the body cavity, not the bloodstream, for surface spread","aka":"","tldr":"Intracavitary immunotherapy targets cancer that coats the lining of the abdomen or chest, which drugs given by drip barely reach. Delivering it straight into the cavity gives far higher local doses.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-intracavitary-immunotherapy/","cancers":"ovarian gastric mesothelioma"},{"id":"idea-bio2-myeloid-engager-bispecific","kind":"idea","name":"Bispecific antibodies that engage macrophages instead of T cells","aka":"","tldr":"Drugs that grab T cells and drag them onto tumours work well in blood cancers. The same trick aimed at tumour-eating cells might work where T cells are absent.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-myeloid-engager-bispecific/"},{"id":"idea-bio2-hypoxia-guided-adenosine","kind":"idea","name":"Use a hypoxia scan to pick patients for adenosine-pathway drugs","aka":"","tldr":"Tumours starved of oxygen produce a chemical that switches immune cells off. A scan can show which tumours are starved, and those are the ones to treat with blockers.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-hypoxia-guided-adenosine/","cancers":"rcc nsclc prostate"},{"id":"idea-bio2-histotripsy-immune-priming","kind":"idea","name":"Mechanically pulverise one tumour with ultrasound to wake the immune system","aka":"","tldr":"Focused ultrasound can break a tumour apart without heat or cuts, leaving debris the immune system can learn from. Doing that to one tumour may help treat the rest.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-histotripsy-immune-priming/","cancers":"hcc colorectal"},{"id":"idea-bio2-trained-immunity-priming","kind":"idea","name":"Train the bone marrow to make better anti-tumour immune cells","aka":"","tldr":"Certain vaccines and fungal sugars reprogramme the bone marrow so it produces more aggressive immune cells for months. That could be used before immunotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-trained-immunity-priming/","cancers":"urothelial colorectal"},{"id":"idea-bio2-sonobiopsy","kind":"idea","name":"Ultrasound-assisted blood test instead of a brain biopsy","aka":"","tldr":"Brain tumours release little DNA into blood because of the blood-brain barrier. Sonobiopsy briefly opens the barrier with focused ultrasound and microbubbles, raising circulating tumour DNA severalfold so a blood sample can replace repeat surgical biopsy for diagnosis and resistance monitoring in glioma and brain metastases.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-sonobiopsy/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"idea-bio2-intraventricular-car-t","kind":"idea","name":"Deliver CAR-T cells straight into the fluid around the brain","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer spreading along the linings of the brain has no treatment that reliably controls it. Injecting engineered immune cells directly into the brain fluid, through a small reservoir, reaches it.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-intraventricular-car-t/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive glioblastoma"},{"id":"idea-bio2-robotic-convection-delivery","kind":"idea","name":"Robot-placed catheters and live imaging for drug infusion into brain tumours","aka":"","tldr":"Pumping drugs slowly through fine tubes into a brain tumour can bypass the barrier, but the fluid often leaks away. Robotic placement and live scans would show where it actually goes.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-robotic-convection-delivery/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"idea-bio2-transferrin-shuttle-adc","kind":"idea","name":"Use the brain's own transport door to carry antibody drugs across","aka":"","tldr":"The brain imports iron through the transferrin receptor. Antibody shuttle domains that bind that receptor raise brain exposure roughly ten to fifty-fold in primates and are already used in clinical Alzheimer's antibodies; the same engineering could carry antibody-drug conjugates or T-cell engagers to brain metastases.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-transferrin-shuttle-adc/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive nsclc"},{"id":"idea-bio2-implanted-ultrasound-repeat-dosing","kind":"idea","name":"A skull ultrasound implant that opens the barrier at every cycle","aka":"","tldr":"A small ultrasound device implanted in the skull can be switched on at each chemotherapy visit to briefly open the brain barrier, letting drugs in every cycle.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-implanted-ultrasound-repeat-dosing/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"idea-bio2-cns-cohort-mandate","kind":"idea","name":"Stop excluding brain metastases from cancer trials","aka":"","tldr":"One in five people with advanced cancer has brain spread, yet most trials refuse them. Requiring brain cohorts would give those patients evidence instead of guesswork.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-cns-cohort-mandate/"},{"id":"idea-bio2-csf-ctdna-monitoring","kind":"idea","name":"Read the spinal fluid to track brain tumours without opening the skull","aka":"","tldr":"Fluid taken from the lower back contains DNA from brain tumours. Testing it can diagnose, monitor and detect resistance without brain surgery.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-csf-ctdna-monitoring/","cancers":"glioblastoma breast-her2-positive dlbcl"},{"id":"idea-bio2-brain-exposure-disclosure","kind":"idea","name":"Require every oncology candidate to publish how much reaches the brain","aka":"","tldr":"Whether a drug gets into the brain is measured early in development but rarely published. Making that number public would show which existing drugs could treat brain disease.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-brain-exposure-disclosure/"},{"id":"idea-bio2-intranasal-delivery","kind":"idea","name":"Deliver drugs and cells to the brain through the nose","aka":"","tldr":"The nerves at the top of the nose lead directly into the brain, bypassing the barrier. Nasal delivery of drugs, and even immune cells, has worked in animals.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-intranasal-delivery/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"idea-bio2-blood-csf-barrier-model","kind":"idea","name":"Build a human model of the barrier that guards the brain fluid","aka":"","tldr":"Drugs that reach brain tissue may still fail to reach the fluid where cancer spreads along the linings. A lab model of that second barrier would let us screen for drugs that cross it.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-blood-csf-barrier-model/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive nsclc melanoma"},{"id":"idea-bio2-fus-for-cell-entry","kind":"idea","name":"Open the barrier so engineered immune cells can enter the brain","aka":"","tldr":"Engineered immune cells given by drip rarely reach brain tumours. Briefly opening the barrier with focused ultrasound at the right moment may let them in.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-fus-for-cell-entry/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"idea-bio2-brain-penetrant-glue-degraders","kind":"idea","name":"Design protein degraders small enough to get into the brain","aka":"","tldr":"New drugs that destroy cancer proteins are usually too big to enter the brain. Making much smaller versions could bring this approach to brain tumours.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-brain-penetrant-glue-degraders/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"idea-bio2-gdf15-plus-exercise","kind":"idea","name":"Combine the new anti-wasting antibody with exercise and protein","aka":"","tldr":"A new antibody blocks the hormone that makes people with cancer lose appetite and weight. Weight regained as muscle, not fat, needs exercise and protein alongside it.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-gdf15-plus-exercise/","cancers":"pancreatic nsclc colorectal"},{"id":"idea-bio2-gdf15-stratified-enrolment","kind":"idea","name":"Select cachexia trial patients by the hormone driving their wasting","aka":"","tldr":"Wasting has several causes. Measuring the specific hormone in each patient's blood would put the right patients into the right trial instead of mixing everyone together.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-gdf15-stratified-enrolment/","cancers":"pancreatic nsclc"},{"id":"idea-bio2-cachexia-function-endpoint","kind":"idea","name":"Qualify a physical function endpoint so anti-wasting drugs can be approved","aka":"","tldr":"Regulators are unsure what to accept as proof that an anti-wasting drug helps. Agreeing on a simple measure such as stair climbing would unblock the whole field.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-cachexia-function-endpoint/"},{"id":"idea-bio2-prehabilitation-standard","kind":"idea","name":"Four weeks of training and nutrition before major cancer surgery, as standard","aka":"","tldr":"Getting fitter and better nourished before an operation reduces complications and speeds recovery. It is cheap, but only a few hospitals do it.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-prehabilitation-standard/","cancers":"colorectal esophageal pancreatic"},{"id":"idea-bio2-exercise-reimbursement","kind":"idea","name":"Pay for supervised exercise the way we pay for drugs","aka":"","tldr":"A large trial showed a structured exercise programme improved survival after bowel cancer. Almost no health system pays for it, so almost no patient gets it.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-exercise-reimbursement/","cancers":"colorectal breast-hr-positive prostate"},{"id":"idea-bio2-anamorelin-access","kind":"idea","name":"Get the one approved appetite drug licensed beyond a single country","aka":"","tldr":"A drug that improves appetite and lean weight in cancer wasting is approved in Japan but almost nowhere else. Reviewing the existing evidence could widen access quickly.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-anamorelin-access/","cancers":"nsclc pancreatic gastric"},{"id":"idea-bio2-ai-sarcopenia-from-ct","kind":"idea","name":"Read muscle loss automatically from scans patients already have","aka":"","tldr":"Every staging scan contains a precise measure of muscle mass that nobody looks at. Software could report it automatically and flag patients heading for wasting.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-ai-sarcopenia-from-ct/"},{"id":"idea-bio2-lean-mass-dosing","kind":"idea","name":"Dose chemotherapy by muscle mass, not body surface area","aka":"","tldr":"Chemotherapy doses are calculated from height and weight, a formula from the 1950s. Doses based on actual muscle mass may cause fewer severe side-effects.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-lean-mass-dosing/","cancers":"colorectal breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-bio2-low-dose-olanzapine-appetite","kind":"idea","name":"A cheap old tablet to restore appetite","aka":"","tldr":"A low dose of an old, inexpensive tablet improved appetite and weight in a randomised trial of people with advanced cancer. It could be used almost everywhere tomorrow.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-low-dose-olanzapine-appetite/","cancers":"gastric nsclc colorectal"},{"id":"idea-bio2-cachexia-pathway-code","kind":"idea","name":"Treat wasting like sepsis: a trigger, a bundle, an audit","aka":"","tldr":"Hospitals have fast, standard responses to sepsis and heart attacks. Cancer wasting has no such pathway, so it is noticed late and treated inconsistently.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-cachexia-pathway-code/"},{"id":"idea-bio2-protein-plus-training-during-io","kind":"idea","name":"Test protein and resistance training during immunotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Muscle is an immune organ as well as a movement organ. Building it during immunotherapy might improve how well the treatment works, not just how patients feel.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-protein-plus-training-during-io/","cancers":"melanoma nsclc rcc"},{"id":"idea-bio2-remote-weight-step-monitoring","kind":"idea","name":"Catch wasting early with a smart scale and a step counter","aka":"","tldr":"Slow weight loss and falling daily activity are the first signs of cancer wasting, and both can be measured at home. An alert could bring help months earlier.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-remote-weight-step-monitoring/","cancers":"pancreatic nsclc"},{"id":"idea-bio2-rare-cancer-umbrella-platform","kind":"idea","name":"One standing umbrella trial for all rare cancers in a country","aka":"","tldr":"Rare cancers together make up a fifth of all cancers, but no single one supports its own trial, so most patients get off-label therapy with no data capture. One permanent national umbrella trial, with molecular screening for all comers and arms opened by mechanism, would give every rare cancer a route.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-rare-cancer-umbrella-platform/","cancers":"sarcoma neuroendocrine cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"idea-bio2-n-of-1-framework","kind":"idea","name":"A standing rulebook for one-patient treatments","aka":"","tldr":"Sometimes a treatment must be designed for a single patient. Agreeing in advance what evidence and safety checks are needed would make that fast, fair and learnable.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-n-of-1-framework/"},{"id":"idea-bio2-paediatric-first-development","kind":"idea","name":"Develop drugs in children first when the target is a children's target","aka":"","tldr":"Children wait years for drugs because adult trials come first, even when the target belongs to a childhood cancer. Some drugs should start with children.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-paediatric-first-development/","cancers":"neuroblastoma sarcoma glioblastoma all-leukemia"},{"id":"idea-bio2-rare-cancer-telepathology-network","kind":"idea","name":"A same-week expert second opinion for every rare cancer diagnosis","aka":"","tldr":"Rare cancers are often misdiagnosed, which sends patients down the wrong treatment path. Digital slide sharing could get every case to an expert within days.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-rare-cancer-telepathology-network/","cancers":"sarcoma neuroendocrine thyroid"},{"id":"idea-bio2-functional-precision-rare","kind":"idea","name":"Test drugs on the patient's own cancer cells when there is no trial to join","aka":"","tldr":"For rare cancers there is often no genetic clue and no trial to join. Testing drugs directly on the patient's fresh tumour cells has guided treatment with reported benefit in a randomised haematology study and in paediatric case series; turnaround and tissue quality are the barriers.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-functional-precision-rare/","cancers":"sarcoma cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"idea-bio2-rare-cancer-prize-fund","kind":"idea","name":"Pay a prize for rare cancer drugs instead of hoping for a market","aka":"","tldr":"No company can profit from a drug for a cancer that affects a few hundred people. A guaranteed payment for success would change that calculation.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-rare-cancer-prize-fund/","cancers":"sarcoma neuroblastoma"},{"id":"idea-bio2-registry-embedded-randomisation","kind":"idea","name":"Randomise inside the registry that already follows every patient","aka":"","tldr":"Rare cancer patients are already tracked in registries. Offering randomisation inside the registry makes trials far cheaper and lets almost anyone take part.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-registry-embedded-randomisation/","cancers":"sarcoma neuroendocrine thyroid"},{"id":"idea-bio2-patient-partnered-rare-commons","kind":"idea","name":"Let patients themselves donate their records and samples for ultra-rare cancers","aka":"","tldr":"Patients with ultra-rare cancers are scattered across countries, beyond any single hospital's reach. Patient-driven projects that recruit online, post saliva and tumour sample kits and release data openly have already produced genomic findings in angiosarcoma; sustainability and international consent rules are the open problems.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-patient-partnered-rare-commons/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"idea-bio2-mechanism-defined-baskets","kind":"idea","name":"Group trials by broken mechanism, not by organ or single mutation","aka":"","tldr":"Rare cancers often share a broken cellular machine even when they arise in different organs. Grouping patients by that shared fault makes trials possible.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-mechanism-defined-baskets/","cancers":"sarcoma ovarian"},{"id":"idea-bio2-shared-compound-access-pool","kind":"idea","name":"A shared compound library that rare cancer researchers can actually use","aka":"","tldr":"Companies hold thousands of well-characterised drugs that could help rare cancers, but each request takes a year of legal negotiation. One standing agreement would unblock it.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-shared-compound-access-pool/"},{"id":"idea-bio2-bayesian-borrowing-acceptance","kind":"idea","name":"Agree in advance how to borrow evidence between similar rare cancers","aka":"","tldr":"Statistical methods can combine information across similar rare cancers to reach an answer with fewer patients. Regulators need to say in advance when that is acceptable.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-bayesian-borrowing-acceptance/"},{"id":"idea-bio2-rare-tumour-model-bank","kind":"idea","name":"An open model bank for the rare tumours nobody has models for","aka":"","tldr":"You cannot study a cancer without a laboratory model of it, and most rare cancers have none. A funded bank that makes and shares models would unlock research.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-rare-tumour-model-bank/","cancers":"sarcoma neuroendocrine cholangiocarcinoma mesothelioma"},{"id":"idea-bio2-tcr-repertoire-early-readout","kind":"idea","name":"Watch the immune system's response in the blood three weeks in","aka":"","tldr":"When immunotherapy works, specific immune cell families multiply in the blood within weeks. Tracking that could tell patients early whether to continue.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-tcr-repertoire-early-readout/","cancers":"melanoma nsclc urothelial"},{"id":"idea-bio2-fmt-plus-checkpoint-phase3","kind":"idea","name":"Take faecal transplant plus immunotherapy to a definitive trial","aka":"","tldr":"Transferring gut bacteria from patients who responded to immunotherapy has helped some patients who had stopped responding. It is time for a proper large trial.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-fmt-plus-checkpoint-phase3/","cancers":"melanoma rcc"},{"id":"idea-bio2-antibiotic-stewardship-io","kind":"idea","name":"Protect the gut flora of patients about to start immunotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Antibiotics given in the weeks before immunotherapy are linked to much worse results. A simple stewardship rule could preserve benefit at no cost.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-antibiotic-stewardship-io/","cancers":"nsclc melanoma rcc"},{"id":"idea-bio2-spatial-signature-cdx","kind":"idea","name":"Turn the map of immune cells inside a tumour into a standardised test","aka":"","tldr":"Whether immune cells are next to cancer cells matters more than how many there are. Turning that spatial picture into a reliable, standardised test would predict response better.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-spatial-signature-cdx/"},{"id":"idea-bio2-ctdna-six-week-io-switch","kind":"idea","name":"Use a blood test at six weeks to decide whether to keep going","aka":"","tldr":"Scans at three months often cannot tell whether immunotherapy is working. A blood test at six weeks may give a clearer, earlier answer.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-ctdna-six-week-io-switch/","cancers":"nsclc melanoma urothelial"},{"id":"idea-bio2-io-biomarker-data-commons","kind":"idea","name":"Pool every immunotherapy trial's biomarker data into one commons","aka":"","tldr":"Dozens of trials have collected immune, genomic and imaging data on the same drugs. Nobody can analyse them together, so the answer stays hidden in fragments.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-io-biomarker-data-commons/"},{"id":"idea-bio2-til-reactivity-selection","kind":"idea","name":"Select patients for cell therapy by whether their tumour holds reactive T cells","aka":"","tldr":"Growing a patient's own tumour-fighting cells only works if those cells are there to start with. A test for them would spare futile treatment.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-til-reactivity-selection/","cancers":"melanoma nsclc"},{"id":"idea-bio2-antigen-presentation-triage","kind":"idea","name":"Check whether a tumour can still show itself to the immune system","aka":"","tldr":"Some tumours have broken the machinery that displays their identity to immune cells. Those patients cannot benefit from most immunotherapy and should be routed elsewhere.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-antigen-presentation-triage/"},{"id":"idea-bio2-epigenetic-priming-cold-tumours","kind":"idea","name":"Unmask hidden antigens with a short epigenetic course before immunotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Low doses of drugs that change how DNA is packaged can make cancer cells display more of what marks them as abnormal, potentially waking up immunotherapy in cold tumours.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-epigenetic-priming-cold-tumours/","cancers":"colorectal nsclc"},{"id":"idea-bio2-neoadjuvant-biomarker-engine","kind":"idea","name":"Use pre-surgery immunotherapy windows as the field's biomarker engine","aka":"","tldr":"Giving immunotherapy for a few weeks before surgery produces a tumour sample that shows exactly what the drug did. That is the fastest way to learn who responds.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-neoadjuvant-biomarker-engine/","cancers":"colorectal melanoma urothelial"},{"id":"idea-bio2-steroid-sparing-irae","kind":"idea","name":"Treat immunotherapy side-effects without wiping out the response","aka":"","tldr":"Immune side-effects are usually treated with high-dose steroids, which may also switch off the anti-cancer response. Targeted alternatives may control the side-effect and keep the benefit.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-steroid-sparing-irae/","cancers":"melanoma nsclc rcc"},{"id":"idea-bio2-fibre-diet-io-trial","kind":"idea","name":"Test a high-fibre diet as an immunotherapy adjunct","aka":"","tldr":"People who eat more fibre appear to respond better to immunotherapy, while some probiotic supplements may do the opposite. A proper trial would settle it.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-fibre-diet-io-trial/","cancers":"melanoma nsclc"},{"id":"idea-prev-mced-stage-endpoint-surrogate","kind":"idea","name":"Let MCED trials read out on late-stage incidence, with mortality follow-up mandated","aka":"","tldr":"Multi-cancer early detection blood tests take a decade to prove they save lives. Regulators could accept a fall in late-stage cancers as the first answer, validated against pooled data from completed screening trials, provided approval is conditional on continued mortality follow-up.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-mced-stage-endpoint-surrogate/"},{"id":"idea-prev-mced-registry-randomised","kind":"idea","name":"Registry-based randomised MCED trial: a million people, no study visits","aka":"","tldr":"Randomise people through the national health system, post the blood kit, and read cancer deaths off the registry. That is ten times cheaper per participant than a classic trial.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-mced-registry-randomised/"},{"id":"idea-prev-mced-change-control-plan","kind":"idea","name":"Pre-agreed update rules so an MCED test is not obsolete when its trial reads out","aka":"","tldr":"A cancer blood test improves every year, but a ten-year trial tests the old version. Regulators and sponsors could agree in advance how updates are validated and carried into the result.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-mced-change-control-plan/"},{"id":"idea-prev-mced-positive-resolution-pathway","kind":"idea","name":"A 28-day national pathway for people with a positive multi-cancer blood test","aka":"","tldr":"A positive blood test with no known tumour is frightening and hard to manage. A standard imaging cascade with a time limit, and a registry of what was found, would make these tests usable.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-mced-positive-resolution-pathway/"},{"id":"idea-prev-interval-cancer-audit-blood-tests","kind":"idea","name":"Mandatory interval-cancer audit for every blood-based screening test","aka":"","tldr":"When a screening test misses a cancer, we should know. Linking every negative result to the cancer registry and publishing what was missed, by stage, should be a condition of use.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-interval-cancer-audit-blood-tests/"},{"id":"idea-prev-ai-mammogram-risk-intervals","kind":"idea","name":"Set each woman's mammogram interval from her last mammogram, using AI risk","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of every woman every two or three years, an AI reading of the current mammogram would set who comes back in one year and who can safely wait four.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-ai-mammogram-risk-intervals/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"idea-prev-lung-screening-risk-model-eligibility","kind":"idea","name":"Lung screening eligibility by risk score, not pack-years, including high-risk never-smokers","aka":"","tldr":"Pack-year rules miss people who get lung cancer without heavy smoking, including East Asian women who never smoked, as Taiwan's TALENT study showed. Eligibility by a validated risk model with a set threshold, plus a never-smoker arm where family history matters, would find more cancers per scan.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-lung-screening-risk-model-eligibility/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"idea-prev-ldct-ai-negative-triage","kind":"idea","name":"AI clears the normal lung screening scans so radiologists read only the suspicious ones","aka":"","tldr":"Most screening CT scans are normal. Letting a validated AI clear them, and sending only flagged scans to a radiologist, would let screening scale without more radiologists.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-ldct-ai-negative-triage/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"idea-prev-mammography-ai-stepped-wedge","kind":"idea","name":"Roll out AI-supported mammography nationally as a stepped-wedge trial","aka":"","tldr":"Sweden's MASAI trial showed AI can safely replace one of two radiologists. Rolling it out region by region in a randomised order would prove it works at national scale and that interval cancers do not rise.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-mammography-ai-stepped-wedge/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-prev-opportunistic-ct-ai-registry","kind":"idea","name":"Every routine CT scan checked by AI for early cancer signs, with a tracked follow-up pathway","aka":"","tldr":"Hundreds of millions of CT scans are done each year for other reasons. Software could check each one for early lung, kidney, liver and pancreas changes, but only if a follow-up system exists.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-opportunistic-ct-ai-registry/","cancers":"nsclc rcc hcc pancreatic"},{"id":"idea-prev-pancreas-ai-prediagnostic-ct","kind":"idea","name":"AI that spots pancreatic cancer on scans taken a year before diagnosis","aka":"","tldr":"Pancreatic cancer is often visible in hindsight on earlier scans. Software trained on those pre-diagnostic scans could flag subtle changes while surgery is still possible.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-pancreas-ai-prediagnostic-ct/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"idea-prev-new-onset-diabetes-pancreas-pathway","kind":"idea","name":"New diabetes after 50 plus weight loss triggers a pancreatic cancer check","aka":"","tldr":"About one in a hundred people who develop diabetes after 50, more if they are losing weight, have pancreatic cancer. A simple score could send them for a scan or blood test.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-new-onset-diabetes-pancreas-pathway/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"idea-prev-breath-voc-symptomatic-ruleout","kind":"idea","name":"A breath test to rule out cancer in people with vague symptoms","aka":"","tldr":"Volatile compounds in breath differ in cancer. A breath test validated in truly symptomatic patients, not lab volunteers, could tell GPs who needs urgent scans and who can safely wait.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-breath-voc-symptomatic-ruleout/"},{"id":"idea-prev-urine-dna-haematuria-triage","kind":"idea","name":"A urine DNA test to decide who with blood in the urine needs a camera test","aka":"","tldr":"Most people referred for blood in the urine do not have bladder cancer, yet all get cystoscopy. A urine DNA or methylation test could safely spare most of them.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-urine-dna-haematuria-triage/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"idea-prev-weight-loss-auto-alert","kind":"idea","name":"Smart scales and health records flag unexplained weight loss for a cancer check","aka":"","tldr":"Losing weight without trying is one of the strongest signs of hidden cancer, but it is rarely measured. Automatic alerts from recorded weights could prompt a check-up.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-weight-loss-auto-alert/"},{"id":"idea-prev-cgm-glycaemic-drift-pancreas","kind":"idea","name":"Glucose monitor data as an early pancreatic cancer signal","aka":"","tldr":"Millions now wear continuous glucose monitors. A sudden, unexplained worsening of glucose control in a middle-aged wearer could be flagged as a possible early sign of pancreatic cancer.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-cgm-glycaemic-drift-pancreas/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"idea-prev-ehr-symptom-signature-prompts","kind":"idea","name":"Cancer risk scores running automatically in GP records to prompt urgent referral","aka":"","tldr":"Computers can combine minor symptoms, blood tests and age into a cancer risk score in the background. Showing that score to the GP could get more people referred earlier.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-ehr-symptom-signature-prompts/"},{"id":"idea-prev-mced-non-specific-symptom-triage","kind":"idea","name":"Multi-cancer blood test as the first step for patients with non-specific symptoms","aka":"","tldr":"People with vague symptoms such as fatigue and weight loss are worked up with repeated scans. A multi-cancer blood test as the first step in Rapid Diagnostic Centres could point to which organ to examine first, or safely reassure; SYMPLIFY showed the Galleri test has high specificity in symptomatic patients.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-mced-non-specific-symptom-triage/"},{"id":"idea-prev-blood-count-trend-flags","kind":"idea","name":"Use the trend in routine blood counts, not a single threshold, to spot cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A platelet count that is normal but rising year on year, or haemoglobin drifting down, can signal cancer. Records already hold these trends; software could use them.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-blood-count-trend-flags/"},{"id":"idea-prev-fit-risk-adapted-thresholds","kind":"idea","name":"Personalised stool-test cut-offs by age, sex and prior results","aka":"","tldr":"Bowel screening uses one blood-in-stool threshold for everyone. Setting it by age, sex and the person's previous results would find more cancers with the same number of colonoscopies.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-fit-risk-adapted-thresholds/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"idea-prev-blood-crc-test-for-non-responders","kind":"idea","name":"Offer the blood test for bowel cancer only to people who refuse stool tests or colonoscopy","aka":"","tldr":"Blood tests for bowel cancer miss most precancerous polyps, so they should not replace stool tests. But for the third of people who never do any screening, a blood test may beat nothing.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-blood-crc-test-for-non-responders/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"idea-prev-capsule-sponge-pharmacy","kind":"idea","name":"A swallowable sponge test for reflux patients, offered in pharmacies","aka":"","tldr":"A pill on a string collects cells from the food pipe and finds Barrett's oesophagus, a precursor of cancer. Offering it in pharmacies to people on long-term heartburn drugs would find it early.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-capsule-sponge-pharmacy/","cancers":"esophageal"},{"id":"idea-prev-gastric-serology-migrant-screening","kind":"idea","name":"Stomach cancer serology screening for high-risk migrant communities in low-incidence countries","aka":"","tldr":"People who grew up in East Asia, Eastern Europe or Latin America keep a high stomach cancer risk after migrating. Cheap blood tests could select who needs an endoscopy.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-gastric-serology-migrant-screening/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"idea-prev-hcc-blood-surveillance-cirrhosis","kind":"idea","name":"Replace six-monthly ultrasound with a blood test for liver cancer in cirrhosis","aka":"","tldr":"People with cirrhosis are meant to have ultrasound scans twice a year, but most do not. A blood test done with their routine liver bloods could catch liver cancer earlier.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-hcc-blood-surveillance-cirrhosis/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"idea-prev-mri-first-prostate-screening-prs","kind":"idea","name":"MRI-first prostate screening with genetic pre-selection","aka":"","tldr":"PSA screening finds harmless prostate cancers that would never cause trouble. Selecting men by PSA plus a polygenic risk score, then MRI before any biopsy and targeted biopsy only for PI-RADS 4 to 5 lesions, finds the dangerous cancers and skips the rest; GOTEBORG-2 showed MRI-targeted biopsy halves overdiagnosis.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-mri-first-prostate-screening-prs/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"idea-prev-oral-cancer-community-smartphone-ai","kind":"idea","name":"Community health workers with smartphone AI screen for mouth cancer in South Asia","aka":"","tldr":"Mouth cancer is common where tobacco is chewed and is visible to the naked eye. Health workers with a phone camera and AI could find it early in villages.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-oral-cancer-community-smartphone-ai/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"idea-prev-lmic-five-cancer-methylation-test","kind":"idea","name":"A ten-dollar blood test for the five cancers that kill most people in poorer countries","aka":"","tldr":"Most cancer deaths are in low and middle income countries, where scans and endoscopies are scarce. A cheap methylation blood test tuned to liver, stomach, oesophageal, cervical and breast cancer could fill the gap.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-lmic-five-cancer-methylation-test/","cancers":"hcc gastric esophageal cervical"},{"id":"idea-prev-fragmentomics-first-tier","kind":"idea","name":"Cheap DNA fragment-pattern blood test as a first sieve before expensive cancer tests","aka":"","tldr":"How DNA fragments in blood are chopped up differs in cancer and can be read with cheap, shallow sequencing. Used as a first sieve, it could cut the cost of population screening.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-fragmentomics-first-tier/"},{"id":"idea-prev-live-stage-dashboard","kind":"idea","name":"A live national dashboard of stage at diagnosis as the scorecard for early detection","aka":"","tldr":"You cannot manage what you do not measure quickly. Publishing stage at diagnosis by cancer and region every quarter, not years later, would show whether detection efforts are working.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-live-stage-dashboard/"},{"id":"idea-prev-open-stage-shift-microsimulation","kind":"idea","name":"Open-source models that translate stage shift into lives saved, for every cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Whether finding cancer earlier saves lives depends on the cancer. Public models, one per cancer, would let trials and payers predict the mortality benefit from a stage shift honestly.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-open-stage-shift-microsimulation/"},{"id":"idea-prev-emergency-department-cancer-test","kind":"idea","name":"A cancer blood test for older people arriving at A&E with unexplained symptoms","aka":"","tldr":"One in five cancers in the UK is first found in an emergency, usually late. Adding a cancer test to the blood already taken in A&E for over-60s with vague symptoms could catch some earlier.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-emergency-department-cancer-test/"},{"id":"idea-prev-mobile-lung-screening-deprived-areas","kind":"idea","name":"Take lung screening scanners to supermarket car parks in the poorest areas","aka":"","tldr":"People most at risk of lung cancer are least likely to attend hospital screening. Manchester showed mobile scanners in car parks reach them. Make this the default model.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-mobile-lung-screening-deprived-areas/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"idea-prev-ebv-dna-npc-screening-scaleup","kind":"idea","name":"Blood EBV DNA screening for nasopharyngeal cancer across southern China and Southeast Asia","aka":"","tldr":"Nasopharyngeal cancer is common in southern China and is caused by a virus. A blood test for viral DNA finds it early, and a large study showed better survival. Scale it up.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-ebv-dna-npc-screening-scaleup/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"idea-prev-dental-oral-exam-standard","kind":"idea","name":"Make a two-minute mouth cancer check part of every dental visit","aka":"","tldr":"Dentists see the mouth more than any doctor. A standard, recorded oral cancer examination with a referral route would catch cancers earlier at almost no cost.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-dental-oral-exam-standard/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"idea-prev-bundled-cancer-check-at-60","kind":"idea","name":"A single 'cancer check at 60' appointment bundling all screening tests","aka":"","tldr":"People are invited separately for bowel, breast, cervical and lung screening, and partial participation is common. One appointment at 50 and 60, modelled on the NHS Health Check, offering every eligible test plus family history and risk assessment with navigation support, would raise uptake.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-bundled-cancer-check-at-60/"},{"id":"idea-prev-thyroid-no-screening-no-small-biopsy","kind":"idea","name":"Stop biopsying small thyroid nodules and never screen the thyroid","aka":"","tldr":"South Korea's thyroid cancer rate rose 15-fold after ultrasound screening, with no fall in deaths. A firm rule not to biopsy nodules under 1 cm, and not to screen, would prevent this harm elsewhere.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-thyroid-no-screening-no-small-biopsy/","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"idea-prev-ptmc-active-surveillance-default","kind":"idea","name":"Active surveillance as the default for tiny papillary thyroid cancers","aka":"","tldr":"Papillary thyroid cancers under 1 cm almost never cause harm. Japanese hospitals have watched thousands safely. Make watching, not surgery, the default everywhere, with a registry.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-ptmc-active-surveillance-default/","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"idea-prev-low-risk-dcis-surveillance-pathway","kind":"idea","name":"After the COMET trial: surveillance pathways and a new name for low-risk DCIS","aka":"","tldr":"Low-risk DCIS is a breast change that may never become cancer. Trials now show watching it is safe in the short term. The next step is a proper pathway and a name that does not say cancer.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-low-risk-dcis-surveillance-pathway/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-prev-indolent-lesion-nomenclature-body","kind":"idea","name":"An international body to rename indolent lesions so 'cancer' means something","aka":"","tldr":"Some things called cancer, such as low-grade prostate lesions, almost never spread. An expert body could reclassify them, as cervical precancer was, so fewer people are overtreated.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-indolent-lesion-nomenclature-body/","cancers":"prostate thyroid"},{"id":"idea-prev-gleason6-terminology-rct","kind":"idea","name":"Test whether calling Gleason 6 'not cancer' changes what men choose","aka":"","tldr":"Gleason 6 prostate lesions do not metastasise. A trial could show whether describing them without the word cancer leads more men to choose monitoring.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-gleason6-terminology-rct/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"idea-prev-prostate-as-triggered-biopsy","kind":"idea","name":"Prostate active surveillance without scheduled biopsies: MRI and blood tests decide","aka":"","tldr":"Men on active surveillance for prostate cancer have repeat biopsies every year or two, a burden that drives some towards surgery. Triggering biopsy only when MRI, PSA density or new markers change, tested against scheduled biopsy in a 2,000-man non-inferiority trial, could be just as safe with far fewer biopsies.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-prostate-as-triggered-biopsy/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"idea-prev-small-renal-mass-surveillance","kind":"idea","name":"Watch small kidney tumours rather than remove them, with a national registry","aka":"","tldr":"Most kidney tumours under 3 cm found by chance grow under 0.3 cm a year, rarely spread, and a fifth are benign. Surveillance with a biopsy for grade as the default in patients over 65, with a national registry and set triggers for surgery, could spare most of these operations.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-small-renal-mass-surveillance/","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"idea-prev-lung-nodule-ai-discharge","kind":"idea","name":"AI malignancy scores to end repeat scans and biopsies for benign lung nodules","aka":"","tldr":"Most lung nodules on CT are harmless but trigger years of follow-up scans. A validated AI score could discharge low-risk nodules immediately.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-lung-nodule-ai-discharge/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"idea-prev-blood-precursor-watch-registry","kind":"idea","name":"A watch-and-wait registry for blood precursor conditions found by chance","aka":"","tldr":"Blood tests increasingly find precursor conditions like MGUS and smouldering myeloma, but most never progress. A registry with clear rules would stop early treatment outside trials.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-blood-precursor-watch-registry/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma cll"},{"id":"idea-prev-annual-overdiagnosis-reporting","kind":"idea","name":"Every screening programme must publish its overdiagnosis rate each year","aka":"","tldr":"Screening finds cancers that would never have caused harm, but programmes only report cancers found. Publishing the estimated overdiagnosis rate alongside would make the trade-off visible.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-annual-overdiagnosis-reporting/"},{"id":"idea-prev-screening-stop-by-life-expectancy","kind":"idea","name":"Stop screening by life expectancy, not birthday, with a tool in the record","aka":"","tldr":"Screening someone unlikely to live ten years causes harm without benefit. A life-expectancy estimate in the medical record could stop invitations and prompt a conversation.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-screening-stop-by-life-expectancy/"},{"id":"idea-prev-mced-pretest-decision-aid","kind":"idea","name":"A mandatory decision aid before any multi-cancer blood test","aka":"","tldr":"People are told a blood test can find fifty cancers, but not how many false alarms or how much is unknown. A short, tested decision aid before the test would make consent real.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-mced-pretest-decision-aid/"},{"id":"idea-prev-barrett-surveillance-deescalation","kind":"idea","name":"Stop routine endoscopies for non-dysplastic Barrett's oesophagus","aka":"","tldr":"People with Barrett's oesophagus without dysplasia have endoscopies every few years, but the BOSS trial found no survival benefit. Redirecting effort to those with dysplasia would save harm and cost.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-barrett-surveillance-deescalation/","cancers":"esophageal"},{"id":"idea-prev-melanoma-ai-thick-melanoma-metric","kind":"idea","name":"Judge skin cancer AI by the thick melanomas it prevents, not the thin ones it finds","aka":"","tldr":"Melanoma diagnoses have soared while deaths barely changed, a sign of overdiagnosis. AI skin apps should be judged on whether dangerous thick melanomas fall, not how many spots they flag.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-melanoma-ai-thick-melanoma-metric/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"idea-prev-incidentaloma-natural-history-cohort","kind":"idea","name":"A ten-year cohort of incidental findings to calibrate follow-up guidelines","aka":"","tldr":"Scans find unexpected lumps in the adrenal, thyroid, pancreas and lung. Nobody knows how many matter. A national cohort following them for ten years would tell us whom to watch.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-incidentaloma-natural-history-cohort/"},{"id":"idea-prev-ipmn-surveillance-stop-rule","kind":"idea","name":"Stop watching stable low-risk pancreatic cysts after five years","aka":"","tldr":"Small pancreatic cysts turn up on abdominal scans and are then followed for life. Low-risk cysts under 2 cm that are unchanged at five years rarely turn to cancer in Japanese and US cohorts, so a randomised trial of stopping surveillance would test whether years of scans can be spared.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-ipmn-surveillance-stop-rule/","cancers":"pancreatic ipmn-cystic-precursors"},{"id":"idea-prev-pathology-ai-borderline-anchor","kind":"idea","name":"AI second reads to stop borderline lesions being upgraded to cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Whether a lesion is called precancer or cancer varies between pathologists, and over time the bar has drifted lower. AI reference reads could hold the line.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-pathology-ai-borderline-anchor/"},{"id":"idea-prev-frail-elderly-primary-endocrine-breast","kind":"idea","name":"Hormone tablets instead of surgery for small breast cancers in the frail over-80s","aka":"","tldr":"Frail women over 80 with small hormone-sensitive breast cancers may do as well with a daily tablet as with surgery. A trial would define who can safely avoid the operation.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-frail-elderly-primary-endocrine-breast/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-prev-omit-radiotherapy-low-risk-breast-default","kind":"idea","name":"Make skipping radiotherapy the default for very low-risk breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Trials show older women with the lowest-risk breast cancers gain almost nothing from radiotherapy after lumpectomy. Yet most still get it. Track and reward omission.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-omit-radiotherapy-low-risk-breast-default/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-prev-modern-autopsy-reservoir-studies","kind":"idea","name":"Modern autopsy studies to measure how much silent cancer people carry","aka":"","tldr":"Autopsy studies decades ago found hidden prostate, thyroid and breast cancers in people who died of other causes, but they pre-date modern pathology. Repeating them with whole-body imaging and standardised histology would measure the reservoir of harmless cancer that every overdiagnosis estimate depends on.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-modern-autopsy-reservoir-studies/","cancers":"prostate thyroid"},{"id":"idea-prev-hpv-single-dose-switch-catchup","kind":"idea","name":"Switch every country to single-dose HPV vaccination and add catch-up to age 26","aka":"","tldr":"One dose of HPV vaccine protects as well as two or three. Halving the doses frees supply to vaccinate far more girls, boys and young adults.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-hpv-single-dose-switch-catchup/","cancers":"cervical head-and-neck"},{"id":"idea-prev-hpv-vaccinate-at-screening","kind":"idea","name":"Offer HPV vaccination to women when they come for cervical screening or treatment","aka":"","tldr":"Adult women who missed the vaccine could get it at their screening visit. Vaccination around treatment for precancer also seems to cut recurrence.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-hpv-vaccinate-at-screening/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"idea-prev-hpv-self-sampling-mailed-default","kind":"idea","name":"Post every woman an HPV self-test kit instead of asking her to book a smear","aka":"","tldr":"Women who never book a smear test are missed by invitation-based screening. Posting an HPV self-sampling kit as the default invitation, as the Netherlands and Australia do, reaches them, and PCR-based self-samples match clinician samples for detecting high-grade precancer.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-hpv-self-sampling-mailed-default/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"idea-prev-hpv-same-day-screen-and-treat","kind":"idea","name":"Same-day HPV test and heat treatment of precancer by nurses in low-income settings","aka":"","tldr":"Where women cannot return for results, test for HPV and treat any precancer the same day with a battery-powered heat probe. This is the fastest route to WHO's cervical elimination target.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-hpv-same-day-screen-and-treat/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"idea-prev-therapeutic-hpv-vaccine-cin","kind":"idea","name":"A therapeutic vaccine to clear cervical precancer without surgery","aka":"","tldr":"Precancer is treated by cutting away part of the cervix, which raises pregnancy risks. A vaccine that makes the immune system clear the infected cells would avoid surgery.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-therapeutic-hpv-vaccine-cin/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"idea-prev-hbv-treat-all-hcc","kind":"idea","name":"Treat everyone with chronic hepatitis B to prevent liver cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Hepatitis B causes most liver cancer worldwide, and generic tenofovir suppresses it for under 30 dollars a year. Treating everyone infected, not just those with liver damage, as WHO's 2024 guidelines allow, would cut liver cancer incidence because viral load predicts it and antivirals reduce it in cirrhotics.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-hbv-treat-all-hcc/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"idea-prev-hcv-test-treat-surveillance-linkage","kind":"idea","name":"Cure hepatitis C in prisons and drug services, and enrol the cured in liver cancer surveillance","aka":"","tldr":"Hepatitis C is now curable in weeks. Testing and treating where it is concentrated, and keeping those with scarring in surveillance afterwards, would cut liver cancer.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-hcv-test-treat-surveillance-linkage/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"idea-prev-hpylori-family-test-and-treat","kind":"idea","name":"Family-based H. pylori test-and-treat to prevent stomach cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Stomach cancer is largely caused by a bacterium that spreads in households. Testing and treating whole families, not individuals, would stop reinfection and prevent cancer.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-hpylori-family-test-and-treat/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"idea-prev-hpylori-stool-resistance-guided","kind":"idea","name":"Antibiotic-resistance testing from a stool sample before treating H. pylori","aka":"","tldr":"H. pylori eradication often fails because of antibiotic resistance. A stool DNA test showing which antibiotics will work would raise cure rates and protect antibiotics.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-hpylori-stool-resistance-guided/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"idea-prev-hpylori-childhood-vaccine","kind":"idea","name":"A vaccine against H. pylori for children in high-risk regions","aka":"","tldr":"A childhood vaccine against the stomach bacterium behind most stomach cancer would prevent infection for life. One trial in China showed protection; the idea has stalled.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-hpylori-childhood-vaccine/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"idea-prev-smokefree-generation-evaluation","kind":"idea","name":"Smoke-free generation laws with a built-in evaluation across countries","aka":"","tldr":"Banning tobacco sales to anyone born after a set year, as the UK is doing, could end smoking within a generation. Adopting countries should coordinate evaluation so the evidence is undeniable.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-smokefree-generation-evaluation/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"idea-prev-very-low-nicotine-mandate","kind":"idea","name":"Make cigarettes non-addictive by capping their nicotine","aka":"","tldr":"Cigarettes with nicotine cut by 95% do not sustain addiction. A mandatory cap, which the FDA has proposed, could cut smoking dramatically.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-very-low-nicotine-mandate/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"idea-prev-opt-out-cessation-in-lung-screening","kind":"idea","name":"Every lung screening visit includes stop-smoking medicine, opt-out","aka":"","tldr":"Lung screening is a teachable moment. Giving cessation medicine and support by default at every scan, unless the person opts out, roughly doubles quit rates.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-opt-out-cessation-in-lung-screening/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"idea-prev-cytisine-essential-medicine","kind":"idea","name":"Put cytisine, a cheap plant-based quit-smoking pill, on every essential medicines list","aka":"","tldr":"Cytisine costs a few dollars per course and works about as well as varenicline, but is unavailable in most countries. Global approval and procurement would make quitting affordable.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-cytisine-essential-medicine/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"idea-prev-alcohol-cancer-warning-labels","kind":"idea","name":"Cancer warnings on alcohol labels, evaluated as a natural experiment","aka":"","tldr":"Most people do not know alcohol causes seven cancers. Ireland is putting cancer warnings on bottles; other countries should follow and measure the effect on drinking.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-alcohol-cancer-warning-labels/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal esophageal hcc"},{"id":"idea-prev-minimum-unit-pricing-cancer-endpoints","kind":"idea","name":"Minimum alcohol pricing evaluated with cancer endpoints","aka":"","tldr":"Scotland's minimum price per unit cut alcohol deaths. Tracking alcohol-related cancer incidence over the next decade would show whether it also prevents cancer.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-minimum-unit-pricing-cancer-endpoints/","cancers":"hcc esophageal"},{"id":"idea-prev-glp1-cancer-prevention-rct","kind":"idea","name":"A trial of GLP-1 weight-loss drugs with cancer as the primary outcome","aka":"","tldr":"Obesity raises the risk of 13 cancers, and GLP-1 weight-loss drugs are already in routine use for diabetes and obesity. Observational data hint that they cut obesity-related cancers but confounding is severe, so a randomised trial in adults aged 50 to 70 with a BMI of 30 or more should make cancer the primary outcome.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-glp1-cancer-prevention-rct/","cancers":"endometrial colorectal pancreatic hcc"},{"id":"idea-prev-glp1-endometrial-hyperplasia","kind":"idea","name":"GLP-1 drugs to reverse endometrial precancer in women with obesity","aka":"","tldr":"Womb precancer in women with obesity is usually treated with a hormone coil or hysterectomy. Weight-loss drugs might reverse it and protect fertility.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-glp1-endometrial-hyperplasia/","cancers":"endometrial"},{"id":"idea-prev-chemoprevention-master-protocol","kind":"idea","name":"One master trial for cancer prevention drugs across many precancers","aka":"","tldr":"Prevention drug trials run separately in each precancer and are slow. One master protocol with shared infrastructure across Barrett's oesophagus, oral leukoplakia, lung nodules and pancreatic cysts, using regression as an intermediate endpoint and adding or dropping arms adaptively, would test several drugs at once.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-chemoprevention-master-protocol/"},{"id":"idea-prev-low-dose-tamoxifen-uptake","kind":"idea","name":"Low-dose tamoxifen for high-risk women, prescribed by pharmacists and nurses","aka":"","tldr":"A 5 mg tamoxifen dose halves breast cancer recurrence after precancer with far fewer side effects than the full dose. Almost nobody is prescribed it. Change who can prescribe.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-low-dose-tamoxifen-uptake/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-prev-opportunistic-salpingectomy-default","kind":"idea","name":"Remove the fallopian tubes during any pelvic surgery once childbearing is finished","aka":"","tldr":"Most ovarian cancers start in the fallopian tubes. Removing the tubes at hysterectomy, or instead of tying them, as British Columbia has done, appears to prevent ovarian cancer.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-opportunistic-salpingectomy-default/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"idea-prev-commercial-sunbed-ban","kind":"idea","name":"Ban commercial sunbeds","aka":"","tldr":"Sunbeds cause melanoma, especially when used young. Australia and Brazil have banned them. Other countries should follow and measure the effect.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-commercial-sunbed-ban/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"idea-prev-radon-testing-at-property-sale","kind":"idea","name":"Mandatory radon testing when homes are sold, with subsidised mitigation","aka":"","tldr":"Radon gas from the ground is the second biggest cause of lung cancer. Testing every home at sale and paying for fixes in high-radon areas would prevent thousands of cases.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-radon-testing-at-property-sale/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"idea-prev-clean-air-never-smoker-endpoints","kind":"idea","name":"Evaluate clean-air policies using lung cancer in never-smokers","aka":"","tldr":"Air pollution causes lung cancer in people who never smoked. Clean air zones and coal phase-outs should be tracked against never-smoker lung cancer rates.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-clean-air-never-smoker-endpoints/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"idea-prev-screening-default-appointments","kind":"idea","name":"Send screening invitations with a pre-booked time, not a request to call","aka":"","tldr":"Uptake rises when the invitation comes with a booked appointment and text reminders. Make that the default in every screening programme.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-screening-default-appointments/"},{"id":"idea-prev-pharmacy-prevention-hub","kind":"idea","name":"Community pharmacies as one-stop cancer prevention hubs","aka":"","tldr":"Pharmacies are everywhere and open late. They could give HPV vaccines, hand out bowel test kits, run stop-smoking clinics and offer HPV self-sampling under one roof.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-pharmacy-prevention-hub/"},{"id":"idea-prev-pay-for-prevention-outcomes","kind":"idea","name":"Pay insurers and health systems for cancers prevented and caught early","aka":"","tldr":"Health systems earn from treating cancer, not preventing it. Paying them for lower cancer incidence and earlier stage in their population would flip the incentive.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-pay-for-prevention-outcomes/"},{"id":"idea-prev-precursor-endpoints-for-approval","kind":"idea","name":"Regulators accept shrinking of precancer as the endpoint for prevention drug approval","aka":"","tldr":"Few companies develop cancer prevention drugs because trials take decades. If regulators accepted validated precancer endpoints, as they do cholesterol for heart disease, industry would return.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-precursor-endpoints-for-approval/"},{"id":"idea-prev-hpv-male-catchup-oropharynx","kind":"idea","name":"Catch-up HPV vaccination for men to prevent throat cancer","aka":"","tldr":"HPV throat cancer now exceeds cervical cancer in some countries and mostly affects men, who were not vaccinated. Vaccinating men up to 45 could reduce it.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-hpv-male-catchup-oropharynx/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"idea-prev-ebv-vaccine","kind":"idea","name":"An Epstein-Barr virus vaccine to prevent nasopharyngeal cancer and lymphomas","aka":"","tldr":"EBV infects almost everyone and causes nasopharyngeal cancer, some lymphomas and some stomach cancers. A vaccine given before infection could remove those cancers.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-ebv-vaccine/","cancers":"head-and-neck hodgkin-lymphoma gastric"},{"id":"idea-prev-cascade-direct-contact-relatives","kind":"idea","name":"Let clinics contact relatives directly when a cancer gene is found","aka":"","tldr":"When someone tests positive for a BRCA or Lynch mutation, relatives are told only if the patient passes the message on. Most do not. Letting clinics contact relatives directly, with consent, could double testing.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-cascade-direct-contact-relatives/"},{"id":"idea-prev-population-germline-screening-at-30","kind":"idea","name":"Offer everyone at 30 a test for the cancer genes that matter","aka":"","tldr":"Most people with BRCA or Lynch mutations do not know until they get cancer. Testing everyone once for a short list of high-impact genes would find them in time to prevent it.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-population-germline-screening-at-30/"},{"id":"idea-prev-deferred-disclosure-newborn-genomes","kind":"idea","name":"Store adult-onset cancer gene results from newborn genomes and disclose at 18","aka":"","tldr":"Newborn sequencing programmes exclude adult cancer genes because babies cannot consent. Storing those results and offering them at 18 would preserve choice and give a lifetime of prevention.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-deferred-disclosure-newborn-genomes/"},{"id":"idea-prev-prs-screening-start-age","kind":"idea","name":"Use a polygenic risk score to set when screening starts","aka":"","tldr":"Common gene variants shift a person's cancer risk several-fold. A one-time genetic score could tell each person when to start breast, bowel or prostate screening.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-prs-screening-start-age/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate colorectal early-onset-colorectal"},{"id":"idea-prev-prs-ancestry-portability-standard","kind":"idea","name":"Build polygenic scores that work in every ancestry before deploying any","aka":"","tldr":"Genetic risk scores were built mostly on Europeans and work worse in others. Funding non-European cohorts and setting a portability standard would prevent screening that widens inequality.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-prs-ancestry-portability-standard/"},{"id":"idea-prev-lynch-frameshift-vaccine-rct","kind":"idea","name":"A randomised trial of a shared-antigen vaccine to prevent Lynch syndrome cancers","aka":"","tldr":"Lynch syndrome tumours share predictable mutations the immune system can target. A vaccine in early trials could be tested to see if it prevents polyps and cancers in carriers.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-lynch-frameshift-vaccine-rct/","cancers":"colorectal endometrial"},{"id":"idea-prev-brca1-denosumab-prevention","kind":"idea","name":"A bone drug to prevent breast cancer in BRCA1 carriers","aka":"","tldr":"BRCA1 breast cancers seem to grow from cells driven by the RANK signal. Denosumab blocks it and is already used for bone. A trial is testing whether it prevents these cancers.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-brca1-denosumab-prevention/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"idea-prev-lynch-aspirin-implementation","kind":"idea","name":"Get every Lynch syndrome carrier onto the right dose of aspirin","aka":"","tldr":"Aspirin roughly halves bowel cancer in Lynch syndrome, and a dose trial is defining how little is needed. Most carriers are still not prescribed it; the task is to fix prescribing.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-lynch-aspirin-implementation/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"idea-prev-reflex-germline-testing","kind":"idea","name":"Automatic germline testing for every cancer type where it changes care","aka":"","tldr":"Anyone with ovarian, pancreatic, metastatic prostate or mismatch-repair-deficient colorectal cancer should be tested for inherited mutations, yet testing rates fall well short. Making it an automatic, opt-out laboratory step triggered by pathology, as reflex mismatch-repair testing already is, would close the gap.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-reflex-germline-testing/","cancers":"ovarian pancreatic prostate colorectal"},{"id":"idea-prev-traceback-deceased-probands","kind":"idea","name":"Go back to families of women who died of ovarian cancer and offer BRCA testing","aka":"","tldr":"Women who died of ovarian cancer without ever having BRCA testing leave relatives who are otherwise unreachable. Retesting archived tumour tissue and contacting families, piloted on 2,000 cases from the past 15 years, would find carriers before they develop cancer; US pilots show it is feasible and ethically acceptable.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-traceback-deceased-probands/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"idea-prev-vus-saturation-editing-consortium","kind":"idea","name":"Test every possible mutation in every cancer gene so no result is 'uncertain'","aka":"","tldr":"Genetic testing often returns a variant of uncertain significance that cannot be acted on, most often in people of non-European ancestry. Saturation genome editing has already classified nearly all BRCA1 single-nucleotide variants; a consortium doing the same for the roughly 30 actionable hereditary cancer genes would end most uncertain results.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-vus-saturation-editing-consortium/"},{"id":"idea-prev-li-fraumeni-mri-plus-cfdna","kind":"idea","name":"Whole-body MRI plus blood DNA surveillance for people with Li-Fraumeni syndrome","aka":"","tldr":"People with an inherited TP53 mutation face a near-certain lifetime cancer risk. Yearly whole-body MRI catches cancers early; adding blood DNA tests may catch them earlier still.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-li-fraumeni-mri-plus-cfdna/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"idea-prev-genetic-counselling-chatbot","kind":"idea","name":"A chatbot for pre-test genetic counselling so counsellors see only who needs them","aka":"","tldr":"There are far too few genetic counsellors. A validated chatbot can do the standard pre-test education, leaving people with complex needs for humans.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-genetic-counselling-chatbot/"},{"id":"idea-prev-family-history-auto-match","kind":"idea","name":"Family history collected by app and matched to testing criteria automatically","aka":"","tldr":"Doctors rarely take a full family history, so eligibility for genetic testing goes undetected. An app that gathers the history from the patient, feeds it into the record and checks it against NCCN or NICE criteria would identify several-fold more eligible people and, the proposal estimates, roughly double the number tested.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-family-history-auto-match/"},{"id":"idea-prev-genetic-non-discrimination-insurance","kind":"idea","name":"Ban life and disability insurers from using genetic results","aka":"","tldr":"Fear of losing insurance is a top barrier to genetic testing in surveys. Extending non-discrimination law to life and disability cover, as Canada's 2017 Genetic Non-Discrimination Act does and the US law does not, would remove that fear and raise cascade testing in families.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-genetic-non-discrimination-insurance/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-justify-every-exclusion","kind":"idea","name":"Default-inclusive eligibility: sponsors must justify every exclusion criterion","aka":"","tldr":"Trials should let people in unless there is a scientific or safety reason to keep them out. Every exclusion rule would need a written reason, reviewed like the rest of the protocol.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-justify-every-exclusion/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-brain-mets-default-included","kind":"idea","name":"Brain metastases included by default in every solid-tumour trial","aka":"","tldr":"Up to a fifth of people with advanced solid tumours have cancer in the brain and are usually barred from trials. Letting in those whose brain disease is treated, stable or symptom-free would widen trials and tell us whether drugs work in the brain.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-brain-mets-default-included/","cancers":"nsclc breast-her2-positive melanoma"},{"id":"idea-tr1-pk-informed-organ-thresholds","kind":"idea","name":"Replace fixed kidney and liver cut-offs with drug-specific, pharmacology-based thresholds","aka":"","tldr":"Most trials copy the same kidney and liver cut-offs, such as creatinine clearance above 60, regardless of how the drug is cleared. Setting each threshold from the drug's own clearance route and organ-impairment pharmacokinetic studies would let patients with mild organ impairment join safely instead of being excluded.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-pk-informed-organ-thresholds/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma urothelial rcc"},{"id":"idea-tr1-prior-cancer-hiv-hepatitis-inclusion","kind":"idea","name":"Stop excluding people with a prior cancer, controlled HIV, or treated hepatitis","aka":"","tldr":"Having had another cancer years ago, or living with controlled HIV or treated hepatitis, still keeps patients out of trials for no scientific reason. Condition-specific rules, as FDA guidance recommended in 2020, would replace blanket bans and widen access in communities where these conditions are more common.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-prior-cancer-hiv-hepatitis-inclusion/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-ehr-point-of-care-trial-alert","kind":"idea","name":"Trial matching inside the electronic record at the moment a treatment is chosen","aka":"","tldr":"When an oncologist opens the order screen to prescribe a new line of treatment, the record would show the trials this patient may fit, with the nearest open site and a one-click referral.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-ehr-point-of-care-trial-alert/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-tumour-board-trial-line-item","kind":"idea","name":"A mandatory trial line in every tumour board recommendation","aka":"","tldr":"Every time a team of specialists meets to plan a patient's treatment, they would have to record whether a trial exists for that patient and, if so, why it was or was not offered.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-tumour-board-trial-line-item/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-ngs-report-live-trial-match","kind":"idea","name":"Every tumour sequencing report lists open, nearby, matched trials pulled live","aka":"","tldr":"The report that tells a patient their tumour's mutations should also tell them which trials are recruiting for those mutations within reach, with the status checked that week rather than copied from a stale list.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-ngs-report-live-trial-match/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-just-in-time-site-network","kind":"idea","name":"Just-in-time site activation: open a site in two weeks when a patient appears","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of opening a trial at fifty hospitals and waiting for patients, keep a network of pre-vetted clinics ready and switch a trial on where a matching patient is found.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-just-in-time-site-network/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-national-master-trial-agreement","kind":"idea","name":"One national master contract and budget template for all cancer trials","aka":"","tldr":"Contract negotiation between a hospital and a drug company often takes longer than the trial's first patient. A single pre-agreed contract and budget template, used by everyone, would cut months off opening a trial.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-national-master-trial-agreement/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-mutual-recognition-ethics-review","kind":"idea","name":"Mutual recognition of ethics review across countries","aka":"","tldr":"A trial approved by a qualified ethics committee in one country would not need to repeat the full review in another; the second country would accept the first review and check only local issues.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-mutual-recognition-ethics-review/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-home-infusion-trial-drugs","kind":"idea","name":"Home infusion and local blood draws for trial drugs after the first cycles","aka":"","tldr":"Once a patient has safely had the first few doses of a trial drug at the hospital, later doses could be given at home or a local clinic, with blood tests done nearby, so distance no longer decides who can join.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-home-infusion-trial-drugs/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-remote-consent-tele-screening","kind":"idea","name":"Remote consent and tele-screening so the first trial visit is a video call","aka":"","tldr":"Much of trial screening is paperwork, questions and reviewing scans that already exist. Doing this by video and electronic consent before any travel would let patients decide without a wasted trip.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-remote-consent-tele-screening/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-community-site-quota","kind":"idea","name":"At least a third of pivotal-trial sites in community and rural settings","aka":"","tldr":"Most cancer patients are treated outside big academic hospitals, but most trials are run inside them. Requiring a share of sites to be community practices would bring trials to where patients are.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-community-site-quota/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-travel-lodging-in-every-budget","kind":"idea","name":"Travel, lodging and meals reimbursed as a standard line in every trial budget","aka":"","tldr":"People should not have to pay to be in a trial. Sponsors would routinely cover travel, hotel and food costs, paid up front rather than claimed back, which is already accepted by regulators as fair rather than coercive.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-travel-lodging-in-every-budget/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-pay-participants-for-time","kind":"idea","name":"Pay trial participants for their time, not only their expenses","aka":"","tldr":"Trial visits take hours and cost people wages. Paying a fair hourly rate for time spent beyond normal care would make trials possible for those who cannot afford unpaid days off.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-pay-participants-for-time/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-lay-trial-navigators","kind":"idea","name":"Lay trial navigators funded per centre, evaluated in a randomised trial","aka":"","tldr":"A trained non-clinical guide who explains trials, arranges logistics and keeps in touch could make the difference between a patient hearing about a trial and actually joining one.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-lay-trial-navigators/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-opt-out-research-contact-register","kind":"idea","name":"Every patient is asked once at diagnosis whether researchers may contact them","aka":"","tldr":"At diagnosis, people would be asked a single question: may we contact you about research that fits your cancer? Those who say yes would be findable by trial teams without repeated cold approaches.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-opt-out-research-contact-register/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-registry-embedded-randomisation","kind":"idea","name":"Randomise inside the cancer registry: registry-based trials for everyday questions","aka":"","tldr":"National cancer registries already collect the outcome data. Adding a randomisation button lets doctors compare two standard treatments across thousands of patients at a fraction of the usual cost.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-registry-embedded-randomisation/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-rare-cancer-trial-in-a-box","kind":"idea","name":"Trial-in-a-box: a preconfigured protocol kit any hospital can open for a rare cancer","aka":"","tldr":"For rare cancers, the patient is often at a hospital that has no trial. A ready-made kit with the protocol, consent forms, database and shipping already set up would let that hospital enrol them within days.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-rare-cancer-trial-in-a-box/","cancers":"sarcoma neuroendocrine mesothelioma cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"idea-tr1-pre-consented-cohort-randomisation","kind":"idea","name":"Pre-consented cohorts that can be randomised to future trials (TwiCs)","aka":"","tldr":"Patients join a long-term cohort once and agree in advance that they may be offered new treatments as they appear, while others in the cohort serve as the comparison group. No new trial has to start from zero.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-pre-consented-cohort-randomisation/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate colorectal"},{"id":"idea-tr1-public-screen-fail-reasons","kind":"idea","name":"Publish why patients were screened out of each trial","aka":"","tldr":"Trials record why each screened patient did not join, but that data is never shared. Publishing it would show which rules block the most people and which are pointless.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-public-screen-fail-reasons/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-eligibility-impact-statement","kind":"idea","name":"Simulate eligibility against real-world data before every protocol is locked","aka":"","tldr":"Before a trial is finalised, run its entry rules against records of real patients with that cancer and report what fraction would qualify. If it is under half, explain why.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-eligibility-impact-statement/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-live-trial-slot-api","kind":"idea","name":"A live 'seats available' feed for trial slots, like airline inventory","aka":"","tldr":"Trial registries say a study is 'recruiting' long after it stopped, and never say whether a slot is actually open this week. A live feed of open slots per arm and site would let clinicians refer with confidence.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-live-trial-slot-api/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-pathology-triggered-referral","kind":"idea","name":"The pathology lab triggers a trial referral the day a rare cancer is diagnosed","aka":"","tldr":"The pathologist is the first person to know a cancer is rare or has a targetable marker. A rule in the lab system could notify a trial team at that moment, before treatment decisions close the window.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-pathology-triggered-referral/","cancers":"sarcoma neuroendocrine"},{"id":"idea-tr1-evening-weekend-trial-clinics","kind":"idea","name":"Evening and weekend trial clinics for working-age patients","aka":"","tldr":"Trial visits happen on weekdays during working hours, which excludes people with jobs or caring duties, so trials under-enrol patients under 65. Running research clinics in the evening and at weekends, cluster-randomised across one network for a year, is a cheap test of whether that matters.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-evening-weekend-trial-clinics/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-universal-routine-cost-coverage","kind":"idea","name":"Every payer covers routine care costs for trial participants, in every country","aka":"","tldr":"Outside US Medicare and Medicaid, joining a trial can leave the patient or hospital paying for the ordinary care that goes with it, and billing uncertainty blocks participation in middle-income countries. Requiring every insurer and public system to cover routine care costs removes a hidden barrier.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-universal-routine-cost-coverage/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-protected-physician-time-for-enrolment","kind":"idea","name":"Pay oncologists for the time it takes to enrol a patient","aka":"","tldr":"Discussing and enrolling a patient in a trial takes an oncologist far longer than prescribing the usual treatment, and they are not paid for it. Paying for that time would remove a quiet disincentive.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-protected-physician-time-for-enrolment/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-open-trials-inside-guidelines","kind":"idea","name":"Guidelines list the open trials at every decision point, updated monthly","aka":"","tldr":"Treatment guidelines tell doctors what to do at each step but rarely which trials are open for that step. Adding a live, monthly-updated list to each decision node would put trials where doctors look.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-open-trials-inside-guidelines/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-mobile-research-units","kind":"idea","name":"Mobile research units bring trial visits to rural towns","aka":"","tldr":"A van equipped for blood draws, ECGs, questionnaires and drug hand-over could visit rural towns on a schedule so trial participants there do not have to travel hours each cycle.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-mobile-research-units/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-drop-non-essential-biopsies","kind":"idea","name":"Drop mandatory fresh biopsies where blood or archival tissue would do","aka":"","tldr":"Trials often require a fresh tumour biopsy just to enter, even when the sample is only for research. Classifying each biopsy as essential or research-only, making the latter optional and allowing blood tests or archived tissue for eligibility markers, would remove a painful hurdle that drives refusals.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-drop-non-essential-biopsies/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-external-control-rulebook","kind":"idea","name":"A public rulebook for when an external or synthetic control arm is acceptable","aka":"","tldr":"Sometimes a trial cannot randomise, so the new drug is compared with past patients' records. Clear published rules on when that is allowed, and how it must be done, would replace case-by-case guesswork.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-external-control-rulebook/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-bayesian-borrowing-smaller-controls","kind":"idea","name":"Borrow from past control arms to shrink the control group in phase 3","aka":"","tldr":"When the standard treatment has been given to thousands of similar patients in earlier trials, a new trial could randomise fewer people to it and lean on that history, as long as the old data still matches.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-bayesian-borrowing-smaller-controls/","cancers":"nsclc colorectal"},{"id":"idea-tr1-seamless-2-3-with-prespecified-go","kind":"idea","name":"Seamless phase 2/3 with pre-registered go rules as the default for new agents","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of stopping after the mid-sized trial, waiting a year, then starting the big one, run them as one study with a clear pre-agreed rule for continuing. This saves a year or more per drug.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-seamless-2-3-with-prespecified-go/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-standing-platform-per-cancer","kind":"idea","name":"A standing platform trial for every major cancer, funded as infrastructure","aka":"","tldr":"Rather than building a new trial from scratch for every drug, keep one permanent trial open per cancer where new treatments can be slotted in and dropped out, sharing the same patients, control group and infrastructure.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-standing-platform-per-cancer/","cancers":"glioblastoma prostate pancreatic"},{"id":"idea-tr1-surrogate-validation-programme","kind":"idea","name":"An independent programme that validates surrogate endpoints, setting by setting","aka":"","tldr":"Trials often measure a stand-in for survival, such as time until the cancer grows on scans. An independent body would test, for each cancer and treatment type, whether the stand-in actually predicts survival, and publish the answer.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-surrogate-validation-programme/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-crossover-adjusted-survival-standard","kind":"idea","name":"Pre-specified crossover-adjusted survival in every trial that allows crossover","aka":"","tldr":"When control-arm patients switch to the new drug after their cancer grows, the survival comparison gets muddied. Trials should plan in advance how they will correct for this, and report both raw and corrected numbers.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-crossover-adjusted-survival-standard/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-ttf-and-qol-coprimary","kind":"idea","name":"Time to treatment failure and quality of life as co-primary endpoints in non-curative trials","aka":"","tldr":"For treatments that will not cure, what matters is how long the treatment keeps working without becoming unbearable, and how the person feels. Trials should measure both of those as their main results.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-ttf-and-qol-coprimary/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-win-ratio-net-benefit-endpoint","kind":"idea","name":"Win-ratio endpoints that weigh survival, toxicity and quality of life together","aka":"","tldr":"Every patient on the new drug is compared with every patient on the old one: who lived longer, and if equal, who had fewer serious side effects, and if still equal, who felt better. The share of 'wins' becomes the result.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-win-ratio-net-benefit-endpoint/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-public-de-escalation-trial-fund","kind":"idea","name":"A public fund for trials that test less treatment","aka":"","tldr":"No company will pay to find out whether six months of its drug works as well as twelve. A dedicated public fund would pay for those trials, which save patients side effects and health systems money.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-public-de-escalation-trial-fund/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-immunotherapy-stop-trials","kind":"idea","name":"Randomised trials of stopping immunotherapy after one year versus continuing","aka":"","tldr":"Immunotherapy is often given for two years or until it stops working, but responses can last long after stopping. Trials that randomly assign responders to stop or continue would show whether the extra year is needed.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-immunotherapy-stop-trials/","cancers":"melanoma nsclc"},{"id":"idea-tr1-ctdna-guided-stop-in-metastatic-disease","kind":"idea","name":"Use tumour DNA in blood to decide when to pause treatment in metastatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"If a blood test shows no tumour DNA after months of treatment, a trial could test pausing the drug and restarting only when the DNA reappears, giving patients time off without waiting for scans to show growth.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-ctdna-guided-stop-in-metastatic-disease/","cancers":"colorectal nsclc"},{"id":"idea-tr1-mams-for-sequencing-questions","kind":"idea","name":"Multi-arm, multi-stage trials to answer which order to give approved drugs","aka":"","tldr":"Several drugs are approved for the same cancer, but nobody tests which order works best because no company benefits from the answer. Public multi-arm trials could settle these questions efficiently.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-mams-for-sequencing-questions/","cancers":"rcc breast-hr-positive urothelial"},{"id":"idea-tr1-post-approval-pragmatic-trial-in-excluded","kind":"idea","name":"After approval, a pragmatic trial in the patients the pivotal trial excluded","aka":"","tldr":"Drugs are approved on trials of fit, younger patients and then given to everyone. A required follow-on trial in older, sicker and more diverse patients would show whether the benefit holds in real life.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-post-approval-pragmatic-trial-in-excluded/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-shared-control-arms-across-sponsors","kind":"idea","name":"Competing sponsors share one control arm in the same indication","aka":"","tldr":"Three companies testing three drugs against the same standard treatment each recruit their own control group. Pooling those controls in one shared study would need fewer patients and answer faster.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-shared-control-arms-across-sponsors/","cancers":"nsclc pancreatic"},{"id":"idea-tr1-tolerability-estimands","kind":"idea","name":"Define tolerability endpoints as rigorously as efficacy endpoints","aka":"","tldr":"Trials report side effects as a table of percentages that hides how long they lasted, how bad they felt and whether people stopped treatment. Tolerability should be measured with defined endpoints and a decision rule, like efficacy.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-tolerability-estimands/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-power-for-meaningful-benefit","kind":"idea","name":"Power trials to detect a benefit patients would value, not the smallest detectable one","aka":"","tldr":"A trial can be designed to detect a tiny improvement that is statistically real but too small to matter. Protocols should state up front what size of benefit would be worth having, and be built to detect that.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-power-for-meaningful-benefit/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-registry-linked-os-followup","kind":"idea","name":"Cheap long-term survival follow-up by linking trial participants to registries","aka":"","tldr":"Trials often stop following patients once the main result is in, so we never learn whether the drug extended life. Linking participants to national death and cancer registries costs almost nothing and would answer that question.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-registry-linked-os-followup/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-shrinkage-subgroup-analysis","kind":"idea","name":"Bayesian shrinkage for subgroup claims to stop false 'works in this group' stories","aka":"","tldr":"Trials look at dozens of patient subgroups and some will look good by chance. A statistical method that pulls extreme subgroup results toward the overall result would make these claims more honest.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-shrinkage-subgroup-analysis/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-ai-central-imaging-reads","kind":"idea","name":"AI-assisted central imaging reads to cut endpoint cost and variability","aka":"","tldr":"Measuring tumours on scans for trials is slow, expensive and inconsistent between readers. Software that measures lesions and flags changes, checked by a radiologist, could make trial endpoints cheaper and more reliable.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-ai-central-imaging-reads/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-public-trial-cost-benchmarks","kind":"idea","name":"Publish per-patient trial cost benchmarks and target halving them","aka":"","tldr":"Nobody knows what a cancer trial should cost because budgets are secret. Publishing anonymised cost per patient by trial type would expose waste and let funders set targets.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-public-trial-cost-benchmarks/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-esource-ehr-to-edc","kind":"idea","name":"Direct record-to-database data capture: no manual transcription, no full source verification","aka":"","tldr":"Trial staff still retype data from the hospital record into the trial database, and monitors then check every entry by hand. Piping data directly and checking by risk would cut cost and errors.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-esource-ehr-to-edc/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-aggregated-n-of-1-supportive-care","kind":"idea","name":"Aggregated single-patient crossover trials for symptom and supportive treatments","aka":"","tldr":"For symptoms such as nausea, fatigue or neuropathy, each patient can alternate the drug and a placebo over several periods and learn what works for them. Pooling these single-patient crossover trials with Bayesian models also gives a population answer, in areas where conventional trials are rare.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-aggregated-n-of-1-supportive-care/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-aggressive-futility-boundaries","kind":"idea","name":"Stop failing trials earlier with pre-registered aggressive futility rules","aka":"","tldr":"Large phase 3 trials often continue for years after interim data show the drug is unlikely to work. Pre-registering futility boundaries at 30 to 50 percent of the information, judged by independent committees and reported publicly, would stop them earlier, sparing patients and freeing money for better ideas.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-aggressive-futility-boundaries/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-window-of-opportunity-default","kind":"idea","name":"A short pre-surgery drug window as the default early test of new agents","aka":"","tldr":"Between diagnosis and surgery there are usually a few weeks. Giving a new drug in that window and comparing the tumour before and after surgery shows whether it hits its target in real people, quickly and cheaply.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-window-of-opportunity-default/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate head-and-neck"},{"id":"idea-tr1-randomised-phase-2-before-phase-3","kind":"idea","name":"Require a randomised phase 2 before any phase 3","aka":"","tldr":"Phase 3 trials are often launched on a small single-arm response-rate study with no comparison group, and most then fail. Requiring a randomised phase 2 with a concurrent control first, with exceptions only for large effects in refractory settings, would filter out weak drugs earlier.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-randomised-phase-2-before-phase-3/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-smart-designs-for-adaptive-strategies","kind":"idea","name":"SMART designs to test treatment strategies, not just single drugs","aka":"","tldr":"Real treatment is a series of decisions: start with this, switch to that if it fails. Sequential multiple-assignment randomised trials test whole strategies by randomising patients again at each decision point.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-smart-designs-for-adaptive-strategies/","cancers":"colorectal prostate"},{"id":"idea-tr1-target-trial-emulation-to-prioritise-rcts","kind":"idea","name":"Emulate the trial in real-world data first to decide which trials to run","aka":"","tldr":"Before spending millions on a randomised trial, analyse existing patient records as if the trial had already happened. If the answer is obvious or the question is unanswerable, skip or redesign the trial.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-target-trial-emulation-to-prioritise-rcts/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-tumour-agnostic-approval-standard","kind":"idea","name":"A standard for tumour-agnostic approvals: minimum histologies and hierarchical modelling","aka":"","tldr":"Some drugs are approved for any cancer with a particular mutation. Clear rules on how many cancer types must be tested, and how to combine results across them, would make these approvals more consistent and faster.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-tumour-agnostic-approval-standard/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-open-protocol-and-sap-library","kind":"idea","name":"Open-source protocol and statistical analysis plan templates with runnable code","aka":"","tldr":"Every trial writes its protocol and analysis plan from scratch. A shared library of well-written templates and ready-to-run analysis code would let teams start from the best version rather than a blank page.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-open-protocol-and-sap-library/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-validate-real-world-progression-endpoints","kind":"idea","name":"Validate real-world progression endpoints so pragmatic trials can use them","aka":"","tldr":"Pragmatic trials want to use the progression dates recorded in ordinary clinic notes instead of expensive protocol scans. Checking how well those routine records match formal trial measurements would show when that shortcut is safe.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-validate-real-world-progression-endpoints/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-diversity-plans-with-consequences","kind":"idea","name":"Diversity action plans with consequences: unmet targets trigger post-approval requirements","aka":"","tldr":"Companies now have to file a plan for enrolling a representative mix of patients. If the trial misses the plan, the label should say so and the company should be required to fill the gap after approval.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-diversity-plans-with-consequences/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-incidence-weighted-enrolment-targets","kind":"idea","name":"Set trial enrolment targets from who actually gets the disease, and publish progress live","aka":"","tldr":"Each trial would set its target mix of patients from cancer registry data on who gets that cancer, by age, sex and ethnicity, and show a public running tally so gaps are visible while there is still time to fix them.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-incidence-weighted-enrolment-targets/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-ancestry-aware-pharmacology-programme","kind":"idea","name":"Ancestry-aware pharmacology: drug-level sub-studies across populations before approval","aka":"","tldr":"Drugs are processed differently by people with different genetic backgrounds, but doses are set mostly in white and East Asian populations. Every new drug should be studied for how it behaves across ancestries, with dosing advice by genotype rather than by race.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-ancestry-aware-pharmacology-programme/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-duffy-null-neutrophil-threshold","kind":"idea","name":"Fix the neutrophil count rule that excludes many people of African ancestry","aka":"","tldr":"A majority of people of West African ancestry carry the Duffy-null variant, which lowers baseline neutrophil counts without raising infection risk. Trials apply a single neutrophil cut-off that wrongly labels them unfit, so protocols should use Duffy-specific thresholds; Duffy status is a cheap blood test.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-duffy-null-neutrophil-threshold/","cancers":"prostate multiple-myeloma tnbc"},{"id":"idea-tr1-mandatory-older-adult-cohort","kind":"idea","name":"A mandatory over-70s cohort with geriatric assessment in every pivotal trial","aka":"","tldr":"Most people with cancer are over 65, but trials mostly enrol younger, fitter people. Requiring a group of older patients, assessed for frailty, in every big trial would show whether the drug works and is safe for those most likely to receive it.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-mandatory-older-adult-cohort/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-parallel-comorbidity-cohorts","kind":"idea","name":"Parallel real-world cohorts for sicker patients alongside every pivotal trial","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of excluding sicker patients entirely, trials would run a side group for them, receiving the new drug with closer monitoring, so we learn how it behaves in the people who will actually get it.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-parallel-comorbidity-cohorts/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-lmic-sites-in-pivotal-trials","kind":"idea","name":"Pivotal trials include sites in Africa, South Asia and Latin America, sponsor-funded","aka":"","tldr":"Most of the world's cancer patients live in countries that host almost no registrational trials. Including sites there, and paying to build them up, would make results apply globally and speed local access.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-lmic-sites-in-pivotal-trials/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-community-health-worker-recruitment","kind":"idea","name":"Community health workers and trusted local organisations paid to recruit for trials","aka":"","tldr":"People join trials when someone they trust explains them. Paying community health workers, churches and local groups to inform and refer people would reach communities that hospitals do not.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-community-health-worker-recruitment/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-language-access-in-trials","kind":"idea","name":"Drop the 'must speak English' rule: translated consent and questionnaires as standard","aka":"","tldr":"Trials quietly exclude people who do not speak the local language because consent forms and questionnaires exist only in that language. Sponsors should provide validated translations for any language spoken by at least 5 percent of the catchment and fund interpreters; translations of common instruments already exist for dozens of languages.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-language-access-in-trials/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-site-equity-index","kind":"idea","name":"A public equity index for trial sites and sponsors, tied to funding","aka":"","tldr":"Rank hospitals and companies each year on how well their trial participants match the people with the disease in their area, and use the ranking when deciding who gets public research money and trial contracts.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-site-equity-index/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-include-pregnancy-capable-people-sensibly","kind":"idea","name":"Stop over-excluding people who could become pregnant; study pregnancy exposure","aka":"","tldr":"Trials often impose heavy contraception rules and exclude anyone pregnant or breastfeeding, even when the drug is unlikely to be harmful. Sensible, evidence-based rules and pregnancy registries would include more young women and produce data they currently lack.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-include-pregnancy-capable-people-sensibly/","cancers":"tnbc cervical hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"idea-tr1-age-floor-twelve-for-adult-trials","kind":"idea","name":"Let adolescents from age 12 into adult trials when the cancer biology is the same","aka":"","tldr":"Teenagers with cancers that are really adult cancers, like melanoma or sarcoma, are barred from adult trials by an age line at 18. Letting them in from age 12, where biology and dosing allow, would give them access years earlier.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-age-floor-twelve-for-adult-trials/","cancers":"melanoma sarcoma hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"idea-tr1-sex-stratified-pk-and-dosing","kind":"idea","name":"Analyse and dose by sex: women get more toxicity from many cancer drugs at the same dose","aka":"","tldr":"Women get more severe side effects than men at identical doses of fluorouracil, several kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors in pooled analyses. Trials should pre-specify sex-stratified drug level and toxicity analyses and, where they differ, run sex-specific dose-finding and label accordingly.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-sex-stratified-pk-and-dosing/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-disability-and-mental-illness-inclusion","kind":"idea","name":"Remove blanket exclusions for mental illness and dementia; support consent instead","aka":"","tldr":"People with serious mental illness or dementia are routinely excluded from cancer trials by vague compliance clauses, though they get cancer just as often and do worse. Replacing those clauses with assessable criteria, and funding supported consent and accommodations such as longer visits, would let them take part.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-disability-and-mental-illness-inclusion/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-representativeness-in-the-label","kind":"idea","name":"Print the participation-to-prevalence ratio in every drug label and assessment report","aka":"","tldr":"A drug's label should say plainly how well the people in its trials matched the people who get the disease: 'Black patients were 4 percent of participants and 22 percent of cases.' Doctors and patients can then judge how far to trust the result.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-representativeness-in-the-label/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-diverse-investigator-pipeline","kind":"idea","name":"Fund investigators from under-represented communities and community sites to lead trials","aka":"","tldr":"Patients are more likely to join a trial when the doctor offering it looks like them or works in their community. Funding more such doctors to become trial leaders would change who is enrolled.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-diverse-investigator-pipeline/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-paid-community-advisory-boards","kind":"idea","name":"Paid community advisory boards with power to change protocol burden","aka":"","tldr":"Before a trial is finalised, a paid panel of patients and community members from the groups the trial needs would review it and could require changes to visit schedules, procedures and materials that would deter people like them.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-paid-community-advisory-boards/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-post-marketing-safety-by-ancestry-and-sex","kind":"idea","name":"Post-marketing safety monitoring stratified by ancestry and sex, with label updates","aka":"","tldr":"Once a drug is in wide use, real-world records could be checked routinely for whether side effects differ by ancestry or sex, since trials were too small in those groups to notice. Findings would go into the label.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-post-marketing-safety-by-ancestry-and-sex/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-ecog-2-dedicated-cohorts","kind":"idea","name":"Dedicated cohorts for patients with performance status 2 in first-line trials","aka":"","tldr":"Trials usually take only patients who are up and about most of the day. Those who spend more time resting, a common group in real clinics, are excluded, so nobody knows how to treat them. A dedicated group in each trial would answer that.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-ecog-2-dedicated-cohorts/","cancers":"nsclc pancreatic gastric esophageal"},{"id":"idea-tr1-trial-desert-map","kind":"idea","name":"A public map of trial deserts to steer where new sites open","aka":"","tldr":"Combine registry cancer incidence by district with open trial site locations from ClinicalTrials.gov to map the regions where patients live more than an hour from any trial. Sponsors and funders would use it to decide where to open sites and justify site selection in diversity plans.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-trial-desert-map/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-randomised-dose-comparison-before-pivotal","kind":"idea","name":"Randomise at least two doses in phase 2 before any pivotal trial","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer drugs are usually tested at the highest dose patients can stand, and that dose sticks for life. Comparing two or more doses head-to-head before the big trial would find doses that work as well with fewer side effects.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-randomised-dose-comparison-before-pivotal/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-exposure-response-before-dose-selection","kind":"idea","name":"Exposure-response modelling with a pre-set target exposure before any dose is chosen","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of picking the dose by how much patients can tolerate, measure drug levels in blood and relate them to both benefit and harm across patients, then choose the dose that hits the sweet spot.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-exposure-response-before-dose-selection/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-public-dose-reduction-trials-of-approved-drugs","kind":"idea","name":"Publicly funded dose-reduction trials of expensive approved drugs","aka":"","tldr":"Some expensive approved cancer drugs probably work as well at lower doses, as reduced-dose abiraterone with food and extended-interval checkpoint inhibitors suggest. Companies will not test this, so payers should fund randomised non-inferiority trials prioritised by spend and pharmacology, and use the results in reimbursement.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-public-dose-reduction-trials-of-approved-drugs/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-weight-based-vs-flat-dosing-trials","kind":"idea","name":"Test flat versus weight-based dosing of antibodies, and use dose banding to cut waste","aka":"","tldr":"Monoclonal antibodies and ADCs have moved from weight-based to flat dosing on modelling alone, which is convenient but gives lighter patients relatively more drug. Randomised or pharmacokinetic comparisons, plus rounding doses to vial sizes where exposure is equivalent, could keep effectiveness while cutting cost and waste.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-weight-based-vs-flat-dosing-trials/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-extended-interval-checkpoint-dosing","kind":"idea","name":"Extended-interval immunotherapy: give checkpoint inhibitors every 8-12 weeks once stable","aka":"","tldr":"Immunotherapy antibodies stay active in the body for weeks, yet are often given every two or three weeks. After a few months, spacing doses out to every two or three months might work as well, with fewer hospital visits and much lower cost.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-extended-interval-checkpoint-dosing/","cancers":"nsclc melanoma"},{"id":"idea-tr1-therapeutic-drug-monitoring-for-oral-tkis","kind":"idea","name":"Measure blood levels of oral targeted drugs and adjust doses to a target range","aka":"","tldr":"Blood levels of oral cancer pills vary several-fold between people on the same dose, so some are under-treated and others poisoned. Checking levels and adjusting the dose, as is routine for some antibiotics, could fix both.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-therapeutic-drug-monitoring-for-oral-tkis/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-intermittent-dosing-to-delay-resistance","kind":"idea","name":"Test intermittent dosing of targeted drugs to delay resistance, with honest priors","aka":"","tldr":"Giving a targeted drug in pulses rather than continuously might slow the emergence of resistant cells and reduce side effects. Early results are mixed, so this needs careful trials with clear rules for when to try it.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-intermittent-dosing-to-delay-resistance/","cancers":"melanoma nsclc"},{"id":"idea-tr1-adaptive-therapy-randomised-phase-2","kind":"idea","name":"Evolution-guided 'adaptive therapy' dosing tested in randomised phase 2 trials","aka":"","tldr":"Adaptive therapy uses just enough drug to keep a tumour in check, pausing when the burden falls and resuming when it rises, so drug-sensitive cells suppress resistant ones. A prostate cancer pilot with abiraterone lengthened time to progression against historical controls on half the drug; randomised phase 2 trials are the next step.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-adaptive-therapy-randomised-phase-2/","cancers":"prostate melanoma ovarian"},{"id":"idea-tr1-start-low-titrate-up-oral-agents","kind":"idea","name":"Start low and step up: individualised titration of oral cancer drugs, randomised","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of starting everyone on the full dose and cutting back after side effects, start lower and increase in patients who tolerate it. This keeps more people on treatment and is how blood-pressure drugs are given.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-start-low-titrate-up-oral-agents/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-pre-emptive-pharmacogenomic-testing","kind":"idea","name":"Test DPYD, UGT1A1 and TPMT/NUDT15 before the first dose, everywhere","aka":"","tldr":"A cheap gene test for DPYD, UGT1A1 and TPMT or NUDT15 before fluoropyrimidines, irinotecan or thiopurines identifies people at risk of severe or fatal toxicity so their dose can be lowered. The EMA has recommended DPD testing since 2020; US uptake remains partial.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-pre-emptive-pharmacogenomic-testing/","cancers":"colorectal gastric pancreatic"},{"id":"idea-tr1-geriatric-dose-finding-cohorts","kind":"idea","name":"Dose-finding in older and frail patients, not extrapolation from fit ones","aka":"","tldr":"The dose for a frail 80-year-old is guessed from what fit 55-year-olds tolerated. Running dose-finding in older patients directly, using frailty assessment, would give doses they can actually take.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-geriatric-dose-finding-cohorts/","cancers":"gastric esophageal aml"},{"id":"idea-tr1-model-based-dose-finding-with-late-toxicity","kind":"idea","name":"Retire the 3+3: model-based dose finding that counts late and chronic side effects","aka":"","tldr":"The traditional way of finding a dose looks only at severe side effects in the first month. Modern statistical designs can use all patients' data and count the grumbling, long-lasting problems that make people quit months later.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-model-based-dose-finding-with-late-toxicity/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-adc-dose-and-schedule-optimisation","kind":"idea","name":"Dose and schedule optimisation trials specific to antibody-drug conjugates","aka":"","tldr":"Antibody-drug conjugates deliver chemotherapy payloads into tumours but cause lung, eye and nerve damage that tracks total exposure, and several were approved without an optimised dose. Randomised comparisons of lower doses, longer intervals and capped cumulative payload could keep the benefit while cutting these harms.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-adc-dose-and-schedule-optimisation/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-dose-evidence-statement-in-label","kind":"idea","name":"A 'dose evidence' panel in every label: how many doses were tested, and how","aka":"","tldr":"A drug's label should say whether its dose was chosen by comparing several doses or simply by finding the most patients could tolerate. Doctors could then know how much room there is to reduce the dose safely.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-dose-evidence-statement-in-label/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-patient-reported-toxicity-dose-algorithms","kind":"idea","name":"Dose adjustments driven by patients' own symptom reports, tested against clinician judgement","aka":"","tldr":"Patients report symptoms on their phone each week; a set of rules turns severe or worsening symptoms into a dose hold or reduction before the next clinic visit. This could keep people on treatment longer and feeling better.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-patient-reported-toxicity-dose-algorithms/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-food-effect-dose-reduction","kind":"idea","name":"Use food effects to cut the dose and cost of oral drugs that absorb better with meals","aka":"","tldr":"Some cancer pills are absorbed several times better with food, but the label says take them fasting at a high dose. Taking a quarter of the dose with breakfast can give the same drug levels at a quarter of the price.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-food-effect-dose-reduction/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"idea-tr1-factorial-dose-finding-for-combinations","kind":"idea","name":"Factorial dose finding for drug combinations instead of full dose of everything","aka":"","tldr":"When two cancer drugs are combined, each is usually given at its full single-agent dose, which often proves too toxic. Testing a grid of dose pairs would find combinations that work with tolerable side effects.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-factorial-dose-finding-for-combinations/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-organ-impairment-pk-before-approval","kind":"idea","name":"Kidney and liver impairment dosing studies completed before approval, not years after","aka":"","tldr":"Dosing advice for people with weak kidneys or liver is often missing at approval and added years later, if ever. Requiring those studies before approval would protect a large group of real-world patients from day one.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-organ-impairment-pk-before-approval/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma rcc hcc"},{"id":"idea-tr1-low-dose-immunotherapy-for-lmic","kind":"idea","name":"Confirm ultra-low-dose immunotherapy so it can be afforded where most patients live","aka":"","tldr":"A single-centre trial at Tata Memorial found that adding nivolumab at about a twentieth of the usual dose to chemotherapy improved outcomes in head and neck cancer. Confirmatory trials against standard-dose immunotherapy are needed before low-dose labels could make immunotherapy affordable for millions.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-low-dose-immunotherapy-for-lmic/","cancers":"head-and-neck nsclc cervical"},{"id":"idea-tr1-response-adapted-dose-reduction","kind":"idea","name":"Reduce the dose once the cancer responds: response-adapted de-escalation trials","aka":"","tldr":"The dose needed to shrink a tumour may be higher than the dose needed to keep it from growing back. Trials that lower the dose once a response is achieved could reduce long-term side effects without losing control.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-response-adapted-dose-reduction/","cancers":"cll multiple-myeloma breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"idea-tr2-perpetual-platforms","kind":"idea","name":"A perpetual platform trial in every major cancer, funded as infrastructure","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of starting a new trial for every drug pair, keep one always-open trial per cancer that new arms can join and leave, sharing the same control group.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-perpetual-platforms/","cancers":"pancreatic glioblastoma ovarian urothelial"},{"id":"idea-tr2-shared-control-network","kind":"idea","name":"Shared concurrent control arms across sponsors' trials in the same setting","aka":"","tldr":"When five companies each run a trial against the same standard treatment in the same patients, let them pool the standard-treatment patients so fewer people are randomised to the old drug.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-shared-control-network/","cancers":"urothelial pancreatic"},{"id":"idea-tr2-synergy-ranking-engine","kind":"idea","name":"An open engine that ranks every drug pair by predicted synergy before anyone runs a trial","aka":"","tldr":"Use existing cell-line and organoid data to score thousands of drug pairs, publish the ranking openly, and only test the top of the list in people.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-synergy-ranking-engine/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-combination-template-agreement","kind":"idea","name":"A standard cross-company combination agreement that takes weeks, not years, to sign","aka":"","tldr":"Companies with drugs that might work together rarely test them because the legal negotiation takes longer than the trial. A pre-written standard contract would fix that.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-combination-template-agreement/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-public-combination-formulary","kind":"idea","name":"A publicly held library of investigational drugs available for academic combination trials","aka":"","tldr":"A government or charity holds stocks of experimental cancer drugs under standing agreements, so academic doctors can test combinations without negotiating with each company separately.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-public-combination-formulary/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-smart-sequencing-adc","kind":"idea","name":"Sequential multiple-assignment randomised trials to find the best order of ADCs","aka":"","tldr":"Patients are randomised at each decision point, not just at the start, so one trial can compare whole treatment sequences rather than single drugs.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-smart-sequencing-adc/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"idea-tr2-organoid-coclinical-arms","kind":"idea","name":"Grow each trial patient's tumour as organoids to decide which platform arm opens next","aka":"","tldr":"While patients are treated in a platform trial, their tumour cells grow in a dish and are tested against dozens of drug pairs. The pairs that win in the dish become the next arms.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-organoid-coclinical-arms/","cancers":"pancreatic colorectal"},{"id":"idea-tr2-organoid-matrix-atlas","kind":"idea","name":"A public atlas of drug-pair responses across a thousand patient-derived organoids","aka":"","tldr":"Build a large, openly shared dataset of how tumour organoids respond to drug pairs, so that anyone can look up which combinations might work for which tumour type.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-organoid-matrix-atlas/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-combo-dose-matrix","kind":"idea","name":"Find the lowest effective doses of both drugs in a combination, not the highest tolerated","aka":"","tldr":"Combination trials usually keep one drug at full dose and push the other as high as patients can bear. Testing a grid of dose pairs would find combinations that work at lower, safer doses.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-combo-dose-matrix/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-neoadjuvant-combo-platform","kind":"idea","name":"Pre-surgery platform trials that test combinations on pathological response in months","aka":"","tldr":"Give drug combinations before surgery and measure how much tumour remains at resection; that answer arrives in months. A standing neoadjuvant platform with a shared control arm, as I-SPY 2 runs in breast cancer, would test combinations quickly in lung, bladder, melanoma, head and neck and oesophago-gastric cancer.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-neoadjuvant-combo-platform/","cancers":"esophageal head-and-neck nsclc melanoma"},{"id":"idea-tr2-pragmatic-sequence-randomisation","kind":"idea","name":"Registry-embedded randomisation of treatment order in routine care","aka":"","tldr":"When two approved drugs are both reasonable next steps and nobody knows which should come first, let the clinic flip a coin and record what happens.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-pragmatic-sequence-randomisation/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-tr2-alternating-vs-concurrent","kind":"idea","name":"Test alternating drug schedules against giving both drugs at once","aka":"","tldr":"Two drugs might work better given in turns rather than together, with less toxicity. Almost no trial has tested this.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-alternating-vs-concurrent/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"idea-tr2-rwe-combination-emulation","kind":"idea","name":"Emulate combination trials from real-world data to triage which ones to run","aka":"","tldr":"Combinations used off-label in over 200 patients in clinico-genomic databases can be analysed by target trial emulation. Emulations cannot replace trials, but they can rule out the pairs with no signal and flag those with large effects before money is spent on randomised studies.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-rwe-combination-emulation/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-factorial-adjuvant-generics","kind":"idea","name":"Factorial trials that test several cheap generics at once in the adjuvant setting","aka":"","tldr":"One large trial can test aspirin, a statin, metformin and exercise at the same time by randomising each separately, answering four questions for the price of one.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-factorial-adjuvant-generics/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"idea-tr2-ctdna-futility-gates","kind":"idea","name":"Kill combination arms early using circulating tumour DNA, before waiting for scans","aka":"","tldr":"A blood test at six weeks can show whether a treatment is doing anything. Trials should use it to drop failing combinations fast and move patients on.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-ctdna-futility-gates/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-platform-single-ethics","kind":"idea","name":"One ethics approval and one consent form for a platform trial across countries","aka":"","tldr":"Adding a new arm to an international platform trial currently needs approval in every country again. A single, pre-agreed process would let arms open in weeks.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-platform-single-ethics/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-resistance-mechanism-baskets","kind":"idea","name":"Combination baskets defined by resistance mechanism rather than by cancer type","aka":"","tldr":"Group patients by why their last drug stopped working, then test the combination designed to fix that specific failure, whatever the cancer.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-resistance-mechanism-baskets/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-combination-utility","kind":"idea","name":"A non-profit phase 1b combination unit that any drug owner can use","aka":"","tldr":"Build a shared, not-for-profit clinical unit that runs early combination trials to a standard recipe, so that small companies and academics can test pairs without building their own trial machinery.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-combination-utility/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-combination-patent-pool","kind":"idea","name":"A patent pool for combination method-of-use claims","aka":"","tldr":"Companies fear that testing a combination will hand a competitor a patent. A shared pool where combination patents are cross-licensed by default would remove the fear.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-combination-patent-pool/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-sequence-registry","kind":"idea","name":"A registry of every treatment sequence patients actually receive, with outcomes","aka":"","tldr":"Record, for every patient, the order of treatments and what happened, so that the most common sequences can be compared and the worst ones flagged.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-sequence-registry/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-bandit-allocation","kind":"idea","name":"Let the trial learn: response-adaptive allocation across many combination arms","aka":"","tldr":"As results come in, the trial sends more new patients to the arms that are working and fewer to those that are not, so more people benefit and bad arms die faster.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-bandit-allocation/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-qsp-combo-dosing","kind":"idea","name":"Mechanistic computer models to pick combination doses before dosing patients","aka":"","tldr":"Simulate how two drugs interact in the body and the tumour to pick a starting dose and schedule, instead of guessing from single-drug data.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-qsp-combo-dosing/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-combo-readiness-dossier","kind":"idea","name":"Every approved cancer drug ships with a public combination-readiness data pack","aka":"","tldr":"Require that approved cancer drugs come with a standard set of data (blood levels, drug interactions, toxicity profile) so anyone can design a safe combination trial without asking the company.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-combo-readiness-dossier/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-rt-drug-platform","kind":"idea","name":"A standing platform for testing new drugs with radiotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Radiotherapy is given to half of all cancer patients but few new drugs are tested alongside it. A permanent trial platform would test drug-plus-radiation pairs systematically.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-rt-drug-platform/","cancers":"nsclc head-and-neck glioblastoma"},{"id":"idea-tr2-paediatric-combo-prea","kind":"idea","name":"Make paediatric combination studies part of every relevant adult cancer drug approval","aka":"","tldr":"Children's cancers are treated with combinations, but companies study new drugs in children one at a time. Approvals should require the combination study children actually need.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-paediatric-combo-prea/","cancers":"neuroblastoma all-leukemia"},{"id":"idea-tr2-payer-combo-cwe","kind":"idea","name":"Payers cover off-label combinations only inside registry-randomised trials","aka":"","tldr":"Insurers already pay for off-label drug combinations that have never been randomised. Paying only when the patient joins a registry-based randomised comparison, as Medicare did for devices and the Cancer Drugs Fund did for cancer drugs, would turn that spending into evidence at no new drug cost.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-payer-combo-cwe/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-combination-forecast-tournament","kind":"idea","name":"An open forecasting tournament on which combination trials will succeed","aka":"","tldr":"Ask experts and models to predict, in public, which registered combination trials will meet their endpoint. Track who is right, and use the best forecasters to decide what to fund.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-combination-forecast-tournament/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-antagonism-surveillance","kind":"idea","name":"Watch routine care for drug combinations that quietly make cancer treatment worse","aka":"","tldr":"Some everyday medicines, such as antibiotics or steroids, seem to blunt immunotherapy. Automatically scanning health records for such harmful pairs would catch them years earlier.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-antagonism-surveillance/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-contribution-of-components-mandate","kind":"idea","name":"No accelerated approval for a combination without proof each part contributes","aka":"","tldr":"Regulators should refuse to approve a two-drug combination unless there is evidence that both drugs are doing something, so patients are not exposed to useless extra toxicity and cost.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-contribution-of-components-mandate/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-window-of-opportunity-triplets","kind":"idea","name":"Two-week pre-operative windows to compare combination biology head to head","aka":"","tldr":"Give patients a short course of one of several drug pairs in the gap before surgery and compare what happened inside the tumours. It is the fastest human test of whether a combination does anything.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-window-of-opportunity-triplets/","cancers":"colorectal head-and-neck"},{"id":"idea-tr2-preclinical-negative-registry","kind":"idea","name":"A registry for preclinical experiments that did not work","aka":"","tldr":"Most lab experiments that fail are never written up, so other labs repeat them. A simple, structured registry with a citable record for each failed experiment would stop the waste.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-preclinical-negative-registry/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-negative-results-journal","kind":"idea","name":"A funder-backed, indexed journal of negative and inconclusive cancer results","aka":"","tldr":"Create a proper, indexed journal that publishes failed experiments and trials quickly, with fees paid by funders so that there is no barrier to reporting failure.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-negative-results-journal/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-fdaaa-enforcement","kind":"idea","name":"Actually fine sponsors who do not post trial results","aka":"","tldr":"US law already requires trial results to be posted within a year and allows fines of over ten thousand dollars a day. Almost no fines have ever been issued. Start issuing them.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-fdaaa-enforcement/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-irb-results-gate","kind":"idea","name":"No new trial approval until the sponsor has reported its old ones","aka":"","tldr":"Ethics committees should check whether a sponsor has published the results of its previous finished trials before approving the next one.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-irb-results-gate/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-termination-reports","kind":"idea","name":"Public post-mortem reports when a cancer drug programme is stopped","aka":"","tldr":"When an aeroplane crashes, an independent report explains why so it does not happen again. When a cancer drug programme is abandoned, nothing is written. Change that.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-termination-reports/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-shelved-asset-commons","kind":"idea","name":"A commons of shelved cancer drugs with their full data, open to new hypotheses","aka":"","tldr":"Companies shelve drugs that were safe but failed in the disease they tried. An oncology commons cataloguing discontinued assets with their mechanism, human pharmacokinetics, safety data and reasons for discontinuation, under template access terms, would let others test them where they might work, as NCATS and AstraZeneca schemes have shown.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-shelved-asset-commons/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-outcome-switching-monitor","kind":"idea","name":"Automatically detect when a trial changes its outcomes after the fact","aka":"","tldr":"Trials sometimes quietly swap the outcome they promised to measure for one that looks better. Software can compare the registered plan with the published paper and flag the switch.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-outcome-switching-monitor/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-material-failure-disclosure","kind":"idea","name":"Listed companies must disclose top-line data, not just 'did not meet endpoint'","aka":"","tldr":"When a public company announces a trial failure, it should be required to give the actual numbers, as it must for a success.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-material-failure-disclosure/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-failed-trial-biobank","kind":"idea","name":"Rescue the biological samples from failed trials for biomarker research","aka":"","tldr":"Trials that fail still collected thousands of blood and tissue samples. Instead of being destroyed, they should be pooled so scientists can learn who might have benefited.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-failed-trial-biobank/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-failed-trial-ipd-default","kind":"idea","name":"Patient-level data from failed trials becomes open by default after two years","aka":"","tldr":"When a trial fails, the company has little commercial reason to keep the detailed data secret. Make sharing it the default rather than something researchers must beg for.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-failed-trial-ipd-default/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-writeup-grants","kind":"idea","name":"Small grants that pay scientists to write up abandoned projects","aka":"","tldr":"Failed projects are not published because nobody has the time. Paying for a few months of writing would recover years of otherwise lost work.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-writeup-grants/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-null-result-reporting","kind":"idea","name":"Grant progress reports must list what did not work","aka":"","tldr":"Researchers report their successes to funders every year. Make them report their failures too, in a structured, searchable way.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-null-result-reporting/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-negative-plenaries","kind":"idea","name":"Give negative trials plenary slots at the big cancer conferences","aka":"","tldr":"Conferences headline the trials that worked, while most negative trials end up as posters or are never submitted. A standing plenary at ASCO, ESMO and AACR for negative and practice-reversing trials, with a discussant drawing lessons for design and biology, would make the failures impossible to miss.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-negative-plenaries/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-failure-taxonomy","kind":"idea","name":"A machine-readable taxonomy of why cancer drugs fail","aka":"","tldr":"Drugs fail for distinct reasons: wrong target, drug never reached it, unacceptable toxicity, unselected population or poor trial design. A shared machine-readable taxonomy applied to every discontinued oncology programme in public pipeline databases would show where the system breaks, as AstraZeneca and Pfizer's own attrition analyses did.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-failure-taxonomy/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-model-report-cards","kind":"idea","name":"Score every preclinical model by how often it predicted the clinical result","aka":"","tldr":"For each type of laboratory model, keep a public record of how often its predictions came true in patients, so that researchers know which models to trust for which question.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-model-report-cards/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-off-label-outcome-registry","kind":"idea","name":"Record what happens when doctors use cancer drugs off-label","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer drugs are often prescribed outside their approved use based on hope or small studies. Capturing outcomes of these uses would reveal which ones fail so they can be stopped.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-off-label-outcome-registry/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-retraction-propagation","kind":"idea","name":"Alert guidelines and trials when a paper they rely on is retracted","aka":"","tldr":"When a study is retracted, everything built on it should get a warning. Today, retracted cancer papers keep being cited and used for years.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-retraction-propagation/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-reversal-registry","kind":"idea","name":"A public registry of cancer treatments that were later shown not to work","aka":"","tldr":"Keep a running, well-documented list of cancer practices and approvals that were reversed by later evidence, so the pattern of mistakes is visible and teachable.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-reversal-registry/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-sponsor-transparency-score","kind":"idea","name":"A public transparency score for every trial sponsor, used by sites and patients","aka":"","tldr":"Rate sponsors on whether they publish their results, share data and register outcomes honestly. Hospitals and patients can then prefer sponsors that behave well.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-sponsor-transparency-score/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-target-failure-index","kind":"idea","name":"A target de-risking index that counts failures as well as successes","aka":"","tldr":"For each drug target, show how many programmes have been tried against it and how many failed, so new teams know what they are up against.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-target-failure-index/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-her2-low-reference-materials","kind":"idea","name":"Calibrated reference slides so every lab scores HER2-low the same way","aka":"","tldr":"Whether a breast cancer counts as HER2-low, and so qualifies for trastuzumab deruxtecan, turns on the least reproducible step of the HER2 stain, score 1+ versus 0. Cell-line microarrays with a known quantity of HER2 protein per cell, run alongside clinical slides, would anchor every laboratory to a physical standard.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-her2-low-reference-materials/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-pdl1-digital-calibration","kind":"idea","name":"One digital PD-L1 scale that maps across all the competing assays","aka":"","tldr":"There are several different PD-L1 tests, each tied to a different drug, and they disagree. A single digitally calibrated scale would let any lab's result be translated into any drug's cut-off.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-pdl1-digital-calibration/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-marker-stratified-default","kind":"idea","name":"Test the drug in biomarker-negative patients too, so the biomarker can be validated","aka":"","tldr":"Trials that only enrol patients with a positive biomarker can never prove the biomarker matters. Including a smaller biomarker-negative group would show whether the test is really needed.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-marker-stratified-default/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-cdx-mutual-recognition","kind":"idea","name":"Regulators recognise each other's companion diagnostic approvals","aka":"","tldr":"A test approved to select patients for a drug in the US must go through separate approval in Europe, Japan and elsewhere, delaying the drug. Accepting each other's test approvals would fix the delay.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-cdx-mutual-recognition/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-open-cdx-validation-sets","kind":"idea","name":"Public gold-standard datasets for validating every cancer biomarker test","aka":"","tldr":"Anyone building a new test for HER2, PD-L1 or tumour DNA should be able to check it against the same public reference set. Today each developer validates on private data nobody can inspect.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-open-cdx-validation-sets/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-ctdna-mrd-qualification","kind":"idea","name":"Formally qualify tumour-DNA blood tests as a surrogate endpoint for adjuvant trials","aka":"","tldr":"If a blood test reliably shows whether cancer will come back after surgery, trials could use it instead of waiting years for relapse. Regulators have a process to bless such a test; oncology should use it.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-ctdna-mrd-qualification/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-psma-volume-qualification","kind":"idea","name":"Qualify PSMA PET tumour volume as a validated imaging biomarker","aka":"","tldr":"PSMA scans could measure prostate cancer burden and response far better than PSA, but no one has done the standardisation work to make the measurement trustworthy across scanners.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-psma-volume-qualification/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"idea-tr2-bicr-discordance-public","kind":"idea","name":"Publish the disagreement between trial doctors and independent reviewers for every trial","aka":"","tldr":"Trials often have independent radiologists check whether tumours grew. How often they disagree with the treating doctors is a measure of how trustworthy the result is, and it is rarely published.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-bicr-discordance-public/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-biomarker-evidence-grading","kind":"idea","name":"Label every biomarker claim with an evidence phase, like drugs","aka":"","tldr":"Drugs are labelled phase 1, 2 or 3 so everyone knows how proven they are. Biomarkers should carry a comparable grade, from B1 discovery to B5 utility shown in a randomised trial, so that a marker with only discovery-stage evidence is not mistaken for a validated one in guidelines and papers.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-biomarker-evidence-grading/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-eqa-public-results","kind":"idea","name":"Publish each laboratory's biomarker proficiency results","aka":"","tldr":"Labs already get tested on whether they score biomarkers correctly, but the results are private. Publishing them would let hospitals and patients avoid labs that get it wrong.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-eqa-public-results/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-ctdna-reference-plasma","kind":"idea","name":"Certified reference samples to benchmark every tumour-DNA blood test","aka":"","tldr":"Dozens of companies sell blood tests for tumour DNA and they report different results on the same sample. Government-issued reference samples with known amounts of tumour DNA would expose the differences.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-ctdna-reference-plasma/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-tmb-calibration-standard","kind":"idea","name":"A single calibrated tumour mutational burden across all sequencing panels","aka":"","tldr":"Tumour mutational burden decides who gets immunotherapy in some settings, but every sequencing panel calculates it differently. A shared calibration would make the number mean the same thing everywhere.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-tmb-calibration-standard/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-hrd-functional-standard","kind":"idea","name":"A functional test for homologous recombination deficiency validated across laboratories","aka":"","tldr":"Tests for 'HRD', which decide who gets PARP inhibitors, rely on genomic scars that reflect the tumour's past, not its present. A test of current DNA-repair function would be better, but needs standardising.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-hrd-functional-standard/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"idea-tr2-preanalytics-in-report","kind":"idea","name":"Record how long tissue waited before fixation in every pathology report","aka":"","tldr":"How a tissue sample is handled before it reaches the lab changes the results of biomarker tests. That handling time is almost never recorded, so nobody can tell a true negative from a spoiled sample.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-preanalytics-in-report/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-cutpoint-lock","kind":"idea","name":"Lock the biomarker cut-off before phase 3, and publish it","aka":"","tldr":"Companies sometimes choose the biomarker threshold that makes their trial look best after seeing the data. Requiring the threshold to be fixed and published before the big trial starts prevents this.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-cutpoint-lock/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-prospective-retrospective-path","kind":"idea","name":"A formal regulatory route for validating a biomarker on archived trial samples","aka":"","tldr":"Completed trials have stored samples. Testing a new biomarker on them with the plan written in advance is nearly as good as a new trial and far cheaper, but regulators have no clear route to accept it.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-prospective-retrospective-path/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-spatial-biomarker-standards","kind":"idea","name":"Standards for spatial and multiplex tissue biomarkers before they reach the clinic","aka":"","tldr":"New microscopes can measure dozens of proteins at once and map where immune cells sit in a tumour. These readouts could predict immunotherapy response, but every lab does it differently.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-spatial-biomarker-standards/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-liquid-biopsy-challenge","kind":"idea","name":"An annual blinded shoot-out for liquid biopsy tests","aka":"","tldr":"Once a year, send the same blinded blood samples to every company selling a tumour-DNA test and publish how each performed.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-liquid-biopsy-challenge/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-radiomics-ibsi-mandate","kind":"idea","name":"No clinical claims for imaging-derived biomarkers without phantom and standards compliance","aka":"","tldr":"Thousands of papers extract 'radiomic' features from scans to predict outcomes, but the features change with scanner settings. Journals should require standard compliance before any clinical claim is made.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-radiomics-ibsi-mandate/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-biomarker-study-registry","kind":"idea","name":"Pre-register biomarker validation studies the way trials are registered","aka":"","tldr":"Drug trials must be registered before they start so results cannot be hidden or reshaped. Studies that claim a biomarker predicts outcome should be registered too.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-biomarker-study-registry/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-biomarker-cwe","kind":"idea","name":"Pay for new biomarker tests only while evidence of clinical utility is being collected","aka":"","tldr":"Most genomic and liquid biopsy tests are reimbursed on analytical validity and association with outcome, not on proof that they improve care. Paying for new oncology biomarker tests only inside registries or randomised studies, as Medicare did for PET, would sort the useful from the useless.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-biomarker-cwe/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-ai-cdx-change-control","kind":"idea","name":"Version control and locked reference sets for AI algorithms used as companion diagnostics","aka":"","tldr":"AI is starting to decide which patients get which cancer drug. Every change to the software should be tested against a fixed public set of cases before it is used on patients.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-ai-cdx-change-control/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-label-assay-concordance","kind":"idea","name":"Drug labels must state which biomarker assays were validated and how they compare","aka":"","tldr":"A drug label says 'for PD-L1 positive patients' but does not say that other tests give different answers. Labels should list the validated tests and how much they disagree.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-label-assay-concordance/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-biomarker-negative-arms","kind":"idea","name":"Randomised trials to test whether biomarker-negative patients really do not benefit","aka":"","tldr":"Patients are denied a drug when a test says they will not benefit, but that restriction is usually inferred from enrichment trials rather than tested. For high-stakes markers with weak evidence in the negative group, such as PD-L1 and HER2 0, randomised trials in biomarker-negative patients should test the assumption itself.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-biomarker-negative-arms/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-positivity-rate-surveillance","kind":"idea","name":"Monitor biomarker positivity rates across labs in real time to catch assay drift","aka":"","tldr":"If one lab suddenly reports twice the rate of 'positive' biomarker results that other labs report, its assay has probably drifted. Pooling anonymised positivity rates by laboratory, assay and version, with automated outlier detection and case-mix adjustment, would catch reagent lot problems and protocol drift within weeks rather than at occasional proficiency runs.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-positivity-rate-surveillance/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-cell-line-authentication-mandate","kind":"idea","name":"Prove your cell lines are what you say they are, or the paper is not published","aka":"","tldr":"A large share of cancer research has been done on cells that were mislabelled or contaminated. A cheap DNA fingerprint test can prove identity; journals and funders should require it.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-cell-line-authentication-mandate/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-cell-line-passport","kind":"idea","name":"A digital passport for every cell culture: identity, contamination status, passage number","aka":"","tldr":"Each batch of cells used in an experiment would carry a small digital record showing when it was authenticated, tested for contamination, and how many times it had been grown, attached to the published result.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-cell-line-passport/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-preclinical-registered-reports","kind":"idea","name":"Registered reports for cancer biology: the plan is peer-reviewed before the result","aka":"","tldr":"Journals agree to publish a study based on the quality of the question and plan, before anyone knows the answer. That removes the pressure to make results look positive.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-preclinical-registered-reports/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-replication-set-aside","kind":"idea","name":"Funders set aside a fixed share of budget for independent replication","aka":"","tldr":"Almost no research money goes to checking whether published cancer findings hold up: one replication project could complete only 23 of 50 planned experiments. Requiring 3 to 5% of every funder's research budget to go to independent replication, published whatever the result, would build the missing feedback loop.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-replication-set-aside/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-replication-before-ind","kind":"idea","name":"Independent replication of the key experiment before first-in-human academic trials","aka":"","tldr":"Before a new cancer drug from a university is given to people, a separate laboratory should have repeated the main experiment showing it works.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-replication-before-ind/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-automated-stats-check","kind":"idea","name":"Run automated statistics and image checks on every cancer manuscript before review","aka":"","tldr":"Software can already spot impossible statistics, mismatched p-values and duplicated images in a paper. Journals should run these checks on every submission, as spell-check runs on every document.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-automated-stats-check/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-raw-image-deposit","kind":"idea","name":"Deposit the raw blots, gels and microscopy images behind every figure","aka":"","tldr":"Published figures are cropped and processed. Requiring the original, uncropped image files to be deposited lets anyone check that the figure shows what it claims.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-raw-image-deposit/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-arrive-audit","kind":"idea","name":"Audit animal studies for randomisation and blinding, published by institution","aka":"","tldr":"Most mouse studies of cancer drugs do not randomise animals or blind the people measuring tumours, which inflates results. Checking and publishing which institutions do it properly would change behaviour.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-arrive-audit/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-multilab-preclinical","kind":"idea","name":"Multi-laboratory preclinical trials as the standard for go/no-go decisions","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of one lab's mouse study deciding whether a drug goes to patients, several labs run the same protocol independently, like a multi-centre clinical trial for mice.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-multilab-preclinical/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-replication-bounties","kind":"idea","name":"Bounties for documented failed replications of high-impact findings","aka":"","tldr":"Pay a fixed reward to any lab that pre-registers and carefully repeats a heavily cited preclinical cancer finding, whatever the outcome, with a bonus for the first documented non-replication that passes methodological review. Today that work is unpaid and unpublished.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-replication-bounties/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-antibody-validation-mandate","kind":"idea","name":"Only use antibodies proven to hit their target with knockout controls","aka":"","tldr":"A large fraction of commercial research antibodies fail when tested against cells engineered to lack their target, so they do not bind what the label says. Journals and funders should require knockout-validated antibodies for the claims a paper rests on, and fund public validation of the most-used cancer targets.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-antibody-validation-mandate/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-reference-compound-panels","kind":"idea","name":"Every drug screen includes standard reference compounds whose performance is published","aka":"","tldr":"Drug sensitivity results for the same cell line and drug differ substantially between large screens. Every published cancer drug screen should include a defined panel of reference compounds with published expected activity ranges per reference cell line, reported in a standard format, so results from different labs can be calibrated against each other.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-reference-compound-panels/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-timestamped-eln","kind":"idea","name":"Time-stamped electronic lab notebooks submitted with the paper","aka":"","tldr":"Electronic notebooks record when each experiment was done and what the raw result was. Submitting them with the paper would show whether the analysis was planned or fitted after the fact.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-timestamped-eln/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-animal-power-mandate","kind":"idea","name":"Pre-specified sample sizes for animal studies; no more 'representative' experiments","aka":"","tldr":"Underpowered mouse experiments give exaggerated positive results and uninformative negatives, and papers often show one 'representative' result out of several attempts. Funders and journals should require a pre-specified power calculation, the number of independent repeats performed, and reporting of every repeat rather than the best one.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-animal-power-mandate/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-tenure-replication-credit","kind":"idea","name":"Count replications and open data in hiring and promotion","aka":"","tldr":"Scientists are promoted for first-time discoveries and journal prestige, not for replicating others' work or sharing data. A structured section in tenure and promotion dossiers for replications conducted, data and code shared, and registered reports, weighted explicitly in decisions, would change what scientists spend their time on.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-tenure-replication-credit/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-random-audit","kind":"idea","name":"Random audits of published, funded research, like tax audits","aka":"","tldr":"Funders should randomly select a small fraction of the papers they paid for and check the raw data, analysis and records, with public results. The possibility of an audit changes behaviour.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-random-audit/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-replication-status-badge","kind":"idea","name":"A replication status badge on every cancer paper, visible in PubMed","aka":"","tldr":"When you look up a paper, you should immediately see whether anyone has tried to repeat it and whether they succeeded.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-replication-status-badge/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-data-link-enforcement","kind":"idea","name":"Journals check that data links actually work, and flag papers whose data vanish","aka":"","tldr":"Papers say 'data available on request' or link to files that no longer exist. Journals should verify data access at publication and periodically afterwards, and mark papers whose data have disappeared.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-data-link-enforcement/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-paid-statistical-review","kind":"idea","name":"Paid independent statistical review for preclinical papers that inform trials","aka":"","tldr":"Clinical trials get expert statistical review; the laboratory studies that justify them usually do not. Paying statisticians to review these papers before they influence a trial would catch errors early.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-paid-statistical-review/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-reference-model-panels","kind":"idea","name":"Shared reference organoid and PDX panels that every lab can test against","aka":"","tldr":"If every lab had access to the same set of well-characterised tumour models, results could be compared directly instead of each lab using its own private models.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-reference-model-panels/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-ai-external-validation-registry","kind":"idea","name":"A registry of external validation datasets for cancer AI models, with mandatory reporting","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer AI models are usually tested on data from the same hospital they were built on. A registry of independent test datasets, and a rule that every model reports performance on at least one, would show which models really work.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-ai-external-validation-registry/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-two-lab-rule","kind":"idea","name":"Top journals require an independent lab to reproduce key findings before publication","aka":"","tldr":"For the biggest claims, journals would require that a second, independent laboratory repeated the central experiment before the paper is accepted.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-two-lab-rule/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-preclinical-living-reviews","kind":"idea","name":"Living systematic reviews of animal and organoid evidence before every new trial","aka":"","tldr":"Before testing a drug in people, someone should systematically gather all the animal and laboratory evidence, including the studies that failed. Almost no cancer trial does this.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-preclinical-living-reviews/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-reagent-lot-ledger","kind":"idea","name":"Barcode every reagent lot so batch effects can be traced across experiments and labs","aka":"","tldr":"Results can change when a supplier changes a batch of serum, antibody or growth factor. Recording which batch was used in each experiment, in a shared ledger, would let these effects be spotted.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-reagent-lot-ledger/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-phd-replication-year","kind":"idea","name":"Every cancer biology PhD begins with a funded replication of a published finding","aka":"","tldr":"Make the first project of every cancer biology doctoral student a funded, pre-registered attempt to repeat a published finding chosen from a curated list of translationally relevant results, with the outcome published in a replication registry. Students learn power analysis, blinding and reporting, and the field gets thousands of replications a year.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-phd-replication-year/"},{"id":"idea-reg-orbis-work-sharing","kind":"idea","name":"Turn Project Orbis into a work-sharing review with one shared assessment report","aka":"","tldr":"Regulators in several countries already look at the same cancer drug dossier at the same time. Let them split the work and write one report instead of six.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-orbis-work-sharing/"},{"id":"idea-reg-reliance-90-day-lmic","kind":"idea","name":"90-day reliance approval for cancer drugs cleared by two stringent regulators","aka":"","tldr":"If the FDA and EMA have both approved a cancer drug, a smaller country should be able to approve it in three months using their reports rather than starting over.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-reliance-90-day-lmic/"},{"id":"idea-reg-single-global-dossier","kind":"idea","name":"One structured global dossier: submit the cancer drug file once, to a shared cloud","aka":"","tldr":"Companies currently reformat the same evidence for every country; a single machine-readable dossier that every regulator reads from would save years of work.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-single-global-dossier/"},{"id":"idea-reg-joint-scientific-advice-default","kind":"idea","name":"Joint FDA-EMA-MHRA-PMDA scientific advice by default before pivotal cancer trials","aka":"","tldr":"Before a company runs its phase 3 cancer trial, FDA, EMA, MHRA, PMDA, Health Canada and TGA would agree the endpoints, comparator, population and statistical plan in one joint written advice letter, so a single trial can support approval everywhere. Today parallel advice is used for a handful of products a year.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-joint-scientific-advice-default/"},{"id":"idea-reg-realtime-streaming-submission","kind":"idea","name":"Stream trial data to regulators as it accrues; review starts at last patient visit","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of waiting months for a company to package trial results, regulators would see the data flow in during the trial and could decide within weeks of it ending.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-realtime-streaming-submission/"},{"id":"idea-reg-conditional-approval-sunset","kind":"idea","name":"Conditional approvals that lapse automatically if the confirmatory trial is late","aka":"","tldr":"Drugs given accelerated or conditional approval on surrogate endpoints have often stayed on the market for years after the confirmatory trial stalled or failed. The approval would lapse automatically if the sponsor missed agreed enrolment milestones or the readout date, unless an independent panel granted a documented extension.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-conditional-approval-sunset/"},{"id":"idea-reg-confirmatory-trial-escrow","kind":"idea","name":"Sponsors deposit the confirmatory trial budget in escrow at accelerated approval","aka":"","tldr":"To get an early approval, a company would set aside the money for the follow-up trial up front, so the trial cannot be quietly abandoned.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-confirmatory-trial-escrow/"},{"id":"idea-reg-public-assessment-reports-all","kind":"idea","name":"Every regulator publishes its full assessment report so others can rely on it","aka":"","tldr":"Europe already publishes a detailed report explaining why each drug was approved. If every country did, smaller regulators could reuse the work.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-public-assessment-reports-all/"},{"id":"idea-reg-mutual-recognition-inspections-atmp","kind":"idea","name":"Mutual recognition of GMP inspections for cell, gene and radiopharmaceutical plants","aka":"","tldr":"Factories making living or radioactive cancer medicines are inspected separately by each country. Accepting each other's inspections would free up inspectors and speed supply.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-mutual-recognition-inspections-atmp/"},{"id":"idea-reg-global-trial-application-portal","kind":"idea","name":"One clinical trial application accepted by regulators in every major region","aka":"","tldr":"Starting a cancer trial in ten countries means ten applications and ten ethics reviews. One shared application and a common ethics template would start trials months sooner.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-global-trial-application-portal/"},{"id":"idea-reg-diagnostic-reliance-pathway","kind":"idea","name":"A reliance pathway for companion diagnostics so the test arrives with the drug","aka":"","tldr":"Targeted cancer drugs often reach a country years before the test needed to select patients is approved there. Recognising other regulators' test approvals would close the gap.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-diagnostic-reliance-pathway/"},{"id":"idea-reg-single-paediatric-plan","kind":"idea","name":"One global paediatric cancer development plan instead of separate FDA and EMA plans","aka":"","tldr":"Companies must agree separate plans for testing new cancer drugs in children with US and European regulators. A single agreed plan would get children access sooner.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-single-paediatric-plan/","cancers":"neuroblastoma all-leukemia"},{"id":"idea-reg-tumour-agnostic-reliance","kind":"idea","name":"Adopt tumour-agnostic cancer drug labels across regions by reliance, not re-review","aka":"","tldr":"Some drugs work on a genetic change whatever the cancer. When one regulator approves such a label, others should adopt it rather than demanding trials per cancer type.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-tumour-agnostic-reliance/"},{"id":"idea-reg-label-divergence-index","kind":"idea","name":"A public index of how the same cancer drug's label differs between countries","aka":"","tldr":"Nobody keeps track of how differently the same drug is approved and dosed around the world. A public scoreboard would make the differences visible and push regulators to converge.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-label-divergence-index/"},{"id":"idea-reg-approval-access-lag-tracker","kind":"idea","name":"Live tracker of the lag from first approval to real availability in every country","aka":"","tldr":"A drug approved in the US may take five years to reach a patient in Poland or never reach Nigeria. A live public tracker would show exactly where and why it is stuck.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-approval-access-lag-tracker/"},{"id":"idea-reg-joint-regulator-hta-plan","kind":"idea","name":"One evidence plan agreed by regulator and payer before the pivotal trial","aka":"","tldr":"Regulators want proof a drug works; payers want proof it is worth the price. Agreeing both requirements at once would stop drugs being approved but then not paid for.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-joint-regulator-hta-plan/"},{"id":"idea-reg-mrct-no-bridging","kind":"idea","name":"One multiregional trial, no bridging studies: enforce ICH E17 in Japan and China","aka":"","tldr":"Japan and China have often required extra local studies before accepting a global trial. Committing to accept well-designed global trials would bring drugs to Asian patients years earlier.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-mrct-no-bridging/"},{"id":"idea-reg-african-medicines-agency-oncology","kind":"idea","name":"Fund an oncology joint assessment unit inside the African Medicines Agency","aka":"","tldr":"Africa's new continental medicines agency could assess cancer drugs once for 55 countries. It needs oncology reviewers and a reliance rule to do it.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-african-medicines-agency-oncology/"},{"id":"idea-reg-open-source-dossier-tools","kind":"idea","name":"Open-source dossier-building software for academic sponsors and generic makers","aka":"","tldr":"Preparing a regulatory filing requires expensive specialist software and consultants. Free, open tools would let universities and small generic firms file in more countries.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-open-source-dossier-tools/"},{"id":"idea-reg-shared-ai-review-assistant","kind":"idea","name":"A shared AI review assistant that maps one dossier to every regulator's questions","aka":"","tldr":"Regulators are starting to use AI to read dossiers faster. If they shared one tool, it could show where their questions overlap and where they truly disagree.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-shared-ai-review-assistant/"},{"id":"idea-reg-shared-postmarketing-registry-condition","kind":"idea","name":"One international registry, not one per country, for conditional approvals","aka":"","tldr":"When a drug is approved early, each country often demands its own follow-up study. A single shared registry would answer the safety questions faster and better.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-shared-postmarketing-registry-condition/"},{"id":"idea-reg-manufacturing-change-passport","kind":"idea","name":"Manufacturing-change passport: one approved CMC change accepted everywhere in 30 days","aka":"","tldr":"Changing how a cancer drug is made must be approved separately in over a hundred countries, which takes years and causes shortages. One approval should count for all.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-manufacturing-change-passport/"},{"id":"idea-reg-orphan-designation-reciprocity","kind":"idea","name":"Automatic reciprocity of orphan and rare-paediatric designations between regulators","aka":"","tldr":"A rare cancer drug designated 'orphan' in the US must reapply in Europe, Japan and elsewhere. Recognising each other's decisions would save small companies months.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-orphan-designation-reciprocity/"},{"id":"idea-reg-publish-all-rejections","kind":"idea","name":"Publish every complete response letter and negative opinion across all regulators","aka":"","tldr":"When a regulator rejects a cancer drug, the reasons are usually secret. Publishing them everywhere would stop other countries and companies repeating the same mistakes.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-publish-all-rejections/"},{"id":"idea-reg-global-dose-optimisation-guideline","kind":"idea","name":"Make pre-approval dose optimisation an ICH standard so it is done once worldwide","aka":"","tldr":"The FDA now asks companies to find the right dose of a cancer drug before approval. If every regulator asked the same way, companies would do it once and doses would match worldwide.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-global-dose-optimisation-guideline/"},{"id":"idea-reg-point-of-care-cart-network","kind":"idea","name":"Hospital-made CAR-T under one shared regulatory master file","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of shipping a patient's cells to a distant factory, hospitals would make CAR-T on site under a shared licence, cutting cost and waiting time.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-point-of-care-cart-network/","cancers":"dlbcl all-leukemia multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"idea-reg-in-vivo-cart-off-the-shelf-vial","kind":"idea","name":"In vivo CAR-T as a vial on the shelf: a cost and access trial in lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"Some new medicines reprogramme immune cells inside the body with an injection, skipping the factory entirely. Test whether that makes CAR-T affordable and available in ordinary hospitals.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-in-vivo-cart-off-the-shelf-vial/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"idea-reg-two-day-cart-rapid-release","kind":"idea","name":"Two-day CAR-T manufacture paired with rapid release tests that regulators accept","aka":"","tldr":"CAR-T can now be made in a day or two, but the safety tests to release it still take two weeks. Faster tests would let patients be treated within days.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-two-day-cart-rapid-release/"},{"id":"idea-reg-ipsc-master-bank-qualified-once","kind":"idea","name":"Qualify one iPSC master cell bank once for many off-the-shelf cell products","aka":"","tldr":"Cell therapies made from a single stem cell line could be produced in bulk. Regulators should let companies certify the parent cell line once rather than repeating it for every product.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-ipsc-master-bank-qualified-once/"},{"id":"idea-reg-closed-manufacturing-interop-standard","kind":"idea","name":"An open interoperability standard for closed automated cell-processing machines","aka":"","tldr":"Each cell-therapy machine uses its own proprietary process and cartridges. A common standard would let a process run on any machine, like a document opening in any word processor.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-closed-manufacturing-interop-standard/"},{"id":"idea-reg-cart-potency-reference-standards","kind":"idea","name":"Public reference standards and potency assays for CAR-T so every lab measures alike","aka":"","tldr":"There is no agreed ruler for measuring how strong a CAR-T product is. Shared reference materials would let hospitals, companies and regulators compare products fairly.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-cart-potency-reference-standards/"},{"id":"idea-reg-vein-to-vein-public-benchmark","kind":"idea","name":"Mandatory public reporting of vein-to-vein time and failure rate per CAR-T product","aka":"","tldr":"Patients and doctors cannot see how long each CAR-T maker takes or how often manufacturing fails. Publishing this would create pressure to get faster and more reliable.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-vein-to-vein-public-benchmark/"},{"id":"idea-reg-legacy-radium-recovery-ac225","kind":"idea","name":"Recover legacy radium-226 sources worldwide as the feedstock for actinium-225","aka":"","tldr":"Thousands of old radium sources sit in hospital and industrial storage. They are exactly the raw material needed to make actinium-225, the scarcest cancer isotope.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-legacy-radium-recovery-ac225/"},{"id":"idea-reg-ac225-accelerator-pharmacopoeia","kind":"idea","name":"Regional cyclotron hubs for actinium-225 with an agreed actinium-227 impurity limit","aka":"","tldr":"Actinium-225 can be made in particle accelerators, but the product contains a trace of a long-lived impurity that regulators have not agreed how to handle. Settle the limit and build the hubs.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-ac225-accelerator-pharmacopoeia/"},{"id":"idea-reg-yb176-enrichment-capacity","kind":"idea","name":"Build Western ytterbium-176 enrichment so lutetium-177 has more than one supplier","aka":"","tldr":"The lutetium used in approved prostate and neuroendocrine cancer treatments is made from an enriched metal that comes mostly from Russia. Making it elsewhere would secure supply.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-yb176-enrichment-capacity/"},{"id":"idea-reg-medical-isotope-reactor-reserve","kind":"idea","name":"A coordinated reserve and shared schedule for the world's medical isotope reactors","aka":"","tldr":"A handful of ageing research reactors make most cancer isotopes. Coordinating their maintenance and funding reserve capacity would prevent the shortages that stop treatments.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-medical-isotope-reactor-reserve/"},{"id":"idea-reg-alpha-emitter-portfolio","kind":"idea","name":"Fund alpha emitters beyond actinium-225: lead-212, terbium-149 and astatine-211","aka":"","tldr":"Almost every alpha cancer therapy in development relies on one scarce isotope. Developing several alternatives at once would stop the whole field waiting on a single supply chain.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-alpha-emitter-portfolio/"},{"id":"idea-reg-regional-radiopharmacy-hubs","kind":"idea","name":"Regional radiopharmacy hubs and harmonised transport rules for short-lived isotopes","aka":"","tldr":"Radioactive cancer drugs decay while they travel and get stuck at borders. Regional production and simpler transport rules would get more doses to patients on time.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-regional-radiopharmacy-hubs/"},{"id":"idea-reg-adc-platform-designation","kind":"idea","name":"Platform designation for ADC linker-payloads so manufacturing data carry across","aka":"","tldr":"Antibody-drug conjugates built on the same linker and payload, such as deruxtecan or vedotin, share the same conjugation process, payload synthesis, impurity profile and much of the toxicology. FDA, EMA and PMDA should designate these linker-payloads as platforms so a new ADC files only antibody-specific manufacturing and toxicology data.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-adc-platform-designation/"},{"id":"idea-reg-hpapi-continuous-flow","kind":"idea","name":"Continuous-flow synthesis of ultra-potent ADC payloads to ease the capacity squeeze","aka":"","tldr":"The poisons carried by antibody-drug conjugates are so toxic that only a few factories can make them, and they are booked years ahead. Making them in small continuous reactors would ease the bottleneck.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-hpapi-continuous-flow/"},{"id":"idea-reg-open-source-lentiviral-vectors","kind":"idea","name":"Non-profit, open-licence lentiviral vectors and producer cell lines for CAR-T","aka":"","tldr":"The engineered virus that delivers the CAR gene costs tens of thousands of dollars per patient and is controlled by a few suppliers. A non-profit supplier with open licences would cut that cost sharply.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-open-source-lentiviral-vectors/"},{"id":"idea-reg-non-viral-cart-manufacturing","kind":"idea","name":"Non-viral CAR-T (transposon or CRISPR knock-in) as the default manufacturing route","aka":"","tldr":"Putting the CAR gene into T cells without a virus removes the most expensive and delay-prone ingredient. Test whether non-viral products match viral ones.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-non-viral-cart-manufacturing/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"idea-reg-manufacturing-slot-exchange","kind":"idea","name":"A neutral slot exchange so unused CAR-T manufacturing slots go to the next patient","aka":"","tldr":"Patients wait weeks for a manufacturing slot while other slots go unused when a patient drops out. A shared booking system would match spare slots to waiting patients.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-manufacturing-slot-exchange/"},{"id":"idea-reg-hospital-exemption-harmonised","kind":"idea","name":"Harmonise Europe's hospital exemption for academic cell therapies, with one registry","aka":"","tldr":"Spain lets hospitals make and use their own CAR-T under a special rule; most European countries do not. A common rule with shared outcome tracking would spread affordable academic products.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-hospital-exemption-harmonised/","cancers":"all-leukemia multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"idea-reg-lmic-public-cart-manufacturing","kind":"idea","name":"Public-sector CAR-T manufacturing in India, Brazil and South Africa under $50,000","aka":"","tldr":"India has shown CAR-T can be made for a tenth of the US price. Public production in large middle-income countries could make it available to millions who are currently excluded.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-lmic-public-cart-manufacturing/","cancers":"all-leukemia dlbcl"},{"id":"idea-reg-ai-process-control-cell-manufacturing","kind":"idea","name":"Digital batch records and AI process control to halve cell therapy batch failures","aka":"","tldr":"Autologous cell therapy batches fail more often than any other medicine because each patient's starting cells behave differently and the process runs without feedback. Inline sensors for metabolites, cell counts and cytokines, feeding models that adjust feeding and harvest timing in real time, could rescue batches that would otherwise be discarded.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-ai-process-control-cell-manufacturing/"},{"id":"idea-reg-early-apheresis-banking","kind":"idea","name":"Collect and freeze T cells at diagnosis for high-risk patients, before chemotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"By the time patients need CAR-T their immune cells are often exhausted by earlier treatment. Storing healthy cells early would improve manufacturing success and cut the wait.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-early-apheresis-banking/","cancers":"dlbcl multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"idea-reg-public-cell-therapy-foundries","kind":"idea","name":"Public cell-therapy foundries at cancer centres for academics and start-ups","aka":"","tldr":"Building a cell-therapy factory costs tens of millions, so most good academic ideas never reach patients. Shared public facilities would give them a route to the clinic.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-public-cell-therapy-foundries/"},{"id":"idea-reg-comparability-by-design-digital-twin","kind":"idea","name":"Comparability by design: a digital twin and sentinel panel for cell process changes","aka":"","tldr":"Improving how a cell therapy is made currently risks having to repeat clinical trials. A validated computer model plus a fixed set of product measurements would let changes be approved on data alone.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-comparability-by-design-digital-twin/"},{"id":"idea-reg-isotope-supply-observatory","kind":"idea","name":"A global medical isotope supply observatory with forecasts and shortage alerts","aka":"","tldr":"Nobody publishes how much cancer isotope is made, where, or when supply will fall short. A public observatory would let hospitals and investors plan.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-isotope-supply-observatory/"},{"id":"idea-reg-cart-outcomes-refund","kind":"idea","name":"Full refund for CAR-T if the patient has not responded at three months","aka":"","tldr":"Health systems would pay for a $400,000 cell therapy only if it works. If the cancer has not responded by three months, the company refunds the price.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-cart-outcomes-refund/"},{"id":"idea-reg-io-subscription-national","kind":"idea","name":"Subscription pricing for checkpoint inhibitors: fixed national fee, unlimited use","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of paying per dose, a country would pay a fixed annual fee and treat every eligible patient with immunotherapy. This has worked for hepatitis C drugs and antibiotics.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-io-subscription-national/"},{"id":"idea-reg-indication-specific-pricing","kind":"idea","name":"Pay a different price for the same cancer drug depending on the indication","aka":"","tldr":"One immunotherapy may add years of life in one cancer and weeks in another, yet costs the same. Prices should track the benefit in each use.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-indication-specific-pricing/"},{"id":"idea-reg-pooled-procurement-adult-essentials","kind":"idea","name":"Pooled international procurement of essential adult cancer medicines","aka":"","tldr":"Countries buying cancer drugs alone pay more and face shortages. Buying together, as they already do for childhood cancer drugs and vaccines, cuts prices and secures supply.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-pooled-procurement-adult-essentials/"},{"id":"idea-reg-biosimilar-no-efficacy-trial","kind":"idea","name":"Approve cancer biosimilars on analytics and pharmacokinetics, no efficacy trials","aka":"","tldr":"Copies of biological cancer drugs are still required to run large trials that rarely change the answer. Dropping them would cut years and tens of millions from each biosimilar.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-biosimilar-no-efficacy-trial/"},{"id":"idea-reg-pd1-biosimilar-advance-commitment","kind":"idea","name":"An advance market commitment for PD-1 biosimilars for lower-income countries","aka":"","tldr":"Immunotherapy patents start expiring around 2028. Guaranteeing in advance to buy cheap copies for poorer countries would make sure manufacturers build the capacity.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-pd1-biosimilar-advance-commitment/"},{"id":"idea-reg-patent-pool-oncology-eml","kind":"idea","name":"Medicines Patent Pool licences for every patented cancer drug on the WHO list","aka":"","tldr":"Companies can license their patents to generic makers for poorer countries through a UN-backed pool, as happened for HIV. Only one cancer drug has been licensed so far; the whole essential list should be.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-patent-pool-oncology-eml/"},{"id":"idea-reg-price-anchored-to-mcbs","kind":"idea","name":"Cap public prices for new cancer drugs to tiers of the ESMO and ASCO value scales","aka":"","tldr":"Oncology societies already grade how much benefit each new drug gives. Payers should tie the maximum price they pay to that grade.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-price-anchored-to-mcbs/"},{"id":"idea-reg-weight-based-io-dosing-label","kind":"idea","name":"Restore weight-based dosing and vial sharing for immunotherapy in the label","aka":"","tldr":"Immunotherapy is given as one flat dose regardless of body size, which means smaller patients get more than they need. Dosing by weight would save a fifth of the drug at no cost to patients.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-weight-based-io-dosing-label/"},{"id":"idea-reg-public-deescalation-trials-for-cost","kind":"idea","name":"Publicly funded trials of lower and less frequent doses of expensive cancer drugs","aka":"","tldr":"Abiraterone at a quarter dose with food matches full-dose exposure, and pembrolizumab and nivolumab can be given at longer intervals, but no manufacturer will fund trials that cut its own revenue. A public 'value trials' fund would run non-inferiority trials of lower doses and longer intervals for the highest-spend cancer drugs, with payers committing to adopt positive results.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-public-deescalation-trials-for-cost/"},{"id":"idea-reg-financial-toxicity-vital-sign","kind":"idea","name":"Screen every cancer patient for financial toxicity as a vital sign, with navigation","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer costs push patients into debt and make them skip treatment. Asking about money at every visit, and having someone to help, catches this before it does harm.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-financial-toxicity-vital-sign/"},{"id":"idea-reg-net-price-transparency-registry","kind":"idea","name":"An international registry of real (net) cancer drug prices paid by public payers","aka":"","tldr":"Countries negotiate secret discounts, so nobody knows what anyone actually pays for a cancer drug. Sharing real prices between public buyers would strengthen every negotiation.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-net-price-transparency-registry/"},{"id":"idea-reg-rd-cost-disclosure-condition","kind":"idea","name":"Disclose R&D and manufacturing costs of publicly funded cancer drugs to get coverage","aka":"","tldr":"Taxpayers fund much of the science behind new cancer drugs but never learn what they cost to develop. Disclosure should be a condition of public payment.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-rd-cost-disclosure-condition/"},{"id":"idea-reg-provisional-price-until-os","kind":"idea","name":"Provisional prices for surrogate-endpoint approvals, reset when survival data arrive","aka":"","tldr":"Drugs approved on early signs of benefit are paid for as if they had proved they extend life. Pay a provisional price and adjust it, up or down, when the survival data come in.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-provisional-price-until-os/"},{"id":"idea-reg-patent-buyout-prize","kind":"idea","name":"Buy out the patent on a curative cancer drug and sell it at generic prices","aka":"","tldr":"Governments and philanthropies would pay a company a one-off lump sum, set by auction to reflect the drug's social value, for the patent on a cancer drug with a large benefit in a common cancer, then let generic makers supply it worldwide at competitive prices. A pilot fund would buy out one or two oncology patents.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-patent-buyout-prize/"},{"id":"idea-reg-secondary-patent-thicket-limits","kind":"idea","name":"Limit secondary patents and pay-for-delay so cancer generics arrive on time","aka":"","tldr":"Companies extend monopolies on cancer drugs with dozens of minor patents and deals that pay generic makers to stay out. Closing these loopholes would bring cheaper versions years earlier.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-secondary-patent-thicket-limits/"},{"id":"idea-reg-nonprofit-generic-chemo-manufacturer","kind":"idea","name":"A non-profit manufacturer for generic cancer drugs in chronic shortage","aka":"","tldr":"Cheap, essential chemotherapy drugs like cisplatin run out because making them is not profitable enough. A non-profit maker could guarantee supply at a fair price.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-nonprofit-generic-chemo-manufacturer/"},{"id":"idea-reg-academic-cart-at-cost-coverage","kind":"idea","name":"Public payers cover academic CAR-T at cost as a benchmark for commercial prices","aka":"","tldr":"Hospitals in Spain make their own CAR-T for a third of the commercial price. Paying for such products at cost gives health systems a lever in negotiating with companies.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-academic-cart-at-cost-coverage/"},{"id":"idea-reg-combination-price-attribution","kind":"idea","name":"A combination pricing rule so two-drug regimens are not priced as two monopolies","aka":"","tldr":"When two expensive cancer drugs are combined, the price is often the sum of both even though the extra benefit is smaller. A rule for splitting the total value between them is needed.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-combination-price-attribution/"},{"id":"idea-reg-middle-income-negotiation-bloc","kind":"idea","name":"A joint price negotiation bloc for middle-income countries, modelled on Beneluxa","aka":"","tldr":"Small European countries have started negotiating cancer drug prices together. A bloc of large middle-income countries would have far more bargaining power.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-middle-income-negotiation-bloc/"},{"id":"idea-reg-tiered-pricing-for-exclusivity","kind":"idea","name":"Grant extra exclusivity only in exchange for binding low prices in poorer countries","aka":"","tldr":"Companies get longer monopolies for rare and paediatric cancer drugs. That reward should come with a commitment to sell at cost in low-income countries.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-tiered-pricing-for-exclusivity/"},{"id":"idea-reg-biosimilar-first-default-switching","kind":"idea","name":"Biosimilar-first defaults and payment parity in every cancer day unit","aka":"","tldr":"Cheaper copies of biological cancer drugs exist but are used far less in some countries than others. Making them the default choice saves billions with no loss of benefit.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-biosimilar-first-default-switching/"},{"id":"idea-reg-annuity-payment-durable-therapies","kind":"idea","name":"Pay for one-time curative therapies as an annuity that stops at relapse","aka":"","tldr":"A single cell therapy can cost more than a house. Paying in yearly instalments, only while the patient stays well, spreads the cost and shares the risk.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-annuity-payment-durable-therapies/"},{"id":"idea-reg-social-impact-bond-switching","kind":"idea","name":"Social impact bonds that fund biosimilar switching, repaid from payer savings","aka":"","tldr":"Hospitals often lack the staff to switch patients to cheaper equivalent drugs. Private investors could fund the switching teams and be repaid by the health system from the money saved.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-social-impact-bond-switching/"},{"id":"idea-reg-market-expansion-repricing","kind":"idea","name":"Automatic price cuts when a cancer drug's approved indications and volumes expand","aka":"","tldr":"When a cancer drug is approved for more uses, the company sells far more of it but the price stays the same. Japan cuts prices automatically when sales balloon; others should too.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-market-expansion-repricing/"},{"id":"idea-reg-global-repurposing-fund","kind":"idea","name":"A public fund that pays for phase 3 trials of cheap, off-patent drugs against cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Old drugs like aspirin, statins and beta-blockers show hints of fighting cancer, but no company will pay to prove it. A dedicated public fund should.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-global-repurposing-fund/"},{"id":"idea-reg-third-party-label-update","kind":"idea","name":"Let non-profits and academics add a cancer indication to an off-patent drug's label","aka":"","tldr":"Only the manufacturer can ask regulators to add a new use to a drug's label, and generic makers have no reason to. Universities and charities should be allowed to apply.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-third-party-label-update/"},{"id":"idea-reg-repurposing-prize","kind":"idea","name":"A $50 million prize for the first off-patent drug proven to extend cancer survival","aka":"","tldr":"Offer a large cash prize to whoever proves, in a rigorous trial, that a cheap existing drug helps people with cancer live longer. Prizes pull effort towards neglected problems.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-repurposing-prize/"},{"id":"idea-reg-repurposing-social-impact-bond","kind":"idea","name":"A social impact bond: investors fund a repurposing trial, payers repay from savings","aka":"","tldr":"If a cheap old drug could replace or reduce an expensive cancer treatment, health systems save money. Investors could fund the trial and be repaid from those savings if it works.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-repurposing-social-impact-bond/"},{"id":"idea-reg-aspirin-pik3ca-implementation","kind":"idea","name":"Get biomarker-directed aspirin after colorectal surgery into labels and guidelines","aka":"","tldr":"A Swedish trial found that cheap aspirin roughly halved recurrence in colorectal cancer patients with a particular tumour mutation. Nobody is going to market it, so health systems must adopt it deliberately.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-aspirin-pik3ca-implementation/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"idea-reg-recovery-style-platform-repurposing","kind":"idea","name":"A RECOVERY-style permanent platform trial of cheap drugs added to cancer care","aka":"","tldr":"The UK's RECOVERY trial answered questions about dexamethasone and other cheap COVID drugs within months by randomising tens of thousands of ordinary hospital patients with a two-page consent and routine-data follow-up. Cancer needs the same permanent platform to test generics such as statins, metformin, aspirin and propranolol added to standard care.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-recovery-style-platform-repurposing/"},{"id":"idea-reg-perioperative-propranolol-etodolac","kind":"idea","name":"Perioperative beta-blocker plus COX-2 inhibitor to reduce metastasis after surgery","aka":"","tldr":"Surgical stress releases catecholamines and prostaglandins that suppress anti-tumour immunity and help metastatic cells seed. Phase 2 trials of a five-day course of propranolol plus etodolac around breast and colorectal surgery shifted tumour markers of metastasis and immune suppression in the right direction; both drugs cost cents, and a publicly funded phase 3 is the missing step.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-perioperative-propranolol-etodolac/","cancers":"colorectal breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-reg-statin-hcc-prevention-trial","kind":"idea","name":"A pragmatic trial of statins to prevent liver cancer in people with cirrhosis","aka":"","tldr":"People with cirrhosis have a high risk of liver cancer, and those who happen to take statins seem to get it less often. A proper trial would settle whether statins should be prescribed for prevention.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-statin-hcc-prevention-trial/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"idea-reg-evidence-gate-before-repurposing-phase3","kind":"idea","name":"Require genetic and target-trial evidence before funding any repurposing phase 3","aka":"","tldr":"The big metformin cancer trial failed after years and millions, despite strong observational hints. Cheaper checks on causality should be passed before funding the next one.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-evidence-gate-before-repurposing-phase3/"},{"id":"idea-reg-target-trial-emulation-pipeline","kind":"idea","name":"An automated pipeline emulating trials of every common drug against every cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Millions of people take common drugs and some get cancer. Running standardised analyses across whole-country records could rank which old drugs deserve a real trial.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-target-trial-emulation-pipeline/"},{"id":"idea-reg-new-indication-exclusivity-off-patent","kind":"idea","name":"Three years of indication-specific exclusivity for proving a new cancer use of an old drug","aka":"","tldr":"Nobody funds trials of old drugs because competitors can sell the result for free. A short exclusive period for the new use, like the one given for children's studies, would change that.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-new-indication-exclusivity-off-patent/"},{"id":"idea-reg-delinked-market-entry-reward","kind":"idea","name":"A delinked market-entry reward paid by payers when a repurposed generic wins approval","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of letting a company charge more for a newly proven use of an old drug, payers would pay a one-off reward and keep the price low for everyone.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-delinked-market-entry-reward/"},{"id":"idea-reg-generic-targeted-therapy-drup","kind":"idea","name":"A DRUP-style protocol for off-label generic targeted drugs in rare tumours","aka":"","tldr":"Cheap generic versions of targeted cancer drugs like imatinib exist, but patients with rare tumours carrying the matching mutation often cannot get them. A structured programme would treat them and collect the evidence.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-generic-targeted-therapy-drup/"},{"id":"idea-reg-antihistamine-plus-io-trial","kind":"idea","name":"Randomise a cheap antihistamine alongside immunotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Patients who happened to take common allergy pills during immunotherapy seemed to live longer in a large records study. A simple randomised trial would show whether the pills really help.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-antihistamine-plus-io-trial/","cancers":"nsclc melanoma"},{"id":"idea-reg-vitamin-d-digestive-cancer-biomarker-trial","kind":"idea","name":"A biomarker-directed trial of vitamin D after surgery for digestive tract cancers","aka":"","tldr":"A Japanese trial found vitamin D supplements did not help everyone after digestive cancer surgery, but appeared to help a subgroup identified by a tumour marker. That subgroup deserves its own trial.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-vitamin-d-digestive-cancer-biomarker-trial/","cancers":"colorectal gastric esophageal"},{"id":"idea-reg-losartan-pancreatic-stroma","kind":"idea","name":"Losartan to loosen the stroma of pancreatic cancer before chemotherapy: a phase 3","aka":"","tldr":"A cheap blood pressure drug may soften the dense scar tissue around pancreatic tumours so chemotherapy and immune cells can get in. Early trials look encouraging.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-losartan-pancreatic-stroma/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"idea-reg-regulator-ready-repurposing-dossiers","kind":"idea","name":"Fund regulator-ready evidence dossiers for the 20 best-supported off-patent drugs","aka":"","tldr":"The evidence for old drugs against cancer is scattered across hundreds of papers. Assembling it into the format regulators and funders need is cheap and would speed decisions.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-regulator-ready-repurposing-dossiers/"},{"id":"idea-reg-guideline-fast-track-repurposed","kind":"idea","name":"A guideline fast track for repurposed drugs with phase 3 evidence but no manufacturer","aka":"","tldr":"Guidelines usually wait for a drug to be licensed for a use before recommending it. For old drugs no one will license, guidelines should act directly on trial evidence.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-guideline-fast-track-repurposed/"},{"id":"idea-reg-payer-coverage-off-label-generic-commitment","kind":"idea","name":"Payers pre-commit to cover off-label generics when a definitive trial is positive","aka":"","tldr":"Even when a trial proves a cheap old drug helps, insurers may refuse to pay because it is not licensed for cancer. A standing promise to pay would remove that fear.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-payer-coverage-off-label-generic-commitment/"},{"id":"idea-reg-nonprofit-marketing-authorisation-holder","kind":"idea","name":"A non-profit company to hold marketing authorisations for repurposed cancer drugs","aka":"","tldr":"Someone must legally own a drug's licence to update its label and monitor safety. A non-profit could do this for old drugs proven to work in cancer that no company wants.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-nonprofit-marketing-authorisation-holder/"},{"id":"idea-reg-metronomic-lmic-phase3-to-label","kind":"idea","name":"Validate low-cost metronomic oral regimens in phase 3 and carry them into guidelines","aka":"","tldr":"Indian trials have shown that tiny daily doses of old oral chemotherapy drugs can help patients with head and neck cancer at a cost of a few dollars a month. These regimens should be proven and adopted worldwide.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-metronomic-lmic-phase3-to-label/","cancers":"head-and-neck cervical"},{"id":"idea-reg-generic-chemo-strategic-reserve","kind":"idea","name":"A strategic reserve of essential generic cancer drugs to end recurring shortages","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer patients have had treatments delayed because basic chemotherapy drugs ran out. Keeping a national stockpile, like for flu antivirals, would prevent this.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-generic-chemo-strategic-reserve/"},{"id":"idea-reg-factorial-addon-arms-cooperative-trials","kind":"idea","name":"Add a cheap-drug factorial arm to every cooperative-group adjuvant cancer trial","aka":"","tldr":"Large adjuvant trials already follow thousands of patients for years. Adding a second randomisation to a cheap old drug would answer repurposing questions almost for free.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-factorial-addon-arms-cooperative-trials/"},{"id":"idea-reg-olanzapine-cachexia-global-confirmation","kind":"idea","name":"Confirm low-dose olanzapine for appetite and weight in advanced cancer worldwide","aka":"","tldr":"A randomised placebo-controlled trial at Tata Memorial found that 2.5 mg of olanzapine daily, a cheap antipsychotic pill already used for chemotherapy nausea, improved appetite and weight gain in patients starting chemotherapy for advanced stomach, lung and hepatopancreatobiliary cancers. A multinational confirmatory trial is needed before guidelines and labels adopt it.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-olanzapine-cachexia-global-confirmation/","cancers":"gastric nsclc pancreatic"},{"id":"idea-reg-preregistered-ai-repurposing-scoring","kind":"idea","name":"Pre-registered, publicly scored AI ranking of repurposing candidates for cancer","aka":"","tldr":"AI systems claim to find new uses for old drugs, but their predictions are rarely tested fairly. Publish their cancer predictions in advance and score them against trial results.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-reg-preregistered-ai-repurposing-scoring/"},{"id":"idea-acc-open-hardware-linac","kind":"idea","name":"An open-hardware radiotherapy machine built for unreliable power and dust","aka":"","tldr":"Design a radiotherapy machine from scratch for hospitals with patchy electricity, heat and few engineers, and publish the design so several companies can build it cheaply.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-open-hardware-linac/"},{"id":"idea-acc-linac-uptime-contracts","kind":"idea","name":"Pay for radiotherapy machine uptime, not for the machine","aka":"","tldr":"Governments and donors should buy guaranteed working hours from radiotherapy vendors, with remote monitoring and regional spare-parts depots, instead of buying machines that then sit broken.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-linac-uptime-contracts/"},{"id":"idea-acc-hypofractionation-default-lmic","kind":"idea","name":"Make one-week radiotherapy the default in overloaded systems","aka":"","tldr":"Giving radiotherapy in five larger doses over one week instead of 15 to 25 smaller doses is non-inferior for cancer control and late toxicity in breast and prostate cancer, and triples the number of patients each machine can treat. The barriers are guideline inertia and payment per fraction, not hardware.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-hypofractionation-default-lmic/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate"},{"id":"idea-acc-remote-planning-hubs","kind":"idea","name":"Round-the-clock remote treatment-planning hubs for clinics without physicists","aka":"","tldr":"Hospitals without enough physicists could upload scans to a shared planning centre, where AI drafts the treatment plan and remote experts finish and check it within a day.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-remote-planning-hubs/"},{"id":"idea-acc-modern-cobalt-bridge","kind":"idea","name":"Modernised cobalt-60 machines as a deliberate bridge where linacs cannot be kept running","aka":"","tldr":"In places where sophisticated machines break down, a modern version of the older cobalt radiotherapy unit, upgraded with image guidance, could treat more people reliably while infrastructure catches up.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-modern-cobalt-bridge/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"idea-acc-pooled-procurement-radiotherapy","kind":"idea","name":"A Gavi-style pooled purchaser for radiotherapy equipment and service","aka":"","tldr":"Countries buying radiotherapy machines one at a time pay high prices and get poor service. A single global buyer negotiating for dozens of machines a year could cut prices and demand long-term support.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-pooled-procurement-radiotherapy/"},{"id":"idea-acc-telepathology-district-network","kind":"idea","name":"Slide scanners in district hospitals wired to pathologists anywhere","aka":"","tldr":"In much of Africa and South Asia there is about one pathologist per million people, so the pathologist, not the tissue sample, is the diagnostic bottleneck. A slide scanner in each district lab, routing images to a pooled roster of pathologists including diaspora volunteers, could give a diagnosis in days instead of months; the gap is scale and financing.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-telepathology-district-network/"},{"id":"idea-acc-ai-first-pathology-common-cases","kind":"idea","name":"AI-first reading for high-volume common cancer diagnoses, pathologist for the exceptions","aka":"","tldr":"Let validated AI make the first read on routine, high-volume samples like cervical smears and standard breast biopsy stains, so scarce pathologists spend their time on the difficult cases.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-ai-first-pathology-common-cases/","cancers":"cervical breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-acc-nurse-led-chemotherapy-units","kind":"idea","name":"Nurse-led chemotherapy day units with a doctor on a screen","aka":"","tldr":"Trained nurses following strict written protocols can safely run chemotherapy clinics for common cancers, with an oncologist available by video for decisions and problems.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-nurse-led-chemotherapy-units/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hodgkin-lymphoma all-leukemia cervical"},{"id":"idea-acc-eml-listing-price-commitments","kind":"idea","name":"Tie WHO essential-medicines listing to a published tiered price and supply pledge","aka":"","tldr":"When a cancer drug is added to the WHO essential medicines list, the maker should publicly commit to a low price and reliable supply for poorer countries, or the listing is withheld.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-eml-listing-price-commitments/"},{"id":"idea-acc-biosimilar-prequalification-pool","kind":"idea","name":"WHO prequalification plus pooled demand to push biosimilar prices below 10% of the originator","aka":"","tldr":"Biosimilars of trastuzumab, rituximab and bevacizumab have existed for years, but poorer countries cannot assess biologics themselves and place small fragmented orders. Extending WHO prequalification, begun with trastuzumab in 2019, to every oncology biosimilar and pooling procurement would give buyers assurance and makers volume, aiming below a tenth of originator prices.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-biosimilar-prequalification-pool/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive dlbcl"},{"id":"idea-acc-chemo-stockout-early-warning","kind":"idea","name":"A live stock-out map for essential chemotherapy drugs","aka":"","tldr":"Hospitals in poorer countries often run out of basic, cheap chemotherapy for weeks. A shared live map of stock levels would let buyers and donors act before a child's treatment is interrupted.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-chemo-stockout-early-warning/","cancers":"all-leukemia hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"idea-acc-childhood-medicines-platform-scale","kind":"idea","name":"Guaranteed-quality childhood cancer medicines free of charge in 50 countries","aka":"","tldr":"Most children with cancer in rich countries are cured; most in poor countries are not, often because cheap drugs are missing. A global platform now ships quality drugs free; scaling it to 50 countries would be one of the highest-value cancer interventions available.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-childhood-medicines-platform-scale/","cancers":"all-leukemia hodgkin-lymphoma neuroblastoma"},{"id":"idea-acc-hub-spoke-national-networks","kind":"idea","name":"National hub-and-spoke cancer networks with defined referral tiers","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of one overwhelmed national cancer hospital, organise care in tiers: district hospitals diagnose and give simple treatment, regional centres give chemotherapy and surgery, and the hub handles radiotherapy and complex cases.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-hub-spoke-national-networks/"},{"id":"idea-acc-mobile-see-and-treat-units","kind":"idea","name":"Mobile diagnostic units that biopsy, scan and treat on the same visit","aka":"","tldr":"Vans equipped with ultrasound, biopsy kits, cervical screening and a link to a distant pathologist could bring a cancer diagnosis, and for cervical pre-cancer immediate treatment, to villages far from any hospital.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-mobile-see-and-treat-units/","cancers":"cervical breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-acc-hpv-self-sample-same-day-ablation","kind":"idea","name":"HPV self-testing with same-day treatment as the national cervical programme","aka":"","tldr":"Women can collect their own sample for the virus that causes cervical cancer; those who test positive can be treated the same day with a simple heat device. Done nationally, this could eliminate a disease that still kills hundreds of thousands of women a year.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-hpv-self-sample-same-day-ablation/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"idea-acc-gbci-country-dashboards","kind":"idea","name":"Public country dashboards for the three WHO breast cancer targets","aka":"","tldr":"The WHO set three simple goals for breast cancer: most cancers found early, diagnosis within 60 days, and most patients finishing treatment. Every country should publish how it is doing on each, every year.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-gbci-country-dashboards/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"idea-acc-infusion-sparing-regimens","kind":"idea","name":"Choose regimens by infusion-chair hours, not just efficacy, where chairs are the constraint","aka":"","tldr":"When a hospital's real limit is the number of chemotherapy chairs and nurses, guidelines should favour treatments given by mouth or in fewer, shorter visits, if they work about as well.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-infusion-sparing-regimens/"},{"id":"idea-acc-metronomic-lmic-platform-trial","kind":"idea","name":"A platform trial of very-low-cost metronomic chemotherapy in LMIC common cancers","aka":"","tldr":"Frequent tiny doses of cheap old chemotherapy pills have shown surprising benefit in some cancers. A single large trial network in India and Africa could find out where this works and where it does not.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-metronomic-lmic-platform-trial/","cancers":"head-and-neck cervical tnbc"},{"id":"idea-acc-global-cancer-financing-window","kind":"idea","name":"A dedicated global financing window for cancer, modelled on the Global Fund","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer kills more people in poorer countries than HIV, TB and malaria combined, but has no global fund. A pooled fund for diagnosis, essential medicines and radiotherapy would change what ministries can afford to build.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-global-cancer-financing-window/"},{"id":"idea-acc-frugal-hdr-brachytherapy","kind":"idea","name":"Low-cost cobalt-60 brachytherapy for cervical cancer in every regional centre","aka":"","tldr":"Cervical cancer cannot be cured by external radiotherapy alone; it needs brachytherapy, internal radiation that LMIC radiotherapy centres frequently lack or cannot keep running because iridium-192 sources must be replaced every three months. Cobalt-60 sources last about five years and give equivalent doses, so funding cobalt units for every regional centre closes a well-understood cure gap.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-frugal-hdr-brachytherapy/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"idea-acc-registries-as-aid-condition","kind":"idea","name":"Make a population cancer registry a condition of every cancer aid programme","aka":"","tldr":"You cannot fix what you cannot count. Every donor-funded cancer programme should fund and require a population-based cancer registry so results can be measured over time.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-registries-as-aid-condition/"},{"id":"idea-acc-abandonment-stipends","kind":"idea","name":"Cash for transport and food to stop families abandoning curative treatment","aka":"","tldr":"Treatment abandonment is the leading cause of treatment failure for childhood cancer in much of the low- and middle-income world, driven by bus fares, lost income and the cost of food and lodging. Conditional cash, transport vouchers and family accommodation have cut abandonment sharply in Central America, East Africa and India, and should be funded in every curative protocol.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-abandonment-stipends/","cancers":"all-leukemia hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"idea-acc-diaspora-tele-tumour-boards","kind":"idea","name":"Credentialed diaspora oncologists staffing remote tumour boards for home-country hospitals","aka":"","tldr":"Thousands of oncologists trained in poorer countries now work abroad. A structured programme could let them join weekly video case conferences for hospitals back home, improving decisions at almost no cost.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-diaspora-tele-tumour-boards/"},{"id":"idea-acc-solar-microgrids-for-cancer-units","kind":"idea","name":"Solar microgrids so radiotherapy, pathology and drug fridges never lose power","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer units in poorer countries lose treatment days, spoil drugs and damage machines during power cuts. Solar panels with batteries sized for the cancer unit would remove that failure point.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-solar-microgrids-for-cancer-units/"},{"id":"idea-acc-clinical-officer-oncology-track","kind":"idea","name":"An 18-month oncology track for clinical officers and physician associates","aka":"","tldr":"Training a specialist doctor takes ten years or more. Mid-level clinicians can be trained in eighteen months to run protocol-based cancer care under supervision, and there are far more of them.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-clinical-officer-oncology-track/"},{"id":"idea-acc-oncology-pharmacist-prescribing","kind":"idea","name":"Oncology pharmacists as protocol prescribers for supportive care and dose adjustments","aka":"","tldr":"Let specially trained cancer pharmacists prescribe anti-sickness drugs, growth-factor support and routine dose adjustments under protocols, freeing oncologists for decisions only they can make.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-oncology-pharmacist-prescribing/"},{"id":"idea-acc-remote-medical-physics-qa","kind":"idea","name":"One medical physicist covering many radiotherapy machines through remote quality assurance","aka":"","tldr":"Medical physicists, who keep radiotherapy machines accurate and safe, are in even shorter supply than oncologists in under-resourced systems. Routine linac quality assurance is now largely automated and log-file based, so one physicist could review it remotely while trained radiation therapists take the measurements, covering three to five machines once regulators define the supervision standard.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-remote-medical-physics-qa/"},{"id":"idea-acc-echo-tele-mentoring-oncology","kind":"idea","name":"Project ECHO tele-mentoring for district clinicians managing cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Project ECHO is a weekly video class where district doctors and nurses present real cases to a specialist team, learn by doing, and build a network. It worked for hepatitis C and could work for cancer.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-echo-tele-mentoring-oncology/"},{"id":"idea-acc-retention-packages-oncology","kind":"idea","name":"Retention packages so trained oncology staff stay: bonds, top-ups, working equipment","aka":"","tldr":"Radiation oncologists and physicists from poorer countries who train abroad commonly emigrate, and money alone does not keep them. A package combining a return-of-service bond, salary top-ups, a guarantee of working equipment, academic links and a predictable career path, co-funded by government and donors, should be trialled with five-year retention measured.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-retention-packages-oncology/"},{"id":"idea-acc-regional-oncology-training-hubs","kind":"idea","name":"Regional training hubs that produce oncologists, physicists and radiographers in-region","aka":"","tldr":"Rather than sending a handful of trainees to Europe or America, build a few large training centres in Africa and South Asia that train the whole team together, with local case mix and local costs.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-regional-oncology-training-hubs/"},{"id":"idea-acc-ambient-ai-documentation-oncology","kind":"idea","name":"Ambient AI note-taking to give oncologists back a day a week","aka":"","tldr":"Oncologists spend hours a day typing notes. Software that listens to the consultation and drafts the note, the letter and the orders could return that time to seeing patients.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-ambient-ai-documentation-oncology/"},{"id":"idea-acc-advanced-practice-radiation-therapists","kind":"idea","name":"Advanced-practice radiation therapists doing contouring and on-treatment reviews","aka":"","tldr":"Radiation therapists, the staff who deliver daily treatment, can be trained to outline normal organs on scans and to review patients during treatment, work that oncologists now do.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-advanced-practice-radiation-therapists/"},{"id":"idea-acc-nurse-led-follow-up-clinics","kind":"idea","name":"Nurse-led follow-up clinics for survivors, freeing oncologists for active treatment","aka":"","tldr":"Most follow-up visits after successful treatment are routine. Nurse practitioners can run them well, giving survivors more time and oncologists more capacity for new patients.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-nurse-led-follow-up-clinics/"},{"id":"idea-acc-pathologist-assistants-and-ai-triage","kind":"idea","name":"Pathologist assistants plus AI triage to multiply pathologist capacity","aka":"","tldr":"Much of a pathologist's day is preparation, measuring and describing specimens. Trained assistants can do that, and AI can pre-screen slides, so each pathologist reports far more cancers.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-pathologist-assistants-and-ai-triage/"},{"id":"idea-acc-open-oncology-workforce-model","kind":"idea","name":"An open global model of cancer workforce supply and demand by country","aka":"","tldr":"No one knows exactly how many oncologists, nurses, physicists and pathologists each country has or needs. A public, regularly updated model would let governments plan training and spot shortfalls years ahead.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-open-oncology-workforce-model/"},{"id":"idea-acc-fast-track-relicensing-oncologists","kind":"idea","name":"Fast-track relicensing for refugee, migrant and returning oncology professionals","aka":"","tldr":"Trained cancer doctors and nurses who have fled conflict or moved countries often spend years unable to practise. A short, competency-based route back to work would add capacity quickly.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-fast-track-relicensing-oncologists/"},{"id":"idea-acc-mainstream-tele-genetic-counselling","kind":"idea","name":"Oncology teams order germline tests; tele-genetic counsellors handle the results","aka":"","tldr":"There are too few genetic counsellors to see every patient who should have an inherited-risk test. Let the cancer team order the test with a short consent script, and use video counsellors for those with results that matter.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-mainstream-tele-genetic-counselling/","cancers":"ovarian breast-hr-positive colorectal"},{"id":"idea-acc-community-health-workers-oncology","kind":"idea","name":"Community health workers trained in cancer triage, navigation and home palliative care","aka":"","tldr":"Millions of community health workers already visit homes for vaccines and maternal care. Training them to recognise cancer warning signs, guide patients through the system and support home pain care would reach people no hospital does.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-community-health-workers-oncology/","cancers":"cervical breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-acc-district-surgeon-oncology-mentorship","kind":"idea","name":"Structured mentorship so district general surgeons perform common cancer operations safely","aka":"","tldr":"Surgery cures more cancers than any other treatment, but most district hospitals refer everything to a distant centre. Train and mentor general surgeons to do common cancer operations well, with specialists checking results.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-district-surgeon-oncology-mentorship/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal gastric"},{"id":"idea-acc-one-stop-breast-diagnostic-clinic","kind":"idea","name":"One-stop breast clinics: imaging, biopsy and a preliminary answer in a single visit","aka":"","tldr":"A woman with a breast lump should be examined, scanned and biopsied on the same day, and hear the result within a few days, rather than visiting four times over two months.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-one-stop-breast-diagnostic-clinic/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"idea-acc-28-day-diagnosis-standard","kind":"idea","name":"A legislated, publicly reported 28-day standard from urgent referral to diagnosis","aka":"","tldr":"Set a legal limit: anyone referred with suspected cancer should be told within 28 days whether they have it. Publish how every hospital performs each month.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-28-day-diagnosis-standard/"},{"id":"idea-acc-funded-navigator-per-diagnosis","kind":"idea","name":"A paid patient navigator for every new cancer diagnosis, reimbursed as a service","aka":"","tldr":"Every newly diagnosed patient gets a named person whose job is to get them through appointments, tests, paperwork and money problems. Insurers should pay for it because it prevents delays and dropouts.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-funded-navigator-per-diagnosis/"},{"id":"idea-acc-reflex-genomic-profiling-at-diagnosis","kind":"idea","name":"Pathologists order genomic profiling automatically at diagnosis of advanced cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A substantial share of patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer start first-line treatment before their biomarker results arrive, or without full testing, and so miss targeted therapy. Letting the pathologist order the full genomic panel the moment a cancer of a defined type and stage is confirmed shortens time to result and makes testing complete.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-reflex-genomic-profiling-at-diagnosis/","cancers":"nsclc colorectal"},{"id":"idea-acc-guideline-concordance-dashboards","kind":"idea","name":"Live guideline-concordance dashboards for every tumour board, generated from the record","aka":"","tldr":"Hospitals rarely know what fraction of their patients got the recommended treatment. Software reading the electronic record can show each team, every month, where care deviated from guidelines.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-guideline-concordance-dashboards/"},{"id":"idea-acc-national-virtual-mdt-rare-complex","kind":"idea","name":"Mandatory national virtual tumour boards for rare and complex cancers","aka":"","tldr":"A patient with a rare cancer treated at a small hospital should have their case reviewed by the national experts by video before treatment starts. Make that referral automatic.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-national-virtual-mdt-rare-complex/","cancers":"sarcoma neuroendocrine"},{"id":"idea-acc-portable-treatment-summary","kind":"idea","name":"A machine-readable treatment summary handed to every patient and readable by any hospital","aka":"","tldr":"Patients moving between hospitals often carry paper folders or nothing. A standard electronic summary of diagnosis, treatments, and doses that any system can read would stop repeated tests and dangerous gaps.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-portable-treatment-summary/"},{"id":"idea-acc-primary-care-shared-care-agreements","kind":"idea","name":"Formal shared-care agreements between oncology and family doctors, with same-day e-consult","aka":"","tldr":"Family doctors often do not know who is responsible for a cancer patient's blood pressure, diabetes or new symptom. Written agreements plus a same-day electronic question line to the oncologist would fill the gap.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-primary-care-shared-care-agreements/"},{"id":"idea-acc-electronic-pro-monitoring-standard","kind":"idea","name":"Weekly electronic symptom reporting as a standard of care during systemic therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Patients on chemotherapy who report their symptoms weekly through an app, with nurses acting on alerts, live longer and visit emergency rooms less. This should be routine and paid for.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-electronic-pro-monitoring-standard/"},{"id":"idea-acc-tumour-board-implementation-audit","kind":"idea","name":"Audit whether tumour board recommendations were actually carried out","aka":"","tldr":"Hospitals hold weekly meetings to decide each patient's plan but rarely check what happened afterwards. A simple loop that records the recommendation and checks it against what was done would catch dropped plans.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-tumour-board-implementation-audit/"},{"id":"idea-acc-acute-oncology-assessment-units","kind":"idea","name":"Acute oncology assessment units so sick cancer patients bypass the emergency department","aka":"","tldr":"A cancer patient with a fever or severe sickness during treatment should be seen quickly by a team that knows chemotherapy, not wait hours in a general emergency room.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-acute-oncology-assessment-units/"},{"id":"idea-acc-diagnostic-interval-public-registry","kind":"idea","name":"Record and publish the symptom-to-diagnosis interval for every cancer, by hospital","aka":"","tldr":"How long people wait between first noticing something wrong and being diagnosed is barely measured. Recording it routinely and publishing it by hospital would expose where the system loses time.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-diagnostic-interval-public-registry/"},{"id":"idea-acc-reflex-biomarker-panels-by-tumour","kind":"idea","name":"Standing reflex biomarker panels per tumour type, run without an oncologist's order","aka":"","tldr":"For each cancer type, agree the set of stains and tests that are always needed, and have the lab run them automatically on diagnosis rather than waiting for someone to ask.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-reflex-biomarker-panels-by-tumour/","cancers":"colorectal gastric head-and-neck nsclc"},{"id":"idea-acc-rapid-diagnostic-centres-vague-symptoms","kind":"idea","name":"Rapid diagnostic centres for people with vague but worrying symptoms","aka":"","tldr":"Weight loss, fatigue and unexplained pain do not point to one organ, so patients bounce between specialists. A single clinic that investigates such symptoms quickly finds cancers that would otherwise be found late.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-rapid-diagnostic-centres-vague-symptoms/","cancers":"pancreatic gastric multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"idea-acc-embedded-decision-aids","kind":"idea","name":"Decision aids built into the record for every preference-sensitive cancer choice","aka":"","tldr":"Choices like mastectomy versus lumpectomy, or whether to have chemotherapy after surgery, depend on what matters to the patient. Good decision aids exist but are rarely used; building them into the clinic workflow would change that.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-embedded-decision-aids/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate"},{"id":"idea-acc-financial-toxicity-screening-at-diagnosis","kind":"idea","name":"Screen every patient for financial hardship at diagnosis and connect them to help","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer often ruins families financially, and money worries make people skip treatment. Ask about finances at the first visit, as routinely as asking about allergies, and route people to assistance.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-financial-toxicity-screening-at-diagnosis/"},{"id":"idea-acc-universal-asynchronous-second-opinion","kind":"idea","name":"An asynchronous expert second opinion for every new advanced-cancer diagnosis","aka":"","tldr":"Every patient newly diagnosed with advanced cancer would have their records reviewed by an expert centre within a week, without travelling. The review often changes the plan.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-universal-asynchronous-second-opinion/"},{"id":"idea-acc-episode-payment-tied-to-concordance","kind":"idea","name":"Bundled episode payments for cancer care with bonuses for guideline concordance","aka":"","tldr":"Pay hospitals a single amount for a whole course of cancer treatment, with extra for following the evidence, rather than paying per visit and per drug, which rewards fragmentation.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-episode-payment-tied-to-concordance/"},{"id":"idea-acc-transition-handoff-medication-reconciliation","kind":"idea","name":"A standard handoff with medication reconciliation at every cancer care transition","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer care has more handoffs than most conditions, hospital to home, surgery to chemotherapy, oncology back to the family doctor, and information and medications are lost at each. A standard handoff checklist plus pharmacist medication reconciliation covering oral anticancer drugs, steroids, anticoagulants and opioids at every transition would prevent avoidable adverse drug events cheaply.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-transition-handoff-medication-reconciliation/"},{"id":"idea-acc-pathway-capacity-simulation","kind":"idea","name":"Simulate each hospital's cancer pathway as a queue to find and remove the waits","aka":"","tldr":"Hospitals rarely know which step, the scanner, the biopsy, the pathologist or the clinic slot, is causing the queue. Modelling the pathway like a factory line shows where a small change would remove weeks of waiting.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-pathway-capacity-simulation/"},{"id":"idea-acc-auto-generated-survivorship-plans","kind":"idea","name":"Survivorship care plans generated automatically from the treatment record","aka":"","tldr":"Every patient finishing treatment should get a clear document listing what they had, what to watch for, and when to be checked. Software can write it from the record so it actually happens.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-auto-generated-survivorship-plans/"},{"id":"idea-acc-risk-stratified-cardio-oncology-pathway","kind":"idea","name":"A risk-stratified cardio-oncology pathway for everyone receiving heart-toxic cancer therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Some chemotherapy and antibody drugs damage the heart. Checking heart function before and during treatment and starting protective drugs early for those at risk could prevent much of that damage.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-risk-stratified-cardio-oncology-pathway/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive dlbcl"},{"id":"idea-acc-default-fertility-preservation-referral","kind":"idea","name":"Default fertility preservation referral for every patient under 40 before treatment","aka":"","tldr":"Fewer than half of patients starting treatment that can damage fertility have a documented fertility discussion or referral, with worse rates for women, minorities and patients outside academic centres. An order-set trigger that refers every patient under 40 to reproductive medicine unless they actively decline would make the conversation routine and timely.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-default-fertility-preservation-referral/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma tnbc all-leukemia"},{"id":"idea-acc-national-late-effects-registry","kind":"idea","name":"A national late-effects registry linking treatment exposures to outcomes decades later","aka":"","tldr":"We know surprisingly little about what happens to cancer survivors twenty years on. Linking their treatment records to later health records would show which treatments cause which problems and who needs watching.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-national-late-effects-registry/"},{"id":"idea-acc-risk-stratified-follow-up","kind":"idea","name":"Risk-stratified follow-up: low-risk survivors to primary care with fast re-entry","aka":"","tldr":"Not every survivor needs to see an oncologist every six months for years. Sort people by recurrence risk, send low-risk survivors back to their family doctor with a clear plan, and guarantee rapid return if something changes.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-risk-stratified-follow-up/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal prostate"},{"id":"idea-acc-tailored-second-cancer-screening","kind":"idea","name":"Tailored screening for second cancers in survivors with known high-risk exposures","aka":"","tldr":"Survivors who had chest radiotherapy as young women, or certain chemotherapies, have much higher risks of specific second cancers. They should be screened like people with inherited risk, and today most are not.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-tailored-second-cancer-screening/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-acc-return-to-work-rehabilitation","kind":"idea","name":"Vocational rehabilitation integrated into cancer care so survivors can return to work","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer survivors are substantially more likely to be unemployed than the general population, though with support they could often work. Vocational rehabilitation covering fatigue management, cognitive strategies, employer liaison and phased return has moderate trial evidence, mostly from Europe, and should be part of cancer care from diagnosis with a named coordinator, as it is for stroke.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-return-to-work-rehabilitation/"},{"id":"idea-acc-cognitive-rehabilitation-after-chemotherapy","kind":"idea","name":"Trials of structured cognitive rehabilitation for cancer-related cognitive impairment","aka":"","tldr":"A substantial minority of survivors report foggy thinking and memory problems for years after chemotherapy, limiting work and daily life, and no funded service exists for it. Small trials of computerised cognitive training, strategy training and exercise show benefit; a definitive multi-arm trial with a functional endpoint would establish or refute a treatable condition.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-cognitive-rehabilitation-after-chemotherapy/"},{"id":"idea-acc-cardiometabolic-clinic-hormone-therapy","kind":"idea","name":"Cardiometabolic screening and treatment for survivors on long-term hormone therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Hormone-blocking treatments for prostate and breast cancer, taken for years, raise the risk of diabetes, heart disease and bone fractures. Survivors on these drugs should get the same preventive care as diabetics.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-cardiometabolic-clinic-hormone-therapy/","cancers":"prostate breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-acc-aya-survivorship-passport","kind":"idea","name":"A survivorship passport app for adolescent and young adult survivors","aka":"","tldr":"Adolescent and young adult survivors live longest with late effects and are the group most often lost to follow-up as they change doctors over decades. A phone app version of Europe's Survivorship Passport, holding treatment history, exposure-based risk explanations and screening reminders, would travel with them for life.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-aya-survivorship-passport/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma all-leukemia sarcoma aya-cancers"},{"id":"idea-acc-survivor-biobank-late-effect-prediction","kind":"idea","name":"A survivor biobank to find who will develop late effects before they do","aka":"","tldr":"Two people can have identical treatment and only one develops heart failure or a second cancer years later. Collecting blood and genetic data from survivors could reveal who is at risk and who can be reassured.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-survivor-biobank-late-effect-prediction/"},{"id":"idea-acc-lymphoedema-prospective-surveillance","kind":"idea","name":"Prospective arm-volume surveillance to catch and reverse lymphoedema early","aka":"","tldr":"Arm swelling after breast cancer surgery is common and lifelong once established, but if caught early with simple measurements and treated with a sleeve, most cases can be prevented from becoming permanent.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-lymphoedema-prospective-surveillance/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"idea-acc-automatic-early-palliative-triggers","kind":"idea","name":"Automatic palliative care referral triggered by diagnosis, not by decline","aka":"","tldr":"Palliative care given from the start of treatment for advanced cancer improves quality of life and may extend it. Instead of waiting for an oncologist to remember, the system should refer automatically when the diagnosis is recorded.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-automatic-early-palliative-triggers/","cancers":"nsclc pancreatic gastric"},{"id":"idea-acc-balanced-opioid-policy-reform","kind":"idea","name":"National opioid quota reform so morphine reaches cancer patients","aka":"","tldr":"Most of the world's people who die in cancer pain have no access to morphine, a drug that costs pennies, because of restrictive national rules. Fixing the rules, not inventing new drugs, is the answer.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-balanced-opioid-policy-reform/"},{"id":"idea-acc-local-oral-morphine-production","kind":"idea","name":"Locally prepared oral morphine solution, licensed for nurse prescribing","aka":"","tldr":"Uganda makes liquid morphine from powder in a simple facility and lets trained nurses prescribe it, giving pain relief to patients that no doctor will ever reach. Other countries could copy this within a year.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-local-oral-morphine-production/"},{"id":"idea-acc-neighbourhood-palliative-networks","kind":"idea","name":"Volunteer-led neighbourhood palliative networks, the Kerala model, adapted elsewhere","aka":"","tldr":"In Kerala, trained community volunteers, backed by nurses and doctors, provide most home palliative care to the dying. The model reaches more people at lower cost than any clinic-based service and could be copied.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-neighbourhood-palliative-networks/"},{"id":"idea-acc-tele-palliative-care-default","kind":"idea","name":"Video palliative care as an equivalent default option for patients far from a team","aka":"","tldr":"A large trial showed that palliative care delivered by video works as well as in person for people with advanced lung cancer. Payers should cover it so that distance from a hospital no longer decides who gets it.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-tele-palliative-care-default/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"idea-acc-earmarked-palliative-budget-share","kind":"idea","name":"Earmark a fixed share of every national cancer budget for palliative care","aka":"","tldr":"Most of the money in cancer goes to treatments that help a few people for a short time, while pain relief for the dying, which is cheap and works, gets almost nothing. Ring-fencing a small fixed share would change that.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-earmarked-palliative-budget-share/"},{"id":"idea-acc-pain-control-public-audit","kind":"idea","name":"Measure and publish pain control rates in every cancer centre","aka":"","tldr":"Hospitals publish survival and infection rates but almost never how many of their cancer patients are in uncontrolled pain. Measuring and publishing it would make pain a priority.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-pain-control-public-audit/"},{"id":"idea-acc-serious-illness-conversation-prompts","kind":"idea","name":"Train every oncology team in serious-illness conversations and prompt them in the record","aka":"","tldr":"Patients with advanced cancer often never have a clear conversation about what to expect and what matters to them. A structured conversation guide, taught to clinicians and prompted by the record, makes these talks happen earlier.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-serious-illness-conversation-prompts/"},{"id":"idea-acc-single-fraction-palliative-radiotherapy-default","kind":"idea","name":"Single-fraction radiotherapy as the default for painful bone metastases","aka":"","tldr":"Randomised trials and meta-analyses show a single 8 Gy radiotherapy session relieves pain from uncomplicated bone metastases as well as ten sessions, with a higher retreatment rate, yet habit and per-fraction payment keep most patients on the longer course. Making one session the default, with an opt-out justification and payment neutrality, would spare patients trips and free machines.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-single-fraction-palliative-radiotherapy-default/"},{"id":"idea-acc-essential-palliative-package-in-uhc","kind":"idea","name":"Put the essential palliative care package into every universal health coverage benefit list","aka":"","tldr":"The Lancet Commission defined a cheap basic package of drugs, equipment and staff for palliative care. Countries expanding health coverage should include it as a guaranteed benefit.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-essential-palliative-package-in-uhc/"},{"id":"idea-acc-paediatric-palliative-in-every-childhood-unit","kind":"idea","name":"A paediatric palliative care team in every childhood cancer unit","aka":"","tldr":"Children with cancer, and their families, need symptom relief and support from diagnosis, not only at the end. Every children's cancer unit should have a palliative team, and most in poorer countries have none.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-paediatric-palliative-in-every-childhood-unit/","cancers":"all-leukemia neuroblastoma"},{"id":"idea-acc-home-based-end-of-life-kits","kind":"idea","name":"Home end-of-life care kits and trained family carers where no hospice exists","aka":"","tldr":"Most people in poorer countries die at home without any professional support. A simple kit of medicines and supplies plus a few hours of training for a family member could make dying far less painful.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-home-based-end-of-life-kits/"},{"id":"idea-acc-methadone-and-alternatives-where-morphine-fails","kind":"idea","name":"Trials of low-cost opioid alternatives where morphine supply is unreliable","aka":"","tldr":"When morphine is unavailable, patients get nothing. Some cheap alternatives, such as methadone or tramadol, may work for cancer pain but have not been properly tested in these settings.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-methadone-and-alternatives-where-morphine-fails/"},{"id":"idea-acc-geriatric-assessment-by-default","kind":"idea","name":"Geriatric assessment by default for every patient over 70 starting cancer treatment","aka":"","tldr":"A short structured check of memory, mobility, nutrition and medicines before treatment cuts serious side effects in older patients without reducing benefit. It should be automatic, not optional.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-geriatric-assessment-by-default/"},{"id":"idea-acc-broad-eligibility-as-regulatory-default","kind":"idea","name":"Make sponsors justify every trial exclusion of older and multimorbid patients","aka":"","tldr":"Most cancer patients are over 65 and a large share have other illnesses, yet trials routinely exclude them on organ function, prior cancers, HIV or brain metastases. Regulators should require sponsors to justify each exclusion, include patients with controlled comorbidities by default, drop upper age limits, and report enrolment over 75 in labels.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-broad-eligibility-as-regulatory-default/"},{"id":"idea-acc-pragmatic-trials-over-75-function-endpoints","kind":"idea","name":"Pragmatic trials in patients over 75 with function, not just survival, as the primary endpoint","aka":"","tldr":"For a frail 80-year-old, staying independent may matter more than living a few months longer. Trials designed for older patients should measure what they care about.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-pragmatic-trials-over-75-function-endpoints/"},{"id":"idea-acc-structured-deprescribing-at-diagnosis","kind":"idea","name":"Structured deprescribing review at cancer diagnosis and again at transition to palliative care","aka":"","tldr":"Older cancer patients often take ten or more medicines, some of which no longer help and may interact with cancer treatment. A pharmacist review to stop unnecessary ones, at diagnosis and when goals change, would reduce harm.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-structured-deprescribing-at-diagnosis/"},{"id":"idea-acc-home-chemotherapy-older-patients","kind":"idea","name":"Home administration of selected chemotherapy and immunotherapy for older and frail patients","aka":"","tldr":"For frail older patients, the journey to hospital can be the hardest part of treatment. Nurses can safely give some cancer treatments at home, which may help more people complete their course.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-home-chemotherapy-older-patients/"},{"id":"idea-acc-hospital-at-home-oncology","kind":"idea","name":"Hospital-at-home for oncology: treating low-risk febrile neutropenia and dehydration at home","aka":"","tldr":"Hospital-at-home programmes deliver intravenous antibiotics, fluids, monitoring and daily nurse and physician visits in the patient's home, with equivalent or better outcomes and lower costs in general medicine. Extending them to low-risk fever after chemotherapy and dehydration, with payer recognition, would keep older cancer patients out of hospital beds, where they are most at risk of harm.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-hospital-at-home-oncology/"},{"id":"idea-acc-upfront-reduced-dose-trials-frail","kind":"idea","name":"Upfront reduced-dose regimens tested head-to-head in frail older patients","aka":"","tldr":"Frail older patients are often given full doses and then have them cut after bad side effects, or are given nothing. Trials should test starting at a lower dose from the beginning.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-upfront-reduced-dose-trials-frail/","cancers":"gastric esophageal colorectal"},{"id":"idea-acc-electronic-frailty-index-oncology","kind":"idea","name":"An automatic electronic frailty index inside the oncology record","aka":"","tldr":"Frailty is the strongest predictor of who will be harmed by treatment, but it is rarely measured. Software can estimate it automatically from existing records and flag patients who need a closer look.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-electronic-frailty-index-oncology/"},{"id":"idea-acc-geriatric-co-management-surgery","kind":"idea","name":"Geriatrician co-management for older patients having cancer surgery","aka":"","tldr":"When a geriatrician co-manages patients over 75 around a cancer operation, as in the POSH programme at Duke and POPS in the UK, complications, delirium, length of stay and readmissions fall. Preoperative optimisation and postoperative geriatric review should be a standard part of surgical oncology pathways for this age group.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-geriatric-co-management-surgery/"},{"id":"idea-acc-post-approval-evidence-over-75","kind":"idea","name":"Require post-approval evidence in patients over 75 and update labels accordingly","aka":"","tldr":"New cancer drugs are approved on trials of younger, fitter patients, then given mostly to older ones. Regulators should require real-world safety and benefit data in the over-75s and put it on the label.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-post-approval-evidence-over-75/"},{"id":"idea-acc-caregiver-training-as-covered-service","kind":"idea","name":"Caregiver training and respite as a covered service in cancer care for older patients","aka":"","tldr":"Older cancer patients depend on family carers who receive no training or support. Paying for carer training and short breaks would keep patients at home and out of hospital.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-caregiver-training-as-covered-service/"},{"id":"idea-acc-pharmacist-interaction-review-oral-anticancer","kind":"idea","name":"Pharmacist interaction check before every oral cancer-drug prescription","aka":"","tldr":"Oral kinase inhibitors, CDK4/6 inhibitors and hormonal agents interact with proton pump inhibitors, anticoagulants, statins and antiarrhythmics, and are increasingly prescribed to older patients taking all of them. A mandatory oncology pharmacist review at initiation, dose change and refill, with a structured monitoring plan, would catch these interactions systematically.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-pharmacist-interaction-review-oral-anticancer/"},{"id":"idea-acc-time-toxicity-reporting","kind":"idea","name":"Report time toxicity, the days spent in healthcare, as a standard outcome for older patients","aka":"","tldr":"A treatment that adds two months of life but takes up most of those days in hospitals and clinics may not be worth it to an older patient. Trials should report how many days treatment consumes.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-time-toxicity-reporting/"},{"id":"idea-acc-prehabilitation-older-surgery","kind":"idea","name":"Multimodal prehabilitation for older patients before major cancer surgery","aka":"","tldr":"A few weeks of exercise, nutrition and mental preparation before a big operation helps older patients recover faster and with fewer complications. It costs little and should be routine.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-prehabilitation-older-surgery/","cancers":"colorectal gastric"},{"id":"idea-acc-dementia-and-cancer-pathway","kind":"idea","name":"A defined pathway for patients with both dementia and cancer","aka":"","tldr":"People with dementia who develop cancer are often either overtreated or written off, and decisions are made without them. A clear pathway for assessment, consent and treatment planning would improve both.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-acc-dementia-and-cancer-pathway/"},{"id":"idea-data-mcode-payment-condition","kind":"idea","name":"No mCODE, no payment: tie oncology reimbursement to a minimal structured record","aka":"","tldr":"Hospitals would only be paid for cancer treatment if they record a small, standard set of facts (diagnosis, stage, biomarkers, treatment, outcome) in a shared format that any computer can read.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-mcode-payment-condition/"},{"id":"idea-data-oncology-api-certification","kind":"idea","name":"Certify every oncology software product for a standard bulk data export","aka":"","tldr":"Regulators would test and certify that every hospital cancer system can export its records in a standard format, the way electrical appliances are certified safe.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-oncology-api-certification/"},{"id":"idea-data-national-cancer-data-space","kind":"idea","name":"A national cancer data space with one legal front door","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of asking twenty hospitals for permission, a researcher would apply once to a single national body that can grant access to all cancer records under one set of rules.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-national-cancer-data-space/"},{"id":"idea-data-federated-analytics-network","kind":"idea","name":"Send the code to the data: a federated analytics network of cancer centres","aka":"","tldr":"Hospitals keep their records at home; researchers send in a programme that runs at each hospital and only the summary results come back.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-federated-analytics-network/"},{"id":"idea-data-federated-learning-imaging","kind":"idea","name":"Federated training of pathology and radiology models across hospitals","aka":"","tldr":"Train one AI on pathology slides and radiology scans from dozens of hospitals without any hospital sharing its images: the model travels to the data. Federated learning has worked for glioblastoma segmentation across 70-plus sites, yet almost every clinical model is still trained at one or two institutions, so a persistent shared training infrastructure is proposed.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-federated-learning-imaging/"},{"id":"idea-data-donor-card","kind":"idea","name":"A cancer data donor card: patient-controlled donation of records for research","aka":"","tldr":"Like an organ donor card, anyone with cancer could sign once to let their medical records and leftover samples be used for research, and change their mind at any time.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-donor-card/"},{"id":"idea-data-dynamic-consent-app","kind":"idea","name":"Dynamic consent with usage receipts","aka":"","tldr":"An app where patients choose what their data can be used for, see every time it is used, and can switch permissions on or off.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-dynamic-consent-app/"},{"id":"idea-data-consent-in-the-pathway","kind":"idea","name":"Broad research consent as a routine step of the cancer pathway","aka":"","tldr":"Every newly diagnosed patient would be asked, as part of standard care, whether their data and leftover tissue can be used for research, so researchers never have to go back and ask.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-consent-in-the-pathway/"},{"id":"idea-data-accredited-tre-network","kind":"idea","name":"Accredited trusted research environments with curated cancer tables","aka":"","tldr":"Secure online workrooms where approved researchers can analyse cancer records without downloading them, with the data already cleaned and organised for cancer questions.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-accredited-tre-network/"},{"id":"idea-data-synthetic-companion-datasets","kind":"idea","name":"A synthetic twin of every restricted cancer dataset for code development","aka":"","tldr":"Publish a fake but realistic copy of each secure cancer dataset so researchers can write and test their code at home, then run the finished code on the real data.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-synthetic-companion-datasets/"},{"id":"idea-data-open-deidentification-pipeline","kind":"idea","name":"One certified open-source de-identification pipeline for scans and slides","aka":"","tldr":"Build and certify a single free tool that strips names and identifying marks from cancer scans and pathology slides, so every hospital stops writing its own.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-open-deidentification-pipeline/"},{"id":"idea-data-national-slide-archive","kind":"idea","name":"Digitise the nation's pathology slides and link them to outcomes","aka":"","tldr":"Scan the millions of cancer slides already sitting in hospital basements and connect each to what happened to the patient, creating the world's largest training set for pathology AI.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-national-slide-archive/"},{"id":"idea-data-structured-genomic-reports","kind":"idea","name":"Every tumour genomic report machine-readable and deposited nationally","aka":"","tldr":"Genetic test results for tumours are mostly PDFs. Require labs to also send a computer-readable version to a national store, so variants can be linked to what treatments worked.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-structured-genomic-reports/"},{"id":"idea-data-automatic-outcome-linkage","kind":"idea","name":"Automatic weekly linkage of cancer registries to deaths, prescriptions and imaging","aka":"","tldr":"Connect the cancer registry to death records, pharmacy records and scan reports automatically every week, so we always know what happened to every patient without anyone filling in a form.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-automatic-outcome-linkage/"},{"id":"idea-data-pro-as-structured-standard","kind":"idea","name":"Patient-reported symptoms captured as standard structured data in every clinic","aka":"","tldr":"Every cancer clinic would collect patients' own reports of symptoms and quality of life through a standard questionnaire that feeds straight into the record and into research datasets.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-pro-as-structured-standard/"},{"id":"idea-data-open-line-of-therapy-algorithms","kind":"idea","name":"Open, benchmarked algorithms for lines of therapy and progression from routine data","aka":"","tldr":"Publish the exact rules used to work out from messy hospital records which treatment a patient was on and when it stopped working, and test them all on the same data.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-open-line-of-therapy-algorithms/"},{"id":"idea-data-point-of-care-randomisation","kind":"idea","name":"Point-of-care randomisation built into the oncology record","aka":"","tldr":"When two accepted treatments are equally reasonable, the computer system would offer to randomise the choice and track the result, turning ordinary care into a continuous trial.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-point-of-care-randomisation/"},{"id":"idea-data-procurement-open-api-clauses","kind":"idea","name":"Public procurement clauses banning data export fees and lock-in","aka":"","tldr":"Hospitals buying cancer software with public money would be required to include contract terms guaranteeing free, standard data export and no penalties for switching.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-procurement-open-api-clauses/"},{"id":"idea-data-privacy-preserving-linkage-tokens","kind":"idea","name":"Privacy-preserving linkage tokens for every cancer data holder","aka":"","tldr":"Give each patient a scrambled code that is the same across hospitals, labs and registries, so records can be joined without anyone seeing names.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-privacy-preserving-linkage-tokens/"},{"id":"idea-data-registry-in-a-box","kind":"idea","name":"Open-source cancer registry-in-a-box for low-resource settings","aka":"","tldr":"A registry-in-a-box would be a free, ready-to-run cancer registry system, working on phones and without constant internet, so any hospital anywhere can start counting and following its cancer patients.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-registry-in-a-box/"},{"id":"idea-data-trial-to-registry-bridge","kind":"idea","name":"Map trial case report forms to the registry standard so trial and routine data join","aka":"","tldr":"Trials and hospital records describe the same things in different languages. Publish the translation so trial patients can be followed for life in routine data and trial results compared with routine care.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-trial-to-registry-bridge/"},{"id":"idea-data-atlas-to-outcome-linkage","kind":"idea","name":"Link single-cell and spatial tumour atlases to clinical outcomes","aka":"","tldr":"The detailed molecular maps of tumours being built today mostly lack information on what happened to the patient. Require every atlas sample to carry consented outcome data.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-atlas-to-outcome-linkage/"},{"id":"idea-data-radiotherapy-dose-repository","kind":"idea","name":"A national repository of radiotherapy dose plans linked to outcomes","aka":"","tldr":"Radiotherapy machines record exactly how much dose every organ received, but the data are thrown away. Collect them and link to toxicities and cures to learn the safest, most effective doses.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-radiotherapy-dose-repository/"},{"id":"idea-data-surgical-video-commons","kind":"idea","name":"A consented commons of surgical video linked to pathology and outcomes","aka":"","tldr":"Record cancer operations (with consent), link each video to the pathology report and the patient's recovery, and open the collection to researchers to learn what surgical technique actually works.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-surgical-video-commons/"},{"id":"idea-data-ipd-deposit-enforcement","kind":"idea","name":"Enforce individual participant data sharing as a condition of publication and funding","aka":"","tldr":"Journals and funders already ask trialists to share patient-level data; almost nobody checks. Make it a checked condition with real consequences.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-ipd-deposit-enforcement/"},{"id":"idea-data-common-biobank-consent-mta","kind":"idea","name":"A common consent and material transfer template for tumour biobanks","aka":"","tldr":"Every biobank negotiates its own legal agreement for sharing tissue, which takes months. A shared standard template, like Creative Commons for samples, would let tissue and data move in days.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-common-biobank-consent-mta/"},{"id":"idea-data-patient-held-cancer-record","kind":"idea","name":"A patient-held cancer record that travels across providers and borders","aka":"","tldr":"Patients would carry their full cancer history, scans and test results in a standard digital bundle they control and can hand to any doctor anywhere.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-patient-held-cancer-record/"},{"id":"idea-data-cross-border-rare-cancer-pool","kind":"idea","name":"One legal framework for pooling rare cancer data across borders","aka":"","tldr":"Rare cancers are too uncommon for any one country to learn from alone, and national legal differences stop registries pooling records. A standing framework with a common data model, one joint controller agreement, federated queries and GA4GH access passports would let rare cancer registries in the EU, UK, US and Asia be queried as one, then extended to LMIC partners.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-cross-border-rare-cancer-pool/","cancers":"sarcoma mesothelioma"},{"id":"idea-data-quality-scorecards","kind":"idea","name":"Public data-quality scorecards for every cancer centre","aka":"","tldr":"Publish a simple report card showing how complete, timely and standard each hospital's cancer data are, so poor recording becomes visible and fixable.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-quality-scorecards/"},{"id":"idea-data-structured-radiology-response","kind":"idea","name":"Structured, coded radiology reports for cancer response instead of free text","aka":"","tldr":"Radiologists would record tumour measurements and response in tick-box, coded form rather than prose, so progression is machine-readable across every scan.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-structured-radiology-response/"},{"id":"idea-data-target-trial-emulation-standard","kind":"idea","name":"A pre-registered standard for emulating trials with real-world data","aka":"","tldr":"When researchers use hospital records to ask 'would drug A have beaten drug B in a trial', they should follow a published recipe and register their plan first, so the answer can be trusted.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-target-trial-emulation-standard/"},{"id":"idea-data-rwe-rct-calibration-library","kind":"idea","name":"An open library pairing completed cancer trials with real-world emulations","aka":"","tldr":"Build a public library in which every phase 3 cancer trial is paired with a real-world emulation in federated hospital data, publishing how far the two agree in direction, magnitude and confidence interval overlap. Oncology needs its own calibration set because RCT-DUPLICATE covered mostly cardiometabolic disease, and it would map which question types can be trusted.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-rwe-rct-calibration-library/"},{"id":"idea-data-accelerated-approval-registry-condition","kind":"idea","name":"Every patient on an accelerated-approval drug enrolled in a registry until confirmation","aka":"","tldr":"Accelerated approvals rest on surrogate endpoints, and confirmatory trials take years and are sometimes never completed. Making registry enrolment with automatic outcome capture a condition of prescribing under accelerated approval would give regulators a real-world signal on benefit and toxicity within about two years, while the confirmatory trial runs.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-accelerated-approval-registry-condition/"},{"id":"idea-data-rwpfs-validation-programme","kind":"idea","name":"Validate real-world progression against central imaging review","aka":"","tldr":"Real-world studies say a drug 'stopped working' based on clinic notes. Check how often that matches a proper scan review, and fix the definitions so the two agree.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-rwpfs-validation-programme/"},{"id":"idea-data-registry-based-rcts","kind":"idea","name":"Registry-based randomised trials for oncology comparative effectiveness","aka":"","tldr":"Use the cancer registry itself as the trial machine: randomise patients at diagnosis, then let the registry collect the outcomes for a fraction of the usual cost.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-registry-based-rcts/"},{"id":"idea-data-coverage-with-evidence-development","kind":"idea","name":"Payers fund cancer drugs conditionally on a registry with a pre-specified analysis","aka":"","tldr":"When a health system pays for a new, uncertain cancer drug, it would require that every patient's outcome is recorded and that a pre-agreed analysis decides whether payment continues.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-coverage-with-evidence-development/"},{"id":"idea-data-off-label-outcomes-registry","kind":"idea","name":"A structured registry for every off-label cancer drug use","aka":"","tldr":"Doctors often use cancer drugs outside their approved use based on a hunch or a small study. Record what happens every time so the hunches become evidence.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-off-label-outcomes-registry/"},{"id":"idea-data-real-world-dose-intensity","kind":"idea","name":"Real-world dose intensity and toxicity monitoring to revise labelled doses","aka":"","tldr":"Track how much of each cancer drug patients actually receive and how often they need to reduce it, and use that to change the official dose when the label is too high.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-real-world-dose-intensity/"},{"id":"idea-data-excluded-populations-rwe-mandate","kind":"idea","name":"Mandatory real-world reporting for patients excluded from pivotal trials","aka":"","tldr":"Older, frailer and sicker patients are usually kept out of trials but make up most of those treated. Require companies to report how these patients do in practice.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-excluded-populations-rwe-mandate/"},{"id":"idea-data-linked-pharmacovigilance-interactions","kind":"idea","name":"Linked prescribing and outcome data to find drug interactions with cancer therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Use joined-up pharmacy and hospital records to spot when a common everyday medicine makes a cancer drug work worse or cause more harm.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-linked-pharmacovigilance-interactions/"},{"id":"idea-data-access-programme-outcomes","kind":"idea","name":"One outcome record for every donated or discounted cancer drug pack","aka":"","tldr":"Companies and charities give or discount cancer drugs in poorer countries, but nobody records whether the patients did well. Make a simple outcome record part of every programme.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-access-programme-outcomes/"},{"id":"idea-data-registry-genomics-linkage-programme","kind":"idea","name":"Link every national cancer registry to tumour genomics","aka":"","tldr":"Join the national list of who got cancer to the genetic profile of each tumour, so we can see for the whole population which mutations matter and which drugs work for them.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-registry-genomics-linkage-programme/"},{"id":"idea-data-observational-study-registration","kind":"idea","name":"Pre-registration and results reporting for real-world cancer studies","aka":"","tldr":"Just as clinical trials must be registered before they start, studies using hospital data should be registered too, so the failed or unwelcome ones cannot quietly disappear.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-observational-study-registration/"},{"id":"idea-data-gcp-for-real-world-data","kind":"idea","name":"Good practice standards and inspection for real-world data sources","aka":"","tldr":"Trials are inspected to check the data are real and traceable. Do the same for the hospital databases used to make regulatory decisions.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-gcp-for-real-world-data/"},{"id":"idea-data-registry-follow-up-of-trial-participants","kind":"idea","name":"Follow every trial participant for 30 years through registry linkage","aka":"","tldr":"Trials stop following patients after a few years, so late side effects and late relapses are missed. Link trial participants to national records so follow-up continues automatically for decades.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-registry-follow-up-of-trial-participants/"},{"id":"idea-data-wearable-endpoints-validation","kind":"idea","name":"Wearable activity data as a validated real-world endpoint","aka":"","tldr":"Step counts and sleep from a wristband could show whether a cancer treatment is helping or harming daily life. Prove they track survival and quality of life, then use them in real-world studies.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-wearable-endpoints-validation/"},{"id":"idea-data-external-control-arm-standard","kind":"idea","name":"Standards for external control arms built from federated real-world data","aka":"","tldr":"When a trial has no comparison group, the comparison is sometimes built from old patient records. Set rules for how that is done so the answer is not rigged.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-external-control-arm-standard/"},{"id":"idea-data-paediatric-rwe-consortium","kind":"idea","name":"An international consortium pooling the outcome of every treated child with cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Childhood cancers are rare, so no one country sees enough cases. Pool the treatment and outcome of every child treated anywhere into one governed dataset.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-paediatric-rwe-consortium/","cancers":"neuroblastoma sarcoma"},{"id":"idea-data-sequencing-analysis-per-approval","kind":"idea","name":"A real-world sequencing analysis within a year of every new approval","aka":"","tldr":"Trials tell us a drug works but not where it fits among the others. Commit to answering 'which order' from hospital data within a year of each approval.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-sequencing-analysis-per-approval/"},{"id":"idea-data-outcome-based-price-reassessment","kind":"idea","name":"Reassess cancer drug prices at three years using real-world outcomes","aka":"","tldr":"Set the price of a new cancer drug provisionally, then adjust it up or down after three years depending on how well patients actually did.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-outcome-based-price-reassessment/"},{"id":"idea-data-computable-living-guidelines","kind":"idea","name":"Living guidelines published as versioned, computable rules","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer treatment guidelines would be updated continuously and published in a form computers can read, so hospital systems, apps and decision tools update themselves the day the evidence changes.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-computable-living-guidelines/"},{"id":"idea-data-open-evidence-knowledge-graph","kind":"idea","name":"An open knowledge graph linking trials, results, biomarkers, drugs and recommendations","aka":"","tldr":"Build a public, machine-readable map connecting every cancer trial to its results, the drugs and biomarkers involved, and the guideline recommendations it supports, with a source for every link.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-open-evidence-knowledge-graph/"},{"id":"idea-data-funded-living-systematic-reviews","kind":"idea","name":"Funded living systematic reviews for every major cancer indication","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of a review that is out of date on publication, fund teams to keep one continuously updated review per cancer setting, adding each new trial as it appears.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-funded-living-systematic-reviews/"},{"id":"idea-data-plain-language-summary-mandate","kind":"idea","name":"A plain-language summary of every cancer trial result within a year","aka":"","tldr":"Every cancer trial would have to publish a short, clear summary that patients can understand, within twelve months of results, in one public place.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-plain-language-summary-mandate/"},{"id":"idea-data-structured-trial-results-deposit","kind":"idea","name":"Deposit trial results as structured data, not just PDFs","aka":"","tldr":"Trial results (hazard ratios, confidence intervals, subgroups, toxicities) would be deposited in a computer-readable form so they can be pooled, checked and used by software immediately.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-structured-trial-results-deposit/"},{"id":"idea-data-provenance-first-decision-support","kind":"idea","name":"Decision support that cites the exact trial and guideline line it relies on","aka":"","tldr":"When a computer suggests a treatment, it should show the doctor the specific trial result and guideline sentence behind the suggestion, so it can be checked and trusted.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-provenance-first-decision-support/"},{"id":"idea-data-tumour-board-evidence-assistant","kind":"idea","name":"A tumour board assistant that cites its evidence and tracks outcomes","aka":"","tldr":"Give every tumour board a tool that pulls up the relevant trials and guideline lines for each case with citations, records what was decided, and later shows how the patient did.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-tumour-board-evidence-assistant/"},{"id":"idea-data-guideline-concordance-dashboards","kind":"idea","name":"Real-time guideline-concordance feedback for every cancer centre","aka":"","tldr":"Show each hospital, every month, how often its patients received the recommended treatment, compared with peers, so gaps are seen and closed.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-guideline-concordance-dashboards/"},{"id":"idea-data-thirty-day-practice-change-learning","kind":"idea","name":"Micro-learning pushed to community oncologists within 30 days of a practice change","aka":"","tldr":"When a trial changes the standard of care, every oncologist would receive a five-minute, case-based lesson within a month, rather than waiting for the next conference.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-thirty-day-practice-change-learning/"},{"id":"idea-data-patient-explainers-per-recommendation","kind":"idea","name":"A plain-language explainer for every guideline recommendation, in every major language","aka":"","tldr":"For each treatment recommendation in the guidelines, publish a short explanation patients can read in their own language: what it is, why it is recommended, and what the evidence says.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-patient-explainers-per-recommendation/"},{"id":"idea-data-evidence-to-adoption-tracker","kind":"idea","name":"A public tracker of how long each country takes to adopt new evidence","aka":"","tldr":"Measure and publish, for every practice-changing result, how long it takes before most eligible patients in each country and hospital actually receive it.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-evidence-to-adoption-tracker/"},{"id":"idea-data-retraction-propagation","kind":"idea","name":"Automatic flagging of retracted or corrected evidence in guidelines and decision support","aka":"","tldr":"When a study is retracted or corrected, every guideline and software tool that relied on it would be alerted automatically, so wrong evidence stops influencing care.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-retraction-propagation/"},{"id":"idea-data-open-licensed-guidelines","kind":"idea","name":"Open licences for publicly funded cancer guidelines","aka":"","tldr":"Guidelines paid for with public or charitable money would be published under an open licence so any hospital system, app or country can build them in without permission or fees.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-open-licensed-guidelines/"},{"id":"idea-data-unanswered-questions-registry","kind":"idea","name":"A public registry of unanswered clinical questions linked to funding calls","aka":"","tldr":"Keep a public list of the questions doctors and patients most need answered but no trial addresses, and tie research funding to it.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-unanswered-questions-registry/"},{"id":"idea-data-living-llm-oncology-benchmark","kind":"idea","name":"A monthly-updated benchmark for AI answers to oncology questions with citation accuracy","aka":"","tldr":"Test the large language models doctors and patients are already using against a continually refreshed set of cancer questions, scoring not just correct answers but whether the sources they cite are real and support the claim.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-living-llm-oncology-benchmark/"},{"id":"idea-data-rapid-guideline-translation","kind":"idea","name":"Expert-verified translation of guideline updates into 20 languages within 30 days","aka":"","tldr":"Most oncology guidelines exist only in English, and national adaptations lag by years and often diverge. Machine translation checked by a clinician-verifier per language could publish each recommendation update in 20 languages within 30 days, side by side with the source and with local adaptations flagged explicitly.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-rapid-guideline-translation/"},{"id":"idea-data-offline-cds-lmic-generalists","kind":"idea","name":"Offline decision support for generalists treating common cancers in low-resource settings","aka":"","tldr":"A phone app that works without internet and guides a general doctor or nurse through diagnosing and treating common cancers with the drugs actually available locally.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-offline-cds-lmic-generalists/"},{"id":"idea-data-toxicity-cds-for-nurses","kind":"idea","name":"Toxicity-management decision support for nurses and pharmacists","aka":"","tldr":"Give the nurses and pharmacists who take patients' calls a tool that walks them through recognising and managing side effects of modern cancer drugs, including when to escalate.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-toxicity-cds-for-nurses/"},{"id":"idea-data-72-hour-second-opinion-network","kind":"idea","name":"A digital second-opinion network answering community oncologists within 72 hours","aka":"","tldr":"Any oncologist could send a difficult case, with the records, to a specialist centre and get a written expert opinion back within three days, free to the patient.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-72-hour-second-opinion-network/"},{"id":"idea-data-standard-of-care-change-alerts","kind":"idea","name":"Subscribable alerts when the standard of care changes for a patient's situation","aka":"","tldr":"Doctors and patients could subscribe to a specific cancer, stage and biomarker and be told, with sources, the moment the recommended treatment changes for that situation.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-standard-of-care-change-alerts/"},{"id":"idea-data-full-data-with-abstract","kind":"idea","name":"End the abstract-to-paper gap: require full results with any conference presentation","aka":"","tldr":"Trial results are often presented at conferences months or years before the full paper appears, leaving doctors to act on slides. Require that the full structured results are published the same day.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-full-data-with-abstract/"},{"id":"idea-data-implementation-trials-programme","kind":"idea","name":"Randomised trials of how to spread proven cancer treatments, not just what works","aka":"","tldr":"Fund proper trials of the methods used to get new evidence into practice (training, reminders, feedback, incentives), measured by whether patients actually receive the better treatment.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-implementation-trials-programme/"},{"id":"idea-data-wikipedia-oncology-editors","kind":"idea","name":"Fund expert editors for the cancer pages of Wikipedia and Wikidata","aka":"","tldr":"Wikipedia's medical pages receive billions of views and its cancer pages are among the most read, yet they are often out of date on treatment. Funding a standing team of oncology editors and translators, as Cochrane and WHO have done with Wikimedia, would keep them current against living guidelines and add structured trial and drug identifiers to Wikidata.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-wikipedia-oncology-editors/"},{"id":"idea-data-order-set-defaults-30-days","kind":"idea","name":"Update hospital order sets within 30 days of a guideline change","aka":"","tldr":"The pre-built treatment menus in hospital computers often stay unchanged for years. Require them to be updated within a month of any guideline change, using the machine-readable guideline feed.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-order-set-defaults-30-days/"},{"id":"idea-data-standard-of-care-api","kind":"idea","name":"A public API serving the current standard of care for any cancer, stage and biomarker","aka":"","tldr":"A free web service where any app or hospital system can ask 'what is the recommended treatment for this exact situation today' and get a cited, versioned answer.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-standard-of-care-api/"},{"id":"idea-data-prospective-ai-trials-fund","kind":"idea","name":"A dedicated fund for randomised trials of cancer AI with patient outcomes","aka":"","tldr":"Thousands of cancer AI tools have been tested on old data; almost none in a proper trial. Fund the trials, with endpoints that matter to patients.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-prospective-ai-trials-fund/"},{"id":"idea-data-clinical-ai-model-registry","kind":"idea","name":"A public registry of every AI model used in cancer care","aka":"","tldr":"Like a trial registry, every AI tool used on real patients would be listed publicly with what it is for, what data it was trained on, how well it performed and which version is running where.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-clinical-ai-model-registry/"},{"id":"idea-data-ai-post-market-performance-reporting","kind":"idea","name":"Mandatory post-market performance reporting for cancer AI","aka":"","tldr":"Once an AI tool is in use, its maker and the hospital would have to report regularly how it is actually performing on real patients, and the reports would be public.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-ai-post-market-performance-reporting/"},{"id":"idea-data-drift-monitoring-standard","kind":"idea","name":"A standard for monitoring AI performance drift with pause thresholds","aka":"","tldr":"Set common rules for how hospitals check that an AI tool still works as the scanners, patients and practices around it change, and when it must be switched off.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-drift-monitoring-standard/"},{"id":"idea-data-sequestered-prospective-benchmarks","kind":"idea","name":"Sequestered, prospectively collected benchmark datasets that no one can train on","aka":"","tldr":"Keep test datasets locked away and collect them going forward, so AI claims are checked on data the developers have never seen and could not have memorised.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-sequestered-prospective-benchmarks/"},{"id":"idea-data-neutral-ai-evaluator","kind":"idea","name":"A neutral public evaluator for cancer AI, on the model of NIST","aka":"","tldr":"Create an independent public body whose job is to test cancer AI tools against each other on locked-away data and publish the scores, so hospitals can buy on evidence.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-neutral-ai-evaluator/"},{"id":"idea-data-regulatory-sandbox-adaptive-ai","kind":"idea","name":"A regulatory sandbox for continuously learning cancer AI","aka":"","tldr":"Let AI tools that improve as they learn be used under close supervision in a few hospitals, with pre-agreed rules for what changes are allowed and how they are checked.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-regulatory-sandbox-adaptive-ai/"},{"id":"idea-data-ai-liability-safe-harbour","kind":"idea","name":"A liability framework for clinical AI: safe harbour for clinicians, liability for makers","aka":"","tldr":"Make clear who is responsible when an AI tool contributes to a mistake: protect doctors who use approved tools as intended, and hold makers responsible for the tool's performance.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-ai-liability-safe-harbour/"},{"id":"idea-data-ai-reimbursement-tied-to-outcomes","kind":"idea","name":"Pay for cancer AI only when it has outcome evidence, then pay properly","aka":"","tldr":"Health systems would pay for AI tools that have shown in trials that they help patients, and pay nothing for tools that have not, giving makers a reason to run the trials.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-ai-reimbursement-tied-to-outcomes/"},{"id":"idea-data-silent-trial-before-deployment","kind":"idea","name":"A mandatory silent (shadow) trial before any cancer AI goes live","aka":"","tldr":"Before an AI tool is allowed to influence care at a hospital, it would run invisibly alongside clinicians for months so its real-world performance at that site is known first.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-silent-trial-before-deployment/"},{"id":"idea-data-subgroup-performance-reporting-mandate","kind":"idea","name":"Mandatory subgroup performance reporting for cancer AI","aka":"","tldr":"Every AI tool would have to report how well it works for women and men, different ethnic groups, ages, scanner types and hospitals, not just an overall score.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-subgroup-performance-reporting-mandate/"},{"id":"idea-data-open-cell-foundation-model","kind":"idea","name":"An open foundation model of the cancer cell trained on perturbation data","aka":"","tldr":"Build a shared, openly available AI model that has learned how cancer cells respond to genetic and drug perturbations, so any lab can predict what a new drug or combination might do.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-open-cell-foundation-model/"},{"id":"idea-data-precompetitive-cancer-foundation-model","kind":"idea","name":"A pre-competitive consortium to train a shared multimodal cancer foundation model","aka":"","tldr":"Companies, hospitals and funders would form a consortium, like the Structural Genomics Consortium or IMI, to train one multimodal AI on scans, slides, genomes and outcomes from millions of patients by federated training across dozens of health systems, with the data never leaving the hospitals. Members would share the base model and compete on applications built on it.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-precompetitive-cancer-foundation-model/"},{"id":"idea-data-open-weights-for-public-funded-ai","kind":"idea","name":"Publicly funded cancer AI must release open weights and model cards","aka":"","tldr":"If public or charity money paid to build a cancer AI model, the model itself (not just a paper about it) must be released so others can test, improve and use it.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-open-weights-for-public-funded-ai/"},{"id":"idea-data-digital-twin-predict-then-observe","kind":"idea","name":"Digital twins for treatment selection, validated by predicting before observing","aka":"","tldr":"Build a computer model of each patient's cancer that forecasts how it will respond to each treatment option, and prove it by writing the forecast down before the real result is known.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-digital-twin-predict-then-observe/"},{"id":"idea-data-in-silico-trials-calibrated","kind":"idea","name":"In silico trials to prioritise combinations, scored against later real trials","aka":"","tldr":"Simulate trials of drug combinations in populations of virtual patients to decide which real trials to run, and keep score of how often the simulations were right.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-in-silico-trials-calibrated/"},{"id":"idea-data-ai-pathology-evaluation-standard","kind":"idea","name":"A standard evaluation pathway for AI-assisted pathology, from reader study to deployment","aka":"","tldr":"Pathology AI is cleared on uneven evidence, often without showing that pathologists using it do better than without. The proposed standard has two stages: a pre-registered, fully crossed multi-reader multi-case study comparing pathologist plus AI with pathologist alone, then a prospective deployment study measuring turnaround, tumour board discordance and treatment changes.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-ai-pathology-evaluation-standard/"},{"id":"idea-data-ai-screening-endpoints","kind":"idea","name":"Require stage-shift or interval-cancer endpoints for AI in cancer screening","aka":"","tldr":"AI for screening should be judged on whether it finds dangerous cancers earlier and misses fewer, not just on whether it agrees with radiologists on old images.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-ai-screening-endpoints/"},{"id":"idea-data-multisite-validation-precondition","kind":"idea","name":"External validation at five or more sites in two countries before clearance","aka":"","tldr":"No cancer AI would be approved until it has been tested on patients from at least five different hospitals in at least two countries, none of which contributed training data.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-multisite-validation-precondition/"},{"id":"idea-data-patient-facing-model-cards","kind":"idea","name":"Patients told which AI is used in their care, in plain language","aka":"","tldr":"Every patient would be able to see which AI tools were used in their diagnosis or treatment plan, what they do, how well they work and how to question them.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-patient-facing-model-cards/"},{"id":"idea-data-ai-red-team-programme","kind":"idea","name":"Red-team programmes that attack cancer AI before patients do","aka":"","tldr":"Pay independent experts to try to break cancer AI tools with unusual images, rare cases, bad scans and data shifts, and publish what breaks them.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-ai-red-team-programme/"},{"id":"idea-data-ai-audit-trail-in-ehr","kind":"idea","name":"Every AI output logged in the record with input hash, version and clinician response","aka":"","tldr":"Whenever an AI tool gives a result about a patient, the hospital system would permanently record what it saw, which version it was, what it said and what the doctor did with it.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-ai-audit-trail-in-ehr/"},{"id":"idea-data-ai-decommissioning-rules","kind":"idea","name":"Rules for retiring cancer AI when performance drops or the standard of care moves","aka":"","tldr":"Just as drugs are withdrawn when they prove unsafe, AI tools should have clear triggers for being switched off, and someone responsible for pulling the switch.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-ai-decommissioning-rules/"},{"id":"idea-data-llm-documentation-rct-oncology","kind":"idea","name":"A randomised trial of AI scribes in oncology clinics measuring errors and time","aka":"","tldr":"AI tools that write clinic notes are spreading fast in cancer clinics. Test them properly: do they save time, do they make mistakes about drugs and doses, and do patients notice a difference?","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-llm-documentation-rct-oncology/"},{"id":"idea-data-ai-vs-tumour-board-rct","kind":"idea","name":"A randomised trial of AI-generated treatment recommendations versus tumour boards","aka":"","tldr":"Test head to head whether an AI that reads the record and the evidence recommends treatments as well as a panel of experts, and whether patients do as well.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-data-ai-vs-tumour-board-rct/"},{"id":"idea-fund-burden-weighted-portfolio","kind":"idea","name":"Burden-weighted portfolio targets for every major cancer funder","aka":"","tldr":"Funders would publish how their spending compares with deaths and years of life lost per cancer, and commit to shift a fixed share of money each year towards the biggest gaps.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-burden-weighted-portfolio/","cancers":"pancreatic esophageal hcc gastric nsclc"},{"id":"idea-fund-metastasis-moonshot","kind":"idea","name":"A ring-fenced metastasis programme with metastasis-specific endpoints","aka":"","tldr":"Metastasis causes about nine in ten cancer deaths but gets a small slice of research money. This would ring-fence a tenth of national cancer research budgets for the biology and trials of spread itself.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-metastasis-moonshot/","cancers":"pancreatic tnbc melanoma colorectal"},{"id":"idea-fund-prevention-moonshot","kind":"idea","name":"A delivery-science moonshot for prevention we already own","aka":"","tldr":"Around four in ten cancers are preventable with tools that exist now. This would fund the hard, unglamorous work of getting vaccines, screening and tobacco control to everyone, paid on results.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-prevention-moonshot/","cancers":"cervical hcc gastric nsclc"},{"id":"idea-fund-dollars-per-death-dashboard","kind":"idea","name":"A public dashboard of research money per death for every cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A simple website that shows, every year, how much research money each cancer receives compared with how many people it kills, so the gaps are impossible to ignore.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-dollars-per-death-dashboard/"},{"id":"idea-fund-implementation-quota","kind":"idea","name":"A fixed share of trial-group funding for getting proven care to patients","aka":"","tldr":"Proven treatments, genomic tests and timely referrals routinely fail to reach the patients who qualify for them. Public trial networks such as the NCTN groups, EORTC and the UK NIHR portfolio would have to spend at least 10% of their funding on cluster-randomised or stepped-wedge trials of how to close that gap, cheap studies that use routine data.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-implementation-quota/"},{"id":"idea-fund-lmic-burden-match","kind":"idea","name":"Burden-matched funding for trials led in low- and middle-income countries","aka":"","tldr":"Seven in ten cancer deaths are in poorer countries, yet almost all trials happen in rich ones. Funders would commit a share of money for trials designed and led where the burden is.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-lmic-burden-match/","cancers":"cervical esophageal hcc head-and-neck"},{"id":"idea-fund-neglected-cancer-lottery","kind":"idea","name":"Partial lottery funding for good proposals in under-funded cancers","aka":"","tldr":"Once a proposal in a neglected cancer passes a quality bar, pick winners by lottery instead of by tiny differences in review scores, which mostly reflect fashion.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-neglected-cancer-lottery/","cancers":"pancreatic esophageal glioblastoma sarcoma mesothelioma"},{"id":"idea-fund-ten-year-hard-problem-awards","kind":"idea","name":"Ten-year awards for scientists who commit to one hard problem","aka":"","tldr":"Give a small number of scientists a decade of guaranteed funding to work on a single hard problem such as dormant cancer cells, with no pressure to publish quickly.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-ten-year-hard-problem-awards/"},{"id":"idea-fund-survivorship-endowment-levy","kind":"idea","name":"A survivorship research endowment funded by a levy on curative therapy prices","aka":"","tldr":"Tens of millions of people live after cancer with heart damage, infertility and second cancers. A tiny levy on the price of curative treatments would build a permanent fund to study and treat late effects.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-survivorship-endowment-levy/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma all-leukemia breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-fund-non-drug-trial-quota","kind":"idea","name":"A statutory minimum share of public trial money for surgery and radiotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Surgery and radiotherapy cure more people than drugs but get a fraction of trial funding because there is no company sponsor. A rule would guarantee them a fixed share of public trial money.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-non-drug-trial-quota/"},{"id":"idea-fund-replication-set-aside","kind":"idea","name":"Set aside 3% of grant budgets to replicate findings before translation","aka":"","tldr":"Before spending millions to turn a lab finding into a drug, spend a little to have an independent lab check it is real. Funders would reserve a small slice of money for exactly this.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-replication-set-aside/"},{"id":"idea-fund-white-space-map","kind":"idea","name":"An annual map of high-burden questions that nobody is funding","aka":"","tldr":"Mine grant databases and the literature to find cancer types and questions with heavy burden and zero active projects, then publish the list so funders and scientists can go there.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-white-space-map/"},{"id":"idea-fund-programme-officer-incentives","kind":"idea","name":"Judge funding programme officers on burden alignment and trials completed","aka":"","tldr":"The people who run funding programmes are judged on money moved and papers produced. Judge them instead on whether their portfolios match the burden of disease and whether the trials they fund finish.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-programme-officer-incentives/"},{"id":"idea-fund-patient-burden-review-criterion","kind":"idea","name":"A formal patient-burden score in grant peer review","aka":"","tldr":"Add a scored criterion to grant review that asks how much suffering the proposal addresses and how soon, judged partly by patients, and give it real weight.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-patient-burden-review-criterion/"},{"id":"idea-fund-global-cancer-fund","kind":"idea","name":"A Global Fund for cancer care in low- and middle-income countries","aka":"","tldr":"Copy the model that transformed HIV, TB and malaria care: a pooled international fund that pays for radiotherapy machines, pathology labs and essential cancer medicines where there are none.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-global-cancer-fund/","cancers":"cervical breast-hr-positive hcc"},{"id":"idea-fund-cachexia-programme","kind":"idea","name":"A dedicated programme for cachexia and treatment toxicity research","aka":"","tldr":"Wasting and side-effects kill or stop treatment for a large share of patients but attract almost no dedicated funding. This would create a standing programme for them.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-cachexia-programme/"},{"id":"idea-fund-cross-funder-portfolio-registry","kind":"idea","name":"Mandatory machine-readable portfolio reporting for all large cancer funders","aka":"","tldr":"Every funder that spends more than $50 million a year on cancer research would publish what it funds in a shared, coded database, so gaps and duplication can be seen across the whole system.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-cross-funder-portfolio-registry/"},{"id":"idea-fund-older-patients-trial-fund","kind":"idea","name":"A trials fund reserved for older and multimorbid patients","aka":"","tldr":"Most people with cancer are over 65, but most trial patients are younger and fitter. A dedicated fund would pay for trials designed for the patients we actually treat.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-older-patients-trial-fund/"},{"id":"idea-fund-fast-grants-oncology","kind":"idea","name":"Forty-eight-hour small grants for bold experiments in neglected cancers","aka":"","tldr":"Fast grants for oncology would be a fund that decides within two days on small grants for quick, decisive experiments in cancers or questions that mainstream funders neglect, modelled on the pandemic-era Fast Grants.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-fast-grants-oncology/"},{"id":"idea-fund-brain-metastases-programme","kind":"idea","name":"Treat brain metastases as a disease with its own trials programme","aka":"","tldr":"A fifth of patients with solid tumours develop brain metastases and are usually excluded from trials. This would fund a programme that studies and treats them as a disease in their own right.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-brain-metastases-programme/","cancers":"nsclc breast-her2-positive melanoma glioblastoma"},{"id":"idea-fund-cure-prize","kind":"idea","name":"A billion-dollar prize for the first durable cure of a lethal metastatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Governments and foundations would pool a prize of about a billion dollars into an escrowed fund, paid only when a treatment is shown in a well-controlled registration cohort to keep most patients with a currently incurable metastatic cancer, such as pancreatic adenocarcinoma or glioblastoma, disease-free for five years. The winner keeps its patent but accepts a price ceiling.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-cure-prize/","cancers":"pancreatic glioblastoma tnbc"},{"id":"idea-fund-first-in-class-prize","kind":"idea","name":"Milestone prizes for first-in-class mechanisms reaching human proof of concept","aka":"","tldr":"Pay a fixed prize, of tens of millions, to the first team to show that a completely new way of attacking cancer works in patients, so that the riskiest early bets are rewarded even before a product exists.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-first-in-class-prize/"},{"id":"idea-fund-amc-paediatric-rare","kind":"idea","name":"Advance market commitments for paediatric and rare cancer drugs","aka":"","tldr":"Payers would promise in advance to buy a set number of doses at a set price for any drug that meets a defined bar in a rare or childhood cancer, so companies know the market exists before they invest.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-amc-paediatric-rare/","cancers":"neuroblastoma sarcoma glioblastoma"},{"id":"idea-fund-conditional-transferable-voucher","kind":"idea","name":"Transferable priority vouchers for first-in-class drugs, with price conditions","aka":"","tldr":"Reward companies that deliver a genuinely new kind of cancer drug with a sellable voucher for faster review of another product, but only if they agree to fair pricing and global access.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-conditional-transferable-voucher/"},{"id":"idea-fund-value-based-patent-extension","kind":"idea","name":"Patent term extension scaled to proven survival gain","aka":"","tldr":"A drug that adds years of life would earn extra years of market protection; one that adds a few weeks would earn none. Extensions would be lost if the promised benefit is not confirmed.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-value-based-patent-extension/"},{"id":"idea-fund-benefit-indexed-exclusivity","kind":"idea","name":"Shorter exclusivity for later-in-class drugs without added benefit","aka":"","tldr":"The fifth PD-1 antibody that is no better than the first should not get the same market protection as the first. Exclusivity would shrink for copies that add nothing.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-benefit-indexed-exclusivity/"},{"id":"idea-fund-pay-for-cure-annuities","kind":"idea","name":"Outcome-based annuity payments for potentially curative one-time therapies","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of paying hundreds of thousands up front for a CAR-T or gene therapy, the health system would pay in yearly instalments that stop if the cancer comes back, so companies are paid for cures, not attempts.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-pay-for-cure-annuities/","cancers":"dlbcl multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"idea-fund-nonprofit-pharma","kind":"idea","name":"A non-profit pharmaceutical company for the cancers markets ignore","aka":"","tldr":"Build a drug company that does not need profits, modelled on the ones that developed new tuberculosis and sleeping-sickness drugs, to take on rare, paediatric and undruggable cancers.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-nonprofit-pharma/","cancers":"neuroblastoma sarcoma cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"idea-fund-public-option-generic-oncology","kind":"idea","name":"Public-option manufacturing for essential generic cancer drugs in shortage","aka":"","tldr":"Cheap, essential chemotherapy drugs such as cisplatin keep running short because there is little profit in making them. A publicly-backed non-profit manufacturer would guarantee supply at a fair price.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-public-option-generic-oncology/"},{"id":"idea-fund-public-car-t-manufacturing","kind":"idea","name":"Hospital-based CAR-T manufacturing at cost through a public network","aka":"","tldr":"Academic hospitals can already make CAR-T cells for a fraction of the commercial price. A public network would scale that so more patients can be treated for less.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-public-car-t-manufacturing/","cancers":"dlbcl all-leukemia multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"idea-fund-mcbs-linked-pricing","kind":"idea","name":"Launch prices indexed to the ESMO benefit scale, revisited when survival matures","aka":"","tldr":"Pay more for drugs that clearly help people live longer or better, and less for those that barely move the needle, using a public benefit scale doctors already use.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-mcbs-linked-pricing/"},{"id":"idea-fund-head-to-head-mandate","kind":"idea","name":"Require head-to-head trials against the best in class for later entrants","aka":"","tldr":"Once two drugs of a kind exist, a third should have to prove itself against the best of them, not against an outdated comparison, so patients and payers learn which is actually better.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-head-to-head-mandate/"},{"id":"idea-fund-health-impact-fund-oncology","kind":"idea","name":"A Health Impact Fund pilot that pays for measured health gain instead of price","aka":"","tldr":"Companies could choose to sell a new cancer drug at cost worldwide and instead be paid from a pooled fund according to how much health it actually delivers.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-health-impact-fund-oncology/"},{"id":"idea-fund-sovereign-first-in-class-coinvestment","kind":"idea","name":"Public co-investment in first-in-class phase 1 with a royalty return","aka":"","tldr":"A public investment fund would match private money in the riskiest early trials of truly new cancer drugs, taking a small share of future royalties so that taxpayers gain when the bets pay off.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-sovereign-first-in-class-coinvestment/"},{"id":"idea-fund-academic-promotion-reform","kind":"idea","name":"Promote academics for trials completed, data shared and findings replicated","aka":"","tldr":"Universities and cancer centres would change how they promote scientists, giving credit for finishing trials, sharing data, replicating others' work and publishing failures, not just for papers in famous journals.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-academic-promotion-reform/"},{"id":"idea-fund-trial-completion-bonus","kind":"idea","name":"Pay investigators for finishing and publishing trials, not for enrolling patients","aka":"","tldr":"Trial sites are paid per patient recruited, so nobody is paid to finish the study or report the answer. Shift part of the payment to completion and publication within a year.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-trial-completion-bonus/"},{"id":"idea-fund-payer-funded-pragmatic-trials","kind":"idea","name":"Payers fund trials of cheaper, shorter or lower-dose versions of expensive treatments","aka":"","tldr":"Health insurers and national health systems have every reason to find out whether half the dose or half the duration of a costly drug works as well. They would fund those trials directly and keep the savings.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-payer-funded-pragmatic-trials/"},{"id":"idea-fund-duration-trial-exclusivity","kind":"idea","name":"Extra exclusivity for sponsors who run treatment-duration and de-escalation trials","aka":"","tldr":"Companies lose money when they prove a shorter course works, so they never test it. Give them a modest reward, such as extra months of exclusivity, when they do.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-duration-trial-exclusivity/"},{"id":"idea-fund-paediatric-deferral-escrow","kind":"idea","name":"Escrow a share of adult revenue until the paediatric study is done","aka":"","tldr":"Companies often delay the childhood cancer studies they are required to do. A slice of the adult drug's revenue would be held back until the paediatric trial is completed.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-paediatric-deferral-escrow/","cancers":"neuroblastoma all-leukemia sarcoma"},{"id":"idea-fund-abbreviated-pathway-me-too-biologics","kind":"idea","name":"An abbreviated approval path for follow-on antibodies within a validated class","aka":"","tldr":"Once a class of antibody such as PD-1 blockers is proven, later copies could be approved on smaller trials showing equivalence, forcing price competition and freeing patients and money for genuinely new drugs.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-abbreviated-pathway-me-too-biologics/"},{"id":"idea-fund-open-source-repurposing-leads","kind":"idea","name":"Patent-free open-source development of repurposed and off-patent cancer drugs","aka":"","tldr":"Fund trials of old, cheap drugs with anti-cancer signals without seeking patents, and have generic makers produce them, so cost, not profit, decides whether patients get them.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-open-source-repurposing-leads/","cancers":"sarcoma colorectal prostate"},{"id":"idea-fund-repurposing-indication-exclusivity","kind":"idea","name":"A repurposing label pathway with short exclusivity that non-profits can hold","aka":"","tldr":"Create a way for a charity or university to get a cheap old drug officially approved for a new cancer use, with a few years of protection on that use so trial costs can be recovered without high prices.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-repurposing-indication-exclusivity/"},{"id":"idea-fund-social-impact-bonds-prevention","kind":"idea","name":"Social impact bonds for cancer prevention, repaid from avoided treatment costs","aka":"","tldr":"Investors would fund vaccination and screening campaigns up front and be repaid by health systems only if the campaigns hit verified targets, turning future savings into money for prevention now.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-social-impact-bonds-prevention/","cancers":"cervical nsclc colorectal"},{"id":"idea-fund-global-access-licensing-royalties","kind":"idea","name":"University licences with royalties indexed to benefit and global access","aka":"","tldr":"When universities license cancer discoveries to companies, the contract would reward companies that price fairly and sell in poor countries, and penalise those that do not, using the royalty rate as the lever.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-global-access-licensing-royalties/"},{"id":"idea-fund-phase-two-failure-reinsurance","kind":"idea","name":"Government reinsurance for phase 2 failures of first-in-class cancer drugs","aka":"","tldr":"Investors avoid genuinely new cancer drugs because most fail in mid-stage trials. A public insurance scheme would repay part of the loss when a first-in-class drug fails honestly, making the bet worth taking.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-phase-two-failure-reinsurance/"},{"id":"idea-fund-translational-institutes-gmp","kind":"idea","name":"Regional translational institutes with academic GMP suites and IND teams","aka":"","tldr":"Build a handful of publicly-funded centres where academic discoveries can be manufactured to clinical grade and written up for regulators, so good ideas do not die for lack of a factory and a filing.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-translational-institutes-gmp/"},{"id":"idea-fund-ind-enabling-fund","kind":"idea","name":"A fast IND-enabling fund that pays for toxicology and manufacturing in eight weeks","aka":"","tldr":"The studies needed before a first human trial cost a few million and no grant pays for them. A dedicated fund would decide in weeks and take a small share of any future revenue.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-ind-enabling-fund/"},{"id":"idea-fund-milestone-venture-philanthropy","kind":"idea","name":"Milestone-based venture philanthropy with royalties recycled into the pipeline","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer charities would fund companies to hit specific development milestones, as the cystic fibrosis charity did to create Kalydeco, and take a royalty they reinvest in the next drug.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-milestone-venture-philanthropy/","cancers":"sarcoma neuroblastoma multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"idea-fund-phase-zero-fund","kind":"idea","name":"A phase 0 fund to test academic compounds in humans with microdoses and imaging","aka":"","tldr":"Before investing in a full trial, give a few patients a tiny dose of a new compound and use scans and blood tests to see whether it reaches the tumour and hits its target. Fund these small studies as a matter of routine.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-phase-zero-fund/"},{"id":"idea-fund-public-nonprofit-cro","kind":"idea","name":"A national non-profit contract research organisation for academic oncology trials","aka":"","tldr":"Running an early trial properly requires monitors, data managers, safety reporting and regulatory filings that universities cannot afford from commercial providers. A public not-for-profit would do this work at cost.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-public-nonprofit-cro/"},{"id":"idea-fund-translational-fellowships","kind":"idea","name":"Two-year translational fellowships that pay scientists to develop their own discovery","aka":"","tldr":"Postdocs who make a translatable discovery usually leave it behind when their contract ends. A two-year fellowship with salary, a project budget of $250,000 to $500,000 and mentors from drug development, regulation and the clinic would pay them to turn it into a candidate drug, diagnostic or device, with the option to license it or found a company.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-translational-fellowships/"},{"id":"idea-fund-target-validation-consortium","kind":"idea","name":"A pre-competitive consortium to validate or kill academic targets before licensing","aka":"","tldr":"Companies and public funders would jointly pay for standardised experiments that confirm or refute new cancer targets, sharing all results openly, so nobody wastes years on a target that does not hold up.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-target-validation-consortium/"},{"id":"idea-fund-academic-adc-bispecific-platform","kind":"idea","name":"An open engineering platform for academic ADCs and bispecifics","aka":"","tldr":"Academic labs find new tumour targets but cannot turn an antibody into an antibody-drug conjugate or a bispecific without licensed linker and payload technology. A shared platform would provide that at no cost for first trials.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-academic-adc-bispecific-platform/"},{"id":"idea-fund-hospital-exemption-registry","kind":"idea","name":"Hospital-exemption cell therapies at scale, backed by a shared registry","aka":"","tldr":"European law already lets hospitals make advanced therapies for their own patients. Pair that with a shared outcomes registry so academic CAR-Ts and similar treatments can prove themselves without a commercial licence.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-hospital-exemption-registry/"},{"id":"idea-fund-academic-radiopharma-pipeline","kind":"idea","name":"A university cyclotron network with shared regulatory files for new tracers","aka":"","tldr":"Most new cancer imaging agents and radioactive drugs start in university hospitals. A network sharing production, quality files and regulatory paperwork would get them into multi-centre trials years faster.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-academic-radiopharma-pipeline/"},{"id":"idea-fund-stalled-asset-registry","kind":"idea","name":"A public registry of stalled academic assets and shelved company compounds","aka":"","tldr":"Thousands of cancer compounds that stopped development for portfolio rather than scientific reasons sit unused in university freezers and company archives. A public catalogue listing each asset's mechanism, stage, data, reason for stopping and licensing contact, with a standard research licence and a brokerage function, would let academic and non-profit developers adopt them.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-stalled-asset-registry/"},{"id":"idea-fund-national-drug-development-office","kind":"idea","name":"Scale up public drug development that takes academic assets to phase 1","aka":"","tldr":"The US government already runs a small programme that turns academic cancer discoveries into drugs ready for human trials. Scale it up tenfold and copy it in other countries.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-national-drug-development-office/"},{"id":"idea-fund-device-and-technique-translation-fund","kind":"idea","name":"A translation fund for academic surgical devices and radiotherapy technology","aka":"","tldr":"New surgical tools, imaging probes and radiotherapy hardware invented in universities rarely attract investors. A dedicated fund would pay for prototyping, safety testing and first-in-human studies.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-device-and-technique-translation-fund/"},{"id":"idea-fund-biomarker-validation-fund","kind":"idea","name":"A fund for prospective validation of academic biomarkers and companion diagnostics","aka":"","tldr":"Thousands of tests that could predict who benefits from a treatment are published and never validated. A fund would pay for the boring but essential confirmation studies in independent patient groups.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-biomarker-validation-fund/"},{"id":"idea-fund-organoid-translation-gate","kind":"idea","name":"A funded organoid and PDX panel as the go/no-go gate before IND-enabling money","aka":"","tldr":"Before any academic compound gets money for pre-trial studies, it would have to show activity in a standard panel of patient-derived tumour models run by an independent centre, so weak candidates are stopped early.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-organoid-translation-gate/"},{"id":"idea-fund-shared-personalised-therapy-gmp","kind":"idea","name":"Shared modular GMP facilities for academic personalised vaccines and cell products","aka":"","tldr":"Personalised cancer vaccines and cell therapies need a manufacturing run for each patient, and universities cannot afford their own plants. Regional closed, automated, modular GMP facilities offering slots to academic trials at cost, with common release testing and a shared quality system, modelled on the UK Cell and Gene Therapy Catapult centre, would let academic groups run these trials.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-shared-personalised-therapy-gmp/"},{"id":"idea-fund-protected-time-physician-scientists","kind":"idea","name":"Hospital-funded protected time for clinician-scientists, repaid by trial revenue","aka":"","tldr":"Doctors who could turn discoveries into trials are buried in clinical work. Hospitals would guarantee them research time and recover the cost from the trials and grants they bring in.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-protected-time-physician-scientists/"},{"id":"idea-fund-royalty-pool-academic-assets","kind":"idea","name":"A diversified royalty pool that finances academic phase 1 trials across fifty assets","aka":"","tldr":"Investors will not back a single university drug because most fail. A fund that finances fifty of them at once in exchange for a small slice of each one's future royalties spreads the risk enough to attract capital.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-royalty-pool-academic-assets/"},{"id":"idea-fund-global-academic-phase-one-network","kind":"idea","name":"A global first-in-human network for academic cancer trials with single ethics review","aka":"","tldr":"Academic first-in-human cancer trials recruit slowly because each hospital repeats ethics and regulatory review. Twenty to thirty academic phase 1 units across Europe, North America and Asia would share protocol templates, one mutually recognised review, a joint safety committee and harmonised contracts, so a trial opens at every site within weeks and rare molecular subtypes can be pooled.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-global-academic-phase-one-network/"},{"id":"idea-fund-academic-sponsor-indemnity-pool","kind":"idea","name":"A public indemnity pool so universities can sponsor first-in-human cancer trials","aka":"","tldr":"Universities often refuse to be the legal sponsor of a first-in-human trial because they cannot afford the insurance and liability. A shared public insurance pool would remove that block.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-academic-sponsor-indemnity-pool/"},{"id":"idea-fund-combination-patent-pool","kind":"idea","name":"An oncology patent pool for combination trials across companies","aka":"","tldr":"Companies would put their cancer drugs into a shared licensing pool so that any qualified investigator can test combinations of drugs from different owners under one standard agreement, with royalties split by a fixed formula.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-combination-patent-pool/"},{"id":"idea-fund-compulsory-combination-access","kind":"idea","name":"A legal right to obtain marketed cancer drugs at cost for combination trials","aka":"","tldr":"If a company refuses to supply its approved drug for a well-designed independent trial combining it with a rival's drug, the law would let the trial buy it at manufacturing cost, with results shared back.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-compulsory-combination-access/"},{"id":"idea-fund-standard-combination-agreement","kind":"idea","name":"A regulator-endorsed standard contract for inter-company combination trials","aka":"","tldr":"Most of the delay in testing two companies' drugs together is lawyers negotiating from scratch. A single standard agreement, blessed by regulators, would let them sign in weeks.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-standard-combination-agreement/"},{"id":"idea-fund-precompetitive-undruggable-consortium","kind":"idea","name":"An open-science consortium on the undruggable drivers, open until a candidate","aka":"","tldr":"Companies and public funders would pool money and scientists to crack the hardest cancer proteins, such as MYC and mutant p53, sharing everything openly until there is a real drug candidate, then competing on the final product.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-precompetitive-undruggable-consortium/"},{"id":"idea-fund-trial-data-trust","kind":"idea","name":"A single oncology trial data trust with mandatory deposit within eighteen months","aka":"","tldr":"Every cancer trial's anonymised patient-level data would go into one trusted repository within eighteen months of completion, with a single access committee, so researchers can re-analyse, pool and learn from trials that today stay locked up.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-trial-data-trust/"},{"id":"idea-fund-control-arm-commons","kind":"idea","name":"A shared library of pooled control arms to shrink and speed future trials","aka":"","tldr":"Thousands of patients have received standard treatment in the control arms of past trials. Pooling their anonymised data would let new trials borrow from them and randomise fewer patients to old treatments.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-control-arm-commons/"},{"id":"idea-fund-universal-mta-fast-lane","kind":"idea","name":"A universal material transfer agreement with a thirty-day default","aka":"","tldr":"Getting a cell line, mouse model or antibody from another lab can take six months of paperwork. Funders would require a standard agreement that goes through automatically unless someone objects within thirty days.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-universal-mta-fast-lane/"},{"id":"idea-fund-antitrust-safe-harbour","kind":"idea","name":"An antitrust safe harbour for cross-company combination trials and data pooling","aka":"","tldr":"Companies say competition law stops them coordinating on combination trials and sharing failure data. A clear legal safe harbour for defined pro-patient collaborations would remove that excuse.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-antitrust-safe-harbour/"},{"id":"idea-fund-open-results-bonus","kind":"idea","name":"Funder bonuses for releasing results and data within six months, negatives included","aka":"","tldr":"Pay scientists a small bonus, added to their grant, when they post their results and data openly within six months of finishing an experiment, whether the result was positive or not.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-open-results-bonus/"},{"id":"idea-fund-shelved-asset-escrow","kind":"idea","name":"Automatic offer of shelved cancer assets to non-profits after two years","aka":"","tldr":"When a company stops developing a cancer drug for business rather than safety reasons and leaves it idle for two years, it would be obliged to offer the rights, data package and remaining drug supply to qualified non-profit or academic developers on pre-set terms, keeping the right to resume. This turns the stalled-asset registry's listing into a duty.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-shelved-asset-escrow/"},{"id":"idea-fund-federated-learning-consortium","kind":"idea","name":"A federated learning consortium of cancer centres that jointly own the models","aka":"","tldr":"Hospitals could train shared AI models on all their patients' scans and records without any data leaving the building, and jointly own the results, if someone built and governed the network.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-federated-learning-consortium/"},{"id":"idea-fund-trial-biospecimen-commons","kind":"idea","name":"A commons for leftover trial biospecimens with standard access for approved research","aka":"","tldr":"Blood and tissue samples collected in cancer trials are the best material for validating new tests, but most sit unused under contracts that make access impossible. A commons would make them available for approved research.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-trial-biospecimen-commons/"},{"id":"idea-fund-neutral-platform-sponsor","kind":"idea","name":"A permanent neutral non-profit sponsor for multi-company platform trials","aka":"","tldr":"Platform trials that test several companies' drugs against one shared control arm, such as I-SPY 2, Lung-MAP, GBM AGILE and STAMPEDE, are each built from scratch by determined individuals. A permanent non-profit sponsor holding the protocol, control arm, statistics and data, with a standard entry contract for companies, would cut the launch of a new platform from years to months.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-neutral-platform-sponsor/","cancers":"glioblastoma pancreatic tnbc"},{"id":"idea-fund-portable-patient-consent","kind":"idea","name":"Patient-held portable consent for reusing samples and data across studies","aka":"","tldr":"Patients would carry a digital consent that says how their trial samples and records may be reused, so their contribution is not locked to one company or study and they decide who benefits from it.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-portable-patient-consent/"},{"id":"idea-fund-scoop-protection-policy","kind":"idea","name":"Scoop protection and co-publication norms to reduce academic secrecy","aka":"","tldr":"Scientists hide results for fear of being beaten to publication. If journals and funders guaranteed that a preprinted finding cannot be scooped, and encouraged rival groups to publish side by side, sharing would become safe.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-scoop-protection-policy/"},{"id":"idea-fund-surgical-trials-network","kind":"idea","name":"A permanently funded international network for randomised cancer surgery trials","aka":"","tldr":"Surgery cures more cancer than any drug, yet most operations have never been compared in a proper trial. A standing network of hospitals, with core funding, would run those trials continuously.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-surgical-trials-network/"},{"id":"idea-fund-radiotherapy-trials-infrastructure","kind":"idea","name":"Core-funded radiotherapy trials infrastructure with central quality assurance","aka":"","tldr":"Radiotherapy trials need physicists to check every plan and central review of every target drawn, which nobody pays for. Fund that infrastructure permanently so trials are faster and results are trustworthy.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-radiotherapy-trials-infrastructure/"},{"id":"idea-fund-device-technique-registry","kind":"idea","name":"Mandatory staged registries for new surgical techniques before wide adoption","aka":"","tldr":"New operations and surgical devices spread by enthusiasm before evidence, as robotic prostatectomy, minimally invasive radical hysterectomy and HIPEC did. Every new cancer surgical technique would follow the IDEAL framework, with a prospective registry from first use, defined triggers for a randomised comparison, and payment conditional on registry participation until assessment is complete.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-device-technique-registry/","cancers":"cervical prostate colorectal"},{"id":"idea-fund-surgical-ai-robotics-evaluation","kind":"idea","name":"An independent evaluation unit for surgical robots and AI, paid on evidence","aka":"","tldr":"Hospitals buy multi-million-dollar surgical robots and AI tools with little proof they help patients. An independent body would run the comparative trials, and payers would only pay premiums for what is shown to work.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-surgical-ai-robotics-evaluation/"},{"id":"idea-fund-flash-evidence-programme","kind":"idea","name":"A coordinated FLASH radiotherapy evidence programme with shared dose-rate standards","aka":"","tldr":"Ultra-fast radiotherapy may spare healthy tissue while still killing tumours, but every centre is testing it differently. A coordinated programme would agree the measurements and run the trials that settle whether it works.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-flash-evidence-programme/","cancers":"head-and-neck nsclc"},{"id":"idea-fund-proton-coverage-with-evidence","kind":"idea","name":"Pooled coverage-with-evidence for proton therapy across all centres","aka":"","tldr":"Proton therapy costs far more than standard radiotherapy and, for most adult cancers, nobody knows whether it is better. Payers would cover it only inside trials or registries that answer that question, across every centre at once.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-proton-coverage-with-evidence/","cancers":"prostate breast-hr-positive esophageal"},{"id":"idea-fund-surgeon-scientist-pathway","kind":"idea","name":"Funded research pathways for surgeon-scientists and radiation oncologist-scientists","aka":"","tldr":"Almost no surgeons or radiation oncologists have time or funding to do research. Dedicated training awards with protected time would build the workforce that surgical and radiotherapy trials need.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-surgeon-scientist-pathway/"},{"id":"idea-fund-course-based-radiotherapy-payment","kind":"idea","name":"Pay per course of radiotherapy, not per session, so short courses are not penalised","aka":"","tldr":"Hospitals are paid for each radiotherapy session, so a proven five-session course earns less than an unproven twenty-five-session one. Paying per course removes the reason to give more treatment than needed.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-course-based-radiotherapy-payment/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate"},{"id":"idea-fund-surgical-video-registry","kind":"idea","name":"A video-based surgical quality registry linking assessed skill to cancer outcomes","aka":"","tldr":"Surgeons' skill affects whether cancer comes back, but nobody measures it. Recording operations and rating them, increasingly with AI, then linking ratings to outcomes, would make surgical quality visible and improvable.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-surgical-video-registry/","cancers":"colorectal prostate gastric"},{"id":"idea-fund-organ-preservation-programme","kind":"idea","name":"A funded programme of organ-preservation trials to avoid radical surgery","aka":"","tldr":"For some cancers, drugs and radiotherapy can now cure without removing the organ, sparing patients a stoma, a lost voice or a removed bladder. A dedicated programme would run the trials to prove where this is safe.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-organ-preservation-programme/","cancers":"colorectal urothelial head-and-neck esophageal"},{"id":"idea-fund-omission-deescalation-trials","kind":"idea","name":"Payer-funded trials that omit surgery or radiotherapy in low-risk patients","aka":"","tldr":"Low-risk patients often receive operations and radiotherapy they may not need, for example sentinel node biopsy in older women with favourable breast cancer or radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery in genomically low-risk disease. Because no company will sponsor trials of leaving treatment out, health systems should fund them and keep the savings.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-omission-deescalation-trials/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive thyroid prostate"},{"id":"idea-fund-lmic-radiotherapy-finance","kind":"idea","name":"Blended finance and a low-cost linac to close the global radiotherapy gap","aka":"","tldr":"Dozens of countries have no radiotherapy machine at all. Combine long-term finance with a machine designed to be cheap, robust and maintainable where power and engineers are scarce.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-lmic-radiotherapy-finance/","cancers":"cervical head-and-neck breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-fund-intraoperative-imaging-trials","kind":"idea","name":"A pragmatic trial network for intraoperative margin tools, paid on margin reduction","aka":"","tldr":"Tools that show surgeons where the tumour ends during the operation could cut the number of patients who need a second operation, but none has been properly tested at scale. A network would run those trials and pay on results.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-intraoperative-imaging-trials/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive head-and-neck prostate"},{"id":"idea-fund-rt-io-platform","kind":"idea","name":"A neutral platform trial for radiotherapy plus immunotherapy combinations","aka":"","tldr":"Radiotherapy may make immunotherapy work better, but the trials to test this are scattered and often small. One shared platform, run by radiotherapy groups with drugs supplied by several companies, would settle it faster.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-rt-io-platform/"},{"id":"idea-fund-adaptive-radiotherapy-evidence","kind":"idea","name":"Coverage-with-evidence registries for MR-guided and adaptive radiotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Radiotherapy machines that adapt to the tumour each day cost far more than standard ones and their benefit is unproven. Payers would fund them only within registries and trials that measure whether they help.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-adaptive-radiotherapy-evidence/","cancers":"pancreatic prostate urothelial"},{"id":"idea-fund-surgical-outcomes-public-reporting","kind":"idea","name":"Public risk-adjusted outcome reporting for cancer surgery to drive centralisation","aka":"","tldr":"Where you have your cancer operation strongly affects whether you survive it. Publishing each hospital's adjusted results would push complex surgery towards the centres that do it well.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-surgical-outcomes-public-reporting/","cancers":"esophageal pancreatic gastric urothelial"},{"id":"idea-fund-rt-planning-ai-capacity","kind":"idea","name":"Validate and reimburse AI contouring and planning to expand radiotherapy capacity","aka":"","tldr":"Drawing targets and planning radiotherapy takes hours of scarce expert time. Properly tested AI could do much of it, letting the same staff treat far more patients, if regulators and payers set clear rules for proving and paying for it.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-rt-planning-ai-capacity/"},{"id":"idea-fund-ablation-versus-surgery-trials","kind":"idea","name":"Device-agnostic public trials of ablation technologies against surgery","aka":"","tldr":"Focused ultrasound, histotripsy, heat and electric-field ablation can destroy tumours without an incision, but each maker runs its own small study. Publicly-funded trials would compare them fairly against surgery.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-ablation-versus-surgery-trials/","cancers":"hcc rcc prostate thyroid"},{"id":"idea-fund-radiotherapy-innovation-pathway","kind":"idea","name":"A regulatory pathway for new radiotherapy techniques modelled on drug development","aka":"","tldr":"New ways of giving radiotherapy are adopted without the staged testing that drugs go through, and are then hard to evaluate. A defined pathway with fee waivers and clear evidence steps would bring rigour without blocking progress.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-radiotherapy-innovation-pathway/"},{"id":"idea-fund-technique-innovation-prize","kind":"idea","name":"Prizes for unpatentable surgical and radiotherapy techniques proven in trials","aka":"","tldr":"Nobody can patent a better way of operating or a shorter radiotherapy schedule, so nobody is rewarded for proving one. Prizes for technique improvements shown to work in trials would fill that gap.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-fund-technique-innovation-prize/"},{"id":"idea-moon-navigation-as-a-right","kind":"idea","name":"Patient navigation as a legal entitlement from the day of diagnosis","aka":"","tldr":"Every person told they have cancer gets a named navigator, by law, who helps them understand options, book appointments, find trials and deal with money and work.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-navigation-as-a-right/"},{"id":"idea-moon-plain-language-consent","kind":"idea","name":"Two-page plain-language consent with teach-back for every cancer trial and treatment","aka":"","tldr":"Replace 30-page consent forms with a short plain summary the patient explains back in their own words before signing, so consent means understanding.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-plain-language-consent/"},{"id":"idea-moon-results-in-plain-words","kind":"idea","name":"Every pathology and genomic report ships with a signed plain-language version","aka":"","tldr":"When your biopsy or gene test comes back, you get a version written for you, drafted by software and checked and signed by your clinician, alongside the technical report.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-results-in-plain-words/"},{"id":"idea-moon-pro-monitoring-standard","kind":"idea","name":"Weekly symptom check-ins with automatic alerts as standard of care on treatment","aka":"","tldr":"Patients on chemotherapy or immunotherapy answer a short weekly symptom questionnaire on their phone; severe answers alert the nurse the same day. Trials show this prolongs life.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-pro-monitoring-standard/"},{"id":"idea-moon-certified-decision-aids","kind":"idea","name":"Certified decision aids required for every preference-sensitive cancer decision","aka":"","tldr":"For choices where the right answer depends on what the patient values (watching a slow prostate cancer, adjuvant chemo at 80, breast reconstruction), a tested decision aid becomes part of the consultation.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-certified-decision-aids/","cancers":"prostate breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-moon-patient-designed-trials","kind":"idea","name":"Patient panels approve trial burden and endpoints as a condition of funding","aka":"","tldr":"Before a trial is funded, patients who have had the disease sign off on how many visits, scans and blood draws it demands, and on whether the endpoints measure things that matter to them.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-patient-designed-trials/"},{"id":"idea-moon-financial-toxicity-screening","kind":"idea","name":"Screen every patient for financial toxicity at diagnosis and refer like any other symptom","aka":"","tldr":"Ask about money problems with a short validated questionnaire when treatment starts, and route those at risk to financial navigators before bills cause missed doses.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-financial-toxicity-screening/"},{"id":"idea-moon-goals-conversation-trigger","kind":"idea","name":"Algorithm-triggered goals-of-care conversations before crisis","aka":"","tldr":"When a prediction model says a patient has a high chance of dying within a year, their team is prompted to have a structured conversation about what matters to them, while there is still time to act on it.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-goals-conversation-trigger/"},{"id":"idea-moon-patient-held-cancer-record","kind":"idea","name":"A patient-owned, portable complete cancer record in a standard format","aka":"","tldr":"Your entire cancer history, including scans, pathology, genomics and treatments, lives in a record you control and can share in one click with any hospital, trial or second-opinion service.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-patient-held-cancer-record/"},{"id":"idea-moon-funded-second-opinion","kind":"idea","name":"A funded expert second opinion for every new high-stakes or rare cancer diagnosis","aka":"","tldr":"Anyone diagnosed with a rare or complex cancer gets an automatic remote review by a specialist centre, paid for by the health system, before treatment starts.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-funded-second-opinion/","cancers":"sarcoma neuroendocrine dlbcl"},{"id":"idea-moon-recorded-consultations","kind":"idea","name":"Recorded, AI-summarised consultations given to patients by default","aka":"","tldr":"Every cancer consultation is recorded with consent and the patient receives the audio plus a checked written summary of what was said and decided.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-recorded-consultations/"},{"id":"idea-moon-question-prompt-lists","kind":"idea","name":"Question prompt lists sent to patients before every major consultation","aka":"","tldr":"Before a results or treatment-planning appointment, patients receive a list of good questions to ask, tailored to their situation, and can tick the ones they want covered.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-question-prompt-lists/"},{"id":"idea-moon-patient-experience-label","kind":"idea","name":"A mandatory patient-experience section in every cancer drug label and approval","aka":"","tldr":"The official information about a new cancer drug must include what patients on the trial actually reported about side-effects and daily life, not only survival curves.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-patient-experience-label/"},{"id":"idea-moon-results-back-to-participants","kind":"idea","name":"Plain-language trial results returned to every participant within a year","aka":"","tldr":"If you join a cancer trial you should be told what it found, in plain words, within twelve months of the results, including if the treatment did not work.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-results-back-to-participants/"},{"id":"idea-moon-peer-navigator-workforce","kind":"idea","name":"Paid survivor peer-navigators as a recognised health workforce role","aka":"","tldr":"Train and pay people who have been through cancer to guide newly diagnosed patients through the system, especially where oncologists and nurses are scarce.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-peer-navigator-workforce/"},{"id":"idea-moon-time-toxicity-reporting","kind":"idea","name":"Report time toxicity, the days a treatment consumes, in every trial and decision aid","aka":"","tldr":"Alongside how many months a treatment adds, patients should be told how many days it takes from them in clinics, infusions, scans and recovery.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-time-toxicity-reporting/"},{"id":"idea-moon-preference-studies-before-phase3","kind":"idea","name":"Quantitative patient preference studies set the benefit-risk bar before phase 3","aka":"","tldr":"Before a big trial starts, ask hundreds of patients how much extra survival they would trade for a given side-effect, so the trial is designed to test something patients would actually want.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-preference-studies-before-phase3/"},{"id":"idea-moon-caregiver-in-the-plan","kind":"idea","name":"Formal caregiver assessment and training written into every treatment plan","aka":"","tldr":"The person looking after a cancer patient at home is assessed, trained (medicines, symptoms, when to call) and supported as part of the plan, not left to work it out.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-caregiver-in-the-plan/"},{"id":"idea-moon-literacy-first-design-standard","kind":"idea","name":"A health-literacy certification standard for oncology portals, letters and apps","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer information tools must meet a tested standard: reading age around 12, main languages of the population, audio versions and clear numbers, or they are not certified for use.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-literacy-first-design-standard/"},{"id":"idea-moon-trial-eligibility-at-every-decision","kind":"idea","name":"Patients are told which trials they qualify for at every treatment decision, in writing","aka":"","tldr":"At each point where treatment is chosen, software checks the patient's record against open trials and the clinician must note which were discussed, so trials stop being something only some people hear about.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-trial-eligibility-at-every-decision/"},{"id":"idea-moon-toxicity-first-endpoints","kind":"idea","name":"Tolerability as a co-primary endpoint with its own label claim","aka":"","tldr":"New cancer drugs should have to prove not only that they extend life but how they affect how people feel and function, with that result printed in the label like efficacy.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-toxicity-first-endpoints/"},{"id":"idea-moon-pro-ctcae-in-every-pivotal-trial","kind":"idea","name":"Patient-reported side-effects (PRO-CTCAE) collected and published in every registrational trial","aka":"","tldr":"Doctors record only part of what patients suffer. Make it compulsory that patients report their own side-effects in every trial used to approve a drug, and that those data are published next to the doctor-graded ones.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-pro-ctcae-in-every-pivotal-trial/"},{"id":"idea-moon-supportive-care-arpa","kind":"idea","name":"An ARPA-style programme to develop supportive-care drugs nobody else will","aka":"","tldr":"A supportive-care ARPA would be a well-funded, milestone-driven agency that develops drugs for nausea, nerve damage, mouth sores, fatigue and brain fog from cancer treatment, which the market has largely ignored.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-supportive-care-arpa/"},{"id":"idea-moon-neuropathy-prevention-programme","kind":"idea","name":"A prevention programme for chemotherapy nerve damage: SARM1 inhibitors, cooling and compression","aka":"","tldr":"Nerve damage from taxanes and platinum is common, often permanent and has no approved preventive. Test the most promising candidates head to head in one programme.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-neuropathy-prevention-programme/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"idea-moon-cardioprotection-by-default","kind":"idea","name":"Biomarker-guided cardioprotection for everyone on cardiotoxic cancer therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Anthracyclines, HER2 drugs and some newer agents can damage the heart. Monitor with blood tests and scans and start cheap heart-protective drugs early in those at risk.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-cardioprotection-by-default/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive dlbcl"},{"id":"idea-moon-olanzapine-antiemetic-everywhere","kind":"idea","name":"Low-dose olanzapine and generic antiemetic bundles in every guideline and formulary","aka":"","tldr":"A cheap, old antipsychotic at a low dose is one of the best anti-sickness drugs for chemotherapy. Make sure every cancer unit in the world uses it.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-olanzapine-antiemetic-everywhere/"},{"id":"idea-moon-post-approval-dose-deescalation","kind":"idea","name":"Randomised lower-dose trials for approved drugs with quality of life as the primary endpoint","aka":"","tldr":"Many cancer drugs are approved at the highest dose patients could stand, not the best dose. Run trials that test lower doses on approved drugs and measure how patients feel.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-post-approval-dose-deescalation/"},{"id":"idea-moon-quality-adjusted-pricing","kind":"idea","name":"Payers price drugs on quality-adjusted benefit, so toxicity costs the manufacturer","aka":"","tldr":"If two drugs extend life equally but one makes patients much sicker, the health system should pay less for the sicker one. Build that into how prices are set.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-quality-adjusted-pricing/"},{"id":"idea-moon-adult-late-effects-registry","kind":"idea","name":"A lifelong late-effects registry linked to every treatment for adult survivors","aka":"","tldr":"Children treated for cancer are followed for decades in a study that has changed how they are treated. Adults have nothing similar. Build it.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-adult-late-effects-registry/"},{"id":"idea-moon-cognitive-toxicity-programme","kind":"idea","name":"Measure and treat chemo brain with objective digital cognitive testing","aka":"","tldr":"Many people report thinking and memory problems after cancer treatment. Measure it properly with short phone-based tests and run trials of treatments.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-cognitive-toxicity-programme/"},{"id":"idea-moon-irae-prediction-and-prevention","kind":"idea","name":"Predict immune side-effects before they happen and pre-empt them","aka":"","tldr":"Immunotherapy can trigger dangerous attacks on the gut, lungs or heart. Use blood, gut bacteria and genetic markers to spot who is at risk and act early.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-irae-prediction-and-prevention/"},{"id":"idea-moon-fertility-preservation-default","kind":"idea","name":"Fertility preservation offered and funded by default before gonadotoxic treatment","aka":"","tldr":"Everyone of reproductive age about to have treatment that can cause infertility is offered egg, sperm or tissue freezing, paid for, before treatment starts.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-fertility-preservation-default/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma all-leukemia tnbc"},{"id":"idea-moon-hearing-protection-cisplatin","kind":"idea","name":"Protect hearing from cisplatin in adults as we now do in children","aka":"","tldr":"Cisplatin causes permanent hearing loss. A cheap drug, sodium thiosulfate, protects children; test and roll it out for adults too.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-hearing-protection-cisplatin/","cancers":"head-and-neck urothelial nsclc"},{"id":"idea-moon-hair-preservation-for-all","kind":"idea","name":"Fund scalp cooling and hair-preserving measures for every alopecia-inducing regimen","aka":"","tldr":"Losing hair is one of the most distressing side-effects of chemotherapy and can often be prevented with a cooling cap. Make it routinely available and paid for.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-hair-preservation-for-all/"},{"id":"idea-moon-oncology-hospital-at-home","kind":"idea","name":"Oncology hospital-at-home with remote monitoring for toxicity","aka":"","tldr":"Manage fevers, dehydration and other treatment side-effects at home with visiting nurses, wearables and video, instead of admitting people to hospital wards.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-oncology-hospital-at-home/"},{"id":"idea-moon-supportive-care-platform-trial","kind":"idea","name":"A permanent platform trial for supportive-care interventions inside cooperative groups","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of one-off small studies, run a standing trial that continuously tests new treatments for side-effects, adding and dropping arms as evidence arrives.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-supportive-care-platform-trial/"},{"id":"idea-moon-open-pro-data-commons","kind":"idea","name":"An open commons of patient-reported outcome data from cancer trials","aka":"","tldr":"Pool the side-effect and quality-of-life data patients report in trials into one open database so regimens can be compared honestly and models can be built.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-open-pro-data-commons/"},{"id":"idea-moon-mucositis-taste-programme","kind":"idea","name":"Photobiomodulation and a taste and swallowing programme for mouth and throat toxicity","aka":"","tldr":"Mouth ulcers and loss of taste from chemo and radiotherapy stop people eating. Low-level light therapy and structured swallowing and taste rehabilitation can help; make them standard.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-mucositis-taste-programme/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"idea-moon-sexual-health-as-toxicity-domain","kind":"idea","name":"Sexual health assessed and treated as a standard toxicity domain","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer treatment often damages sexual function and intimacy, and almost nobody asks. Make it a routine question with a clinic to refer to.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-sexual-health-as-toxicity-domain/","cancers":"prostate cervical colorectal breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-moon-quality-adjusted-survival-standard","kind":"idea","name":"Quality-adjusted survival reported in every trial publication and label","aka":"","tldr":"Report how long patients lived well, not only how long they lived. Methods exist (Q-TWiST) but are rarely used.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-quality-adjusted-survival-standard/"},{"id":"idea-moon-misinformation-rapid-response","kind":"idea","name":"A cancer misinformation rapid-response unit that rebuts within 48 hours","aka":"","tldr":"A small team monitors social media and news for spreading cancer falsehoods and publishes clear, sourced rebuttals within two days, before the claim becomes established.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-misinformation-rapid-response/"},{"id":"idea-moon-verified-information-layer","kind":"idea","name":"A verified information layer that labels and links cancer content across platforms","aka":"","tldr":"Wherever cancer information appears online, a visible marker shows whether it matches what trusted sources say, with a one-click link to the plain-language evidence.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-verified-information-layer/"},{"id":"idea-moon-clinician-creator-programme","kind":"idea","name":"Train and fund oncology clinicians as public content creators","aka":"","tldr":"Give oncologists and cancer nurses the training, time and production support to reach people where they actually get information, on social video and podcasts.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-clinician-creator-programme/"},{"id":"idea-moon-prebunking-at-diagnosis","kind":"idea","name":"Inoculate newly diagnosed patients against common cancer scams","aka":"","tldr":"In the first weeks after diagnosis, tell patients plainly what kinds of false claims and expensive unproven clinics they will encounter and how to spot them.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-prebunking-at-diagnosis/"},{"id":"idea-moon-unproven-clinic-registry","kind":"idea","name":"A public registry of unproven cancer clinics and reported outcomes","aka":"","tldr":"A searchable public record of clinics selling unproven cancer treatments, with the claims they make, the prices, the evidence and the harms reported by patients and doctors.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-unproven-clinic-registry/"},{"id":"idea-moon-supplement-interaction-database","kind":"idea","name":"An open supplement-drug interaction checker built into oncology prescribing","aka":"","tldr":"Most patients take supplements and rarely tell their oncologist. Ask routinely and check automatically for interactions with chemotherapy and targeted drugs.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-supplement-interaction-database/"},{"id":"idea-moon-ban-unproven-therapy-ads","kind":"idea","name":"Ban and enforce against paid advertising of unproven cancer treatments","aka":"","tldr":"Make it illegal and technically impossible to buy adverts for cancer cures that have not been proven, and hold platforms responsible for enforcement.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-ban-unproven-therapy-ads/"},{"id":"idea-moon-integrative-oncology-bridge","kind":"idea","name":"Evidence-based integrative oncology in every cancer centre to meet demand safely","aka":"","tldr":"Offer the complementary approaches that have evidence (acupuncture for nausea and pain, exercise, mindfulness, yoga) inside the cancer centre, so patients do not seek them, and worse, elsewhere.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-integrative-oncology-bridge/"},{"id":"idea-moon-ai-cancer-answer-audit","kind":"idea","name":"A public benchmark and audit of chatbot answers to cancer questions","aka":"","tldr":"Patients now ask AI assistants about their cancer. Test those assistants regularly on real questions, publish the scores, and certify the ones that meet the bar.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-ai-cancer-answer-audit/"},{"id":"idea-moon-wikipedia-oncology-fellowships","kind":"idea","name":"Fund oncologists to maintain cancer articles on Wikipedia in many languages","aka":"","tldr":"Wikipedia is the most-read medical reference on Earth. Pay expert editors to keep its cancer pages accurate, current and available in the languages most patients speak.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-wikipedia-oncology-fellowships/"},{"id":"idea-moon-hpv-vaccine-confidence","kind":"idea","name":"Community-tailored HPV vaccine confidence campaigns with school-based delivery","aka":"","tldr":"The HPV vaccine prevents most cervical cancer, but false safety claims have cut uptake in several countries. Rebuild confidence locally and deliver the vaccine in schools.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-hpv-vaccine-confidence/","cancers":"cervical head-and-neck"},{"id":"idea-moon-hype-index","kind":"idea","name":"An independent hype index grading cancer press releases and news stories","aka":"","tldr":"Rate every cancer breakthrough story and press release for spin, using set criteria, and publish the scores so journalists, institutions and readers can see who overstates.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-hype-index/"},{"id":"idea-moon-patient-community-moderators","kind":"idea","name":"Trained moderators with evidence tools in online patient communities","aka":"","tldr":"Online patient groups are where much cancer advice is exchanged. Fund and train moderators, with quick access to reliable evidence, to keep those spaces accurate and kind.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-patient-community-moderators/"},{"id":"idea-moon-living-plain-evidence-summaries","kind":"idea","name":"Living plain-language evidence summaries for every common cancer question in 20 languages","aka":"","tldr":"For each question patients actually ask, keep a short, current, sourced answer in plain words, updated as evidence changes and available in the languages people speak.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-living-plain-evidence-summaries/"},{"id":"idea-moon-treatment-refusal-pathway","kind":"idea","name":"A structured pathway for patients declining proven treatment","aka":"","tldr":"When someone refuses recommended treatment, do not just record it. Offer a second conversation, address the beliefs behind it, keep the door open and track what happens.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-treatment-refusal-pathway/"},{"id":"idea-moon-population-interception","kind":"idea","name":"A whole-population cancer interception programme: risk-stratify every adult, detect and intercept early","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of separate screening programmes for a few cancers, assess every adult's overall cancer risk and offer blood tests, imaging and preventive treatment tuned to that risk, all inside one system that learns.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-population-interception/"},{"id":"idea-moon-universal-sequencing-learning-system","kind":"idea","name":"Universal tumour and germline sequencing at diagnosis feeding a shared learning system","aka":"","tldr":"Sequence every cancer at diagnosis, along with the patient's inherited genes, and pool the results with treatments and outcomes so every patient teaches the system how to treat the next.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-universal-sequencing-learning-system/"},{"id":"idea-moon-lynch-vaccine-phase3","kind":"idea","name":"A frameshift neoantigen vaccine for Lynch syndrome carriers as the first preventive cancer vaccine approval","aka":"","tldr":"People with Lynch syndrome have a very high lifetime cancer risk from a predictable set of mutations. Vaccinate them against those shared mutations before cancer appears.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-lynch-vaccine-phase3/","cancers":"colorectal endometrial"},{"id":"idea-moon-in-vivo-cart-generic-price","kind":"idea","name":"In vivo CAR-T manufactured and priced like a generic biologic","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of making cell therapy from each patient's own cells in a factory, inject a particle that reprograms immune cells inside the body, made in bulk, so a dose costs thousands rather than hundreds of thousands.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-in-vivo-cart-generic-price/","cancers":"dlbcl multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"idea-moon-closed-loop-adaptive-therapy","kind":"idea","name":"Autonomous closed-loop adaptive therapy driven by blood tests and evolutionary models","aka":"","tldr":"Rather than giving the same dose until the cancer grows, measure tumour DNA in blood every few weeks and let a validated algorithm raise, lower, pause or switch drugs to keep the cancer suppressed for longer.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-closed-loop-adaptive-therapy/","cancers":"nsclc prostate"},{"id":"idea-moon-global-open-trials-os","kind":"idea","name":"A global open trials operating system any hospital can plug into","aka":"","tldr":"Build the shared software, legal templates and data standards that let any hospital in the world join a cancer trial in weeks instead of years, the way the internet let any computer join the network.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-global-open-trials-os/"},{"id":"idea-moon-open-cancer-cell-state-model","kind":"idea","name":"An open model of every cancer cell state, built from perturbation atlases","aka":"","tldr":"Map every state a cancer cell can be in, and how drugs and the surrounding tissue move it between states, into an open computational model anyone can query and improve.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-open-cancer-cell-state-model/"},{"id":"idea-moon-cure-prizes","kind":"idea","name":"Cure-focused prizes: pay for verified long-term cures, not for drugs","aka":"","tldr":"Governments and philanthropists commit large payments for whoever achieves a verified jump in ten-year cure rates for a specific cancer, however they do it.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-cure-prizes/","cancers":"pancreatic glioblastoma tnbc"},{"id":"idea-moon-engineered-immune-surveillance","kind":"idea","name":"Engineered immune surveillance: long-lived programmed immune cells that patrol for early cancer","aka":"","tldr":"For people at very high cancer risk, install a small population of engineered immune cells that live for years and destroy cells showing early cancer signals before a tumour forms.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-engineered-immune-surveillance/"},{"id":"idea-moon-synthetic-lethality-map-every-driver","kind":"idea","name":"A synthetic lethality map for every cancer driver in every tissue context","aka":"","tldr":"For each cancer-causing mutation, find every gene the cancer cell newly depends on, in every tissue, so that even undruggable drivers get druggable partners.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-synthetic-lethality-map-every-driver/"},{"id":"idea-moon-radiotherapy-for-everyone-2040","kind":"idea","name":"Radiotherapy for everyone who needs it by 2040","aka":"","tldr":"Half of cancer patients need radiotherapy and most of the world cannot get it. Commit to low-cost machines, automated planning and trained staff so that access is universal by 2040.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-radiotherapy-for-everyone-2040/","cancers":"cervical head-and-neck"},{"id":"idea-moon-eliminate-infection-cancers","kind":"idea","name":"Eliminate infection-caused cancers: HPV, hepatitis B and C, H. pylori and EBV","aka":"","tldr":"About one in eight cancers is caused by an infection we can vaccinate against, cure or eradicate. A concerted global programme could make those cancers rare within a generation.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-eliminate-infection-cancers/","cancers":"cervical hcc gastric head-and-neck"},{"id":"idea-moon-mrd-weather-service","kind":"idea","name":"A national residual-disease weather service: serial blood tests for every curatively treated patient, pooled","aka":"","tldr":"After surgery or curative treatment, everyone gets regular blood tests for leftover cancer DNA, and the pooled results power forecasts of who will relapse and trials of acting early.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-mrd-weather-service/","cancers":"colorectal urothelial tnbc"},{"id":"idea-moon-dormancy-eradication-programme","kind":"idea","name":"Eradicate dormant cancer cells: a programme to wake and kill or lock asleep disseminated cells","aka":"","tldr":"Many relapses come from cancer cells that hid dormant for years. Find drugs that either force them awake so chemotherapy kills them, or keep them asleep for life.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-dormancy-eradication-programme/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate melanoma"},{"id":"idea-moon-validated-digital-twins","kind":"idea","name":"Whole-patient digital twins validated in prospective randomised trials","aka":"","tldr":"Build a computer model of each patient's cancer and body that simulates how different treatments would go, and prove in a proper trial that choosing treatment with the model helps.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-validated-digital-twins/"},{"id":"idea-moon-negative-results-ledger","kind":"idea","name":"A global ledger of negative results and failed compounds with mandatory deposition","aka":"","tldr":"Every failed cancer drug, experiment and trial gets recorded in one open ledger, so nobody repeats a failure that has already cost years and millions.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-negative-results-ledger/"},{"id":"idea-moon-generics-for-cancer-fund","kind":"idea","name":"A public fund and label pathway to trial generic drugs against cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Cheap old drugs such as aspirin, statins, metformin and beta-blockers show hints of cancer benefit but no company will pay for the trials. Create a public fund and a way to update their labels.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-generics-for-cancer-fund/","cancers":"colorectal breast-hr-positive prostate"},{"id":"idea-moon-pooled-procurement-licensing-pool","kind":"idea","name":"Pooled procurement and voluntary licensing for essential cancer medicines in low-income countries","aka":"","tldr":"Buy essential cancer drugs for many countries at once and license newer ones to generic makers, as was done for HIV, so prices fall to what those health systems can pay.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-pooled-procurement-licensing-pool/"},{"id":"idea-moon-brain-delivery-platform","kind":"idea","name":"A standard platform to get drugs into the brain: focused ultrasound plus shuttle-engineered therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Most cancer drugs cannot cross into the brain. Combine ultrasound that briefly opens the barrier with drugs engineered to be carried across, and make this a standard platform for every brain tumour and brain metastasis.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-brain-delivery-platform/","cancers":"glioblastoma breast-her2-positive nsclc melanoma"},{"id":"idea-moon-rare-cancer-global-network","kind":"idea","name":"One global rare cancer network with n-of-1 and Bayesian trial frameworks","aka":"","tldr":"Rare cancers are collectively common but each is too rare for normal trials. Link every rare cancer patient worldwide into one network with registries and trial designs built for small numbers.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-rare-cancer-global-network/","cancers":"sarcoma cholangiocarcinoma mesothelioma neuroendocrine"},{"id":"idea-moon-cold-to-hot-programme","kind":"idea","name":"Make every cold tumour hot: a coordinated programme to reprogramme immune-excluded tumours","aka":"","tldr":"Immunotherapy works in tumours that immune cells can enter and ignores those that shut them out. Systematically test ways to open up the shut-out tumours, measured with spatial maps.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-cold-to-hot-programme/","cancers":"pancreatic colorectal prostate ovarian"},{"id":"idea-moon-cachexia-as-treatable-disease","kind":"idea","name":"Treat cachexia as a disease: GDF-15 blockade plus anabolic and nutrition bundles","aka":"","tldr":"The wasting that kills many cancer patients has had no effective drug. New antibodies against GDF-15 restored weight in early trials. Combine them with exercise and nutrition and test properly.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-cachexia-as-treatable-disease/","cancers":"pancreatic nsclc gastric"},{"id":"idea-moon-individualised-dosing-all-oral-drugs","kind":"idea","name":"Model-informed individual dosing with drug-level monitoring for every oral cancer drug","aka":"","tldr":"People differ several-fold in how they absorb and clear cancer pills. Measure blood levels and adjust each person's dose, as is routine for some antibiotics and transplant drugs.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-individualised-dosing-all-oral-drugs/"},{"id":"idea-moon-automated-combination-discovery","kind":"idea","name":"Automated combination discovery: patient-sample screens feeding Bayesian platform trials","aka":"","tldr":"There are far more possible drug combinations than can ever be tried in patients. Test thousands on living samples of real tumours, then feed only the winners into adaptive trials.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-automated-combination-discovery/","cancers":"aml colorectal"},{"id":"idea-moon-indolence-classifiers-with-screening","kind":"idea","name":"Molecular indolence classifiers bundled with every screening programme","aka":"","tldr":"Screening finds cancers that would never have caused harm alongside dangerous ones. Pair every screening test with a test that says which is which, so people with harmless findings can safely watch and wait.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-indolence-classifiers-with-screening/","cancers":"prostate thyroid nsclc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-moon-biomarker-validation-utility","kind":"idea","name":"A public biomarker validation utility with pre-diagnostic biobanks and blinded testing","aka":"","tldr":"Thousands of cancer biomarkers are published; almost none reach patients because nobody validates them fairly. Create a public service that tests any candidate blind against stored samples.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-biomarker-validation-utility/"},{"id":"idea-moon-open-degrader-consortium","kind":"idea","name":"An open degrader consortium against every undruggable driver transcription factor","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer's most important drivers, such as MYC and mutant p53, cannot be blocked with normal drugs. Pool effort and share results openly to build molecules that destroy them instead.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-open-degrader-consortium/"},{"id":"idea-moon-metastasis-prevention-indication","kind":"idea","name":"Metastasis prevention as a formal indication with its own trials and regulatory pathway","aka":"","tldr":"Metastasis causes most cancer deaths, yet no drug is developed to stop cells spreading. Create a formal approval route for drugs that prevent metastasis, tested in people at high risk of it.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-metastasis-prevention-indication/","cancers":"colorectal tnbc"},{"id":"idea-moon-survivor-lifelong-care-model","kind":"idea","name":"Risk-stratified lifelong care for tens of millions of survivors, automated and shared with primary care","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer survivors are a huge and growing population with specific long-term risks. Give each a plan matched to their risk, run automatically and shared with their family doctor.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-survivor-lifelong-care-model/"},{"id":"idea-moon-palliative-care-from-diagnosis-everywhere","kind":"idea","name":"Palliative care from diagnosis for every advanced cancer, including opioid access, worldwide","aka":"","tldr":"Palliative care given early alongside cancer treatment improves quality of life and sometimes survival, and most of the world has no access to it or to morphine. Make both universal.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-palliative-care-from-diagnosis-everywhere/"},{"id":"idea-moon-geriatric-assessment-default","kind":"idea","name":"Geriatric assessment by default for every older patient, and trials that admit them","aka":"","tldr":"Most cancer patients are over 65, yet treatment is chosen by age and guesswork and trials exclude them. Assess fitness properly and design trials that include real older patients.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-geriatric-assessment-default/"},{"id":"idea-moon-self-driving-cancer-labs","kind":"idea","name":"Self-driving laboratories that run the cancer biology hypothesis loop autonomously","aka":"","tldr":"Robotic labs guided by AI that design experiments on tumour models, run them, read the results and design the next ones, around the clock, with every result published openly.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-self-driving-cancer-labs/"},{"id":"idea-moon-task-shifting-ai-oncology-capacity","kind":"idea","name":"Double oncology capacity in low-resource settings with task-shifting and AI decision support","aka":"","tldr":"Many countries have one oncologist for millions of people. Train nurses and general doctors to deliver protocolised cancer care with software checks and remote specialist oversight.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-task-shifting-ai-oncology-capacity/"},{"id":"idea-moon-federated-rwe-network","kind":"idea","name":"A global federated real-world evidence network at regulatory grade","aka":"","tldr":"Connect hospital records across countries so that questions about how treatments work in real patients can be answered in weeks without moving the data, to a standard regulators accept.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-federated-rwe-network/"},{"id":"idea-moon-pay-for-cure-contracts","kind":"idea","name":"Pay-for-cure contracts: instalment payments for curative therapies contingent on durable remission","aka":"","tldr":"For very expensive one-time treatments such as CAR-T, pay in instalments over years and stop paying if the cancer comes back, so price tracks the cure actually delivered.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-pay-for-cure-contracts/"},{"id":"idea-moon-open-source-oncology-drug-discovery","kind":"idea","name":"Open-source drug discovery to clinical proof of concept for neglected cancers","aka":"","tldr":"For cancers too rare or too poor to attract companies, run drug discovery in the open, the way neglected tropical diseases are tackled, and take candidates to first human trials with public money.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-open-source-oncology-drug-discovery/","cancers":"neuroblastoma esophageal sarcoma"},{"id":"idea-moon-public-phase1-factory","kind":"idea","name":"A public-benefit phase 1 factory that takes academic discoveries into first-in-human trials","aka":"","tldr":"Promising academic cancer discoveries stall because nobody funds the expensive step from lab to first human trial. Build a shared public facility that does exactly that step, repeatedly.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-public-phase1-factory/"},{"id":"idea-moon-neoantigen-vaccines-at-scale","kind":"idea","name":"Personalised cancer vaccines at commodity cost through fully automated manufacturing","aka":"","tldr":"Vaccines tailored to each patient's tumour mutations are showing real benefit but cost a fortune to make. Automate the whole process so a personalised vaccine costs about as much as a course of chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-neoantigen-vaccines-at-scale/","cancers":"melanoma pancreatic"},{"id":"idea-moon-image-guided-surgery-everywhere","kind":"idea","name":"Real-time margin assessment and image-guided surgery as the global standard","aka":"","tldr":"Surgeons often cannot see where a tumour ends. Fluorescent dyes and AI-read imaging in the operating theatre can show them, cutting repeat operations. Make this routine everywhere.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-image-guided-surgery-everywhere/","cancers":"head-and-neck breast-hr-positive prostate"},{"id":"idea-moon-compact-flash-proton","kind":"idea","name":"Compact FLASH and proton systems at the price of a conventional linac","aka":"","tldr":"Ultra-fast FLASH radiotherapy and proton beams may spare healthy tissue dramatically, but the machines cost tens of millions. Engineer versions that any hospital can afford.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-compact-flash-proton/"},{"id":"idea-moon-population-germline-screening","kind":"idea","name":"Population germline screening for hereditary cancer genes with cascade testing","aka":"","tldr":"Most people carrying a high-risk cancer gene do not know it until someone in the family gets cancer. Offer testing to all adults so carriers can be protected before that happens.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-population-germline-screening/","cancers":"ovarian colorectal breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-moon-living-machine-readable-guidelines","kind":"idea","name":"Living, machine-readable guidelines pushed to the point of care in every country","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer treatment guidance changes constantly and takes years to reach many clinics. Make guidelines live documents that software can read, updated as evidence arrives and adapted to what each country can afford.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-living-machine-readable-guidelines/"},{"id":"idea-moon-continuous-ai-validation-registry","kind":"idea","name":"Continuous prospective validation for every oncology AI tool after deployment","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer AI tools are approved on old test data and then never checked again. Require every deployed tool to report its real-world performance continuously, in public.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-continuous-ai-validation-registry/"},{"id":"idea-moon-reciprocal-tumour-agnostic-approvals","kind":"idea","name":"Reciprocal recognition of tumour-agnostic and rare-indication approvals across regulators","aka":"","tldr":"When a trusted regulator approves a cancer drug for a rare genetic target, other countries should recognise that approval within months instead of repeating years of review.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-reciprocal-tumour-agnostic-approvals/"},{"id":"idea-moon-independent-replication-institute","kind":"idea","name":"An independent replication institute that re-tests key preclinical cancer findings before trials","aka":"","tldr":"Many cancer lab results cannot be reproduced, and trials built on them fail. Fund an independent institute that re-runs important experiments before anyone spends millions on humans.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-independent-replication-institute/"},{"id":"idea-cost-asp-flat-fee","kind":"idea","name":"Pay a flat fee for giving a Part B drug instead of 6% of its price","aka":"","tldr":"Medicare pays clinics the drug's average sales price plus 6%, so a dearer drug earns the clinic more; replacing the percentage with a flat handling fee removes the incentive to pick the expensive option.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cost-asp-flat-fee/"},{"id":"idea-cost-site-neutral-infusion","kind":"idea","name":"Pay the same for an infusion whether it is given in a hospital or a clinic","aka":"","tldr":"The same chemotherapy infusion costs payers and patients more in a hospital outpatient department than in a doctor's office; paying one rate would stop hospitals buying clinics to charge the higher price.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cost-site-neutral-infusion/"},{"id":"idea-cost-340b-pass-through","kind":"idea","name":"Pass 340B discounts on cancer drugs through to the patient's bill","aka":"","tldr":"Hospitals in the 340B programme buy cancer drugs at steep discounts but usually bill patients and insurers the full price; requiring the discount to reach low-income patients would turn a hospital subsidy into patient relief.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cost-340b-pass-through/"},{"id":"idea-cost-indication-based-pricing","kind":"idea","name":"Price a cancer drug by how well it works in each cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A drug that adds a year of life in one cancer and six weeks in another sells at the same price for both; indication-specific prices would pay for the benefit actually delivered.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cost-indication-based-pricing/"},{"id":"idea-cost-inflation-rebates-commercial","kind":"idea","name":"Extend Medicare's inflation rebates to employer plans","aka":"","tldr":"Since 2023 manufacturers must rebate Medicare when a drug's price rises faster than inflation; applying the same rule to commercial plans would end the yearly list-price rises that drive coinsurance up.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cost-inflation-rebates-commercial/"},{"id":"idea-cost-part-b-cap","kind":"idea","name":"Cap what Original Medicare patients pay for Part B cancer drugs","aka":"","tldr":"Oral cancer drugs under Part D now have a yearly cap of $2,100, but infused drugs under Part B still carry 20% coinsurance with no limit; a Part B cap would close the biggest hole left in Medicare cancer coverage.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cost-part-b-cap/"},{"id":"idea-cost-biosimilar-default-substitution","kind":"idea","name":"Make the biosimilar the default at the pharmacy for trastuzumab, bevacizumab and rituximab","aka":"","tldr":"Copies of the big antibody drugs are approved and cheaper, but uptake depends on each prescriber; letting the pharmacy substitute the biosimilar unless the oncologist objects would move most patients within a year.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cost-biosimilar-default-substitution/"},{"id":"idea-cost-interchangeable-oncology-biosimilars","kind":"idea","name":"Drop the extra switching studies for interchangeable oncology biosimilars","aka":"","tldr":"US law lets a pharmacist swap an 'interchangeable' biosimilar without asking the prescriber, but earning that label used to need costly switching studies; the FDA now says those are usually unnecessary, which should be made permanent for cancer antibodies.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cost-interchangeable-oncology-biosimilars/"},{"id":"idea-cost-nonprofit-generic-oncology","kind":"idea","name":"A non-profit manufacturer for shortage-prone generic chemotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Cisplatin and carboplatin cost a few dollars a dose yet ran short across the US in 2023 because too few makers found them worth producing; a non-profit maker with long-term hospital contracts would keep them on the shelf.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cost-nonprofit-generic-oncology/"},{"id":"idea-cost-transparent-generic-pricing","kind":"idea","name":"Transparent cost-plus pricing for every oral oncology generic","aka":"","tldr":"Generic imatinib and abiraterone can cost patients hundreds of dollars a month through insurance yet be sold at cost plus a fixed markup by transparent pharmacies; making that the default channel for oral cancer generics would save patients and plans money.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cost-transparent-generic-pricing/"},{"id":"idea-cost-low-dose-abiraterone-food","kind":"idea","name":"Prescribe a quarter dose of abiraterone with breakfast","aka":"","tldr":"Taking 250 mg of abiraterone with a low-fat breakfast gives the same PSA response and testosterone suppression as the standard 1,000 mg fasting, because food increases absorption several-fold, so a quarter of the drug treats each man. The label still says fasting and no company promotes the food-effect dose, so adoption is patchy.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cost-low-dose-abiraterone-food/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"idea-cost-low-dose-immunotherapy-trials","kind":"idea","name":"Test one-tenth-dose immunotherapy where the full dose is unaffordable","aka":"","tldr":"A randomised trial at Tata Memorial added nivolumab at 20 mg every three weeks, about one-twelfth of the standard dose, to cheap metronomic chemotherapy for head and neck cancer patients who could not afford full-dose immunotherapy, and they lived longer. Checkpoint inhibitors saturate their target far below approved doses, so publicly funded trials should test low doses in common cancers.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cost-low-dose-immunotherapy-trials/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"idea-cost-optimus-legacy-drugs","kind":"idea","name":"Apply Project Optimus to drugs already on the market","aka":"","tldr":"The FDA now requires new cancer drugs to prove their dose is the right one rather than the highest tolerated; asking the same question of the twenty best-selling approved drugs could cut doses, side effects and cost at once.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cost-optimus-legacy-drugs/"},{"id":"idea-cost-extended-interval-default","kind":"idea","name":"Make six-weekly immunotherapy the default schedule","aka":"","tldr":"Pembrolizumab 400 mg every six weeks is approved and works like 200 mg every three weeks, and it halves the number of clinic visits, infusion chairs and travel days without changing the drug bill.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cost-extended-interval-default/"},{"id":"idea-cost-shorter-course-trials","kind":"idea","name":"Fund trials that test shorter courses of the most expensive adjuvant drugs","aka":"","tldr":"The PERSEPHONE trial showed six months of trastuzumab after surgery is as good as twelve, halving the drug cost; no company will run such trials, so public funders and charities must.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cost-shorter-course-trials/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-cost-hypofractionation-payment","kind":"idea","name":"Pay for a course of radiotherapy, not for each fraction","aka":"","tldr":"One week of breast radiotherapy in five doses works as well as three weeks in fifteen, but clinics paid per dose lose money by switching; paying one price per course removes the penalty.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cost-hypofractionation-payment/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate"},{"id":"idea-cost-subcutaneous-community","kind":"idea","name":"Give subcutaneous immunotherapy in community clinics and at home","aka":"","tldr":"Under-the-skin versions of atezolizumab, nivolumab and pembrolizumab take minutes rather than an hour and need no infusion chair, so they can be given by a nurse near home, cutting facility fees and travel.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cost-subcutaneous-community/"},{"id":"idea-cost-vial-sharing-dose-rounding","kind":"idea","name":"Share vials and round doses to stop throwing away expensive drug","aka":"","tldr":"Weight-based doses rarely match vial sizes, so the leftover is discarded and still billed; closed-system vial sharing and rounding doses to the nearest vial within 10% eliminate most of that waste.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cost-vial-sharing-dose-rounding/"},{"id":"idea-cost-gold-card-oncology","kind":"idea","name":"Exempt oncologists who follow the pathway from prior authorisation","aka":"","tldr":"If a practice's requests are approved almost every time, asking again wastes everyone's money; gold-card rules give such practices automatic approval and audit them instead.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cost-gold-card-oncology/"},{"id":"idea-cost-real-time-pa-fhir","kind":"idea","name":"Answer prior authorisation requests in seconds from the medical record","aka":"","tldr":"Most cancer drug approvals depend on a handful of facts already in the chart, such as the diagnosis, biomarker and line of therapy; sending those automatically in a standard format would return most decisions before the patient leaves the room.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cost-real-time-pa-fhir/"},{"id":"idea-cost-federal-oral-parity","kind":"idea","name":"Federal oral chemotherapy parity for self-funded employer plans","aka":"","tldr":"Most states require insurers to charge no more for a cancer pill than for an infusion, but the law does not reach the self-funded employer plans that cover most working Americans; a federal rule would close the gap.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cost-federal-oral-parity/"},{"id":"idea-cost-financial-toxicity-screening","kind":"idea","name":"Screen every patient for money trouble the way we screen for pain","aka":"","tldr":"People with cancer are far more likely to go bankrupt than people without, and the ones who do have worse survival; a two-question screen at diagnosis plus a financial navigator catches the problem while it can still be fixed.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cost-financial-toxicity-screening/"},{"id":"idea-cost-travel-teleoncology","kind":"idea","name":"Bring the oncologist to the local clinic by video and the drug to the local pharmacy","aka":"","tldr":"Travel and time off work are among the biggest costs families face; if consultations happen by video, blood tests locally and oral drugs by mail, most routine visits need no journey at all.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cost-travel-teleoncology/"},{"id":"idea-cost-early-palliative-default","kind":"idea","name":"Make early palliative care and a goals conversation part of every advanced-cancer pathway","aka":"","tldr":"Chemotherapy in the last two weeks of life rarely helps and costs a great deal; patients who have an early conversation about what matters to them choose it less often and live at least as long.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cost-early-palliative-default/"},{"id":"idea-cost-trial-enrolment-cost-lever","kind":"idea","name":"Treat trial enrolment as a cost lever: the sponsor pays for the drug","aka":"","tldr":"In a clinical trial the experimental drug is free to the patient and the payer, and since 2022 Medicaid must cover routine trial costs like Medicare and private plans do; pointing more patients to trials lowers bills as well as advancing science.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cost-trial-enrolment-cost-lever/"},{"id":"idea-cost-value-scale-in-coverage","kind":"idea","name":"Tie coverage and copays to the ESMO benefit scale","aka":"","tldr":"Oncology has two respected scales that grade how much a drug helps in each indication; payers could set low copays for high-grade uses and require a conversation for low-grade ones instead of blanket prior authorisation.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cost-value-scale-in-coverage/"},{"id":"idea-cost-managed-access-everywhere","kind":"idea","name":"Copy the Cancer Drugs Fund: pay for uncertain drugs while collecting the data","aka":"","tldr":"Since 2016 England's Cancer Drugs Fund has paid a confidential discounted price for cancer drugs whose benefit is plausible but unproven, collected outcome data for two or three years, then had NICE decide for good; most drugs that entered were later recommended. Other systems could use the same managed-access deal instead of a yes-or-no at launch.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cost-managed-access-everywhere/"},{"id":"idea-cost-pooled-procurement-essential","kind":"idea","name":"Pool purchasing of essential cancer medicines across countries","aka":"","tldr":"Small countries pay more for the same generic chemotherapy because they buy alone; the PAHO Strategic Fund and the WHO essential medicines list show that buying together brings prices down and keeps supply steady.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cost-pooled-procurement-essential/"},{"id":"idea-cost-voluntary-licensing-oncology","kind":"idea","name":"Voluntary licences and price caps for patented cancer drugs in low-income countries","aka":"","tldr":"India's 2012 compulsory licence on sorafenib cut its price by about 97% and its 2019 cap on trade margins lowered the shelf price of 42 cancer drugs; voluntary licences through a patent pool would achieve the same without a fight.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-cost-voluntary-licensing-oncology/"},{"id":"src-npj-precision-oncology","kind":"collection","name":"npj Precision Oncology","aka":"","tldr":"npj Precision Oncology is a Nature Portfolio journal that publishes genomics, artificial intelligence and biomarker studies continuously rather than in issues. Every article is open access under a CC BY licence, so it can be read in full without a subscription.","tags":"source journal","route":"/collections/src-npj-precision-oncology/"},{"id":"src-ema-chmp","kind":"collection","name":"EMA news and CHMP meeting highlights","aka":"","tldr":"The EMA's CHMP highlights show Europe's approval pipeline one month ahead of European Commission decisions.","tags":"source data","route":"/collections/src-ema-chmp/"},{"id":"src-nice-ta","kind":"collection","name":"NICE technology appraisals","aka":"","tldr":"NICE technology appraisals say whether the NHS will pay, and why. They are the most transparent HTA record in the world.","tags":"source data","route":"/collections/src-nice-ta/"},{"id":"src-asco-post","kind":"collection","name":"The ASCO Post","aka":"","tldr":"The ASCO Post gives reliable, clinician-written summaries of the trials that matter, usually within days.","tags":"source news","route":"/collections/src-asco-post/"},{"id":"src-onclive","kind":"collection","name":"OncLive","aka":"","tldr":"OncLive, run by MJH Life Sciences, publishes daily oncology news, approval alerts and video interviews with trial investigators, often within hours of a readout. Industry-sponsored content is common, so check numbers against the primary source before relying on them.","tags":"source news","route":"/collections/src-onclive/"},{"id":"src-targeted-oncology","kind":"collection","name":"Targeted Oncology","aka":"","tldr":"Targeted Oncology is OncLive's sibling with a biomarker and targeted-therapy focus.","tags":"source news","route":"/collections/src-targeted-oncology/"},{"id":"src-cancer-network","kind":"collection","name":"CancerNetwork (ONCOLOGY)","aka":"","tldr":"CancerNetwork publishes daily practice-oriented news across solid and haematologic cancers.","tags":"source news","route":"/collections/src-cancer-network/"},{"id":"src-cancer-letter","kind":"collection","name":"The Cancer Letter","aka":"","tldr":"The Cancer Letter tells the inside story of cancer institutions and policy. Nobody else covers NCI and the centres this closely.","tags":"source news","route":"/collections/src-cancer-letter/"},{"id":"src-endpoints-news","kind":"collection","name":"Endpoints News","aka":"","tldr":"Endpoints News is the fastest read on what biotech and pharma are doing in oncology, deal by deal.","tags":"source news","route":"/collections/src-endpoints-news/"},{"id":"src-fierce-biotech","kind":"collection","name":"Fierce Biotech","aka":"","tldr":"Fierce Biotech is where trial failures get reported plainly.","tags":"source news","route":"/collections/src-fierce-biotech/"},{"id":"src-stat-news","kind":"collection","name":"STAT News","aka":"","tldr":"STAT News has the best-written reporting on the science and business of cancer, with real scepticism.","tags":"source news","route":"/collections/src-stat-news/"},{"id":"src-biocentury","kind":"collection","name":"BioCentury","aka":"","tldr":"BioCentury writes analysis for people who make decisions about pipelines.","tags":"source news","route":"/collections/src-biocentury/"},{"id":"src-evaluate","kind":"collection","name":"Evaluate Vantage","aka":"","tldr":"Evaluate Vantage forecasts which drugs and modalities will matter commercially in the next decade.","tags":"source news data","route":"/collections/src-evaluate/"},{"id":"src-adc-review","kind":"collection","name":"ADC Review","aka":"","tldr":"ADC Review covers everything ADC: deals, payload chemistry, and monthly pipeline summaries.","tags":"source news","route":"/collections/src-adc-review/"},{"id":"src-urotoday","kind":"collection","name":"UroToday","aka":"","tldr":"UroToday is the prostate, bladder, and kidney cancer feed, including PSMA and radioligand news.","tags":"source news","route":"/collections/src-urotoday/"},{"id":"src-oncodaily","kind":"collection","name":"OncoDaily","aka":"","tldr":"OncoDaily publishes a high volume of daily oncology news, education and career items from outside the United States, which is the perspective US-centred feeds lack. It is free, but trial news is mixed with profiles and history pieces, so check primary sources before reusing a figure.","tags":"source news","route":"/collections/src-oncodaily/"},{"id":"src-healio-hemonc","kind":"collection","name":"Healio Hematology/Oncology","aka":"","tldr":"Healio Hematology/Oncology publishes clinician-facing daily news with good approval and lifestyle-risk coverage.","tags":"source news","route":"/collections/src-healio-hemonc/"},{"id":"src-medscape-oncology","kind":"collection","name":"Medscape Oncology","aka":"","tldr":"Medscape Oncology publishes broad clinician news with continuing-education tie-ins.","tags":"source news","route":"/collections/src-medscape-oncology/"},{"id":"src-biopharma-dive","kind":"collection","name":"BioPharma Dive","aka":"","tldr":"BioPharma Dive offers clean, free industry reporting and is good for deal and approval context.","tags":"source news","route":"/collections/src-biopharma-dive/"},{"id":"src-asco-meeting-library","kind":"collection","name":"ASCO Meeting Library","aka":"","tldr":"The primary record of what was presented at ASCO meetings each year.","tags":"source congress","route":"/collections/src-asco-meeting-library/"},{"id":"src-esmo-congress","kind":"collection","name":"ESMO Congress","aka":"","tldr":"ESMO Congress, held each October by the European Society for Medical Oncology, is Europe's largest oncology meeting and the autumn counterpart to ASCO, where phase 3 trials now regularly report for the first time. Abstracts are free in Annals of Oncology; other content is for registrants.","tags":"source congress","route":"/collections/src-esmo-congress/"},{"id":"src-aacr-annual","kind":"collection","name":"AACR Annual Meeting","aka":"","tldr":"The AACR Annual Meeting is where new modalities and targets debut, each April.","tags":"source congress","route":"/collections/src-aacr-annual/"},{"id":"src-ash-annual","kind":"collection","name":"ASH Annual Meeting","aka":"","tldr":"The ASH Annual Meeting is December's blood-cancer summit, bringing CAR-T, bispecifics, menin, BTK, and myeloma news.","tags":"source congress","route":"/collections/src-ash-annual/"},{"id":"src-sabcs","kind":"collection","name":"San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium","aka":"","tldr":"The San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, run by UT Health San Antonio, the AACR and Baylor, packs the year's breast cancer evidence into one week each December. Abstracts are free and appear in Cancer Research and Clinical Cancer Research supplements.","tags":"source congress","route":"/collections/src-sabcs/"},{"id":"src-astro","kind":"collection","name":"ASTRO Annual Meeting","aka":"","tldr":"The ASTRO Annual Meeting is where hypofractionation, SBRT, protons, FLASH, and MR-guided radiotherapy results appear.","tags":"source congress","route":"/collections/src-astro/"},{"id":"src-snmmi","kind":"collection","name":"SNMMI Annual Meeting","aka":"","tldr":"The SNMMI Annual Meeting, held each June by the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, is where new PET tracers, radioligand therapy results and dosimetry work are first presented. Abstracts are free as a Journal of Nuclear Medicine supplement, and that journal carries the field's papers through the rest of the year.","tags":"source congress","route":"/collections/src-snmmi/"},{"id":"src-asco-daily-news","kind":"collection","name":"ASCO Daily News","aka":"","tldr":"ASCO Daily News is the American Society of Clinical Oncology's free news service, published daily during meetings and weekly otherwise, covering sessions as they happen and guideline updates. It is most useful during the Annual Meeting, when it adds expert perspective to the abstracts.","tags":"source news","route":"/collections/src-asco-daily-news/"},{"id":"src-nature-briefing-cancer","kind":"collection","name":"Nature Briefing: Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Nature Briefing: Cancer is one email a week that catches the papers you missed.","tags":"source news","route":"/collections/src-nature-briefing-cancer/"},{"id":"src-cruk-about-cancer","kind":"collection","name":"Cancer Research UK: About Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer Research UK's About Cancer pages give clear UK patient information, including NHS treatment pathways.","tags":"source patient","route":"/collections/src-cruk-about-cancer/"},{"id":"src-macmillan","kind":"collection","name":"Macmillan Cancer Support","aka":"","tldr":"Macmillan Cancer Support covers the practical side of cancer: money, work, coping, and where to get help.","tags":"source patient","route":"/collections/src-macmillan/"},{"id":"src-lbbc","kind":"collection","name":"Living Beyond Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Congress results translated for people with breast cancer, fast and accurately.","tags":"source patient","route":"/collections/src-lbbc/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"src-bcrf","kind":"collection","name":"Breast Cancer Research Foundation","aka":"","tldr":"The Breast Cancer Research Foundation's weekly blog explains new breast cancer research findings and drug approvals in plain terms for a general audience, and reports on the research the foundation funds. It is free, and it bridges the research literature and patient-facing news.","tags":"source patient","route":"/collections/src-bcrf/"},{"id":"src-tnbc-foundation","kind":"collection","name":"Triple Negative Breast Cancer Foundation","aka":"","tldr":"The Triple Negative Breast Cancer Foundation runs a free site with information written for this subtype, a helpline staffed by oncology social workers, support groups, webinars and clinical trial listings. It is the dedicated patient resource for a subtype that general breast cancer sites cover only in passing.","tags":"source patient","route":"/collections/src-tnbc-foundation/","cancers":"tnbc breast-cancer"},{"id":"src-semantic-scholar","kind":"collection","name":"Semantic Scholar","aka":"","tldr":"Semantic Scholar offers free literature search with machine-generated summaries and citation context.","tags":"source data","route":"/collections/src-semantic-scholar/"},{"id":"src-dimensions","kind":"collection","name":"Dimensions","aka":"","tldr":"Dimensions connects papers to the grants and trials behind them.","tags":"source data","route":"/collections/src-dimensions/"},{"id":"metastatic-cascade","kind":"pathway","name":"The metastatic cascade","aka":"","tldr":"How cancer spreads: cells leave the tumour, squeeze into blood or lymph vessels, survive the journey, exit into a new organ, often sleep there for years, and finally grow. Metastasis causes about 90% of cancer deaths.","tags":"mechanism","route":"/pathways/metastatic-cascade/"},{"id":"tumor-microenvironment","kind":"pathway","name":"Tumour microenvironment (TME)","aka":"","tldr":"A tumour is not just cancer cells. It is a neighbourhood of fibroblasts, immune cells, blood vessels, nerves, and scaffolding that the cancer recruits and corrupts, and that decides whether drugs and immune cells can get in.","tags":"mechanism","route":"/pathways/tumor-microenvironment/"},{"id":"antigen-presentation-immunoediting","kind":"pathway","name":"Antigen presentation & immune editing","aka":"","tldr":"How the immune system sees cancer, and how cancer learns to hide. Tumours display fragments of their proteins on MHC molecules; T cells kill the ones they recognise; the survivors are the ones that stopped showing fragments or switched on brakes.","tags":"mechanism","route":"/pathways/antigen-presentation-immunoediting/","cancers":"tnbc non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"cancer-metabolism","kind":"pathway","name":"Cancer metabolism","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer cells rewire how they eat. They burn glucose inefficiently but fast (the Warburg effect), gorge on glutamine and fats, and build the nucleotides and lipids needed to divide. This is why the FDG PET scan works, and why metabolism is a drug target.","tags":"mechanism","route":"/pathways/cancer-metabolism/"},{"id":"replication-stress","kind":"pathway","name":"DNA replication stress","aka":"","tldr":"Cancers copy their DNA too fast and with broken checkpoints, so replication forks stall and collapse. They survive only by leaning on emergency repair kinases such as ATR, CHK1, and WEE1, which is why blocking those kinases can be selectively lethal.","tags":"mechanism","route":"/pathways/replication-stress/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"chromosomal-instability","kind":"pathway","name":"Chromosomal instability & aneuploidy","aka":"","tldr":"Most cancers have the wrong number of chromosomes and keep shuffling them at every division. This chaos fuels evolution and drug resistance, but it also stresses the cell and can trigger immune alarms, a double edge that researchers are trying to exploit.","tags":"mechanism","route":"/pathways/chromosomal-instability/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"telomere-maintenance","kind":"pathway","name":"Telomere maintenance & replicative immortality","aka":"","tldr":"Normal cells can divide only a limited number of times because the protective caps on their chromosomes, telomeres, wear down. About 90% of cancers switch the cap-rebuilding enzyme telomerase back on, often through TERT promoter mutations, and roughly 10% use an alternative lengthening route (ALT), so they divide indefinitely; imetelstat is the first approved telomerase inhibitor.","tags":"mechanism","route":"/pathways/telomere-maintenance/"},{"id":"autophagy","kind":"pathway","name":"Autophagy","aka":"","tldr":"Autophagy is the cell's recycling programme. Cancer cells, especially pancreatic and RAS-driven tumours, use it to survive starvation and drug stress, which is why hydroxychloroquine, an old malaria drug that blocks it, keeps appearing in trials.","tags":"mechanism","route":"/pathways/autophagy/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"ferroptosis-cell-death","kind":"pathway","name":"Ferroptosis & regulated cell death","aka":"","tldr":"Cells can die in several programmed ways. Beyond the classic apoptosis, ferroptosis kills through iron-driven fat oxidation, and drug-resistant, mesenchymal cancer cells turn out to be unusually prone to it.","tags":"mechanism","route":"/pathways/ferroptosis-cell-death/"},{"id":"senescence","kind":"pathway","name":"Cellular senescence","aka":"","tldr":"Damaged cells can stop dividing permanently instead of dying. That protects against cancer at first, but senescent cells linger, secrete inflammatory signals, and after chemotherapy can help tumours relapse, so removing them (senolytics) is a new strategy.","tags":"mechanism","route":"/pathways/senescence/"},{"id":"cancer-stem-cells-plasticity","kind":"pathway","name":"Cancer stem cells & phenotypic plasticity","aka":"","tldr":"Some cancer cells behave like stem cells: they can regrow the whole tumour, resist treatment, and switch identities. This plasticity explains why tumours come back and why some lung and prostate cancers transform into a different cancer type under therapy.","tags":"mechanism","route":"/pathways/cancer-stem-cells-plasticity/"},{"id":"clonal-evolution","kind":"pathway","name":"Clonal evolution & minimal residual disease","aka":"","tldr":"A tumour is a population that evolves by natural selection. Treatment kills the sensitive cells and selects the rest, which is why resistance is the rule; measuring the surviving population (MRD) and adapting therapy is the counter-strategy.","tags":"mechanism","route":"/pathways/clonal-evolution/"},{"id":"inflammation-nfkb","kind":"pathway","name":"Inflammation & NF-κB","aka":"","tldr":"Chronic inflammation is soil for cancer: it feeds growth signals, DNA damage, and immune suppression. The NF-κB switch inside cells is the master relay, and colitis, hepatitis, and H. pylori gastritis are the clinical proof.","tags":"mechanism","route":"/pathways/inflammation-nfkb/","cancers":"gallbladder non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"hedgehog","kind":"pathway","name":"Hedgehog signalling","aka":"","tldr":"A developmental pathway that shapes embryos and is switched back on in basal cell skin cancer and some brain tumours. Blocking it cures most advanced basal cell carcinomas, but tumours learn to reactivate it downstream.","tags":"mechanism","route":"/pathways/hedgehog/","cancers":"glioblastoma aml"},{"id":"notch","kind":"pathway","name":"Notch signalling","aka":"","tldr":"A cell-to-cell contact signal that decides cell fate. It drives T-cell leukaemia when mutated on, acts as a tumour suppressor in some squamous cancers when lost, and its ligand DLL3 became a drug target in small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"mechanism","route":"/pathways/notch/","cancers":"sclc all-leukemia cll head-and-neck tnbc"},{"id":"jak-stat","kind":"pathway","name":"JAK-STAT signalling","aka":"","tldr":"The relay that turns cytokine signals into gene changes. Overactive in blood cancers (JAK2 in myelofibrosis), it is also the wire that carries interferon's cancer-killing message, so tumours cut it to escape immunotherapy.","tags":"mechanism","route":"/pathways/jak-stat/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"tgf-beta","kind":"pathway","name":"TGF-β signalling","aka":"","tldr":"A signal that stops normal cells from dividing but, once a cancer is established, switches sides: it builds scar-like stroma, walls out immune cells, and pushes cells into a migratory state.","tags":"mechanism","route":"/pathways/tgf-beta/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"hippo-yap","kind":"pathway","name":"Hippo-YAP/TAZ","aka":"","tldr":"The pathway that tells organs when to stop growing. Cancers disable it so YAP and TAZ stay in the nucleus driving growth; in mesothelioma, NF2 loss does exactly that, and the first drugs against the YAP-TEAD switch are in trials.","tags":"mechanism","route":"/pathways/hippo-yap/","cancers":"mesothelioma"},{"id":"myc","kind":"pathway","name":"MYC","aka":"","tldr":"MYC is the most commonly amplified cancer gene, a master switch that turns on thousands of growth genes. It has no pocket for a conventional drug, so it remained 'undruggable' for 40 years; the first direct MYC drugs finally entered trials in the 2020s.","tags":"mechanism","route":"/pathways/myc/","cancers":"neuroblastoma dlbcl pancreatic tnbc non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"keap1-nrf2","kind":"pathway","name":"KEAP1-NRF2 antioxidant pathway","aka":"","tldr":"KEAP1-NRF2 is the cell's antioxidant defence switch. Lung cancers often break the off-switch (KEAP1), leaving NRF2 permanently on, which detoxifies chemotherapy and radiation and makes these tumours resistant to almost everything.","tags":"mechanism","route":"/pathways/keap1-nrf2/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"swi-snf-chromatin","kind":"pathway","name":"SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling","aka":"","tldr":"A machine that opens and closes DNA so genes can be read. One in five cancers has a broken part (ARID1A, SMARCA4, PBRM1), and losing one part often creates a dependence on its twin, which is the basis for new synthetic-lethal drugs.","tags":"mechanism","route":"/pathways/swi-snf-chromatin/","cancers":"rcc ovarian nsclc sarcoma"},{"id":"epigenetic-reprogramming","kind":"pathway","name":"Epigenetic reprogramming","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer changes not just its genes but how they are read: chemical tags on DNA and histones silence guardians and awaken growth programmes. Unlike mutations, these changes are reversible, which is the hope behind epigenetic drugs.","tags":"mechanism","route":"/pathways/epigenetic-reprogramming/","cancers":"colorectal non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"rna-splicing","kind":"pathway","name":"RNA splicing","aka":"","tldr":"Genes are cut and pasted into messages before they are used. Blood cancers often carry mutations in the splicing machinery, and the errors create abnormal proteins that could serve as targets or immune flags.","tags":"mechanism","route":"/pathways/rna-splicing/","cancers":"aml cll melanoma prostate"},{"id":"mrna-translation-eif4f","kind":"pathway","name":"mRNA translation (eIF4F / mTOR)","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer cells must make protein at furious speed. The eIF4F complex that starts protein synthesis is the funnel where growth signals converge, and drugs that pinch the funnel starve the tumour of the proteins it needs most.","tags":"mechanism","route":"/pathways/mrna-translation-eif4f/"},{"id":"circadian-control","kind":"pathway","name":"Circadian control","aka":"","tldr":"Cells run on a 24-hour clock that gates cell division, DNA repair, and drug metabolism. Cancers often break their clocks, and the time of day a drug or immunotherapy is given can change how well it works.","tags":"mechanism","route":"/pathways/circadian-control/"},{"id":"microbiome-tumour","kind":"pathway","name":"Microbiome-tumour interactions","aka":"","tldr":"The bacteria in the gut, and even inside tumours, influence whether cancer starts and whether immunotherapy works. Transplanting stool from responders has made some non-responders respond.","tags":"mechanism","route":"/pathways/microbiome-tumour/","cancers":"melanoma colorectal pancreatic"},{"id":"cancer-neuroscience","kind":"pathway","name":"Cancer neuroscience (nerve-tumour signalling)","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer neuroscience is the study of how tumours talk to nerves. Nerves grow into tumours and feed them signals; brain tumours even wire themselves into neural circuits. Cutting the conversation with common drugs such as beta-blockers is now being tested.","tags":"mechanism","route":"/pathways/cancer-neuroscience/","cancers":"pancreatic prostate glioblastoma head-and-neck melanoma"},{"id":"cachexia-biology","kind":"pathway","name":"Cancer cachexia","aka":"","tldr":"The wasting syndrome that kills up to a third of cancer patients: tumours send hormonal signals (GDF-15, IL-6) that switch off appetite and burn muscle and fat. The first drug to reverse it, ponsegromab, showed weight gain in 2024.","tags":"mechanism","route":"/pathways/cachexia-biology/","cancers":"pancreatic nsclc gastric"},{"id":"clonal-haematopoiesis","kind":"pathway","name":"Clonal haematopoiesis (CHIP)","aka":"","tldr":"As we age, blood stem cells with cancer-like mutations quietly expand in most people. These clones raise leukaemia and heart disease risk, are accelerated by chemotherapy, and confuse blood tests for cancer DNA.","tags":"mechanism","route":"/pathways/clonal-haematopoiesis/","cancers":"aml prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"field-cancerisation","kind":"pathway","name":"Field cancerisation","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer often arises from a whole region of tissue that already carries mutations, not from one rogue cell. Sun-exposed skin, smokers' airways, and Barrett's oesophagus are patchworks of mutant clones competing long before a tumour appears.","tags":"mechanism","route":"/pathways/field-cancerisation/","cancers":"esophageal head-and-neck nsclc cervical colorectal bowens-disease cutaneous-scc basal-cell-carcinoma skin-cancer"},{"id":"tumor-dormancy","kind":"pathway","name":"Tumour dormancy","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer cells can hide in bone marrow, lung, or brain for years or decades, asleep and invisible to scans and chemotherapy, then wake up. Late relapse in breast and prostate cancer is dormancy ending.","tags":"mechanism","route":"/pathways/tumor-dormancy/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate melanoma"},{"id":"hallmarks-of-cancer","kind":"term","name":"Hallmarks of Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The Hallmarks of Cancer is the most-cited framework in cancer biology: a short list of the capabilities every cancer must acquire, from unlimited growth to hiding from the immune system. The 2022 update lists eight hallmarks, two enabling characteristics, and four new dimensions.","tags":"hallmark","route":"/terms/hallmarks-of-cancer/"},{"id":"sustaining-proliferative-signaling","kind":"term","name":"Hallmark: sustaining proliferative signalling","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer cells keep telling themselves to divide, by making their own growth signals or jamming the receptors on.","tags":"hallmark","route":"/terms/sustaining-proliferative-signaling/"},{"id":"evading-growth-suppressors","kind":"term","name":"Hallmark: evading growth suppressors","aka":"","tldr":"Evading growth suppressors means cutting the brakes that normally stop division, p53 and RB above all.","tags":"hallmark","route":"/terms/evading-growth-suppressors/"},{"id":"resisting-cell-death","kind":"term","name":"Hallmark: resisting cell death","aka":"","tldr":"Resisting cell death is the hallmark by which cancer cells disable their self-destruct programmes, chiefly apoptosis.","tags":"hallmark","route":"/terms/resisting-cell-death/"},{"id":"enabling-replicative-immortality","kind":"term","name":"Hallmark: enabling replicative immortality","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer cells bypass the division limit set by shortening telomeres, usually by reactivating telomerase.","tags":"hallmark","route":"/terms/enabling-replicative-immortality/"},{"id":"inducing-angiogenesis","kind":"term","name":"Hallmark: inducing or accessing vasculature","aka":"","tldr":"Tumours grow their own blood supply, or co-opt existing vessels, to get oxygen and nutrients.","tags":"hallmark","route":"/terms/inducing-angiogenesis/"},{"id":"activating-invasion-metastasis","kind":"term","name":"Hallmark: activating invasion and metastasis","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer cells detach, invade, travel, and colonise other organs, the process responsible for most cancer deaths.","tags":"hallmark","route":"/terms/activating-invasion-metastasis/"},{"id":"deregulating-cellular-energetics","kind":"term","name":"Hallmark: reprogramming cellular metabolism","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer cells rewire their metabolism to build biomass fast, burning glucose inefficiently and gorging on glutamine and lipids.","tags":"hallmark","route":"/terms/deregulating-cellular-energetics/"},{"id":"avoiding-immune-destruction","kind":"term","name":"Hallmark: avoiding immune destruction","aka":"","tldr":"Cancers hide from or switch off the immune system, by losing the molecules that display their antigens or by raising checkpoint brakes.","tags":"hallmark","route":"/terms/avoiding-immune-destruction/"},{"id":"genome-instability-mutation","kind":"term","name":"Enabling characteristic: genome instability and mutation","aka":"","tldr":"Cancers mutate faster than normal cells because their DNA repair and chromosome segregation are broken. This fuels every other hallmark.","tags":"hallmark","route":"/terms/genome-instability-mutation/"},{"id":"tumor-promoting-inflammation","kind":"term","name":"Enabling characteristic: tumour-promoting inflammation","aka":"","tldr":"Chronic inflammation supplies growth factors, survival signals, and mutagens that help cancers start and grow.","tags":"hallmark","route":"/terms/tumor-promoting-inflammation/"},{"id":"unlocking-phenotypic-plasticity","kind":"term","name":"Hallmark (2022): unlocking phenotypic plasticity","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer cells escape the normal rule that mature cells stay what they are: they dedifferentiate, transdifferentiate, or refuse to mature.","tags":"hallmark","route":"/terms/unlocking-phenotypic-plasticity/"},{"id":"nonmutational-epigenetic-reprogramming","kind":"term","name":"Hallmark (2022): non-mutational epigenetic reprogramming","aka":"","tldr":"Cancers can change behaviour, including becoming drug-tolerant, without any new mutation, by rewriting the chemical tags that control which genes are read.","tags":"hallmark","route":"/terms/nonmutational-epigenetic-reprogramming/"},{"id":"polymorphic-microbiomes","kind":"term","name":"Hallmark (2022): polymorphic microbiomes","aka":"","tldr":"The bacteria living in and around us differ from person to person and influence cancer risk, progression, and how well treatments work.","tags":"hallmark","route":"/terms/polymorphic-microbiomes/"},{"id":"senescent-cells","kind":"term","name":"Hallmark (2022): senescent cells","aka":"","tldr":"Cells that have permanently stopped dividing but stay alive and secrete inflammatory signals, helping nearby cancer cells grow and resist treatment.","tags":"hallmark","route":"/terms/senescent-cells/"},{"id":"disseminated-tumor-cells","kind":"term","name":"Disseminated tumour cells (DTCs)","aka":"disseminated tumour cell","tldr":"Single cancer cells that have already spread to distant organs, often found in bone marrow years before any metastasis appears.","tags":"","route":"/terms/disseminated-tumor-cells/"},{"id":"warburg-effect","kind":"term","name":"Warburg effect","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer cells burn glucose into lactate even when oxygen is plentiful, an inefficient but fast way to make building blocks. Otto Warburg described it in the 1920s.","tags":"","route":"/terms/warburg-effect/"},{"id":"immune-exclusion","kind":"term","name":"Immune exclusion","aka":"","tldr":"A tumour where the immune cells arrive but are stopped at the edge, held back by scar tissue and signals such as TGF-β.","tags":"","route":"/terms/immune-exclusion/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"cancer-associated-fibroblasts","kind":"term","name":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs)","aka":"","tldr":"The scaffolding cells that tumours recruit to build scar-like tissue around themselves. They feed the cancer, block drugs and immune cells, and carry the FAP protein that PET scans can now see.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cancer-associated-fibroblasts/"},{"id":"tumor-associated-macrophages","kind":"term","name":"Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs)","aka":"","tldr":"Tumour-associated macrophages are immune cells that should eat cancer cells but are re-educated by the tumour to protect it instead. They are often the most abundant immune cell in a tumour.","tags":"","route":"/terms/tumor-associated-macrophages/"},{"id":"myeloid-derived-suppressor-cells","kind":"term","name":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs)","aka":"","tldr":"Immature immune cells that tumours summon to switch off T cells. Their numbers in blood predict worse immunotherapy outcomes.","tags":"","route":"/terms/myeloid-derived-suppressor-cells/"},{"id":"whole-genome-doubling","kind":"term","name":"Whole-genome doubling (WGD)","aka":"","tldr":"Whole-genome doubling is a single event in which a cancer cell duplicates its entire genome, becoming tetraploid. It happens in about a third of cancers and buffers the chaos that follows.","tags":"","route":"/terms/whole-genome-doubling/"},{"id":"idea-dtc-colonisation-determinants","kind":"idea","name":"What decides which disseminated cells ever colonise?","aka":"","tldr":"Most cancer cells that spread die or sleep forever; a few grow into lethal metastases. Nobody can yet tell them apart, and doing so would show whom to treat after surgery.","tags":"mechanism open-question","route":"/ideas/idea-dtc-colonisation-determinants/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc prostate"},{"id":"idea-immune-exclusion-drivers","kind":"idea","name":"What actually holds T cells at the tumour border?","aka":"","tldr":"In immune-excluded tumours T cells reach the border but cannot get in, held back by fibroblasts, matrix, abnormal vessels, CXCL12 gradients or myeloid cells, and TGF-β drugs on their own have failed. If single-cell and spatial profiling can show which stromal programme dominates in each tumour, matching the drug (TGF-β, FAP, CXCR4 or VEGF) to it could let immunotherapy work.","tags":"mechanism open-question","route":"/ideas/idea-immune-exclusion-drivers/"},{"id":"idea-drugging-myc","kind":"idea","name":"Can MYC be drugged directly, and will patients tolerate it?","aka":"","tldr":"MYC drives half of all cancers but has no pocket for a drug and is needed by normal cells too. The first direct MYC blockers are in trials; the question is whether there is a therapeutic window.","tags":"mechanism open-question","route":"/ideas/idea-drugging-myc/","cancers":"pancreatic tnbc neuroblastoma"},{"id":"idea-targeting-aneuploidy","kind":"idea","name":"Is aneuploidy itself a druggable vulnerability?","aka":"","tldr":"Most cancers have the wrong number of chromosomes; normal cells do not. If that difference creates a specific weakness, a drug against it would spare normal tissue by definition.","tags":"mechanism open-question","route":"/ideas/idea-targeting-aneuploidy/","cancers":"ovarian tnbc"},{"id":"idea-neoantigen-immunogenicity-rules","kind":"idea","name":"What makes a neoantigen actually immunogenic?","aka":"","tldr":"Vaccines can now encode dozens of a tumour's mutations, but only a minority provoke useful T cells. Learning the rules would make vaccines smaller, cheaper, and stronger.","tags":"mechanism open-question","route":"/ideas/idea-neoantigen-immunogenicity-rules/"},{"id":"idea-dormancy-maintenance-therapy","kind":"idea","name":"Keep them asleep: dormancy maintenance as adjuvant therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of trying to kill every hidden cancer cell after surgery, keep them dormant for life with low-toxicity drugs, the way extended hormone therapy already does in breast cancer.","tags":"mechanism open-question","route":"/ideas/idea-dormancy-maintenance-therapy/","cancers":"prostate breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-metabolic-vulnerability-mapping","kind":"idea","name":"Map metabolic dependencies in the patient, not the dish","aka":"","tldr":"Metabolic drugs keep failing because tumours switch fuels. Measuring what a patient's tumour actually eats, with tracers and PET, could pick the right metabolic drug for the right tumour.","tags":"mechanism open-question","route":"/ideas/idea-metabolic-vulnerability-mapping/","cancers":"nsclc rcc glioblastoma"},{"id":"idea-senolytics-after-chemo","kind":"idea","name":"One-two punch: clear senescent cells after chemotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Chemotherapy leaves behind senescent cells that inflame tissues and help tumours relapse. A short course of senolytic drugs afterwards might reduce relapse and long-term side effects at once.","tags":"mechanism open-question","route":"/ideas/idea-senolytics-after-chemo/","cancers":"tnbc ovarian"},{"id":"idea-microbiome-io-fmt","kind":"idea","name":"Microbiome transplant as a routine immunotherapy adjunct","aka":"","tldr":"Stool transplants from immunotherapy responders have rescued some non-responders in melanoma. If defined bacterial cocktails work as well, every immunotherapy patient could get one.","tags":"mechanism open-question","route":"/ideas/idea-microbiome-io-fmt/","cancers":"melanoma nsclc"},{"id":"idea-nerve-tumour-blockade","kind":"idea","name":"Cut the nerve supply to tumours with old drugs","aka":"","tldr":"Nerves feed pancreatic, prostate, and other tumours. Beta-blockers and botulinum toxin are cheap, safe, and already in trials to see if severing that link slows cancer.","tags":"mechanism open-question","route":"/ideas/idea-nerve-tumour-blockade/","cancers":"pancreatic glioblastoma prostate head-and-neck"},{"id":"idea-cachexia-gdf15-prevention","kind":"idea","name":"Treat cachexia before it starts","aka":"","tldr":"Cachexia, the muscle wasting driven partly by the hormone GDF-15, kills cancer patients and stops chemotherapy being completed, and late muscle loss is largely irreversible. Ponsegromab, an anti-GDF-15 antibody, reversed weight loss in established cachexia in 2024; the next test is a phase 3 giving it from first-line chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer to prevent wasting rather than treat it.","tags":"mechanism open-question","route":"/ideas/idea-cachexia-gdf15-prevention/","cancers":"pancreatic nsclc gastric"},{"id":"idea-chip-risk-modifiers","kind":"idea","name":"Which patients' blood clones will become leukaemia after treatment?","aka":"","tldr":"PARP inhibitors, platinum, and radioligand drugs can push pre-existing blood-cell clones toward leukaemia in a few patients. Predicting who could let us choose therapies more safely.","tags":"mechanism open-question","route":"/ideas/idea-chip-risk-modifiers/","cancers":"aml ovarian prostate"},{"id":"idea-field-interception","kind":"idea","name":"Intercept cancer at the field stage","aka":"","tldr":"Whole regions of tissue carry cancer mutations long before a tumour exists. Detecting and treating the field, not the tumour, could prevent cancers rather than cure them.","tags":"mechanism open-question","route":"/ideas/idea-field-interception/","cancers":"esophageal nsclc head-and-neck"},{"id":"idea-ferroptosis-persisters","kind":"idea","name":"Kill drug-tolerant persisters through ferroptosis","aka":"","tldr":"The cells that survive targeted therapy change shape and become unusually dependent on an antioxidant enzyme, GPX4. Hitting them in that window might stop resistance before it evolves.","tags":"mechanism open-question","route":"/ideas/idea-ferroptosis-persisters/","cancers":"nsclc melanoma"},{"id":"idea-splice-neoantigens","kind":"idea","name":"Shared splice-derived neoantigens as off-the-shelf vaccine targets","aka":"","tldr":"Mutations in the RNA splicing genes SF3B1, SRSF2 and U2AF1 produce the same mis-spliced proteins in patient after patient with MDS, CLL or uveal melanoma. If fragments of those proteins are displayed on common HLA molecules and seen by T cells, one off-the-shelf vaccine or TCR-T therapy could serve every SF3B1-mutant patient instead of being built per person.","tags":"mechanism open-question","route":"/ideas/idea-splice-neoantigens/","cancers":"aml cll melanoma"},{"id":"idea-chronotherapy-immunotherapy","kind":"idea","name":"Give immunotherapy in the morning","aka":"","tldr":"Several studies found patients infused with checkpoint inhibitors earlier in the day lived longer. If a randomised trial confirms it, it is a free improvement available everywhere tomorrow.","tags":"mechanism open-question","route":"/ideas/idea-chronotherapy-immunotherapy/","cancers":"nsclc melanoma"},{"id":"idea-ecdna-targeting","kind":"idea","name":"Attack extrachromosomal DNA, the engine of oncogene amplification","aka":"","tldr":"Aggressive glioblastomas, sarcomas and gastric cancers keep amplified cancer genes such as EGFR, MYC, MDM2 and CDK4 on free-floating DNA circles (ecDNA) whose copy number rises and falls quickly, letting the tumour dial resistance up and down. Cells carrying ecDNA depend on CHK1, giving a first drug target.","tags":"mechanism open-question","route":"/ideas/idea-ecdna-targeting/","cancers":"glioblastoma sarcoma gastric"},{"id":"frontier-2035","kind":"roadmap","name":"Radical oncology: what could change the war by 2035","aka":"","tldr":"Radical oncology is a horizon map of the wilder ideas in cancer, sorted by how close they are to mattering, with the reason each one might never arrive.","tags":"","route":"/roadmaps/frontier-2035/"},{"id":"cure-paths","kind":"roadmap","name":"Paths to cures: interception, eradication, control","aka":"","tldr":"Three different ways a cancer stops killing someone: stop it before it starts, remove every last cell, or hold it in check for life. Each needs different technology.","tags":"","route":"/roadmaps/cure-paths/"},{"id":"closed-automated-cell-manufacturing","kind":"technology","name":"Closed automated cell-therapy manufacturing","aka":"","tldr":"Sealed, robot-run machines that turn a patient's blood cells into a CAR-T product with far fewer hands, clean rooms, and mistakes.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/closed-automated-cell-manufacturing/","status":"established"},{"id":"point-of-care-cell-manufacturing","kind":"technology","name":"Point-of-care and decentralised cell manufacturing","aka":"","tldr":"Making CAR-T cells at or near the hospital instead of shipping cells to a central factory and back.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/point-of-care-cell-manufacturing/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"viral-vector-manufacturing","kind":"technology","name":"Viral vector manufacturing (lentiviral, retroviral, AAV)","aka":"","tldr":"Producing the engineered viruses that carry a CAR gene into T cells. Viral vector manufacturing is a long-standing bottleneck for cell and gene therapy.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/viral-vector-manufacturing/","status":"established"},{"id":"plasmid-dna-manufacturing","kind":"technology","name":"Plasmid DNA and mRNA raw-material manufacturing","aka":"","tldr":"Plasmid DNA and mRNA raw materials are the DNA templates and enzymes behind viral vectors and mRNA vaccines. They are invisible to patients but decisive for supply.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/plasmid-dna-manufacturing/","status":"established"},{"id":"adc-cdmo-manufacturing","kind":"technology","name":"ADC bioconjugation manufacturing (CDMOs)","aka":"","tldr":"ADC bioconjugation manufacturing joins a payload so toxic it needs the top containment class (OEB 5) to an antibody, then checks drug-to-antibody ratio and free payload. Capacity sits with a handful of contractors such as Lonza, WuXi XDC and Samsung Biologics, so long queues and China-based exposure shape who can develop ADCs.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/adc-cdmo-manufacturing/","status":"established"},{"id":"radiopharmacy-network","kind":"technology","name":"Radiopharmacy and cyclotron networks","aka":"","tldr":"The factories and courier routes that make and deliver short-lived radioactive tracers to hospitals within hours.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/radiopharmacy-network/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"therapy-isotope-supply-chain","kind":"technology","name":"Therapeutic isotope supply chain (Mo-99, Lu-177, Ac-225)","aka":"","tldr":"Where the radioactive atoms for imaging and therapy actually come from: ageing reactors, new accelerators, and a scramble for actinium.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/therapy-isotope-supply-chain/","status":"established"},{"id":"long-read-sequencing","kind":"technology","name":"Long-read sequencing (PacBio, Oxford Nanopore)","aka":"","tldr":"Long-read sequencing (PacBio HiFi, Oxford Nanopore) reads single DNA molecules in stretches of thousands of bases, so rearrangements, repeat expansions, gene fusions and methylation appear in one run where short-read machines miss them. Nanopore can classify a brain tumour during surgery in under an hour; throughput per dollar still trails the largest short-read instruments.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/long-read-sequencing/","status":"established"},{"id":"next-gen-short-read-platforms","kind":"technology","name":"New short-read sequencing platforms","aka":"","tldr":"New short-read sequencing platforms from Ultima Genomics, Element Biosciences, Roche and MGI compete with Illumina by cutting the cost per gigabase, with Ultima claiming a genome under 100 dollars. Cheaper reads make whole-genome tumour-normal sequencing and deep ctDNA testing affordable in principle, but clinical assays must be revalidated and Illumina's installed base still dominates.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/next-gen-short-read-platforms/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"spatial-biology-instruments","kind":"technology","name":"Spatial biology instruments","aka":"","tldr":"Spatial biology instruments are machines that map which genes and proteins are active in each part of a tumour slice.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/spatial-biology-instruments/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"whole-slide-scanners","kind":"technology","name":"Whole-slide scanners and image management","aka":"","tldr":"The scanners that turn glass slides into gigapixel images, and the software that stores and serves them, without which pathology AI cannot run.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/whole-slide-scanners/","status":"established"},{"id":"treatment-planning-systems","kind":"technology","name":"Radiotherapy treatment planning and QA software","aka":"","tldr":"The software that calculates exactly how radiation beams should be shaped and checks the machine delivered it.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/treatment-planning-systems/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"auto-contouring-ai","kind":"technology","name":"AI auto-contouring and adaptive planning","aka":"","tldr":"Software that draws organs and tumours on scans automatically, saving hours per patient and making daily plan adaptation practical.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/auto-contouring-ai/","status":"established"},{"id":"oncology-real-world-data","kind":"technology","name":"Oncology EHR and real-world data platforms","aka":"","tldr":"Databases built from millions of real patient records, used to see how treatments work outside trials and to run studies without new trials.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/oncology-real-world-data/","status":"established"},{"id":"clinical-trial-software","kind":"technology","name":"Clinical trial software (EDC, eCOA, CTMS, RTSM)","aka":"","tldr":"Clinical trial software is the set of systems that collect trial data, randomise patients, and keep every form auditable.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/clinical-trial-software/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"decentralised-clinical-trials","kind":"technology","name":"Decentralised and hybrid clinical trials","aka":"","tldr":"Running parts of a trial at home or locally, with telehealth, home nursing, and remote monitoring, so patients far from big centres can take part.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/decentralised-clinical-trials/","status":"established"},{"id":"community-oncology-networks","kind":"technology","name":"Community oncology and site networks","aka":"","tldr":"The clinics where most cancer patients are actually treated, increasingly organised into large networks that also run trials.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/community-oncology-networks/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"contract-research-organisations","kind":"technology","name":"Contract research organisations (CROs)","aka":"","tldr":"Companies that run clinical trials for sponsors: sites, monitoring, data, and regulatory filing.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/contract-research-organisations/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"imaging-core-labs","kind":"technology","name":"Imaging core labs and central review","aka":"","tldr":"Independent radiologists who re-read every scan in a trial the same way, so response rates mean the same thing across hospitals.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/imaging-core-labs/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"biobanking","kind":"technology","name":"Biobanking and tissue procurement","aka":"","tldr":"Freezers full of consented tumour samples with matched clinical data, which every biomarker and drug programme depends on.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/biobanking/","status":"established"},{"id":"reference-laboratories","kind":"technology","name":"Reference laboratories and companion-diagnostic testing","aka":"","tldr":"The big labs that run most biomarker tests, and the reagent makers whose stains decide who gets a drug.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/reference-laboratories/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"pet-tracer-manufacturing","kind":"technology","name":"PET tracer manufacturing and distribution","aka":"","tldr":"Making PSMA, FDG, and new tracers under drug-manufacturing rules and delivering them daily.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/pet-tracer-manufacturing/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"nuclear-medicine-hardware","kind":"technology","name":"Nuclear medicine and total-body PET hardware","aka":"","tldr":"Nuclear medicine hardware means the scanners themselves: PET/CT, SPECT/CT, and new total-body PET that images the whole body at once.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/nuclear-medicine-hardware/","status":"established"},{"id":"remote-patient-monitoring","kind":"technology","name":"Electronic patient-reported outcomes and remote monitoring","aka":"","tldr":"Apps and sensors that let patients report symptoms between visits, which in trials improved survival and cut emergency visits.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/remote-patient-monitoring/","status":"established"},{"id":"pharmacy-automation","kind":"technology","name":"Oncology pharmacy automation and compounding robots","aka":"","tldr":"Robots and closed systems that prepare chemotherapy doses safely, protecting pharmacists from hazardous drugs and patients from errors.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/pharmacy-automation/","status":"established"},{"id":"ai-compute-platforms","kind":"technology","name":"AI compute and model platforms for oncology","aka":"","tldr":"AI compute platforms are the GPUs, model libraries, and cloud services that pathology, radiology, and drug-design AI run on.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/ai-compute-platforms/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"sterile-fill-finish","kind":"technology","name":"Sterile fill-finish and lyophilisation","aka":"","tldr":"Sterile fill-finish is putting the finished drug into vials under sterile conditions. It is a frequent cause of shortages when capacity is tight.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/sterile-fill-finish/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"generic-drug-shortage-response","kind":"technology","name":"Generic oncology drug supply and shortage mitigation","aka":"","tldr":"Keeping cheap, essential chemotherapy drugs like cisplatin available; shortages in 2023 forced rationing in US hospitals.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/generic-drug-shortage-response/","status":"established"},{"id":"hospital-information-systems-oncology","kind":"technology","name":"Oncology EHR modules and treatment pathways","aka":"","tldr":"The ordering and record systems oncologists use every day, including built-in treatment pathways that steer drug choice.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/hospital-information-systems-oncology/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"high-potency-payload-synthesis","kind":"technology","name":"Payload-linker synthesis (high-potency API)","aka":"","tldr":"Payload-linker synthesis makes the cytotoxic small molecules inside ADCs (exatecan, MMAE, DM1, PBD dimers), whose occupational exposure limits sit in the nanogram range, in facilities built so a speck of dust cannot harm a worker. A handful of licensed sites such as Lonza and WuXi STA supply them, and their lead times gate hundreds of ADCs in development.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/high-potency-payload-synthesis/","status":"established"},{"id":"apheresis-starting-material","kind":"technology","name":"Apheresis and starting-material collection","aka":"","tldr":"Apheresis is collecting a patient's white blood cells through a machine over several hours. Every autologous CAR-T begins here, and the quality of these cells shapes the final product.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/apheresis-starting-material/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"cell-therapy-cold-chain","kind":"technology","name":"Cryopreservation and cell-therapy cold chain","aka":"","tldr":"Freezing cells at minus 150 degrees and shipping them in liquid-nitrogen 'dry shippers' with tracking, so a living drug arrives alive and matched to the right patient.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/cell-therapy-cold-chain/","status":"established"},{"id":"cell-therapy-orchestration-software","kind":"technology","name":"Cell-therapy orchestration and chain-of-identity software","aka":"","tldr":"Scheduling and tracking software that makes sure each patient's cells come back to that patient, on time.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/cell-therapy-orchestration-software/","status":"established"},{"id":"cell-therapy-release-testing","kind":"technology","name":"Cell-therapy release and potency testing","aka":"","tldr":"The quality checks a CAR-T batch must pass before it can be given: sterile, correct identity, enough live CAR-positive cells, and no replicating virus.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/cell-therapy-release-testing/","status":"established"},{"id":"allogeneic-cell-banking","kind":"technology","name":"Allogeneic donor and iPSC master cell banks","aka":"","tldr":"Making cell therapies from a healthy donor or stem-cell line in advance, so patients get an off-the-shelf product instead of waiting weeks.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/allogeneic-cell-banking/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"monoclonal-antibody-manufacturing","kind":"technology","name":"Antibody manufacturing (CHO bioprocessing)","aka":"","tldr":"Antibody manufacturing means growing antibody drugs like pembrolizumab or trastuzumab in vats of engineered hamster cells, then purifying them. It is the industrial base for most modern cancer drugs.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/monoclonal-antibody-manufacturing/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"medical-cyclotrons-synthesis-modules","kind":"technology","name":"Medical cyclotrons, hot cells, and synthesis modules","aka":"","tldr":"The particle accelerators and shielded robotic chemistry boxes that make PET tracers in hospital basements and commercial pharmacies.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/medical-cyclotrons-synthesis-modules/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"radionuclide-generators-kits","kind":"technology","name":"Radionuclide generators and cold kits","aka":"","tldr":"Bench-top devices that 'milk' a short-lived isotope from a long-lived parent, plus vials of ready-to-label ligand. How most hospitals make PSMA and somatostatin PET tracers without a cyclotron.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/radionuclide-generators-kits/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"ngs-bioinformatics-software","kind":"technology","name":"Clinical NGS bioinformatics and variant interpretation","aka":"","tldr":"Software that turns raw sequencer output into a report of which mutations matter and which drugs they point to.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/ngs-bioinformatics-software/","status":"established"},{"id":"genomics-cloud-platforms","kind":"technology","name":"Genomics cloud and secure research environments","aka":"","tldr":"Cloud systems where hospitals and researchers store and analyse genomic data securely at petabyte scale.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/genomics-cloud-platforms/","status":"established"},{"id":"variant-knowledgebases","kind":"technology","name":"Cancer variant knowledgebases and molecular tumour boards","aka":"","tldr":"Curated databases that say what each mutation means for treatment, and the expert meetings that use them to decide on therapy.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/variant-knowledgebases/","status":"established"},{"id":"cancer-registries-surveillance","kind":"technology","name":"Cancer registries and population surveillance","aka":"","tldr":"The public systems that count every cancer diagnosis and death in a country, which tell us whether incidence and survival are improving.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/cancer-registries-surveillance/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"proteomics-platforms","kind":"technology","name":"Proteomics instruments and affinity platforms","aka":"","tldr":"Machines that measure thousands of proteins at once from tissue or blood, used to find drug targets and early-detection markers.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/proteomics-platforms/","status":"established"},{"id":"structural-biology-infrastructure","kind":"technology","name":"Structural biology infrastructure (cryo-EM, synchrotrons, AlphaFold)","aka":"","tldr":"Structural biology infrastructure is the microscopes, X-ray sources, and prediction models that show what a cancer protein looks like so chemists can design a drug to fit it.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/structural-biology-infrastructure/","status":"established"},{"id":"high-throughput-screening-libraries","kind":"technology","name":"High-throughput screening and DNA-encoded libraries","aka":"","tldr":"Testing millions or billions of chemical compounds against a cancer target automatically to find starting points for new drugs.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/high-throughput-screening-libraries/","status":"established"},{"id":"preanalytics-sample-stabilisation","kind":"technology","name":"Pre-analytics: blood-collection tubes and tissue fixation","aka":"","tldr":"The tubes and fixatives that keep a sample stable between the patient and the lab. Unglamorous, but they decide whether a liquid biopsy or PD-L1 stain is trustworthy.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/preanalytics-sample-stabilisation/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"ihc-autostainers-histology-automation","kind":"technology","name":"Histology automation and IHC autostainers","aka":"","tldr":"Histology automation is the robots that process tissue into slides and stain them for biomarkers such as HER2 and PD-L1, the same way every time.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/ihc-autostainers-histology-automation/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"infusion-devices-vascular-access","kind":"technology","name":"Infusion pumps, ports, and ambulatory chemotherapy devices","aka":"","tldr":"Infusion devices are the implanted ports, smart pumps, and take-home pumps that deliver chemotherapy safely, including 46-hour infusions patients carry home.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/infusion-devices-vascular-access/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"federated-learning-medical-ai","kind":"technology","name":"Federated learning and privacy-preserving AI","aka":"","tldr":"Federated learning trains one AI model across hospitals by exchanging model updates, not patient data, so a pathology or radiology model learns from every site while records stay behind each firewall. Owkin, NVIDIA FLARE and the MELLODDY pharma consortium use it; governance overhead and differing data across sites are the practical obstacles.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/federated-learning-medical-ai/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"telemedicine-teleoncology","kind":"technology","name":"Telemedicine, teleoncology, and telepathology","aka":"","tldr":"Video visits, remote second opinions, and slides reviewed from afar, which let rural and low-resource patients reach specialists.","tags":"supporting","route":"/technologies/telemedicine-teleoncology/","status":"established"},{"id":"miltenyi-biotec","kind":"company","name":"Miltenyi Biotec","aka":"","tldr":"Miltenyi Biotec, a private German company, makes the CliniMACS Prodigy, a closed automated device that manufactures CAR-T cells at the point of care, plus the magnetic cell separation and lentiviral vectors behind it, and its own CD20/CD19 bispecific CAR-T is in late-stage lymphoma trials.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/miltenyi-biotec/"},{"id":"lonza","kind":"company","name":"Lonza","aka":"","tldr":"Lonza is the largest contract manufacturer for biologics, ADCs, and cell therapies, and owns the Synaffix ADC linker technology and the Cocoon cell-manufacturing platform.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/lonza/"},{"id":"cellares","kind":"company","name":"Cellares","aka":"","tldr":"Cellares builds the Cell Shuttle, a fully automated 'smart factory' for cell therapies, with BMS and Kite as partners.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/cellares/"},{"id":"cytiva","kind":"company","name":"Cytiva (Danaher)","aka":"","tldr":"Danaher's bioprocessing arm (formerly GE Healthcare Life Sciences), supplying the Sefia cell-therapy platform, chromatography, and single-use systems.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/cytiva/"},{"id":"galapagos","kind":"company","name":"Galapagos","aka":"","tldr":"Galapagos is a biotech pursuing decentralised, seven-day vein-to-vein CAR-T manufacturing at hospital sites; it restructured its cell-therapy business in 2025.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/galapagos/"},{"id":"oxford-biomedica","kind":"company","name":"OXB (Oxford Biomedica)","aka":"","tldr":"Pure-play viral vector CDMO that made lentiviral vector for Kymriah and manufactured the AstraZeneca COVID vaccine.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/oxford-biomedica/"},{"id":"thermo-fisher","kind":"company","name":"Thermo Fisher Scientific","aka":"","tldr":"Thermo Fisher is the largest life-science tools and services company, spanning Ion Torrent sequencing (Oncomine), viral vector and fill-finish manufacturing (Patheon), and the PPD clinical research organisation.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/thermo-fisher/"},{"id":"charles-river","kind":"company","name":"Charles River Laboratories","aka":"","tldr":"Preclinical CRO for safety and discovery studies, with viral vector and cell-therapy manufacturing services.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/charles-river/"},{"id":"aldevron","kind":"company","name":"Aldevron (Danaher)","aka":"","tldr":"Leading GMP plasmid DNA and mRNA raw-material supplier, acquired by Danaher for $9.6B in 2021.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/aldevron/"},{"id":"touchlight","kind":"company","name":"Touchlight","aka":"","tldr":"Touchlight, of Hampton in the United Kingdom, makes doggybone dbDNA, synthetic DNA produced enzymatically without bacterial cells, as a replacement for plasmids in viral vector and mRNA manufacturing. Its business depends on regulators and developers accepting synthetic DNA in licensed products, not only in development.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/touchlight/"},{"id":"wuxi-xdc","kind":"company","name":"WuXi XDC","aka":"","tldr":"WuXi XDC is the largest dedicated ADC CDMO, spun out of WuXi Biologics and listed in Hong Kong in 2023; it is exposed to US BIOSECURE Act politics.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/wuxi-xdc/"},{"id":"samsung-biologics","kind":"company","name":"Samsung Biologics","aka":"","tldr":"Samsung Biologics is the world's largest biologics CDMO by capacity, and opened a dedicated ADC conjugation facility in 2025.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/samsung-biologics/"},{"id":"piramal-pharma-solutions","kind":"company","name":"Piramal Pharma Solutions","aka":"","tldr":"Piramal Pharma Solutions, a Mumbai contract manufacturer, links cytotoxic payloads to antibodies at Grangemouth in Scotland, one of the few ADC conjugation sites in the West, and runs contained sites in the United States and India for drug substances too toxic to handle openly. Whether it can capture the ADC demand leaving China is its open question.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/piramal-pharma-solutions/"},{"id":"abzena","kind":"company","name":"Abzena","aka":"","tldr":"Abzena is a bioconjugation and biologics CDMO with the ThioBridge site-specific linker technology.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/abzena/"},{"id":"catalent","kind":"company","name":"Catalent (Novo Holdings)","aka":"","tldr":"Catalent, of Somerset, New Jersey, is a contract manufacturer that fills and finishes sterile injectables and makes biologics and cell and gene therapies; Novo Holdings bought it in 2024 and moved three sites to Novo Nordisk. The diversion of fill-finish capacity to obesity drugs may squeeze oncology products.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/catalent/"},{"id":"petnet-solutions","kind":"company","name":"PETNET Solutions (Siemens Healthineers)","aka":"","tldr":"PETNET Solutions is the largest network of PET radiopharmacies in the US, producing FDG and PSMA tracers daily.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/petnet-solutions/"},{"id":"cardinal-health","kind":"company","name":"Cardinal Health Nuclear & Precision Health Solutions","aka":"","tldr":"Nuclear pharmacy network (>130 sites) that compounds and delivers SPECT and PET doses, and a distributor of oncology drugs to community practices.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/cardinal-health/"},{"id":"jubilant-radiopharma","kind":"company","name":"Jubilant Radiopharma","aka":"","tldr":"Jubilant Radiopharma is a radiopharmacy network and the manufacturer of I-131 MIBG (AdreView), Ruby-Fill, and PET tracers.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/jubilant-radiopharma/"},{"id":"northstar-medical-radioisotopes","kind":"company","name":"NorthStar Medical Radioisotopes","aka":"","tldr":"NorthStar is a non-reactor producer of Mo-99 in the US and an emerging supplier of non-carrier-added Lu-177 and Ac-225 made with electron accelerators.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/northstar-medical-radioisotopes/"},{"id":"shine-technologies","kind":"company","name":"SHINE Technologies","aka":"","tldr":"SHINE Technologies is a fusion-based isotope company that produces non-carrier-added Lu-177 (Ilumira) and is building the Chrysalis Mo-99 plant.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/shine-technologies/"},{"id":"eckert-ziegler","kind":"company","name":"Eckert & Ziegler","aka":"","tldr":"German isotope and radiopharmaceutical services company supplying Lu-177, Ga-68 generators, Ac-225 development, and contract manufacturing.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/eckert-ziegler/"},{"id":"pacbio","kind":"company","name":"PacBio","aka":"","tldr":"Long-read HiFi sequencing (Revio, Vega) for structural variants, phasing, and methylation.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/pacbio/"},{"id":"oxford-nanopore","kind":"company","name":"Oxford Nanopore Technologies","aka":"","tldr":"Portable and high-throughput nanopore sequencing, used for rapid intraoperative brain-tumour classification and structural variant detection.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/oxford-nanopore/"},{"id":"ultima-genomics","kind":"company","name":"Ultima Genomics","aka":"","tldr":"Open-wafer sequencing (UG 100) claiming a $100 genome, aimed at population-scale and deep ctDNA sequencing.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/ultima-genomics/"},{"id":"element-biosciences","kind":"company","name":"Element Biosciences","aka":"","tldr":"AVITI benchtop sequencer with avidity chemistry, competing on accuracy and cost with mid-throughput Illumina systems.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/element-biosciences/"},{"id":"mgi-tech","kind":"company","name":"MGI Tech","aka":"","tldr":"Chinese sequencing-instrument maker (DNBSEQ), Illumina's main rival by volume, restricted in the US by the BIOSECURE Act.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/mgi-tech/"},{"id":"bruker","kind":"company","name":"Bruker (Bruker Spatial Biology)","aka":"","tldr":"Scientific-instrument group that acquired NanoString (GeoMx, CosMx) out of bankruptcy in 2024 to form Bruker Spatial Biology.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/bruker/"},{"id":"vizgen","kind":"company","name":"Vizgen","aka":"","tldr":"Vizgen sells the MERSCOPE spatial transcriptomics platform, based on MERFISH from Xiaowei Zhuang's lab.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/vizgen/"},{"id":"akoya-biosciences","kind":"company","name":"Akoya Biosciences","aka":"","tldr":"Spatial proteomics (PhenoCycler, PhenoImager) used to map immune cells in tumours; agreed to be acquired by Quanterix (2025).","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/akoya-biosciences/"},{"id":"leica-biosystems","kind":"company","name":"Leica Biosystems (Danaher)","aka":"","tldr":"Leica Biosystems, part of Danaher and based in Nussloch, Germany, makes the Aperio slide scanners (the GT 450 DX is FDA-cleared), the BOND immunohistochemistry stainers and companion diagnostic assays that pathology laboratories use to stain and digitise tissue. Whether routine pathology fully leaves the glass slide depends on suppliers like it.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/leica-biosystems/"},{"id":"hamamatsu","kind":"company","name":"Hamamatsu Photonics","aka":"","tldr":"Hamamatsu is the photonics company behind the NanoZoomer slide scanners and the photodetectors inside most PET scanners.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/hamamatsu/"},{"id":"3dhistech","kind":"company","name":"3DHISTECH","aka":"","tldr":"3DHISTECH, of Budapest, makes the Pannoramic slide scanners, including the high-throughput Pannoramic 1000, and the SlideViewer software used in research and European clinical laboratories, distributed by Epredia and Thermo Fisher in some markets. As digital pathology consolidates around a few large vendors, holding its position is the open question.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/3dhistech/"},{"id":"philips","kind":"company","name":"Philips","aka":"","tldr":"Imaging and health-informatics company: MRI, CT, and the IntelliSite digital pathology system that won the first FDA clearance for primary diagnosis.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/philips/"},{"id":"sectra","kind":"company","name":"Sectra","aka":"","tldr":"Sectra, of Linköping, Sweden, makes enterprise imaging and digital pathology software whose PACS and Digital Pathology module run national-scale fully digital pathology in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Sweden. Whether that delivers faster diagnoses and better use of scarce pathologists is still being tested.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/sectra/"},{"id":"proscia","kind":"company","name":"Proscia","aka":"","tldr":"Proscia makes the Concentriq digital pathology platform for labs and pharma, with an AI marketplace.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/proscia/"},{"id":"indica-labs","kind":"company","name":"Indica Labs","aka":"","tldr":"Indica Labs, of Albuquerque, New Mexico, makes HALO, image analysis software that quantifies stained tissue on digital slides, and HALO Link for enterprise viewing, sold to pharmaceutical and academic pathology laboratories; HALO AP Dx is cleared for clinical use in several regions. Crossing from research tool to regulated diagnosis is its test.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/indica-labs/"},{"id":"raysearch","kind":"company","name":"RaySearch Laboratories","aka":"","tldr":"RaySearch makes the vendor-neutral RayStation treatment planning system, strong in proton and adaptive planning, with machine-learning planning tools.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/raysearch/"},{"id":"sun-nuclear","kind":"company","name":"Sun Nuclear (Mirion)","aka":"","tldr":"Radiotherapy quality-assurance instruments and software (SunCHECK, ArcCHECK) that verify machines deliver the planned dose.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/sun-nuclear/"},{"id":"brainlab","kind":"company","name":"Brainlab","aka":"","tldr":"Surgical navigation and radiosurgery planning software (Elements), used in neurosurgery and stereotactic radiotherapy.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/brainlab/"},{"id":"limbus-ai","kind":"company","name":"Limbus AI","aka":"","tldr":"Limbus AI provides AI auto-contouring for radiotherapy, FDA-cleared and used across hundreds of centres.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/limbus-ai/"},{"id":"mim-software","kind":"company","name":"MIM Software (GE HealthCare)","aka":"","tldr":"Contouring, image fusion, and dosimetry software (MIM Maestro, SurePlan) for radiotherapy and radioligand therapy, acquired by GE HealthCare in 2024.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/mim-software/"},{"id":"therapanacea","kind":"company","name":"TheraPanacea","aka":"","tldr":"TheraPanacea is a Paris AI company whose ART-Plan does auto-contouring and synthetic CT in radiotherapy.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/therapanacea/"},{"id":"mvision-ai","kind":"company","name":"MVision AI","aka":"","tldr":"MVision AI is a Finnish auto-contouring company with guideline-based organ and target segmentation.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/mvision-ai/"},{"id":"flatiron-health","kind":"company","name":"Flatiron Health (Roche)","aka":"","tldr":"Oncology EHR (OncoEMR) and the largest curated real-world oncology database, acquired by Roche for $1.9B in 2018.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/flatiron-health/"},{"id":"concertai","kind":"company","name":"ConcertAI","aka":"","tldr":"Oncology real-world data and AI company (ex-CancerLinQ data partner), supplying pharma and FDA-facing studies.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/concertai/"},{"id":"cota-healthcare","kind":"company","name":"COTA","aka":"","tldr":"Curated oncology real-world data with clinically abstracted endpoints, used in FDA-recognised RWE studies.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/cota-healthcare/"},{"id":"trinetx","kind":"company","name":"TriNetX","aka":"","tldr":"Federated real-world data network across health systems, used for trial feasibility and observational studies.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/trinetx/"},{"id":"komodo-health","kind":"company","name":"Komodo Health","aka":"","tldr":"Claims-based 'Healthcare Map' of 330 million US patients used for market and outcomes analytics in oncology.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/komodo-health/"},{"id":"datavant","kind":"company","name":"Datavant","aka":"","tldr":"Privacy-preserving record linkage (tokenisation) that lets real-world datasets be joined without exposing identities.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/datavant/"},{"id":"medidata","kind":"company","name":"Medidata (Dassault Systèmes)","aka":"","tldr":"Medidata, owned by Dassault Systèmes, makes Rave, the most used electronic data capture system in clinical trials, plus randomisation and outcome-assessment tools and synthetic control arms built from past trial data. Whether regulators accept synthetic controls for oncology approvals is the open question.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/medidata/"},{"id":"veeva-systems","kind":"company","name":"Veeva Systems","aka":"","tldr":"Veeva Systems, of Pleasanton, California, sells cloud software for life sciences: its Vault Clinical suite, including Vault CDMS, captures and manages trial data, and separate Vault systems cover regulatory, quality and commercial work. One vendor spanning trials, regulation and marketing raises the question of whether trial data become more shareable or more locked in.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/veeva-systems/"},{"id":"oracle-health-sciences","kind":"company","name":"Oracle Health (Cerner) & Oracle Life Sciences","aka":"","tldr":"Oracle owns the Cerner EHR (PowerChart Oncology) and the Oracle Clinical One trial platform.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/oracle-health-sciences/"},{"id":"epic-systems","kind":"company","name":"Epic Systems","aka":"","tldr":"Epic Systems is the dominant US hospital EHR; its Beacon oncology module handles chemotherapy ordering and Cosmos aggregates de-identified records for research.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/epic-systems/"},{"id":"medable","kind":"company","name":"Medable","aka":"","tldr":"Medable is a decentralised clinical trial platform (eConsent, eCOA, telehealth).","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/medable/"},{"id":"science-37","kind":"company","name":"Science 37 (eMed)","aka":"","tldr":"Pioneer of the 'metasite' decentralised trial model, acquired by eMed in 2024.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/science-37/"},{"id":"mckesson-us-oncology","kind":"company","name":"McKesson / The US Oncology Network","aka":"US Oncology Research","tldr":"McKesson runs the largest US community oncology network (about 3,000 providers) and distributes drugs, and co-owns the Sarah Cannon Research Institute.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/mckesson-us-oncology/"},{"id":"oneoncology","kind":"company","name":"OneOncology","aka":"","tldr":"Physician-led community oncology network backed by TPG and Cencora (AmerisourceBergen), competing with US Oncology.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/oneoncology/"},{"id":"florida-cancer-specialists","kind":"company","name":"Florida Cancer Specialists & Research Institute","aka":"","tldr":"Florida Cancer Specialists is one of the largest independent oncology practices in the US and a leading phase 1 enroller through its Drug Development Unit.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/florida-cancer-specialists/"},{"id":"sarah-cannon-research-institute","kind":"company","name":"Sarah Cannon Research Institute","aka":"","tldr":"Sarah Cannon Research Institute, of Nashville, is a community-based research network owned jointly by HCA Healthcare and McKesson whose drug development units across the United States and United Kingdom frequently host first-in-human oncology trials. Whether its community sites reach patients who would never travel to an academic centre, and how their outcomes compare, is untested.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/sarah-cannon-research-institute/"},{"id":"iqvia","kind":"company","name":"IQVIA","aka":"","tldr":"IQVIA is the largest CRO and health-data company, running a large share of global oncology trials and selling prescription and claims data.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/iqvia/"},{"id":"icon-plc","kind":"company","name":"ICON plc","aka":"","tldr":"ICON is an Irish CRO (including PRA Health Sciences) with a large oncology franchise and an imaging core lab.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/icon-plc/"},{"id":"parexel","kind":"company","name":"Parexel","aka":"","tldr":"Parexel, of Durham, North Carolina, is a global contract research organisation owned by EQT and Goldman Sachs that runs early and late-phase oncology trials and sells regulatory consulting staffed by former FDA officials. Whether regulators moving into consulting sharpens trial design or blurs the line between regulator and industry is the question its model raises.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/parexel/"},{"id":"fortrea","kind":"company","name":"Fortrea","aka":"","tldr":"Fortrea, of Durham, North Carolina, is the contract research organisation spun out of Labcorp in 2023 that runs clinical trials for sponsors and keeps ties to Labcorp's central laboratory, which handles trial samples. Competing for oncology programmes against much larger rivals without its parent's balance sheet is its open question.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/fortrea/"},{"id":"medpace","kind":"company","name":"Medpace","aka":"","tldr":"Medpace, of Cincinnati, is a mid-sized full-service contract research organisation whose physician-led model keeps medical oversight, the imaging core laboratory and central laboratories in-house, a package that biotechnology companies buy for oncology programmes. Whether in-house imaging and laboratories give cleaner oncology endpoints than outsourcing is unproven.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/medpace/"},{"id":"calyx","kind":"company","name":"Calyx","aka":"","tldr":"Imaging core lab and RTSM provider (formerly Parexel Informatics), a leading vendor of blinded central review in oncology trials.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/calyx/"},{"id":"clario","kind":"company","name":"Clario","aka":"","tldr":"Clario is the endpoint technology company (Bioclinica and ERT merger) for imaging, eCOA, and cardiac data in trials.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/clario/"},{"id":"discovery-life-sciences","kind":"company","name":"Discovery Life Sciences","aka":"","tldr":"Discovery Life Sciences is a large commercial biospecimen and biomarker services provider (tissue, blood, cells) for pharma and diagnostics.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/discovery-life-sciences/"},{"id":"indivumed","kind":"company","name":"Indivumed","aka":"","tldr":"Indivumed is a German biobank with standardised, rapidly processed tumour samples and a multi-omics database (IndivuType).","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/indivumed/"},{"id":"hub-organoids","kind":"company","name":"HUB Organoids","aka":"","tldr":"The Clevers-lab spin-out that licenses patient-derived organoid technology and maintains a living biobank.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/hub-organoids/"},{"id":"labcorp","kind":"company","name":"Labcorp","aka":"","tldr":"Labcorp is one of the two US national reference labs, running oncology IHC, FISH, and NGS at scale and central labs for trials.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/labcorp/"},{"id":"quest-diagnostics","kind":"company","name":"Quest Diagnostics","aka":"","tldr":"Quest Diagnostics is a national reference laboratory with oncology pathology and molecular testing, including Haystack Oncology MRD (acquired 2023).","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/quest-diagnostics/"},{"id":"neogenomics","kind":"company","name":"NeoGenomics","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer-focused reference lab for IHC, FISH, flow cytometry, and NGS, serving community oncology and pharma.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/neogenomics/"},{"id":"agilent","kind":"company","name":"Agilent Technologies (Dako)","aka":"","tldr":"Agilent makes the Dako PD-L1 IHC 22C3 and 28-8 companion diagnostics and the Omnis staining platform.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/agilent/"},{"id":"canon-medical","kind":"company","name":"Canon Medical Systems","aka":"","tldr":"Canon Medical is the Japanese imaging vendor (formerly Toshiba Medical) with CT, MRI, ultrasound, and the Cartesion Prime PET/CT.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/canon-medical/"},{"id":"kaiku-health","kind":"company","name":"Kaiku Health (Elekta)","aka":"","tldr":"Digital patient-monitoring platform for cancer care, acquired by Elekta in 2020.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/kaiku-health/"},{"id":"omnicell","kind":"company","name":"Omnicell","aka":"","tldr":"Omnicell is a pharmacy automation company whose IV compounding systems prepare chemotherapy safely.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/omnicell/"},{"id":"becton-dickinson","kind":"company","name":"BD (Becton, Dickinson and Company)","aka":"","tldr":"Medical technology company supplying closed-system transfer devices (PhaSeal), infusion systems, flow cytometers, and single-cell tools.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/becton-dickinson/"},{"id":"microsoft","kind":"company","name":"Microsoft (Health & Life Sciences)","aka":"","tldr":"Cloud and AI provider behind pathology foundation models (Prov-GigaPath with Providence, Virchow hosting with Paige) and Nuance clinical AI.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/microsoft/"},{"id":"google-health","kind":"company","name":"Google (Health, DeepMind, Verily)","aka":"","tldr":"Alphabet's health efforts: mammography and pathology AI research, Med-PaLM/MedGemma medical models, DeepMind's AlphaFold, and Isomorphic Labs drug design.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/google-health/"},{"id":"civica-rx","kind":"company","name":"Civica Rx","aka":"","tldr":"Non-profit generic drug maker formed by hospital systems to secure supply of essential injectables, including oncology drugs.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/civica-rx/"},{"id":"terumo-bct","kind":"company","name":"Terumo Blood and Cell Technologies","aka":"","tldr":"Maker of the Spectra Optia apheresis system used to collect cells for most CAR-T products, and of the Quantum cell-expansion system.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/terumo-bct/"},{"id":"fresenius-kabi","kind":"company","name":"Fresenius Kabi","aka":"","tldr":"Fresenius Kabi, of Bad Homburg, Germany, supplies the Amicus and LOVO apheresis devices that collect and process cells for cell therapy, a large portfolio of generic chemotherapy injectables, biosimilars and infusion products. Its generics have filled gaps during injectable shortages, which keep recurring because the economics of generic injectables remain unfixed.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/fresenius-kabi/"},{"id":"cryoport","kind":"company","name":"Cryoport","aka":"","tldr":"Cryoport is a specialist cryogenic logistics provider supporting most commercial CAR-T products and hundreds of cell-therapy trials.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/cryoport/"},{"id":"biolife-solutions","kind":"company","name":"BioLife Solutions","aka":"","tldr":"Maker of CryoStor freeze media used in most approved cell therapies, plus evo cold-chain shippers.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/biolife-solutions/"},{"id":"fujifilm-diosynth","kind":"company","name":"FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies","aka":"","tldr":"FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies, headquartered in Tokyo, is a biologics contract manufacturer offering mammalian and microbial production and cell and gene therapy services, and is adding antibody capacity in Denmark and North Carolina, where its Holly Springs site is among the world's largest. Whether new capacity outruns demand once the biggest antibody patents expire is the sector's question.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/fujifilm-diosynth/"},{"id":"boehringer-ingelheim-biox","kind":"company","name":"Boehringer Ingelheim BioXcellence","aka":"","tldr":"Boehringer Ingelheim BioXcellence is the contract-manufacturing arm of Boehringer Ingelheim, one of the largest antibody producers by volume.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/boehringer-ingelheim-biox/"},{"id":"trasis","kind":"company","name":"Trasis","aka":"","tldr":"Belgian maker of radiopharmaceutical synthesis modules (AllinOne, miniAiO) and dose dispensers used in PET and therapy radiopharmacies.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/trasis/"},{"id":"comecer","kind":"company","name":"Comecer (ATS)","aka":"","tldr":"Comecer, of Castel Bolognese, Italy, and part of ATS Corporation, makes hot cells, isolators and dose calibrators, the shielded enclosures and automation that radiopharmacies need to handle radioactive drugs aseptically. Therapeutic radioligands need more shielding than diagnostic tracers, and whether hospitals build enough of it is the open question.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/comecer/"},{"id":"sophia-genetics","kind":"company","name":"SOPHiA GENETICS","aka":"","tldr":"Cloud platform (SOPHiA DDM) that hospitals use to analyse and interpret NGS oncology panels.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/sophia-genetics/"},{"id":"qiagen","kind":"company","name":"QIAGEN","aka":"","tldr":"QIAGEN is a sample-preparation and molecular-diagnostics company selling nucleic-acid extraction kits, therascreen companion diagnostics, and QCI Interpret software.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/qiagen/"},{"id":"velsera","kind":"company","name":"Velsera (Seven Bridges and Pierian)","aka":"","tldr":"Genomics cloud and clinical interpretation company formed from Seven Bridges, Pierian, and UgenTec in 2023; operates the NCI Cancer Genomics Cloud.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/velsera/"},{"id":"dnanexus","kind":"company","name":"DNAnexus","aka":"","tldr":"DNAnexus, of Mountain View, California, runs the secure genomics cloud platform behind the UK Biobank Research Analysis Platform and Genomics England, giving biobanks, drug companies and clinical laboratories a compliant place to store and analyse sequencing data. Whether such trusted environments open data to more researchers without weakening privacy is what those deployments test.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/dnanexus/"},{"id":"standard-biotools","kind":"company","name":"Standard BioTools (SomaLogic)","aka":"","tldr":"Proteomics and mass-cytometry company that merged with SomaLogic (SomaScan aptamer proteomics) in 2024.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/standard-biotools/"},{"id":"streck","kind":"company","name":"Streck","aka":"","tldr":"Streck makes the Cell-Free DNA BCT blood tube that made shippable liquid biopsy practical.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/streck/"},{"id":"sakura-finetek","kind":"company","name":"Sakura Finetek","aka":"","tldr":"Sakura Finetek is a histology automation leader (Tissue-Tek processors, embedders, stainers, and the Genie IHC platform).","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/sakura-finetek/"},{"id":"baxter","kind":"company","name":"Baxter International","aka":"","tldr":"Infusion pumps (Spectrum, Novum), elastomeric ambulatory pumps (Infusor), IV fluids and generic injectables.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/baxter/"},{"id":"b-braun","kind":"company","name":"B. Braun","aka":"","tldr":"German medical-device company supplying Celsite ports, Easypump elastomeric pumps, infusion systems, and cytotoxic-safe consumables.","tags":"supporting","route":"/companies/b-braun/"},{"id":"project-optimus","kind":"term","name":"Project Optimus","aka":"Optimus\nFDA dose optimisation initiative\ndose optimisation guidance\nrandomised dose-optimisation\nrandomized dose-optimization\ndose-optimisation cohort\ndose-optimization cohort\ntwo-dose randomisation\nexposure-response\nexposure-response analysis","tldr":"An FDA programme pushing companies to find the best dose of a cancer drug, not just the highest tolerable one.","tags":"","route":"/terms/project-optimus/"},{"id":"project-orbis","kind":"term","name":"Project Orbis","aka":"","tldr":"Project Orbis is a scheme where the FDA and partner regulators (Australia, Canada, UK, Switzerland, Singapore, Brazil, Israel) review a cancer drug at the same time.","tags":"","route":"/terms/project-orbis/"},{"id":"real-time-oncology-review","kind":"term","name":"Real-Time Oncology Review (RTOR) and Assessment Aid","aka":"","tldr":"FDA processes that let reviewers start on trial data before the full application is filed, speeding approvals by months.","tags":"","route":"/terms/real-time-oncology-review/"},{"id":"project-frontrunner","kind":"term","name":"Project FrontRunner","aka":"","tldr":"An FDA initiative encouraging companies to test new cancer drugs earlier in the disease, in first-line or curative settings, rather than only after everything else has failed.","tags":"","route":"/terms/project-frontrunner/"},{"id":"340b-program","kind":"term","name":"340B Drug Pricing Program","aka":"340B\n340B programme\n340B program\n340B discounts\nVeterans Health Care Act of 1992","tldr":"A US law that lets certain hospitals buy outpatient drugs, including cancer drugs, at deep discounts. Controversial because hospitals may bill insurers full price.","tags":"","route":"/terms/340b-program/"},{"id":"nccn-compendium","kind":"term","name":"NCCN Compendium and drug compendia","aka":"","tldr":"Lists of recommended off-label and on-label drug uses that US insurers, including Medicare, use to decide what to pay for.","tags":"","route":"/terms/nccn-compendium/"},{"id":"icer-value-assessment","kind":"term","name":"ICER and health technology assessment","aka":"","tldr":"Independent bodies that judge whether a new cancer drug's benefit is worth its price; decisive for coverage outside the US and increasingly inside it.","tags":"","route":"/terms/icer-value-assessment/"},{"id":"omop-ohdsi","kind":"term","name":"OMOP common data model and OHDSI","aka":"","tldr":"A shared format for patient records that lets hospitals around the world run the same study on their data without sharing it.","tags":"","route":"/terms/omop-ohdsi/"},{"id":"mcode","kind":"term","name":"mCODE (minimal Common Oncology Data Elements)","aka":"","tldr":"A standard checklist of cancer data every electronic record should capture the same way, so data can flow between hospitals, registries, and research.","tags":"","route":"/terms/mcode/"},{"id":"bicr","kind":"term","name":"Blinded independent central review (BICR)","aka":"","tldr":"Having outside radiologists who do not know the treatment assignment re-read every scan in a trial.","tags":"","route":"/terms/bicr/"},{"id":"cdmo","kind":"term","name":"CDMO (contract development and manufacturing organisation)","aka":"","tldr":"A company that makes drugs for other companies. Most ADCs, biologics, and cell therapies are made by a handful of them.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cdmo/"},{"id":"biosecure-act","kind":"term","name":"BIOSECURE Act","aka":"","tldr":"Proposed US legislation restricting federally funded work with certain Chinese biotech service companies, which would affect where ADCs and sequencing get done.","tags":"","route":"/terms/biosecure-act/"},{"id":"cml","kind":"cancer","name":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)","aka":"","tldr":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia is a blood cancer driven by a single fused gene, BCR-ABL1, and the model for oncogene-targeted treatment: imatinib in 2001 and the tyrosine kinase inhibitors that followed turned it into a condition most people live with long-term. About half of patients with a sustained deep molecular response can now stop treatment altogether.","tags":"gap-fill haematologic","route":"/cancers/cml/","parent":"leukaemia"},{"id":"mds","kind":"cancer","name":"Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms (MDS)","aka":"","tldr":"Bone-marrow disorders where blood cells are made badly and too few reach the blood; a third progress to acute leukaemia. Treatment ranges from transfusions and growth factors to hypomethylating drugs and, for the fit, transplant.","tags":"gap-fill haematologic","route":"/cancers/mds/"},{"id":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms","kind":"cancer","name":"Myeloproliferative neoplasms (PV, ET, myelofibrosis)","aka":"MPN\nPolycythaemia vera\nEssential thrombocythaemia\nPrimary myelofibrosis","tldr":"Myeloproliferative neoplasms are slow-growing blood cancers in which the marrow overproduces red cells (polycythaemia vera), platelets (essential thrombocythaemia) or scar tissue (myelofibrosis). Almost all carry a mutation in JAK2, CALR or MPL; treatment aims to prevent clots and control symptoms, and only transplant cures myelofibrosis.","tags":"gap-fill haematologic","route":"/cancers/myeloproliferative-neoplasms/"},{"id":"follicular-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Follicular lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year.","tags":"gap-fill haematologic","route":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","parent":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"mantle-cell-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Mantle cell lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"An uncommon B-cell lymphoma driven by cyclin D1 that used to behave badly in almost everyone. BTK inhibitors, CAR-T and now BCL2 drugs have changed it from chemotherapy-plus-transplant to targeted combinations.","tags":"gap-fill haematologic","route":"/cancers/mantle-cell-lymphoma/","parent":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (including cutaneous T-cell lymphoma)","aka":"PTCL\nCTCL\nMycosis fungoides\nAnaplastic large-cell lymphoma\nMature T-cell and NK-cell neoplasms\nT-cell lymphoma\nNK-cell lymphoma\nPeripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified\nPTCL-NOS","tldr":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas are lymphomas of T cells rather than B cells. They are rarer, more varied and, apart from a few subtypes, harder to treat than B-cell lymphomas; several new drugs help only defined subtypes.","tags":"gap-fill haematologic","route":"/cancers/peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma/","parent":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"primary-cns-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Primary CNS lymphoma","aka":"PCNSL","tldr":"Primary CNS lymphoma is a lymphoma confined to the brain, eyes and spinal fluid. Unlike most brain tumours it is chemo-sensitive: high-dose methotrexate-based treatment cures a substantial minority, and consolidation with a stem-cell transplant has replaced whole-brain radiation for the fit.","tags":"gap-fill haematologic cns","route":"/cancers/primary-cns-lymphoma/","parent":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"waldenstrom","kind":"cancer","name":"Waldenström macroglobulinaemia","aka":"Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma\nWM\nLPL\nNon-IgM lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma\nIgM lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma\nWaldenstrom macroglobulinemia\nC88.0","tldr":"A slow lymphoma that makes an abnormal IgM antibody, causing thick blood, anaemia and nerve damage. Nearly all cases share one mutation (MYD88 L265P), and BTK inhibitors control it for years.","tags":"gap-fill haematologic","route":"/cancers/waldenstrom/","parent":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"hairy-cell-leukemia","kind":"cancer","name":"Hairy cell leukaemia","aka":"","tldr":"Hairy cell leukaemia is a rare, slow B-cell leukaemia with a single defining mutation (BRAF V600E) that is unusually curable: one week of a purine analogue puts most people into remission for years, and BRAF drugs rescue those who relapse.","tags":"gap-fill haematologic","route":"/cancers/hairy-cell-leukemia/","parent":"leukaemia"},{"id":"bpdcn","kind":"cancer","name":"Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN)","aka":"","tldr":"Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm is a rare aggressive leukaemia-like blood cancer of dendritic-cell precursors, a few hundred US cases a year, that often first appears as bruise-like skin lesions. Two CD123-directed drugs, tagraxofusp and pivekimab sunirine, are the first targeted therapies; allogeneic transplant in first remission is still the only route to long-term control.","tags":"gap-fill haematologic rare","route":"/cancers/bpdcn/","parent":"leukaemia"},{"id":"merkel-cell-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Merkel cell carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare, fast-growing skin cancer, usually caused by a common virus (Merkel cell polyomavirus) or by sun damage. Once it had spread there was no treatment that worked; PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy now gives lasting responses in about half of patients.","tags":"gap-fill skin rare","route":"/cancers/merkel-cell-carcinoma/","parent":"skin-cancer"},{"id":"cutaneous-scc","kind":"cancer","name":"Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","aka":"cSCC\nSquamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin\nSquamous cell skin cancer\nSquamous cell carcinoma of the skin\nSCC of the skin\nKeratinocyte carcinoma, squamous type\nCutaneous SCC\nEpidermoid carcinoma of skin","tldr":"Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is a sun-related skin cancer with over a million US cases a year, almost all cured by removing them. The 2 to 5% that grow deep or spread respond to PD-1 immunotherapy (cemiplimab, pembrolizumab), which is now also given after surgery in high-risk cases; transplant recipients cannot safely receive it.","tags":"gap-fill skin","route":"/cancers/cutaneous-scc/","parent":"skin-cancer"},{"id":"basal-cell-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Basal cell carcinoma","aka":"BCC\nBasal Cell Carcinoma of the Skin\nBasal cell skin cancer\nRodent ulcer\nBasalioma\nKeratinocyte carcinoma, basal cell type\nBCC of the skin","tldr":"Basal cell carcinoma is a skin cancer and the most common cancer of all, caused by sun exposure and almost never life-threatening. Nearly all are removed surgically; the rare advanced cases are treated with drugs that block the hedgehog signalling pathway, and with immunotherapy if those fail.","tags":"gap-fill skin","route":"/cancers/basal-cell-carcinoma/","parent":"skin-cancer"},{"id":"uveal-melanoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Uveal melanoma","aka":"Ocular melanoma\nChoroidal melanoma\nIntraocular Melanoma","tldr":"A melanoma inside the eye that is biologically unrelated to skin melanoma: different mutations, no response to standard immunotherapy, and a tendency to spread to the liver years later. Tebentafusp is the first drug ever to extend survival in the metastatic disease.","tags":"gap-fill skin eye rare","route":"/cancers/uveal-melanoma/","parent":"melanoma"},{"id":"testicular","kind":"cancer","name":"Testicular germ cell tumours","aka":"Seminoma\nNon-seminomatous germ cell tumour\nNSGCT","tldr":"Testicular germ cell tumours are the most curable adult solid cancer: cisplatin-based chemotherapy cures the large majority even when the disease has spread to distant sites. Today's research is about giving less treatment to the majority who are cured, rescuing the minority who relapse, and limiting lifelong survivorship harms.","tags":"gap-fill genitourinary aya","route":"/cancers/testicular/"},{"id":"anal","kind":"cancer","name":"Anal cancer (squamous cell carcinoma)","aka":"","tldr":"An HPV-caused cancer of the anal canal that is usually cured without surgery by combined chemotherapy and radiation. Prevention (HPV vaccination, screening of high-risk groups) and immunotherapy for advanced disease are the new fronts.","tags":"gap-fill gastrointestinal hpv","route":"/cancers/anal/"},{"id":"gist","kind":"cancer","name":"Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST)","aka":"","tldr":"GIST is a sarcoma of the gut wall driven almost always by a KIT or PDGFRA mutation. It was the proof that a pill can control a solid tumour: imatinib turned a median survival of about a year into one of eight years or more, and the mutation now dictates which drug to use.","tags":"gap-fill gastrointestinal sarcoma","route":"/cancers/gist/","parent":"sarcoma"},{"id":"appendiceal","kind":"cancer","name":"Appendiceal cancer and pseudomyxoma peritonei","aka":"Appendix cancer\nPMP\nLow-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm (LAMN)","tldr":"Rare tumours of the appendix that range from slow mucin-producing growths that fill the abdomen (pseudomyxoma peritonei) to aggressive adenocarcinomas. The slow forms are treated by extensive surgery with heated chemotherapy in the abdomen; the fast ones like colon cancer.","tags":"gap-fill gastrointestinal rare","route":"/cancers/appendiceal/"},{"id":"vulvar","kind":"cancer","name":"Vulvar cancer","aka":"","tldr":"An uncommon cancer of the external genitalia with two distinct causes: HPV infection in younger women and chronic skin inflammation in older women. Surgery is the mainstay, and sentinel-node biopsy has made it far less mutilating.","tags":"gap-fill gynaecologic hpv","route":"/cancers/vulvar/"},{"id":"gestational-trophoblastic","kind":"cancer","name":"Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia","aka":"GTN\nChoriocarcinoma\nMolar pregnancy\nPlacental site trophoblastic tumour\nGestational Trophoblastic Disease","tldr":"Cancers that grow from placental tissue after a pregnancy. They make a hormone (hCG) that acts as a perfect blood test, and they were the first solid cancer ever cured by chemotherapy. Immunotherapy now rescues the few that resist drugs.","tags":"gap-fill gynaecologic rare","route":"/cancers/gestational-trophoblastic/"},{"id":"medulloblastoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Medulloblastoma","aka":"","tldr":"Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant childhood brain tumour, arising in the cerebellum. Surgery, radiation to the whole brain and spine, and chemotherapy cure about 70%, at a heavy cost to thinking and growth; treatment is now being tailored to four molecular subgroups so that the low-risk children get less.","tags":"gap-fill paediatric cns","route":"/cancers/medulloblastoma/","parent":"brain-tumours"},{"id":"osteosarcoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Osteosarcoma","aka":"","tldr":"Osteosarcoma is the most common bone cancer, mostly in teenagers. Chemotherapy plus surgery cures about two-thirds when it has not spread; because no new drug has beaten that chemotherapy in a large trial in 30 years, the next gains are being sought in cellular therapy against GD2, HER2 and B7-H3.","tags":"gap-fill paediatric sarcoma aya","route":"/cancers/osteosarcoma/","parent":"sarcoma"},{"id":"ewing-sarcoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Ewing sarcoma","aka":"","tldr":"Ewing sarcoma is a bone and soft-tissue cancer of teenagers driven by a single fusion gene, EWSR1-FLI1. Intensive chemotherapy with surgery or radiation cures most localised cases; disease that has spread at diagnosis, and relapse, remain hard to treat, and no drug against the fusion protein itself has yet succeeded.","tags":"gap-fill paediatric sarcoma aya","route":"/cancers/ewing-sarcoma/","parent":"sarcoma"},{"id":"wilms-tumor","kind":"cancer","name":"Wilms tumour (nephroblastoma)","aka":"","tldr":"Wilms tumour is a kidney cancer of young children and one of paediatric oncology's success stories: surgery plus a few months of chemotherapy cures about nine in ten. Today's trials aim to give the lowest-risk children almost no chemotherapy while finding the few with aggressive biology.","tags":"gap-fill paediatric","route":"/cancers/wilms-tumor/","parent":"childhood-cancers"},{"id":"retinoblastoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Retinoblastoma","aka":"","tldr":"An eye cancer of infants caused by loss of the RB1 gene, the first tumour-suppressor gene ever found. In rich countries almost every child survives and most eyes are saved by chemotherapy delivered through the eye's artery; in low-income countries, where most cases occur, survival depends on finding it early, and that is the global gap.","tags":"gap-fill paediatric eye hereditary","route":"/cancers/retinoblastoma/","parent":"childhood-cancers"},{"id":"rhabdomyosarcoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Rhabdomyosarcoma","aka":"","tldr":"A childhood soft-tissue sarcoma, a cancer of muscle-like cells found anywhere from the eye socket to the bladder. Most children are cured with chemotherapy, surgery and radiation, and a fusion gene (PAX-FOXO1) now decides how intensively to treat.","tags":"gap-fill paediatric sarcoma","route":"/cancers/rhabdomyosarcoma/","parent":"sarcoma"},{"id":"hepatoblastoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Hepatoblastoma","aka":"","tldr":"Hepatoblastoma is a childhood liver cancer, mostly of toddlers, cured in most standard-risk cases with cisplatin chemotherapy and surgery, including liver transplant when the tumour cannot be cut out. Sodium thiosulfate given after cisplatin halves the permanent hearing loss cisplatin causes, and became the first approved otoprotectant in 2022.","tags":"gap-fill paediatric","route":"/cancers/hepatoblastoma/","parent":"childhood-cancers"},{"id":"cancer-of-unknown-primary","kind":"cancer","name":"Cancer of unknown primary (CUP)","aka":"CUP\nOccult primary","tldr":"Cancer found already spread, where doctors cannot find where it started. Genomic profiling finds a drug target in about a third of cases and tumour-agnostic approvals apply directly; the rest still rely on general-purpose chemotherapy, which is what those tests are changing.","tags":"gap-fill site-agnostic","route":"/cancers/cancer-of-unknown-primary/"},{"id":"nasopharyngeal","kind":"cancer","name":"Nasopharyngeal carcinoma","aka":"NPC","tldr":"A cancer at the back of the nose caused largely by the Epstein-Barr virus and common in southern China and Southeast Asia. Radiation cures most early cases; adding chemotherapy and, recently, PD-1 immunotherapy has improved outcomes in advanced disease, and a blood test for viral DNA can detect it early.","tags":"gap-fill head-and-neck viral","route":"/cancers/nasopharyngeal/"},{"id":"thymic-epithelial","kind":"cancer","name":"Thymoma and thymic carcinoma","aka":"Thymic epithelial tumours\nTET\nThymus Cancer","tldr":"Thymoma and thymic carcinoma are rare tumours of the thymus gland in the chest. Thymomas grow slowly, often cause autoimmune diseases such as myasthenia gravis, and are usually cured by surgery; thymic carcinomas behave like other aggressive cancers and have few effective drugs.","tags":"gap-fill thoracic rare","route":"/cancers/thymic-epithelial/"},{"id":"adrenocortical","kind":"cancer","name":"Adrenocortical carcinoma","aka":"ACC","tldr":"Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare, aggressive cancer of the adrenal gland that often over-produces hormones. Surgery is the only cure, mitotane is the one drug specific to it (with real toxicity), and chemotherapy or immunotherapy help only a minority.","tags":"gap-fill endocrine rare","route":"/cancers/adrenocortical/"},{"id":"salivary-gland","kind":"cancer","name":"Salivary gland cancers","aka":"Adenoid cystic carcinoma\nMucoepidermoid carcinoma\nSalivary duct carcinoma\nSecretory carcinoma","tldr":"Salivary gland cancers are a family of over 20 rare cancers, each with its own behaviour and often its own gene fusion. Surgery and radiation treat most; drug therapy is now chosen by the specific subtype, from anti-HER2 or anti-androgen drugs to NTRK inhibitors.","tags":"gap-fill head-and-neck rare","route":"/cancers/salivary-gland/"},{"id":"kaposi-sarcoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Kaposi sarcoma","aka":"KS\nHHV-8-associated sarcoma","tldr":"Kaposi sarcoma is a blood-vessel cancer caused by the herpesvirus HHV-8, made famous by the AIDS epidemic. In people with HIV, antiretroviral therapy alone often shrinks it; liposomal doxorubicin or paclitaxel treat advanced disease, and it remains among the commonest cancers in sub-Saharan Africa, where paclitaxel is often unaffordable.","tags":"gap-fill skin viral global","route":"/cancers/kaposi-sarcoma/","parent":"sarcoma"},{"id":"nilotinib","kind":"drug","name":"Nilotinib","aka":"","tldr":"Nilotinib is a second-generation CML pill that produces deeper responses faster than imatinib, at the cost of cardiovascular and metabolic side effects.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/nilotinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"cml cml-chronic-phase"},{"id":"bosutinib","kind":"drug","name":"Bosutinib","aka":"","tldr":"Bosutinib is a CML pill with less cardiovascular and pleural toxicity than its rivals; its main side effect is diarrhoea.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/bosutinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"cml cml-chronic-phase"},{"id":"luspatercept","kind":"drug","name":"Luspatercept","aka":"","tldr":"An injection that helps the marrow finish making red cells, reducing or removing the need for transfusions in lower-risk MDS and beta-thalassaemia.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/luspatercept/","status":"approved","cancers":"mds myeloproliferative-neoplasms mds-lower-risk"},{"id":"imetelstat","kind":"drug","name":"Imetelstat","aka":"","tldr":"Imetelstat is a lipid-linked oligonucleotide that binds the RNA template of telomerase, the enzyme cancer cells use to stay immortal, and it is the first telomerase inhibitor approved for any cancer. In lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes it freed 40% of transfusion-dependent patients from transfusions for at least eight weeks versus 15% on placebo, once growth factors have failed.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/imetelstat/","status":"approved","cancers":"mds myeloproliferative-neoplasms mds-lower-risk"},{"id":"ruxolitinib","kind":"drug","name":"Ruxolitinib","aka":"","tldr":"Ruxolitinib was the first JAK inhibitor: it shrinks the spleen and relieves symptoms in myelofibrosis and controls blood counts in polycythaemia vera, without eliminating the disease clone.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/ruxolitinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms polycythaemia-vera primary-myelofibrosis all-ph-like"},{"id":"fedratinib","kind":"drug","name":"Fedratinib","aka":"","tldr":"A second JAK inhibitor for myelofibrosis that works after ruxolitinib fails; it carries a boxed warning for a rare brain toxicity (Wernicke encephalopathy) so thiamine is checked.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/fedratinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms primary-myelofibrosis"},{"id":"pacritinib","kind":"drug","name":"Pacritinib","aka":"","tldr":"The JAK inhibitor for myelofibrosis patients whose platelet counts are too low for ruxolitinib.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/pacritinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms primary-myelofibrosis"},{"id":"momelotinib","kind":"drug","name":"Momelotinib","aka":"","tldr":"Momelotinib is the JAK inhibitor designed for anaemic myelofibrosis patients: it can improve haemoglobin while shrinking the spleen.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/momelotinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms primary-myelofibrosis"},{"id":"hydroxyurea","kind":"drug","name":"Hydroxyurea (hydroxycarbamide)","aka":"","tldr":"Hydroxyurea is a cheap, decades-old pill that lowers high blood counts in polycythaemia vera and essential thrombocythaemia and is also the main drug for sickle cell disease.","tags":"gap-fill generic","route":"/drugs/hydroxyurea/","status":"approved","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms cml polycythaemia-vera essential-thrombocythaemia"},{"id":"ropeginterferon-alfa-2b","kind":"drug","name":"Ropeginterferon alfa-2b","aka":"","tldr":"Ropeginterferon alfa-2b is a long-acting interferon for polycythaemia vera that, unlike hydroxyurea, can shrink the mutant clone over years.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/ropeginterferon-alfa-2b/","status":"approved","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms polycythaemia-vera essential-thrombocythaemia"},{"id":"rusfertide","kind":"drug","name":"Rusfertide","aka":"","tldr":"Rusfertide is the first drug to control polycythaemia vera's excess red cells by restricting iron, sparing patients repeated blood removal.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/rusfertide/","status":"approved","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms polycythaemia-vera"},{"id":"glasdegib","kind":"drug","name":"Glasdegib","aka":"","tldr":"Glasdegib is a hedgehog-pathway pill that, with low-dose chemotherapy, extends survival in older AML patients who cannot have intensive treatment; it has largely been displaced by venetoclax combinations.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/glasdegib/","status":"approved","cancers":"aml aml-older-unfit"},{"id":"arsenic-trioxide","kind":"drug","name":"Arsenic trioxide","aka":"","tldr":"An ancient poison turned cure: with retinoic acid it cures more than 95% of acute promyelocytic leukaemia without conventional chemotherapy.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/arsenic-trioxide/","status":"approved","cancers":"aml apl"},{"id":"tretinoin-atra","kind":"drug","name":"Tretinoin (all-trans retinoic acid, ATRA)","aka":"All-trans retinoic acid\nATRA\nRetinoic acid","tldr":"The vitamin-A derivative that made acute promyelocytic leukaemia the first cancer cured by differentiation therapy rather than by killing cells.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/tretinoin-atra/","status":"approved","cancers":"aml apl"},{"id":"bendamustine","kind":"drug","name":"Bendamustine","aka":"","tldr":"An East German chemotherapy rediscovered in the 2000s that became the backbone partner for rituximab in follicular, mantle cell and Waldenström lymphomas.","tags":"gap-fill generic","route":"/drugs/bendamustine/","status":"approved","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma waldenstrom cll"},{"id":"tazemetostat","kind":"drug","name":"Tazemetostat","aka":"","tldr":"Tazemetostat was the first EZH2 inhibitor, approved for epithelioid sarcoma and follicular lymphoma in 2020 and withdrawn worldwide in 2026 after secondary blood cancers.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/tazemetostat/","status":"withdrawn","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma sarcoma"},{"id":"brexucabtagene-autoleucel","kind":"drug","name":"Brexucabtagene autoleucel","aka":"","tldr":"Brexucabtagene autoleucel is the CAR-T therapy for mantle cell lymphoma and adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, giving long remissions after BTK inhibitors fail.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/brexucabtagene-autoleucel/","status":"approved","cancers":"mantle-cell-lymphoma all-leukemia"},{"id":"pralatrexate","kind":"drug","name":"Pralatrexate","aka":"","tldr":"Pralatrexate was the first drug approved specifically for relapsed peripheral T-cell lymphoma; about a third of patients respond.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/pralatrexate/","status":"approved","cancers":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"romidepsin","kind":"drug","name":"Romidepsin","aka":"","tldr":"Romidepsin is an epigenetic drug for T-cell lymphomas of the skin and lymph nodes; its US lymph-node indication was withdrawn when a confirmatory trial failed.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/romidepsin/","status":"approved","cancers":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"belinostat","kind":"drug","name":"Belinostat","aka":"","tldr":"Belinostat is an HDAC inhibitor for relapsed peripheral T-cell lymphoma; about a quarter of patients respond, and it can be used in patients with low platelets.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/belinostat/","status":"approved","cancers":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"mogamulizumab","kind":"drug","name":"Mogamulizumab","aka":"","tldr":"Mogamulizumab is an antibody that clears cancerous T cells from the blood in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome, the leukaemic form of skin lymphoma.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/mogamulizumab/","status":"approved","cancers":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"cladribine","kind":"drug","name":"Cladribine","aka":"","tldr":"A one-week infusion that puts most people with hairy cell leukaemia into remission for years; also used in multiple sclerosis in tablet form.","tags":"gap-fill generic","route":"/drugs/cladribine/","status":"approved","cancers":"hairy-cell-leukemia waldenstrom rosai-dorfman-disease advanced-systemic-mastocytosis lch-multisystem"},{"id":"leucovorin","kind":"drug","name":"Leucovorin (folinic acid)","aka":"Leucovorin Calcium\nFolinic acid\nCalcium folinate\nLevoleucovorin (Fusilev, Khapzory)","tldr":"Leucovorin is not a cancer drug in itself: it rescues normal tissue after high-dose methotrexate and, given with fluorouracil, makes that chemotherapy work better, which is why it appears in FOLFOX, FOLFIRI and FOLFIRINOX.","tags":"gap-fill generic","route":"/drugs/leucovorin/","status":"established","cancers":"colorectal pancreatic gastric all-leukemia"},{"id":"capmatinib","kind":"drug","name":"Capmatinib","aka":"INC280","tldr":"Capmatinib is a targeted pill for the small group of lung cancers driven by a MET exon 14 skipping mutation, found by tumour sequencing.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/capmatinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc met-altered-nsclc"},{"id":"tepotinib","kind":"drug","name":"Tepotinib","aka":"MSC2156119\nEMD 1214063","tldr":"Tepotinib is a once-daily targeted pill for lung cancers driven by a MET exon 14 skipping mutation, and the MET inhibitor NICE funds in England.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/tepotinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc met-altered-nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"pentostatin","kind":"drug","name":"Pentostatin","aka":"Deoxycoformycin\n2'-deoxycoformycin","tldr":"An intravenous drug given every other week that produces long remissions in hairy cell leukaemia by poisoning the leukaemic lymphocytes' purine metabolism; cladribine is the one-week alternative.","tags":"gap-fill generic","route":"/drugs/pentostatin/","status":"approved","cancers":"hairy-cell-leukemia"},{"id":"moxetumomab-pasudotox","kind":"drug","name":"Moxetumomab pasudotox","aka":"","tldr":"An immunotoxin for hairy cell leukaemia that produced lasting remissions in relapsed patients but was withdrawn from sale in 2023 for commercial reasons.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/moxetumomab-pasudotox/","status":"withdrawn","cancers":"hairy-cell-leukemia"},{"id":"interferon-alfa","kind":"drug","name":"Interferon alfa-2a/2b","aka":"","tldr":"Interferon alfa was the first biologic cancer drug (1986). It treated hairy cell leukaemia, CML, melanoma, kidney cancer and Kaposi sarcoma, and has been replaced almost everywhere by better-tolerated agents.","tags":"gap-fill historic","route":"/drugs/interferon-alfa/","status":"historic","cancers":"hairy-cell-leukemia cml melanoma kaposi-sarcoma rcc polycythaemia-vera erdheim-chester-disease"},{"id":"pivekimab-sunirine","kind":"drug","name":"Pivekimab sunirine","aka":"","tldr":"Pivekimab sunirine is an antibody-drug conjugate against CD123, approved in 2026 for blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm as the second targeted drug for this rare cancer.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/pivekimab-sunirine/","status":"approved","cancers":"bpdcn aml"},{"id":"idelalisib","kind":"drug","name":"Idelalisib","aka":"","tldr":"Idelalisib was the first PI3K inhibitor for blood cancers; it is effective in CLL with rituximab but so toxic (colitis, hepatitis, pneumonitis, infections) that the class has largely been abandoned.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/idelalisib/","status":"approved","cancers":"cll follicular-lymphoma cll-relapsed"},{"id":"duvelisib","kind":"drug","name":"Duvelisib","aka":"","tldr":"A dual PI3K inhibitor for relapsed CLL whose survival data raised FDA concern; use is now limited to late lines.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/duvelisib/","status":"approved","cancers":"cll peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"copanlisib","kind":"drug","name":"Copanlisib","aka":"","tldr":"Copanlisib is an intravenous PI3K inhibitor for relapsed follicular lymphoma, approved in 2017 and withdrawn in 2023 when its confirmatory trial failed.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/copanlisib/","status":"withdrawn","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma"},{"id":"umbralisib","kind":"drug","name":"Umbralisib","aka":"","tldr":"A PI3K inhibitor for marginal zone and follicular lymphoma approved in 2021 and withdrawn in 2022 after the UNITY-CLL trial suggested more deaths.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/umbralisib/","status":"withdrawn","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma cll"},{"id":"ixazomib","kind":"drug","name":"Ixazomib","aka":"","tldr":"Ixazomib (Ninlaro) is the first oral proteasome inhibitor for multiple myeloma, enabling an all-oral triplet with lenalidomide and dexamethasone.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/ixazomib/","status":"approved","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"elotuzumab","kind":"drug","name":"Elotuzumab","aka":"","tldr":"An immune-stimulating antibody for myeloma that works only in combination, adding benefit to lenalidomide or pomalidomide.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/elotuzumab/","status":"approved","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"pomalidomide","kind":"drug","name":"Pomalidomide","aka":"","tldr":"The third-generation thalidomide analogue for myeloma that has failed lenalidomide, and since 2020 the first new drug for Kaposi sarcoma in two decades.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/pomalidomide/","status":"approved","cancers":"multiple-myeloma kaposi-sarcoma myeloma-relapsed-refractory"},{"id":"thalidomide","kind":"drug","name":"Thalidomide","aka":"","tldr":"Thalidomide is the drug behind the 1960s birth-defect tragedy, rehabilitated as the first immunomodulatory myeloma drug and the parent of lenalidomide and pomalidomide.","tags":"gap-fill historic","route":"/drugs/thalidomide/","status":"approved","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"panobinostat","kind":"drug","name":"Panobinostat","aka":"","tldr":"An HDAC inhibitor for relapsed myeloma approved in 2015 and withdrawn in 2021 after its confirmatory trial was never completed.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/panobinostat/","status":"withdrawn","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"asparaginase","kind":"drug","name":"Asparaginase (pegaspargase, calaspargase pegol, Erwinia asparaginase)","aka":"","tldr":"An enzyme that starves leukaemia cells of an amino acid they cannot make; a mainstay of childhood ALL therapy for 50 years, with new versions solving allergy and supply problems.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/asparaginase/","status":"approved","cancers":"all-leukemia peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"belumosudil","kind":"drug","name":"Belumosudil","aka":"","tldr":"Belumosudil is a pill for chronic graft-versus-host disease, the long-term immune complication of donor stem-cell transplants used to cure blood cancers.","tags":"gap-fill supportive","route":"/drugs/belumosudil/","status":"approved","cancers":"aml all-leukemia mds"},{"id":"treosulfan","kind":"drug","name":"Treosulfan","aka":"","tldr":"A conditioning chemotherapy given before donor stem-cell transplant in AML and MDS; it was long used in Europe and reached the US in 2025.","tags":"gap-fill supportive","route":"/drugs/treosulfan/","status":"approved","cancers":"aml mds"},{"id":"retifanlimab","kind":"drug","name":"Retifanlimab","aka":"","tldr":"Retifanlimab is a PD-1 antibody approved for Merkel cell carcinoma and, with chemotherapy, as the first immunotherapy standard for advanced anal cancer.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/retifanlimab/","status":"approved","cancers":"merkel-cell-carcinoma anal metastatic-anal-cancer skin-cancer"},{"id":"cosibelimab","kind":"drug","name":"Cosibelimab","aka":"","tldr":"Cosibelimab is a PD-L1 antibody approved in December 2024 for advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, offering a third immunotherapy choice.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/cosibelimab/","status":"approved","cancers":"cutaneous-scc advanced-cutaneous-scc"},{"id":"penpulimab","kind":"drug","name":"Penpulimab","aka":"","tldr":"Penpulimab is a Chinese PD-1 antibody approved in the US in 2025 for nasopharyngeal carcinoma, the second after toripalimab.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/penpulimab/","status":"approved","cancers":"nasopharyngeal hodgkin-lymphoma recurrent-metastatic-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"vismodegib","kind":"drug","name":"Vismodegib","aka":"","tldr":"Vismodegib was the first hedgehog-pathway drug, for basal cell carcinomas too advanced for surgery; it shrinks most tumours but muscle cramps, taste loss and hair loss make long-term use hard.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/vismodegib/","status":"approved","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma medulloblastoma medulloblastoma-shh locally-advanced-bcc"},{"id":"sonidegib","kind":"drug","name":"Sonidegib","aka":"","tldr":"Sonidegib (Odomzo) is the second hedgehog inhibitor for locally advanced basal cell carcinoma, similar in effect and side effects to vismodegib.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/sonidegib/","status":"approved","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma medulloblastoma-shh locally-advanced-bcc skin-cancer"},{"id":"erlotinib","kind":"drug","name":"Erlotinib","aka":"","tldr":"Erlotinib was one of the first EGFR pills for lung cancer; it was approved before anyone knew EGFR mutations predicted who would respond, then redefined by them.","tags":"gap-fill generic","route":"/drugs/erlotinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc pancreatic egfr-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"gefitinib","kind":"drug","name":"Gefitinib","aka":"","tldr":"The lung-cancer pill whose dramatic responses in a few patients led to the discovery of EGFR mutations in 2004.","tags":"gap-fill generic","route":"/drugs/gefitinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"afatinib","kind":"drug","name":"Afatinib","aka":"","tldr":"Afatinib (Gilotrif) is a second-generation pill that binds EGFR, HER2 and HER4 irreversibly, approved in 2013 for EGFR-mutant lung cancer. Its lasting value is activity against the uncommon EGFR mutations G719X, L861Q and S768I, approved in 2018, because osimertinib has displaced it for common mutations and its wild-type EGFR binding causes more rash and diarrhoea.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/afatinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc her2-mutant-nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"dacomitinib","kind":"drug","name":"Dacomitinib","aka":"","tldr":"A second-generation EGFR pill that beat gefitinib on survival in EGFR-mutant lung cancer but was quickly overshadowed by osimertinib.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/dacomitinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"mobocertinib","kind":"drug","name":"Mobocertinib","aka":"","tldr":"Mobocertinib was the first oral drug for EGFR exon 20 insertion lung cancer, approved in 2021 and withdrawn in 2023-24 after its confirmatory trial failed.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/mobocertinib/","status":"withdrawn","cancers":"nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"sunvozertinib","kind":"drug","name":"Sunvozertinib","aka":"","tldr":"An oral drug for EGFR exon 20 insertion lung cancer that succeeded where mobocertinib failed; approved in China (2023) and the US (2025).","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/sunvozertinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"crizotinib","kind":"drug","name":"Crizotinib","aka":"","tldr":"Crizotinib was the first ALK inhibitor, approved four years after ALK fusions were found in lung cancer; it was also the first drug for ROS1 lung cancer and for ALK-positive lymphoma and inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour in children.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/crizotinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma sarcoma alk-positive-nsclc ros1-positive-nsclc met-altered-nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"ceritinib","kind":"drug","name":"Ceritinib","aka":"","tldr":"Ceritinib is a second-generation ALK pill for lung cancer, effective after crizotinib but with gastrointestinal toxicity that limited uptake.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/ceritinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc alk-positive-nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"brigatinib","kind":"drug","name":"Brigatinib","aka":"","tldr":"Brigatinib is an ALK pill with strong brain activity, approved first after crizotinib and then first line after beating it in ALTA-1L.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/brigatinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc alk-positive-nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"ensartinib","kind":"drug","name":"Ensartinib","aka":"","tldr":"A Chinese-developed ALK pill approved in the US in December 2024 for first-line ALK-positive lung cancer.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/ensartinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc alk-positive-nsclc"},{"id":"taletrectinib","kind":"drug","name":"Taletrectinib","aka":"","tldr":"A ROS1 lung-cancer pill approved in 2025 that works in the brain and after crizotinib, with fewer dizziness-type side effects than repotrectinib.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/taletrectinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc ros1-positive-nsclc"},{"id":"larotrectinib","kind":"drug","name":"Larotrectinib","aka":"","tldr":"The first drug approved for a gene fusion regardless of where the cancer started; it works in about 75% of NTRK-fusion cancers, from infant fibrosarcoma to salivary and thyroid cancers.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/larotrectinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"salivary-gland thyroid colorectal nsclc sarcoma pancreatic kras-wild-type-pdac ntrk-fusion-nsclc"},{"id":"entrectinib","kind":"drug","name":"Entrectinib","aka":"","tldr":"Entrectinib (Rozlytrek) is a pill for NTRK-fusion cancers and ROS1 lung cancer that reaches brain metastases.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/entrectinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc salivary-gland sarcoma colorectal ros1-positive-nsclc ntrk-fusion-nsclc pancreatic kras-wild-type-pdac lung-cancer"},{"id":"temsirolimus","kind":"drug","name":"Temsirolimus","aka":"","tldr":"A weekly infusion that was the first drug to extend survival in poor-risk kidney cancer (2007), and in 2024 the first targeted drug to improve outcomes in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/temsirolimus/","status":"approved","cancers":"rcc rhabdomyosarcoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"pexidartinib","kind":"drug","name":"Pexidartinib","aka":"","tldr":"Pexidartinib is the first drug for tenosynovial giant cell tumour, a benign but destructive joint tumour; it is effective but has liver toxicity that requires a restricted programme.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/pexidartinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"sarcoma tenosynovial-giant-cell-tumour"},{"id":"sipuleucel-t","kind":"drug","name":"Sipuleucel-T","aka":"","tldr":"Sipuleucel-T was the first therapeutic cancer vaccine approved (2010): it lengthened survival in metastatic prostate cancer by about four months without shrinking tumours or lowering PSA.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/sipuleucel-t/","status":"approved","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"aldesleukin","kind":"drug","name":"Aldesleukin (high-dose IL-2)","aka":"Interleukin-2\nIL-2\nRecombinant interleukin-2","tldr":"High-dose interleukin-2 was the first immunotherapy to cure a small fraction of patients with metastatic melanoma and kidney cancer, at the cost of ICU-level toxicity; today it mainly supports TIL therapy.","tags":"gap-fill historic","route":"/drugs/aldesleukin/","status":"approved","cancers":"rcc melanoma"},{"id":"leuprolide","kind":"drug","name":"Leuprolide (leuprorelin) and GnRH agonists","aka":"Leuprorelin\nLeuprolide acetate\nGnRH agonist","tldr":"Leuprolide is the injectable that shuts off testosterone production, the foundation of hormone therapy for prostate cancer since the 1980s; it is also used for ovarian suppression in premenopausal breast cancer.","tags":"gap-fill generic","route":"/drugs/leuprolide/","status":"approved","cancers":"prostate breast-hr-positive salivary-duct-carcinoma"},{"id":"degarelix","kind":"drug","name":"Degarelix","aka":"","tldr":"An injectable hormone blocker for prostate cancer that lowers testosterone within days without the initial surge caused by agonists.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/degarelix/","status":"approved","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"bicalutamide","kind":"drug","name":"Bicalutamide","aka":"","tldr":"The old antiandrogen pill used to block the testosterone flare from GnRH agonists and in combined androgen blockade; superseded by enzalutamide-class drugs.","tags":"gap-fill generic","route":"/drugs/bicalutamide/","status":"approved","cancers":"prostate salivary-duct-carcinoma tnbc"},{"id":"cyclophosphamide","kind":"drug","name":"Cyclophosphamide","aka":"","tldr":"Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating chemotherapy that damages DNA in dividing cells. It is part of CHOP for lymphoma, AC for breast cancer and VAC for childhood sarcomas, clears lymphocytes before CAR-T and prevents graft-versus-host disease after transplant; bladder bleeding, infertility and secondary leukaemia are its harms.","tags":"gap-fill generic who-essential","route":"/drugs/cyclophosphamide/","status":"approved","cancers":"dlbcl breast-hr-positive tnbc ewing-sarcoma rhabdomyosarcoma neuroblastoma all-leukemia multiple-myeloma pancreatic"},{"id":"vincristine","kind":"drug","name":"Vincristine","aka":"","tldr":"A plant-derived chemotherapy from the Madagascar periwinkle that has been in almost every childhood leukaemia and lymphoma regimen since the 1960s.","tags":"gap-fill generic who-essential","route":"/drugs/vincristine/","status":"approved","cancers":"all-leukemia dlbcl hodgkin-lymphoma rhabdomyosarcoma ewing-sarcoma wilms-tumor neuroblastoma medulloblastoma retinoblastoma oligodendroglioma"},{"id":"vinblastine","kind":"drug","name":"Vinblastine","aka":"","tldr":"Vinblastine is the vinca alkaloid in ABVD, the standard Hodgkin lymphoma regimen, and was formerly in the cisplatin combinations that first cured testicular cancer.","tags":"gap-fill generic who-essential","route":"/drugs/vinblastine/","status":"approved","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma testicular urothelial kaposi-sarcoma lch-single-system lch-multisystem early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"vinorelbine","kind":"drug","name":"Vinorelbine","aka":"","tldr":"Vinorelbine is a vinca chemotherapy for lung and breast cancer, available orally, and is now part of maintenance therapy that improved survival in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma.","tags":"gap-fill generic","route":"/drugs/vinorelbine/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc rhabdomyosarcoma breast-hr-positive mesothelioma lung-cancer resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"methotrexate","kind":"drug","name":"Methotrexate","aka":"","tldr":"The 1948 antifolate that produced the first chemotherapy remissions in childhood leukaemia and the first cure of a solid tumour; still essential in ALL, lymphoma, osteosarcoma and CNS lymphoma.","tags":"gap-fill generic who-essential","route":"/drugs/methotrexate/","status":"approved","cancers":"all-leukemia osteosarcoma primary-cns-lymphoma gestational-trophoblastic dlbcl urothelial head-and-neck low-risk-gtn high-risk-gtn placental-site-trophoblastic-tumour"},{"id":"fluorouracil","kind":"drug","name":"Fluorouracil (5-FU)","aka":"","tldr":"The 1957 chemotherapy that remains the backbone of treatment for bowel, stomach, pancreatic, anal, head and neck and breast cancers, and as a cream for skin precancers.","tags":"gap-fill generic who-essential","route":"/drugs/fluorouracil/","status":"approved","cancers":"colorectal gastric pancreatic anal esophageal head-and-neck basal-cell-carcinoma hepatoblastoma anal-hsil-precursor localised-anal-cancer localised-penile-cancer skin-cancer"},{"id":"gemcitabine","kind":"drug","name":"Gemcitabine","aka":"","tldr":"A versatile chemotherapy used in pancreatic, bladder, lung, ovarian, breast and biliary cancers, in nasopharyngeal cancer, and as a bladder instillation.","tags":"gap-fill generic who-essential","route":"/drugs/gemcitabine/","status":"approved","cancers":"pancreatic urothelial nsclc ovarian cholangiocarcinoma nasopharyngeal sarcoma"},{"id":"oxaliplatin","kind":"drug","name":"Oxaliplatin","aka":"","tldr":"The platinum drug that works in bowel cancer where cisplatin does not, the 'OX' in FOLFOX and CAPOX; its cost is nerve damage in hands and feet.","tags":"gap-fill generic who-essential","route":"/drugs/oxaliplatin/","status":"approved","cancers":"colorectal gastric esophageal pancreatic appendiceal mucinous-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"irinotecan","kind":"drug","name":"Irinotecan (and liposomal irinotecan)","aka":"","tldr":"Irinotecan is a topoisomerase-blocking chemotherapy central to bowel and pancreatic cancer regimens (FOLFIRI, FOLFIRINOX, NALIRIFOX) and to salvage therapy in childhood sarcomas; it carries the same warhead as the deruxtecan ADC payloads.","tags":"gap-fill generic who-essential","route":"/drugs/irinotecan/","status":"approved","cancers":"colorectal pancreatic ewing-sarcoma rhabdomyosarcoma neuroblastoma sclc medulloblastoma"},{"id":"etoposide","kind":"drug","name":"Etoposide","aka":"","tldr":"Etoposide is a chemotherapy from the mayapple plant, essential to curing testicular cancer (BEP), treating small-cell lung cancer, lymphomas, childhood sarcomas and leukaemias, and used in transplant conditioning.","tags":"gap-fill generic who-essential","route":"/drugs/etoposide/","status":"approved","cancers":"testicular sclc ewing-sarcoma dlbcl neuroendocrine wilms-tumor retinoblastoma gestational-trophoblastic adrenocortical aml cns-germ-cell-tumours high-risk-gtn placental-site-trophoblastic-tumour advanced-adrenocortical-carcinoma esthesioneuroblastoma sinonasal-undifferentiated-carcinoma"},{"id":"bleomycin","kind":"drug","name":"Bleomycin","aka":"","tldr":"Bleomycin is the 'B' in BEP for testicular cancer and ABVD for Hodgkin lymphoma; its unique danger is scarring of the lungs, so lung function is monitored and it is often dropped when safe.","tags":"gap-fill generic who-essential","route":"/drugs/bleomycin/","status":"approved","cancers":"testicular hodgkin-lymphoma kaposi-sarcoma seminoma non-seminoma"},{"id":"dactinomycin","kind":"drug","name":"Dactinomycin (actinomycin D)","aka":"Actinomycin D\nActinomycin","tldr":"The first antibiotic used as an anticancer drug (1954) and still the core of chemotherapy for Wilms tumour, rhabdomyosarcoma and gestational trophoblastic disease.","tags":"gap-fill generic who-essential","route":"/drugs/dactinomycin/","status":"approved","cancers":"wilms-tumor rhabdomyosarcoma gestational-trophoblastic ewing-sarcoma testicular low-risk-gtn high-risk-gtn"},{"id":"mitomycin","kind":"drug","name":"Mitomycin C","aka":"","tldr":"The chemotherapy given with radiation to cure anal cancer without surgery, used as a bladder instillation after tumour resection, and since 2020-25 in gel form for upper-tract and recurrent bladder cancers.","tags":"gap-fill generic","route":"/drugs/mitomycin/","status":"approved","cancers":"anal urothelial appendiceal gastric localised-anal-cancer low-grade-appendiceal-mucinous-neoplasm appendiceal-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"melphalan","kind":"drug","name":"Melphalan (including hepatic delivery system)","aka":"","tldr":"The myeloma chemotherapy that is also the standard high-dose conditioning before autologous transplant, and, delivered directly into the liver's blood supply or the eye, treats uveal melanoma metastases and retinoblastoma.","tags":"gap-fill generic","route":"/drugs/melphalan/","status":"approved","cancers":"multiple-myeloma uveal-melanoma retinoblastoma ovarian myeloma-transplant-eligible"},{"id":"eribulin","kind":"drug","name":"Eribulin","aka":"","tldr":"A sea-sponge-derived chemotherapy that extended survival in heavily pretreated breast cancer and in liposarcoma, where almost nothing else had.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/eribulin/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc sarcoma liposarcoma"},{"id":"mitotane","kind":"drug","name":"Mitotane","aka":"","tldr":"A relative of the insecticide DDT that is the only drug specific to adrenal cortex cancer; it needs blood-level monitoring and permanent steroid replacement.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/mitotane/","status":"approved","cancers":"adrenocortical localised-adrenocortical-carcinoma advanced-adrenocortical-carcinoma"},{"id":"mifamurtide","kind":"drug","name":"Mifamurtide","aka":"","tldr":"An immune-activating drug approved in Europe for osteosarcoma after a trial suggested it improved survival; the FDA never approved it, and it remains one of oncology's transatlantic disagreements.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/drugs/mifamurtide/","status":"approved","cancers":"osteosarcoma"},{"id":"sodium-thiosulfate","kind":"drug","name":"Sodium thiosulfate (otoprotectant)","aka":"","tldr":"An old antidote proven in two paediatric trials to halve permanent hearing loss from cisplatin, and approved in 2022 as the first drug to prevent a chemotherapy side effect in children.","tags":"gap-fill supportive","route":"/drugs/sodium-thiosulfate/","status":"approved","cancers":"hepatoblastoma medulloblastoma osteosarcoma neuroblastoma"},{"id":"pafolacianine","kind":"drug","name":"Pafolacianine","aka":"","tldr":"An injected dye that makes ovarian and lung cancer deposits glow during surgery so surgeons can find lesions they would otherwise miss.","tags":"gap-fill diagnostic","route":"/drugs/pafolacianine/","status":"approved","cancers":"ovarian nsclc"},{"id":"pegulicianine","kind":"drug","name":"Pegulicianine","aka":"","tldr":"A cavity-imaging dye used during breast lumpectomy to spot leftover tumour before the operation ends, reducing second surgeries.","tags":"gap-fill diagnostic","route":"/drugs/pegulicianine/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"aminolevulinic-acid-gleolan","kind":"drug","name":"5-Aminolevulinic acid (oral, for glioma surgery)","aka":"","tldr":"A drink taken before brain surgery that makes high-grade glioma glow under blue light, letting surgeons remove more tumour safely.","tags":"gap-fill diagnostic","route":"/drugs/aminolevulinic-acid-gleolan/","status":"approved","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"fluciclovine-f18","kind":"drug","name":"Fluciclovine F-18","aka":"","tldr":"Fluciclovine F-18 was the first PET tracer approved for finding recurrent prostate cancer after treatment (2016), and has been largely superseded since 2020 by PSMA PET.","tags":"gap-fill diagnostic","route":"/drugs/fluciclovine-f18/","status":"approved","cancers":"prostate glioblastoma"},{"id":"fluoroestradiol-f18","kind":"drug","name":"Fluoroestradiol F-18 (FES PET)","aka":"","tldr":"A PET scan that shows which breast cancer deposits still have oestrogen receptors, helping decide whether hormone therapy will work when biopsy is impractical.","tags":"gap-fill diagnostic","route":"/drugs/fluoroestradiol-f18/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"ga68-dotatate","kind":"drug","name":"Gallium-68 DOTATATE (and Cu-64 DOTATATE)","aka":"","tldr":"The PET scan for neuroendocrine tumours that finds far more disease than older scans and confirms eligibility for lutetium radioligand therapy (the theranostic pair).","tags":"gap-fill diagnostic","route":"/drugs/ga68-dotatate/","status":"approved","cancers":"neuroendocrine small-intestinal-net pancreatic-net lung-net"},{"id":"tilmanocept-tc99m","kind":"drug","name":"Technetium-99m tilmanocept","aka":"","tldr":"The purpose-built tracer for sentinel lymph node mapping in breast cancer, melanoma and oral cancer, replacing off-label sulfur colloid.","tags":"gap-fill diagnostic","route":"/drugs/tilmanocept-tc99m/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive melanoma head-and-neck"},{"id":"eltrombopag","kind":"drug","name":"Eltrombopag","aka":"Eltrombopag Olamine\nSB-497115","tldr":"Eltrombopag is a daily tablet that raises platelet counts by stimulating the bone marrow; it is approved for immune thrombocytopenia and severe aplastic anaemia, and haematologists also use it when low platelets complicate blood cancers and their treatment.","tags":"gap-fill supportive-care","route":"/drugs/eltrombopag/","status":"established","cancers":"aml mds"},{"id":"romiplostim","kind":"drug","name":"Romiplostim","aka":"AMG 531","tldr":"Romiplostim is a weekly injection that tells the bone marrow to make more platelets; it is approved for immune thrombocytopenia and for radiation injury, and is being tested for the low platelets that chemotherapy causes.","tags":"gap-fill supportive-care","route":"/drugs/romiplostim/","status":"established","cancers":"aml mds"},{"id":"emapalumab","kind":"drug","name":"Emapalumab","aka":"Emapalumab-lzsg\nNI-0501","tldr":"Emapalumab switches off interferon gamma, the signal behind the runaway immune activation of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), a condition that can also be triggered by lymphoma and by CAR-T therapy.","tags":"gap-fill supportive-care","route":"/drugs/emapalumab/","status":"established","cancers":"histiocytoses dlbcl"},{"id":"fostamatinib","kind":"drug","name":"Fostamatinib","aka":"Fostamatinib Disodium\nR788\nR935788","tldr":"Fostamatinib is a tablet that blocks the enzyme SYK so the spleen stops destroying antibody-coated platelets; it is approved for chronic immune thrombocytopenia and was first trialled as a lymphoma drug.","tags":"gap-fill supportive-care","route":"/drugs/fostamatinib/","status":"established","cancers":"cll dlbcl"},{"id":"ravulizumab","kind":"drug","name":"Ravulizumab","aka":"Ravulizumab-cwvz\nALXN1210","tldr":"Ravulizumab is an eight-weekly infusion that blocks the complement system; it treats paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, a clonal bone marrow disorder managed by haematologists alongside aplastic anaemia and myelodysplasia.","tags":"gap-fill supportive-care","route":"/drugs/ravulizumab/","status":"established","cancers":"mds"},{"id":"propranolol-hemangeol","kind":"drug","name":"Propranolol (Hemangeol)","aka":"Propranolol Hydrochloride\nPropranolol oral solution","tldr":"Hemangeol is a liquid form of the blood-pressure drug propranolol approved to shrink infantile haemangiomas, the common benign blood-vessel tumours of babies, replacing steroids and surgery for most children who need treatment.","tags":"gap-fill supportive-care","route":"/drugs/propranolol-hemangeol/","status":"established","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"raltitrexed","kind":"drug","name":"Raltitrexed","aka":"ZD1694","tldr":"Raltitrexed is a three-weekly intravenous antifolate used in Europe, Canada and Australia for advanced bowel cancer, and with cisplatin for mesothelioma, in patients who cannot take fluorouracil.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/raltitrexed/","status":"established","cancers":"colorectal mesothelioma"},{"id":"vindesine","kind":"drug","name":"Vindesine","aka":"Desacetylvinblastine amide\nDVA","tldr":"Vindesine is a vinca alkaloid, a semi-synthetic relative of vinblastine, used in Europe and elsewhere for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and some solid tumours; it was never marketed in the United States.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/vindesine/","status":"established","cancers":"all-leukemia nsclc"},{"id":"pixantrone","kind":"drug","name":"Pixantrone","aka":"BBR 2778\nPixantrone dimaleate","tldr":"Pixantrone is an anthracycline-like drug engineered to spare the heart. The European Union authorised it in 2012 as a single agent for adults with aggressive B-cell lymphoma that had relapsed several times; the authorisation expired in June 2024 when the company did not renew it.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/pixantrone/","status":"withdrawn","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"abarelix","kind":"drug","name":"Abarelix","aka":"","tldr":"Abarelix was the first GnRH antagonist for prostate cancer, approved in the United States in 2003 for men who could not take agonists, but allergic reactions restricted it and it was withdrawn from the US market in 2005; it remained available in Germany.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/abarelix/","status":"withdrawn","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"alitretinoin","kind":"drug","name":"Alitretinoin","aka":"9-cis-retinoic acid","tldr":"Alitretinoin gel is a vitamin A derivative applied directly to Kaposi sarcoma skin lesions in people with AIDS, approved in the United States in 1999 as the first topical treatment for the disease.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/alitretinoin/","status":"established","cancers":"kaposi-sarcoma"},{"id":"aminoglutethimide","kind":"drug","name":"Aminoglutethimide","aka":"Orimeten","tldr":"Aminoglutethimide produced a medical adrenalectomy for advanced breast and prostate cancer in the 1970s and 1980s, the ancestor of today's aromatase inhibitors, and was withdrawn once selective drugs arrived.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/aminoglutethimide/","status":"historic","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate"},{"id":"diethylstilbestrol","kind":"drug","name":"Diethylstilbestrol","aka":"DES\nStilboestrol\nHonvan (fosfestrol)","tldr":"Diethylstilbestrol was the first hormonal treatment for prostate cancer, standard from the 1940s, and was also given for breast cancer, before its cardiovascular harms and the cancers it caused in the daughters of women who took it in pregnancy ended its use.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/diethylstilbestrol/","status":"historic","cancers":"prostate breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"estramustine","kind":"drug","name":"Estramustine","aka":"Estramustine phosphate","tldr":"Estramustine is an oral prostate cancer drug that combines an oestrogen with an alkylating agent, approved in the United States in 1981 for metastatic disease and later combined with taxanes, though its clotting risk has pushed it out of routine use.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/estramustine/","status":"established","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"floxuridine","kind":"drug","name":"Floxuridine","aka":"5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine\nFdUrd","tldr":"Floxuridine is a cousin of fluorouracil pumped directly into the liver's artery to treat bowel cancer that has spread to the liver, delivering a very high local dose with little reaching the rest of the body.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/floxuridine/","status":"established","cancers":"colorectal hcc"},{"id":"fluoxymesterone","kind":"drug","name":"Fluoxymesterone","aka":"Androxy","tldr":"Fluoxymesterone is an oral male hormone approved in 1956 and once used to palliate advanced breast cancer in women, an approach abandoned when better tolerated antioestrogens and aromatase inhibitors arrived.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/fluoxymesterone/","status":"historic","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"porfimer-sodium","kind":"drug","name":"Porfimer sodium","aka":"","tldr":"Porfimer sodium is the drug half of photodynamic therapy: injected, it gathers in tumours, and a laser passed through an endoscope two days later activates it to burn away oesophageal and lung tumours that block the airway or gullet.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/porfimer-sodium/","status":"established","cancers":"esophageal nsclc"},{"id":"sargramostim","kind":"drug","name":"Sargramostim","aka":"rhu GM-CSF","tldr":"Sargramostim is a lab-made version of GM-CSF, the signal that tells bone marrow to make white cells; approved in 1991, it shortens the dangerous low-count period after leukaemia chemotherapy and stem cell transplants.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/sargramostim/","status":"established","cancers":"aml dlbcl"},{"id":"lenograstim","kind":"drug","name":"Lenograstim","aka":"rHuG-CSF (glycosylated)","tldr":"Lenograstim is Europe's and Japan's glycosylated form of G-CSF, given after chemotherapy to shorten the period of dangerously low neutrophils and to mobilise stem cells for transplant; it does the same job as filgrastim.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/lenograstim/","status":"established"},{"id":"eflapegrastim","kind":"drug","name":"Eflapegrastim","aka":"Eflapegrastim-xnst\nSPI-2012","tldr":"Eflapegrastim is a once-per-cycle white cell growth factor approved in the United States in 2022 to prevent infections when chemotherapy for solid tumours knocks down neutrophils, an alternative to pegfilgrastim.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/eflapegrastim/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"histrelin","kind":"drug","name":"Histrelin","aka":"Histrelin acetate","tldr":"Histrelin is a GnRH agonist delivered by a small implant under the skin of the arm that lasts a whole year, approved in the United States as Vantas for palliative treatment of advanced prostate cancer and as Supprelin for early puberty in children.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/histrelin/","status":"established","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"buserelin","kind":"drug","name":"Buserelin","aka":"","tldr":"Buserelin is one of the original GnRH agonists, approved in Europe and Canada in the 1980s for advanced prostate cancer and also used in endometriosis and fertility treatment; it is not sold in the United States.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/buserelin/","status":"established","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"infigratinib","kind":"drug","name":"Infigratinib","aka":"BGJ398","tldr":"Infigratinib is an FGFR inhibitor pill given accelerated approval in the United States in 2021 for bile duct cancer with an FGFR2 fusion, then withdrawn in 2024 when its confirmatory trial could not enrol; it is now being developed for achondroplasia instead.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/infigratinib/","status":"withdrawn","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"olaratumab","kind":"drug","name":"Olaratumab","aka":"IMC-3G3\nLY3012207","tldr":"Olaratumab was approved in 2016 with doxorubicin for soft tissue sarcoma after a small trial suggested it added almost a year of life, but the large confirmatory trial found no benefit and it was withdrawn in 2019, a warning case for accelerated approvals.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/olaratumab/","status":"withdrawn","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"hexaminolevulinate","kind":"drug","name":"Hexaminolevulinate","aka":"HAL\nHexyl aminolevulinate","tldr":"Hexaminolevulinate makes bladder tumours fluoresce red under blue light so the urologist can see and remove flat and tiny cancers that white-light cystoscopy misses.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/hexaminolevulinate/","status":"established","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"peginterferon-alfa-2b","kind":"drug","name":"Peginterferon alfa-2b","aka":"","tldr":"Peginterferon alfa-2b, a long-acting interferon, was approved in 2011 as Sylatron for melanoma that had spread to lymph nodes and been removed, to delay recurrence; checkpoint inhibitors have since replaced it in that role.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/peginterferon-alfa-2b/","status":"established","cancers":"melanoma polycythaemia-vera essential-thrombocythaemia"},{"id":"ethiodized-oil","kind":"drug","name":"Ethiodized oil","aka":"Ethiodol\nIodised poppy-seed oil","tldr":"Lipiodol is an iodine-rich oil injected into the liver's artery that lodges in liver tumours; it lets radiologists see them on CT and is the vehicle that carries chemotherapy into the tumour in conventional chemoembolisation for liver cancer.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/ethiodized-oil/","status":"established","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"technetium-sulfur-colloid","kind":"drug","name":"Technetium Tc-99m sulfur colloid","aka":"Tc-99m sulphur colloid","tldr":"Technetium sulfur colloid is the radioactive tracer injected around a breast cancer or melanoma before surgery so the surgeon can find the first lymph node the tumour drains to and remove only that node instead of the whole basin.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/technetium-sulfur-colloid/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive melanoma"},{"id":"choline-c11","kind":"drug","name":"Choline C-11","aka":"[11C]choline","tldr":"Choline C-11 was the first PET tracer approved in the United States, in 2012, to find where prostate cancer has come back when PSA rises after treatment; PSMA tracers have now largely replaced it.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/choline-c11/","status":"established","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"streptozocin","kind":"drug","name":"Streptozocin","aka":"Streptozotocin","tldr":"Streptozocin is a chemotherapy drug that seeks out pancreatic islet cells, approved in 1982 for the rare tumours that arise from them; the same selectivity makes it the standard way to induce diabetes in laboratory animals.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/streptozocin/","status":"established","cancers":"neuroendocrine pancreatic pancreatic-net"},{"id":"olmutinib","kind":"drug","name":"Olmutinib","aka":"HM61713\nBI 1482694","tldr":"Olmutinib was a Korean-developed EGFR pill approved in South Korea in 2016 for lung cancers that had developed the T790M resistance mutation, the same niche as osimertinib; severe skin reactions and osimertinib's success ended its development.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/olmutinib/","status":"withdrawn","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"methyl-aminolevulinate","kind":"drug","name":"Methyl aminolevulinate","aka":"MAL","tldr":"Methyl aminolevulinate is a cream applied to sun-damaged skin or a superficial basal cell carcinoma and then activated with red light, clearing precancerous and early skin cancers with better cosmetic results than surgery or freezing.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/methyl-aminolevulinate/","status":"established","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma skin-cancer"},{"id":"trilaciclib","kind":"drug","name":"Trilaciclib","aka":"G1T28","tldr":"Trilaciclib is given as an infusion just before chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer to put the bone marrow's stem cells briefly to sleep, so fewer are killed and patients need fewer transfusions and growth factor injections.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/trilaciclib/","status":"approved","cancers":"sclc"},{"id":"teniposide","kind":"drug","name":"Teniposide","aka":"VM-26","tldr":"Teniposide is a close relative of etoposide approved in the United States in 1992 for children whose acute lymphoblastic leukaemia has come back after induction, and used in Europe for childhood brain tumours and neuroblastoma.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/teniposide/","status":"established","cancers":"all-leukemia neuroblastoma"},{"id":"altretamine","kind":"drug","name":"Altretamine","aka":"Hexamethylmelamine\nHMM","tldr":"Altretamine is an oral chemotherapy tablet approved in 1990 as a single agent for ovarian cancer that has persisted or come back after platinum-based treatment, now rarely used.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/altretamine/","status":"established","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"plicamycin","kind":"drug","name":"Plicamycin","aka":"Mithramycin\nAureolic acid","tldr":"Plicamycin, approved in 1970, was a chemotherapy for testicular cancer that fell out of use as cisplatin arrived, and was kept for treating dangerously high calcium levels caused by cancer until it was discontinued in 2000.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/plicamycin/","status":"historic","cancers":"testicular ewing-sarcoma"},{"id":"formestane","kind":"drug","name":"Formestane","aka":"4-Hydroxyandrostenedione\n4-OHA","tldr":"Formestane, launched in Europe in 1993, was the first selective aromatase inhibitor for advanced breast cancer, given by injection every two weeks; oral exemestane and the non-steroidal inhibitors made it redundant within a few years.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/formestane/","status":"historic","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"amsacrine","kind":"drug","name":"Amsacrine","aka":"m-AMSA","tldr":"Amsacrine is an intravenous leukaemia drug, approved in Europe, Canada and Australia in the 1980s, used mainly for acute myeloid leukaemia that has relapsed or resisted anthracycline-based treatment.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/amsacrine/","status":"established","cancers":"aml all-leukemia"},{"id":"uracil-mustard","kind":"drug","name":"Uracil mustard","aka":"","tldr":"Uracil mustard was an oral alkylating agent approved in 1962 for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and lymphomas, one of the early nitrogen mustard tablets, and long since discontinued.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/uracil-mustard/","status":"historic","cancers":"cll"},{"id":"mitobronitol","kind":"drug","name":"Mitobronitol","aka":"Dibromomannitol\nDBM","tldr":"Mitobronitol was a Hungarian-developed oral tablet used in Europe from the 1960s to control chronic myeloid leukaemia and polycythaemia, an alternative to busulfan that disappeared once hydroxycarbamide, interferon and imatinib took over.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/mitobronitol/","status":"historic","cancers":"cml myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"pipobroman","kind":"drug","name":"Pipobroman","aka":"","tldr":"Pipobroman was an oral tablet approved in 1966 for polycythaemia vera, the blood disorder that makes too many red cells, and for chronic myeloid leukaemia; it was discontinued after studies showed it raised the risk of leukaemia compared with hydroxycarbamide.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/pipobroman/","status":"historic","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms cml"},{"id":"oprelvekin","kind":"drug","name":"Oprelvekin","aka":"Recombinant interleukin-11\nrhIL-11","tldr":"Oprelvekin was the first drug approved, in 1997, to prevent the severe platelet falls that chemotherapy causes, but fluid retention and heart rhythm problems limited it and it was withdrawn in 2011; thrombopoietin agonists took over the problem.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/oprelvekin/","status":"withdrawn"},{"id":"motixafortide","kind":"drug","name":"Motixafortide","aka":"BL-8040\nBKT140","tldr":"Motixafortide is an injection given with G-CSF before stem cell collection in people with multiple myeloma, approved in the United States in 2023, so that enough stem cells for an autologous transplant can be harvested in one or two sessions.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/motixafortide/","status":"approved","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"dronabinol","kind":"drug","name":"Dronabinol","aka":"Synthetic THC\nDelta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol","tldr":"Dronabinol is synthetic THC in a capsule, approved in 1985 for chemotherapy nausea and vomiting that other antiemetics have failed to control, and later for appetite loss in AIDS; it sits well behind the 5-HT3 and NK1 antagonists in today's guidelines.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/dronabinol/","status":"established"},{"id":"nabilone","kind":"drug","name":"Nabilone","aka":"","tldr":"Nabilone is a synthetic cannabinoid capsule approved in 1985 for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting that standard drugs cannot control; like dronabinol it is a later-line option because of its effects on mood and balance.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/nabilone/","status":"established"},{"id":"dolasetron","kind":"drug","name":"Dolasetron","aka":"Dolasetron mesylate","tldr":"Dolasetron is one of the serotonin-blocking antiemetics that transformed chemotherapy in the 1990s, approved in 1997 to prevent nausea and vomiting; its intravenous form lost its chemotherapy indication in 2010 because of heart rhythm effects.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/dolasetron/","status":"established"},{"id":"methoxsalen-ecp","kind":"drug","name":"Methoxsalen (extracorporeal photopheresis)","aka":"8-Methoxypsoralen\n8-MOP","tldr":"Uvadex is the drug used in photopheresis, where a patient's white cells are drawn off, treated with methoxsalen and ultraviolet light, and returned; it is approved for the skin symptoms of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and widely used for graft-versus-host disease.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/methoxsalen-ecp/","status":"established","cancers":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"cinacalcet","kind":"drug","name":"Cinacalcet","aka":"","tldr":"Cinacalcet is a tablet that quiets overactive parathyroid tissue, approved in 2004 and labelled for the dangerous high calcium levels of parathyroid carcinoma, a rare cancer where surgery often cannot remove all the hormone-producing tissue.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/cinacalcet/","status":"established","cancers":"parathyroid-carcinoma"},{"id":"nedaplatin","kind":"drug","name":"Nedaplatin","aka":"254-S","tldr":"Nedaplatin is a Japanese platinum drug, approved there in 1995, used for head and neck, oesophageal, lung, cervical and other squamous cancers as a gentler alternative to cisplatin on the kidneys; it has never been approved in the West.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/nedaplatin/","status":"established","cancers":"head-and-neck esophageal nsclc cervical"},{"id":"doxifluridine","kind":"drug","name":"Doxifluridine","aka":"5'-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine\n5'-DFUR","tldr":"Doxifluridine is an oral fluorouracil prodrug approved in Japan in 1987 and used in China and Korea for stomach, bowel and breast cancers; capecitabine, which the body turns into doxifluridine, later carried the same idea to the rest of the world.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/doxifluridine/","status":"established","cancers":"gastric colorectal breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"nimotuzumab","kind":"drug","name":"Nimotuzumab","aka":"h-R3","tldr":"Nimotuzumab is a Cuban-developed antibody against EGFR approved in India, China, Cuba and other countries for head and neck cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer and brain tumours, usually with radiotherapy; it causes far less rash than cetuximab but has never been approved in the United States or Europe.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/nimotuzumab/","status":"established","cancers":"head-and-neck glioblastoma esophageal pancreatic kras-wild-type-pdac"},{"id":"plitidepsin","kind":"drug","name":"Plitidepsin","aka":"Dehydrodidemnin B","tldr":"Plitidepsin is a chemotherapy derived from a Mediterranean sea squirt, approved in Australia in 2018 with dexamethasone for multiple myeloma after several other treatments; the European regulator refused it, and it drew attention in 2021 as a possible COVID-19 antiviral.","tags":"gap-fill chembl-universe","route":"/drugs/plitidepsin/","status":"established","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"aldoxorubicin","kind":"drug","name":"Aldoxorubicin","aka":"INNO-206\nDOXO-EMCH\nAldox","tldr":"Aldoxorubicin is doxorubicin, the workhorse chemotherapy nicknamed the red devil, attached to a linker that hitches it to the body's own albumin so more reaches the tumour and less reaches the heart; it beat doxorubicin in a randomised phase 2 sarcoma trial but missed the primary endpoint of its phase 3, and a new company is now trying to finish its development.","tags":"gap-fill owner-request","route":"/drugs/aldoxorubicin/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"sarcoma osteosarcoma pancreatic"},{"id":"anetumab-ravtansine","kind":"drug","name":"Anetumab ravtansine","aka":"BAY 94-9343","tldr":"Anetumab ravtansine was the first antibody-drug conjugate tested in a randomised trial in mesothelioma, aimed at the mesothelin protein that nearly all mesotheliomas carry; it was no better than vinorelbine chemotherapy as second-line treatment, and is now being tried with pembrolizumab.","tags":"gap-fill owner-request","route":"/drugs/anetumab-ravtansine/","status":"negative","cancers":"mesothelioma ovarian pancreatic pleural-mesothelioma"},{"id":"zen-3694","kind":"drug","name":"ZEN-3694","aka":"ZEN003694\nZenith BET inhibitor","tldr":"ZEN-3694 is a BET inhibitor from Zenith Epigenetics being tested in NUT carcinoma, where the cancer's driving fusion is itself a BET protein, and in prostate and breast cancers.","tags":"gap-fill owner-request","route":"/drugs/zen-3694/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"nut-carcinoma prostate tnbc"},{"id":"jak2","kind":"target","name":"JAK2","aka":"","tldr":"The signalling enzyme that tells marrow cells to make red cells and platelets; a single mutation (V617F) leaves it switched on in most myeloproliferative neoplasms.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/targets/jak2/","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms all-leukemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"cd79b","kind":"target","name":"CD79b","aka":"","tldr":"Part of the B-cell receptor found on nearly all B-cell lymphomas; the target of the ADC polatuzumab vedotin and a frequently mutated gene in brain and testicular lymphoma.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/targets/cd79b/","cancers":"dlbcl follicular-lymphoma primary-cns-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"cxcr4","kind":"target","name":"CXCR4","aka":"","tldr":"A chemokine receptor that anchors blood cells in the marrow and helps cancer cells home to it; mutated in a third of Waldenström patients and targeted by plerixafor for stem-cell mobilisation.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/targets/cxcr4/","cancers":"waldenstrom multiple-myeloma aml"},{"id":"ccr4","kind":"target","name":"CCR4","aka":"","tldr":"CCR4 is a chemokine receptor on skin-homing and regulatory T cells, and on the malignant cells of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and adult T-cell leukaemia; mogamulizumab removes those cells.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/targets/ccr4/","cancers":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"tim3","kind":"target","name":"TIM-3","aka":"","tldr":"An immune checkpoint on exhausted T cells and on leukaemic stem cells; antibodies against it failed in lung cancer and MDS after strong preclinical promise.","tags":"gap-fill negative-trials","route":"/targets/tim3/","cancers":"mds aml nsclc"},{"id":"smoothened","kind":"target","name":"Smoothened (hedgehog pathway)","aka":"","tldr":"The switch in the hedgehog developmental pathway that is stuck on in basal cell carcinoma and some medulloblastomas; three approved pills block it.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/targets/smoothened/","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma medulloblastoma aml"},{"id":"pdgfra","kind":"target","name":"PDGFRA","aka":"","tldr":"PDGFRA is a growth-factor receptor mutated in about 10% of GISTs, including the D842V mutation that resists imatinib but responds to avapritinib.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/targets/pdgfra/","cancers":"gist glioblastoma sarcoma"},{"id":"csf1r","kind":"target","name":"CSF1R","aka":"","tldr":"The receptor that macrophages depend on; blocking it shrinks tenosynovial giant cell tumour (a CSF1-driven tumour) and depletes tumour-supporting macrophages, though the latter has not yet helped patients with common cancers.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/targets/csf1r/","cancers":"sarcoma pancreatic glioblastoma"},{"id":"ewsr1-fli1","kind":"target","name":"EWSR1-FLI1 fusion","aka":"","tldr":"The fused gene that defines Ewing sarcoma: an aberrant transcription factor that has resisted 30 years of drug design.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/targets/ewsr1-fli1/","cancers":"ewing-sarcoma sarcoma"},{"id":"epcam","kind":"target","name":"EpCAM","aka":"","tldr":"An adhesion protein on almost all carcinoma cells and the capture molecule for circulating tumour cell tests; the target of the first bispecific antibody ever approved (catumaxomab, 2009).","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/targets/epcam/","cancers":"colorectal gastric ovarian pancreatic urothelial"},{"id":"cldn6","kind":"target","name":"Claudin 6","aka":"","tldr":"A tight-junction protein normally found only in the embryo that reappears in ovarian, testicular, endometrial and lung cancers, making it a clean target for ADCs and CAR-T.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/targets/cldn6/","cancers":"ovarian testicular endometrial nsclc"},{"id":"cd73-adenosine","kind":"target","name":"CD73 / adenosine axis","aka":"","tldr":"CD73 is an enzyme on tumour and immune cells that converts AMP into adenosine, which switches off T and natural killer cells through A2A and A2B receptors. Oleclumab (anti-CD73) with durvalumab slowed progression in a phase 2 lung cancer trial and quemliclustat is in phase 3 in pancreatic cancer, but A2A blockers gave only modest signals and several were dropped.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/targets/cd73-adenosine/","cancers":"pancreatic nsclc tnbc rcc prostate"},{"id":"vista","kind":"target","name":"VISTA","aka":"","tldr":"An immune checkpoint on myeloid cells that works at the acidic pH inside tumours and is a suspected escape route after PD-1 therapy; antibodies are in early trials.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/targets/vista/","cancers":"prostate pancreatic mesothelioma nsclc"},{"id":"muc16","kind":"target","name":"MUC16 (CA-125)","aka":"","tldr":"The giant mucin that is shed into blood as the CA-125 ovarian cancer marker; its membrane stalk is being targeted by ADCs and T-cell engagers.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/targets/muc16/","cancers":"ovarian pancreatic endometrial"},{"id":"liv1","kind":"target","name":"LIV-1 (SLC39A6)","aka":"","tldr":"LIV-1 is an oestrogen-regulated zinc transporter on most breast cancers; the ADC against it (ladiratuzumab vedotin) showed activity in triple-negative disease but was discontinued in 2024.","tags":"gap-fill discontinued","route":"/targets/liv1/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive prostate"},{"id":"mdm2","kind":"target","name":"MDM2","aka":"","tldr":"MDM2 is the protein that degrades p53; blocking it reactivates p53 in tumours where the gene is intact, especially the liposarcomas that carry extra copies of MDM2.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/targets/mdm2/","cancers":"sarcoma glioblastoma aml myeloproliferative-neoplasms gallbladder"},{"id":"prmt5-mtap","kind":"target","name":"PRMT5 (MTAP-deleted cancers)","aka":"","tldr":"An enzyme that cancers lacking the MTAP gene (about 10-15% of all tumours) depend on more than normal cells do; new inhibitors designed to exploit that difference are in late trials.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/targets/prmt5-mtap/","cancers":"mesothelioma glioblastoma pancreatic nsclc urothelial cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"wrn","kind":"target","name":"WRN helicase (MSI-high cancers)","aka":"","tldr":"A DNA-unwinding enzyme that mismatch-repair-deficient cancers cannot live without; the first WRN inhibitors are in trials as a chemotherapy-free option for MSI-high tumours that fail immunotherapy.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/targets/wrn/","cancers":"colorectal endometrial gastric"},{"id":"cd52","kind":"target","name":"CD52","aka":"","tldr":"CD52 is a small protein on nearly all lymphocytes and the target of alemtuzumab, a profoundly immunosuppressive antibody once used in CLL and now mostly in transplant conditioning, T-cell leukaemia and multiple sclerosis.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/targets/cd52/","cancers":"cll peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"cd7","kind":"target","name":"CD7","aka":"","tldr":"A T-cell surface marker kept on most T-cell leukaemias; CAR-T cells against it must be engineered not to kill each other, and they have produced remissions in T-ALL where nothing else worked.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/targets/cd7/","cancers":"all-leukemia peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma aml"},{"id":"palliative-care","kind":"technology","name":"Early integrated palliative care","aka":"","tldr":"Specialist care for symptoms, decision-making and quality of life given alongside cancer treatment from diagnosis, not just at the end. Trials show it improves quality of life and mood and may lengthen survival.","tags":"gap-fill supportive","route":"/technologies/palliative-care/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"nsclc pancreatic glioblastoma tnbc colorectal lung-cancer sclc non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma malt-lymphoma splenic-marginal-zone-lymphoma nodal-marginal-zone-lymphoma waldenstrom primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma burkitt-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma nodular-lymphocyte-predominant-hodgkin-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma angioimmunoblastic-t-cell-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma sezary-syndrome primary-cns-lymphoma"},{"id":"hospice-end-of-life","kind":"technology","name":"Hospice and end-of-life care","aka":"","tldr":"Care in the last months of life focused entirely on comfort, at home or in a hospice, when cancer treatment no longer helps. Enrolling earlier than the typical two to three weeks gives patients and families more benefit.","tags":"gap-fill supportive","route":"/technologies/hospice-end-of-life/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"pain-management","kind":"technology","name":"Cancer pain management","aka":"","tldr":"Systematic treatment of cancer pain with opioids, adjuvant drugs, radiation and procedures such as nerve blocks and intrathecal pumps. Most pain can be controlled, yet under-treatment remains common, especially where opioids are unavailable.","tags":"gap-fill supportive","route":"/technologies/pain-management/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"pancreatic lung-cancer nsclc sclc"},{"id":"palliative-radiotherapy","kind":"technology","name":"Palliative radiotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Short courses of radiation, often a single treatment, to relieve pain from bone metastases, stop bleeding, open blocked airways or protect the spinal cord. Among the most cost-effective treatments in cancer.","tags":"gap-fill supportive","route":"/technologies/palliative-radiotherapy/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"prostate breast-hr-positive nsclc multiple-myeloma lung-cancer sclc"},{"id":"psycho-oncology","kind":"technology","name":"Psycho-oncology and distress screening","aka":"","tldr":"Psycho-oncology recognises and treats the anxiety, depression, fear of recurrence and existential distress that affect a third of people with cancer, using screening, psychotherapy adapted to cancer, and medication.","tags":"gap-fill supportive","route":"/technologies/psycho-oncology/","status":"established","cancers":"colorectal lung-cancer nsclc sclc non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma malt-lymphoma splenic-marginal-zone-lymphoma nodal-marginal-zone-lymphoma waldenstrom primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma burkitt-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma nodular-lymphocyte-predominant-hodgkin-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma angioimmunoblastic-t-cell-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma sezary-syndrome primary-cns-lymphoma"},{"id":"oncology-nutrition","kind":"technology","name":"Nutrition support and cachexia management","aka":"","tldr":"Screening for malnutrition, dietitian-led counselling, supplements and tube or intravenous feeding where indicated, plus treatment of cancer cachexia, the muscle-wasting syndrome that affects up to 80% of advanced patients.","tags":"gap-fill supportive","route":"/technologies/oncology-nutrition/","status":"established","cancers":"pancreatic gastric head-and-neck esophageal nsclc colorectal lung-cancer sclc"},{"id":"prehabilitation","kind":"technology","name":"Prehabilitation before cancer surgery","aka":"","tldr":"Prehabilitation is a few weeks of structured exercise, nutrition and psychological preparation between diagnosis and surgery to make patients fitter for the operation and speed recovery.","tags":"gap-fill supportive","route":"/technologies/prehabilitation/","status":"emerging","cancers":"colorectal esophageal nsclc pancreatic non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma malt-lymphoma splenic-marginal-zone-lymphoma nodal-marginal-zone-lymphoma waldenstrom primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma burkitt-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma nodular-lymphocyte-predominant-hodgkin-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma angioimmunoblastic-t-cell-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma sezary-syndrome primary-cns-lymphoma"},{"id":"financial-navigation","kind":"technology","name":"Financial toxicity and financial navigation","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer treatment can bankrupt patients even with insurance. Financial navigation programmes screen for money problems and connect patients to assistance, insurance optimisation and legal help, and trials show they reduce distress and debt.","tags":"gap-fill supportive equity","route":"/technologies/financial-navigation/","status":"emerging","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc sclc"},{"id":"survivorship-care-plan","kind":"technology","name":"Survivorship care and late-effects surveillance","aka":"","tldr":"Organised follow-up for the 18 million US and 50+ million global cancer survivors: watching for recurrence and second cancers, managing long-term side effects such as heart damage, infertility, neuropathy and fatigue, and helping people return to work and life.","tags":"gap-fill supportive","route":"/technologies/survivorship-care-plan/","status":"established","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma testicular breast-hr-positive all-leukemia wilms-tumor medulloblastoma colorectal lung-cancer nsclc sclc non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma malt-lymphoma splenic-marginal-zone-lymphoma nodal-marginal-zone-lymphoma waldenstrom primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma burkitt-lymphoma early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma nodular-lymphocyte-predominant-hodgkin-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma angioimmunoblastic-t-cell-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma sezary-syndrome primary-cns-lymphoma"},{"id":"fertility-preservation","kind":"technology","name":"Oncofertility and fertility preservation","aka":"","tldr":"Protecting the ability to have children before cancer treatment that damages eggs, sperm or the womb: sperm and egg or embryo freezing, ovarian tissue freezing, ovarian shielding and, for some breast cancers, temporary ovarian suppression.","tags":"gap-fill supportive aya","route":"/technologies/fertility-preservation/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hodgkin-lymphoma testicular all-leukemia cervical endometrial tnbc colorectal breast-cancer non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma malt-lymphoma splenic-marginal-zone-lymphoma nodal-marginal-zone-lymphoma waldenstrom primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma burkitt-lymphoma early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma nodular-lymphocyte-predominant-hodgkin-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma angioimmunoblastic-t-cell-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma sezary-syndrome primary-cns-lymphoma"},{"id":"oncology-nursing","kind":"technology","name":"Oncology nursing and nurse-led care","aka":"","tldr":"Specialist nurses deliver most cancer treatment and much of its safety, education and support; nurse-led clinics, navigation and symptom management improve outcomes and are the backbone of care in low-resource settings.","tags":"gap-fill supportive workforce","route":"/technologies/oncology-nursing/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"integrative-oncology","kind":"technology","name":"Evidence-based integrative oncology","aka":"","tldr":"Using complementary approaches with real evidence, such as acupuncture for nausea and pain, yoga and mindfulness for anxiety and fatigue, alongside standard treatment, while steering patients away from unproven 'alternative' therapies that can shorten life.","tags":"gap-fill supportive","route":"/technologies/integrative-oncology/","status":"established"},{"id":"antiemetic-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Antiemetics for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting","aka":"","tldr":"The drugs that stopped chemotherapy from meaning days of vomiting: 5-HT3 blockers (ondansetron, palonosetron), NK1 blockers (aprepitant), dexamethasone and olanzapine, given by the emetic risk of each regimen.","tags":"gap-fill supportive","route":"/technologies/antiemetic-therapy/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"bone-modifying-agents","kind":"technology","name":"Bone-modifying agents (bisphosphonates, denosumab)","aka":"","tldr":"Zoledronic acid and denosumab reduce fractures, spinal cord compression and bone pain from bone metastases and myeloma, prevent treatment-induced bone loss, and in postmenopausal breast cancer modestly reduce recurrence in bone.","tags":"gap-fill supportive","route":"/technologies/bone-modifying-agents/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"multiple-myeloma breast-hr-positive prostate nsclc rcc"},{"id":"g-csf-growth-factors","kind":"technology","name":"Growth factors: G-CSF and febrile neutropenia prevention","aka":"","tldr":"Injections of filgrastim or its long-acting form pegfilgrastim after chemotherapy make white cells recover faster, cutting the risk of life-threatening infections and allowing chemotherapy on schedule.","tags":"gap-fill supportive","route":"/technologies/g-csf-growth-factors/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"transfusion-support","kind":"technology","name":"Transfusion support and anaemia management","aka":"","tldr":"Red cell and platelet transfusions, iron and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents keep patients safe through chemotherapy and marrow failure; restrictive thresholds and ESA caution reflect trials showing more is not better.","tags":"gap-fill supportive","route":"/technologies/transfusion-support/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"mds aml all-leukemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"cancer-associated-thrombosis","kind":"technology","name":"Cancer-associated thrombosis prevention and treatment","aka":"","tldr":"Blood clots are the second commonest cause of death in people with cancer. Risk scores identify who should take preventive blood thinners during chemotherapy, and direct oral anticoagulants have largely replaced injections for treatment.","tags":"gap-fill supportive","route":"/technologies/cancer-associated-thrombosis/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"pancreatic gastric glioblastoma multiple-myeloma nsclc"},{"id":"epro-symptom-monitoring","kind":"technology","name":"Electronic patient-reported outcome (ePRO) symptom monitoring","aka":"","tldr":"Patients report symptoms weekly through an app or web form, and nurses respond to alerts. Randomised trials showed this simple system improved quality of life, cut emergency visits and, in one trial, extended survival by five months.","tags":"gap-fill supportive","route":"/technologies/epro-symptom-monitoring/","status":"established"},{"id":"multidisciplinary-tumour-board","kind":"technology","name":"Multidisciplinary tumour boards","aka":"","tldr":"Multidisciplinary tumour boards are regular meetings where surgeons, oncologists, radiologists and pathologists review each patient's case with the full dataset and agree a plan before treatment starts. They are mandatory in the UK and for accreditation in the US, Europe and Germany, and change the diagnosis or plan in 10 to 30% of cases, though randomised evidence is lacking.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/technologies/multidisciplinary-tumour-board/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"colorectal lung-cancer nsclc sclc non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma malt-lymphoma splenic-marginal-zone-lymphoma nodal-marginal-zone-lymphoma waldenstrom primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma burkitt-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma nodular-lymphocyte-predominant-hodgkin-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma angioimmunoblastic-t-cell-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma sezary-syndrome primary-cns-lymphoma"},{"id":"telehealth-oncology","kind":"technology","name":"Telehealth and hospital-at-home in oncology","aka":"","tldr":"Video visits, remote monitoring and home delivery of some cancer treatments expanded massively during COVID-19 and have stayed; they reduce travel burden, especially for rural patients, without evidence of worse outcomes.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/technologies/telehealth-oncology/","status":"established"},{"id":"electrochemotherapy","kind":"technology","name":"Electrochemotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Brief electric pulses applied to a tumour open pores in cell membranes so that a tiny dose of bleomycin or cisplatin floods in; used for skin metastases and, increasingly, for deep tumours.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/technologies/electrochemotherapy/","status":"established","cancers":"melanoma kaposi-sarcoma cutaneous-scc head-and-neck"},{"id":"isolated-limb-perfusion","kind":"technology","name":"Isolated limb perfusion and infusion","aka":"","tldr":"Isolating the blood supply of an arm or leg so that chemotherapy doses 15-20 times higher than the body could tolerate can be circulated through it, to save limbs with melanoma or sarcoma that would otherwise be amputated.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/technologies/isolated-limb-perfusion/","status":"established","cancers":"melanoma sarcoma extremity-soft-tissue-sarcoma"},{"id":"percutaneous-hepatic-perfusion","kind":"technology","name":"Percutaneous hepatic perfusion (chemosaturation)","aka":"","tldr":"Isolating the liver's circulation with catheters and balloons so that high-dose melphalan can be pumped through it and filtered out before it reaches the rest of the body; approved in 2023 for eye melanoma that has spread to the liver.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/technologies/percutaneous-hepatic-perfusion/","status":"approved","cancers":"uveal-melanoma cholangiocarcinoma neuroendocrine"},{"id":"intraoperative-radiotherapy","kind":"technology","name":"Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT)","aka":"","tldr":"Giving a single large dose of radiation directly to the tumour bed during surgery, with normal organs moved out of the way; used mainly in breast cancer as an alternative to weeks of external radiotherapy.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/technologies/intraoperative-radiotherapy/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal sarcoma pancreatic breast-cancer"},{"id":"global-oncology-access","kind":"technology","name":"Global oncology and access in low- and middle-income countries","aka":"","tldr":"Seventy percent of cancer deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries, where radiotherapy machines, pathologists, essential medicines and palliative care are scarce. Global oncology works on affordable, adapted care and the systems to deliver it.","tags":"gap-fill equity global","route":"/technologies/global-oncology-access/","status":"emerging","cancers":"cervical kaposi-sarcoma wilms-tumor retinoblastoma all-leukemia hcc esophageal"},{"id":"rare-cancers","kind":"term","name":"Rare cancers","aka":"rare cancer","tldr":"Rare cancers are those with fewer than about 6 new cases per 100,000 people per year. Individually rare, together they are a quarter of all cancers and have worse survival because of late diagnosis, few trials and scattered expertise.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/terms/rare-cancers/"},{"id":"cancer-health-disparities","kind":"term","name":"Cancer health disparities and equity","aka":"","tldr":"Systematic differences in who gets cancer, how early it is found and who survives, driven by race, income, geography, insurance and structural racism rather than biology alone.","tags":"gap-fill equity","route":"/terms/cancer-health-disparities/"},{"id":"aya-oncology","kind":"term","name":"Adolescent and young adult (AYA) oncology","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer in people aged 15-39, about 90,000 US cases a year, with a distinct mix of cancers, slower survival improvement than children or older adults, and specific needs: fertility, education and work, psychosocial support and trial access.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/terms/aya-oncology/"},{"id":"cancer-in-pregnancy","kind":"term","name":"Cancer during pregnancy","aka":"","tldr":"About 1 in 1,000 pregnancies is complicated by cancer, most often breast, cervical, lymphoma, melanoma or leukaemia. Most chemotherapy is safe after the first trimester, surgery is safe throughout, and ending the pregnancy does not improve the mother's outcome.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/terms/cancer-in-pregnancy/"},{"id":"hereditary-cancer-syndromes","kind":"term","name":"Hereditary cancer syndromes","aka":"hereditary cancer\nhereditary cancers\nhereditary cancer syndrome\ninherited cancer\ninherited cancer syndrome\ninherited risk\ncancer predisposition\ncancer susceptibility\nfamilial cancer","tldr":"About 5-10% of cancers arise from an inherited gene fault. Recognising the syndromes (BRCA, Lynch, Li-Fraumeni, VHL, MEN, FAP, retinoblastoma and dozens more) changes screening, surgery and treatment for the patient and their relatives.","tags":"gap-fill hereditary","route":"/terms/hereditary-cancer-syndromes/"},{"id":"li-fraumeni","kind":"term","name":"Li-Fraumeni syndrome (germline TP53)","aka":"","tldr":"Li-Fraumeni syndrome is an inherited fault in the TP53 gene giving a lifetime cancer risk near 100% in women and ~75% in men, with sarcomas, breast cancer, brain tumours, adrenal cancer and leukaemias often in childhood. Whole-body MRI surveillance saves lives.","tags":"gap-fill hereditary","route":"/terms/li-fraumeni/"},{"id":"vhl-disease","kind":"term","name":"Von Hippel-Lindau disease","aka":"","tldr":"Von Hippel-Lindau disease is an inherited condition causing kidney cancers, adrenal tumours, and blood-vessel tumours of the brain, spine, eye and pancreas from early adulthood. It taught us how cells sense oxygen and gave rise to the drug belzutifan, the first medicine for VHL tumours.","tags":"gap-fill hereditary","route":"/terms/vhl-disease/"},{"id":"drug-price-transparency","kind":"term","name":"Oncology drug pricing and price transparency","aka":"","tldr":"New cancer drugs commonly launch above $150,000-$250,000 per year in the US, with prices set without reference to benefit and hidden behind rebates; other countries negotiate or assess cost-effectiveness. Pricing policy determines who gets treated.","tags":"gap-fill policy","route":"/terms/drug-price-transparency/"},{"id":"financial-toxicity","kind":"term","name":"Financial toxicity","aka":"","tldr":"The harm caused to patients by the cost of cancer care: depleted savings, debt, skipped medication and worse survival. Measured like any other side effect and, increasingly, treated like one.","tags":"gap-fill","route":"/terms/financial-toxicity/","cancers":"tnbc pancreatic colorectal non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma malt-lymphoma splenic-marginal-zone-lymphoma nodal-marginal-zone-lymphoma waldenstrom primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma burkitt-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma nodular-lymphocyte-predominant-hodgkin-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma angioimmunoblastic-t-cell-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma sezary-syndrome primary-cns-lymphoma"},{"id":"oncology-workforce","kind":"term","name":"Oncology workforce","aka":"","tldr":"There are not enough oncologists, radiation therapists, pathologists, oncology nurses and pharmacists for the growing number of patients, in rich countries and especially in poor ones; burnout, geography and training pipelines shape who receives care.","tags":"gap-fill policy","route":"/terms/oncology-workforce/"},{"id":"who-essential-medicines","kind":"term","name":"WHO Essential Medicines List for cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The World Health Organization's list of medicines every health system should provide, which now includes about 60 cancer drugs from cyclophosphamide and cisplatin to trastuzumab, imatinib and PD-1 inhibitors, guiding procurement and pricing in lower-income countries.","tags":"gap-fill policy global","route":"/terms/who-essential-medicines/"},{"id":"plasma-ebv-dna","kind":"term","name":"Plasma EBV DNA","aka":"","tldr":"Fragments of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in the blood that measure nasopharyngeal carcinoma: used to screen healthy people in endemic regions, to stage, to decide who needs extra treatment after radiotherapy, and to detect relapse.","tags":"gap-fill biomarker","route":"/terms/plasma-ebv-dna/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"nice-guidance","kind":"collection","name":"NICE cancer guidance and technology appraisals (UK)","aka":"","tldr":"NICE decides which cancer treatments the NHS pays for, publishing for each drug an appraisal of cost per quality-adjusted life year against a threshold of £25,000 to £35,000, plus clinical guidelines. Because the manufacturer models and committee reasoning are public, its decisions serve as an independent view of a drug's value that often diverges from FDA and EMA licensing.","tags":"gap-fill guidelines","route":"/collections/nice-guidance/"},{"id":"asco-guidelines","kind":"collection","name":"ASCO clinical practice guidelines","aka":"","tldr":"ASCO guidelines are the American oncology society's guidelines, strongest on supportive care, survivorship, biomarker testing and resource-stratified recommendations for lower-income settings, complementing NCCN's algorithms.","tags":"gap-fill guidelines","route":"/collections/asco-guidelines/"},{"id":"csco-guidelines","kind":"collection","name":"CSCO guidelines (China)","aka":"","tldr":"CSCO guidelines are China's national oncology guidelines, covering about 30 cancers and updated annually. They grade each recommendation by both evidence level and affordability under China's reimbursement list, and they cover Chinese-developed drugs (PD-1 inhibitors, ADCs) and cancers common in China (nasopharyngeal, oesophageal, liver, gastric) years before Western guidelines.","tags":"gap-fill guidelines","route":"/collections/csco-guidelines/"},{"id":"jsmo-jsco-guidelines","kind":"collection","name":"Japanese oncology guidelines (JSMO, JSCO and organ societies)","aka":"","tldr":"The JSMO and JSCO guidelines are Japan's oncology guidelines, especially strong for gastric, oesophageal, liver and biliary cancers where Japanese trials set global standards (D2 gastrectomy, S-1, endoscopic resection), and for Japan's own approvals through PMDA.","tags":"gap-fill guidelines","route":"/collections/jsmo-jsco-guidelines/"},{"id":"american-cancer-society","kind":"collection","name":"American Cancer Society (ACS)","aka":"ACS\ncancer.org\nCancer.Net\nsrc-cancer-org-asco","tldr":"The American Cancer Society is the largest US cancer charity. It publishes the annual US cancer statistics that most news reports quote, screening recommendations that differ from the US Preventive Services Task Force in places (colorectal screening from 45, for example), and plain-language patient guides for every cancer.","tags":"gap-fill patient-org source patient","route":"/collections/american-cancer-society/"},{"id":"leukemia-lymphoma-society","kind":"collection","name":"Leukemia & Lymphoma Society (LLS)","aka":"","tldr":"The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society is the main US blood-cancer charity, unusual for running its own precision-medicine trials (Beat AML, PedAL) and investing directly in biotech, alongside co-pay assistance and one-to-one information specialists.","tags":"gap-fill patient-org","route":"/collections/leukemia-lymphoma-society/"},{"id":"pancan","kind":"collection","name":"Pancreatic Cancer Action Network (PanCAN)","aka":"PanCAN\nsrc-pancan","tldr":"PanCAN is the leading pancreatic cancer patient organisation; it pioneered free tumour molecular profiling for patients (Know Your Tumor) and runs an adaptive platform trial for a disease with few options.","tags":"gap-fill patient-org source patient","route":"/collections/pancan/"},{"id":"mmrf","kind":"collection","name":"Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation (MMRF)","aka":"","tldr":"The Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation, founded by a patient in 1998, built CoMMpass, the largest open longitudinal genomic dataset in myeloma with 1,143 patients followed for over eight years, and helped fund early trials of bortezomib, lenalidomide, daratumumab and CAR-T. It also runs patient navigation and an immunotherapy hub.","tags":"gap-fill patient-org","route":"/collections/mmrf/"},{"id":"lymphoma-research-foundation","kind":"collection","name":"Lymphoma Research Foundation (LRF)","aka":"","tldr":"The Lymphoma Research Foundation is the largest US lymphoma-specific charity, with plain-language guides for over 20 lymphoma subtypes and a research programme focused on mantle cell and adolescent/young adult lymphoma.","tags":"gap-fill patient-org","route":"/collections/lymphoma-research-foundation/"},{"id":"national-brain-tumor-society","kind":"collection","name":"National Brain Tumor Society (NBTS)","aka":"","tldr":"The National Brain Tumor Society is the largest US brain tumour nonprofit. It co-founded GBM AGILE, the adaptive platform trial that has enrolled more than 1,500 glioblastoma patients across several drug arms at once, funds research collaboratives, and lobbies the FDA on endpoints for brain tumours.","tags":"gap-fill patient-org","route":"/collections/national-brain-tumor-society/"},{"id":"alexs-lemonade-stand","kind":"collection","name":"Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation (ALSF)","aka":"","tldr":"A childhood-cancer charity started by a four-year-old patient's lemonade stand that now funds hundreds of grants and runs an open-science data lab for paediatric cancer genomics.","tags":"gap-fill patient-org paediatric","route":"/collections/alexs-lemonade-stand/"},{"id":"st-baldricks","kind":"collection","name":"St. Baldrick's Foundation","aka":"","tldr":"A head-shaving fundraiser that became the largest charitable funder of children's cancer research in the US, underwriting much of the cooperative-group trial infrastructure that treats most American children with cancer.","tags":"gap-fill patient-org paediatric","route":"/collections/st-baldricks/"},{"id":"colorectal-cancer-alliance","kind":"collection","name":"Colorectal Cancer Alliance","aka":"","tldr":"The Colorectal Cancer Alliance is the largest US colorectal cancer patient organisation, focused on screening uptake from age 45, young-onset disease and connecting patients with biomarker-matched trials.","tags":"gap-fill patient-org","route":"/collections/colorectal-cancer-alliance/"},{"id":"lungevity","kind":"collection","name":"LUNGevity Foundation (and GO2 for Lung Cancer)","aka":"","tldr":"LUNGevity is the largest US lung cancer charity, focused on making sure every patient gets comprehensive biomarker testing and access to targeted therapy and trials, with a screening-advocacy partner in GO2.","tags":"gap-fill patient-org","route":"/collections/lungevity/"},{"id":"melanoma-research-alliance","kind":"collection","name":"Melanoma Research Alliance (MRA)","aka":"","tldr":"A melanoma research funder created in 2007 by the Milken family that backed early immunotherapy and targeted-therapy work and now focuses on rare melanoma subtypes and resistance.","tags":"gap-fill patient-org","route":"/collections/melanoma-research-alliance/"},{"id":"ovarian-cancer-research-alliance","kind":"collection","name":"Ovarian Cancer Research Alliance (OCRA)","aka":"","tldr":"The Ovarian Cancer Research Alliance is the largest US ovarian cancer organisation, born from the merger of research and patient-support charities; it funds research and campaigns for universal genetic testing and prevention by salpingectomy given that screening does not work.","tags":"gap-fill patient-org","route":"/collections/ovarian-cancer-research-alliance/"},{"id":"susan-g-komen","kind":"collection","name":"Susan G. Komen","aka":"","tldr":"Susan G. Komen is the best-known breast cancer charity, founded in 1982. It has granted more than $1 billion for research, including early support for HER2-directed therapy, runs a helpline and treatment assistance programme, and holds ShareForCures, a patient-consented registry that shares data for metastatic breast cancer research.","tags":"gap-fill patient-org","route":"/collections/susan-g-komen/"},{"id":"prostate-cancer-foundation","kind":"collection","name":"Prostate Cancer Foundation (PCF)","aka":"","tldr":"Michael Milken's prostate cancer foundation, which funded the science behind abiraterone, enzalutamide and PSMA therapy and runs a precision-oncology network in US veterans' hospitals.","tags":"gap-fill patient-org","route":"/collections/prostate-cancer-foundation/"},{"id":"paper-keynote-522-nejm-2022","kind":"paper","name":"KEYNOTE-522: adding pembrolizumab before and after surgery in early triple-negative breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the immunotherapy pembrolizumab to chemotherapy before surgery, then continuing it afterwards, cut the risk of relapse or death by about a third in stage II-III triple-negative breast cancer and later improved survival.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-522-nejm-2022/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-destiny-breast03-nejm-2022","kind":"paper","name":"DESTINY-Breast03: trastuzumab deruxtecan beats T-DM1 as second-line treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A newer antibody-drug conjugate, trastuzumab deruxtecan, kept HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer under control roughly four times longer than the previous standard, T-DM1, and later lengthened survival.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-destiny-breast03-nejm-2022/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"paper-destiny-breast04-nejm-2022","kind":"paper","name":"DESTINY-Breast04: trastuzumab deruxtecan works in HER2-low breast cancer, creating a new treatable group","aka":"","tldr":"Breast cancers with only a little HER2 on their surface, long called HER2-negative, responded to trastuzumab deruxtecan and patients lived about six months longer than on chemotherapy. It created the HER2-low category.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-destiny-breast04-nejm-2022/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"paper-destiny-breast06-nejm-2024","kind":"paper","name":"DESTINY-Breast06: trastuzumab deruxtecan before any chemotherapy in hormone-receptor-positive, HER2-low or ultralow breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Given as the first chemotherapy-type treatment after hormone therapy stopped working, trastuzumab deruxtecan delayed progression by about five months compared with standard chemotherapy, including in tumours with barely detectable HER2.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-destiny-breast06-nejm-2024/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"paper-monarche-jco-2020","kind":"paper","name":"monarchE: two years of abemaciclib after surgery in high-risk, hormone-receptor-positive early breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding two years of the CDK4/6 inhibitor abemaciclib to standard hormone therapy after surgery cut the risk of the cancer coming back by a quarter in women with node-positive, high-risk disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-monarche-jco-2020/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"paper-natalee-nejm-2024","kind":"paper","name":"NATALEE: three years of ribociclib after surgery in a broad population of hormone-receptor-positive early breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Three years of the CDK4/6 inhibitor ribociclib added to hormone therapy reduced relapses in stage II-III hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer, including some node-negative patients.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-natalee-nejm-2024/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"paper-olympia-nejm-2021","kind":"paper","name":"OlympiA: a year of olaparib after surgery for BRCA-mutated, high-risk early breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In women born with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation whose early breast cancer was high risk, a year of the PARP inhibitor olaparib after standard treatment cut relapses by more than 40% and later improved survival.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-olympia-nejm-2021/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"paper-katherine-nejm-2019","kind":"paper","name":"KATHERINE: switching to T-DM1 when HER2-positive breast cancer survives pre-surgery treatment","aka":"","tldr":"Women whose HER2-positive breast cancer was still present at surgery after chemotherapy and trastuzumab had half the risk of relapse if their post-surgery treatment was switched to the antibody-drug conjugate T-DM1 instead of continuing trastuzumab.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-katherine-nejm-2019/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"paper-tropion-breast01-jco-2024","kind":"paper","name":"TROPION-Breast01: datopotamab deruxtecan versus chemotherapy in pretreated hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer, and why a PFS win did not translate to survival","aka":"","tldr":"The TROP2-directed antibody-drug conjugate Dato-DXd delayed progression by about two months compared with chemotherapy, but patients did not live longer, which stalled its approval in breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-tropion-breast01-jco-2024/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"paper-ascent-nejm-2021","kind":"paper","name":"ASCENT: sacituzumab govitecan doubles survival in heavily pretreated metastatic triple-negative breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In triple-negative breast cancer that had already been through at least two treatments, the TROP2 antibody-drug conjugate sacituzumab govitecan roughly doubled the time patients lived compared with standard chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ascent-nejm-2021/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-flaura-nejm-2018","kind":"paper","name":"FLAURA: osimertinib as first treatment for EGFR-mutated lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Starting with the third-generation EGFR drug osimertinib, rather than saving it for later, kept EGFR-mutated lung cancer under control for almost twice as long and later helped patients live longer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-flaura-nejm-2018/","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"paper-mariposa-nejm-2024","kind":"paper","name":"MARIPOSA: amivantamab plus lazertinib versus osimertinib as first treatment for EGFR-mutated lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Combining an EGFR-MET bispecific antibody with a third-generation EGFR pill beat osimertinib alone, delaying progression by about seven months and later improving survival, at the cost of more side effects.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-mariposa-nejm-2024/","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer egfr-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-adaura-nejm-2020","kind":"paper","name":"ADAURA: three years of osimertinib after surgery for EGFR-mutated lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"After surgery for early-stage EGFR-mutated lung cancer, three years of osimertinib cut recurrences by about 80% and later reduced deaths by half.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-adaura-nejm-2020/","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"paper-keynote-189-nejm-2018","kind":"paper","name":"KEYNOTE-189: pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy as first treatment for non-squamous lung cancer without a driver mutation","aka":"","tldr":"Adding pembrolizumab to standard chemotherapy roughly halved the risk of death in newly diagnosed non-squamous lung cancer, whatever the PD-L1 level, making chemo-immunotherapy the default first treatment.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-189-nejm-2018/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-checkmate-816-nejm-2022","kind":"paper","name":"CheckMate 816: three cycles of nivolumab plus chemotherapy before lung cancer surgery","aka":"","tldr":"Just three cycles of chemotherapy with the immunotherapy nivolumab before surgery wiped out all viable tumour in a quarter of patients and reduced relapse or death by about a third, without making surgery harder.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-checkmate-816-nejm-2022/","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"paper-pacific-nejm-2017","kind":"paper","name":"PACIFIC: a year of durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy for stage III lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Giving the immunotherapy durvalumab for a year after chemoradiotherapy for unresectable stage III lung cancer tripled the time to progression and raised five-year survival from about a third to over 40%.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-pacific-nejm-2017/","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"paper-adriatic-nejm-2024","kind":"paper","name":"ADRIATIC: durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"For small-cell lung cancer confined to the chest, adding two years of durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy extended median survival from under three years to over four and a half, the first advance in this setting in decades.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-adriatic-nejm-2024/","cancers":"sclc lung-cancer limited-stage-sclc"},{"id":"paper-dellphi-301-nejm-2023","kind":"paper","name":"DeLLphi-301: tarlatamab, a DLL3-targeting T-cell engager, in previously treated small-cell lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A bispecific antibody that pulls T cells onto small-cell lung cancer cells produced responses in 40% of patients whose cancer had come back after chemotherapy, lasting far longer than any previous drug in this setting.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-dellphi-301-nejm-2023/","cancers":"sclc lung-cancer extensive-stage-sclc"},{"id":"paper-codebreak-200-lancet-2023","kind":"paper","name":"CodeBreaK 200: sotorasib versus docetaxel in KRAS G12C-mutated lung cancer, a modest win for the first KRAS drug","aka":"","tldr":"The first drug to directly block mutant KRAS beat docetaxel chemotherapy on delaying progression in KRAS G12C lung cancer, but only by about a month, and did not improve survival.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-codebreak-200-lancet-2023/","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer kras-g12c-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-harmoni-2-lancet-2025","kind":"paper","name":"HARMONi-2: ivonescimab, a PD-1 x VEGF bispecific, beats pembrolizumab head-to-head in PD-L1-positive lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In the first randomised trial to beat pembrolizumab directly, a single antibody that blocks both PD-1 and VEGF nearly doubled the time to progression in PD-L1-positive lung cancer, though survival data were still immature.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-harmoni-2-lancet-2025/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-napoli-3-lancet-2023","kind":"paper","name":"NAPOLI-3: NALIRIFOX versus gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel as first treatment for metastatic pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"NAPOLI-3 randomised 770 patients with untreated metastatic pancreatic cancer to NALIRIFOX, a four-drug regimen built on liposomal irinotecan, or to gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel, the doublet most patients receive. NALIRIFOX lengthened life and delayed progression, the first positive first-line trial in a decade, though conventional FOLFIRINOX remains the usual choice where affordable.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-napoli-3-lancet-2023/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-spotlight-lancet-2023","kind":"paper","name":"SPOTLIGHT: zolbetuximab, the first Claudin 18.2 antibody, added to chemotherapy in gastric cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In stomach cancers that express the protein Claudin 18.2, adding the antibody zolbetuximab to chemotherapy extended survival by nearly three months, making Claudin 18.2 a new biomarker to test for.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-spotlight-lancet-2023/","cancers":"gastric esophageal"},{"id":"paper-checkmate-649-lancet-2021","kind":"paper","name":"CheckMate 649: nivolumab plus chemotherapy as first treatment for advanced gastric, gastro-oesophageal junction and oesophageal adenocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the immunotherapy nivolumab to first-line chemotherapy helped patients with advanced stomach and oesophageal adenocarcinoma live longer, especially when the tumour showed PD-L1, making chemo-immunotherapy the new standard.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-checkmate-649-lancet-2021/","cancers":"gastric esophageal"},{"id":"paper-imbrave150-nejm-2020","kind":"paper","name":"IMbrave150: atezolizumab plus bevacizumab replaces sorafenib as first treatment for advanced liver cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Combining the immunotherapy atezolizumab with the anti-blood-vessel antibody bevacizumab helped patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma live longer than sorafenib, ending a decade in which nothing had beaten that drug.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-imbrave150-nejm-2020/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"paper-keynote-177-nejm-2020","kind":"paper","name":"KEYNOTE-177: pembrolizumab instead of chemotherapy as first treatment for mismatch-repair-deficient metastatic colorectal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"For the roughly 5% of metastatic bowel cancers with defective DNA mismatch repair, pembrolizumab alone lengthened the time without progression compared with chemotherapy, with far fewer severe side effects, and 83% of responses lasted two years or more. It made first-line pembrolizumab the standard for this group.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-177-nejm-2020/","cancers":"colorectal msi-high-colorectal"},{"id":"paper-breakwater-nejm-2025","kind":"paper","name":"BREAKWATER: encorafenib plus cetuximab with chemotherapy as first treatment for BRAF V600E-mutated colorectal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding a BRAF inhibitor and an EGFR antibody to first-line chemotherapy roughly doubled survival in BRAF V600E-mutated metastatic bowel cancer, one of the worst-prognosis subtypes.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-breakwater-nejm-2025/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-codebreak-300-nejm-2023","kind":"paper","name":"CodeBreaK 300: sotorasib plus panitumumab in chemotherapy-refractory KRAS G12C colorectal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Combining a KRAS G12C inhibitor with an EGFR antibody produced responses in about a quarter of patients with heavily pretreated KRAS G12C bowel cancer, versus none with standard chemotherapy, and more than doubled the time to progression.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-codebreak-300-nejm-2023/","cancers":"colorectal kras-g12c-colorectal"},{"id":"paper-niche-2-nejm-2024","kind":"paper","name":"NICHE-2: a month of nivolumab and ipilimumab before surgery clears mismatch-repair-deficient colon cancer in most patients","aka":"","tldr":"Two doses of immunotherapy over four weeks before surgery left little or no living tumour in 95% of patients with mismatch-repair-deficient colon cancer, and none had relapsed at three years.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-niche-2-nejm-2024/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-vision-nejm-2021","kind":"paper","name":"VISION: lutetium-177 PSMA-617 radioligand therapy extends survival in advanced prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A radioactive drug that homes to the PSMA protein on prostate cancer cells helped men with heavily pretreated metastatic prostate cancer live about four months longer, launching radioligand therapy as a mainstream treatment.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-vision-nejm-2021/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-stampede-abiraterone-nejm-2017","kind":"paper","name":"STAMPEDE: adding abiraterone to hormone therapy at diagnosis of advanced prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Giving the hormone-pathway drug abiraterone from the start, alongside standard testosterone suppression, cut deaths by more than a third in men newly diagnosed with high-risk or metastatic prostate cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-stampede-abiraterone-nejm-2017/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"paper-ev-302-nejm-2024","kind":"paper","name":"EV-302: enfortumab vedotin plus pembrolizumab replaces chemotherapy as first treatment for advanced bladder cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Combining the Nectin-4 antibody-drug conjugate enfortumab vedotin with pembrolizumab nearly doubled survival compared with platinum chemotherapy in advanced urothelial cancer, the biggest advance in this disease in 40 years.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ev-302-nejm-2024/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"paper-niagara-nejm-2024","kind":"paper","name":"NIAGARA: durvalumab before and after cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the immunotherapy durvalumab to chemotherapy before bladder removal, and continuing it afterwards, reduced relapse and death in muscle-invasive bladder cancer, the first improvement on neoadjuvant chemotherapy in two decades.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-niagara-nejm-2024/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"paper-clear-nejm-2021","kind":"paper","name":"CLEAR: lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab versus sunitinib as first treatment for advanced kidney cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Combining the multi-kinase inhibitor lenvatinib with pembrolizumab more than doubled the time to progression compared with sunitinib in advanced clear-cell kidney cancer and improved survival, with 71% of patients responding.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-clear-nejm-2021/","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"paper-keynote-564-nejm-2021","kind":"paper","name":"KEYNOTE-564: a year of pembrolizumab after kidney cancer surgery","aka":"","tldr":"One year of pembrolizumab after surgery for high-risk kidney cancer reduced relapses by about a third and, in later follow-up, became the first adjuvant treatment to help kidney cancer patients live longer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-564-nejm-2021/","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"paper-sunrise-1-jco-2025","kind":"paper","name":"SunRISe-1: TAR-200, a gemcitabine-releasing device placed in the bladder, for BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A small pretzel-shaped device that slowly releases gemcitabine inside the bladder cleared carcinoma in situ in about four out of five patients whose cancer had stopped responding to BCG, offering an alternative to bladder removal.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-sunrise-1-jco-2025/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"paper-paola-1-nejm-2019","kind":"paper","name":"PAOLA-1: olaparib added to bevacizumab maintenance in newly diagnosed ovarian cancer, with benefit confined to HRD-positive tumours","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the PARP inhibitor olaparib to bevacizumab after first-line chemotherapy for advanced ovarian cancer roughly doubled the time without progression in women whose tumours had defective DNA repair, but did nothing for those without it.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-paola-1-nejm-2019/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"paper-solo-1-nejm-2018","kind":"paper","name":"SOLO-1: two years of olaparib maintenance after first-line chemotherapy for BRCA-mutated ovarian cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In women with newly diagnosed advanced BRCA-mutated ovarian cancer who had responded to chemotherapy, two years of the PARP inhibitor olaparib kept far more of them free of progression than placebo, and the effect persisted for years after the tablets stopped. It moved PARP inhibitors into first-line maintenance and made BRCA testing at diagnosis routine.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-solo-1-nejm-2018/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"paper-keynote-a18-pfs-lancet-2024","kind":"paper","name":"KEYNOTE-A18: pembrolizumab with chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer (progression-free survival)","aka":"","tldr":"Adding pembrolizumab to standard chemoradiotherapy for high-risk locally advanced cervical cancer reduced progression or death by 30%, the first systemic advance in this setting since cisplatin was added to radiotherapy in 1999.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-a18-pfs-lancet-2024/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"paper-keynote-a18-os-lancet-2024","kind":"paper","name":"KEYNOTE-A18: pembrolizumab with chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer (overall survival)","aka":"","tldr":"The second report from KEYNOTE-A18 showed that adding pembrolizumab to chemoradiotherapy for high-risk locally advanced cervical cancer also lengthened life: 82.6% of women were alive at three years against 74.8%, a third fewer deaths.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-a18-os-lancet-2024/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"paper-ruby-nejm-2023","kind":"paper","name":"RUBY: dostarlimab with chemotherapy for advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the PD-1 antibody dostarlimab to first-line chemotherapy for advanced endometrial cancer cut progression by 72% in tumours with defective mismatch repair and by about a third overall, and later improved survival.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ruby-nejm-2023/","cancers":"endometrial"},{"id":"paper-checkmate-067-10-year-nejm-2025","kind":"paper","name":"CheckMate 067 at ten years: nivolumab plus ipilimumab produces long-term survival in half of patients with advanced melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"Ten years after starting treatment, about half of patients with advanced melanoma treated with nivolumab plus ipilimumab were still alive, most without any further treatment, showing that immunotherapy can cure a disease that once killed most patients within a year.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-checkmate-067-10-year-nejm-2025/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"paper-nadina-nejm-2024","kind":"paper","name":"NADINA: two doses of ipilimumab plus nivolumab before surgery beat a year of nivolumab after surgery in stage III melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"Giving just two cycles of combination immunotherapy before removing melanoma lymph nodes cut relapses by more than two-thirds compared with a year of standard immunotherapy after surgery, and most patients needed no further treatment.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-nadina-nejm-2024/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"paper-relativity-047-nejm-2022","kind":"paper","name":"RELATIVITY-047: relatlimab plus nivolumab, the first LAG-3 checkpoint combination, in untreated advanced melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"Adding an antibody against a second immune brake, LAG-3, to nivolumab delayed progression in advanced melanoma compared with nivolumab alone, with far fewer serious side effects than the ipilimumab combination.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-relativity-047-nejm-2022/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"paper-keynote-942-lancet-2024","kind":"paper","name":"KEYNOTE-942: a personalised mRNA cancer vaccine plus pembrolizumab after melanoma surgery","aka":"","tldr":"A vaccine custom-made from each patient's own tumour mutations, given with pembrolizumab after surgery for high-risk melanoma, reduced recurrence by about 44% compared with pembrolizumab alone in a mid-sized randomised trial, the first sign that personalised cancer vaccines can work.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-942-lancet-2024/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"paper-indigo-nejm-2023","kind":"paper","name":"INDIGO: vorasidenib, the first targeted drug for IDH-mutant low-grade glioma","aka":"","tldr":"An oral drug that blocks the mutant IDH enzyme more than doubled the time before slow-growing IDH-mutant brain tumours progressed, letting patients postpone radiotherapy and chemotherapy for years.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-indigo-nejm-2023/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"paper-stupp-temozolomide-nejm-2005","kind":"paper","name":"Stupp 2005: temozolomide added to radiotherapy for newly diagnosed glioblastoma","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the oral chemotherapy temozolomide during and after radiotherapy extended median survival in glioblastoma by about two and a half months and more than doubled the number of patients alive at two years; twenty years later it is still the standard.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-stupp-temozolomide-nejm-2005/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"paper-netter-2-lancet-2024","kind":"paper","name":"NETTER-2: lutetium-177 dotatate as first treatment for higher-grade gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours","aka":"","tldr":"Using the radioactive drug lutetium dotatate as the first treatment for faster-growing neuroendocrine tumours, rather than saving it for later, nearly tripled the time without progression compared with high-dose octreotide.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-netter-2-lancet-2024/","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"paper-spearhead-1-lancet-2024","kind":"paper","name":"SPEARHEAD-1: afamitresgene autoleucel, the first engineered T-cell receptor therapy approved for a solid tumour, in synovial sarcoma","aka":"","tldr":"T cells taken from patients and engineered to recognise the MAGE-A4 protein shrank tumours in about four in ten patients with advanced synovial sarcoma, leading to the first approval of a TCR T-cell therapy for any solid cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-spearhead-1-lancet-2024/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"paper-keynote-048-lancet-2019","kind":"paper","name":"KEYNOTE-048: pembrolizumab, alone or with chemotherapy, as first treatment for recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Pembrolizumab, either alone in PD-L1-positive tumours or combined with chemotherapy, helped patients with recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell cancer live longer than the previous cetuximab-based standard.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-048-lancet-2019/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"paper-slamon-trastuzumab-nejm-2001","kind":"paper","name":"Slamon 2001: adding trastuzumab to chemotherapy for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that made trastuzumab standard: adding the HER2 antibody to chemotherapy slowed progression and prolonged life in women whose breast cancers overexpressed HER2, at the cost of heart weakening when it was paired with anthracyclines.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-slamon-trastuzumab-nejm-2001/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"paper-hurwitz-bevacizumab-crc-nejm-2004","kind":"paper","name":"Hurwitz 2004: bevacizumab with chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer, the first anti-angiogenic drug to extend life","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the VEGF antibody bevacizumab to irinotecan-based chemotherapy prolonged survival in first-line metastatic colorectal cancer, the first time blocking a tumour's blood supply had been shown to help patients.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-hurwitz-bevacizumab-crc-nejm-2004/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-keynote-024-nejm-2016","kind":"paper","name":"KEYNOTE-024: pembrolizumab alone beats chemotherapy in PD-L1-high lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In patients whose lung tumours carried PD-L1 on at least half their cells, pembrolizumab alone held the cancer back longer than chemotherapy and caused fewer serious side effects, making immunotherapy the first treatment for this group.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-024-nejm-2016/","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"paper-checkmate-057-nejm-2015","kind":"paper","name":"CheckMate 057: nivolumab beats docetaxel after chemotherapy in non-squamous lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"After platinum chemotherapy had failed, the PD-1 antibody nivolumab prolonged life compared with docetaxel in non-squamous lung cancer with far fewer severe side effects, and the benefit was largest in tumours expressing PD-L1.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-checkmate-057-nejm-2015/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-checkmate-017-nejm-2015","kind":"paper","name":"CheckMate 017: nivolumab beats docetaxel in squamous lung cancer after chemotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"In squamous non-small-cell lung cancer that had progressed after platinum chemotherapy, the PD-1 antibody nivolumab prolonged life compared with docetaxel with far fewer severe side effects, regardless of PD-L1 status.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-checkmate-017-nejm-2015/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-conroy-folfirinox-pancreatic-nejm-2011","kind":"paper","name":"Conroy 2011: FOLFIRINOX versus gemcitabine for metastatic pancreatic cancer (PRODIGE 4/ACCORD 11)","aka":"","tldr":"A four-drug chemotherapy combination gave fit patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer clearly longer survival than the standard gemcitabine, the first real improvement in the disease in over a decade, at the cost of more side effects.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-conroy-folfirinox-pancreatic-nejm-2011/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-mpact-nab-paclitaxel-gemcitabine-nejm-2013","kind":"paper","name":"MPACT (Von Hoff 2013): nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine for metastatic pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding albumin-bound paclitaxel to gemcitabine prolonged survival in metastatic pancreatic cancer in a large international trial, giving patients who are not fit enough for FOLFIRINOX a second effective first-line option.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-mpact-nab-paclitaxel-gemcitabine-nejm-2013/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-keynote-001-pembrolizumab-nsclc-nejm-2015","kind":"paper","name":"KEYNOTE-001 (Garon 2015): pembrolizumab in non-small-cell lung cancer and the 50% PD-L1 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screened.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-toga-trastuzumab-gastric-lancet-2010/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"paper-druker-imatinib-phase1-nejm-2001","kind":"paper","name":"First imatinib trial: a pill that switched off the enzyme driving chronic myeloid leukaemia","aka":"","tldr":"In the first human study of imatinib, almost every patient with chronic-phase CML who had failed interferon regained normal blood counts, with mild side effects.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-druker-imatinib-phase1-nejm-2001/","cancers":"cml"},{"id":"paper-iris-imatinib-nejm-2003","kind":"paper","name":"IRIS: imatinib versus interferon plus cytarabine as first treatment for chronic myeloid leukaemia","aka":"","tldr":"Imatinib beat the previous standard by a wide margin in newly diagnosed CML, and the long-term follow-up showed most patients alive at ten years.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-iris-imatinib-nejm-2003/","cancers":"cml"},{"id":"paper-cll14-venetoclax-obinutuzumab-nejm-2019","kind":"paper","name":"CLL14: one year of venetoclax plus obinutuzumab instead of chemo-immunotherapy in older, less fit CLL patients","aka":"","tldr":"A fixed one-year course of two targeted drugs kept CLL under control far longer than chemo-immunotherapy, and most patients had no detectable disease when treatment stopped.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-cll14-venetoclax-obinutuzumab-nejm-2019/","cancers":"cll"},{"id":"paper-elevate-tn-acalabrutinib-lancet-2020","kind":"paper","name":"ELEVATE-TN: acalabrutinib, alone or with obinutuzumab, against chemo-immunotherapy in untreated CLL","aka":"","tldr":"In ELEVATE-TN, acalabrutinib, a second-generation BTK inhibitor, with or without an antibody, cut the risk of progression by 80-90% compared with chlorambucil-obinutuzumab in older or unfit patients with 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survival.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-murano-venetoclax-rituximab-nejm-2018/","cancers":"cll"},{"id":"paper-maia-daratumumab-rd-nejm-2019","kind":"paper","name":"MAIA: adding daratumumab to lenalidomide-dexamethasone for older patients with newly diagnosed myeloma who cannot have a transplant","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the CD38 antibody daratumumab to standard lenalidomide-dexamethasone cut the risk of progression or death by about 44% in older myeloma patients, and later extended survival.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-maia-daratumumab-rd-nejm-2019/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"paper-perseus-dara-vrd-transplant-nejm-2024","kind":"paper","name":"PERSEUS: daratumumab added to bortezomib-lenalidomide-dexamethasone around autologous transplant in newly diagnosed myeloma","aka":"","tldr":"Adding daratumumab to the standard three-drug induction, transplant and maintenance cut progression or death by 58% and pushed MRD-negativity to three-quarters of patients.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-perseus-dara-vrd-transplant-nejm-2024/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"paper-cepheus-dara-vrd-natmed-2025","kind":"paper","name":"CEPHEUS: daratumumab quadruplet for newly diagnosed myeloma patients not having a transplant, with MRD-negativity as the main endpoint","aka":"","tldr":"In patients who were transplant-ineligible or deferred transplant, the daratumumab quadruplet raised deep-remission rates from about 39% to 61% and cut progression risk by 43%.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-cepheus-dara-vrd-natmed-2025/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"paper-cartitude-1-cilta-cel-lancet-2021","kind":"paper","name":"CARTITUDE-1: cilta-cel, a BCMA CAR-T, in heavily pretreated myeloma","aka":"","tldr":"A single infusion of BCMA-directed CAR-T cells produced responses in 97% of patients whose myeloma had failed a median of six prior lines, with two-thirds reaching stringent complete response.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-cartitude-1-cilta-cel-lancet-2021/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"paper-cartitude-4-cilta-cel-nejm-2023","kind":"paper","name":"CARTITUDE-4: cilta-cel CAR-T versus standard combinations after one to three prior lines of myeloma therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Moving BCMA CAR-T to the second line cut the risk of progression or death by 74% compared with standard triplets, and later improved overall survival.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-cartitude-4-cilta-cel-nejm-2023/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"paper-karmma-3-ide-cel-nejm-2023","kind":"paper","name":"KarMMa-3: ide-cel CAR-T versus standard regimens in triple-class-exposed relapsed myeloma","aka":"","tldr":"The first randomised CAR-T trial in myeloma tripled median progression-free survival (13.3 versus 4.4 months) compared with standard combinations after two to four prior lines.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-karmma-3-ide-cel-nejm-2023/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"paper-majestec-1-teclistamab-nejm-2022","kind":"paper","name":"MajesTEC-1: teclistamab, an off-the-shelf BCMA bispecific antibody, in heavily pretreated myeloma","aka":"","tldr":"A ready-made antibody that pulls T cells onto myeloma cells produced responses in 63% of patients after a median of five prior therapies, without the wait for cell manufacturing.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-majestec-1-teclistamab-nejm-2022/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"paper-magnetismm-3-elranatamab-natmed-2023","kind":"paper","name":"MagnetisMM-3: elranatamab, a second BCMA bispecific, with a switch to fortnightly dosing after response","aka":"","tldr":"Elranatamab produced responses in 61% of heavily pretreated myeloma patients and showed that dosing can be thinned to every two weeks once patients respond.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-magnetismm-3-elranatamab-natmed-2023/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"paper-zuma-7-axi-cel-second-line-nejm-2022","kind":"paper","name":"ZUMA-7: axi-cel CAR-T instead of salvage chemotherapy and transplant for large B-cell lymphoma that relapses early","aka":"","tldr":"For lymphoma that came back within a year, going straight to CAR-T beat the decades-old chemotherapy-then-transplant approach, and later improved survival.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-zuma-7-axi-cel-second-line-nejm-2022/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"paper-transform-liso-cel-lancet-2022","kind":"paper","name":"TRANSFORM: liso-cel CAR-T versus salvage chemotherapy and transplant in early-relapsing large B-cell lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"In TRANSFORM, a second CD19 CAR-T, lisocabtagene maraleucel, also beat chemotherapy-plus-transplant as second-line treatment, with a low rate of severe side effects.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-transform-liso-cel-lancet-2022/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"paper-polarix-polatuzumab-rchp-nejm-2022","kind":"paper","name":"POLARIX: swapping vincristine for the antibody-drug conjugate polatuzumab vedotin in first-line treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"Replacing one chemotherapy drug in R-CHOP with a CD79b antibody-drug conjugate modestly reduced progression (2-year PFS 76.7% versus 70.2%) without changing survival or side effects.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-polarix-polatuzumab-rchp-nejm-2022/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"paper-echelon-1-brentuximab-avd-nejm-2018","kind":"paper","name":"ECHELON-1: brentuximab vedotin replacing bleomycin in first-line chemotherapy for advanced Hodgkin lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"Swapping bleomycin for the CD30 antibody-drug conjugate brentuximab vedotin modestly improved disease control in advanced Hodgkin lymphoma and, at six years, improved 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Cytokine release syndrome occurred in half, mostly mild, and the drug won accelerated approval in 2023.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-epcore-nhl-1-epcoritamab-jco-2023/","cancers":"dlbcl follicular-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-zuma-2-brexu-cel-mantle-cell-nejm-2020","kind":"paper","name":"ZUMA-2: brexu-cel CAR-T for mantle cell lymphoma that has failed BTK inhibitors","aka":"","tldr":"In mantle cell lymphoma that had stopped responding to BTK inhibitors, a single CAR-T infusion produced responses in 93% of patients and complete remissions in two-thirds.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-zuma-2-brexu-cel-mantle-cell-nejm-2020/","cancers":"mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-viale-a-venetoclax-azacitidine-nejm-2020","kind":"paper","name":"VIALE-A: venetoclax plus azacitidine for older adults with acute myeloid leukaemia who cannot have intensive chemotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax to azacitidine more than doubled remission rates and extended median survival from 9.6 to 14.7 months in unfit AML patients.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-viale-a-venetoclax-azacitidine-nejm-2020/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"paper-admiral-gilteritinib-flt3-nejm-2019","kind":"paper","name":"ADMIRAL: gilteritinib pills versus chemotherapy for relapsed FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia","aka":"","tldr":"An oral FLT3 inhibitor extended survival compared with salvage chemotherapy in relapsed AML with a FLT3 mutation, doubling the remission rate.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-admiral-gilteritinib-flt3-nejm-2019/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"paper-quantum-first-quizartinib-lancet-2023","kind":"paper","name":"QuANTUM-First: quizartinib added to intensive chemotherapy and continued as maintenance in newly diagnosed FLT3-ITD AML","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the FLT3 inhibitor quizartinib to standard chemotherapy, and continuing it for up to three years, roughly doubled median survival in FLT3-ITD acute myeloid 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leukaemia.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-augment-101-revumenib-menin-nature-2023/","cancers":"aml all-leukemia"},{"id":"paper-e1910-blinatumomab-mrd-negative-all-nejm-2024","kind":"paper","name":"ECOG-ACRIN E1910: adding blinatumomab to chemotherapy for adults with B-cell ALL already in MRD-negative remission","aka":"","tldr":"Giving the bispecific blinatumomab to adults whose leukaemia was already undetectable after chemotherapy raised three-year survival from 68% to 85%.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-e1910-blinatumomab-mrd-negative-all-nejm-2024/","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"paper-aall1731-blinatumomab-children-nejm-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Children's Oncology Group AALL1731: blinatumomab added to chemotherapy for children with standard-risk B-cell ALL","aka":"","tldr":"Two courses of blinatumomab added to standard chemotherapy cut relapses in children with average- or higher-risk standard-risk leukaemia, raising three-year disease-free survival from 88% to 96%.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-aall1731-blinatumomab-children-nejm-2025/","cancers":"all-leukemia all-paediatric-standard-risk"},{"id":"paper-ino-vate-inotuzumab-all-nejm-2016","kind":"paper","name":"INO-VATE: inotuzumab ozogamicin, a CD22 antibody-drug conjugate, versus chemotherapy for relapsed adult B-cell ALL","aka":"","tldr":"A CD22 antibody-drug conjugate produced complete remission in 81% of adults with relapsed ALL compared with 29% on chemotherapy, at the cost of liver toxicity in about one in ten.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ino-vate-inotuzumab-all-nejm-2016/","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"paper-commands-luspatercept-mds-lancet-2023","kind":"paper","name":"COMMANDS: luspatercept versus epoetin alfa as first treatment for anaemia in lower-risk MDS needing transfusions","aka":"","tldr":"In COMMANDS, luspatercept, a drug that frees late-stage red cell production from TGF-beta-family braking, freed 59% of transfusion-dependent MDS patients from transfusions for at least 12 weeks, against 31% with the standard erythropoietin injection.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-commands-luspatercept-mds-lancet-2023/","cancers":"mds"},{"id":"paper-imerge-imetelstat-mds-lancet-2024","kind":"paper","name":"IMerge: imetelstat, a telomerase inhibitor, for transfusion-dependent lower-risk MDS after erythropoietin has failed","aka":"","tldr":"In IMerge, imetelstat, the first telomerase inhibitor to reach approval, freed about 40% of heavily transfused MDS patients from transfusions for eight weeks and 28% for six months, versus 15% and 3% with placebo.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-imerge-imetelstat-mds-lancet-2024/","cancers":"mds"},{"id":"paper-comfort-1-ruxolitinib-myelofibrosis-nejm-2012","kind":"paper","name":"COMFORT-I: ruxolitinib, the first JAK inhibitor, versus placebo for myelofibrosis","aka":"","tldr":"Ruxolitinib shrank the enlarged spleen by more than a third in 42% of myelofibrosis patients versus under 1% on placebo, and halved symptom scores in nearly half.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-comfort-1-ruxolitinib-myelofibrosis-nejm-2012/","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"paper-momentum-momelotinib-lancet-2023","kind":"paper","name":"MOMENTUM: momelotinib versus danazol for myelofibrosis patients with anaemia after a prior JAK inhibitor","aka":"","tldr":"A JAK inhibitor that also blocks the anaemia-driving ACVR1 pathway improved symptoms and spleen size without worsening, and often improving, anaemia in previously treated patients.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-momentum-momelotinib-lancet-2023/","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"paper-maude-ctl019-all-nejm-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Maude 2014: CD19 CAR-T cells produce complete remission in 27 of 30 children and adults with relapsed ALL","aka":"","tldr":"The first sizeable series of CD19 CAR-T therapy showed complete remission in 90% of patients with leukaemia that had failed everything else, with persistent engineered cells and a new, treatable toxicity.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-maude-ctl019-all-nejm-2014/","cancers":"all-leukemia cll"},{"id":"paper-eliana-tisagenlecleucel-nejm-2018","kind":"paper","name":"ELIANA: the global trial that made tisagenlecleucel the first approved CAR-T therapy for children and young adults with relapsed ALL","aka":"","tldr":"Across 25 centres, 81% of children and young adults with relapsed or refractory ALL went into remission after a single tisagenlecleucel infusion, and half were still event-free a year later.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-eliana-tisagenlecleucel-nejm-2018/","cancers":"all-leukemia all-paediatric-relapsed"},{"id":"paper-juliet-tisagenlecleucel-dlbcl-nejm-2019","kind":"paper","name":"JULIET: tisagenlecleucel for adults with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"In adults with aggressive lymphoma after at least two prior treatments, tisagenlecleucel produced responses in 52% and complete responses in 40%, most of which lasted.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-juliet-tisagenlecleucel-dlbcl-nejm-2019/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"paper-zuma-1-axi-cel-nejm-2017","kind":"paper","name":"ZUMA-1: axicabtagene ciloleucel for refractory large B-cell lymphoma, the first CAR-T approved for lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"In lymphoma refractory to chemotherapy, where expected survival was around six months, a single CAR-T infusion produced responses in 82% of patients and long-term remission in about 40%.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-zuma-1-axi-cel-nejm-2017/","cancers":"dlbcl follicular-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-ucart19-allogeneic-car-t-lancet-2020","kind":"paper","name":"UCART19: the first gene-edited, donor-derived CAR-T cells in children and adults with relapsed B-cell ALL","aka":"","tldr":"Off-the-shelf CAR-T cells made from a healthy donor, gene-edited to avoid rejection and graft-versus-host disease, produced remission in 14 of 21 patients with relapsed ALL.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ucart19-allogeneic-car-t-lancet-2020/","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"paper-c-144-01-lifileucel-melanoma-jco-2021","kind":"paper","name":"C-144-01: lifileucel, tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes grown from a patient's own tumour, in melanoma after checkpoint inhibitors have failed","aka":"","tldr":"Immune cells harvested from a patient's tumour, expanded in the lab and reinfused shrank melanoma in 36% of patients whose disease had progressed on PD-1 blockade, with responses that mostly lasted.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-c-144-01-lifileucel-melanoma-jco-2021/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"paper-rohaas-til-vs-ipilimumab-nejm-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Rohaas 2022: the first randomised trial of TIL therapy, against ipilimumab, in advanced melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"In a head-to-head trial, tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte therapy halved the risk of progression compared with ipilimumab in melanoma that had mostly already failed PD-1 blockade.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-rohaas-til-vs-ipilimumab-nejm-2022/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"paper-hodi-ipilimumab-melanoma-nejm-2010","kind":"paper","name":"Hodi 2010: ipilimumab, the first checkpoint inhibitor, extends survival in metastatic melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"Blocking the immune brake CTLA-4 was the first treatment ever to prolong life in metastatic melanoma, with about one in five patients alive at two years and a new class of autoimmune side effects.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-hodi-ipilimumab-melanoma-nejm-2010/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"paper-topalian-anti-pd1-nejm-2012","kind":"paper","name":"Topalian 2012: the first large trial of a PD-1 antibody shows durable responses across melanoma, lung and kidney cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Nivolumab shrank tumours in roughly a fifth to a quarter of patients with three different advanced cancers, with responses that lasted more than a year and a hint that PD-L1 on the tumour predicted benefit.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-topalian-anti-pd1-nejm-2012/","cancers":"melanoma nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"paper-le-mmr-deficiency-pd1-nejm-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Le 2015: PD-1 blockade works in tumours with mismatch-repair deficiency, whatever the organ","aka":"","tldr":"Pembrolizumab shrank tumours in 40% of colorectal and 71% of other cancers with faulty DNA mismatch repair, but in none with intact repair, tying immunotherapy response to mutation burden.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-le-mmr-deficiency-pd1-nejm-2015/","cancers":"colorectal msi-high-colorectal"},{"id":"paper-le-mmr-deficiency-science-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Le 2017: mismatch-repair deficiency predicts response to PD-1 blockade across twelve tumour types, leading to the first tissue-agnostic drug approval","aka":"","tldr":"Across 86 patients with 12 different dMMR cancers, pembrolizumab produced responses in 53% and complete responses in 21%, prompting the first approval of a cancer 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generated strong T-cell responses in half of pancreatic cancer patients after surgery, and those responders had far fewer relapses.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-rojas-mrna-neoantigen-vaccine-pancreatic-nature-2023/","cancers":"pancreatic melanoma"},{"id":"paper-asco-irae-guideline-jco-2021","kind":"paper","name":"ASCO 2021 guideline: how to recognise and manage the immune-related side effects of checkpoint inhibitors","aka":"","tldr":"The ASCO 2021 guideline is the consensus rulebook for checkpoint-inhibitor toxicity: grade the problem, hold or stop the drug, give steroids early, escalate to other immunosuppressants if they fail, and involve specialists.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-asco-irae-guideline-jco-2021/","cancers":"melanoma nsclc"},{"id":"paper-pardoll-immune-checkpoint-blockade-nrc-2012","kind":"paper","name":"Pardoll 2012: the blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"The review that named and organised the field of checkpoint blockade: tumours switch off attacking T cells through brakes such as CTLA-4 and PD-1, and antibodies that release those brakes can produce lasting responses.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-pardoll-immune-checkpoint-blockade-nrc-2012/"},{"id":"paper-rizvi-mutational-landscape-pd1-science-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Rizvi 2015: the mutational landscape determines who responds to PD-1 blockade in lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Lung cancers with more mutations, typically those caused by smoking, were more likely to respond to pembrolizumab, the study that established tumour mutational burden as a biomarker for immunotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-rizvi-mutational-landscape-pd1-science-2015/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-galon-immune-contexture-colorectal-science-2006","kind":"paper","name":"Galon 2006: the type, density and location of immune cells in colorectal tumours predict outcome","aka":"","tldr":"Counting the T cells inside a bowel cancer and at its edge predicted whether the cancer would return better than the traditional stage did, the discovery behind the Immunoscore test.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-galon-immune-contexture-colorectal-science-2006/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-schreiber-cancer-immunoediting-science-2011","kind":"paper","name":"Schreiber, Old and Smyth 2011: cancer immunoediting","aka":"","tldr":"The review that set out the three Es of how the immune system shapes a cancer: elimination of many early tumours, an equilibrium in which growth is held in check, and escape when the tumour evolves ways to evade attack.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-schreiber-cancer-immunoediting-science-2011/"},{"id":"paper-tumeh-pd1-adaptive-immune-resistance-nature-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Tumeh 2014: PD-1 blockade works by releasing T cells already present at the tumour edge","aka":"","tldr":"Melanomas that responded to pembrolizumab already contained killer T cells pressed up against tumour cells expressing PD-L1, showing that the drug works by releasing an immune attack that is already there rather than creating a new one.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-tumeh-pd1-adaptive-immune-resistance-nature-2014/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"paper-thorsson-immune-landscape-of-cancer-immunity-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Thorsson 2018: the immune landscape of cancer across 10,000 tumours","aka":"","tldr":"An analysis of more than 10,000 tumours from 33 cancer types in The Cancer Genome Atlas that sorted cancers into six immune subtypes, showing that the immune environment of a tumour cuts across its tissue of origin and affects prognosis.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-thorsson-immune-landscape-of-cancer-immunity-2018/"},{"id":"paper-darnell-jak-stat-science-1994","kind":"paper","name":"Darnell, Kerr and Stark 1994: JAK-STAT pathways and transcriptional activation by interferons","aka":"","tldr":"The review that defined the JAK-STAT pathway, the direct route by which interferons and many other cytokines tell a cell's genes to respond, and which is now the target of JAK inhibitors used in blood cancers.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-darnell-jak-stat-science-1994/"},{"id":"paper-binnewies-tumor-immune-microenvironment-natmed-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Binnewies 2018: understanding the tumour immune microenvironment for effective therapy","aka":"","tldr":"A review that sorted tumours by where their immune cells sit, inflamed and infiltrated, infiltrated but excluded, or immune-poor, and argued that this classification should guide which immunotherapy a patient receives.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-binnewies-tumor-immune-microenvironment-natmed-2018/"},{"id":"paper-li-timer-tumour-infiltrating-immune-cells-cancerres-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Li 2017: TIMER, a web server for estimating immune cells in tumour genomic data","aka":"","tldr":"A free online tool that estimates how many of six kinds of immune cell are present in a tumour from its gene expression data, applied to more than ten thousand tumours in The Cancer Genome Atlas and used in thousands of studies since.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-li-timer-tumour-infiltrating-immune-cells-cancerres-2017/"},{"id":"paper-cella-fact-g-jco-1993","kind":"paper","name":"Cella 1993: the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT-G) quality of life scale","aka":"","tldr":"The other widely used cancer quality of life questionnaire, developed in the United States alongside the EORTC QLQ-C30, covering physical, social and family, emotional and functional wellbeing and extended by cancer-specific modules.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-cella-fact-g-jco-1993/"},{"id":"paper-chen-mellman-cancer-immunity-cycle-immunity-2013","kind":"paper","name":"Chen and Mellman 2013: the cancer-immunity cycle","aka":"","tldr":"The seven-step diagram of how the immune system should destroy a cancer, from releasing tumour antigens to killing tumour cells, and the idea that each patient's cancer breaks the cycle at a different step, which tells you which immunotherapies to combine.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-chen-mellman-cancer-immunity-cycle-immunity-2013/"},{"id":"paper-ribas-wolchok-checkpoint-blockade-science-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Ribas and Wolchok 2018: cancer immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade","aka":"","tldr":"A review by two of the field's leading trialists, written as checkpoint inhibitors reached a dozen cancers, explaining how CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockade work, why only some patients respond, and how resistance arises.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ribas-wolchok-checkpoint-blockade-science-2018/"},{"id":"paper-li-timer2-nar-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Li 2020: TIMER2.0 for analysis of tumour-infiltrating immune cells","aka":"","tldr":"The updated version of the TIMER web tool, which estimates immune cell content in tumour gene expression data using six different algorithms side by side so users can see where they agree.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-li-timer2-nar-2020/"},{"id":"paper-nlst-nejm-2011","kind":"paper","name":"NLST: yearly low-dose CT scans cut lung cancer deaths in heavy smokers","aka":"","tldr":"Three annual low-dose CT scans reduced lung cancer deaths by a fifth compared with chest X-rays in current and former heavy smokers.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-nlst-nejm-2011/","cancers":"nsclc sclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"paper-nelson-nejm-2020","kind":"paper","name":"NELSON: volume-based CT screening reduces lung cancer deaths with fewer false alarms","aka":"","tldr":"In a Dutch-Belgian trial, CT screening using nodule volume rather than diameter cut lung cancer deaths in men by about a quarter at 10 years, with a far lower false-positive rate than NLST.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-nelson-nejm-2020/","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"paper-nordicc-nejm-2022","kind":"paper","name":"NordICC: inviting people to a screening colonoscopy reduced bowel cancer, but less than expected","aka":"","tldr":"NordICC, the first randomised trial of colonoscopy screening, invited 84,585 people aged 55 to 64 to a single colonoscopy or to no screening. Bowel cancer incidence fell 18% over ten years among those invited, but only 42% attended, and the fall in bowel cancer deaths did not reach statistical significance, fuelling debate over colonoscopy versus stool-test programmes.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-nordicc-nejm-2022/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-minnesota-fobt-nejm-1993","kind":"paper","name":"Minnesota trial: a yearly stool blood test cuts bowel cancer deaths by a third","aka":"","tldr":"Annual faecal occult blood testing followed by colonoscopy for positives reduced colorectal cancer deaths by 33% over 13 years, the first proof that bowel cancer screening saves lives.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-minnesota-fobt-nejm-1993/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-hpv-vaccine-sweden-nejm-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Swedish registry study: HPV vaccination almost eliminates cervical cancer when given before 17","aka":"","tldr":"Among 1.7 million Swedish girls and women, quadrivalent HPV vaccination cut invasive cervical cancer by 88% when given before age 17 and by about half when given at 17-30.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-hpv-vaccine-sweden-nejm-2020/","cancers":"cervical head-and-neck"},{"id":"paper-hpv-vaccine-england-lancet-2021","kind":"paper","name":"England's HPV programme: cervical cancer down 87% in the first cohort vaccinated at 12-13","aka":"","tldr":"Ten years after England began vaccinating 12- to 13-year-olds with the bivalent HPV vaccine, cervical cancer in that cohort had fallen by 87% and severe precancer (CIN3) by 97%.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-hpv-vaccine-england-lancet-2021/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"paper-hpv-self-sampling-bmj-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Self-collected HPV samples are as accurate as clinician samples and reach women who never attend screening","aka":"","tldr":"A meta-analysis of 56 accuracy studies and 25 randomised trials found that self-sampled swabs tested with PCR detect precancer as well as clinician-taken samples, and mailing kits to under-screened women roughly doubles participation.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-hpv-self-sampling-bmj-2018/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"paper-masai-lancet-oncol-2023","kind":"paper","name":"MASAI: AI-supported mammography screening finds more cancers with half the radiologist workload","aka":"","tldr":"In the first randomised trial of AI in population mammography, AI-supported reading detected 20% more cancers than standard double reading without increasing false positives, and cut screen-reading work by 44%.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-masai-lancet-oncol-2023/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"paper-pathfinder-lancet-2023","kind":"paper","name":"PATHFINDER: the first prospective test of a multi-cancer blood test in people without symptoms","aka":"","tldr":"In 6,621 adults over 50, the Galleri test flagged a cancer signal in 1.4%, of whom 38% turned out to have cancer; diagnostic work-up took about two months for true positives and over five months for false positives.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-pathfinder-lancet-2023/"},{"id":"paper-nhs-galleri-design-cancers-2022","kind":"paper","name":"NHS-Galleri: design of the largest randomised trial of a multi-cancer blood test","aka":"","tldr":"The NHS-Galleri design paper is the protocol for a 140,000-person randomised trial in England testing whether three annual Galleri blood tests reduce late-stage (III-IV) cancer diagnoses, the first MCED trial powered for a stage-shift endpoint.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-nhs-galleri-design-cancers-2022/"},{"id":"paper-detect-a-science-2020","kind":"paper","name":"DETECT-A: a blood test plus PET-CT found treatable cancers in 10,000 women with no symptoms","aka":"","tldr":"The first prospective interventional study of a multi-analyte blood test (CancerSEEK) in asymptomatic people: 26 cancers were first detected by the blood test, most of them localised, and the test roughly doubled the number of cancers caught by standard screening.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-detect-a-science-2020/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-imvigor011-nejm-2025","kind":"paper","name":"IMvigor011: using a blood test for leftover cancer to decide who gets immunotherapy after bladder surgery","aka":"","tldr":"Patients whose blood turned positive for tumour DNA after cystectomy lived longer with atezolizumab than placebo; patients who stayed ctDNA-negative did well without any treatment. It is the first ctDNA-guided adjuvant trial to improve survival.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-imvigor011-nejm-2025/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"paper-dynamic-nejm-2022","kind":"paper","name":"DYNAMIC: a blood test safely halved chemotherapy use after surgery for stage II colon cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Giving chemotherapy only to patients with tumour DNA in their blood after surgery cut chemotherapy use from 28% to 15% with no loss in recurrence-free survival at two years.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-dynamic-nejm-2022/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer"},{"id":"paper-galaxy-signatera-nat-med-2023","kind":"paper","name":"GALAXY: tumour DNA in blood four weeks after bowel cancer surgery predicts relapse tenfold","aka":"","tldr":"In 1,039 Japanese patients with resected colorectal cancer, a positive Signatera test at week 4 carried a tenfold higher recurrence risk, and only ctDNA-positive patients appeared to benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-galaxy-signatera-nat-med-2023/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer"},{"id":"paper-challenge-exercise-nejm-2025","kind":"paper","name":"CHALLENGE: a structured exercise programme after chemotherapy improves survival in colon cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In CHALLENGE, three years of supervised, goal-based exercise after adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer reduced recurrence or death by 28% and deaths by 37%, the first randomised proof that exercise itself improves cancer survival.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-challenge-exercise-nejm-2025/","cancers":"colorectal colon-cancer"},{"id":"paper-predimed-breast-jama-im-2015","kind":"paper","name":"PREDIMED: a Mediterranean diet with extra-virgin olive oil and fewer breast cancers","aka":"","tldr":"In a Spanish cardiovascular prevention trial, women assigned to a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil had about two-thirds fewer invasive breast cancers than a low-fat control group, although the number of cases was small.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-predimed-breast-jama-im-2015/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"paper-body-fatness-iarc-nejm-2016","kind":"paper","name":"IARC verdict: excess body fat causes 13 cancers","aka":"","tldr":"An IARC working group reviewed over 1,000 studies and concluded there is sufficient evidence that absence of excess body fat lowers the risk of 13 cancers, up from 5 in the 2002 evaluation.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-body-fatness-iarc-nejm-2016/","cancers":"colorectal endometrial esophageal hcc pancreatic rcc breast-hr-positive multiple-myeloma thyroid ovarian gastric"},{"id":"paper-capp2-aspirin-lynch-lancet-2020","kind":"paper","name":"CAPP2: two years of aspirin cuts bowel cancer in Lynch syndrome by more than a third over 10 years","aka":"","tldr":"In carriers of Lynch syndrome, 600 mg of aspirin a day for about two years reduced colorectal cancer over the following decade (HR 0.65 by intention to treat; 0.56 in those who took it for at least two years).","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-capp2-aspirin-lynch-lancet-2020/","cancers":"colorectal endometrial colon-cancer msi-high-colorectal"},{"id":"paper-ibis-i-tamoxifen-lancet-oncol-2015","kind":"paper","name":"IBIS-I: five years of tamoxifen keeps preventing breast cancer for at least 20 years","aka":"","tldr":"In women at increased risk, 5 years of tamoxifen reduced breast cancer by 29% over a median 16 years of follow-up, with the benefit continuing long after the pills stopped, but no reduction in breast cancer deaths.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ibis-i-tamoxifen-lancet-oncol-2015/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"paper-brca-risk-reducing-surgery-jama-2010","kind":"paper","name":"PROSE consortium: preventive surgery lowers cancer and death in BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers","aka":"","tldr":"Among 2,482 women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, removing the ovaries and fallopian tubes was associated with 60% lower all-cause mortality, and no breast cancers occurred in the women who had preventive mastectomy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-brca-risk-reducing-surgery-jama-2010/","cancers":"ovarian breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"paper-lynch-frameshift-vaccine-ccr-2020","kind":"paper","name":"First trial of a vaccine against the shared neoantigens of mismatch-repair-deficient cancers","aka":"","tldr":"A vaccine of three frameshift peptides shared by almost all microsatellite-unstable tumours was safe and induced immune responses in every patient with MSI colorectal cancer, opening the path to cancer interception vaccines for Lynch syndrome.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-lynch-frameshift-vaccine-ccr-2020/","cancers":"colorectal endometrial"},{"id":"paper-doll-hill-smoking-lung-cancer-bmj-1950","kind":"paper","name":"Doll and Hill 1950: the case-control study that tied smoking to lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Comparing 649 men with lung cancer to matched hospital controls in London, Doll and Hill found that almost none of the cancer patients were non-smokers and that risk rose steeply with the amount smoked.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-doll-hill-smoking-lung-cancer-bmj-1950/","cancers":"nsclc sclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"paper-doll-peto-50-year-doctors-bmj-2004","kind":"paper","name":"Fifty years of the British Doctors Study: smokers lose ten years of life, quitting gives most of it back","aka":"","tldr":"After following 34,439 male doctors for 50 years, lifelong smokers died on average about 10 years earlier than never-smokers, and stopping at 60, 50, 40 or 30 recovered about 3, 6, 9 or the full 10 years.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-doll-peto-50-year-doctors-bmj-2004/","cancers":"nsclc sclc head-and-neck esophageal urothelial pancreatic lung-cancer"},{"id":"paper-alcohol-cancer-burden-lancet-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Alcohol caused an estimated 741,000 cancers worldwide in 2020","aka":"","tldr":"Building on the IARC classification of alcohol as a Group 1 carcinogen, this global modelling study attributed 4.1% of all new cancers in 2020 to drinking, three-quarters of them in men and the largest numbers in oesophageal, liver and breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-alcohol-cancer-burden-lancet-oncol-2021/","cancers":"esophageal hcc breast-hr-positive colorectal head-and-neck"},{"id":"paper-basch-epro-survival-jama-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Basch: asking patients to report symptoms online during chemotherapy improved survival","aka":"","tldr":"Patients on chemotherapy for advanced cancer who reported 12 symptoms weekly through a web tool, with nurse alerts for severe symptoms, lived a median 5 months longer than those receiving usual care.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-basch-epro-survival-jama-2017/"},{"id":"paper-temel-early-palliative-care-nejm-2010","kind":"paper","name":"Temel: early palliative care alongside chemotherapy improved quality of life, mood and survival in lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Patients newly diagnosed with metastatic lung cancer who saw a palliative care team from diagnosis had better quality of life, less depression, less aggressive end-of-life care and lived a median 2.7 months longer than those receiving oncology care alone.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-temel-early-palliative-care-nejm-2010/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-gap70-geriatric-assessment-lancet-2021","kind":"paper","name":"GAP70+: a geriatric assessment before chemotherapy cut serious toxicity in older adults by a fifth","aka":"","tldr":"When oncologists received a geriatric assessment summary with management recommendations for patients aged 70 or over, grade 3-5 toxicity fell from 71% to 51% with no loss in survival.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-gap70-geriatric-assessment-lancet-2021/"},{"id":"paper-drug-dosing-conundrum-nejm-2021","kind":"paper","name":"FDA's Project Optimus manifesto: cancer drugs are approved at doses that are too high","aka":"","tldr":"FDA oncology leaders argued that the maximum tolerated dose paradigm inherited from chemotherapy produces targeted drugs and immunotherapies dosed far above what is needed, using sotorasib (960 mg vs 240 mg) as the case study, and launched Project Optimus to require dose optimisation before approval.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-drug-dosing-conundrum-nejm-2021/"},{"id":"paper-hallmarks-of-cancer-cell-2000","kind":"paper","name":"The Hallmarks of Cancer: six capabilities every tumour must acquire","aka":"","tldr":"Hanahan and Weinberg distilled decades of cancer biology into six acquired capabilities shared by all cancers, giving the field a common organising framework that has been cited more than any other cancer paper.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-hallmarks-of-cancer-cell-2000/"},{"id":"paper-hallmarks-new-dimensions-cancer-discov-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Hallmarks of Cancer 2022: adding phenotypic plasticity, epigenetic reprogramming, microbiomes and senescent cells","aka":"","tldr":"The third hallmarks paper proposed two new hallmarks (unlocking phenotypic plasticity, senescent cells) and two new enabling characteristics (non-mutational epigenetic reprogramming, polymorphic microbiomes), bringing the framework to fourteen elements.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-hallmarks-new-dimensions-cancer-discov-2022/"},{"id":"paper-tcga-pancancer-atlas-cell-2018","kind":"paper","name":"TCGA Pan-Cancer Atlas: 10,000 tumours across 33 cancer types, classified by molecular features","aka":"","tldr":"The capstone of The Cancer Genome Atlas integrated DNA, RNA, protein and methylation data on about 10,000 tumours, showing that cell of origin dominates molecular classification but that some cancers regroup across organs.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-tcga-pancancer-atlas-cell-2018/"},{"id":"paper-vogelstein-cancer-genome-landscapes-science-2013","kind":"paper","name":"Cancer genome landscapes: about 140 driver genes, and each tumour needs only a handful","aka":"","tldr":"Synthesising the first generation of cancer genome sequencing, Vogelstein and colleagues concluded that about 140 genes can drive cancer when mutated, that a typical solid tumour has 2 to 8 driver mutations among tens of passengers, and that all drivers act through a dozen signalling pathways.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-vogelstein-cancer-genome-landscapes-science-2013/"},{"id":"paper-gerlinger-intratumour-heterogeneity-nejm-2012","kind":"paper","name":"Gerlinger: a single biopsy misses most of the mutations in a kidney tumour","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing multiple regions of four kidney cancers and their metastases showed that around two-thirds of mutations were not shared across the whole tumour, that good- and poor-prognosis gene signatures coexisted in the same tumour, and that different regions had independently hit the same genes.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-gerlinger-intratumour-heterogeneity-nejm-2012/","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"paper-tracerx-100-nejm-2017","kind":"paper","name":"TRACERx first 100: tracking how lung cancers evolve, and how chromosomal chaos predicts relapse","aka":"","tldr":"Multi-region sequencing of 327 regions from the first 100 TRACERx lung cancers showed that most driver mutations are early and shared while copy-number chaos continues to evolve, and that tumours with high copy-number heterogeneity were nearly five times more likely to relapse or kill the patient.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-tracerx-100-nejm-2017/","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-tracerx-evolution-nature-2023","kind":"paper","name":"TRACERx 421: the full-cohort picture of how lung cancer evolves and which subclones drive relapse","aka":"","tldr":"Analysis of 1,644 tumour regions from 421 patients confirmed that subclonal expansions and whole-genome doubling predict relapse, mapped which drivers are selected late, and showed that the metastasising subclone is often a minor population in the primary.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-tracerx-evolution-nature-2023/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-martincorena-somatic-mutations-normal-skin-science-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Martincorena: normal sun-exposed skin is a patchwork of cancer-mutation clones","aka":"","tldr":"Deep sequencing of 234 tiny biopsies of normal eyelid skin from four people found thousands of clones carrying cancer driver mutations, with about a fifth to a third of cells carrying NOTCH1 mutations, showing that driver mutations are common in healthy tissue.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-martincorena-somatic-mutations-normal-skin-science-2015/"},{"id":"paper-jaiswal-chip-nejm-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Jaiswal: clonal haematopoiesis, the pre-leukaemic clones in most people over 70","aka":"","tldr":"Blood DNA from 17,182 people showed that clones carrying leukaemia-associated mutations (mostly DNMT3A, TET2, ASXL1) are present in about 10% of people over 70, raising the risk of blood cancer 11-fold and, unexpectedly, of heart attack and stroke.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-jaiswal-chip-nejm-2014/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"paper-depmap-tsherniak-cell-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Defining a Cancer Dependency Map: which genes each cancer cell line cannot live without","aka":"","tldr":"Genome-scale RNAi screens across 501 cancer cell lines, analysed with the DEMETER algorithm to remove off-target noise, identified 769 genes on which subsets of cancers depend and showed that most dependencies can be predicted from the cell's molecular features.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-depmap-tsherniak-cell-2017/"},{"id":"paper-alphafold2-jumper-nature-2021","kind":"paper","name":"AlphaFold 2: predicting protein structures to near-experimental accuracy","aka":"","tldr":"DeepMind's neural network predicted protein structures at CASP14 with a median backbone error of under 1 angstrom, comparable to experimental methods, and the team released predicted structures for essentially every human protein within a year.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-alphafold2-jumper-nature-2021/"},{"id":"paper-ostrem-kras-g12c-nature-2013","kind":"paper","name":"Ostrem and Shokat: the hidden pocket that made KRAS G12C druggable","aka":"","tldr":"Using disulfide-tethering screens, Shokat's laboratory found small molecules that bind covalently to the mutant cysteine of KRAS G12C in a previously unknown pocket beneath switch II, locking the oncoprotein in its inactive GDP-bound state.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ostrem-kras-g12c-nature-2013/","cancers":"nsclc colorectal pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-protac-concept-sakamoto-pnas-2001","kind":"paper","name":"The first PROTAC: a chimeric molecule that tags a protein for destruction","aka":"","tldr":"Crews and Deshaies built a two-headed molecule linking a ligand for the target protein MetAP-2 to a peptide recognised by an E3 ubiquitin ligase, and showed it induced ubiquitination and degradation of the target, founding targeted protein degradation.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-protac-concept-sakamoto-pnas-2001/"},{"id":"paper-leach-allison-ctla4-blockade-science-1996","kind":"paper","name":"Leach, Krummel and Allison: releasing the CTLA-4 brake makes mice reject tumours","aka":"","tldr":"Injecting mice with an antibody that blocks the T-cell inhibitory receptor CTLA-4 caused established colon carcinomas and fibrosarcomas to be rejected and protected against re-challenge, the experiment that founded checkpoint immunotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-leach-allison-ctla4-blockade-science-1996/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"paper-iwai-pdl1-tumour-escape-pnas-2002","kind":"paper","name":"Iwai and Honjo: tumours use PD-L1 to escape T cells, and blocking it restores attack","aka":"","tldr":"A decade after Honjo's group cloned PD-1 (1992), this study showed that tumour cells expressing PD-L1 resist killing by cytotoxic T cells in mice, and that anti-PD-L1 antibody or PD-1 deficiency restores tumour rejection, the foundation of PD-1/PD-L1 therapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-iwai-pdl1-tumour-escape-pnas-2002/"},{"id":"paper-reproducibility-project-cancer-biology-elife-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology found that landmark preclinical results mostly shrank or vanished on replication","aka":"","tldr":"An eight-year effort to repeat 50 experiments from 23 high-impact cancer biology papers found that replication effect sizes were on average 85% smaller than the originals, and fewer than half of the effects replicated by most criteria.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-reproducibility-project-cancer-biology-elife-2021/"},{"id":"paper-prasad-surrogate-endpoints-jama-im-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Prasad: most surrogate endpoints in cancer trials correlate poorly with survival","aka":"","tldr":"A systematic review of 36 trial-level meta-analyses found that in over half the surrogate endpoint (response rate, progression-free survival) had a low correlation with overall survival, and only about a quarter showed a strong correlation.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-prasad-surrogate-endpoints-jama-im-2015/"},{"id":"paper-unger-trial-participation-barriers-jnci-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Unger: most patients never get the chance to join a cancer trial, and when offered, half say yes","aka":"","tldr":"Pooling 13 studies of 8,883 patients, 56% had no trial available at their site and a further 22% were ineligible for the trials that existed; among patients actually offered a trial, roughly half enrolled, so overall participation was about 8%.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-unger-trial-participation-barriers-jnci-2019/"},{"id":"paper-bray-globocan-2022-cacancer-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Bray 2024: GLOBOCAN 2022, the world's cancer count for 36 cancers in 185 countries","aka":"","tldr":"The IARC estimate that about 20 million people were diagnosed with cancer in 2022 and 9.7 million died of it, with lung cancer the most common and most lethal, breast cancer second, and the total expected to rise by about three quarters by 2050 as populations grow and age.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-bray-globocan-2022-cacancer-2024/","cancers":"nsclc breast-hr-positive colorectal"},{"id":"paper-slamon-her2-amplification-science-1987","kind":"paper","name":"Slamon 1987: HER2 gene amplification marks an aggressive form of breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Extra copies of the HER2 gene were found in about a quarter to a third of breast cancers and picked out the patients most likely to relapse, the discovery that made HER2 a drug target and a test.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-slamon-her2-amplification-science-1987/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"paper-coussens-werb-inflammation-cancer-nature-2002","kind":"paper","name":"Coussens and Werb 2002: inflammation and cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The review that made the immune cells inside a tumour part of the disease: long-running inflammation, whether from infection, irritation or the tumour's own signals, supplies growth factors, blood vessels and DNA damage that help cancers start and spread.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-coussens-werb-inflammation-cancer-nature-2002/","cancers":"gastric hcc colorectal"},{"id":"paper-reya-cancer-stem-cells-nature-2001","kind":"paper","name":"Reya 2001: stem cells, cancer and cancer stem cells","aka":"","tldr":"The review that framed the cancer stem cell idea: only a small subset of cells in a tumour may be able to renew it, so treatments that shrink a tumour without removing those cells let it grow back.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-reya-cancer-stem-cells-nature-2001/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"paper-esteva-skin-cancer-deep-learning-nature-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Esteva 2017: a deep neural network classifies skin cancer at dermatologist level","aka":"","tldr":"A single image-recognition network, trained on about 130,000 clinical photographs, told cancerous skin lesions from benign ones as accurately as 21 dermatologists, the first widely cited demonstration that deep learning could match specialists at a cancer diagnosis task.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-esteva-skin-cancer-deep-learning-nature-2017/","cancers":"melanoma basal-cell-carcinoma cutaneous-scc"},{"id":"paper-therasse-recist-jnci-2000","kind":"paper","name":"Therasse 2000: RECIST, the standard rules for measuring whether a tumour responds","aka":"","tldr":"The guideline that defined how trials decide a tumour has shrunk, stayed stable or grown, using the longest diameter of a few measured lesions, so results from different trials can be compared.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-therasse-recist-jnci-2000/"},{"id":"paper-aaronson-eortc-qlq-c30-jnci-1993","kind":"paper","name":"Aaronson 1993: the EORTC QLQ-C30 quality of life questionnaire","aka":"","tldr":"The 30-question form that lets cancer trials measure how patients feel and function, tested first in lung cancer patients across 13 countries and now used in thousands of studies.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-aaronson-eortc-qlq-c30-jnci-1993/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-sung-globocan-2020-cacancer-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Sung 2021: GLOBOCAN 2020, the year breast cancer overtook lung cancer as the most diagnosed cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The IARC count for 2020: about 19.3 million new cancer cases worldwide, with female breast cancer overtaking lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer for the first time, and a projected rise to about 28 million cases a year by 2040.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-sung-globocan-2020-cacancer-2021/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive nsclc colorectal"},{"id":"paper-bray-globocan-2018-cacancer-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Bray 2018: GLOBOCAN 2018, worldwide incidence and mortality for 36 cancers","aka":"","tldr":"The IARC count for 2018: about 18.1 million new cancer cases worldwide, with lung cancer the most commonly diagnosed and most lethal, and about one in five men and one in six women developing cancer during their lifetime.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-bray-globocan-2018-cacancer-2018/","cancers":"nsclc breast-hr-positive colorectal prostate"},{"id":"paper-siegel-cancer-statistics-2024-cacancer-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Siegel 2024: Cancer statistics, 2024, the American Cancer Society's annual US report","aka":"","tldr":"The American Cancer Society's yearly count projected that the United States would pass two million new cancer diagnoses in 2024 for the first time, while the cancer death rate kept falling and colorectal cancer rose to become the leading cause of cancer death in men under 50.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-siegel-cancer-statistics-2024-cacancer-2024/","cancers":"colorectal prostate breast-hr-positive pancreatic endometrial melanoma"},{"id":"paper-chen-cancer-statistics-china-2015-cacancer-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Chen 2016: Cancer statistics in China, 2015","aka":"","tldr":"The first national cancer estimate for China built from population registries, projecting about 4.3 million new cancer cases in 2015, with lung cancer the most common cancer and leading cause of cancer death, and stomach, oesophageal and liver cancers far more prominent than in Western countries.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-chen-cancer-statistics-china-2015-cacancer-2016/","cancers":"nsclc gastric hcc colorectal"},{"id":"paper-calle-obesity-cancer-mortality-nejm-2003","kind":"paper","name":"Calle 2003: overweight, obesity and death from cancer in 900,000 US adults","aka":"","tldr":"Following more than 900,000 American adults for 16 years, this study linked higher body weight to death from a wide range of cancers and estimated that excess weight could account for roughly one in seven cancer deaths in men and one in five in women in the United States.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-calle-obesity-cancer-mortality-nejm-2003/","cancers":"colorectal hcc pancreatic endometrial rcc"},{"id":"paper-hollstein-p53-mutations-science-1991","kind":"paper","name":"Hollstein 1991: p53 mutations in human cancers","aka":"","tldr":"The survey that showed p53 is the most commonly altered gene in human cancer and that the pattern of its mutations differs by cancer type and by cause, such as tobacco smoke in lung cancer and a dietary toxin in liver cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-hollstein-p53-mutations-science-1991/","cancers":"nsclc hcc colorectal"},{"id":"paper-al-hajj-breast-cancer-stem-cells-pnas-2003","kind":"paper","name":"Al-Hajj 2003: prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells","aka":"","tldr":"The first demonstration in a solid tumour that only a small, marker-defined fraction of breast cancer cells can regrow the cancer: a few hundred cells with one surface profile formed tumours in mice while tens of thousands of the other cells did not.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-al-hajj-breast-cancer-stem-cells-pnas-2003/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"paper-bao-glioma-stem-cells-radioresistance-nature-2006","kind":"paper","name":"Bao 2006: glioma stem cells resist radiotherapy by activating the DNA damage response","aka":"","tldr":"The glioblastoma cells with stem-like features survive radiotherapy better than the rest of the tumour because they repair DNA damage more efficiently, which helps explain why the cancer returns after treatment and points to checkpoint inhibitors as a way to sensitise it.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-bao-glioma-stem-cells-radioresistance-nature-2006/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"paper-slamon-her2-breast-ovarian-science-1989","kind":"paper","name":"Slamon 1989: HER2/neu in human breast and ovarian cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The follow-up to the 1987 discovery: extra copies of the HER2 gene were found in about a quarter to a third of breast cancers and also in ovarian cancers, they led to overproduction of the HER2 protein, and they marked patients with worse outcomes in both diseases.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-slamon-her2-breast-ovarian-science-1989/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive ovarian"},{"id":"paper-allemani-concord-3-lancet-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Allemani 2018: CONCORD-3, global surveillance of cancer survival 2000 to 2014","aka":"","tldr":"The largest comparison of cancer survival between countries, covering 37.5 million patients in 71 countries, found survival rising for most cancers but with very wide gaps between countries, especially for children's cancers and cancers that depend on early diagnosis and good treatment access.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-allemani-concord-3-lancet-2018/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal nsclc hcc pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-fitzmaurice-gbd-cancer-2015-jamaoncol-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Fitzmaurice 2017: the Global Burden of Disease estimate of cancer in 2015","aka":"","tldr":"The Global Burden of Disease collaboration's count for 2015: about 17.5 million new cancer cases worldwide, with cases rising by a third over the previous decade mostly because populations were growing and ageing, and lung cancer the largest cause of years of life lost to cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-fitzmaurice-gbd-cancer-2015-jamaoncol-2017/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-torre-global-cancer-statistics-2012-cacancer-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Torre 2015: Global cancer statistics, 2012","aka":"","tldr":"The GLOBOCAN-based world count for 2012: about 14.1 million new cancer cases, with more than half of cases and almost two thirds of deaths occurring in less developed regions, and lung cancer leading in men while breast cancer led in women.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-torre-global-cancer-statistics-2012-cacancer-2015/","cancers":"nsclc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"paper-kalluri-weinberg-emt-basics-jci-2009","kind":"paper","name":"Kalluri and Weinberg 2009: the basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition","aka":"","tldr":"The standard primer on how cancer cells borrow a programme from embryonic development to loosen their attachments, become mobile and invade, and how the same programme also drives wound healing and organ scarring.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-kalluri-weinberg-emt-basics-jci-2009/"},{"id":"paper-mani-emt-stem-cell-properties-cell-2008","kind":"paper","name":"Mani 2008: the epithelial-mesenchymal transition generates cells with properties of stem cells","aka":"","tldr":"Switching on the invasion programme in normal breast cells also gave them stem cell properties, linking two ideas about how cancers spread and resist treatment, and suggesting that the mobile cells that seed metastases are the same ones that can regrow a tumour.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-mani-emt-stem-cell-properties-cell-2008/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"paper-thiery-emt-tumour-progression-nrc-2002","kind":"paper","name":"Thiery 2002: epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in tumour progression","aka":"","tldr":"The review that brought the developmental idea of epithelial-mesenchymal transition into cancer biology, proposing it as the mechanism by which carcinoma cells detach, invade and travel to distant sites.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-thiery-emt-tumour-progression-nrc-2002/"},{"id":"paper-quail-joyce-microenvironment-metastasis-natmed-2013","kind":"paper","name":"Quail and Joyce 2013: microenvironmental regulation of tumour progression and metastasis","aka":"","tldr":"A review of how the normal cells around a tumour, including fibroblasts, immune cells and blood vessels, are recruited to help it grow and spread, and how distant organs are prepared to receive metastases before the cancer cells arrive.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-quail-joyce-microenvironment-metastasis-natmed-2013/"},{"id":"paper-grivennikov-immunity-inflammation-cancer-cell-2010","kind":"paper","name":"Grivennikov, Greten and Karin 2010: immunity, inflammation and cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The review that laid out how inflammation contributes at every stage of cancer, from the DNA damage that starts it to the signals that help it grow and spread, and named the molecular switches, such as NF-kB and STAT3, that connect immune cells to tumour cells.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-grivennikov-immunity-inflammation-cancer-cell-2010/"},{"id":"paper-balkwill-mantovani-inflammation-virchow-lancet-2001","kind":"paper","name":"Balkwill and Mantovani 2001: inflammation and cancer, back to Virchow?","aka":"","tldr":"A short, widely cited essay reviving Virchow's 1863 observation that tumours are full of white blood cells, arguing that the inflammatory cells and cytokines in tumours help them grow rather than fight them.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-balkwill-mantovani-inflammation-virchow-lancet-2001/"},{"id":"paper-levine-p53-gatekeeper-cell-1997","kind":"paper","name":"Levine 1997: p53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division","aka":"","tldr":"The classic account of how the p53 protein senses DNA damage and other stress and then stops a cell dividing or makes it die, and why losing p53, as about half of cancers do, removes a central safeguard against cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-levine-p53-gatekeeper-cell-1997/"},{"id":"paper-el-deiry-waf1-p21-cell-1993","kind":"paper","name":"El-Deiry 1993: WAF1, the gene through which p53 stops cell division","aka":"","tldr":"The discovery of p21, the gene p53 switches on to halt cell division, which explained for the first time how the most commonly mutated cancer gene actually stops damaged cells from growing.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-el-deiry-waf1-p21-cell-1993/"},{"id":"paper-lamouille-emt-molecular-mechanisms-nrmcb-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Lamouille 2014: molecular mechanisms of epithelial-mesenchymal transition","aka":"","tldr":"The detailed molecular account of how cells switch from a fixed epithelial state to a mobile mesenchymal one, from the TGF-beta signals that start it to the transcription factors, microRNAs and cytoskeletal changes that carry it out.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-lamouille-emt-molecular-mechanisms-nrmcb-2014/"},{"id":"paper-lemmon-schlessinger-rtk-signalling-cell-2010","kind":"paper","name":"Lemmon and Schlessinger 2010: cell signalling by receptor tyrosine kinases","aka":"","tldr":"The standard review of the receptor family behind many cancer drugs, explaining how growth factor receptors such as EGFR and HER2 switch on when they pair up, how mutations lock them on in cancer, and how inhibitors turn them off.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-lemmon-schlessinger-rtk-signalling-cell-2010/"},{"id":"paper-vogelstein-surfing-p53-network-nature-2000","kind":"paper","name":"Vogelstein, Lane and Levine 2000: surfing the p53 network","aka":"","tldr":"A concise map of the p53 system as a network: the stresses that activate it, the many genes it controls, and the feedback loops that keep it in check, explaining why a single gene sits at the centre of so much of cancer biology.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-vogelstein-surfing-p53-network-nature-2000/"},{"id":"paper-sherr-roberts-cdk-inhibitors-genesdev-1999","kind":"paper","name":"Sherr and Roberts 1999: CDK inhibitors as regulators of the G1 phase","aka":"","tldr":"The classic review of the brakes on the cell cycle, the proteins that hold back the cyclin-dependent kinases which commit a cell to dividing, and how cancers lose them, the biology behind today's CDK4/6 inhibitors.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-sherr-roberts-cdk-inhibitors-genesdev-1999/"},{"id":"paper-jemal-global-cancer-statistics-2011-cacancer","kind":"paper","name":"Jemal 2011: Global cancer statistics (GLOBOCAN 2008)","aka":"","tldr":"The world cancer count for 2008: about 12.7 million new cases, with more than half of cases and almost two thirds of deaths already occurring in the economically developing world, breast cancer the most common cancer in women and lung cancer in men.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-jemal-global-cancer-statistics-2011-cacancer/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive nsclc"},{"id":"paper-parkin-global-cancer-statistics-2002-cacancer-2005","kind":"paper","name":"Parkin 2005: Global cancer statistics, 2002","aka":"","tldr":"The world cancer count for 2002: about 10.9 million new cases and about 24.6 million people living within three years of a cancer diagnosis, with lung, breast and colorectal cancers the three most common.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-parkin-global-cancer-statistics-2002-cacancer-2005/","cancers":"nsclc breast-hr-positive colorectal"},{"id":"paper-ferlay-globocan-2012-methods-ijc-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Ferlay 2015: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012","aka":"","tldr":"The methods paper behind the 2012 world cancer estimates, explaining how IARC builds country figures from registries of very different quality, and reporting about 14.1 million new cases and 32.6 million people living within five years of a diagnosis.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ferlay-globocan-2012-methods-ijc-2015/"},{"id":"paper-ferlay-globocan-2018-methods-ijc-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Ferlay 2019: GLOBOCAN 2018 sources and methods","aka":"","tldr":"The methods paper for the 2018 world cancer estimates, describing the registry and mortality data behind the figure of about 18.1 million new cases in 185 countries and how countries without good data were handled.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ferlay-globocan-2018-methods-ijc-2019/"},{"id":"paper-ferlay-cancer-statistics-2020-overview-ijc-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Ferlay 2021: cancer statistics for the year 2020, an overview","aka":"","tldr":"IARC's overview of the 2020 world cancer estimates, about 19.3 million new cases, presented by cancer type, sex and world region, alongside the methods and data used and a note that the figures predate the effects of the pandemic.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ferlay-cancer-statistics-2020-overview-ijc-2021/"},{"id":"paper-siegel-cancer-statistics-2019-cacancer-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Siegel 2019: Cancer statistics, 2019","aka":"","tldr":"The American Cancer Society's annual US report for 2019 projected about 1.76 million new cancer cases, recorded a quarter-century of falling cancer death rates, and drew attention to widening gaps between rich and poor counties.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-siegel-cancer-statistics-2019-cacancer-2019/"},{"id":"paper-siegel-cancer-statistics-2022-cacancer-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Siegel 2022: Cancer statistics, 2022","aka":"","tldr":"The American Cancer Society's annual US report for 2022 projected about 1.9 million new cancer cases and reported that the cancer death rate had fallen by about a third since 1991, with declines in lung cancer deaths accelerating as treatment improved.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-siegel-cancer-statistics-2022-cacancer-2022/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-siegel-cancer-statistics-2023-cacancer-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Siegel 2023: Cancer statistics, 2023","aka":"","tldr":"The American Cancer Society's annual US report for 2023 projected about 1.96 million new cancer cases, reported a continued fall in the cancer death rate, and flagged rising prostate cancer diagnoses at advanced stage alongside a steep fall in cervical cancer among young women vaccinated against HPV.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-siegel-cancer-statistics-2023-cacancer-2023/","cancers":"prostate cervical"},{"id":"paper-siegel-cancer-statistics-2012-cacancer-2012","kind":"paper","name":"Siegel 2012: Cancer statistics, 2012","aka":"","tldr":"The American Cancer Society's annual US report for 2012 projected about 1.64 million new cancer cases and reported that death rates had fallen steadily since the early 1990s in both men and women, sparing more than a million lives.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-siegel-cancer-statistics-2012-cacancer-2012/"},{"id":"paper-siegel-cancer-statistics-2015-cacancer-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Siegel 2015: Cancer statistics, 2015","aka":"","tldr":"The American Cancer Society's annual US report for 2015 projected about 1.66 million new cancer cases and recorded a cancer death rate 22% below its 1991 peak, the year the series began reporting deaths averted in the millions.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-siegel-cancer-statistics-2015-cacancer-2015/"},{"id":"paper-siegel-cancer-statistics-2016-cacancer-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Siegel 2016: Cancer statistics, 2016","aka":"","tldr":"The American Cancer Society's annual US report for 2016 projected about 1.69 million new cancer cases and recorded a cancer death rate 23% below its 1991 peak, with the report noting that cancer had overtaken heart disease as the leading cause of death in many US states.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-siegel-cancer-statistics-2016-cacancer-2016/"},{"id":"paper-siegel-cancer-statistics-2017-cacancer-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Siegel 2017: Cancer statistics, 2017","aka":"","tldr":"The American Cancer Society's annual US report for 2017 projected about 1.69 million new cancer cases and recorded a cancer death rate 25% below its 1991 peak.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-siegel-cancer-statistics-2017-cacancer-2017/"},{"id":"paper-siegel-cancer-statistics-2018-cacancer-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Siegel 2018: Cancer statistics, 2018","aka":"","tldr":"The American Cancer Society's annual US report for 2018 projected about 1.74 million new cancer cases and recorded a cancer death rate 26% below its 1991 peak.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-siegel-cancer-statistics-2018-cacancer-2018/"},{"id":"paper-siegel-cancer-statistics-2021-cacancer-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Siegel 2021: Cancer statistics, 2021","aka":"","tldr":"The American Cancer Society's annual US report for 2021 projected about 1.9 million new cancer cases and recorded a cancer death rate 31% below its 1991 peak, with the largest single-year drop yet recorded, driven by lung cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-siegel-cancer-statistics-2021-cacancer-2021/"},{"id":"paper-veber-oral-bioavailability-jmedchem-2002","kind":"paper","name":"Veber 2002: molecular properties that influence the oral bioavailability of drug candidates","aka":"","tldr":"An analysis of over a thousand experimental drug candidates that found molecules with few rotatable bonds and a modest polar surface area were far more likely to be absorbed when swallowed, giving medicinal chemists two simple rules that shaped the design of oral cancer drugs.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-veber-oral-bioavailability-jmedchem-2002/"},{"id":"paper-singh-brain-tumour-initiating-cells-nature-2004","kind":"paper","name":"Singh 2004: identification of human brain tumour initiating cells","aka":"","tldr":"The first proof that human brain tumours are driven by a small population of stem-like cells: a hundred cells carrying the CD133 marker could regrow a patient's tumour in a mouse brain while a hundred thousand cells without it could not.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-singh-brain-tumour-initiating-cells-nature-2004/","cancers":"glioblastoma medulloblastoma"},{"id":"paper-rahib-projecting-cancer-deaths-2030-cancerres-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Rahib 2014: projecting US cancer incidence and deaths to 2030","aka":"","tldr":"A projection that by 2030 pancreatic and liver cancers would overtake breast, prostate and colorectal cancers to become the second and third leading causes of cancer death in the United States, because progress against the common cancers was not being matched in these two.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-rahib-projecting-cancer-deaths-2030-cancerres-2014/","cancers":"pancreatic hcc colorectal"},{"id":"paper-sato-lgr5-organoids-nature-2009","kind":"paper","name":"Sato 2009: single Lgr5 stem cells build crypt-villus organoids","aka":"","tldr":"The experiment that invented organoids: a single intestinal stem cell, given three growth factors in a gel, grew into a miniature gut lining that could be kept alive indefinitely, a method since extended to tumours from individual patients.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-sato-lgr5-organoids-nature-2009/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-yarden-sliwkowski-erbb-network-nrmcb-2001","kind":"paper","name":"Yarden and Sliwkowski 2001: untangling the ErbB signalling network","aka":"","tldr":"The classic account of the HER family of receptors, explaining why HER2 is such a powerful cancer driver: it is the preferred partner for the other three receptors and turns their signals up, which is what trastuzumab and later HER2 drugs exploit.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-yarden-sliwkowski-erbb-network-nrmcb-2001/"},{"id":"paper-jemal-cancer-statistics-2007-cacancer-2007","kind":"paper","name":"Jemal 2007: Cancer statistics, 2007","aka":"","tldr":"The American Cancer Society's 2007 report projected about 1.44 million new US cancer cases and recorded a 13.6 percent fall in the overall cancer death rate between 1991 and 2004, even though the absolute number of deaths had only just begun to fall.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-jemal-cancer-statistics-2007-cacancer-2007/"},{"id":"paper-jemal-cancer-statistics-2008-cacancer-2008","kind":"paper","name":"Jemal 2008: Cancer statistics, 2008","aka":"","tldr":"The American Cancer Society's 2008 report projected about 1.44 million new US cancer cases and estimated that falling death rates since the early 1990s had already avoided more than half a million cancer deaths.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-jemal-cancer-statistics-2008-cacancer-2008/"},{"id":"paper-jemal-cancer-statistics-2009-cacancer-2009","kind":"paper","name":"Jemal 2009: Cancer statistics, 2009","aka":"","tldr":"The American Cancer Society's 2009 report projected about 1.48 million new US cancer cases and showed incidence now falling in both sexes, with lung, prostate, colorectal and breast cancers driving most of the decline in deaths.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-jemal-cancer-statistics-2009-cacancer-2009/"},{"id":"paper-jemal-cancer-statistics-2010-cacancer-2010","kind":"paper","name":"Jemal 2010: Cancer statistics, 2010","aka":"","tldr":"The American Cancer Society's 2010 report projected about 1.53 million new US cancer cases and a 21 percent fall in the male cancer death rate since 1990, with declines seen in every racial and ethnic group.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-jemal-cancer-statistics-2010-cacancer-2010/"},{"id":"paper-siegel-cancer-statistics-2013-cacancer-2013","kind":"paper","name":"Siegel 2013: Cancer statistics, 2013","aka":"","tldr":"The American Cancer Society's 2013 report projected about 1.66 million new US cancer cases and put the overall cancer death rate 20 percent below its 1991 peak, with chronic myeloid leukaemia showing the fastest fall in deaths of any cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-siegel-cancer-statistics-2013-cacancer-2013/"},{"id":"paper-siegel-cancer-statistics-2014-cacancer-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Siegel 2014: Cancer statistics, 2014","aka":"","tldr":"The American Cancer Society's 2014 report projected about 1.67 million new US cancer cases and estimated that two decades of falling death rates had avoided about 1.34 million cancer deaths, with the gains very unevenly spread by age, race and sex.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-siegel-cancer-statistics-2014-cacancer-2014/"},{"id":"paper-paganetti-proton-rbe-ijrobp-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Paganetti 2014: proton RBE is not a fixed 1.1","aka":"","tldr":"The number used to convert proton gray into X-ray gray (1.1) is a convention. The true relative effect is higher where the beam stops, and it depends on the tissue and the size of each dose.","tags":"radiation-wave5","route":"/key-papers/paper-paganetti-proton-rbe-ijrobp-2014/"},{"id":"paper-stojdl-vsv-interferon-defect-natmed-2000","kind":"paper","name":"Stojdl 2000: cancer cells that stopped answering interferon cannot stop a virus either","aka":"","tldr":"A normal cell warned by interferon shuts a virus down; many cancer cells have broken that alarm to grow, and this paper showed a common animal virus exploits exactly that break.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-stojdl-vsv-interferon-defect-natmed-2000/"},{"id":"paper-coffey-reovirus-ras-science-1998","kind":"paper","name":"Coffey 1998: reovirus grows in cells with an activated Ras pathway, which describes a great many cancers","aka":"","tldr":"A common gut virus that does almost nothing in healthy adults turned out to need a switched-on growth pathway to replicate, and that switch is stuck on in a large share of human cancers.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-coffey-reovirus-ras-science-1998/"},{"id":"paper-martuza-engineered-hsv-glioma-science-1991","kind":"paper","name":"Martuza 1991: the first genetically engineered virus built to treat a cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A herpes virus was deliberately crippled so that it could only multiply in dividing cells, injected into human brain tumours growing in mice, and it made the mice live longer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-martuza-engineered-hsv-glioma-science-1991/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"paper-bischoff-onyx-015-science-1996","kind":"paper","name":"Bischoff 1996: the adenovirus that was said to replicate only where p53 was lost","aka":"","tldr":"An adenovirus missing the gene that disables the cell's main tumour suppressor appeared to grow only in cancer cells that had already lost that suppressor, a claim that launched the field's first big clinical programme and was later shown to be the wrong explanation.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-bischoff-onyx-015-science-1996/"},{"id":"paper-kelly-russell-oncolytic-history-moltherapy-2007","kind":"paper","name":"Kelly and Russell 2007: a century of trying to treat cancer with viruses, and why it kept stopping","aka":"","tldr":"The idea that a virus might shrink a tumour is more than a hundred years old; this history explains the early attempts, why they were abandoned, and what changed.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-kelly-russell-oncolytic-history-moltherapy-2007/"},{"id":"paper-russell-peng-bell-oncolytic-virotherapy-natbiotech-2012","kind":"paper","name":"Russell, Peng and Bell 2012: the field states its own problems","aka":"","tldr":"The review that set the modern agenda for cancer-killing viruses, and named the four things that had to be solved.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-russell-peng-bell-oncolytic-virotherapy-natbiotech-2012/"},{"id":"paper-shalhout-oncolytic-progress-challenges-natrevclinonc-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Shalhout 2023: what the approved oncolytic viruses actually do in practice","aka":"","tldr":"A review of where cancer-killing viruses stand in the clinic, written around the accumulated experience of the one product that is widely approved.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-shalhout-oncolytic-progress-challenges-natrevclinonc-2023/"},{"id":"paper-andtbacka-optim-talimogene-jco-2015","kind":"paper","name":"OPTiM: the trial that made talimogene laherparepvec the first approved oncolytic virus","aka":"","tldr":"Injecting an engineered herpes virus into melanoma lesions produced lasting shrinkage in about one patient in six, compared with one in fifty on the control drug, but it did not clearly help people live longer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-andtbacka-optim-talimogene-jco-2015/","cancers":"melanoma advanced-melanoma"},{"id":"paper-todo-g47delta-glioblastoma-natmed-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Todo 2022: the triple-mutated herpes virus that became Japan's first approved oncolytic virus","aka":"","tldr":"Nineteen people with a brain tumour that had come back after radiotherapy and chemotherapy were given repeated injections of an engineered herpes virus, and more of them were alive at one year than expected.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-todo-g47delta-glioblastoma-natmed-2022/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"paper-xia-h101-head-neck-aizheng-2004","kind":"paper","name":"Xia 2004: the randomised trial behind China's approval of the oncolytic adenovirus H101","aka":"","tldr":"Adding injections of an engineered adenovirus to chemotherapy roughly doubled the proportion of head and neck or oesophageal cancers that shrank, but the trial reported no survival figures.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-xia-h101-head-neck-aizheng-2004/"},{"id":"paper-wong-ignyte-rp1-nivolumab-jco-2025","kind":"paper","name":"IGNYTE: an engineered herpes virus with nivolumab in melanoma that had already failed anti-PD-1 therapy","aka":"","tldr":"In melanoma that had already stopped responding to immunotherapy, injecting an engineered herpes virus alongside nivolumab shrank tumours in about a third of patients, including tumours that were never injected.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-wong-ignyte-rp1-nivolumab-jco-2025/","cancers":"melanoma advanced-melanoma"},{"id":"paper-russell-mv-nis-myeloma-mayo-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Russell 2014: a measles virus given into the vein put one patient's myeloma into complete remission","aka":"","tldr":"Two people with drug-resistant myeloma were given an enormous dose of engineered measles virus into a vein; both responded and one went into a lasting complete remission.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-russell-mv-nis-myeloma-mayo-2014/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"paper-cloughesy-toca5-glioma-jamaoncol-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Toca 5: a virus plus a prodrug in recurrent brain cancer, tested properly, and it did not work","aka":"","tldr":"Four hundred people with a brain tumour that had come back were randomly given either a virus-delivered enzyme plus a pill it converts into chemotherapy, or standard treatment; survival was the same.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-cloughesy-toca5-glioma-jamaoncol-2020/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"paper-abou-alfa-phocus-pexa-vec-liver-cancer-2024","kind":"paper","name":"PHOCUS: an oncolytic vaccinia virus before sorafenib in liver cancer did worse than sorafenib alone","aka":"","tldr":"Adding injections of an engineered pox virus before standard liver cancer treatment did not help and the results were worse than the control arm, so the trial was stopped early.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-abou-alfa-phocus-pexa-vec-liver-cancer-2024/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"paper-hietanen-rigvir-echovirus-viruses-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Hietanen 2022: the marketed oncolytic virus Rigvir was no more oncolytic than any other echovirus isolate","aka":"","tldr":"A virus sold for years as a cancer treatment in Latvia was sequenced and tested against ordinary strains of the same virus, and it killed cancer cells no better, and infected healthy cells too.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-hietanen-rigvir-echovirus-viruses-2022/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"paper-bourgeois-daigneault-neoadjuvant-ovt-tnbc-scitranslmed-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Bourgeois-Daigneault 2018: giving the virus before surgery, not after everything else has failed","aka":"","tldr":"In mice with triple-negative breast cancer, treating with a cancer-killing virus before the tumour was removed made checkpoint immunotherapy work afterwards, which it otherwise did not.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-bourgeois-daigneault-neoadjuvant-ovt-tnbc-scitranslmed-2018/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-halassy-self-experiment-ovt-vaccines-2024","kind":"paper","name":"The self-experiment: a virologist treated her own recurrent breast cancer with two viruses she made in her own laboratory","aka":"","tldr":"A virologist whose breast cancer had come back and grown into the chest muscle injected it herself with a measles vaccine strain and then a second virus, the tumour shrank enough to be removed by simple surgery, and she was free of recurrence more than three years later.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-halassy-self-experiment-ovt-vaccines-2024/","cancers":"tnbc breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"paper-pugh-self-experimentation-publication-jme-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Pugh 2026: should a journal publish a scientist's experiment on herself?","aka":"","tldr":"Three ethicists work through whether it was right to publish the virologist's case, separating the question of whether she should have done it from whether the result should have been printed.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-pugh-self-experimentation-publication-jme-2026/"},{"id":"paper-swog-8710-neoadjuvant-mvac-nejm-2003","kind":"paper","name":"SWOG 8710: neoadjuvant MVAC chemotherapy before cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Giving three cycles of cisplatin-based chemotherapy before removing the bladder lengthened survival compared with surgery alone, and became the standard for fit patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-swog-8710-neoadjuvant-mvac-nejm-2003/","cancers":"muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer"},{"id":"paper-javelin-bladder-100-nejm-2020","kind":"paper","name":"JAVELIN Bladder 100: avelumab maintenance after first-line platinum chemotherapy in advanced urothelial cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Continuing with the immunotherapy avelumab after chemotherapy had controlled advanced bladder cancer lengthened survival by about seven months compared with watching and waiting.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-javelin-bladder-100-nejm-2020/","cancers":"muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer"},{"id":"paper-keynote-057-lancet-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"KEYNOTE-057: pembrolizumab for BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer with carcinoma in situ","aka":"","tldr":"In patients whose high-risk bladder cancer no longer responded to BCG and who could not or would not have their bladder removed, pembrolizumab cleared the disease in about four in ten, with a response lasting a year or more in roughly half of those.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-057-lancet-oncol-2021/","cancers":"non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer"},{"id":"paper-nadofaragene-firadenovec-lancet-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Nadofaragene firadenovec gene therapy for BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A single instillation of a virus carrying the interferon gene into the bladder every three months cleared carcinoma in situ in about half of patients who had failed BCG, and became the first gene therapy approved for bladder cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-nadofaragene-firadenovec-lancet-oncol-2021/","cancers":"non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer"},{"id":"paper-sylvester-eortc-risk-tables-eur-urol-2006","kind":"paper","name":"EORTC risk tables for recurrence and progression in Ta and T1 bladder cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Pooling seven trials, this analysis produced the scoring tables that clinicians still use to estimate how likely a non-muscle-invasive bladder tumour is to come back or to progress into the muscle.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-sylvester-eortc-risk-tables-eur-urol-2006/","cancers":"non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer"},{"id":"paper-eau-nmibc-guideline-eur-urol-2022","kind":"paper","name":"European Association of Urology guidelines on non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (Ta, T1 and carcinoma in 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and management of acute myeloid leukaemia in adults","aka":"","tldr":"The European LeukemiaNet 2022 recommendations define how acute myeloid leukaemia is classified by its genetics into favourable, intermediate and adverse risk, and how those groups should be treated and monitored.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-eln-2022-aml-dohner-blood-2022/","cancers":"aml-older-unfit aml-flt3 aml-npm1-kmt2a aml-idh aml-secondary"},{"id":"paper-apl0406-lo-coco-nejm-2013","kind":"paper","name":"APL0406: retinoic acid plus arsenic trioxide without chemotherapy for low- and intermediate-risk acute promyelocytic leukaemia","aka":"","tldr":"Combining all-trans retinoic acid with arsenic trioxide cured almost every patient with lower-risk acute promyelocytic leukaemia without any conventional chemotherapy, and did so with fewer complications than the chemotherapy-based standard.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-apl0406-lo-coco-nejm-2013/","cancers":"apl"},{"id":"paper-tallman-atra-apl-nejm-1997","kind":"paper","name":"North American Intergroup: all-trans retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukaemia","aka":"","tldr":"This randomised trial showed that the vitamin A derivative retinoic acid, used in induction and as maintenance, sharply improved survival in acute promyelocytic leukaemia compared with chemotherapy alone.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-tallman-atra-apl-nejm-1997/","cancers":"apl"},{"id":"paper-eln-apl-sanz-blood-2019","kind":"paper","name":"European LeukemiaNet recommendations for the management of acute promyelocytic leukaemia (2019 update)","aka":"","tldr":"The expert panel guidance on acute promyelocytic leukaemia covers the emergency first hours, the choice between arsenic-based and chemotherapy-based regimens by risk, differentiation syndrome, and molecular monitoring.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-eln-apl-sanz-blood-2019/","cancers":"apl"},{"id":"paper-pace-ponatinib-nejm-2013","kind":"paper","name":"PACE: ponatinib in Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukaemias resistant to earlier tyrosine kinase inhibitors","aka":"","tldr":"Ponatinib produced deep responses in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia or Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia whose disease had resisted other kinase inhibitors, including the T315I mutation that no other drug could reach.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-pace-ponatinib-nejm-2013/","cancers":"cml-advanced-phase"},{"id":"paper-eln-2020-cml-hochhaus-leukemia-2020","kind":"paper","name":"European LeukemiaNet 2020 recommendations for treating chronic myeloid leukaemia","aka":"","tldr":"The 2020 European LeukemiaNet recommendations set the response milestones for kinase inhibitor therapy in chronic myeloid leukaemia, when to switch drugs, and how to manage accelerated and blast phase, including transplant.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-eln-2020-cml-hochhaus-leukemia-2020/","cancers":"cml-advanced-phase"},{"id":"paper-ratify-midostaurin-nejm-2017","kind":"paper","name":"RATIFY: midostaurin added to chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukaemia with a FLT3 mutation","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the FLT3 inhibitor midostaurin to standard induction and consolidation chemotherapy, then as maintenance, lengthened survival in adults under 60 with FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia, the first targeted drug to do so.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ratify-midostaurin-nejm-2017/","cancers":"aml-flt3"},{"id":"paper-aza-001-fenaux-lancet-oncol-2009","kind":"paper","name":"AZA-001: azacitidine versus conventional care in higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes","aka":"","tldr":"Azacitidine was the first drug shown to lengthen survival in higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes, adding about nine months of median survival compared with the usual supportive care or chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-aza-001-fenaux-lancet-oncol-2009/","cancers":"mds-higher-risk"},{"id":"paper-ipss-m-bernard-nejm-evidence-2022","kind":"paper","name":"IPSS-M: the molecular international prognostic scoring system for myelodysplastic syndromes","aka":"","tldr":"By adding mutations in 31 genes to blood counts and chromosomes, the IPSS-M sorts myelodysplastic syndromes into six risk groups and reclassifies about half of patients compared with the older score.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ipss-m-bernard-nejm-evidence-2022/","cancers":"mds-higher-risk"},{"id":"paper-who-2022-myeloid-khoury-leukemia-2022","kind":"paper","name":"WHO classification of haematolymphoid tumours, fifth edition: myeloid and histiocytic neoplasms","aka":"","tldr":"The 2022 World Health Organization classification redefines myeloid cancers, including myelodysplastic neoplasms, acute myeloid leukaemia by genetic type, and the boundaries between them.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-who-2022-myeloid-khoury-leukemia-2022/","cancers":"mds-higher-risk aml-secondary cml-advanced-phase"},{"id":"paper-icc-2022-arber-blood-2022","kind":"paper","name":"International Consensus Classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukaemias (2022)","aka":"","tldr":"A parallel classification to the WHO 2022 edition from an international expert group, which among other changes creates an MDS/AML category for 10 to 19 percent blasts and gives TP53-mutated disease its own entities.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-icc-2022-arber-blood-2022/","cancers":"mds-higher-risk"},{"id":"paper-ivosidenib-idh1-dinardo-nejm-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Durable remissions with ivosidenib in IDH1-mutated relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukaemia","aka":"","tldr":"The oral IDH1 inhibitor ivosidenib put about a third of patients with relapsed or refractory IDH1-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia into remission, with some clearing the mutation altogether, leading to its approval.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ivosidenib-idh1-dinardo-nejm-2018/","cancers":"aml-idh"},{"id":"paper-enasidenib-idh2-stein-blood-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Enasidenib in mutant IDH2 relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukaemia","aka":"","tldr":"Enasidenib, a pill blocking the mutant IDH2 enzyme, produced responses in about four in ten patients with relapsed IDH2-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia by making the leukaemic cells mature, and became the first IDH-targeted drug approved.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-enasidenib-idh2-stein-blood-2017/","cancers":"aml-idh"},{"id":"paper-cassiopeia-lancet-2019","kind":"paper","name":"CASSIOPEIA: daratumumab added to bortezomib, thalidomide and dexamethasone before and after transplant in newly diagnosed myeloma","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the antibody daratumumab to a standard three-drug induction and consolidation around autologous transplant deepened responses and delayed progression in newly diagnosed myeloma, establishing four-drug induction.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-cassiopeia-lancet-2019/","cancers":"myeloma-transplant-eligible"},{"id":"paper-ifm-2009-attal-nejm-2017","kind":"paper","name":"IFM 2009: lenalidomide, bortezomib and dexamethasone with or without upfront transplantation for myeloma","aka":"","tldr":"Adding an early autologous stem cell transplant to modern three-drug therapy delayed relapse in newly diagnosed myeloma, though overall survival was similar because patients in the drug-only arm could have a transplant later.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ifm-2009-attal-nejm-2017/","cancers":"myeloma-transplant-eligible"},{"id":"paper-r-iss-palumbo-jco-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Revised International Staging System (R-ISS) for multiple myeloma","aka":"","tldr":"The revised staging system for myeloma combines the older albumin and beta-2 microglobulin stage with high-risk chromosome changes and a raised lactate dehydrogenase, giving three groups with very different survival.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-r-iss-palumbo-jco-2015/","cancers":"myeloma-transplant-eligible plasma-cell-leukaemia myeloma-relapsed-refractory"},{"id":"paper-falini-npm1-nejm-2005","kind":"paper","name":"Cytoplasmic nucleophosmin in acute myeloid leukaemia with a normal karyotype","aka":"","tldr":"This study discovered that about a third of acute myeloid leukaemias, and most with normal chromosomes, carry a mutation in the NPM1 gene that displaces its protein into the cytoplasm, defining a distinct and relatively favourable form of the disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-falini-npm1-nejm-2005/","cancers":"aml-npm1-kmt2a"},{"id":"paper-ivey-npm1-mrd-nejm-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Molecular measurable residual disease in NPM1-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia (UK NCRI AML17)","aka":"","tldr":"Detecting leftover NPM1-mutated leukaemia in the blood after the second course of chemotherapy identified patients very likely to relapse, and proved a better guide than genetics at diagnosis to who needs a transplant.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ivey-npm1-mrd-nejm-2016/","cancers":"aml-npm1-kmt2a"},{"id":"paper-imwg-plasma-cell-leukaemia-definition-bcj-2021","kind":"paper","name":"IMWG consensus definition of primary plasma cell leukaemia at 5 percent circulating plasma cells","aka":"","tldr":"The International Myeloma Working Group lowered the threshold for diagnosing plasma cell leukaemia from 20 percent to 5 percent circulating plasma cells, because patients at 5 percent already have the same short survival.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-imwg-plasma-cell-leukaemia-definition-bcj-2021/","cancers":"plasma-cell-leukaemia"},{"id":"paper-royer-plasma-cell-leukaemia-ifm-jco-2016","kind":"paper","name":"IFM 2006 prospective trial: bortezomib-based induction and transplantation for primary plasma cell leukaemia","aka":"","tldr":"The first prospective trial dedicated to plasma cell leukaemia showed that a bortezomib-based four-drug induction followed by stem cell transplantation could produce remissions in most patients, though relapse remained the rule.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-royer-plasma-cell-leukaemia-ifm-jco-2016/","cancers":"plasma-cell-leukaemia"},{"id":"paper-monumental-1-talquetamab-nejm-2022","kind":"paper","name":"MonumenTAL-1: talquetamab, a GPRC5D-directed bispecific antibody for relapsed multiple myeloma","aka":"","tldr":"Talquetamab, an antibody that pulls T cells onto a new myeloma target called GPRC5D, produced responses in about seven in ten heavily pretreated patients, including those already treated with BCMA-directed therapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-monumental-1-talquetamab-nejm-2022/","cancers":"myeloma-relapsed-refractory"},{"id":"paper-rossi-richter-syndrome-blood-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Biology and treatment of Richter syndrome","aka":"","tldr":"This review lays out how chronic lymphocytic leukaemia transforms into aggressive lymphoma, which genetic changes drive it, and how the diffuse large B-cell type should be treated, including the role of transplant and new agents.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-rossi-richter-syndrome-blood-2018/","cancers":"richter-transformation-cll"},{"id":"paper-who-2022-lymphoid-alaggio-leukemia-2022","kind":"paper","name":"WHO classification of haematolymphoid tumours, fifth edition: lymphoid neoplasms","aka":"","tldr":"The 2022 World Health Organization classification of lymphomas and lymphoid leukaemias, the reference for how these diseases are named, defined and separated.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-who-2022-lymphoid-alaggio-leukemia-2022/","cancers":"richter-transformation-cll primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-cpx-351-study-301-lancet-je-jco-2018","kind":"paper","name":"CPX-351 versus 7+3 chemotherapy in older adults with newly diagnosed secondary acute myeloid leukaemia","aka":"","tldr":"A liposomal formulation locking cytarabine and daunorubicin in a fixed ratio lengthened survival compared with standard 7+3 chemotherapy in patients aged 60 to 75 with secondary or therapy-related acute myeloid leukaemia, and more of them reached transplant.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-cpx-351-study-301-lancet-je-jco-2018/","cancers":"aml-secondary"},{"id":"paper-aquila-daratumumab-smouldering-nejm-2025","kind":"paper","name":"AQUILA: daratumumab versus active monitoring in high-risk smouldering multiple myeloma","aka":"","tldr":"Giving daratumumab for up to three years to people with high-risk smouldering myeloma roughly halved the risk of progressing to active myeloma or death compared with watching and waiting.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-aquila-daratumumab-smouldering-nejm-2025/","cancers":"smouldering-myeloma"},{"id":"paper-e3a06-lenalidomide-smouldering-lonial-jco-2020","kind":"paper","name":"E3A06: lenalidomide versus observation in smouldering multiple myeloma","aka":"","tldr":"Lenalidomide alone delayed progression to active myeloma in people with intermediate- or high-risk smouldering disease, but side effects led many to stop, and it did not improve survival.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-e3a06-lenalidomide-smouldering-lonial-jco-2020/","cancers":"smouldering-myeloma"},{"id":"paper-imwg-criteria-rajkumar-lancet-oncol-2014","kind":"paper","name":"IMWG updated criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma (2014)","aka":"","tldr":"The 2014 International Myeloma Working Group criteria allow myeloma to be diagnosed and treated before organ damage occurs when biomarkers such as 60 percent marrow plasma cells or a very high light-chain ratio predict imminent progression.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-imwg-criteria-rajkumar-lancet-oncol-2014/","cancers":"smouldering-myeloma plasma-cell-leukaemia"},{"id":"paper-mateos-20-2-20-smouldering-bcj-2020","kind":"paper","name":"IMWG 20/2/20 risk stratification model for smouldering multiple myeloma","aka":"","tldr":"A simple score using three numbers, marrow plasma cells over 20 percent, M-protein over 2 grams per decilitre and a free light-chain ratio over 20, sorts smouldering myeloma into risk groups and is used to decide who might be treated early.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-mateos-20-2-20-smouldering-bcj-2020/","cancers":"smouldering-myeloma"},{"id":"paper-aphinity-nejm-2017","kind":"paper","name":"APHINITY: adjuvant pertuzumab added to trastuzumab and chemotherapy in early HER2-positive breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding a second HER2 antibody, pertuzumab, to a year of trastuzumab after surgery reduced recurrences modestly in early HER2-positive breast cancer, with the gain concentrated in women with lymph node involvement.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-aphinity-nejm-2017/","cancers":"her2-positive-early-breast-cancer"},{"id":"paper-apt-tolaney-nejm-2015","kind":"paper","name":"APT: adjuvant paclitaxel and trastuzumab for small, node-negative HER2-positive breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Twelve weeks of paclitaxel with a year of trastuzumab, and no anthracycline, was enough to keep more than 98 percent of women with small node-negative HER2-positive breast cancers free of recurrence at three years.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-apt-tolaney-nejm-2015/","cancers":"her2-positive-early-breast-cancer"},{"id":"paper-train-2-lancet-oncol-2018","kind":"paper","name":"TRAIN-2: neoadjuvant chemotherapy with or without anthracyclines alongside dual HER2 blockade","aka":"","tldr":"Leaving out anthracyclines from neoadjuvant chemotherapy made no difference to how many HER2-positive breast cancers disappeared completely when trastuzumab and pertuzumab were given, so the heart-toxic drugs can be dropped.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-train-2-lancet-oncol-2018/","cancers":"her2-positive-early-breast-cancer"},{"id":"paper-her2climb-nejm-2020","kind":"paper","name":"HER2CLIMB: tucatinib with trastuzumab and capecitabine for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer, including brain metastases","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the brain-penetrant HER2 pill tucatinib to trastuzumab and capecitabine lengthened survival in heavily pretreated HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer, and uniquely the trial included patients with active brain metastases, who also benefited.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-her2climb-nejm-2020/","cancers":"her2-positive-breast-brain-metastases"},{"id":"paper-her2climb-brain-lin-jco-2020","kind":"paper","name":"HER2CLIMB brain metastases analysis: intracranial efficacy and survival with tucatinib","aka":"","tldr":"Among the HER2CLIMB patients with brain metastases, tucatinib doubled the intracranial response rate, cut the risk of intracranial progression or death by about two thirds and lengthened survival.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-her2climb-brain-lin-jco-2020/","cancers":"her2-positive-breast-brain-metastases"},{"id":"paper-tuxedo-1-trastuzumab-deruxtecan-brain-metastases-nat-med-2022","kind":"paper","name":"TUXEDO-1: trastuzumab deruxtecan in HER2-positive breast cancer with active brain metastases","aka":"","tldr":"In a small trial, the antibody-drug conjugate trastuzumab deruxtecan shrank brain metastases in almost three quarters of women with HER2-positive breast cancer, showing that a large antibody-based drug can work inside the brain.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-tuxedo-1-trastuzumab-deruxtecan-brain-metastases-nat-med-2022/","cancers":"her2-positive-breast-brain-metastases"},{"id":"paper-tailorx-nejm-2018","kind":"paper","name":"TAILORx: adjuvant chemotherapy guided by the 21-gene recurrence score in hormone receptor-positive, node-negative breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Women with hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative, node-negative breast cancer and a mid-range 21-gene recurrence score did just as well with endocrine therapy alone as with chemotherapy added, sparing most of them chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-tailorx-nejm-2018/","cancers":"hr-positive-early-high-risk"},{"id":"paper-emerald-elacestrant-jco-2022","kind":"paper","name":"EMERALD: elacestrant versus standard endocrine therapy after a CDK4/6 inhibitor","aka":"","tldr":"The oral oestrogen receptor degrader elacestrant delayed progression compared with standard hormone therapy in advanced breast cancer that had progressed on a CDK4/6 inhibitor, with the clearest benefit in tumours carrying an ESR1 mutation.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-emerald-elacestrant-jco-2022/","cancers":"hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46"},{"id":"paper-capitello-291-nejm-2023","kind":"paper","name":"CAPItello-291: capivasertib plus fulvestrant in hormone receptor-positive advanced breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the AKT inhibitor capivasertib to fulvestrant doubled the time to progression in advanced hormone receptor-positive breast cancer after aromatase inhibitor failure, with the largest gain in tumours with PIK3CA, AKT1 or PTEN alterations.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-capitello-291-nejm-2023/","cancers":"hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46"},{"id":"paper-solar-1-alpelisib-nejm-2019","kind":"paper","name":"SOLAR-1: alpelisib plus fulvestrant for PIK3CA-mutated hormone receptor-positive advanced breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Alpelisib, a pill blocking the mutated PI3K-alpha enzyme, nearly doubled the time to progression when added to fulvestrant in advanced breast cancer carrying a PIK3CA mutation, at the cost of high blood sugar and rash.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-solar-1-alpelisib-nejm-2019/","cancers":"hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46"},{"id":"paper-dawood-inflammatory-breast-consensus-ann-oncol-2011","kind":"paper","name":"International expert panel consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"This consensus statement standardised how inflammatory breast cancer is diagnosed, with rapid onset of breast redness and swelling involving at least a third of the breast, and set out its trimodality treatment.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-dawood-inflammatory-breast-consensus-ann-oncol-2011/","cancers":"inflammatory-breast-cancer"},{"id":"paper-rueth-inflammatory-breast-trimodality-jco-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Underuse of trimodality treatment and survival in inflammatory breast cancer (National Cancer Data Base)","aka":"","tldr":"In a national registry, only about a third of women with inflammatory breast cancer received all three recommended treatments, chemotherapy, mastectomy and radiotherapy, and those who did lived substantially longer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-rueth-inflammatory-breast-trimodality-jco-2014/","cancers":"inflammatory-breast-cancer"},{"id":"paper-keynote-355-nejm-2022","kind":"paper","name":"KEYNOTE-355: pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy for PD-L1-positive advanced triple-negative breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding pembrolizumab to first-line chemotherapy lengthened survival by almost seven months in advanced triple-negative breast cancer whose tumours had a PD-L1 combined positive score of 10 or more.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-355-nejm-2022/","cancers":"tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"paper-olympiad-nejm-2017","kind":"paper","name":"OlympiAD: olaparib versus chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer with a germline BRCA mutation","aka":"","tldr":"In women with metastatic HER2-negative breast cancer and an inherited BRCA mutation, the PARP inhibitor tablet olaparib delayed progression by almost three months compared with chemotherapy and caused fewer severe side effects.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-olympiad-nejm-2017/","cancers":"tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"paper-kothari-paget-disease-nipple-multifocal-cancer-2002","kind":"paper","name":"Paget disease of the nipple as a marker of multifocal, higher-risk underlying breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"This pathological study found that the cancer underlying Paget disease of the nipple is often multifocal and spread away from the nipple, which is why full imaging and careful surgical planning are needed rather than simple nipple excision.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-kothari-paget-disease-nipple-multifocal-cancer-2002/","cancers":"paget-disease-of-the-nipple"},{"id":"paper-tan-phyllodes-consensus-histopathology-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Phyllodes tumours of the breast: a consensus review","aka":"","tldr":"This international consensus review sets out how pathologists grade phyllodes tumours as benign, borderline or malignant and how those grades should guide surgery and follow-up.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-tan-phyllodes-consensus-histopathology-2016/","cancers":"phyllodes-tumour"},{"id":"paper-barth-phyllodes-adjuvant-radiotherapy-ann-surg-oncol-2009","kind":"paper","name":"Prospective multi-institutional study of adjuvant radiotherapy after resection of borderline and malignant phyllodes tumours","aka":"","tldr":"In a prospective study, no woman whose borderline or malignant phyllodes tumour was excised with clear margins and then given radiotherapy had a local recurrence, supporting radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery for these tumours.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-barth-phyllodes-adjuvant-radiotherapy-ann-surg-oncol-2009/","cancers":"phyllodes-tumour"},{"id":"paper-yan-peritoneal-mesothelioma-crs-hipec-jco-2009","kind":"paper","name":"Cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC for malignant peritoneal mesothelioma: multi-institutional registry","aka":"","tldr":"Pooling eight centres, this registry showed that removing all visible peritoneal mesothelioma and washing the abdomen with heated chemotherapy gave a median survival of over four years, transforming the outlook for selected patients.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-yan-peritoneal-mesothelioma-crs-hipec-jco-2009/","cancers":"peritoneal-mesothelioma"},{"id":"paper-raghav-atezolizumab-bevacizumab-peritoneal-mesothelioma-cancer-discov-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in advanced malignant peritoneal mesothelioma","aka":"","tldr":"In a small trial combining PD-L1 and VEGF blockade, four in ten patients with previously treated peritoneal mesothelioma responded, with responses lasting well over a year, the first dedicated prospective evidence for immunotherapy in this rare disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-raghav-atezolizumab-bevacizumab-peritoneal-mesothelioma-cancer-discov-2021/","cancers":"peritoneal-mesothelioma"},{"id":"paper-checkmate-743-lancet-2021","kind":"paper","name":"CheckMate 743: first-line nivolumab plus ipilimumab in unresectable pleural mesothelioma","aka":"","tldr":"Dual immunotherapy with nivolumab and ipilimumab lengthened survival compared with platinum-pemetrexed chemotherapy in pleural mesothelioma, the first improvement in first-line treatment in almost twenty years, with the largest gain in non-epithelioid tumours.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-checkmate-743-lancet-2021/","cancers":"pleural-mesothelioma peritoneal-mesothelioma"},{"id":"paper-vogelzang-pemetrexed-mesothelioma-jco-2003","kind":"paper","name":"Phase 3 trial of pemetrexed plus cisplatin versus cisplatin alone in malignant pleural mesothelioma","aka":"","tldr":"Adding pemetrexed to cisplatin lengthened survival by almost three months in pleural mesothelioma, making platinum-pemetrexed the first, and for many years the only, standard chemotherapy for the disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-vogelzang-pemetrexed-mesothelioma-jco-2003/","cancers":"pleural-mesothelioma peritoneal-mesothelioma"},{"id":"paper-mars-2-lancet-respir-med-2024","kind":"paper","name":"MARS 2: extended pleurectomy decortication plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for pleural mesothelioma","aka":"","tldr":"Adding lung-sparing radical surgery to chemotherapy for pleural mesothelioma did not lengthen life; patients who had surgery lived slightly less long, had more complications and worse quality of life, so routine surgery is no longer recommended.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-mars-2-lancet-respir-med-2024/","cancers":"pleural-mesothelioma"},{"id":"paper-keynote-483-lancet-2023","kind":"paper","name":"KEYNOTE-483 (CCTG IND.227): pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy in untreated pleural mesothelioma","aka":"","tldr":"Adding pembrolizumab to platinum-pemetrexed chemotherapy lengthened survival in untreated pleural mesothelioma by about a year in non-epithelioid tumours and by a smaller margin overall, giving a chemo-immunotherapy option alongside nivolumab-ipilimumab.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-483-lancet-2023/","cancers":"pleural-mesothelioma"},{"id":"paper-who-2021-cns-louis-neuro-oncology-2021","kind":"paper","name":"The 2021 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system: a summary","aka":"","tldr":"The fifth-edition brain tumour classification makes molecular markers such as IDH mutation, 1p/19q codeletion and methylation class central to diagnosis, renaming and regrading many tumours, including separating IDH-mutant astrocytoma from glioblastoma.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-who-2021-cns-louis-neuro-oncology-2021/","cancers":"idh-mutant-astrocytoma oligodendroglioma meningioma paediatric-high-grade-glioma spinal-cord-tumours cns-germ-cell-tumours medulloblastoma-group-3-4 medulloblastoma-shh medulloblastoma-wnt"},{"id":"paper-rtog-9802-buckner-nejm-2016","kind":"paper","name":"RTOG 9802: radiation plus procarbazine, lomustine and vincristine in high-risk low-grade glioma","aka":"","tldr":"Adding PCV chemotherapy after radiotherapy for grade 2 glioma in adults who were over 40 or had residual tumour lengthened median survival from about eight to over thirteen years, one of the largest gains ever seen in neuro-oncology.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-rtog-9802-buckner-nejm-2016/","cancers":"idh-mutant-astrocytoma oligodendroglioma"},{"id":"paper-catnon-lancet-2017","kind":"paper","name":"CATNON: concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide in anaplastic glioma without 1p/19q codeletion","aka":"","tldr":"Twelve cycles of temozolomide after radiotherapy lengthened survival in grade 3 glioma without 1p/19q codeletion, while giving temozolomide during radiotherapy added nothing in these tumours.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-catnon-lancet-2017/","cancers":"idh-mutant-astrocytoma"},{"id":"paper-alliance-n0574-brown-jama-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Alliance N0574: radiosurgery alone versus radiosurgery plus whole-brain radiotherapy for one to three brain metastases","aka":"","tldr":"Adding whole-brain radiotherapy to focused radiosurgery for a few brain metastases caused more memory and thinking problems without lengthening life, so radiosurgery alone became standard for limited brain metastases.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-alliance-n0574-brown-jama-2016/","cancers":"secondary-brain-tumours"},{"id":"paper-n107c-brown-lancet-oncol-2017","kind":"paper","name":"N107C/CEC.3: postoperative radiosurgery versus whole-brain radiotherapy after resection of a brain metastasis","aka":"","tldr":"After surgery to remove a brain metastasis, focused radiosurgery to the cavity preserved thinking and memory far better than whole-brain radiotherapy and gave the same survival, so it became the standard.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-n107c-brown-lancet-oncol-2017/","cancers":"secondary-brain-tumours"},{"id":"paper-nrg-cc001-brown-jco-2020","kind":"paper","name":"NRG CC001: hippocampal-avoidance whole-brain radiotherapy plus memantine for brain metastases","aka":"","tldr":"When whole-brain radiotherapy is needed, shaping the beams to spare the hippocampus and adding memantine reduced the memory and thinking decline that the treatment causes, with no loss of tumour control.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-nrg-cc001-brown-jco-2020/","cancers":"secondary-brain-tumours"},{"id":"paper-quartz-lancet-2016","kind":"paper","name":"QUARTZ: whole-brain radiotherapy versus supportive care alone for brain metastases from non-small-cell lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"For patients with lung cancer brain metastases unsuitable for surgery or radiosurgery, whole-brain radiotherapy added no meaningful survival or quality of life compared with steroids and supportive care alone.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-quartz-lancet-2016/","cancers":"secondary-brain-tumours"},{"id":"paper-siop-cns-gct-96-calaminus-neuro-oncology-2013","kind":"paper","name":"SIOP CNS GCT 96: outcomes for children and adults with intracranial germinoma treated with radiotherapy alone or chemotherapy plus reduced radiotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"This large European trial showed that localised intracranial germinoma can be cured in almost every patient either with craniospinal radiotherapy or with chemotherapy followed by smaller-field radiotherapy, but that the reduced field must cover the ventricles to avoid relapse.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-siop-cns-gct-96-calaminus-neuro-oncology-2013/","cancers":"cns-germ-cell-tumours"},{"id":"paper-acns1123-germinoma-neuro-oncology-2022","kind":"paper","name":"ACNS1123: response-based reduced-dose whole-ventricular radiotherapy for localised germinoma","aka":"","tldr":"In children with localised germinoma who responded completely to chemotherapy, lowering the whole-ventricular radiotherapy dose to 18 Gy kept cure rates above 90 percent, allowing less radiation to the developing brain.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-acns1123-germinoma-neuro-oncology-2022/","cancers":"cns-germ-cell-tumours"},{"id":"paper-eano-meningioma-goldbrunner-neuro-oncology-2021","kind":"paper","name":"EANO guideline on the diagnosis and management of meningiomas (2021)","aka":"","tldr":"The European neuro-oncology guideline on meningioma sets out when to watch, when to operate, when to use radiosurgery or fractionated radiotherapy by grade and extent of resection, and the limited place of drug therapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-eano-meningioma-goldbrunner-neuro-oncology-2021/","cancers":"meningioma"},{"id":"paper-sahm-meningioma-methylation-lancet-oncol-2017","kind":"paper","name":"DNA methylation-based classification and grading system for meningioma","aka":"","tldr":"Profiling the chemical marks on meningioma DNA separated the tumours into six classes that predicted recurrence better than the traditional microscope-based grade, especially for the many grade 1 and 2 tumours that behave unexpectedly.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-sahm-meningioma-methylation-lancet-oncol-2017/","cancers":"meningioma"},{"id":"paper-rtog-9402-cairncross-jco-2013","kind":"paper","name":"RTOG 9402: PCV chemotherapy before radiotherapy for anaplastic oligodendroglioma, long-term results","aka":"","tldr":"Long follow-up of this trial showed that adding PCV chemotherapy to radiotherapy roughly doubled survival, from about seven to fourteen years, in anaplastic oligodendroglioma with loss of chromosomes 1p and 19q, while tumours without the codeletion gained nothing.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-rtog-9402-cairncross-jco-2013/","cancers":"oligodendroglioma"},{"id":"paper-eortc-26951-van-den-bent-jco-2013","kind":"paper","name":"EORTC 26951: adjuvant PCV after radiotherapy for anaplastic oligodendroglial tumours, long-term follow-up","aka":"","tldr":"This European trial confirmed, independently of the American RTOG 9402 study, that PCV chemotherapy added to radiotherapy lengthens survival in anaplastic oligodendroglioma, with the largest benefit in tumours carrying the 1p/19q codeletion.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-eortc-26951-van-den-bent-jco-2013/","cancers":"oligodendroglioma"},{"id":"paper-mackay-paediatric-hgg-cancer-cell-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Integrated molecular meta-analysis of 1,000 paediatric high-grade and diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas","aka":"","tldr":"Pooling molecular data from a thousand childhood high-grade gliomas showed they are a collection of distinct diseases defined by mutations such as histone H3 K27M and G34R, IDH, and BRAF, with different ages, locations and survival, rather than a single tumour type.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-mackay-paediatric-hgg-cancer-cell-2017/","cancers":"paediatric-high-grade-glioma"},{"id":"paper-hargrave-dabrafenib-trametinib-paediatric-hgg-jco-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Dabrafenib plus trametinib in relapsed or refractory BRAF V600-mutant paediatric high-grade glioma","aka":"","tldr":"In children whose BRAF V600-mutant high-grade glioma had relapsed, the combination of dabrafenib and trametinib shrank tumours in more than half and gave responses lasting well over a year, far better than historical chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-hargrave-dabrafenib-trametinib-paediatric-hgg-jco-2023/","cancers":"paediatric-high-grade-glioma"},{"id":"paper-belzutifan-vhl-jonasch-nejm-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Belzutifan for renal cell carcinoma and other tumours in von Hippel-Lindau disease","aka":"","tldr":"The oral HIF-2 alpha inhibitor belzutifan shrank kidney cancers in about half of people with von Hippel-Lindau disease and also shrank their brain and spinal haemangioblastomas and pancreatic tumours, letting many avoid repeated operations.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-belzutifan-vhl-jonasch-nejm-2021/","cancers":"spinal-cord-tumours"},{"id":"paper-plotkin-bevacizumab-nf2-nejm-2009","kind":"paper","name":"Hearing improvement after bevacizumab in patients with neurofibromatosis type 2","aka":"","tldr":"In a small series of people with NF2 and progressive vestibular schwannomas, the anti-VEGF antibody bevacizumab shrank the tumours in most and, remarkably, improved hearing in more than half, opening the first drug treatment for these tumours.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-plotkin-bevacizumab-nf2-nejm-2009/","cancers":"vestibular-schwannoma"},{"id":"paper-carlson-link-vestibular-schwannomas-nejm-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Vestibular schwannomas (review)","aka":"","tldr":"A clinical review of acoustic neuromas covering how they present, why observation is now the first choice for most small tumours, and how microsurgery and radiosurgery compare for tumours that grow.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-carlson-link-vestibular-schwannomas-nejm-2021/","cancers":"vestibular-schwannoma"},{"id":"paper-cms-guinney-nat-med-2015","kind":"paper","name":"The consensus molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"An international consortium reconciled six competing gene-expression classifications of colorectal cancer into four consensus subtypes, from immune-active microsatellite-unstable tumours to mesenchymal tumours with the worst outlook.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-cms-guinney-nat-med-2015/","cancers":"braf-v600e-colorectal early-onset-colorectal colorectal"},{"id":"paper-sinicrope-early-onset-crc-nejm-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Increasing incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer (review)","aka":"","tldr":"This review explains the rise of colorectal cancer in adults under 50, what is known about its causes and distinct features, and how screening ages and clinical management have responded.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-sinicrope-early-onset-crc-nejm-2022/","cancers":"early-onset-colorectal"},{"id":"paper-uspstf-crc-screening-45-jama-2021","kind":"paper","name":"US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation: colorectal cancer screening from age 45","aka":"","tldr":"In 2021 the US Preventive Services Task Force lowered the recommended age to start colorectal cancer screening from 50 to 45 for average-risk adults, in response to rising rates in younger people.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-uspstf-crc-screening-45-jama-2021/","cancers":"early-onset-colorectal"},{"id":"paper-krystal-1-crc-yaeger-nejm-2023","kind":"paper","name":"KRYSTAL-1: adagrasib with or without cetuximab in KRAS G12C-mutated colorectal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The KRAS G12C inhibitor adagrasib on its own shrank about one in five previously treated colorectal cancers, but combined with the EGFR antibody cetuximab the response rate rose to nearly half, showing the two drugs are needed together in this disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-krystal-1-crc-yaeger-nejm-2023/","cancers":"kras-g12c-colorectal"},{"id":"paper-checkmate-8hw-lancet-2025","kind":"paper","name":"CheckMate 8HW: nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus nivolumab alone in MSI-high metastatic colorectal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Dual immunotherapy with nivolumab and ipilimumab delayed progression more than nivolumab alone across all lines of treatment in microsatellite-unstable colorectal cancer, with about seven in ten patients progression-free at three years.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-checkmate-8hw-lancet-2025/","cancers":"msi-high-colorectal"},{"id":"paper-dunleavy-da-epoch-r-pmbcl-nejm-2013","kind":"paper","name":"Dose-adjusted EPOCH-rituximab therapy in primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"Infusional dose-adjusted EPOCH with rituximab cured almost every patient with primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma without any radiotherapy, sparing young patients the heart and breast cancer risks of chest irradiation.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-dunleavy-da-epoch-r-pmbcl-nejm-2013/","cancers":"primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-ielsg37-pmbcl-martelli-jco-2024","kind":"paper","name":"IELSG37: omission of radiotherapy in primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma after a negative PET scan","aka":"","tldr":"Patients with primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma whose PET scan was negative after immunochemotherapy did just as well without consolidation radiotherapy as with it, so radiotherapy can safely be omitted for them.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ielsg37-pmbcl-martelli-jco-2024/","cancers":"primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-keynote-170-pembrolizumab-pmbcl-armand-jco-2019","kind":"paper","name":"KEYNOTE-170: pembrolizumab in relapsed or refractory primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"Pembrolizumab produced responses in about 45 percent of patients with primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma that had relapsed after chemotherapy, a lymphoma whose frequent 9p24.1 amplification makes it unusually sensitive to PD-1 blockade.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-170-pembrolizumab-pmbcl-armand-jco-2019/","cancers":"primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-prospect-nejm-2023","kind":"paper","name":"PROSPECT: neoadjuvant FOLFOX with selective use of chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"For rectal cancers of intermediate risk suitable for sphincter-sparing surgery, six cycles of FOLFOX chemotherapy, with radiotherapy only if the tumour did not shrink, was as effective as routine chemoradiation and spared nine in ten patients pelvic radiotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-prospect-nejm-2023/","cancers":"rectal-cancer"},{"id":"paper-nrg-gy018-nejm-2023","kind":"paper","name":"NRG-GY018: pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding pembrolizumab to carboplatin-paclitaxel and continuing it as maintenance cut the risk of progression by 70 percent in mismatch repair-deficient endometrial cancer and by 46 percent in mismatch repair-proficient disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-nrg-gy018-nejm-2023/","cancers":"advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer endometrial-mmr-deficient endometrial-nsmp"},{"id":"paper-keynote-775-nejm-2022","kind":"paper","name":"KEYNOTE-775: lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for previously treated advanced endometrial cancer","aka":"","tldr":"After platinum chemotherapy, the combination of the kinase inhibitor lenvatinib and pembrolizumab lengthened survival compared with doxorubicin or paclitaxel in advanced endometrial cancer, including in the mismatch repair-proficient majority.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-775-nejm-2022/","cancers":"advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer"},{"id":"paper-duo-e-jco-2023","kind":"paper","name":"DUO-E: durvalumab with carboplatin-paclitaxel and maintenance durvalumab with or without olaparib in advanced endometrial cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding durvalumab to first-line chemotherapy delayed progression in advanced endometrial cancer, and adding the PARP inhibitor olaparib to durvalumab maintenance helped further in mismatch repair-proficient tumours.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-duo-e-jco-2023/","cancers":"advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer"},{"id":"paper-lacc-nejm-2018","kind":"paper","name":"LACC: minimally invasive versus open radical hysterectomy for early cervical cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Against expectations, keyhole radical hysterectomy for early cervical cancer led to more recurrences and more deaths than open surgery, reversing a decade of practice towards laparoscopic and robotic operations.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-lacc-nejm-2018/","cancers":"early-cervical-cancer"},{"id":"paper-shape-nejm-2024","kind":"paper","name":"SHAPE: simple versus radical hysterectomy in low-risk early cervical cancer","aka":"","tldr":"For small, low-risk cervical cancers, a simple hysterectomy gave the same very low pelvic recurrence rate as a radical hysterectomy with fewer urinary and sexual complications, so less extensive surgery is now acceptable.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-shape-nejm-2024/","cancers":"early-cervical-cancer"},{"id":"paper-promise-talhouk-cancer-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Confirmation of ProMisE: a genomics-based clinical classifier for endometrial cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The ProMisE classifier uses three tests, mismatch repair and p53 immunohistochemistry plus POLE sequencing, to sort endometrial cancers into four molecular groups that reproduce the Cancer Genome Atlas subtypes and predict outcome.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-promise-talhouk-cancer-2017/","cancers":"endometrial-nsmp endometrial-mmr-deficient endometrial-p53-abnormal endometrial-pole-ultramutated"},{"id":"paper-portec-2-lancet-2010","kind":"paper","name":"PORTEC-2: vaginal brachytherapy versus pelvic external beam radiotherapy for high-intermediate-risk endometrial cancer","aka":"","tldr":"For endometrial cancer of high-intermediate risk, brachytherapy to the top of the vagina alone controlled the disease as well as radiotherapy to the whole pelvis, with fewer bowel side effects and better quality of life.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-portec-2-lancet-2010/","cancers":"endometrial-nsmp"},{"id":"paper-esgo-estro-esp-endometrial-concin-ijgc-2021","kind":"paper","name":"ESGO/ESTRO/ESP guidelines for the management of endometrial carcinoma (2021)","aka":"","tldr":"The European gynaecological oncology, radiotherapy and pathology societies' joint guideline integrates molecular classification into risk groups for endometrial cancer and sets adjuvant treatment for each, including no adjuvant therapy for early POLE-mutated tumours.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-esgo-estro-esp-endometrial-concin-ijgc-2021/","cancers":"endometrial-nsmp endometrial-pole-ultramutated"},{"id":"paper-tcga-endometrial-nature-2013","kind":"paper","name":"Integrated genomic characterisation of endometrial carcinoma (The Cancer Genome Atlas)","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing of 373 endometrial cancers revealed four molecular groups, POLE ultramutated, microsatellite unstable, copy-number low and copy-number high, that cut across the traditional endometrioid and serous types and predict outcome.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-tcga-endometrial-nature-2013/","cancers":"endometrial-pole-ultramutated endometrial-p53-abnormal"},{"id":"paper-interlace-lancet-2024","kind":"paper","name":"INTERLACE: induction chemotherapy before chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Six weekly cycles of carboplatin and paclitaxel given immediately before standard chemoradiation improved survival in locally advanced cervical cancer by about eight percentage points at five years, using cheap widely available drugs.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-interlace-lancet-2024/","cancers":"locally-advanced-cervical-cancer"},{"id":"paper-outback-lancet-oncol-2023","kind":"paper","name":"OUTBACK: adjuvant carboplatin-paclitaxel after chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding four cycles of carboplatin-paclitaxel chemotherapy after standard chemoradiation did not improve survival in locally advanced cervical cancer and caused more side effects, so adjuvant chemotherapy is not recommended.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-outback-lancet-oncol-2023/","cancers":"locally-advanced-cervical-cancer"},{"id":"paper-rose-cisplatin-chemoradiation-cervical-nejm-1999","kind":"paper","name":"GOG 120: concurrent cisplatin-based chemotherapy with radiotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Giving cisplatin during pelvic radiotherapy nearly halved the risk of death compared with radiotherapy with hydroxyurea in locally advanced cervical cancer, establishing weekly cisplatin chemoradiation as the worldwide standard.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-rose-cisplatin-chemoradiation-cervical-nejm-1999/","cancers":"locally-advanced-cervical-cancer"},{"id":"paper-garnet-dostarlimab-oaknin-jama-oncol-2020","kind":"paper","name":"GARNET: dostarlimab in mismatch repair-deficient recurrent or advanced endometrial cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The PD-1 antibody dostarlimab shrank tumours in about four in ten women with mismatch repair-deficient endometrial cancer that had progressed after platinum chemotherapy, with most responses still ongoing after a year.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-garnet-dostarlimab-oaknin-jama-oncol-2020/","cancers":"endometrial-mmr-deficient"},{"id":"paper-portec-3-molecular-leon-castillo-jco-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Molecular classification of the PORTEC-3 trial: prognosis and benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy by molecular group","aka":"","tldr":"Re-analysing the PORTEC-3 trial by molecular class showed that p53-abnormal endometrial cancers gained substantially from adding chemotherapy to radiotherapy, POLE-mutated tumours did well regardless, and the other groups gained little.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-portec-3-molecular-leon-castillo-jco-2020/","cancers":"endometrial-mmr-deficient endometrial-p53-abnormal endometrial-pole-ultramutated"},{"id":"paper-portec-3-lancet-oncol-2018","kind":"paper","name":"PORTEC-3: adjuvant chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for high-risk endometrial cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding cisplatin during pelvic radiotherapy and four cycles of carboplatin-paclitaxel afterwards improved failure-free survival in high-risk endometrial cancer, most clearly in stage III and serous cancers, at the cost of more toxicity.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-portec-3-lancet-oncol-2018/","cancers":"endometrial-p53-abnormal"},{"id":"paper-fader-trastuzumab-uterine-serous-jco-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Carboplatin-paclitaxel with or without trastuzumab in HER2-positive advanced or recurrent uterine serous carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Adding trastuzumab to chemotherapy for HER2-positive uterine serous carcinoma, an aggressive endometrial cancer, lengthened progression-free survival by about four months and later showed a survival benefit, making HER2 testing routine in this subtype.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-fader-trastuzumab-uterine-serous-jco-2018/","cancers":"endometrial-p53-abnormal"},{"id":"paper-destiny-pantumor02-jco-2024","kind":"paper","name":"DESTINY-PanTumor02: trastuzumab deruxtecan in HER2-expressing solid tumours","aka":"","tldr":"Across seven tumour types including endometrial, cervical and ovarian cancers, trastuzumab deruxtecan shrank tumours in about 37 percent of patients overall and 61 percent of those with the highest HER2 expression, leading to a tumour-agnostic approval.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-destiny-pantumor02-jco-2024/","cancers":"endometrial-p53-abnormal recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer uterine-carcinosarcoma"},{"id":"paper-mirasol-nejm-2023","kind":"paper","name":"MIRASOL: mirvetuximab soravtansine versus chemotherapy in folate receptor alpha-high platinum-resistant ovarian cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The antibody-drug conjugate mirvetuximab soravtansine lengthened survival compared with chemotherapy in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer with high folate receptor alpha expression, the first drug ever to do so in this setting.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-mirasol-nejm-2023/","cancers":"platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"paper-rosella-relacorilant-lancet-2025","kind":"paper","name":"ROSELLA: relacorilant plus nab-paclitaxel in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding relacorilant, a drug that blocks the cortisol receptor and thereby restores chemotherapy sensitivity, to nab-paclitaxel lengthened progression-free and overall survival in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer regardless of any biomarker.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-rosella-relacorilant-lancet-2025/","cancers":"platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"paper-prima-niraparib-nejm-2019","kind":"paper","name":"PRIMA: niraparib maintenance in newly diagnosed advanced ovarian cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Niraparib maintenance after first-line chemotherapy delayed progression in newly diagnosed advanced ovarian cancer whether or not the tumour had a homologous recombination deficiency, though the gain was much larger when it did.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-prima-niraparib-nejm-2019/","cancers":"platinum-sensitive-ovarian-cancer high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"paper-desktop-iii-nejm-2021","kind":"paper","name":"DESKTOP III: secondary cytoreductive surgery for recurrent platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In women with a first platinum-sensitive relapse selected by a simple score predicting complete resectability, surgery before chemotherapy lengthened survival by about a year, but only when all visible disease was removed.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-desktop-iii-nejm-2021/","cancers":"platinum-sensitive-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"paper-church-pole-endometrial-jnci-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Prognostic significance of POLE proofreading mutations in endometrial cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Endometrial cancers with mutations in the proofreading domain of POLE, though hypermutated and often high grade, almost never recur, identifying a group of women who can be spared adjuvant treatment.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-church-pole-endometrial-jnci-2015/","cancers":"endometrial-pole-ultramutated"},{"id":"paper-keynote-826-nejm-2021","kind":"paper","name":"KEYNOTE-826: pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab for persistent, recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding pembrolizumab to first-line chemotherapy, with or without bevacizumab, lengthened survival in advanced cervical cancer, the first improvement in the disease since bevacizumab was added seven years earlier.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-826-nejm-2021/","cancers":"recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer"},{"id":"paper-innovatv-301-tisotumab-nejm-2024","kind":"paper","name":"innovaTV 301: tisotumab vedotin versus chemotherapy as second- or third-line therapy for recurrent cervical cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The tissue factor-directed antibody-drug conjugate tisotumab vedotin lengthened survival compared with chemotherapy in cervical cancer that had progressed after first-line treatment, at the cost of eye and nerve side effects.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-innovatv-301-tisotumab-nejm-2024/","cancers":"recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer"},{"id":"paper-empower-cervical-1-cemiplimab-nejm-2022","kind":"paper","name":"EMPOWER-Cervical 1: cemiplimab versus chemotherapy in recurrent cervical cancer after platinum","aka":"","tldr":"The PD-1 antibody cemiplimab lengthened survival compared with single-agent chemotherapy in recurrent cervical cancer after platinum, regardless of PD-L1 expression, the first immunotherapy to show a survival benefit in this disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-empower-cervical-1-cemiplimab-nejm-2022/","cancers":"recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer"},{"id":"paper-gog-240-bevacizumab-cervical-nejm-2014","kind":"paper","name":"GOG 240: bevacizumab added to chemotherapy for advanced cervical cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the anti-angiogenic antibody bevacizumab to chemotherapy lengthened survival by almost four months in recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer, the first targeted drug to improve survival in a gynaecological cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-gog-240-bevacizumab-cervical-nejm-2014/","cancers":"recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer"},{"id":"paper-gog-0261-carcinosarcoma-powell-jco-2022","kind":"paper","name":"GOG-0261: paclitaxel-carboplatin versus paclitaxel-ifosfamide in uterine carcinosarcoma","aka":"","tldr":"For uterine carcinosarcoma, the standard breast and ovarian regimen carboplatin-paclitaxel was as effective as the older, more toxic paclitaxel-ifosfamide combination, simplifying treatment of this rare aggressive cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-gog-0261-carcinosarcoma-powell-jco-2022/","cancers":"uterine-carcinosarcoma"},{"id":"paper-tchekmedyian-lenvatinib-adenoid-cystic-jco-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Phase 2 study of lenvatinib in progressive, recurrent or metastatic adenoid cystic carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"The multikinase inhibitor lenvatinib shrank tumours in about one in six patients with progressing adenoid cystic carcinoma and stabilised most of the rest, making it one of the few active drugs for this slow-growing salivary cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-tchekmedyian-lenvatinib-adenoid-cystic-jco-2019/","cancers":"adenoid-cystic-carcinoma"},{"id":"paper-persson-myb-nfib-pnas-2009","kind":"paper","name":"Recurrent fusion of MYB and NFIB transcription factor genes in adenoid cystic carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"This study discovered that adenoid cystic carcinomas of the salivary gland and breast are driven by a fusion of the MYB and NFIB genes, providing the defining molecular feature of the tumour and a diagnostic marker.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-persson-myb-nfib-pnas-2009/","cancers":"adenoid-cystic-carcinoma"},{"id":"paper-bonner-cetuximab-radiotherapy-nejm-2006","kind":"paper","name":"Radiotherapy plus cetuximab for locoregionally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the EGFR antibody cetuximab to radiotherapy lengthened survival in locally advanced head and neck cancer by about 20 months without increasing the mucosal toxicity of radiotherapy, giving patients unfit for cisplatin an alternative.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-bonner-cetuximab-radiotherapy-nejm-2006/","cancers":"hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer hypopharyngeal-cancer lip-cancer"},{"id":"paper-bernier-eortc-22931-nejm-2004","kind":"paper","name":"EORTC 22931: postoperative irradiation with or without concomitant cisplatin for locally advanced head and neck cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding cisplatin to radiotherapy after surgery for high-risk head and neck cancer improved local control and survival, and with the parallel American trial defined extranodal extension and positive margins as the indications for postoperative chemoradiation.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-bernier-eortc-22931-nejm-2004/","cancers":"hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer oral-tongue-cancer oral-cavity-cancer buccal-mucosa-cancer lip-cancer mucoepidermoid-carcinoma salivary-duct-carcinoma"},{"id":"paper-cooper-rtog-9501-nejm-2004","kind":"paper","name":"RTOG 9501: postoperative concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy for high-risk head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"In this American trial, adding cisplatin to postoperative radiotherapy for high-risk head and neck cancer improved local control and disease-free survival but not overall survival, and doubled severe toxicity.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-cooper-rtog-9501-nejm-2004/","cancers":"hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer oral-cavity-cancer buccal-mucosa-cancer"},{"id":"paper-keynote-689-nejm-2025","kind":"paper","name":"KEYNOTE-689: neoadjuvant and adjuvant pembrolizumab for resectable locally advanced head and neck cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Giving pembrolizumab before surgery and continuing it afterwards alongside radiotherapy reduced recurrences in resectable locally advanced head and neck cancer, the first improvement in surgical treatment of the disease in two decades.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-689-nejm-2025/","cancers":"hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer"},{"id":"paper-ang-hpv-oropharyngeal-nejm-2010","kind":"paper","name":"Human papillomavirus and survival of patients with oropharyngeal cancer (RTOG 0129)","aka":"","tldr":"Analysing a large chemoradiation trial showed that HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers have a far better prognosis than HPV-negative ones, with three-year survival of 82 versus 57 percent, and that smoking history further modifies risk.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ang-hpv-oropharyngeal-nejm-2010/","cancers":"hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer oropharyngeal-cancer hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer"},{"id":"paper-rtog-1016-lancet-2019","kind":"paper","name":"NRG Oncology RTOG 1016: radiotherapy plus cetuximab versus cisplatin in HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Trying to reduce toxicity by swapping cisplatin for cetuximab during radiotherapy in HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer backfired: cetuximab gave worse survival and more recurrences with no reduction in toxicity, so cisplatin remains standard.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-rtog-1016-lancet-2019/","cancers":"hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer oropharyngeal-cancer"},{"id":"paper-de-escalate-lancet-2019","kind":"paper","name":"De-ESCALaTE HPV: radiotherapy plus cisplatin or cetuximab in low-risk HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"This European trial, like its American counterpart, found that replacing cisplatin with cetuximab in low-risk HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer caused more recurrences and deaths without reducing severe toxicity.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-de-escalate-lancet-2019/","cancers":"hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer oropharyngeal-cancer"},{"id":"paper-e3311-transoral-surgery-ferris-jco-2022","kind":"paper","name":"ECOG-ACRIN E3311: transoral surgery followed by reduced-dose radiotherapy for HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer removed by transoral robotic surgery, patients with intermediate-risk pathology did just as well with a reduced 50 Gy dose of radiotherapy as with the standard 60 Gy, supporting surgery-based de-escalation.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-e3311-transoral-surgery-ferris-jco-2022/","cancers":"hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer"},{"id":"paper-eortc-24891-larynx-preservation-lefebvre-jnci-1996","kind":"paper","name":"EORTC 24891: larynx preservation with induction chemotherapy in pyriform sinus (hypopharyngeal) cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In hypopharyngeal cancer that would otherwise require removal of the voice box, induction chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy in responders gave survival equal to immediate laryngectomy and let about half of survivors keep a functioning larynx.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-eortc-24891-larynx-preservation-lefebvre-jnci-1996/","cancers":"hypopharyngeal-cancer laryngeal-cancer"},{"id":"paper-empower-cscc-1-cemiplimab-migden-nejm-2018","kind":"paper","name":"PD-1 blockade with cemiplimab in advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (EMPOWER-CSCC-1)","aka":"","tldr":"Cemiplimab shrank tumours in about half of patients with metastatic or locally advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, a highly mutated skin cancer with almost no previous treatment options, leading to the first approval for the disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-empower-cscc-1-cemiplimab-migden-nejm-2018/","cancers":"lip-cancer advanced-cutaneous-scc"},{"id":"paper-tonon-crtc1-maml2-nat-genet-2003","kind":"paper","name":"The t(11;19) translocation in mucoepidermoid carcinoma creates a CRTC1-MAML2 fusion","aka":"","tldr":"This study identified the gene fusion (CRTC1-MAML2, originally called MECT1-MAML2) created by the characteristic chromosome translocation in mucoepidermoid carcinoma, giving the tumour a defining molecular marker.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-tonon-crtc1-maml2-nat-genet-2003/","cancers":"mucoepidermoid-carcinoma"},{"id":"paper-laurie-licitra-salivary-systemic-jco-2006","kind":"paper","name":"Systemic therapy in the palliative management of advanced salivary gland cancers (review)","aka":"","tldr":"This review of chemotherapy in salivary gland cancers concluded that responses are uncommon and short, that observation is reasonable for slowly progressing disease, and that trials of targeted agents based on tumour biology were needed.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-laurie-licitra-salivary-systemic-jco-2006/","cancers":"mucoepidermoid-carcinoma adenoid-cystic-carcinoma salivary-duct-carcinoma"},{"id":"paper-extreme-vermorken-nejm-2008","kind":"paper","name":"EXTREME: platinum-based chemotherapy plus cetuximab in recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding cetuximab to platinum and fluorouracil lengthened survival in recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer from 7.4 to 10.1 months, the first improvement in first-line treatment in decades.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-extreme-vermorken-nejm-2008/","cancers":"recurrent-metastatic-hnscc"},{"id":"paper-checkmate-141-ferris-nejm-2016","kind":"paper","name":"CheckMate 141: nivolumab for recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma after platinum","aka":"","tldr":"Nivolumab lengthened survival compared with standard single-agent chemotherapy in head and neck cancer that had progressed within six months of platinum treatment, the first immunotherapy to improve survival in the disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-checkmate-141-ferris-nejm-2016/","cancers":"recurrent-metastatic-hnscc oropharyngeal-cancer"},{"id":"paper-tpextreme-lancet-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"TPExtreme (GORTEC 2014-01): docetaxel, cisplatin and cetuximab versus the EXTREME regimen in recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Replacing fluorouracil with docetaxel in the cetuximab-platinum regimen for advanced head and neck cancer did not lengthen survival but was less toxic and much easier to give, so TPEx is an accepted alternative.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-tpextreme-lancet-oncol-2021/","cancers":"recurrent-metastatic-hnscc"},{"id":"paper-takahashi-trastuzumab-docetaxel-salivary-duct-jco-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Phase 2 trial of trastuzumab and docetaxel in HER2-positive salivary duct carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"In HER2-positive salivary duct carcinoma, an aggressive salivary cancer resembling breast cancer, trastuzumab plus docetaxel shrank tumours in 70 percent of patients, establishing HER2 testing and targeting in the disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-takahashi-trastuzumab-docetaxel-salivary-duct-jco-2019/","cancers":"salivary-duct-carcinoma"},{"id":"paper-fushimi-androgen-deprivation-salivary-duct-ann-oncol-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Combined androgen blockade in androgen receptor-positive salivary gland carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Hormone therapy of the kind used in prostate cancer shrank or controlled tumours in most patients with androgen receptor-positive salivary duct carcinoma, a treatment with far less toxicity than chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-fushimi-androgen-deprivation-salivary-duct-ann-oncol-2018/","cancers":"salivary-duct-carcinoma"},{"id":"paper-rtog-91-11-forastiere-nejm-2003","kind":"paper","name":"RTOG 91-11: concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy for organ preservation in advanced laryngeal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Giving cisplatin at the same time as radiotherapy preserved the larynx in more patients with advanced laryngeal cancer than either induction chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy or radiotherapy alone, defining the standard larynx-preserving treatment.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-rtog-91-11-forastiere-nejm-2003/","cancers":"laryngeal-cancer"},{"id":"paper-rtog-91-11-long-term-forastiere-jco-2013","kind":"paper","name":"Long-term results of RTOG 91-11: three non-surgical strategies to preserve the larynx","aka":"","tldr":"Ten-year follow-up confirmed that concurrent chemoradiation gives the best larynx preservation and local control in advanced laryngeal cancer, but also revealed more late deaths unrelated to cancer in that arm, raising questions about long-term toxicity.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-rtog-91-11-long-term-forastiere-jco-2013/","cancers":"laryngeal-cancer"},{"id":"paper-va-larynx-induction-chemotherapy-nejm-1991","kind":"paper","name":"Department of Veterans Affairs Laryngeal Cancer Study: induction chemotherapy plus radiation versus surgery plus radiation","aka":"","tldr":"This landmark trial showed that advanced laryngeal cancer could be treated with chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy instead of total laryngectomy, with the same survival and preservation of the larynx in about two thirds of survivors.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-va-larynx-induction-chemotherapy-nejm-1991/","cancers":"laryngeal-cancer"},{"id":"paper-who-2022-gu-moch-eur-urol-2022","kind":"paper","name":"WHO classification of tumours of the urinary system and male genital organs, 2022: renal, penile and testicular tumours","aka":"","tldr":"The 2022 World Health Organization classification of kidney tumours reorganises renal cell carcinoma into morphologically and molecularly defined types, including new molecularly defined entities, and clarifies chromophobe, papillary and clear cell subtypes.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-who-2022-gu-moch-eur-urol-2022/","cancers":"chromophobe-rcc papillary-rcc clear-cell-rcc"},{"id":"paper-tcga-chromophobe-davis-cancer-cell-2014","kind":"paper","name":"The somatic genomic landscape of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (The Cancer Genome Atlas)","aka":"","tldr":"Genomic analysis of 66 chromophobe kidney cancers showed they arise from a different cell of origin than clear cell tumours, carry characteristic whole-chromosome losses and TP53 and PTEN mutations, and have distinctive mitochondrial DNA changes and TERT promoter rearrangements.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-tcga-chromophobe-davis-cancer-cell-2014/","cancers":"chromophobe-rcc"},{"id":"paper-aspen-armstrong-lancet-oncol-2016","kind":"paper","name":"ASPEN: everolimus versus sunitinib in metastatic non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"In the first randomised trial dedicated to non-clear cell kidney cancers, sunitinib delayed progression more than everolimus overall, though chromophobe tumours appeared to fare better on everolimus.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-aspen-armstrong-lancet-oncol-2016/","cancers":"chromophobe-rcc papillary-rcc"},{"id":"paper-keynote-426-nejm-2019","kind":"paper","name":"KEYNOTE-426: pembrolizumab plus axitinib versus sunitinib for advanced renal cell carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Combining pembrolizumab with the kinase inhibitor axitinib lengthened survival and delayed progression compared with sunitinib as first treatment for advanced clear cell kidney cancer, across all risk groups.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-426-nejm-2019/","cancers":"clear-cell-rcc"},{"id":"paper-checkmate-214-nejm-2018","kind":"paper","name":"CheckMate 214: nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus sunitinib in advanced renal cell carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Dual immunotherapy with nivolumab and ipilimumab lengthened survival compared with sunitinib in intermediate- and poor-risk advanced kidney cancer, with about one in ten patients achieving a complete response that has proved durable over years.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-checkmate-214-nejm-2018/","cancers":"clear-cell-rcc"},{"id":"paper-papmet-pal-lancet-2021","kind":"paper","name":"PAPMET (SWOG 1500): cabozantinib versus sunitinib for metastatic papillary renal cell carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"In the first randomised trial to show a benefit in papillary kidney cancer, the MET-targeting kinase inhibitor cabozantinib delayed progression and tripled the response rate compared with sunitinib, while two other MET inhibitors did not.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-papmet-pal-lancet-2021/","cancers":"papillary-rcc"},{"id":"paper-tcga-papillary-rcc-nejm-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Comprehensive molecular characterisation of papillary renal cell carcinoma (The Cancer Genome Atlas)","aka":"","tldr":"Genomic analysis of 161 papillary kidney cancers showed that type 1 tumours are driven by MET alterations while type 2 tumours are a mixture of distinct diseases including CDKN2A-silenced, SETD2-mutated, fumarate hydratase-deficient and a CpG island methylator phenotype with very short survival.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-tcga-papillary-rcc-nejm-2016/","cancers":"papillary-rcc"},{"id":"paper-planchard-dabrafenib-trametinib-braf-nsclc-lancet-oncol-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Dabrafenib plus trametinib in previously treated BRAF V600E-mutant metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Combining a BRAF inhibitor with a MEK inhibitor shrank tumours in about two thirds of previously treated patients with BRAF V600E-mutant lung cancer, far more than BRAF inhibition alone, leading to the first approval for this driver.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-planchard-dabrafenib-trametinib-braf-nsclc-lancet-oncol-2016/","cancers":"braf-v600e-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-planchard-dabrafenib-trametinib-first-line-lancet-oncol-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Dabrafenib plus trametinib in previously untreated BRAF V600E-mutant metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Used as first treatment, dabrafenib plus trametinib shrank tumours in almost two thirds of patients with BRAF V600E-mutant lung cancer and controlled the disease for over a year, supporting its use before chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-planchard-dabrafenib-trametinib-first-line-lancet-oncol-2017/","cancers":"braf-v600e-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-pharos-encorafenib-binimetinib-riely-jco-2023","kind":"paper","name":"PHAROS: encorafenib plus binimetinib in BRAF V600E-mutant 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driver.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-beamion-lung-1-zongertinib-nejm-2025/","cancers":"her2-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-vision-tepotinib-paik-nejm-2020","kind":"paper","name":"VISION: tepotinib in non-small-cell lung cancer with MET exon 14 skipping mutations","aka":"","tldr":"The once-daily MET inhibitor tepotinib shrank tumours in about half of patients with MET exon 14-skipping lung cancer, detected either in tissue or in a blood test, supporting approval and the use of liquid biopsy to find the alteration.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-vision-tepotinib-paik-nejm-2020/","cancers":"met-altered-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-frampton-met-exon-14-cancer-discov-2015","kind":"paper","name":"MET exon 14 splicing alterations across tumour types and their sensitivity to MET inhibitors","aka":"","tldr":"This large sequencing study defined MET exon 14 skipping as a recurrent driver in about 3 percent of lung adenocarcinomas and other cancers, showed the mutations are diverse and easily missed, and reported patients responding to MET inhibitors.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-frampton-met-exon-14-cancer-discov-2015/","cancers":"met-altered-nsclc nsclc"},{"id":"paper-drilon-larotrectinib-nejm-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Larotrectinib in TRK fusion-positive cancers in adults and children","aka":"","tldr":"The selective TRK inhibitor larotrectinib shrank tumours in three quarters of patients with NTRK fusions across 17 different cancer types and ages from infancy to old age, leading to the first tumour-agnostic approval of a targeted drug.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-drilon-larotrectinib-nejm-2018/","cancers":"ntrk-fusion-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-doebele-entrectinib-ntrk-lancet-oncol-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Entrectinib in NTRK fusion-positive solid tumours: integrated analysis of three trials","aka":"","tldr":"Entrectinib, a TRK and ROS1 inhibitor that enters the brain, shrank tumours in more than half of patients with NTRK fusion-positive cancers of ten types and controlled brain metastases, leading to a tumour-agnostic approval alongside larotrectinib.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-doebele-entrectinib-ntrk-lancet-oncol-2020/","cancers":"ntrk-fusion-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-trident-1-repotrectinib-nejm-2024","kind":"paper","name":"TRIDENT-1: repotrectinib in ROS1 fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The next-generation ROS1 and TRK inhibitor repotrectinib shrank tumours in almost four in five untreated patients with ROS1-positive lung cancer, kept the disease under control for nearly three years, and worked in about four in ten patients after crizotinib including those with the resistant G2032R mutation.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-trident-1-repotrectinib-nejm-2024/","cancers":"ntrk-fusion-nsclc ros1-positive-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-libretto-001-selpercatinib-nsclc-nejm-2020","kind":"paper","name":"LIBRETTO-001: selpercatinib in RET fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The selective RET inhibitor selpercatinib shrank tumours in 64 percent of previously treated and 85 percent of untreated patients with RET fusion-positive lung cancer, including brain metastases, and led to the first approval for this driver.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-libretto-001-selpercatinib-nsclc-nejm-2020/","cancers":"ret-fusion-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-libretto-431-nejm-2023","kind":"paper","name":"LIBRETTO-431: first-line selpercatinib versus chemotherapy with or without pembrolizumab in RET fusion-positive lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Given as first treatment, selpercatinib more than doubled the time to progression compared with platinum-pemetrexed chemotherapy plus pembrolizumab in RET fusion-positive lung cancer, and protected against brain metastases.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-libretto-431-nejm-2023/","cancers":"ret-fusion-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-arrow-pralsetinib-gainor-lancet-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"ARROW: pralsetinib for RET fusion-positive 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analysis of three trials","aka":"","tldr":"Entrectinib shrank tumours in more than three quarters of patients with ROS1-positive lung cancer and, unlike crizotinib, controlled brain metastases in most patients who had them, earning approval as a first-line option.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-drilon-entrectinib-ros1-lancet-oncol-2020/","cancers":"ros1-positive-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-nordic-nec-sorbye-ann-oncol-2013","kind":"paper","name":"NORDIC NEC: predictive and prognostic factors in 305 patients with advanced gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"This large Nordic series showed that gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinomas with a Ki-67 below 55 percent respond poorly to platinum-etoposide yet live longer than those above it, which led to the separation of grade 3 neuroendocrine tumours from carcinomas.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-nordic-nec-sorbye-ann-oncol-2013/","cancers":"extrapulmonary-nec"},{"id":"paper-rindi-common-classification-framework-mod-pathol-2018","kind":"paper","name":"A common classification framework for neuroendocrine neoplasms (IARC and WHO expert consensus)","aka":"","tldr":"This consensus proposed a uniform way of classifying neuroendocrine neoplasms at every body site, separating well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumours (graded 1 to 3) from poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas, which became the basis of the WHO 2019 and 2022 classifications.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-rindi-common-classification-framework-mod-pathol-2018/","cancers":"extrapulmonary-nec grade-3-net"},{"id":"paper-dart-nivolumab-ipilimumab-nec-patel-ccr-2020","kind":"paper","name":"DART (SWOG 1609): nivolumab plus ipilimumab in rare tumours, non-pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms cohort","aka":"","tldr":"In a basket trial of rare cancers, dual immunotherapy shrank tumours in about a quarter of patients with non-pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms, almost all of them high-grade carcinomas, giving an immunotherapy option for a disease with few treatments.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-dart-nivolumab-ipilimumab-nec-patel-ccr-2020/","cancers":"extrapulmonary-nec"},{"id":"paper-heetfeld-grade-3-net-erc-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Characteristics and treatment of patients with G3 gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms","aka":"","tldr":"Studying 204 grade 3 neuroendocrine neoplasms showed that well-differentiated tumours with a Ki-67 in the 20 to 55 percent range respond poorly to platinum chemotherapy but survive far longer than poorly differentiated carcinomas, establishing grade 3 neuroendocrine tumour as a separate disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-heetfeld-grade-3-net-erc-2015/","cancers":"grade-3-net"},{"id":"paper-radiant-4-everolimus-lancet-2016","kind":"paper","name":"RADIANT-4: everolimus for advanced non-functional neuroendocrine tumours of the lung or gastrointestinal tract","aka":"","tldr":"Everolimus more than doubled the time to progression in advanced non-functioning neuroendocrine tumours of the lung and gut, the first drug with randomised evidence in lung carcinoids.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-radiant-4-everolimus-lancet-2016/","cancers":"lung-net small-intestinal-net"},{"id":"paper-cabinet-cabozantinib-nejm-2024","kind":"paper","name":"CABINET (Alliance A021602): cabozantinib for advanced neuroendocrine tumours","aka":"","tldr":"Cabozantinib delayed progression in previously treated advanced neuroendocrine tumours of both pancreatic and extra-pancreatic origin compared with placebo, adding a new option after somatostatin analogues, everolimus or radioligand therapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-cabinet-cabozantinib-nejm-2024/","cancers":"lung-net pancreatic-net small-intestinal-net"},{"id":"paper-enets-lung-net-consensus-caplin-ann-oncol-2015","kind":"paper","name":"ENETS expert consensus on pulmonary neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumours","aka":"","tldr":"The European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society consensus on lung carcinoids covers diagnosis, grading into typical and atypical, surgery with node dissection, and the limited evidence for somatostatin analogues, everolimus and radioligand therapy in advanced disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-enets-lung-net-consensus-caplin-ann-oncol-2015/","cancers":"lung-net"},{"id":"paper-clarinet-lanreotide-nejm-2014","kind":"paper","name":"CLARINET: lanreotide in metastatic enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours","aka":"","tldr":"The long-acting somatostatin analogue lanreotide roughly halved the risk of progression in non-functioning gut and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours, extending the use of these drugs from symptom control to slowing tumour growth.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-clarinet-lanreotide-nejm-2014/","cancers":"pancreatic-net small-intestinal-net"},{"id":"paper-radiant-3-everolimus-pnet-yao-nejm-2011","kind":"paper","name":"RADIANT-3: everolimus for advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours","aka":"","tldr":"The mTOR inhibitor everolimus more than doubled the time to progression in advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours, becoming one of the first two targeted drugs approved for the disease in 2011.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-radiant-3-everolimus-pnet-yao-nejm-2011/","cancers":"pancreatic-net"},{"id":"paper-raymond-sunitinib-pnet-nejm-2011","kind":"paper","name":"Sunitinib malate for the treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours","aka":"","tldr":"The multikinase inhibitor sunitinib doubled the time to progression in advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours and was approved at the same time as everolimus, giving the disease its first targeted therapies.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-raymond-sunitinib-pnet-nejm-2011/","cancers":"pancreatic-net"},{"id":"paper-netter-1-nejm-2017","kind":"paper","name":"NETTER-1: 177Lu-Dotatate for midgut neuroendocrine tumours progressing on octreotide","aka":"","tldr":"Radioligand therapy with lutetium-177 dotatate reduced the risk of progression or death by nearly 80 percent compared with high-dose octreotide in midgut neuroendocrine tumours, the first randomised proof that targeted radiation works in these cancers.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-netter-1-nejm-2017/","cancers":"small-intestinal-net"},{"id":"paper-promid-rinke-jco-2009","kind":"paper","name":"PROMID: octreotide LAR in the control of tumour growth in metastatic midgut neuroendocrine tumours","aka":"","tldr":"The PROMID trial was the first to show that a somatostatin analogue, octreotide, slows tumour growth in midgut neuroendocrine tumours, more than doubling the time to progression compared with placebo.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-promid-rinke-jco-2009/","cancers":"small-intestinal-net"},{"id":"paper-shah-foxl2-granulosa-nejm-2009","kind":"paper","name":"Mutation of FOXL2 in granulosa cell tumours of the ovary","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing of adult granulosa cell tumours found a single recurrent mutation in the FOXL2 gene in almost every case, giving this rare ovarian cancer a defining molecular marker and a diagnostic test.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-shah-foxl2-granulosa-nejm-2009/","cancers":"granulosa-cell-tumour"},{"id":"paper-esmo-non-epithelial-ovarian-ray-coquard-ann-oncol-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Non-epithelial ovarian cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines","aka":"","tldr":"The ESMO guideline on the rarer ovarian cancers, including granulosa cell and other sex cord-stromal tumours and germ cell tumours, sets out surgery, when chemotherapy is needed, fertility preservation and long-term follow-up.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-esmo-non-epithelial-ovarian-ray-coquard-ann-oncol-2018/","cancers":"granulosa-cell-tumour"},{"id":"paper-wiegand-arid1a-clear-cell-nejm-2010","kind":"paper","name":"ARID1A mutations in endometriosis-associated ovarian carcinomas","aka":"","tldr":"This study found that about half of ovarian clear cell carcinomas and a third of endometrioid carcinomas carry inactivating mutations in ARID1A, a chromatin remodelling gene, linking these endometriosis-associated cancers to a common driver.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-wiegand-arid1a-clear-cell-nejm-2010/","cancers":"clear-cell-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"paper-jones-arid1a-clear-cell-science-2010","kind":"paper","name":"Frequent mutations of the chromatin remodelling gene ARID1A in ovarian clear cell carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Published alongside the parallel New England Journal study, this exome sequencing project independently found ARID1A mutations in more than half of ovarian clear cell carcinomas, cementing the gene as the tumour's most common driver.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-jones-arid1a-clear-cell-science-2010/","cancers":"clear-cell-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"paper-tcga-ovarian-nature-2011","kind":"paper","name":"Integrated genomic analyses of ovarian carcinoma (The Cancer Genome Atlas)","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing nearly 500 high-grade serous ovarian cancers showed that almost all carry TP53 mutations and about half have defects in homologous recombination DNA repair, the biology that PARP inhibitors exploit.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-tcga-ovarian-nature-2011/","cancers":"high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"paper-gog-281-trametinib-lgsoc-gershenson-lancet-2022","kind":"paper","name":"GOG 281/LOGS: trametinib versus standard of care in recurrent low-grade serous ovarian cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The MEK inhibitor trametinib more than doubled the time to progression compared with chemotherapy or hormone therapy in recurrent low-grade serous ovarian cancer, the first positive randomised trial in this slow-growing, chemotherapy-resistant disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-gog-281-trametinib-lgsoc-gershenson-lancet-2022/","cancers":"low-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"paper-gershenson-hormonal-maintenance-lgsoc-jco-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Hormonal maintenance therapy for women with low-grade serous cancer of the ovary or peritoneum","aka":"","tldr":"In this retrospective study, women who took an aromatase inhibitor or other hormonal therapy after first-line surgery and chemotherapy for low-grade serous ovarian cancer had a median progression-free survival of over five years compared with about two years with observation.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-gershenson-hormonal-maintenance-lgsoc-jco-2017/","cancers":"low-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"paper-ramp-201-avutometinib-defactinib-lgsoc-jco-2025","kind":"paper","name":"RAMP 201: avutometinib with or without defactinib in recurrent low-grade serous ovarian cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The combination of the RAF/MEK clamp avutometinib and the FAK inhibitor defactinib shrank tumours in about a third of women with recurrent low-grade serous ovarian cancer and in 44 percent of those with KRAS mutations, leading to the first approval specific to this disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ramp-201-avutometinib-defactinib-lgsoc-jco-2025/","cancers":"low-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"paper-cheasley-mucinous-ovarian-genomics-nat-commun-2019","kind":"paper","name":"The molecular origin and taxonomy of mucinous ovarian carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Genomic analysis of over 200 mucinous ovarian tumours showed they arise in the ovary from benign and borderline precursors through KRAS, TP53 and CDKN2A changes, and are genuinely different from the gastrointestinal cancers they resemble.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-cheasley-mucinous-ovarian-genomics-nat-commun-2019/","cancers":"mucinous-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"paper-morice-mucinous-ovarian-carcinoma-nejm-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Mucinous ovarian carcinoma (review)","aka":"","tldr":"This review explains how mucinous ovarian cancer differs from other ovarian cancers, why metastases from the bowel must be excluded, and how surgery, fertility preservation and chemotherapy choices are made in a disease with little trial evidence.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-morice-mucinous-ovarian-carcinoma-nejm-2019/","cancers":"mucinous-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"paper-aaml0531-gemtuzumab-gamis-jco-2014","kind":"paper","name":"AAML0531: gemtuzumab ozogamicin added to chemotherapy for children and adolescents with acute myeloid leukaemia","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the CD33-targeted antibody-drug conjugate gemtuzumab ozogamicin to two courses of chemotherapy reduced relapses in childhood acute myeloid leukaemia, most clearly in the high-risk group, and it was later restored to the paediatric label.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-aaml0531-gemtuzumab-gamis-jco-2014/","cancers":"aml-paediatric"},{"id":"paper-aaml1031-sorafenib-flt3-pollard-jco-2022","kind":"paper","name":"AAML1031: sorafenib combined with chemotherapy for children with high allelic ratio FLT3-ITD acute myeloid leukaemia","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the kinase inhibitor sorafenib to chemotherapy improved event-free survival in children with high allelic ratio FLT3-ITD acute myeloid leukaemia compared with matched historical controls, the first FLT3-targeted result in paediatric leukaemia.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-aaml1031-sorafenib-flt3-pollard-jco-2022/","cancers":"aml-paediatric"},{"id":"paper-bolouri-paediatric-aml-genomics-nat-med-2018","kind":"paper","name":"The molecular landscape of paediatric acute myeloid leukaemia (TARGET)","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing nearly a thousand childhood acute myeloid leukaemias showed the disease differs sharply from adult disease, with fewer mutations, more structural rearrangements and age-specific drivers, so adult genetic risk groups cannot simply be transferred to children.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-bolouri-paediatric-aml-genomics-nat-med-2018/","cancers":"aml-paediatric"},{"id":"paper-taylor-medulloblastoma-consensus-acta-neuropathol-2012","kind":"paper","name":"Molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma: the current consensus","aka":"","tldr":"An international consensus divided medulloblastoma into four molecular subgroups, WNT, SHH, group 3 and group 4, with different origins, genetics, ages and survival, a scheme now used in diagnosis and to design risk-adapted trials.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-taylor-medulloblastoma-consensus-acta-neuropathol-2012/","cancers":"medulloblastoma-group-3-4 medulloblastoma-shh medulloblastoma-wnt"},{"id":"paper-cavalli-medulloblastoma-subtypes-cancer-cell-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Intertumoural heterogeneity within medulloblastoma subgroups","aka":"","tldr":"Combining gene expression and methylation data from 763 medulloblastomas split the four subgroups into twelve subtypes with distinct genetics and survival, refining who is at high and low risk within each group.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-cavalli-medulloblastoma-subtypes-cancer-cell-2017/","cancers":"medulloblastoma-group-3-4 medulloblastoma-shh medulloblastoma-wnt"},{"id":"paper-acns0331-michalski-jco-2021","kind":"paper","name":"ACNS0331: reduced-dose and reduced-volume radiotherapy with chemotherapy for average-risk medulloblastoma","aka":"","tldr":"Reducing the radiotherapy boost to the tumour bed instead of the whole posterior fossa was safe in average-risk medulloblastoma, but lowering the craniospinal dose from 23.4 to 18 Gy in young children led to more relapses, so the standard dose was kept.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-acns0331-michalski-jco-2021/","cancers":"medulloblastoma-group-3-4 medulloblastoma-wnt"},{"id":"paper-acns0332-leary-jama-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"ACNS0332: carboplatin during radiotherapy and isotretinoin maintenance in high-risk medulloblastoma","aka":"","tldr":"Adding daily carboplatin during craniospinal radiotherapy improved event-free survival in children with high-risk group 3 medulloblastoma, but not in other subgroups, while isotretinoin maintenance did not help.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-acns0332-leary-jama-oncol-2021/","cancers":"medulloblastoma-group-3-4"},{"id":"paper-aall0232-larsen-jco-2016","kind":"paper","name":"AALL0232: dexamethasone and high-dose methotrexate improve outcome in high-risk B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children and young adults","aka":"","tldr":"In high-risk childhood B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, high-dose methotrexate beat escalating-dose methotrexate, and dexamethasone beat prednisone in children under 10, defining the backbone still used in Children's Oncology Group trials.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-aall0232-larsen-jco-2016/","cancers":"all-paediatric-high-risk"},{"id":"paper-aall0434-nelarabine-t-all-dunsmore-jco-2020","kind":"paper","name":"AALL0434: nelarabine in newly diagnosed T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children and young adults","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the T-cell-specific drug nelarabine to intensive chemotherapy improved disease-free survival in childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and cut central nervous system relapses, in the largest T-ALL trial ever run.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-aall0434-nelarabine-t-all-dunsmore-jco-2020/","cancers":"all-paediatric-high-risk"},{"id":"paper-hunger-mullighan-all-children-nejm-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children (review)","aka":"","tldr":"This review summarises how childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia became curable in nine of ten children through risk-adapted chemotherapy, and how genomic subtypes such as Ph-like and infant leukaemia are shaping the next generation of targeted treatment.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-hunger-mullighan-all-children-nejm-2015/","cancers":"all-paediatric-high-risk all-ph-like all-infant"},{"id":"paper-inrg-cohn-jco-2009","kind":"paper","name":"The International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) classification system","aka":"","tldr":"Analysing 8,800 patients worldwide, the INRG task force built a pretreatment classification for neuroblastoma using stage, age, histology, MYCN, chromosome 11q and ploidy that sorts children into very low, low, intermediate and high-risk groups.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-inrg-cohn-jco-2009/","cancers":"neuroblastoma-high-risk neuroblastoma-intermediate-risk neuroblastoma-low-risk"},{"id":"paper-yu-anti-gd2-neuroblastoma-nejm-2010","kind":"paper","name":"Anti-GD2 antibody with GM-CSF, interleukin-2 and isotretinoin for high-risk neuroblastoma (COG ANBL0032)","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the anti-GD2 antibody ch14.18 with cytokines to isotretinoin after transplant improved two-year event-free survival in high-risk neuroblastoma from 46 to 66 percent, making immunotherapy a standard part of treatment.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-yu-anti-gd2-neuroblastoma-nejm-2010/","cancers":"neuroblastoma-high-risk"},{"id":"paper-hr-nbl1-busulfan-melphalan-ladenstein-lancet-oncol-2017","kind":"paper","name":"HR-NBL1/SIOPEN: busulfan-melphalan versus carboplatin-etoposide-melphalan high-dose chemotherapy for high-risk neuroblastoma","aka":"","tldr":"Busulfan and melphalan as the high-dose conditioning before stem cell rescue gave better event-free survival and less severe toxicity than the carboplatin-etoposide-melphalan regimen in high-risk neuroblastoma, becoming Europe's standard.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-hr-nbl1-busulfan-melphalan-ladenstein-lancet-oncol-2017/","cancers":"neuroblastoma-high-risk"},{"id":"paper-anbl0532-tandem-transplant-park-jama-2019","kind":"paper","name":"ANBL0532: tandem versus single autologous stem cell transplant for high-risk neuroblastoma","aka":"","tldr":"Two consecutive high-dose chemotherapy courses with stem cell rescue improved three-year event-free survival compared with a single transplant in high-risk neuroblastoma, and the gain was largest in children who went on to receive anti-GD2 immunotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-anbl0532-tandem-transplant-park-jama-2019/","cancers":"neuroblastoma-high-risk"},{"id":"paper-interfant-06-pieters-jco-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Interfant-06: outcome of infants under one year with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","aka":"","tldr":"This international trial of infant leukaemia found no benefit from adding myeloid-style chemotherapy courses, and confirmed that KMT2A-rearranged infants remain a high-risk group with survival under 50 percent, setting the baseline that blinatumomab has since improved.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-interfant-06-pieters-jco-2019/","cancers":"all-infant"},{"id":"paper-blinatumomab-infant-all-van-der-sluis-nejm-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Blinatumomab added to chemotherapy in infant KMT2A-rearranged acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","aka":"","tldr":"Adding a single course of the bispecific antibody blinatumomab after induction chemotherapy in infants with KMT2A-rearranged leukaemia raised two-year disease-free survival from a historical 49 percent to 82 percent, the first major advance in infant leukaemia in decades.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-blinatumomab-infant-all-van-der-sluis-nejm-2023/","cancers":"all-infant"},{"id":"paper-interfant-99-lancet-2007","kind":"paper","name":"Interfant-99: a treatment protocol for infants under one year with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","aka":"","tldr":"The first international infant leukaemia trial established a hybrid chemotherapy backbone and showed that a late intensification course did not help, while identifying age under six months, KMT2A rearrangement and poor steroid response as the key risk factors.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-interfant-99-lancet-2007/","cancers":"all-infant"},{"id":"paper-a3961-intermediate-risk-neuroblastoma-baker-nejm-2010","kind":"paper","name":"A3961: outcome after reduced chemotherapy for intermediate-risk neuroblastoma","aka":"","tldr":"Cutting chemotherapy to four or eight cycles based on tumour biology kept three-year survival above 96 percent in intermediate-risk neuroblastoma, showing these children could be safely treated with substantially less.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-a3961-intermediate-risk-neuroblastoma-baker-nejm-2010/","cancers":"neuroblastoma-intermediate-risk"},{"id":"paper-anbl0531-twist-jco-2019","kind":"paper","name":"ANBL0531: response- and biology-based therapy for intermediate-risk neuroblastoma","aka":"","tldr":"Further reducing chemotherapy according to biology and response, including observation alone for some infants, maintained a three-year survival of 96 percent in intermediate-risk neuroblastoma.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-anbl0531-twist-jco-2019/","cancers":"neuroblastoma-intermediate-risk"},{"id":"paper-anbl00p2-expectant-observation-nuchtern-ann-surg-2012","kind":"paper","name":"ANBL00P2: expectant observation as primary therapy for neuroblastoma in young infants","aka":"","tldr":"Small adrenal masses found in infants under six months could safely be watched rather than operated on: nearly half shrank or disappeared and the rest were removed later without any child dying of neuroblastoma.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-anbl00p2-expectant-observation-nuchtern-ann-surg-2012/","cancers":"neuroblastoma-low-risk"},{"id":"paper-p9641-low-risk-neuroblastoma-strother-jco-2012","kind":"paper","name":"COG P9641: surgery alone or with restricted chemotherapy for low-risk neuroblastoma","aka":"","tldr":"In the largest low-risk neuroblastoma trial, surgery alone cured almost all children with stage 1 and most with stage 2 disease, with chemotherapy reserved for symptoms or unfavourable features, confirming that many children need no drug treatment.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-p9641-low-risk-neuroblastoma-strother-jco-2012/","cancers":"neuroblastoma-low-risk"},{"id":"paper-roberts-ph-like-all-nejm-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Targetable kinase-activating lesions in Ph-like acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing showed that Ph-like acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, which behaves like Philadelphia-positive disease without the BCR-ABL1 fusion, is driven by a range of kinase-activating alterations, many of them potentially treatable with existing kinase inhibitors.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-roberts-ph-like-all-nejm-2014/","cancers":"all-ph-like"},{"id":"paper-den-boer-bcr-abl1-like-all-lancet-oncol-2009","kind":"paper","name":"A subtype of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with poor outcome: genome-wide classification study (BCR-ABL1-like ALL)","aka":"","tldr":"Gene expression profiling identified a group of childhood leukaemias that look like Philadelphia-positive disease without the fusion gene, later called Ph-like or BCR-ABL1-like ALL, with a high relapse rate and frequent IKZF1 deletions.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-den-boer-bcr-abl1-like-all-lancet-oncol-2009/","cancers":"all-ph-like"},{"id":"paper-mullighan-ikzf1-nejm-2009","kind":"paper","name":"Deletion of IKZF1 and prognosis in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","aka":"","tldr":"Deletion or mutation of the IKZF1 gene marked a subgroup of childhood B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with a threefold higher risk of relapse, and these cases shared a gene expression signature with Philadelphia-positive leukaemia.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-mullighan-ikzf1-nejm-2009/","cancers":"all-ph-like"},{"id":"paper-aall0031-imatinib-ph-positive-all-schultz-jco-2009","kind":"paper","name":"AALL0031: imatinib with intensive chemotherapy for Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children","aka":"","tldr":"Adding continuous imatinib to intensive chemotherapy more than doubled three-year event-free survival in childhood Philadelphia-positive leukaemia compared with historical controls and matched the results of transplant, changing the standard of care.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-aall0031-imatinib-ph-positive-all-schultz-jco-2009/","cancers":"all-paediatric-ph-positive"},{"id":"paper-esphall-imatinib-biondi-lancet-oncol-2012","kind":"paper","name":"EsPhALL: imatinib after induction for children and adolescents with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","aka":"","tldr":"In this European trial, adding intermittent imatinib to intensive chemotherapy for childhood Philadelphia-positive leukaemia improved disease-free survival in good-risk patients and supported its use in every child with the disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-esphall-imatinib-biondi-lancet-oncol-2012/","cancers":"all-paediatric-ph-positive"},{"id":"paper-dasatinib-vs-imatinib-ph-positive-all-shen-jama-oncol-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Dasatinib versus imatinib with chemotherapy for paediatric Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (CCCG-ALL-2015)","aka":"","tldr":"In Chinese children with Philadelphia-positive leukaemia, dasatinib given at a high dose with chemotherapy improved four-year event-free survival compared with imatinib and reduced central nervous system relapses, without cranial irradiation or routine transplant.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-dasatinib-vs-imatinib-ph-positive-all-shen-jama-oncol-2020/","cancers":"all-paediatric-ph-positive"},{"id":"paper-robinson-vismodegib-shh-medulloblastoma-jco-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Vismodegib in recurrent sonic hedgehog-subgroup medulloblastoma (PBTC-025B and PBTC-032)","aka":"","tldr":"The hedgehog pathway inhibitor vismodegib produced responses in recurrent SHH-subgroup medulloblastoma but not in other subgroups, and only in tumours whose mutation lay upstream of the drug's target, showing that molecular subgrouping must guide its use.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-robinson-vismodegib-shh-medulloblastoma-jco-2015/","cancers":"medulloblastoma-shh"},{"id":"paper-zhukova-tp53-medulloblastoma-jco-2013","kind":"paper","name":"Subgroup-specific prognostic implications of TP53 mutation in medulloblastoma","aka":"","tldr":"TP53 mutations mark much shorter survival in SHH-subgroup medulloblastoma, with five-year survival around 40 percent, but have no effect in WNT tumours, so the mutation must be interpreted alongside the subgroup.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-zhukova-tp53-medulloblastoma-jco-2013/","cancers":"medulloblastoma-shh"},{"id":"paper-embark-nejm-2023","kind":"paper","name":"EMBARK: enzalutamide with or without leuprolide in high-risk biochemically recurrent prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In men whose PSA was rising fast after surgery or radiotherapy without visible metastases, enzalutamide with or without hormone injections delayed metastases by years compared with hormone injections alone, with treatment paused when the PSA fell to undetectable.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-embark-nejm-2023/","cancers":"prostate-bcr"},{"id":"paper-radicals-rt-lancet-2020","kind":"paper","name":"RADICALS-RT: timing of radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy","aka":"","tldr":"Giving radiotherapy to every man with risk factors immediately after prostatectomy was no better than waiting and treating only those whose PSA rose, so early salvage radiotherapy became the standard and spared many men unnecessary treatment.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-radicals-rt-lancet-2020/","cancers":"prostate-bcr"},{"id":"paper-propsma-hofman-lancet-2020","kind":"paper","name":"proPSMA: PSMA PET-CT versus conventional imaging for staging high-risk prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"PSMA PET-CT was 27 percentage points more accurate than CT and bone scan for finding spread in men with high-risk prostate cancer before treatment, with less radiation and more influence on management, and it has replaced conventional imaging where available.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-propsma-hofman-lancet-2020/","cancers":"prostate-bcr prostate-high-risk prostate"},{"id":"paper-stampede-abiraterone-high-risk-attard-lancet-2022","kind":"paper","name":"STAMPEDE: abiraterone with or without enzalutamide added to androgen deprivation for high-risk non-metastatic prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding two years of abiraterone to hormone therapy and radiotherapy for high-risk localised or node-positive prostate cancer halved the risk of metastases and cut deaths by 40 percent, while adding enzalutamide on top brought only extra toxicity.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-stampede-abiraterone-high-risk-attard-lancet-2022/","cancers":"prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"paper-bolla-eortc-22863-nejm-1997","kind":"paper","name":"EORTC 22863: improved survival with radiotherapy plus goserelin in locally advanced prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding three years of hormone therapy to radiotherapy for locally advanced prostate cancer improved five-year survival from 62 to 79 percent, establishing long-term androgen deprivation with radiotherapy as the standard for high-risk disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-bolla-eortc-22863-nejm-1997/","cancers":"prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"paper-damico-risk-groups-jama-1998","kind":"paper","name":"D'Amico risk groups: biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiotherapy or brachytherapy","aka":"","tldr":"This analysis of nearly 1,900 men introduced the low, intermediate and high-risk groups for localised prostate cancer based on PSA, Gleason score and stage, a classification still used to choose between surveillance, surgery and radiotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-damico-risk-groups-jama-1998/","cancers":"prostate-high-risk prostate-intermediate-risk prostate-low-risk prostate"},{"id":"paper-protect-nejm-2016","kind":"paper","name":"ProtecT: 10-year outcomes after monitoring, surgery or radiotherapy for localised prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In the only randomised trial to compare active monitoring, surgery and radiotherapy for PSA-detected localised prostate cancer, deaths from prostate cancer were rare and equal at ten years in all three groups, though monitoring led to more metastases and progression.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-protect-nejm-2016/","cancers":"prostate-intermediate-risk prostate-low-risk prostate"},{"id":"paper-protect-15-year-nejm-2023","kind":"paper","name":"ProtecT: fifteen-year outcomes after monitoring, surgery or radiotherapy for prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Fifteen years on, ProtecT still found no difference in prostate cancer deaths between monitoring, surgery and radiotherapy, with about 97 percent of men alive from their cancer in every group, confirming that many men can defer or avoid treatment.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-protect-15-year-nejm-2023/","cancers":"prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk prostate"},{"id":"paper-chhip-lancet-oncol-2016","kind":"paper","name":"CHHiP: conventional versus hypofractionated high-dose intensity-modulated radiotherapy for prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Delivering prostate radiotherapy in 20 larger daily doses over four weeks was as effective as 37 smaller doses over seven and a half weeks, with no more side effects, and became the standard schedule in many countries.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-chhip-lancet-oncol-2016/","cancers":"prostate-intermediate-risk"},{"id":"paper-rtog-9408-short-term-adt-jones-nejm-2011","kind":"paper","name":"RTOG 9408: radiotherapy with short-term androgen deprivation for localised prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Four months of hormone therapy around radiotherapy improved survival in men with early prostate cancer, with the benefit confined to intermediate-risk disease, so short-course androgen deprivation became standard for that group.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-rtog-9408-short-term-adt-jones-nejm-2011/","cancers":"prostate-intermediate-risk"},{"id":"paper-klotz-active-surveillance-jco-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Long-term follow-up of a large active surveillance cohort of patients with prostate cancer (Sunnybrook)","aka":"","tldr":"In nearly a thousand men with low-risk prostate cancer followed for up to 20 years on active surveillance, only 1.5 percent died of the disease and most never needed treatment, the strongest evidence that surveillance is safe.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-klotz-active-surveillance-jco-2015/","cancers":"prostate-low-risk prostate"},{"id":"paper-precision-mri-targeted-biopsy-nejm-2018","kind":"paper","name":"PRECISION: MRI-targeted or standard biopsy for prostate cancer diagnosis","aka":"","tldr":"Doing an MRI first and biopsying only suspicious areas found more clinically significant prostate cancers and fewer harmless ones than standard biopsy, while sparing a quarter of men any biopsy at all.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-precision-mri-targeted-biopsy-nejm-2018/","cancers":"prostate-low-risk prostate"},{"id":"paper-profound-nejm-2020","kind":"paper","name":"PROfound: olaparib for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with homologous recombination repair gene alterations","aka":"","tldr":"In men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer carrying BRCA1, BRCA2 or ATM alterations who had progressed on hormonal therapy, the PARP inhibitor olaparib delayed progression and lengthened survival compared with another hormonal agent.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-profound-nejm-2020/","cancers":"prostate-mcrpc prostate"},{"id":"paper-cou-aa-301-abiraterone-de-bono-nejm-2011","kind":"paper","name":"COU-AA-301: abiraterone and increased survival in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer after docetaxel","aka":"","tldr":"Abiraterone, a pill that blocks androgen synthesis throughout the body, lengthened survival in men with metastatic prostate cancer that had progressed after docetaxel, proving that the disease remains hormone-driven even when castration-resistant.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-cou-aa-301-abiraterone-de-bono-nejm-2011/","cancers":"prostate-mcrpc prostate"},{"id":"paper-alsympca-radium-223-nejm-2013","kind":"paper","name":"ALSYMPCA: alpha emitter radium-223 and survival in metastatic prostate cancer with bone metastases","aka":"","tldr":"Radium-223, an injected alpha-emitting radioisotope that homes to bone, lengthened survival and delayed skeletal complications in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer that had spread to bone but not to organs.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-alsympca-radium-223-nejm-2013/","cancers":"prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-latitude-nejm-2017","kind":"paper","name":"LATITUDE: abiraterone plus prednisone in newly diagnosed high-risk metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding abiraterone to hormone therapy at the time of diagnosis of high-risk metastatic prostate cancer cut deaths by more than a third, establishing early intensification instead of waiting for castration resistance.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-latitude-nejm-2017/","cancers":"prostate-mhspc prostate"},{"id":"paper-arasens-nejm-2022","kind":"paper","name":"ARASENS: darolutamide added to androgen deprivation and docetaxel in metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the androgen receptor inhibitor darolutamide to hormone therapy and docetaxel chemotherapy cut deaths by a third in metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer, establishing triplet therapy for men fit for chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-arasens-nejm-2022/","cancers":"prostate-mhspc"},{"id":"paper-chaarted-nejm-2015","kind":"paper","name":"CHAARTED: chemohormonal therapy in metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Giving six cycles of docetaxel at the start of hormone therapy for metastatic prostate cancer lengthened survival by over a year in men with high-volume disease, the first trial to show that early chemotherapy helps.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-chaarted-nejm-2015/","cancers":"prostate-mhspc prostate"},{"id":"paper-beltran-nepc-divergent-evolution-nat-med-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Divergent clonal evolution of castration-resistant neuroendocrine prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing showed that neuroendocrine prostate cancer arises from the same cells as ordinary prostate adenocarcinoma but diverges through loss of RB1 and TP53 and changes in DNA methylation rather than new mutations, explaining how the cancer escapes hormone therapy by changing identity.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-beltran-nepc-divergent-evolution-nat-med-2016/","cancers":"prostate-nepc prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-aggarwal-t-sccpc-jco-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Clinical and genomic characterisation of treatment-emergent small-cell neuroendocrine prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Biopsying metastases in men progressing on modern hormone therapy found small-cell neuroendocrine prostate cancer in 17 percent, with a median survival under three years, showing how commonly the lineage switch occurs and why biopsy at progression matters.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-aggarwal-t-sccpc-jco-2018/","cancers":"prostate-nepc prostate"},{"id":"paper-aparicio-aggressive-variant-ccr-2013","kind":"paper","name":"Platinum-based chemotherapy for variant castration-resistant prostate cancer (aggressive variant criteria)","aka":"","tldr":"This trial defined clinical criteria for aggressive variant prostate cancer, such as visceral spread, low PSA relative to tumour burden and neuroendocrine features, and showed that these men respond to carboplatin-docetaxel followed by etoposide-cisplatin.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-aparicio-aggressive-variant-ccr-2013/","cancers":"prostate-nepc"},{"id":"paper-spartan-nejm-2018","kind":"paper","name":"SPARTAN: apalutamide for non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In men whose PSA was rising rapidly on hormone therapy but who had no visible metastases, apalutamide delayed the appearance of metastases by two years and later showed a survival benefit.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-spartan-nejm-2018/","cancers":"prostate-nmcrpc"},{"id":"paper-prosper-nejm-2018","kind":"paper","name":"PROSPER: enzalutamide in men with non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Enzalutamide delayed metastases by almost two years in men with rapidly rising PSA on hormone therapy and no visible spread, and longer follow-up showed it also lengthened survival.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-prosper-nejm-2018/","cancers":"prostate-nmcrpc"},{"id":"paper-aramis-nejm-2019","kind":"paper","name":"ARAMIS: darolutamide in non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Darolutamide, an androgen receptor inhibitor that barely enters the brain, delayed metastases by nearly two years in men with non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with side effects close to placebo, and later showed a survival benefit.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-aramis-nejm-2019/","cancers":"prostate-nmcrpc"},{"id":"paper-atezolizumab-alveolar-soft-part-sarcoma-chen-nejm-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Atezolizumab for advanced alveolar soft part sarcoma","aka":"","tldr":"The PD-L1 antibody atezolizumab shrank tumours in about a quarter of patients with advanced alveolar soft part sarcoma, with responses lasting years in a disease resistant to chemotherapy, and became the first approved treatment for this sarcoma.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-atezolizumab-alveolar-soft-part-sarcoma-chen-nejm-2023/","cancers":"alveolar-soft-part-sarcoma"},{"id":"paper-ladanyi-aspl-tfe3-oncogene-2001","kind":"paper","name":"The der(17)t(X;17) of alveolar soft part sarcoma fuses TFE3 to ASPL","aka":"","tldr":"This study identified the ASPL-TFE3 gene fusion created by the characteristic chromosome translocation in alveolar soft part sarcoma, giving the disease a defining molecular marker and a diagnostic test.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ladanyi-aspl-tfe3-oncogene-2001/","cancers":"alveolar-soft-part-sarcoma"},{"id":"paper-angiotax-paclitaxel-angiosarcoma-penel-jco-2008","kind":"paper","name":"ANGIOTAX: phase 2 trial of weekly paclitaxel for unresectable angiosarcoma","aka":"","tldr":"Weekly paclitaxel controlled angiosarcoma in three quarters of patients at two months and produced responses in about one in five, establishing it as a standard first-line chemotherapy for this vascular sarcoma, especially of the scalp and face.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-angiotax-paclitaxel-angiosarcoma-penel-jco-2008/","cancers":"angiosarcoma"},{"id":"paper-young-angiosarcoma-review-lancet-oncol-2010","kind":"paper","name":"Angiosarcoma (review)","aka":"","tldr":"This review summarises the epidemiology, subtypes (including radiation- and lymphoedema-associated forms), surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy of angiosarcoma, and why outcomes remain poor.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-young-angiosarcoma-review-lancet-oncol-2010/","cancers":"angiosarcoma"},{"id":"paper-amary-idh-cartilaginous-tumours-j-pathol-2011","kind":"paper","name":"IDH1 and IDH2 mutations are frequent in central chondrosarcoma and central and periosteal chondromas","aka":"","tldr":"Mutations in IDH1 and IDH2, previously known from brain tumours and leukaemia, were found in more than half of central chondrosarcomas and their benign precursors, defining the molecular basis of most cartilage tumours.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-amary-idh-cartilaginous-tumours-j-pathol-2011/","cancers":"chondrosarcoma"},{"id":"paper-esmo-bone-sarcoma-guideline-strauss-ann-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Bone sarcomas: ESMO-EURACAN-GENTURIS-ERN PaedCan clinical practice guideline","aka":"","tldr":"The European guideline for bone sarcomas covers referral to specialist centres, biopsy, surgery, chemotherapy for osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma, and the surgery-based management of chondrosarcoma and chordoma including proton and carbon-ion radiotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-esmo-bone-sarcoma-guideline-strauss-ann-oncol-2021/","cancers":"chondrosarcoma"},{"id":"paper-errani-wwtr1-camta1-ehe-gcc-2011","kind":"paper","name":"A novel WWTR1-CAMTA1 gene fusion is a consistent abnormality in epithelioid haemangioendothelioma","aka":"","tldr":"This study identified the WWTR1-CAMTA1 gene fusion in nearly every epithelioid haemangioendothelioma from any body site, giving this rare vascular tumour a defining molecular marker.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-errani-wwtr1-camta1-ehe-gcc-2011/","cancers":"epithelioid-haemangioendothelioma"},{"id":"paper-ehe-consensus-stacchiotti-esmo-open-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Epithelioid haemangioendothelioma, an ultra-rare cancer: a consensus paper from the community of experts","aka":"","tldr":"An international group of experts and patient advocates produced the first consensus on managing epithelioid haemangioendothelioma, including active surveillance for stable disease, surgery or transplant for localised disease, and sirolimus for progressing tumours.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ehe-consensus-stacchiotti-esmo-open-2021/","cancers":"epithelioid-haemangioendothelioma"},{"id":"paper-sirolimus-ehe-stacchiotti-cancer-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Activity of sirolimus in progressive epithelioid haemangioendothelioma (Italian Rare Cancer Network)","aka":"","tldr":"In patients with progressing epithelioid haemangioendothelioma, the mTOR inhibitor sirolimus stabilised the disease in most, with a median progression-free survival of about a year, but did not help patients who had developed serosal effusions.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-sirolimus-ehe-stacchiotti-cancer-2021/","cancers":"epithelioid-haemangioendothelioma"},{"id":"paper-kroep-mpnst-first-line-chemotherapy-ann-oncol-2011","kind":"paper","name":"First-line chemotherapy for malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour versus other soft tissue sarcomas (EORTC pooled analysis)","aka":"","tldr":"Pooling twelve EORTC trials showed that malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours respond to doxorubicin-ifosfamide about as well as other sarcomas, though survival is shorter, and that NF1-associated tumours may respond less.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-kroep-mpnst-first-line-chemotherapy-ann-oncol-2011/","cancers":"malignant-peripheral-nerve-sheath-tumour"},{"id":"paper-lee-prc2-mpnst-nat-genet-2014","kind":"paper","name":"PRC2 is recurrently inactivated through EED or SUZ12 loss in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing showed that most malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours lose the polycomb repressive complex 2 through EED or SUZ12 mutations, on top of NF1 and CDKN2A loss, explaining their biology and giving pathologists the H3K27me3 stain that diagnoses them.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-lee-prc2-mpnst-nat-genet-2014/","cancers":"malignant-peripheral-nerve-sheath-tumour"},{"id":"paper-eortc-62012-doxorubicin-ifosfamide-judson-lancet-oncol-2014","kind":"paper","name":"EORTC 62012: doxorubicin alone versus intensified doxorubicin plus ifosfamide for first-line treatment of advanced soft tissue sarcoma","aka":"","tldr":"Adding ifosfamide to doxorubicin for advanced soft tissue sarcoma doubled the response rate and delayed progression but did not lengthen survival and caused much more toxicity, so doxorubicin alone remains the default unless shrinkage is needed.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-eortc-62012-doxorubicin-ifosfamide-judson-lancet-oncol-2014/","cancers":"malignant-peripheral-nerve-sheath-tumour extremity-soft-tissue-sarcoma undifferentiated-pleomorphic-sarcoma leiomyosarcoma myxofibrosarcoma synovial-sarcoma"},{"id":"paper-esmo-sts-guideline-gronchi-ann-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Soft tissue and visceral sarcomas: ESMO-EURACAN-GENTURIS clinical practice guideline","aka":"","tldr":"The European sarcoma guideline sets out referral to reference centres, biopsy and molecular diagnosis, surgery with radiotherapy for localised disease, the selective use of chemotherapy, and histology-driven treatment of advanced disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-esmo-sts-guideline-gronchi-ann-oncol-2021/","cancers":"myxofibrosarcoma undifferentiated-pleomorphic-sarcoma extremity-soft-tissue-sarcoma retroperitoneal-sarcoma leiomyosarcoma liposarcoma pecoma malignant-peripheral-nerve-sheath-tumour"},{"id":"paper-myxofibrosarcoma-mentzel-ajsp-1996","kind":"paper","name":"Myxofibrosarcoma: clinicopathological analysis of 75 cases with emphasis on the low-grade variant","aka":"","tldr":"This series defined myxofibrosarcoma as a distinct sarcoma of elderly limbs with characteristic curvilinear blood vessels and a strong tendency to recur locally and progress in grade, features that still guide its wide excision.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-myxofibrosarcoma-mentzel-ajsp-1996/","cancers":"myxofibrosarcoma"},{"id":"paper-ampect-nab-sirolimus-pecoma-wagner-jco-2021","kind":"paper","name":"AMPECT: nab-sirolimus for malignant perivascular epithelioid cell tumours","aka":"","tldr":"Albumin-bound sirolimus shrank tumours in about four in ten patients with malignant PEComa, with responses lasting years and best results in tumours with TSC2 mutations, and became the first approved treatment for the disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ampect-nab-sirolimus-pecoma-wagner-jco-2021/","cancers":"pecoma"},{"id":"paper-wagner-sirolimus-pecoma-jco-2010","kind":"paper","name":"Clinical activity of mTOR inhibition with sirolimus in malignant perivascular epithelioid cell tumours","aka":"","tldr":"This report of three patients with malignant PEComa responding to oral sirolimus was the first evidence that these tumours, which share TSC1/TSC2 loss with tuberous sclerosis, depend on the mTOR pathway.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-wagner-sirolimus-pecoma-jco-2010/","cancers":"pecoma"},{"id":"paper-strass-lancet-oncol-2020","kind":"paper","name":"STRASS (EORTC 62092): preoperative radiotherapy plus surgery versus surgery alone for primary retroperitoneal sarcoma","aka":"","tldr":"Adding radiotherapy before surgery for retroperitoneal sarcoma did not improve abdominal recurrence-free survival overall, so it is no longer routine, though a possible benefit in liposarcoma keeps it under discussion.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-strass-lancet-oncol-2020/","cancers":"retroperitoneal-sarcoma liposarcoma"},{"id":"paper-tarpswg-retroperitoneal-sarcoma-gronchi-ann-surg-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Variability in patterns of recurrence after resection of primary retroperitoneal sarcoma (TARPSWG)","aka":"","tldr":"Pooling over a thousand patients from eight expert centres showed that recurrence after retroperitoneal sarcoma surgery depends on histology: liposarcoma recurs locally, leiomyosarcoma spreads distantly, which shapes follow-up and the case for radiotherapy or chemotherapy by subtype.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-tarpswg-retroperitoneal-sarcoma-gronchi-ann-surg-2016/","cancers":"retroperitoneal-sarcoma"},{"id":"paper-bonvalot-retroperitoneal-sarcoma-compartmental-jco-2009","kind":"paper","name":"Primary retroperitoneal sarcomas: a multivariate analysis of surgical factors associated with local control","aka":"","tldr":"This French multicentre study showed that resecting a retroperitoneal sarcoma together with the adjacent organs, even when not obviously involved, reduced local recurrence more than threefold, establishing the compartmental surgical approach.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-bonvalot-retroperitoneal-sarcoma-compartmental-jco-2009/","cancers":"retroperitoneal-sarcoma"},{"id":"paper-ncic-sr2-preoperative-vs-postoperative-radiotherapy-osullivan-lancet-2002","kind":"paper","name":"NCIC SR2: preoperative versus postoperative radiotherapy in soft tissue sarcoma of the limbs","aka":"","tldr":"Radiotherapy before surgery for limb sarcoma doubled the rate of wound complications compared with radiotherapy after surgery, but gave the same tumour control with lower doses and less late fibrosis, leaving the timing as a trade between early and late side effects.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ncic-sr2-preoperative-vs-postoperative-radiotherapy-osullivan-lancet-2002/","cancers":"extremity-soft-tissue-sarcoma"},{"id":"paper-isg-sts-1001-gronchi-lancet-oncol-2017","kind":"paper","name":"ISG-STS 1001: histotype-tailored neoadjuvant chemotherapy versus standard chemotherapy in high-risk soft tissue sarcoma","aka":"","tldr":"Trying to match neoadjuvant chemotherapy to sarcoma subtype backfired: standard epirubicin-ifosfamide gave better disease-free and overall survival than the tailored regimens, and in doing so provided evidence that neoadjuvant anthracycline-ifosfamide itself helps high-risk patients.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-isg-sts-1001-gronchi-lancet-oncol-2017/","cancers":"extremity-soft-tissue-sarcoma undifferentiated-pleomorphic-sarcoma synovial-sarcoma"},{"id":"paper-lms-04-doxorubicin-trabectedin-lancet-oncol-2022","kind":"paper","name":"LMS-04: doxorubicin plus trabectedin followed by trabectedin maintenance versus doxorubicin alone in metastatic leiomyosarcoma","aka":"","tldr":"Combining trabectedin with doxorubicin as first-line treatment for metastatic leiomyosarcoma nearly doubled the time to progression compared with doxorubicin alone, and later showed a survival benefit, making it the first combination to beat single-agent doxorubicin in a sarcoma subtype.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-lms-04-doxorubicin-trabectedin-lancet-oncol-2022/","cancers":"extremity-soft-tissue-sarcoma leiomyosarcoma retroperitoneal-sarcoma"},{"id":"paper-sarc028-pembrolizumab-sarcoma-tawbi-lancet-oncol-2017","kind":"paper","name":"SARC028: pembrolizumab in advanced soft tissue and bone sarcoma","aka":"","tldr":"Pembrolizumab had little effect in most sarcomas, but it shrank tumours in about 40 percent of patients with undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma and some with dedifferentiated liposarcoma, singling out these subtypes for immunotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-sarc028-pembrolizumab-sarcoma-tawbi-lancet-oncol-2017/","cancers":"undifferentiated-pleomorphic-sarcoma"},{"id":"paper-mavoric-mogamulizumab-lancet-oncol-2018","kind":"paper","name":"MAVORIC: mogamulizumab versus vorinostat in previously treated cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"The anti-CCR4 antibody mogamulizumab doubled the time to progression compared with vorinostat in previously treated mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome, with particularly strong activity in the blood, and became the first antibody approved for these lymphomas.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-mavoric-mogamulizumab-lancet-oncol-2018/","cancers":"cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-alcanza-brentuximab-vedotin-lancet-2017","kind":"paper","name":"ALCANZA: brentuximab vedotin versus physician's choice in CD30-positive cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"In CD30-expressing mycosis fungoides and primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma, the antibody-drug conjugate brentuximab vedotin produced lasting responses in more than half of patients, far more than methotrexate or bexarotene.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-alcanza-brentuximab-vedotin-lancet-2017/","cancers":"cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-olsen-mycosis-fungoides-staging-blood-2007","kind":"paper","name":"Revisions to the staging and classification of mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome (ISCL/EORTC)","aka":"","tldr":"The 2007 international revision of the TNMB staging system for mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome defined skin, node, visceral and blood classes that remain the basis for staging, treatment choice and trial eligibility.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-olsen-mycosis-fungoides-staging-blood-2007/","cancers":"cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-hensley-gemcitabine-docetaxel-leiomyosarcoma-jco-2002","kind":"paper","name":"Gemcitabine and docetaxel in patients with unresectable leiomyosarcoma: results of a phase 2 trial","aka":"","tldr":"The combination of gemcitabine and docetaxel produced responses in more than half of patients with leiomyosarcoma, most of them uterine and many previously treated with doxorubicin, establishing a widely used second regimen for the disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-hensley-gemcitabine-docetaxel-leiomyosarcoma-jco-2002/","cancers":"leiomyosarcoma"},{"id":"paper-eribulin-liposarcoma-schoffski-lancet-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Eribulin versus dacarbazine in previously treated advanced liposarcoma or leiomyosarcoma","aka":"","tldr":"Eribulin lengthened survival by two months compared with dacarbazine in previously treated liposarcoma and leiomyosarcoma, with the entire benefit in liposarcoma, where survival improved by seven months, leading to its approval for that subtype.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-eribulin-liposarcoma-schoffski-lancet-2016/","cancers":"liposarcoma"},{"id":"paper-trabectedin-vs-dacarbazine-demetri-jco-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Trabectedin versus dacarbazine for metastatic liposarcoma or leiomyosarcoma after anthracycline failure","aka":"","tldr":"Trabectedin reduced the risk of progression by 45 percent compared with dacarbazine in previously treated liposarcoma and leiomyosarcoma, leading to its approval in the United States, though survival was not improved.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-trabectedin-vs-dacarbazine-demetri-jco-2016/","cancers":"liposarcoma leiomyosarcoma"},{"id":"paper-wotherspoon-h-pylori-malt-lancet-1993","kind":"paper","name":"Regression of primary low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma after eradication of Helicobacter pylori","aka":"","tldr":"In six patients, eradicating the stomach bacterium Helicobacter pylori with antibiotics made low-grade gastric lymphoma regress, proving that a cancer could be caused by, and treated through, a chronic infection.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-wotherspoon-h-pylori-malt-lancet-1993/","cancers":"marginal-zone-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-esmo-marginal-zone-lymphoma-zucca-ann-oncol-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Marginal zone lymphomas: ESMO clinical practice guidelines","aka":"","tldr":"The ESMO guideline for marginal zone lymphomas sets out the treatment of gastric and non-gastric extranodal, splenic and nodal forms, including antibiotic eradication, low-dose radiotherapy, watch and wait, rituximab-based therapy and BTK inhibitors at relapse.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-esmo-marginal-zone-lymphoma-zucca-ann-oncol-2020/","cancers":"marginal-zone-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-magnolia-zanubrutinib-mzl-ccr-2021","kind":"paper","name":"MAGNOLIA: zanubrutinib in relapsed or refractory marginal zone lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"The BTK inhibitor zanubrutinib produced responses in about two thirds of patients with relapsed marginal zone lymphoma across all subtypes with few of the cardiac side effects seen with ibrutinib, leading to its approval.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-magnolia-zanubrutinib-mzl-ccr-2021/","cancers":"marginal-zone-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-augment-lenalidomide-rituximab-leonard-jco-2019","kind":"paper","name":"AUGMENT: lenalidomide plus rituximab versus rituximab alone in relapsed indolent lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"Adding lenalidomide to rituximab more than doubled the time to progression in relapsed follicular and marginal zone lymphoma compared with rituximab alone, establishing a chemotherapy-free option for relapsed indolent lymphoma.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-augment-lenalidomide-rituximab-leonard-jco-2019/","cancers":"marginal-zone-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-clark-syt-ssx-synovial-sarcoma-nat-genet-1994","kind":"paper","name":"Identification of SYT and SSX, the genes fused by the t(X;18) translocation in synovial sarcoma","aka":"","tldr":"This study cloned the SYT-SSX (SS18-SSX) gene fusion produced by the chromosome translocation found in essentially every synovial sarcoma, giving the tumour a defining molecular marker and the basis for later targeted and immune therapies.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-clark-syt-ssx-synovial-sarcoma-nat-genet-1994/","cancers":"synovial-sarcoma"},{"id":"paper-dangelo-ny-eso-1-tcr-synovial-sarcoma-cancer-discov-2018","kind":"paper","name":"NY-ESO-1 c259 T-cell receptor therapy in synovial sarcoma: prolonged persistence and antitumour activity","aka":"","tldr":"Engineering patients' own T cells with a receptor recognising the NY-ESO-1 antigen shrank tumours in half of a small group with advanced synovial sarcoma, the first convincing evidence that T-cell receptor therapy can work in a solid tumour.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-dangelo-ny-eso-1-tcr-synovial-sarcoma-cancer-discov-2018/","cancers":"synovial-sarcoma"},{"id":"paper-hayward-melanoma-whole-genome-nature-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Whole-genome landscapes of major melanoma subtypes","aka":"","tldr":"Whole-genome sequencing of 183 melanomas showed that acral and mucosal melanomas have far fewer mutations than sun-exposed skin melanomas but many more structural rearrangements, confirming they are biologically different diseases.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-hayward-melanoma-whole-genome-nature-2017/","cancers":"acral-melanoma mucosal-melanoma"},{"id":"paper-curtin-melanoma-genetic-alterations-nejm-2005","kind":"paper","name":"Distinct sets of genetic alterations in melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"Comparing melanomas from sun-damaged skin, non-sun-damaged skin, palms and soles, and mucosal surfaces showed each carries a different pattern of BRAF, NRAS and copy-number changes, establishing that melanoma is several genetically distinct diseases.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-curtin-melanoma-genetic-alterations-nejm-2005/","cancers":"acral-melanoma mucosal-melanoma"},{"id":"paper-nakamura-anti-pd1-acral-melanoma-ann-oncol-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor therapy in acral melanoma: a multicentre study of 193 Japanese patients","aka":"","tldr":"In the largest series of acral melanoma treated with anti-PD-1 antibodies, only about 17 percent responded, and melanomas of the nail apparatus responded least, showing that acral disease benefits less from immunotherapy than ordinary skin melanoma.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-nakamura-anti-pd1-acral-melanoma-ann-oncol-2020/","cancers":"acral-melanoma"},{"id":"paper-keynote-629-pembrolizumab-cscc-grob-jco-2020","kind":"paper","name":"KEYNOTE-629: pembrolizumab monotherapy for recurrent or metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Pembrolizumab shrank tumours in about a third of patients with recurrent or metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, with most responses lasting beyond a year, leading to its approval as an alternative to cemiplimab.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-629-pembrolizumab-cscc-grob-jco-2020/","cancers":"advanced-cutaneous-scc"},{"id":"paper-c-post-adjuvant-cemiplimab-nejm-2025","kind":"paper","name":"C-POST: adjuvant cemiplimab versus placebo in high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"A year of cemiplimab after surgery and radiotherapy for high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cut the risk of recurrence or death by more than two thirds, the first adjuvant therapy to work in this skin cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-c-post-adjuvant-cemiplimab-nejm-2025/","cancers":"advanced-cutaneous-scc"},{"id":"paper-gross-neoadjuvant-cemiplimab-cscc-nejm-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Neoadjuvant cemiplimab for stage II to IV cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Giving four doses of cemiplimab before surgery for resectable cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma eliminated all viable tumour in half of patients and left only minimal residual disease in another 13 percent, opening the way to smaller operations and less radiotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-gross-neoadjuvant-cemiplimab-cscc-nejm-2022/","cancers":"advanced-cutaneous-scc"},{"id":"paper-dreamseq-jco-2023","kind":"paper","name":"DREAMseq (ECOG-ACRIN EA6134): sequencing dabrafenib-trametinib and nivolumab-ipilimumab in BRAF-mutant metastatic melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"Starting with nivolumab plus ipilimumab and switching to BRAF-MEK inhibitors at progression gave 20 percentage points better two-year survival than the reverse order in BRAF-mutant advanced melanoma, settling the question of which to use first.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-dreamseq-jco-2023/","cancers":"advanced-melanoma braf-v600-melanoma"},{"id":"paper-combi-d-long-lancet-2015","kind":"paper","name":"COMBI-d: dabrafenib and trametinib versus dabrafenib alone for BRAF V600-mutant melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the MEK inhibitor trametinib to the BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib lengthened survival and reduced the skin cancers caused by BRAF inhibition alone in metastatic BRAF-mutant melanoma, establishing dual blockade as the standard for targeted therapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-combi-d-long-lancet-2015/","cancers":"braf-v600-melanoma"},{"id":"paper-columbus-lancet-oncol-2018","kind":"paper","name":"COLUMBUS: encorafenib plus binimetinib versus vemurafenib or encorafenib in BRAF-mutant melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"The third BRAF-MEK combination, encorafenib plus binimetinib, delayed progression more than vemurafenib and produced the longest median survival of any targeted regimen in BRAF-mutant melanoma, with less fever than dabrafenib-trametinib.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-columbus-lancet-oncol-2018/","cancers":"braf-v600-melanoma"},{"id":"paper-combi-ad-nejm-2017","kind":"paper","name":"COMBI-AD: adjuvant dabrafenib plus trametinib in stage III BRAF-mutated melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"A year of dabrafenib plus trametinib after surgery for stage III BRAF-mutant melanoma cut the risk of relapse by more than half, giving patients with BRAF mutations a targeted alternative to adjuvant immunotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-combi-ad-nejm-2017/","cancers":"braf-v600-melanoma stage-iii-melanoma"},{"id":"paper-chapman-vemurafenib-nejm-2011","kind":"paper","name":"BRIM-3: improved survival with vemurafenib in melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation","aka":"","tldr":"Vemurafenib, the first drug targeting the BRAF V600E mutation, reduced deaths by 63 percent compared with dacarbazine chemotherapy in metastatic melanoma, launching targeted therapy in the disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-chapman-vemurafenib-nejm-2011/","cancers":"braf-v600-melanoma"},{"id":"paper-imatinib-dfsp-eortc-swog-rutkowski-jco-2010","kind":"paper","name":"Imatinib in advanced dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: pooled analysis of two phase 2 trials (EORTC 62027 and SWOG S0345)","aka":"","tldr":"Pooling two trials, imatinib shrank tumours in about half of patients with locally advanced or metastatic dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, confirming that blocking the PDGF receptor works in this fusion-driven sarcoma.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-imatinib-dfsp-eortc-swog-rutkowski-jco-2010/","cancers":"dermatofibrosarcoma-protuberans"},{"id":"paper-simon-col1a1-pdgfb-dfsp-nat-genet-1997","kind":"paper","name":"Deregulation of the platelet-derived growth factor B-chain gene via fusion with COL1A1 in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans","aka":"","tldr":"This study discovered that dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is driven by a fusion of the collagen gene COL1A1 to the growth factor gene PDGFB, which explains its response to imatinib and gives the tumour a diagnostic marker.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-simon-col1a1-pdgfb-dfsp-nat-genet-1997/","cancers":"dermatofibrosarcoma-protuberans"},{"id":"paper-erivance-vismodegib-sekulic-nejm-2012","kind":"paper","name":"ERIVANCE BCC: efficacy and safety of vismodegib in advanced basal cell carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"The hedgehog pathway inhibitor vismodegib shrank tumours in 43 percent of patients with locally advanced and 30 percent with metastatic basal cell carcinoma, becoming the first drug approved for advanced basal cell carcinoma.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-erivance-vismodegib-sekulic-nejm-2012/","cancers":"locally-advanced-bcc"},{"id":"paper-bolt-sonidegib-migden-lancet-oncol-2015","kind":"paper","name":"BOLT: two doses of sonidegib in locally advanced or metastatic basal cell carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Sonidegib, a second hedgehog inhibitor, shrank tumours in about 40 percent of patients with locally advanced basal cell carcinoma at the lower 200 mg dose with fewer side effects than the higher dose, and was approved as an alternative to vismodegib.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-bolt-sonidegib-migden-lancet-oncol-2015/","cancers":"locally-advanced-bcc"},{"id":"paper-cemiplimab-bcc-stratigos-lancet-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Cemiplimab in locally advanced basal cell carcinoma after hedgehog inhibitor therapy","aka":"","tldr":"In patients whose locally advanced basal cell carcinoma had progressed on or could not tolerate a hedgehog inhibitor, cemiplimab shrank tumours in about three in ten, giving a second-line option where none existed.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-cemiplimab-bcc-stratigos-lancet-oncol-2021/","cancers":"locally-advanced-bcc"},{"id":"paper-dangelo-mucosal-melanoma-pooled-jco-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Nivolumab alone or with ipilimumab in mucosal melanoma: pooled analysis","aka":"","tldr":"Pooling several trials showed that mucosal melanoma responds to nivolumab less often than skin melanoma, but that adding ipilimumab raised the response rate from about a quarter to more than a third, supporting combination immunotherapy first.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-dangelo-mucosal-melanoma-pooled-jco-2017/","cancers":"mucosal-melanoma"},{"id":"paper-hodi-imatinib-kit-melanoma-jco-2013","kind":"paper","name":"Imatinib for melanomas harbouring mutationally activated or amplified KIT arising on mucosal, acral and chronically sun-damaged skin","aka":"","tldr":"Imatinib shrank tumours in about a third of patients with melanoma carrying KIT mutations, but only in those with mutations in specific exons, defining a small targetable subgroup among mucosal and acral melanomas.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-hodi-imatinib-kit-melanoma-jco-2013/","cancers":"mucosal-melanoma acral-melanoma"},{"id":"paper-curtin-kit-melanoma-jco-2006","kind":"paper","name":"Somatic activation of KIT in distinct subtypes of melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"This study found KIT mutations and amplifications in a substantial minority of mucosal, acral and chronically sun-damaged skin melanomas but almost never in ordinary skin melanoma, identifying a targetable driver for these rarer subtypes.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-curtin-kit-melanoma-jco-2006/","cancers":"mucosal-melanoma acral-melanoma"},{"id":"paper-lian-adjuvant-temozolomide-cisplatin-mucosal-melanoma-ccr-2013","kind":"paper","name":"Adjuvant temozolomide plus cisplatin versus high-dose interferon versus observation in resected mucosal melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"In this Chinese randomised trial, chemotherapy with temozolomide and cisplatin after surgery for mucosal melanoma lengthened relapse-free and overall survival compared with interferon or observation, the only positive adjuvant trial specific to mucosal disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-lian-adjuvant-temozolomide-cisplatin-mucosal-melanoma-ccr-2013/","cancers":"mucosal-melanoma"},{"id":"paper-keynote-716-lancet-2022","kind":"paper","name":"KEYNOTE-716: adjuvant pembrolizumab versus placebo in completely resected stage IIB or IIC melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"A year of pembrolizumab after surgery for stage IIB or IIC melanoma reduced recurrences and distant metastases by about 35 to 40 percent, extending adjuvant immunotherapy to node-negative but thick or ulcerated melanomas.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-716-lancet-2022/","cancers":"stage-ii-melanoma"},{"id":"paper-checkmate-76k-nat-med-2023","kind":"paper","name":"CheckMate 76K: adjuvant nivolumab in resected stage IIB or IIC melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"Adjuvant nivolumab for a year after surgery cut the risk of recurrence by more than half in stage IIB and IIC melanoma, confirming the benefit seen with pembrolizumab in the same setting.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-checkmate-76k-nat-med-2023/","cancers":"stage-ii-melanoma"},{"id":"paper-ajcc-8-melanoma-gershenwald-ca-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Melanoma staging: evidence-based changes in the AJCC eighth edition cancer staging manual","aka":"","tldr":"The eighth-edition melanoma staging system, derived from over 46,000 patients, refined thickness cut-offs and node categories and created the stage IIIA to IIID subgroups whose very different outlooks now guide adjuvant therapy decisions.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ajcc-8-melanoma-gershenwald-ca-2017/","cancers":"stage-ii-melanoma stage-iii-melanoma"},{"id":"paper-mslt-ii-faries-nejm-2017","kind":"paper","name":"MSLT-II: completion lymph node dissection or observation for sentinel-node metastasis in melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"Removing all the remaining lymph nodes after a positive sentinel node did not improve melanoma survival compared with ultrasound surveillance and caused far more lymphoedema, ending routine completion dissection.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-mslt-ii-faries-nejm-2017/","cancers":"stage-iii-melanoma"},{"id":"paper-checkmate-238-nejm-2017","kind":"paper","name":"CheckMate 238: adjuvant nivolumab versus ipilimumab in resected stage III or IV melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"A year of adjuvant nivolumab after surgery for high-risk melanoma reduced recurrences more than the previous standard, high-dose ipilimumab, with a quarter of the severe toxicity, making PD-1 blockade the adjuvant standard.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-checkmate-238-nejm-2017/","cancers":"stage-iii-melanoma"},{"id":"paper-keynote-054-eggermont-nejm-2018","kind":"paper","name":"KEYNOTE-054 (EORTC 1325): adjuvant pembrolizumab versus placebo in resected stage III melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"A year of pembrolizumab after surgery for stage III melanoma cut the risk of recurrence by 43 percent compared with placebo, the first placebo-controlled proof that adjuvant PD-1 blockade works.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-054-eggermont-nejm-2018/","cancers":"stage-iii-melanoma"},{"id":"paper-igcccg-classification-jco-1997","kind":"paper","name":"International Germ Cell Consensus Classification: a prognostic factor-based staging system for metastatic germ cell cancers","aka":"","tldr":"Pooling over 5,000 patients, the IGCCCG classification sorted metastatic testicular cancer into good, intermediate and poor prognosis groups using tumour markers, primary site and non-lung metastases, and still decides how many cycles of chemotherapy a man receives.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-igcccg-classification-jco-1997/","cancers":"non-seminoma seminoma"},{"id":"paper-igcccg-update-gillessen-jco-2021","kind":"paper","name":"IGCCCG Update Consortium: predicting outcomes in men with metastatic non-seminomatous germ cell tumours","aka":"","tldr":"Updating the 1997 classification with nearly 10,000 modern patients showed that survival has improved in every risk group, especially poor risk, and added age, lung metastases and LDH as continuous factors to refine individual prediction.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-igcccg-update-gillessen-jco-2021/","cancers":"non-seminoma"},{"id":"paper-williams-bep-vs-pvb-nejm-1987","kind":"paper","name":"Treatment of disseminated germ cell tumours with cisplatin, bleomycin and either vinblastine or etoposide","aka":"","tldr":"Replacing vinblastine with etoposide in cisplatin-based chemotherapy for testicular cancer cured as many men with far less nerve and muscle toxicity and improved survival in advanced disease, establishing the BEP regimen used ever since.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-williams-bep-vs-pvb-nejm-1987/","cancers":"non-seminoma"},{"id":"paper-flot4-lancet-2019","kind":"paper","name":"FLOT4-AIO: perioperative FLOT versus ECF/ECX for resectable gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Perioperative chemotherapy with docetaxel, oxaliplatin, fluorouracil and leucovorin (FLOT) lengthened survival compared with the older anthracycline-based regimen in operable stomach and junctional cancers, making FLOT the standard in Europe.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-flot4-lancet-2019/","cancers":"oesophageal-adenocarcinoma gastric-pdl1-high gastric-her2-positive"},{"id":"paper-cross-nejm-2012","kind":"paper","name":"CROSS: preoperative chemoradiotherapy for oesophageal or junctional cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Five weeks of carboplatin-paclitaxel with radiotherapy before oesophagectomy lengthened median survival from 24 to 49 months in oesophageal cancer compared with surgery alone, with a complete pathological response in almost half of squamous cancers.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-cross-nejm-2012/","cancers":"oesophageal-adenocarcinoma oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"paper-checkmate-648-nejm-2022","kind":"paper","name":"CheckMate 648: nivolumab combination therapy in advanced oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Adding nivolumab to chemotherapy, or combining nivolumab with ipilimumab without chemotherapy, lengthened survival compared with chemotherapy alone in advanced oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, with the largest gains in PD-L1-positive tumours.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-checkmate-648-nejm-2022/","cancers":"oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"paper-keynote-590-lancet-2021","kind":"paper","name":"KEYNOTE-590: pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy for first-line treatment of advanced oesophageal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding pembrolizumab to cisplatin-fluorouracil lengthened survival in advanced oesophageal cancer of both histologies, most clearly in squamous cell carcinoma and in tumours with high PD-L1, establishing chemo-immunotherapy as the first-line standard.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-590-lancet-2021/","cancers":"oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma oesophageal-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"paper-checkmate-577-nejm-2021","kind":"paper","name":"CheckMate 577: adjuvant nivolumab in resected oesophageal or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A year of nivolumab after chemoradiotherapy and surgery doubled disease-free survival in patients with oesophageal or junctional cancer who still had residual tumour at surgery, the first adjuvant therapy to work in this setting.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-checkmate-577-nejm-2021/","cancers":"oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"paper-mrc-te19-carboplatin-seminoma-oliver-lancet-2005","kind":"paper","name":"MRC TE19/EORTC 30982: radiotherapy versus single-dose carboplatin as adjuvant treatment for stage I seminoma","aka":"","tldr":"A single dose of carboplatin was as effective as radiotherapy in preventing relapse of stage I seminoma after orchidectomy, with less time off work and fewer second testicular cancers, so it replaced radiotherapy for men who choose adjuvant treatment.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-mrc-te19-carboplatin-seminoma-oliver-lancet-2005/","cancers":"seminoma"},{"id":"paper-sempet-de-santis-jco-2004","kind":"paper","name":"SEMPET: FDG-PET as a predictor of viable tumour in post-chemotherapy seminoma residuals","aka":"","tldr":"A PET scan reliably told apart residual masses that still contained living seminoma from scar tissue after chemotherapy, allowing surgeons to leave PET-negative masses alone rather than operating on all masses over 3 cm.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-sempet-de-santis-jco-2004/","cancers":"seminoma"},{"id":"paper-subbiah-dabrafenib-trametinib-atc-jco-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Dabrafenib and trametinib in BRAF V600E-mutant anaplastic thyroid cancer (ROAR)","aka":"","tldr":"In one of the most lethal cancers known, dabrafenib plus trametinib shrank BRAF-mutant anaplastic thyroid cancer in about two thirds of patients, leading to the first ever drug approval for the disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-subbiah-dabrafenib-trametinib-atc-jco-2018/","cancers":"anaplastic-thyroid-cancer"},{"id":"paper-ata-anaplastic-thyroid-guideline-bible-thyroid-2021","kind":"paper","name":"2021 American Thyroid Association guidelines for management of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The updated American guideline for anaplastic thyroid cancer stresses molecular testing within days of diagnosis, BRAF-MEK inhibitors for BRAF-mutant disease including before surgery, multimodal therapy for resectable disease, and early goals-of-care discussions.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ata-anaplastic-thyroid-guideline-bible-thyroid-2021/","cancers":"anaplastic-thyroid-cancer"},{"id":"paper-maniakas-neoadjuvant-braf-atc-jama-oncol-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Overall survival in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma 2000 to 2019: impact of targeted therapy and neoadjuvant BRAF-MEK inhibition","aka":"","tldr":"At MD Anderson, survival in anaplastic thyroid cancer improved dramatically over two decades as BRAF testing, targeted therapy and neoadjuvant BRAF-MEK inhibition followed by surgery were introduced, with one-year survival rising from 35 to 59 percent.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-maniakas-neoadjuvant-braf-atc-jama-oncol-2020/","cancers":"anaplastic-thyroid-cancer"},{"id":"paper-ata-2015-thyroid-nodules-dtc-haugen-thyroid-2016","kind":"paper","name":"2015 American Thyroid Association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The 2015 American Thyroid Association guideline moved differentiated thyroid cancer towards less treatment: lobectomy rather than total thyroidectomy for many low-risk cancers, selective rather than routine radioactive iodine, and active surveillance for small papillary cancers.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ata-2015-thyroid-nodules-dtc-haugen-thyroid-2016/","cancers":"follicular-thyroid-cancer papillary-thyroid-cancer"},{"id":"paper-select-lenvatinib-nejm-2015","kind":"paper","name":"SELECT: lenvatinib versus placebo in radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The multikinase inhibitor lenvatinib delayed progression by almost fifteen months compared with placebo in iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer and shrank tumours in two thirds of patients, becoming the preferred drug for this disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-select-lenvatinib-nejm-2015/","cancers":"follicular-thyroid-cancer papillary-thyroid-cancer"},{"id":"paper-decision-sorafenib-lancet-2014","kind":"paper","name":"DECISION: sorafenib in radioactive iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Sorafenib was the first drug shown to delay progression in iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer, adding about five months compared with placebo and opening the era of kinase inhibitors for the disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-decision-sorafenib-lancet-2014/","cancers":"follicular-thyroid-cancer"},{"id":"paper-libretto-531-nejm-2023","kind":"paper","name":"LIBRETTO-531: selpercatinib versus cabozantinib or vandetanib in advanced RET-mutant medullary thyroid cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The selective RET inhibitor selpercatinib cut the risk of progression by more than 70 percent compared with the older multikinase drugs cabozantinib and vandetanib in RET-mutant medullary thyroid cancer, with fewer side effects.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-libretto-531-nejm-2023/","cancers":"medullary-thyroid-cancer"},{"id":"paper-ata-medullary-thyroid-guideline-wells-thyroid-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Revised American Thyroid Association guidelines for the management of medullary thyroid carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"The American Thyroid Association guideline for medullary thyroid cancer sets out RET germline testing for every patient, the timing of prophylactic thyroidectomy in hereditary carriers by mutation risk, surgical extent, and systemic therapy for advanced disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ata-medullary-thyroid-guideline-wells-thyroid-2015/","cancers":"medullary-thyroid-cancer"},{"id":"paper-exam-cabozantinib-mtc-elisei-jco-2013","kind":"paper","name":"EXAM: cabozantinib in progressive medullary thyroid cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Cabozantinib, a kinase inhibitor blocking RET, MET and VEGF receptors, delayed progression by more than seven months compared with placebo in progressive medullary thyroid cancer, at the cost of considerable toxicity.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-exam-cabozantinib-mtc-elisei-jco-2013/","cancers":"medullary-thyroid-cancer"},{"id":"paper-zeta-vandetanib-mtc-wells-jco-2012","kind":"paper","name":"ZETA: vandetanib in locally advanced or metastatic medullary thyroid cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Vandetanib was the first drug shown to delay progression in medullary thyroid cancer, roughly doubling progression-free survival compared with placebo, and became the first approved therapy for the disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-zeta-vandetanib-mtc-wells-jco-2012/","cancers":"medullary-thyroid-cancer"},{"id":"paper-estimabl2-leboulleux-nejm-2022","kind":"paper","name":"ESTIMABL2: thyroidectomy without radioiodine in patients with low-risk thyroid cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Skipping radioactive iodine after thyroidectomy for low-risk differentiated thyroid cancer gave the same excellent three-year outcomes as giving it, so most low-risk patients can avoid the treatment.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-estimabl2-leboulleux-nejm-2022/","cancers":"papillary-thyroid-cancer"},{"id":"paper-ito-kuma-active-surveillance-microcarcinoma-thyroid-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Active surveillance of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma at Kuma Hospital: patient age and progression","aka":"","tldr":"Following more than 1,200 patients with small papillary thyroid cancers under observation, the Kuma Hospital group found that only 8 percent grew and under 4 percent developed node metastases over ten years, with the lowest risk in older patients, establishing surveillance as a safe alternative to surgery.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ito-kuma-active-surveillance-microcarcinoma-thyroid-2014/","cancers":"papillary-thyroid-cancer"},{"id":"paper-himalaya-nejm-evidence-2022","kind":"paper","name":"HIMALAYA: tremelimumab plus durvalumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"A single priming dose of the CTLA-4 antibody tremelimumab followed by durvalumab lengthened survival compared with sorafenib in advanced liver cancer without the bleeding risk of bevacizumab, giving a second first-line immunotherapy standard.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-himalaya-nejm-evidence-2022/","cancers":"hcc-advanced hcc-intermediate"},{"id":"paper-sharp-sorafenib-nejm-2008","kind":"paper","name":"SHARP: sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Sorafenib was the first systemic drug to lengthen survival in advanced liver cancer, adding almost three months compared with placebo, and remained the only option for a decade.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-sharp-sorafenib-nejm-2008/","cancers":"hcc-advanced"},{"id":"paper-reflect-lenvatinib-lancet-2018","kind":"paper","name":"REFLECT: lenvatinib versus sorafenib in first-line treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Lenvatinib matched sorafenib for survival in advanced liver cancer while shrinking tumours far more often and delaying progression longer, making it the first new first-line option in ten years.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-reflect-lenvatinib-lancet-2018/","cancers":"hcc-advanced"},{"id":"paper-glow-zolbetuximab-nat-med-2023","kind":"paper","name":"GLOW: zolbetuximab plus CAPOX in claudin 18.2-positive, HER2-negative gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the claudin 18.2 antibody zolbetuximab to CAPOX chemotherapy lengthened survival in claudin 18.2-positive advanced gastric cancer, confirming the SPOTLIGHT result with a different chemotherapy backbone.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-glow-zolbetuximab-nat-med-2023/","cancers":"gastric-cldn18-2-positive"},{"id":"paper-gotoda-endoscopic-resection-criteria-gastric-cancer-2000","kind":"paper","name":"Incidence of lymph node metastasis from early gastric cancer: estimation from 5,265 patients at two large centres","aka":"","tldr":"By analysing over 5,000 surgical cases, this study identified early gastric cancers with essentially zero risk of lymph node spread, defining the expanded criteria that allow endoscopic removal instead of gastrectomy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-gotoda-endoscopic-resection-criteria-gastric-cancer-2000/","cancers":"early-gastric-cancer"},{"id":"paper-klass-01-kim-jama-oncol-2019","kind":"paper","name":"KLASS-01: laparoscopic versus open distal gastrectomy for stage I gastric cancer, long-term survival","aka":"","tldr":"Keyhole removal of the lower stomach for early gastric cancer gave the same five-year survival as open surgery in this large Korean trial, confirming laparoscopic gastrectomy as a standard for stage I disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-klass-01-kim-jama-oncol-2019/","cancers":"early-gastric-cancer"},{"id":"paper-jcog0912-katai-lancet-gastroenterol-hepatol-2020","kind":"paper","name":"JCOG0912: laparoscopy-assisted versus open distal gastrectomy for clinical stage IA or IB gastric cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Japan's randomised trial confirmed that laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy is not inferior to open surgery for relapse-free survival in stage I gastric cancer, cementing the minimally invasive approach.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-jcog0912-katai-lancet-gastroenterol-hepatol-2020/","cancers":"early-gastric-cancer"},{"id":"paper-japanese-gastric-cancer-treatment-guidelines-2021-gastric-cancer-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines 2021 (6th edition)","aka":"","tldr":"The Japanese Gastric Cancer Association guideline sets the criteria for endoscopic resection, the extent of gastrectomy and lymph node dissection, adjuvant chemotherapy by stage and systemic therapy for advanced disease, and is the reference for early gastric cancer worldwide.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-japanese-gastric-cancer-treatment-guidelines-2021-gastric-cancer-2023/","cancers":"early-gastric-cancer"},{"id":"paper-mazzaferro-milan-criteria-nejm-1996","kind":"paper","name":"Liver transplantation for small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis (the Milan criteria)","aka":"","tldr":"This study showed that liver transplantation cures most patients with cirrhosis whose liver cancer is limited to one tumour up to 5 cm or up to three tumours each up to 3 cm, the Milan criteria that have governed transplant selection ever since.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-mazzaferro-milan-criteria-nejm-1996/","cancers":"hcc-early"},{"id":"paper-bclc-2022-reig-j-hepatol-2022","kind":"paper","name":"BCLC strategy for prognosis prediction and treatment recommendation: the 2022 update","aka":"","tldr":"The 2022 Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer update refines the staging system that links liver cancer stage to treatment, incorporating immunotherapy as first-line systemic therapy, treatment stage migration and a more nuanced view of intermediate-stage disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-bclc-2022-reig-j-hepatol-2022/","cancers":"hcc-early hcc-intermediate hcc-advanced"},{"id":"paper-imbrave050-lancet-2023","kind":"paper","name":"IMbrave050: adjuvant atezolizumab plus bevacizumab versus active surveillance after resection or ablation of high-risk hepatocellular carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"A year of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab after surgery or ablation for high-risk liver cancer initially reduced recurrences, but the benefit disappeared with longer follow-up, so there is still no proven adjuvant therapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-imbrave050-lancet-2023/","cancers":"hcc-early"},{"id":"paper-storm-adjuvant-sorafenib-bruix-lancet-oncol-2015","kind":"paper","name":"STORM: adjuvant sorafenib after resection or ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Four years of sorafenib after curative surgery or ablation for liver cancer did not delay recurrence or lengthen survival, and caused substantial toxicity, closing the door on kinase inhibitors as adjuvant therapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-storm-adjuvant-sorafenib-bruix-lancet-oncol-2015/","cancers":"hcc-early"},{"id":"paper-bilcap-lancet-oncol-2019","kind":"paper","name":"BILCAP: capecitabine compared with observation in resected biliary tract cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Six months of capecitabine tablets after surgery for bile duct or gallbladder cancer lengthened survival by about a year in the per-protocol analysis, and became the standard adjuvant treatment despite narrowly missing its primary endpoint.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-bilcap-lancet-oncol-2019/","cancers":"extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"paper-abc-02-gemcitabine-cisplatin-nejm-2010","kind":"paper","name":"ABC-02: cisplatin plus gemcitabine versus gemcitabine alone for biliary tract cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding cisplatin to gemcitabine lengthened survival by more than three months in advanced bile duct and gallbladder cancer without extra serious toxicity, establishing the chemotherapy standard for the disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-abc-02-gemcitabine-cisplatin-nejm-2010/","cancers":"extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"paper-topaz-1-nejm-evidence-2022","kind":"paper","name":"TOPAZ-1: durvalumab plus gemcitabine and cisplatin in advanced biliary tract cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding durvalumab to gemcitabine-cisplatin lengthened survival in advanced bile duct and gallbladder cancer, the first improvement on chemotherapy alone in more than a decade, with about a quarter of patients alive at two years.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-topaz-1-nejm-evidence-2022/","cancers":"extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"paper-keynote-966-lancet-2023","kind":"paper","name":"KEYNOTE-966: pembrolizumab plus 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disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-fight-202-pemigatinib-lancet-oncol-2020/","cancers":"intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"paper-keynote-811-janjigian-lancet-2023","kind":"paper","name":"KEYNOTE-811: pembrolizumab plus trastuzumab and chemotherapy for HER2-positive gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Adding pembrolizumab to trastuzumab and chemotherapy improved response and progression-free survival in HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer, with the benefit concentrated in tumours that also express PD-L1.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-811-janjigian-lancet-2023/","cancers":"gastric-her2-positive"},{"id":"paper-destiny-gastric01-nejm-2020","kind":"paper","name":"DESTINY-Gastric01: trastuzumab deruxtecan in previously treated HER2-positive gastric cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan shrank tumours in half of patients with HER2-positive gastric cancer that had progressed after trastuzumab, compared with 14 percent on chemotherapy, and lengthened survival by over four months.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-destiny-gastric01-nejm-2020/","cancers":"gastric-her2-positive"},{"id":"paper-demetri-sunitinib-gist-lancet-2006","kind":"paper","name":"Sunitinib in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumour after failure of imatinib","aka":"","tldr":"Sunitinib more than quadrupled the time to progression compared with placebo in gastrointestinal stromal tumours that had become resistant to or intolerant of imatinib, establishing the standard second-line treatment.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-demetri-sunitinib-gist-lancet-2006/","cancers":"gist-imatinib-resistant"},{"id":"paper-grid-regorafenib-gist-lancet-2013","kind":"paper","name":"GRID: regorafenib for advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours after failure of imatinib and sunitinib","aka":"","tldr":"Regorafenib delayed progression by almost four months compared with placebo in gastrointestinal stromal tumours resistant to both imatinib and sunitinib, giving patients a third line of targeted therapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-grid-regorafenib-gist-lancet-2013/","cancers":"gist-imatinib-resistant"},{"id":"paper-invictus-ripretinib-lancet-oncol-2020","kind":"paper","name":"INVICTUS: ripretinib in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours after three or more prior kinase inhibitors","aka":"","tldr":"The switch-control KIT inhibitor ripretinib lengthened progression-free survival from one to six months and improved survival compared with placebo in gastrointestinal stromal tumours that had failed imatinib, sunitinib and regorafenib.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-invictus-ripretinib-lancet-oncol-2020/","cancers":"gist-imatinib-resistant"},{"id":"paper-intrigue-ripretinib-vs-sunitinib-jco-2022","kind":"paper","name":"INTRIGUE: ripretinib versus sunitinib in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumour after imatinib","aka":"","tldr":"Ripretinib was not better than sunitinib as second-line treatment for gastrointestinal stromal tumour overall, but it was better tolerated and worked better in tumours with KIT exon 11 plus exon 17/18 secondary mutations, while sunitinib was better for exon 13/14 mutations.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-intrigue-ripretinib-vs-sunitinib-jco-2022/","cancers":"gist-imatinib-resistant"},{"id":"paper-llovet-tace-lancet-2002","kind":"paper","name":"Arterial embolisation or chemoembolisation versus symptomatic treatment in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"This Barcelona trial was the first to show that transarterial chemoembolisation lengthens survival in intermediate-stage liver cancer, with two-year survival of 63 percent against 27 percent with supportive care, making it the standard for this stage.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-llovet-tace-lancet-2002/","cancers":"hcc-intermediate"},{"id":"paper-emerald-1-lancet-2025","kind":"paper","name":"EMERALD-1: durvalumab with or without bevacizumab added to transarterial chemoembolisation for embolisation-eligible hepatocellular carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Adding durvalumab and bevacizumab to chemoembolisation lengthened the time to progression by about seven months in liver cancer suitable for embolisation, the first systemic combination to improve on chemoembolisation alone.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-emerald-1-lancet-2025/","cancers":"hcc-intermediate"},{"id":"paper-leap-012-lancet-2025","kind":"paper","name":"LEAP-012: transarterial chemoembolisation with lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab versus placebo for unresectable non-metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Adding lenvatinib and pembrolizumab to chemoembolisation delayed progression in intermediate-stage liver cancer, the second trial to show that systemic therapy improves on embolisation alone, at the cost of more side effects.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-leap-012-lancet-2025/","cancers":"hcc-intermediate"},{"id":"paper-demetri-imatinib-gist-nejm-2002","kind":"paper","name":"Efficacy and safety of imatinib mesylate in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours","aka":"","tldr":"Imatinib produced responses in more than half of patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours, a cancer that had been completely resistant to chemotherapy, and turned a lethal disease into a chronic one.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-demetri-imatinib-gist-nejm-2002/","cancers":"gist-kit-exon-11"},{"id":"paper-hirota-kit-gist-science-1998","kind":"paper","name":"Gain-of-function mutations of c-kit in human gastrointestinal stromal tumours","aka":"","tldr":"This discovery that gastrointestinal stromal tumours carry activating mutations in the KIT receptor, and express KIT protein, defined the disease and provided the target for imatinib three years later.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-hirota-kit-gist-science-1998/","cancers":"gist-kit-exon-11"},{"id":"paper-ssg-xviii-adjuvant-imatinib-joensuu-jama-2012","kind":"paper","name":"SSG XVIII/AIO: one versus three years of adjuvant imatinib for operable gastrointestinal stromal tumour","aka":"","tldr":"Three years of imatinib after surgery for high-risk gastrointestinal stromal tumour reduced recurrences and deaths compared with one year, setting the standard duration of adjuvant therapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ssg-xviii-adjuvant-imatinib-joensuu-jama-2012/","cancers":"gist-kit-exon-11"},{"id":"paper-heinrich-kit-mutation-imatinib-response-jco-2003","kind":"paper","name":"Kinase mutations and imatinib response in patients with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumour","aka":"","tldr":"This analysis showed that the type of KIT mutation predicts response to imatinib: tumours with exon 11 mutations responded in over 80 percent of cases, exon 9 mutations in under half, and tumours without a KIT or PDGFRA mutation rarely responded.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-heinrich-kit-mutation-imatinib-response-jco-2003/","cancers":"gist-kit-exon-11"},{"id":"paper-keynote-062-shitara-jama-oncol-2020","kind":"paper","name":"KEYNOTE-062: pembrolizumab or pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy in PD-L1-positive advanced gastric cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In first-line PD-L1-positive gastric cancer, pembrolizumab alone was no worse than chemotherapy for survival but did not beat it, and adding it to chemotherapy did not help either; the exception was microsatellite-unstable tumours, which did dramatically better with pembrolizumab.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-062-shitara-jama-oncol-2020/","cancers":"gastric-msi-high"},{"id":"paper-pietrantonio-msi-gastric-meta-analysis-jco-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Individual patient data meta-analysis of microsatellite instability as a biomarker in gastric cancer (MAGIC, CLASSIC, ARTIST, ITACA-S)","aka":"","tldr":"Pooling four trials showed that microsatellite-unstable gastric cancers have a much better prognosis after surgery and gain nothing from perioperative or adjuvant chemotherapy, which may even harm them.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-pietrantonio-msi-gastric-meta-analysis-jco-2019/","cancers":"gastric-msi-high"},{"id":"paper-tcga-gastric-nature-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Comprehensive molecular characterisation of gastric adenocarcinoma (The Cancer Genome Atlas)","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing 295 stomach cancers divided them into four molecular groups, Epstein-Barr virus-positive, microsatellite unstable, genomically stable and chromosomally unstable, each with distinct drivers and potential therapies.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-tcga-gastric-nature-2014/","cancers":"gastric-msi-high"},{"id":"paper-keynote-859-lancet-oncol-2023","kind":"paper","name":"KEYNOTE-859: pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus placebo plus chemotherapy for HER2-negative advanced gastric cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding pembrolizumab to platinum-fluoropyrimidine chemotherapy lengthened survival in HER2-negative advanced gastric cancer, with the largest gain in tumours with a PD-L1 combined positive score of 10 or more, confirming chemo-immunotherapy as first-line standard.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-859-lancet-oncol-2023/","cancers":"gastric-pdl1-high"},{"id":"paper-matterhorn-nejm-2025","kind":"paper","name":"MATTERHORN: perioperative durvalumab with FLOT chemotherapy for resectable gastric and gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding durvalumab to perioperative FLOT chemotherapy for operable stomach cancer reduced recurrences and doubled the rate of complete pathological response, the first immunotherapy to improve outcomes in curable gastric cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-matterhorn-nejm-2025/","cancers":"gastric-pdl1-high"},{"id":"paper-rainbow-ramucirumab-paclitaxel-lancet-oncol-2014","kind":"paper","name":"RAINBOW: ramucirumab plus paclitaxel versus placebo plus paclitaxel in previously treated advanced gastric cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the anti-VEGFR2 antibody ramucirumab to weekly paclitaxel lengthened survival by over two months in gastric cancer that had progressed after first-line chemotherapy, establishing the standard second-line regimen.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-rainbow-ramucirumab-paclitaxel-lancet-oncol-2014/","cancers":"gastric-pdl1-high gastric-cldn18-2-positive"},{"id":"paper-navigator-avapritinib-heinrich-lancet-oncol-2020","kind":"paper","name":"NAVIGATOR: avapritinib in advanced PDGFRA D842V-mutant gastrointestinal stromal tumour","aka":"","tldr":"Avapritinib shrank tumours in almost nine in ten patients with PDGFRA D842V-mutant gastrointestinal stromal tumour, a subtype completely resistant to imatinib and every other kinase inhibitor, and became its first effective treatment.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-navigator-avapritinib-heinrich-lancet-oncol-2020/","cancers":"gist-pdgfra-d842v"},{"id":"paper-heinrich-pdgfra-gist-science-2003","kind":"paper","name":"PDGFRA activating mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumours","aka":"","tldr":"This study found that most gastrointestinal stromal tumours without KIT mutations instead carry activating mutations in the related receptor PDGFRA, including the D842V mutation that resists imatinib, completing the genetic definition of the disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-heinrich-pdgfra-gist-science-2003/","cancers":"gist-pdgfra-d842v"},{"id":"paper-partiqol-astro-2024","kind":"paper","name":"PARTIQoL: phase 3 randomised trial of proton therapy versus IMRT for localised prostate cancer (ASTRO 2024 late-breaking abstract)","aka":"","tldr":"In the first multicentre randomised comparison of protons and IMRT for localised prostate cancer, bowel, urinary and sexual quality of life and five-year cancer control were the same with either technique.","tags":"radiation-wave5","route":"/key-papers/paper-partiqol-astro-2024/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"paper-anchor-anal-hsil-treatment-nejm-2022","kind":"paper","name":"ANCHOR: treating anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions to prevent anal cancer in people living with HIV","aka":"","tldr":"Treating anal precancer, mostly by burning it off in the clinic, cut the number of people with HIV who went on to develop anal cancer by more than half compared with watching and waiting. It is the first randomised proof that treating an HPV precancer outside the cervix prevents cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-anchor-anal-hsil-treatment-nejm-2022/","cancers":"anal-hsil-precursor anal"},{"id":"paper-ians-anal-cancer-screening-guidelines-ijc-2024","kind":"paper","name":"International Anal Neoplasia Society consensus guidelines for anal cancer screening","aka":"","tldr":"The first international guideline on who should be screened for anal cancer and how, written after the ANCHOR trial showed that treating precancer prevents the disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ians-anal-cancer-screening-guidelines-ijc-2024/","cancers":"anal-hsil-precursor"},{"id":"paper-act-ii-anal-cancer-chemoradiation-lancet-oncol-2013","kind":"paper","name":"ACT II: mitomycin or cisplatin chemoradiation with or without maintenance chemotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the anus","aka":"","tldr":"The largest anal cancer trial ever run found that swapping mitomycin for cisplatin during radiotherapy did not help, that extra chemotherapy afterwards added nothing, and that tumours keep shrinking for months, so the decision to operate should wait until 26 weeks.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-act-ii-anal-cancer-chemoradiation-lancet-oncol-2013/","cancers":"localised-anal-cancer"},{"id":"paper-esmo-anal-cancer-guideline-ann-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline on anal cancer: diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","aka":"","tldr":"The European guideline for anal cancer, covering staging, chemoradiotherapy for localised disease, salvage surgery, and chemotherapy and immunotherapy for cancer that has spread.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-esmo-anal-cancer-guideline-ann-oncol-2021/","cancers":"localised-anal-cancer metastatic-anal-cancer"},{"id":"paper-eau-asco-penile-cancer-guideline-eur-urol-2023","kind":"paper","name":"EAU-ASCO collaborative guideline on penile cancer, 2023 update","aka":"","tldr":"The joint European and American guideline for penile cancer, from HPV testing and organ-sparing surgery to sentinel node biopsy, lymph node surgery and chemotherapy for node-positive disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-eau-asco-penile-cancer-guideline-eur-urol-2023/","cancers":"localised-penile-cancer node-positive-penile-cancer"},{"id":"paper-pagliaro-neoadjuvant-tip-penile-cancer-jco-2010","kind":"paper","name":"Neoadjuvant paclitaxel, ifosfamide and cisplatin (TIP) for penile cancer with bulky lymph node metastases","aka":"","tldr":"Giving three drugs before surgery to men with penile cancer that had spread to bulky groin or pelvic nodes shrank the cancer in half of them and allowed some to be cured, and TIP became the standard chemotherapy for node-positive penile cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-pagliaro-neoadjuvant-tip-penile-cancer-jco-2010/","cancers":"node-positive-penile-cancer"},{"id":"paper-groinss-v-sentinel-node-vulvar-cancer-jco-2008","kind":"paper","name":"GROINSS-V: sentinel node dissection is safe in early-stage vulvar cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Removing only the first draining lymph node in the groin, and leaving the rest when it was clear, was safe for women with small vulvar cancers: very few groins relapsed and the swelling and wound problems of full groin surgery were largely avoided.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-groinss-v-sentinel-node-vulvar-cancer-jco-2008/","cancers":"hpv-associated-vulvar-cancer hpv-independent-vulvar-cancer"},{"id":"paper-groinss-v-ii-radiotherapy-vulvar-micrometastases-jco-2021","kind":"paper","name":"GROINSS-V II: radiotherapy versus inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy for vulvar cancer with sentinel node micrometastases","aka":"","tldr":"When the sentinel node in the groin held only a tiny deposit of vulvar cancer, radiotherapy to the groin was a safe alternative to removing all the nodes; when the deposit was larger, radiotherapy alone was not enough.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-groinss-v-ii-radiotherapy-vulvar-micrometastases-jco-2021/","cancers":"hpv-associated-vulvar-cancer hpv-independent-vulvar-cancer"},{"id":"paper-figo-annual-report-carcinoma-of-the-vagina-ijgo-2006","kind":"paper","name":"Carcinoma of the vagina: FIGO 26th Annual Report on the results of treatment in gynecological cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The international registry report that gives stage-by-stage survival figures for vaginal cancer, a cancer so rare that no trial has ever been large enough to do so.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-figo-annual-report-carcinoma-of-the-vagina-ijgo-2006/","cancers":"vaginal-squamous-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"paper-figo-cancer-report-cancer-of-the-vagina-ijgo-2018","kind":"paper","name":"FIGO Cancer Report 2018: cancer of the vagina","aka":"","tldr":"The FIGO review of vaginal cancer: how it is staged, that radiotherapy with brachytherapy is the main treatment, and that adding cisplatin is borrowed from cervical cancer because vaginal cancer is too rare for its own trials.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-figo-cancer-report-cancer-of-the-vagina-ijgo-2018/","cancers":"vaginal-squamous-cell-carcinoma vaginal-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"paper-herbst-diethylstilbestrol-vaginal-adenocarcinoma-nejm-1971","kind":"paper","name":"Adenocarcinoma of the vagina: association of maternal stilbestrol therapy with tumour appearance in young women","aka":"","tldr":"Eight young women in Boston developed a vaginal cancer almost never seen at their age; seven of their mothers had taken the synthetic oestrogen diethylstilbestrol in pregnancy. It was the first proof that a drug given to a mother could cause cancer in her child decades later.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-herbst-diethylstilbestrol-vaginal-adenocarcinoma-nejm-1971/","cancers":"vaginal-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"paper-esmo-thymic-epithelial-tumours-guideline-ann-oncol-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Thymic epithelial tumours: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","aka":"","tldr":"The European guideline for thymoma and thymic carcinoma, built on the French RYTHMIC network's experience: complete surgery where possible, radiotherapy for invasive tumours and platinum chemotherapy for disease that cannot be removed.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-esmo-thymic-epithelial-tumours-guideline-ann-oncol-2015/","cancers":"thymoma thymic-carcinoma"},{"id":"paper-masaoka-thymoma-clinical-staging-cancer-1981","kind":"paper","name":"Masaoka staging: follow-up study of thymomas with special reference to their clinical stages","aka":"","tldr":"The Osaka series that grouped thymomas by how far they had invaded, from fully encapsulated to spread inside the chest or beyond, and showed survival fell with each step. Its stages are still used forty years on.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-masaoka-thymoma-clinical-staging-cancer-1981/","cancers":"thymoma"},{"id":"paper-who-2021-thymus-mediastinum-classification-marx-jto-2022","kind":"paper","name":"The 2021 WHO classification of tumours of the thymus and mediastinum: what is new in thymic epithelial, germ cell and mesenchymal tumours","aka":"","tldr":"The current WHO scheme for thymic tumours, which keeps the type A to B3 thymoma letters and the separate category of thymic carcinoma while adding new molecular entities.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-who-2021-thymus-mediastinum-classification-marx-jto-2022/","cancers":"thymoma thymic-carcinoma"},{"id":"paper-remora-lenvatinib-thymic-carcinoma-lancet-oncol-2020","kind":"paper","name":"REMORA: lenvatinib in advanced or metastatic thymic carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"In a Japanese trial the multi-kinase inhibitor lenvatinib shrank thymic carcinoma in about four in ten patients whose disease had progressed after platinum chemotherapy, leading to its approval in Japan.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-remora-lenvatinib-thymic-carcinoma-lancet-oncol-2020/","cancers":"thymic-carcinoma"},{"id":"paper-giaccone-pembrolizumab-thymic-carcinoma-lancet-oncol-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Pembrolizumab in patients with thymic carcinoma: a single-arm phase 2 study","aka":"","tldr":"Immunotherapy shrank thymic carcinoma in about one patient in five after chemotherapy, but caused severe immune attacks on the heart and muscle more often than in other cancers, so it is used with care.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-giaccone-pembrolizumab-thymic-carcinoma-lancet-oncol-2018/","cancers":"thymic-carcinoma"},{"id":"paper-ese-ensat-adrenocortical-carcinoma-guideline-eur-j-endocrinol-2018","kind":"paper","name":"European Society of Endocrinology and ENSAT clinical practice guidelines on the management of adrenocortical carcinoma in adults","aka":"","tldr":"The European endocrine guideline for adrenocortical carcinoma: hormonal work-up, complete surgery by an expert, mitotane for those at high risk of relapse, and EDP-mitotane for disease that has spread.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ese-ensat-adrenocortical-carcinoma-guideline-eur-j-endocrinol-2018/","cancers":"localised-adrenocortical-carcinoma advanced-adrenocortical-carcinoma"},{"id":"paper-firm-act-edp-mitotane-adrenocortical-carcinoma-nejm-2012","kind":"paper","name":"FIRM-ACT: combination chemotherapy in advanced adrenocortical carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"The first randomised trial in advanced adrenocortical carcinoma showed that etoposide, doxorubicin and cisplatin with mitotane shrank tumours more often and held them back longer than streptozocin with mitotane, making EDP-mitotane the standard.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-firm-act-edp-mitotane-adrenocortical-carcinoma-nejm-2012/","cancers":"advanced-adrenocortical-carcinoma"},{"id":"paper-psogi-pseudomyxoma-appendiceal-classification-am-j-surg-pathol-2016","kind":"paper","name":"PSOGI consensus for classification and pathological reporting of pseudomyxoma peritonei and associated appendiceal neoplasia","aka":"","tldr":"Pathologists from around the world agreed on what to call the mucinous tumours of the appendix and the jelly-like peritoneal disease they cause, replacing a tangle of older names with low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm, high-grade neoplasm and adenocarcinoma.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-psogi-pseudomyxoma-appendiceal-classification-am-j-surg-pathol-2016/","cancers":"low-grade-appendiceal-mucinous-neoplasm appendiceal-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"paper-who-2019-digestive-system-tumours-nagtegaal-histopathology-2020","kind":"paper","name":"The 2019 WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system","aka":"","tldr":"The current WHO rulebook for cancers of the gut, which among other changes renamed goblet cell carcinoid as goblet cell adenocarcinoma, adopted the LAMN terminology for appendiceal tumours and re-graded neuroendocrine neoplasms.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-who-2019-digestive-system-tumours-nagtegaal-histopathology-2020/","cancers":"low-grade-appendiceal-mucinous-neoplasm appendiceal-adenocarcinoma goblet-cell-adenocarcinoma localised-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"paper-chicago-consensus-appendiceal-neoplasms-cancer-2020","kind":"paper","name":"The Chicago Consensus on peritoneal surface malignancies: management of appendiceal neoplasms","aka":"","tldr":"A multidisciplinary consensus laying out treatment pathways for each kind of appendix tumour, from low-grade mucinous neoplasms to adenocarcinoma and goblet cell adenocarcinoma, including when cytoreductive surgery with heated chemotherapy and when systemic chemotherapy are appropriate.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-chicago-consensus-appendiceal-neoplasms-cancer-2020/","cancers":"appendiceal-adenocarcinoma goblet-cell-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"paper-overman-capox-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma-jco-2009","kind":"paper","name":"Phase 2 study of capecitabine and oxaliplatin for advanced adenocarcinoma of the small bowel and ampulla of Vater","aka":"","tldr":"The first prospective trial in small bowel adenocarcinoma found that the colorectal cancer regimen CAPOX shrank tumours in half of patients, and it became the backbone of treatment and of the adjuvant BALLAD trial.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-overman-capox-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma-jco-2009/","cancers":"localised-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma advanced-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"paper-zebra-pembrolizumab-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma-ccr-2021","kind":"paper","name":"ZEBRA: pembrolizumab in advanced small bowel adenocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Immunotherapy on its own helped only a few patients with advanced small bowel adenocarcinoma, mainly those whose tumours had mismatch repair deficiency, so the drug is reserved for that group.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-zebra-pembrolizumab-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma-ccr-2021/","cancers":"advanced-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"paper-esmo-cancer-of-unknown-primary-guideline-ann-oncol-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Cancer of unknown primary: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","aka":"","tldr":"The European guideline on cancer that has spread from a primary no one can find: how far to look, which favourable subsets to treat like a known cancer, and what chemotherapy or targeted therapy to give the rest.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-esmo-cancer-of-unknown-primary-guideline-ann-oncol-2023/","cancers":"cup-favourable-subsets cup-unfavourable"},{"id":"paper-cupisco-molecularly-guided-therapy-cup-lancet-2024","kind":"paper","name":"CUPISCO: molecularly guided therapy versus chemotherapy after disease control in unfavourable cancer of unknown primary","aka":"","tldr":"In the first large randomised trial in cancer of unknown primary, choosing a targeted drug or immunotherapy from the tumour's genomic profile after three cycles of chemotherapy held the disease back for longer than simply continuing chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-cupisco-molecularly-guided-therapy-cup-lancet-2024/","cancers":"cup-unfavourable"},{"id":"paper-hayashi-site-specific-vs-empirical-chemotherapy-cup-jco-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Randomised phase 2 trial of site-specific treatment based on gene expression profiling versus carboplatin and paclitaxel in cancer of unknown primary","aka":"","tldr":"Using a gene expression test to guess where a cancer of unknown primary came from, and treating it as that cancer, did not help patients live longer than standard carboplatin and paclitaxel.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-hayashi-site-specific-vs-empirical-chemotherapy-cup-jco-2019/","cancers":"cup-favourable-subsets cup-unfavourable"},{"id":"paper-ve-basket-vemurafenib-erdheim-chester-lch-jama-oncol-2018","kind":"paper","name":"VE-BASKET: vemurafenib for BRAF V600-mutant Erdheim-Chester disease and Langerhans cell histiocytosis","aka":"","tldr":"The BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib shrank disease in most adults with BRAF-mutant Erdheim-Chester disease, and the responses lasted, leading to the first drug approval for this histiocytosis.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ve-basket-vemurafenib-erdheim-chester-lch-jama-oncol-2018/","cancers":"erdheim-chester-disease"},{"id":"paper-erdheim-chester-disease-consensus-recommendations-blood-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Erdheim-Chester disease: consensus recommendations for evaluation, diagnosis and treatment in the molecular era","aka":"","tldr":"International experts set out how to diagnose Erdheim-Chester disease, which scans and mutation tests to do, and when to use BRAF and MEK inhibitors, interferon or other drugs.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-erdheim-chester-disease-consensus-recommendations-blood-2020/","cancers":"erdheim-chester-disease"},{"id":"paper-emile-revised-classification-of-histiocytoses-blood-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Revised classification of histiocytoses and neoplasms of the macrophage-dendritic cell lineages","aka":"","tldr":"The Histiocyte Society reorganised more than a hundred histiocytic disorders into five groups, putting Langerhans cell histiocytosis and Erdheim-Chester disease together as clonal MAPK-driven neoplasms and Rosai-Dorfman disease in its own group.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-emile-revised-classification-of-histiocytoses-blood-2016/","cancers":"erdheim-chester-disease rosai-dorfman-disease lch-single-system"},{"id":"paper-rosai-dorfman-destombes-consensus-recommendations-blood-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Consensus recommendations for the diagnosis and clinical management of Rosai-Dorfman-Destombes disease","aka":"","tldr":"The first expert guidance on Rosai-Dorfman disease: how to confirm the diagnosis, which patients can be watched, and which need surgery, steroids, chemotherapy or targeted treatment.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-rosai-dorfman-destombes-consensus-recommendations-blood-2018/","cancers":"rosai-dorfman-disease"},{"id":"paper-lch-iii-therapy-prolongation-multisystem-lch-blood-2013","kind":"paper","name":"LCH-III: therapy prolongation improves outcome in multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis","aka":"","tldr":"Twelve months of vinblastine and prednisone, rather than six, meant fewer children's Langerhans cell histiocytosis came back, and mortality in the highest-risk children fell to a fraction of what it had been.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-lch-iii-therapy-prolongation-multisystem-lch-blood-2013/","cancers":"lch-single-system lch-multisystem"},{"id":"paper-badalian-very-braf-mutations-lch-blood-2010","kind":"paper","name":"Recurrent BRAF mutations in Langerhans cell histiocytosis","aka":"","tldr":"More than half of Langerhans cell histiocytosis samples carried the same BRAF V600E mutation seen in melanoma, settling a long argument by showing the disease is a clonal neoplasm and opening it to targeted therapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-badalian-very-braf-mutations-lch-blood-2010/","cancers":"lch-single-system lch-multisystem"},{"id":"paper-donadieu-vemurafenib-refractory-multisystem-lch-jco-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Vemurafenib for refractory multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis in children: an international observational study","aka":"","tldr":"In children with life-threatening Langerhans cell histiocytosis that had not responded to chemotherapy, the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib brought the disease under control in nearly all of them, though it usually returned when the drug was stopped.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-donadieu-vemurafenib-refractory-multisystem-lch-jco-2019/","cancers":"lch-multisystem"},{"id":"paper-pioneer-avapritinib-indolent-systemic-mastocytosis-nejm-evid-2023","kind":"paper","name":"PIONEER: avapritinib versus placebo in indolent systemic mastocytosis","aka":"","tldr":"A low dose of the KIT inhibitor avapritinib eased the itching, flushing, gut and bone symptoms of indolent systemic mastocytosis more than placebo, the first drug shown to do so in a randomised trial.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-pioneer-avapritinib-indolent-systemic-mastocytosis-nejm-evid-2023/","cancers":"indolent-systemic-mastocytosis"},{"id":"paper-gotlib-midostaurin-advanced-systemic-mastocytosis-nejm-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Efficacy and safety of midostaurin in advanced systemic mastocytosis","aka":"","tldr":"The multi-kinase inhibitor midostaurin shrank the mast cell burden and reversed organ damage in six in ten patients with advanced systemic mastocytosis, becoming the first approved targeted drug for the disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-gotlib-midostaurin-advanced-systemic-mastocytosis-nejm-2016/","cancers":"advanced-systemic-mastocytosis"},{"id":"paper-explorer-avapritinib-advanced-systemic-mastocytosis-nat-med-2021","kind":"paper","name":"EXPLORER: safety and efficacy of avapritinib in advanced systemic mastocytosis (phase 1)","aka":"","tldr":"The first study of avapritinib, a drug designed to hit the KIT D816V mutation that drives most mastocytosis, produced responses in three quarters of patients with advanced disease and set the dose for later trials.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-explorer-avapritinib-advanced-systemic-mastocytosis-nat-med-2021/","cancers":"advanced-systemic-mastocytosis"},{"id":"paper-pathfinder-avapritinib-advanced-systemic-mastocytosis-nat-med-2021","kind":"paper","name":"PATHFINDER: efficacy and safety of avapritinib in advanced systemic mastocytosis (phase 2 interim analysis)","aka":"","tldr":"The confirmatory trial of avapritinib in advanced systemic mastocytosis again showed responses in three quarters of patients, with the drug clearing marrow mast cells and normalising tryptase in many, and it became the standard first-line targeted therapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-pathfinder-avapritinib-advanced-systemic-mastocytosis-nat-med-2021/","cancers":"advanced-systemic-mastocytosis"},{"id":"paper-ghsg-hd10-reduced-intensity-early-hodgkin-nejm-2010","kind":"paper","name":"GHSG HD10: reduced treatment intensity in early-stage favourable Hodgkin lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"Two cycles of ABVD chemotherapy and a lower radiotherapy dose cured early favourable Hodgkin lymphoma as well as four cycles and a higher dose, so patients could be given less treatment and fewer late effects.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ghsg-hd10-reduced-intensity-early-hodgkin-nejm-2010/","cancers":"early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-rapid-pet-directed-therapy-early-hodgkin-nejm-2015","kind":"paper","name":"RAPID: PET-directed therapy for early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"Patients with early Hodgkin lymphoma whose PET scan was clear after three cycles of ABVD did almost as well without radiotherapy as with it, with a small extra risk of relapse but no difference in survival, giving them a choice.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-rapid-pet-directed-therapy-early-hodgkin-nejm-2015/","cancers":"early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-rathl-interim-pet-adapted-abvd-advanced-hodgkin-nejm-2016","kind":"paper","name":"RATHL: adapted treatment guided by interim PET-CT in advanced Hodgkin lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"Using a PET scan after two cycles to decide the rest of treatment let patients with a clear scan drop bleomycin, sparing their lungs without losing cure, while those with a positive scan were escalated to stronger chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-rathl-interim-pet-adapted-abvd-advanced-hodgkin-nejm-2016/","cancers":"advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-ghsg-hd21-brecadd-vs-ebeacopp-advanced-hodgkin-lancet-2024","kind":"paper","name":"GHSG HD21: PET-guided BrECADD versus escalated BEACOPP in advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"A new regimen built around brentuximab vedotin cured more patients with advanced Hodgkin lymphoma than the intensive BEACOPP standard, and did so with less toxicity, including less damage to fertility.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ghsg-hd21-brecadd-vs-ebeacopp-advanced-hodgkin-lancet-2024/","cancers":"advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-aethera-brentuximab-consolidation-after-asct-hodgkin-lancet-2015","kind":"paper","name":"AETHERA: brentuximab vedotin consolidation after autologous stem cell transplantation in Hodgkin lymphoma at risk of relapse","aka":"","tldr":"Giving the antibody-drug conjugate brentuximab vedotin for up to a year after a stem cell transplant roughly doubled the time before Hodgkin lymphoma came back in patients at high risk of relapse.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-aethera-brentuximab-consolidation-after-asct-hodgkin-lancet-2015/","cancers":"relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-keynote-204-pembrolizumab-vs-brentuximab-rr-hodgkin-lancet-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"KEYNOTE-204: pembrolizumab versus brentuximab vedotin in relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"In a head-to-head trial, the PD-1 antibody pembrolizumab kept relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma at bay for longer than brentuximab vedotin, making immunotherapy the preferred choice after transplant failure or for patients who cannot have a transplant.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-204-pembrolizumab-vs-brentuximab-rr-hodgkin-lancet-oncol-2021/","cancers":"relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-checkmate-205-nivolumab-rr-hodgkin-extended-follow-up-jco-2018","kind":"paper","name":"CheckMate 205: nivolumab for relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma after autologous transplant failure, extended follow-up","aka":"","tldr":"The PD-1 antibody nivolumab produced responses in about seven in ten patients whose Hodgkin lymphoma had returned after a stem cell transplant, with responses lasting well over a year, confirming the exquisite sensitivity of this lymphoma to checkpoint blockade.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-checkmate-205-nivolumab-rr-hodgkin-extended-follow-up-jco-2018/","cancers":"relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-eichenauer-nlphl-ghsg-hd7-hd15-long-term-jco-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Long-term follow-up of nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma treated in the GHSG HD7 to HD15 trials","aka":"","tldr":"The largest long-term series of nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma found that three-quarters of patients were still free of the disease ten years after standard Hodgkin lymphoma treatment and more than nine in ten were alive, but most of the deaths came from second cancers and treatment effects rather than from the lymphoma itself.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-eichenauer-nlphl-ghsg-hd7-hd15-long-term-jco-2020/","cancers":"nodular-lymphocyte-predominant-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-figo-2000-staging-gestational-trophoblastic-neoplasia-ijgo-2002","kind":"paper","name":"FIGO staging for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia 2000","aka":"","tldr":"The FIGO Oncology Committee's system that combines an anatomical stage with a prognostic score to split gestational trophoblastic neoplasia into low-risk disease, cured with a single drug, and high-risk disease needing combination chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-figo-2000-staging-gestational-trophoblastic-neoplasia-ijgo-2002/","cancers":"low-risk-gtn high-risk-gtn"},{"id":"paper-gog-174-methotrexate-vs-dactinomycin-low-risk-gtn-jco-2011","kind":"paper","name":"GOG 174: weekly methotrexate or pulsed dactinomycin for low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia","aka":"","tldr":"In the only large randomised comparison of the two standard single drugs for low-risk GTN, dactinomycin given once a fortnight cured more women than weekly methotrexate, though both were followed by successful rescue in almost everyone.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-gog-174-methotrexate-vs-dactinomycin-low-risk-gtn-jco-2011/","cancers":"low-risk-gtn"},{"id":"paper-bower-ema-co-high-risk-gtn-charing-cross-jco-1997","kind":"paper","name":"EMA/CO for high-risk gestational trophoblastic tumours: results from a cohort of 272 patients","aka":"","tldr":"The Charing Cross series that established EMA/CO, an alternating weekly combination of five drugs, as the standard treatment for high-risk gestational trophoblastic disease, curing more than eight in ten women.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-bower-ema-co-high-risk-gtn-charing-cross-jco-1997/","cancers":"high-risk-gtn"},{"id":"paper-figo-cancer-report-gestational-trophoblastic-disease-ijgo-2021","kind":"paper","name":"FIGO Cancer Report 2021: diagnosis and management of gestational trophoblastic disease","aka":"","tldr":"The FIGO review of trophoblastic disease from molar pregnancy to choriocarcinoma and the rare placental-site and epithelioid tumours: hCG surveillance, the risk score, single-agent or EMA/CO chemotherapy, surgery, and immunotherapy for resistant disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-figo-cancer-report-gestational-trophoblastic-disease-ijgo-2021/","cancers":"high-risk-gtn placental-site-trophoblastic-tumour"},{"id":"paper-schmid-placental-site-trophoblastic-tumour-outcomes-lancet-2009","kind":"paper","name":"Prognostic markers and long-term outcome of placental-site trophoblastic tumours: a retrospective observational study","aka":"","tldr":"The largest series of this rare trophoblastic tumour showed that women whose tumour appeared four or more years after the causative pregnancy did badly whatever the treatment, and that early-stage disease is cured by hysterectomy alone.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-schmid-placental-site-trophoblastic-tumour-outcomes-lancet-2009/","cancers":"placental-site-trophoblastic-tumour"},{"id":"paper-froeling-pstt-ett-intensified-therapy-bjc-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Intensified therapies improve survival and identification of novel prognostic factors for placental-site and epithelioid trophoblastic tumours","aka":"","tldr":"An updated UK series of placental-site and epithelioid trophoblastic tumours found that more intensive treatment, including high-dose chemotherapy for the worst-prognosis women, improved survival, and refined the factors that predict outcome.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-froeling-pstt-ett-intensified-therapy-bjc-2019/","cancers":"placental-site-trophoblastic-tumour"},{"id":"paper-neumann-germline-mutations-nonsyndromic-pheochromocytoma-nejm-2002","kind":"paper","name":"Germline mutations in nonsyndromic pheochromocytoma","aka":"","tldr":"One in four patients with an apparently sporadic adrenaline-producing tumour turned out to carry an inherited mutation in one of four genes, showing that pheochromocytoma is the most heritable of all tumours and that everyone with one should be offered genetic testing.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-neumann-germline-mutations-nonsyndromic-pheochromocytoma-nejm-2002/","cancers":"hereditary-ppgl"},{"id":"paper-endocrine-society-pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma-guideline-jcem-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","aka":"","tldr":"The Endocrine Society guideline on catecholamine-producing tumours: test with plasma or urine metanephrines, image with CT or MRI and functional scans, offer genetic testing to everyone, block the blood pressure before surgery, and follow patients for life.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-endocrine-society-pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma-guideline-jcem-2014/","cancers":"hereditary-ppgl metastatic-ppgl"},{"id":"paper-pryma-high-specific-activity-i131-mibg-ppgl-jnm-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Efficacy and safety of high-specific-activity 131I-MIBG therapy in advanced pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma","aka":"","tldr":"A purified radioactive form of MIBG, taken up by adrenaline-producing tumour cells, let a quarter of patients halve their blood pressure medication for at least six months and shrank tumours in about one in five, leading to the first approved radiopharmaceutical for these tumours.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-pryma-high-specific-activity-i131-mibg-ppgl-jnm-2019/","cancers":"metastatic-ppgl"},{"id":"paper-intergroup-0099-chemoradiotherapy-nasopharyngeal-jco-1998","kind":"paper","name":"Intergroup 0099: chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy in advanced nasopharyngeal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding cisplatin during radiotherapy and chemotherapy afterwards more than doubled the chance of being alive without disease three years later compared with radiotherapy alone, making chemoradiotherapy the standard for advanced nasopharyngeal cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-intergroup-0099-chemoradiotherapy-nasopharyngeal-jco-1998/","cancers":"locoregionally-advanced-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma"},{"id":"paper-zhang-gemcitabine-cisplatin-induction-nasopharyngeal-nejm-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Gemcitabine and cisplatin induction chemotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Three cycles of gemcitabine and cisplatin before chemoradiotherapy cut recurrences and improved survival in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer, making induction chemotherapy the standard in endemic regions.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-zhang-gemcitabine-cisplatin-induction-nasopharyngeal-nejm-2019/","cancers":"locoregionally-advanced-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma"},{"id":"paper-csco-asco-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma-guideline-jco-2021","kind":"paper","name":"CSCO and ASCO guideline: chemotherapy in combination with radiotherapy for definitive-intent treatment of stage II to IVA nasopharyngeal carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"The joint Chinese and American guideline on when to add chemotherapy to radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal cancer: concurrent cisplatin for most stage II to IVA disease, induction gemcitabine-cisplatin for higher-risk disease, and how to handle patients who cannot take cisplatin.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-csco-asco-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma-guideline-jco-2021/","cancers":"locoregionally-advanced-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma"},{"id":"paper-zhang-gemcitabine-cisplatin-vs-fluorouracil-cisplatin-rm-npc-lancet-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Gemcitabine plus cisplatin versus fluorouracil plus cisplatin in recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"The first phase 3 trial in metastatic nasopharyngeal cancer found gemcitabine with cisplatin held the disease back for longer than the older fluorouracil-cisplatin combination, and it became the chemotherapy backbone to which immunotherapy was later added.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-zhang-gemcitabine-cisplatin-vs-fluorouracil-cisplatin-rm-npc-lancet-2016/","cancers":"recurrent-metastatic-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma"},{"id":"paper-jupiter-02-toripalimab-chemotherapy-npc-nat-med-2021","kind":"paper","name":"JUPITER-02: toripalimab or placebo plus chemotherapy as first-line treatment in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the PD-1 antibody toripalimab to gemcitabine and cisplatin lengthened the time before metastatic nasopharyngeal cancer progressed by about four months, and later improved survival, making chemo-immunotherapy the first-line standard.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-jupiter-02-toripalimab-chemotherapy-npc-nat-med-2021/","cancers":"recurrent-metastatic-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma"},{"id":"paper-captain-1st-camrelizumab-chemotherapy-npc-lancet-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"CAPTAIN-1st: camrelizumab versus placebo with gemcitabine and cisplatin as first-line treatment for recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"A second PD-1 antibody, camrelizumab, also lengthened progression-free survival when added to gemcitabine and cisplatin in metastatic nasopharyngeal cancer, confirming that chemo-immunotherapy is the new first-line standard.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-captain-1st-camrelizumab-chemotherapy-npc-lancet-oncol-2021/","cancers":"recurrent-metastatic-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma"},{"id":"paper-kadish-olfactory-neuroblastoma-staging-cancer-1976","kind":"paper","name":"Kadish staging: olfactory neuroblastoma, a clinical analysis of 17 cases","aka":"","tldr":"A Boston series of seventeen patients that proposed the three-stage system, based on whether the tumour is confined to the nose, involves the sinuses or has spread beyond them, still used to stage esthesioneuroblastoma today.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-kadish-olfactory-neuroblastoma-staging-cancer-1976/","cancers":"esthesioneuroblastoma"},{"id":"paper-dulguerov-esthesioneuroblastoma-meta-analysis-lancet-oncol-2001","kind":"paper","name":"Esthesioneuroblastoma: a meta-analysis and review","aka":"","tldr":"Pooling every published series of this rare nasal cancer showed that about 45 percent of patients survive five years, that surgery followed by radiotherapy gives the best results, and that the Kadish stage and Hyams grade predict outcome.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-dulguerov-esthesioneuroblastoma-meta-analysis-lancet-oncol-2001/","cancers":"esthesioneuroblastoma"},{"id":"paper-amit-induction-chemotherapy-response-snuc-jco-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Induction chemotherapy response as a guide to treatment optimisation in sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"In this aggressive nasal cancer, how the tumour responds to a first course of chemotherapy tells doctors which treatment to give next: chemoradiotherapy for responders, surgery for those who do not respond.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-amit-induction-chemotherapy-response-snuc-jco-2019/","cancers":"sinonasal-undifferentiated-carcinoma"},{"id":"paper-jo-idh2-r172-mutations-snuc-mod-pathol-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Recurrent IDH2 R172X mutations in sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing showed that most sinonasal undifferentiated carcinomas, a cancer long defined only by what it is not, carry a mutation in the IDH2 gene found in no other head and neck cancer, giving the disease a molecular identity, a diagnostic antibody test and a possible drug target.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-jo-idh2-r172-mutations-snuc-mod-pathol-2017/","cancers":"sinonasal-undifferentiated-carcinoma"},{"id":"paper-prodige-24-adjuvant-mfolfirinox-pancreatic-nejm-2018","kind":"paper","name":"PRODIGE 24/CCTG PA6: adjuvant modified FOLFIRINOX versus gemcitabine after resection of pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Six months of the four-drug combination modified FOLFIRINOX after surgery for pancreatic cancer kept the disease away for almost twice as long as gemcitabine alone and added about a year and a half to median survival. It is the reason fit patients are now offered FOLFIRINOX after a pancreatic operation.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-prodige-24-adjuvant-mfolfirinox-pancreatic-nejm-2018/","cancers":"resectable-pdac pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-espac-4-gemcitabine-capecitabine-adjuvant-pancreatic-lancet-2017","kind":"paper","name":"ESPAC-4: adjuvant gemcitabine plus capecitabine versus gemcitabine alone after resection of pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the tablet capecitabine to gemcitabine after surgery for pancreatic cancer lengthened median survival by about two and a half months with little extra toxicity, giving patients who cannot manage FOLFIRINOX a better option than gemcitabine alone.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-espac-4-gemcitabine-capecitabine-adjuvant-pancreatic-lancet-2017/","cancers":"resectable-pdac pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-preopanc-neoadjuvant-chemoradiotherapy-long-term-jco-2022","kind":"paper","name":"PREOPANC long-term results: neoadjuvant gemcitabine-based chemoradiotherapy versus upfront surgery for resectable and borderline resectable pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Giving chemotherapy and radiotherapy before the operation, rather than operating first, tripled the share of patients alive at five years in this Dutch trial, with the gain clearest in borderline resectable tumours. It is the strongest randomised case for treating borderline resectable pancreatic cancer before surgery.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-preopanc-neoadjuvant-chemoradiotherapy-long-term-jco-2022/","cancers":"borderline-resectable-pdac resectable-pdac pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-espac-5-neoadjuvant-borderline-resectable-pancreatic-lancet-gastro-hep-2023","kind":"paper","name":"ESPAC5: immediate surgery versus short-course neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for borderline resectable pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In this four-arm British trial, two months of chemotherapy before surgery for borderline resectable pancreatic cancer doubled the share of patients alive at one year compared with operating straight away, even though the same proportion got to an operation.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-espac-5-neoadjuvant-borderline-resectable-pancreatic-lancet-gastro-hep-2023/","cancers":"borderline-resectable-pdac pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-alliance-a021501-mfolfirinox-radiotherapy-borderline-resectable-jama-oncol-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Alliance A021501: preoperative modified FOLFIRINOX with or without hypofractionated radiotherapy for borderline resectable pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In the first randomised US trial of neoadjuvant treatment for borderline resectable pancreatic cancer, eight cycles of modified FOLFIRINOX alone gave two-thirds of patients an 18-month survival, while replacing the last cycle with short-course radiotherapy did worse and that arm was stopped early.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-alliance-a021501-mfolfirinox-radiotherapy-borderline-resectable-jama-oncol-2022/","cancers":"borderline-resectable-pdac pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-lap07-chemoradiotherapy-locally-advanced-pancreatic-jama-2016","kind":"paper","name":"LAP07: chemoradiotherapy versus continued chemotherapy for locally advanced pancreatic cancer controlled after four months of gemcitabine","aka":"","tldr":"Adding radiotherapy after four months of chemotherapy did not help patients with inoperable pancreatic cancer confined to the pancreas live longer, though it delayed regrowth at the original site. Nor did adding the pill erlotinib to gemcitabine. The result pushed radiotherapy out of the routine pathway for locally advanced disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-lap07-chemoradiotherapy-locally-advanced-pancreatic-jama-2016/","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-codebreak-100-sotorasib-kras-g12c-pancreatic-nejm-2023","kind":"paper","name":"CodeBreaK 100: sotorasib in KRAS p.G12C-mutated advanced pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The first KRAS-blocking pill shrank tumours in about one in five patients with heavily pretreated pancreatic cancer carrying the G12C mutation and controlled the disease in most for a few months. Modest as that is, it was the first direct hit on the gene that drives nearly every pancreatic cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-codebreak-100-sotorasib-kras-g12c-pancreatic-nejm-2023/","cancers":"kras-g12c-pdac pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-krystal-1-adagrasib-kras-g12c-solid-tumours-jco-2023","kind":"paper","name":"KRYSTAL-1: adagrasib in advanced solid tumours harbouring a KRAS G12C mutation, including pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adagrasib, the second KRAS G12C pill, shrank tumours in about a third of patients with pancreatic cancer and in two in five with bile duct cancer in this basket study, with disease control for several months.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-krystal-1-adagrasib-kras-g12c-solid-tumours-jco-2023/","cancers":"kras-g12c-pdac pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-heining-nrg1-fusions-kras-wild-type-pancreatic-cancer-discov-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Heining 2018: NRG1 fusions in KRAS wild-type pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Whole-genome and RNA sequencing of pancreatic cancers in younger patients found that most of the tumours without a KRAS mutation instead carried a fusion of the NRG1 gene, and two patients given a HER-family blocker responded. It established NRG1 fusions as the driver to look for in KRAS wild-type pancreatic cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-heining-nrg1-fusions-kras-wild-type-pancreatic-cancer-discov-2018/","cancers":"kras-wild-type-pdac pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-jones-nrg1-fusions-recurrent-actionable-kras-wild-type-pdac-ccr-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Jones 2019: NRG1 gene fusions are recurrent, clinically actionable rearrangements in KRAS wild-type pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"In a Canadian programme sequencing the genomes of advanced pancreatic cancers in real time, tumours without a KRAS mutation repeatedly carried NRG1 fusions, and patients treated with HER-family blockers on the strength of that finding responded. It showed that fusion testing in KRAS wild-type disease changes treatment.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-jones-nrg1-fusions-recurrent-actionable-kras-wild-type-pdac-ccr-2019/","cancers":"kras-wild-type-pdac pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-enrgy-zenocutuzumab-nrg1-fusion-positive-cancer-nejm-2025","kind":"paper","name":"eNRGy: efficacy of zenocutuzumab in NRG1 fusion-positive cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Zenocutuzumab, an antibody that grips HER2 and HER3 at once so the NRG1 growth signal cannot get through, shrank tumours in about three in ten patients whose cancers carried an NRG1 fusion, with responses lasting close to a year, and did best in pancreatic cancer. It became the first drug approved for a pancreatic cancer driver alteration.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-enrgy-zenocutuzumab-nrg1-fusion-positive-cancer-nejm-2025/","cancers":"kras-wild-type-pdac pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-polo-olaparib-maintenance-gbrca-pancreatic-nejm-2019","kind":"paper","name":"POLO: maintenance olaparib for germline BRCA-mutated metastatic pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In patients with inherited BRCA mutations whose pancreatic cancer had been held in check by platinum chemotherapy, switching to the tablet olaparib roughly doubled the time before the disease grew again compared with placebo. It was the first biomarker-driven approval in pancreatic cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-polo-olaparib-maintenance-gbrca-pancreatic-nejm-2019/","cancers":"brca-palb2-pdac pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-polo-overall-survival-olaparib-gbrca-pancreatic-jco-2022","kind":"paper","name":"POLO final overall survival: maintenance olaparib versus placebo in germline BRCA-mutated metastatic pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The final results of POLO showed that olaparib did not lengthen overall survival on average, although about twice as many patients on olaparib were alive at three years, and the drug delayed the time until a second treatment was needed.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-polo-overall-survival-olaparib-gbrca-pancreatic-jco-2022/","cancers":"brca-palb2-pdac pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-oreilly-gemcitabine-cisplatin-veliparib-gbrca-palb2-pancreatic-jco-2020","kind":"paper","name":"O'Reilly 2020: gemcitabine and cisplatin with or without veliparib in pancreatic cancer with a germline BRCA or PALB2 mutation","aka":"","tldr":"In the first randomised trial restricted to pancreatic cancer patients with inherited BRCA or PALB2 mutations, platinum chemotherapy shrank tumours in about two-thirds and gave unusually long survival, while adding the PARP inhibitor veliparib to the chemotherapy did not help and added toxicity.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-oreilly-gemcitabine-cisplatin-veliparib-gbrca-palb2-pancreatic-jco-2020/","cancers":"brca-palb2-pdac pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-keynote-158-pembrolizumab-msi-high-noncolorectal-jco-2020","kind":"paper","name":"KEYNOTE-158: pembrolizumab in non-colorectal high microsatellite instability or mismatch repair-deficient cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Pembrolizumab shrank tumours in about a third of patients with mismatch repair-deficient cancers of many different organs, with responses that often lasted years; the pancreatic cancer group responded less often than most. It is the trial behind the tissue-agnostic approval for MSI-high cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-158-pembrolizumab-msi-high-noncolorectal-jco-2020/","cancers":"msi-high-pdac pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-hu-mismatch-repair-deficiency-pancreatic-adenocarcinoma-ccr-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Hu 2018: evaluating mismatch repair deficiency in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, challenges and recommendations","aka":"","tldr":"Of more than 800 pancreatic cancers sequenced at one centre, under one in a hundred were mismatch repair deficient, most in people with Lynch syndrome, and several responded to immunotherapy. The paper set out how to test for the abnormality reliably in a cancer where standard tests often mislead.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-hu-mismatch-repair-deficiency-pancreatic-adenocarcinoma-ccr-2018/","cancers":"msi-high-pdac pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-klimstra-acinar-cell-carcinoma-pancreas-28-cases-ajsp-1992","kind":"paper","name":"Klimstra 1992: acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas, a clinicopathologic study of 28 cases","aka":"","tldr":"The reference description of acinar cell carcinoma, the rare pancreatic cancer that grows from enzyme-producing cells: how it looks under the microscope, how to prove it with enzyme stains, and how it behaves, which is aggressive but somewhat less so than ordinary pancreatic cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-klimstra-acinar-cell-carcinoma-pancreas-28-cases-ajsp-1992/","cancers":"pancreatic-acinar-cell-carcinoma pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-la-rosa-acinar-cell-carcinoma-62-cases-ajsp-2012","kind":"paper","name":"La Rosa 2012: clinicopathologic study of 62 acinar cell carcinomas of the pancreas","aka":"","tldr":"The largest single pathology series of acinar cell carcinoma, from a European network, confirmed which stains identify the tumour, described its variants and showed that stage at diagnosis is what determines survival.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-la-rosa-acinar-cell-carcinoma-62-cases-ajsp-2012/","cancers":"pancreatic-acinar-cell-carcinoma pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-chmielecki-acinar-cell-carcinoma-raf-fusions-dna-repair-cancer-discov-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Chmielecki 2014: comprehensive genomic profiling of pancreatic acinar cell carcinomas identifies recurrent RAF fusions and frequent inactivation of DNA repair genes","aka":"","tldr":"Sequencing of acinar cell carcinomas found that they do not carry the KRAS mutation that drives ordinary pancreatic cancer; instead about a quarter have fusions activating BRAF or RAF1, which MEK-blocking drugs can shut down in the laboratory, and almost half have broken DNA repair genes that may make them sensitive to platinum and PARP inhibitors.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-chmielecki-acinar-cell-carcinoma-raf-fusions-dna-repair-cancer-discov-2014/","cancers":"pancreatic-acinar-cell-carcinoma pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-wisnoski-acinar-cell-carcinoma-672-patients-seer-surgery-2008","kind":"paper","name":"Wisnoski 2008: 672 patients with acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas, a population-based comparison to pancreatic adenocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Using the US cancer registry, this study showed that people with acinar cell carcinoma live far longer than those with ordinary pancreatic cancer at every stage, and that surgery gives a large fraction of them a chance of long-term survival.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-wisnoski-acinar-cell-carcinoma-672-patients-seer-surgery-2008/","cancers":"pancreatic-acinar-cell-carcinoma pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-fukuoka-2017-consensus-guidelines-ipmn-pancreatology-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Revised international consensus Fukuoka guidelines for the management of IPMN of the pancreas (2017)","aka":"","tldr":"The international rulebook for pancreatic cysts: which features mean a cyst should be removed straight away (high-risk stigmata), which mean it needs a closer look with endoscopic ultrasound (worrisome features), and how often smaller cysts should be scanned.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-fukuoka-2017-consensus-guidelines-ipmn-pancreatology-2017/","cancers":"ipmn-cystic-precursors pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-kyoto-2024-evidence-based-guidelines-ipmn-pancreatology-2024","kind":"paper","name":"International evidence-based Kyoto guidelines for the management of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas (2024)","aka":"","tldr":"The 2024 update to the international pancreatic cyst guidelines, which adds faster cyst growth, new diabetes and pancreatitis to the warning signs, allows surveillance to stop in some older patients with small stable cysts, and grades each recommendation by the strength of the evidence.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-kyoto-2024-evidence-based-guidelines-ipmn-pancreatology-2024/","cancers":"ipmn-cystic-precursors pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-european-evidence-based-guidelines-pancreatic-cystic-neoplasms-gut-2018","kind":"paper","name":"European evidence-based guidelines on pancreatic cystic neoplasms (2018)","aka":"","tldr":"Europe's guideline for pancreatic cysts, covering every cyst type and not only IPMN. It splits reasons to operate into absolute and relative indications and recommends lifelong surveillance for IPMN in anyone fit for surgery.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-european-evidence-based-guidelines-pancreatic-cystic-neoplasms-gut-2018/","cancers":"ipmn-cystic-precursors pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-klimstra-pancreatoblastoma-clinicopathologic-study-ajsp-1995","kind":"paper","name":"Klimstra 1995: pancreatoblastoma, a clinicopathologic study and review of the literature","aka":"","tldr":"The defining description of pancreatoblastoma, the rare pancreatic cancer of young children: its distinctive mix of enzyme-producing cells and whorled squamoid nests under the microscope, its generally good outlook after complete removal in children, and its more aggressive behaviour in adults.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-klimstra-pancreatoblastoma-clinicopathologic-study-ajsp-1995/","cancers":"pancreatoblastoma pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-bien-pancreatoblastoma-expert-european-cooperative-ejc-2011","kind":"paper","name":"Bien 2011: pancreatoblastoma, a report from the European cooperative study group for paediatric rare tumours (EXPeRT)","aka":"","tldr":"Pooling children treated across Europe over a decade, this study showed that complete surgical removal is what cures pancreatoblastoma, that cisplatin and doxorubicin chemotherapy can shrink tumours that cannot be removed at first, and that about four in five children survive.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-bien-pancreatoblastoma-expert-european-cooperative-ejc-2011/","cancers":"pancreatoblastoma pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-dhebri-pancreatoblastoma-diagnosis-treatment-outcome-pancreatology-2004","kind":"paper","name":"Dhebri 2004: diagnosis, treatment and outcome of pancreatoblastoma","aka":"","tldr":"A review pooling every published case of pancreatoblastoma to that date, showing that it is mainly a disease of young children, that alpha-fetoprotein is a useful marker, that surgery is the treatment that cures, and that adults do worse than children.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-dhebri-pancreatoblastoma-diagnosis-treatment-outcome-pancreatology-2004/","cancers":"pancreatoblastoma pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-adaura-8-year-os-jto-2026","kind":"paper","name":"ADAURA: exploratory eight-year overall survival update for adjuvant osimertinib in resected EGFR-mutated stage IB to IIIA lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Eight years after surgery, about three in four patients who took osimertinib for three years were still alive, compared with under six in ten on placebo: the longest survival follow-up from any global adjuvant trial in EGFR-mutated lung cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-adaura-8-year-os-jto-2026/","cancers":"nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-flaura2-long-term-safety-lung-cancer-2026","kind":"paper","name":"FLAURA2: long-term safety of first-line osimertinib plus platinum-pemetrexed in EGFR-mutated advanced lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Side effects of the osimertinib plus chemotherapy combination were most frequent in the first four chemotherapy cycles and fell steadily once patients moved to maintenance and then to osimertinib alone; few had to stop osimertinib because of them.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-flaura2-long-term-safety-lung-cancer-2026/","cancers":"nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-krystal-12-plain-language-summary-future-oncol-2026","kind":"paper","name":"KRYSTAL-12 plain language summary: adagrasib for non-small-cell lung cancer with KRAS G12C mutations","aka":"","tldr":"A plain-language account of the KRYSTAL-12 trial, written for patients and carers, explaining how adagrasib compared with docetaxel chemotherapy in previously treated KRAS G12C lung cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-krystal-12-plain-language-summary-future-oncol-2026/","cancers":"nsclc kras-g12c-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-tropion-breast01-china-cohort-esmo-open-2026","kind":"paper","name":"TROPION-Breast01 China cohort: datopotamab deruxtecan versus chemotherapy in previously treated HR-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Among the 83 patients enrolled in mainland China, datopotamab deruxtecan roughly doubled the time before the cancer grew compared with chemotherapy, with fewer severe side effects, in line with the global trial.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-tropion-breast01-china-cohort-esmo-open-2026/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"paper-ctrak-tn-tissue-free-mrd-jamaoncol-2026","kind":"paper","name":"c-TRAK TN analysis: tissue-free versus tumour-informed ctDNA assays for residual disease in early triple-negative breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A blood test that needs no tumour sample found leftover cancer DNA in a third of women after treatment for triple-negative breast cancer, and those women were far more likely to relapse; it agreed closely with the tests that first sequence the tumour.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ctrak-tn-tissue-free-mrd-jamaoncol-2026/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-nhs-galleri-performance-nat-med-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Performance of a multi-cancer early detection test in the randomized controlled NHS-Galleri trial","aka":"","tldr":"In the NHS-Galleri trial about one person in a hundred had a positive blood test in each of three yearly rounds, roughly half of those positives were cancer, and the test missed most cancers diagnosed during the trial. The paper says the main endpoint, fewer late-stage diagnoses, was not met and is reported elsewhere.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-nhs-galleri-performance-nat-med-2026/","cancers":"lung-cancer head-and-neck colorectal pancreatic multiple-myeloma hcc cholangiocarcinoma gastric esophageal anal hodgkin-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma ovarian urothelial"},{"id":"ivermectin","kind":"drug","name":"Ivermectin","aka":"Stromectol\nIVM\nMK-0933","tldr":"Ivermectin is a worm and parasite medicine that is being tested as an add-on to immunotherapy in two small early trials. No trial has shown that it treats any cancer, and people who have dosed themselves outside a trial have ended up in hospital with seizures or liver damage.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/ivermectin/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"fenbendazole","kind":"drug","name":"Fenbendazole (veterinary anthelmintic)","aka":"FBZ","tldr":"Fenbendazole is a dog and livestock dewormer that is sold online as a cancer cure. It has never been approved for people, no trial has tested it in cancer, and doctors have reported severe liver injury in patients who took it.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/fenbendazole/","status":"preclinical"},{"id":"mebendazole","kind":"drug","name":"Mebendazole","aka":"Vermox\nMBZ","tldr":"Mebendazole is a human worm medicine that has been through two very small cancer trials: a dose-finding study in brain tumours found a tolerable dose, and a study in advanced bowel and stomach cancers saw every patient's cancer keep growing.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/mebendazole/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"nct05318469","kind":"trial","name":"Ivermectin with balstilimab or pembrolizumab in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (Cedars-Sinai phase 1/2)","aka":"","tldr":"A small single-centre trial in Los Angeles is testing whether adding a worm medicine to an immunotherapy antibody is safe, and then whether it shrinks triple-negative breast cancer that has spread. It opened in 2023 and has not reported.","tags":"","route":"/trials/nct05318469/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"nct07487805","kind":"trial","name":"ICONIC: ivermectin combined with immune checkpoint inhibition in cancer (University of Florida phase 2)","aka":"","tldr":"A University of Florida trial will randomise 80 people already on immunotherapy to two doses of ivermectin and measure a change in their immune cells after two weeks. It is not yet open and does not measure whether tumours shrink.","tags":"","route":"/trials/nct07487805/","status":"planned"},{"id":"nct04447235","kind":"trial","name":"Ivermectin plus losartan for COVID-19 in cancer patients (ICESP phase 2, terminated)","aka":"","tldr":"This Brazilian trial tested ivermectin against COVID-19 in people with cancer, not against the cancer itself. It was stopped early because an interim analysis found no difference between the drug and placebo.","tags":"","route":"/trials/nct04447235/","status":"negative"},{"id":"nct02366884","kind":"trial","name":"Atavistic chemotherapy: combinations of antibacterial, antifungal and antiprotozoal drugs in advanced cancer (Arguello clinic, status unknown)","aka":"","tldr":"A private Mexican clinic registered a trial of mixtures of antibiotics, antifungals and anti-parasite drugs, ivermectin among them, in any advanced cancer. The registry has not been updated since 2022, shows no results, and lists a primary endpoint judged partly by looking at tumours.","tags":"","route":"/trials/nct02366884/","status":"historic"},{"id":"paper-juarez-ivermectin-repositioned-cancer-drug-2018","kind":"paper","name":"The multitargeted drug ivermectin: from an antiparasitic agent to a repositioned cancer drug","aka":"","tldr":"A 2018 review that gathered the cell-culture and animal experiments on ivermectin and argued it was ready for cancer trials; those trials began five years later and have not reported.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-juarez-ivermectin-repositioned-cancer-drug-2018/"},{"id":"paper-tang-ivermectin-potential-anticancer-pharmacol-res-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Ivermectin, a potential anticancer drug derived from an antiparasitic drug","aka":"","tldr":"A 2021 review of the pathways through which ivermectin killed cancer cells in the laboratory, written as a case for testing it in people.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-tang-ivermectin-potential-anticancer-pharmacol-res-2021/"},{"id":"paper-patel-ivermectin-cancer-curr-oncol-rep-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Ivermectin in cancer treatment: should healthcare providers caution or explore its therapeutic potential?","aka":"","tldr":"A 2025 review that weighs the laboratory promise against the absence of human trials and concludes that clinicians should counter misinformation while supporting proper trials.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-patel-ivermectin-cancer-curr-oncol-rep-2025/"},{"id":"paper-mujumdar-ivermectin-gynaecological-cancer-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Ivermectin and gynecologic cancer: what's the data?","aka":"","tldr":"Gynaecological oncologists reviewed the evidence for ivermectin in womb, ovarian and cervical cancers, found only cell-line data, and strongly caution against using it.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-mujumdar-ivermectin-gynaecological-cancer-2025/","cancers":"ovarian endometrial cervical"},{"id":"paper-straughn-ivermectin-hope-versus-hype-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Ivermectin treatment for gynecologic cancers: hope versus hype","aka":"","tldr":"An editorial accompanying the gynaecological review: repurposing is legitimate and early trials deserve support, but no major oncology organisation endorses ivermectin for cancer and patients should not forgo proven treatment for it.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-straughn-ivermectin-hope-versus-hype-2025/"},{"id":"paper-yilmaz-ivermectin-toxicity-j-appl-toxicol-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Ivermectin toxicity in humans and animals: clinical spectrum, mechanisms, and management","aka":"","tldr":"A 2026 review of how ivermectin poisons the nervous system: usually safe at approved doses, but encephalopathy, seizures, coma and death have followed high doses, and the pump that keeps it out of the brain is the key factor.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-yilmaz-ivermectin-toxicity-j-appl-toxicol-2026/"},{"id":"paper-draganov-ivermectin-cold-tumours-npj-breast-cancer-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Ivermectin converts cold tumors hot and synergizes with immune checkpoint blockade for treatment of breast cancer (with 2026 expression of concern)","aka":"","tldr":"The mouse study behind the current trials: ivermectin on its own did nothing to breast tumours in mice, but with an anti-PD-1 antibody the pair shrank them. The journal has since flagged duplicated images in one figure and the raw data are gone.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-draganov-ivermectin-cold-tumours-npj-breast-cancer-2021/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"paper-hulscher-ivermectin-mebendazole-cohort-anticancer-res-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Real-world clinical outcomes of ivermectin and mebendazole in cancer patients: results from a prospective observational cohort (with 2026 expression of concern)","aka":"","tldr":"A telemedicine company's survey of patients it prescribed ivermectin and mebendazole reported that most felt better; the journal has attached an expression of concern while it checks whether the diagnoses, the regressions and the ethical approval can be verified.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-hulscher-ivermectin-mebendazole-cohort-anticancer-res-2026/"},{"id":"paper-jimenez-gaona-ivermectin-loja-ecuador-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Outcome of ivermectin in cancer treatment: an experience in Loja, Ecuador","aka":"","tldr":"A survey in rural Ecuador found that about one in five people with cancer were taking cattle ivermectin alongside their treatment, while the specialists interviewed said there was no evidence and did not recommend it.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-jimenez-gaona-ivermectin-loja-ecuador-2023/"},{"id":"paper-rockwell-ivermectin-benzimidazole-prescribing-jama-netw-open-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Ivermectin-benzimidazole prescribing following celebrity endorsement","aka":"","tldr":"After a January 2025 podcast promoted ivermectin with a dog dewormer as a cancer cure, US prescriptions of the combination doubled overall and rose 2.6-fold among people with cancer, most steeply in the South.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-rockwell-ivermectin-benzimidazole-prescribing-jama-netw-open-2026/"},{"id":"paper-saperstein-ivermectin-neurotoxicity-breast-cancer-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Life-threatening neurotoxicity following off-label ivermectin use in metastatic breast cancer: a case report","aka":"","tldr":"A 73-year-old woman with metastatic breast cancer took high doses of ivermectin after reading about it online, had seizures and stopped breathing adequately, and spent two days on a ventilator before recovering fully.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-saperstein-ivermectin-neurotoxicity-breast-cancer-2026/"},{"id":"paper-powderly-fenbendazole-ivermectin-liver-injury-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Drug-induced liver injury following co-ingestion of veterinary fenbendazole and ivermectin for prostate cancer: a case report","aka":"","tldr":"A 65-year-old man with prostate cancer took veterinary fenbendazole and ivermectin on alternate days for three months on the advice of online support groups and developed severe liver injury, which cleared six weeks after he stopped.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-powderly-fenbendazole-ivermectin-liver-injury-2026/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"paper-gilene-ivermectin-toxicity-paediatric-oncology-2025","kind":"paper","name":"The threat of medical misinformation: a case of ivermectin toxicity in a pediatric oncology patient","aka":"","tldr":"A letter describing severe ivermectin poisoning in a young patient with bone cancer who was also taking regorafenib, a cancer drug that shares the enzyme ivermectin is cleared by.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-gilene-ivermectin-toxicity-paediatric-oncology-2025/","cancers":"osteosarcoma"},{"id":"paper-hoang-ivermectin-toxicity-clin-toxicol-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Characteristics of ivermectin toxicity in patients taking veterinary and human formulations for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19","aka":"","tldr":"An Oregon poison centre saw 37 people poisoned by ivermectin in six months of the pandemic; 30 had nervous-system effects, 21 were admitted to hospital and one died, with veterinary products giving the largest doses and the most confusion.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-hoang-ivermectin-toxicity-clin-toxicol-2022/"},{"id":"paper-ghai-california-poison-control-ivermectin-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Exposures to bleach, peroxide, disinfectants, antimalarials, and ivermectin reported to the California Poison Control System before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, 2015 to 2021","aka":"","tldr":"California's poison control system saw ivermectin exposures rise steadily through 2021 as people tried it against COVID-19, from about 14 a month to a rising monthly count.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ghai-california-poison-control-ivermectin-2024/"},{"id":"paper-cheng-melanoma-ctdna-antiparasitic-front-oncol-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Metastatic melanoma with initial ctDNA decline and radiographic response during self-directed antiparasitic use: treatment effect or spontaneous regression?","aka":"","tldr":"A man with metastatic melanoma who refused standard treatment and took ivermectin and fenbendazole saw his tumour markers and scans improve for a while, then worsen; his oncologists judged spontaneous immune regression at least as likely as any drug effect.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-cheng-melanoma-ctdna-antiparasitic-front-oncol-2026/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"paper-ishiguro-dichloroacetate-ivermectin-cureus-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Synergistic anti-tumor effect of dichloroacetate and ivermectin","aka":"","tldr":"Three patients treated at a private clinic with dichloroacetate, omeprazole, tamoxifen and ivermectin were reported to have relief of symptoms; there was no control, no measured tumour response and no follow-up study.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ishiguro-dichloroacetate-ivermectin-cureus-2022/"},{"id":"paper-guilford-antiparasitic-acupuncture-meridian-case-series-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Cancer therapy using antiparasitic medications guided by acupuncture meridian assessment: a case series of six patients","aka":"","tldr":"Six patients with advanced cancers treated over a decade with antiparasitic drugs chosen by measuring electrical conductance at acupuncture points were reported to have lived longer than expected; the method has no established basis and the series has no controls.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-guilford-antiparasitic-acupuncture-meridian-case-series-2026/"},{"id":"paper-thakurdesai-fenbendazole-liver-injury-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Severe drug-induced liver injury due to self-administration of the veterinary anthelmintic medication fenbendazole","aka":"","tldr":"The first biopsy-confirmed case of severe liver injury from a dog dewormer taken for cancer: a 67-year-old woman with two weeks of jaundice whose liver tests took three months to recover.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-thakurdesai-fenbendazole-liver-injury-2024/"},{"id":"paper-makis-fenbendazole-case-series-retracted-2025","kind":"paper","name":"RETRACTED: Fenbendazole as an anticancer agent? A case series of self-administration in three patients","aka":"","tldr":"A 2025 report of three patients said to have gone into remission on a dog dewormer was retracted by the journal in January 2026. It should not be cited as evidence.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-makis-fenbendazole-case-series-retracted-2025/"},{"id":"paper-patil-mebendazole-glioma-phase-1-cancer-med-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Reverse swing-M, phase 1 study of repurposing mebendazole in recurrent high-grade glioma","aka":"","tldr":"An Indian phase 1 trial gave a worm medicine to 11 people with recurrent glioblastoma alongside chemotherapy or re-irradiation, found the dose they could tolerate, and saw anaemia and nausea as the most common side effects.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-patil-mebendazole-glioma-phase-1-cancer-med-2020/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"paper-mansoori-mebendazole-gi-cancer-phase-2a-sci-rep-2021","kind":"paper","name":"A phase 2a clinical study on the safety and efficacy of individualized dosed mebendazole in patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A Swedish trial gave mebendazole to ten people with advanced bowel and stomach cancers that had stopped responding to treatment; it was safe, but every patient's cancer kept growing, four of them unusually fast.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-mansoori-mebendazole-gi-cancer-phase-2a-sci-rep-2021/","cancers":"colorectal gastric"},{"id":"paper-aeneas-j-clin-oncol-2022","kind":"paper","name":"AENEAS: A Randomized Phase III Trial of Aumolertinib Versus Gefitinib as First-Line Therapy for Locally Advanced or MetastaticNon-Small-Cell Lung Cancer With EGFR Exon 19 Deletion or L858R Mutations","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the AENEAS trial registered as NCT03849768, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2022), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-aeneas-j-clin-oncol-2022/"},{"id":"paper-alex-ann-oncol-2020-update","kind":"paper","name":"Updated overall survival and final progression-free survival data for patients with treatment-naive advanced ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer in the ALEX study","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the ALEX trial registered as NCT02075840, in Annals of Oncology (2020); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-alex-ann-oncol-2020-update/"},{"id":"paper-alta-1l-n-engl-j-med-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Brigatinib versus Crizotinib in ALK-Positive Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the ALTA-1L trial registered as NCT02737501, in New England Journal of Medicine (2018), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-alta-1l-n-engl-j-med-2018/"},{"id":"paper-alter-0303-jama-oncol-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Effect of Anlotinib as a Third-Line or Further Treatment on Overall Survival of Patients With Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: The ALTER 0303 Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the ALTER 0303 trial registered as NCT02388919, in JAMA Oncology (2018), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-alter-0303-jama-oncol-2018/"},{"id":"paper-astrum-005-jama-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Effect of First-Line Serplulimab vs Placebo Added to Chemotherapy on Survival in Patients With Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer: The ASTRUM-005 Randomized Clinical Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the ASTRUM-005 trial registered as NCT04063163, in JAMA (2022), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-astrum-005-jama-2022/"},{"id":"paper-atlantis-lancet-respir-med-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Combination lurbinectedin and doxorubicin versus physician's choice of chemotherapy in patients with relapsed small-cell lung cancer (ATLANTIS): a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the ATLANTIS trial registered as NCT02566993, in The Lancet. Respiratory medicine (2023), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-atlantis-lancet-respir-med-2023/"},{"id":"paper-calgb-140503-n-engl-j-med-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Lobar or Sublobar Resection for Peripheral Stage IA Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the CALGB 140503 trial registered as NCT00499330, in New England Journal of Medicine (2023), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-calgb-140503-n-engl-j-med-2023/"},{"id":"paper-camel-lancet-respir-med-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Camrelizumab plus carboplatin and pemetrexed versus chemotherapy alone in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (CameL): a randomised, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the CameL trial registered as NCT03134872, in The Lancet. Respiratory medicine (2021), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-camel-lancet-respir-med-2021/"},{"id":"paper-camel-j-thorac-oncol-2023-update","kind":"paper","name":"Camrelizumab Plus Carboplatin and Pemetrexed as First-Line Treatment for Advanced Nonsquamous NSCLC: Extended Follow-Up of CameL Phase 3 Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the CameL trial registered as NCT03134872, in Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2023); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-camel-j-thorac-oncol-2023-update/"},{"id":"paper-capstone-1-lancet-oncol-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Adebrelimab or placebo plus carboplatin and etoposide as first-line treatment for extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (CAPSTONE-1): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the CAPSTONE-1 trial registered as NCT03711305, in The Lancet Oncology (2022), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-capstone-1-lancet-oncol-2022/"},{"id":"paper-caspian-lancet-oncol-2021-update","kind":"paper","name":"Durvalumab, with or without tremelimumab, plus platinum-etoposide versus platinum-etoposide alone in first-line treatment of extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (CASPIAN): updated results from a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the CASPIAN trial registered as NCT03043872, in The Lancet Oncology (2021); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-caspian-lancet-oncol-2021-update/"},{"id":"paper-checkmate-227-n-engl-j-med-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab in Lung Cancer with a High Tumor Mutational Burden","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the CheckMate 227 trial registered as NCT02477826, in New England Journal of Medicine (2018), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-checkmate-227-n-engl-j-med-2018/"},{"id":"paper-checkmate-227-int-j-clin-oncol-2023-update","kind":"paper","name":"First-line nivolumab plus ipilimumab in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: 5-year outcomes in Japanese patients from CheckMate 227 Part 1","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the CheckMate 227 trial registered as NCT02477826, in International journal of clinical oncology (2023); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-checkmate-227-int-j-clin-oncol-2023-update/"},{"id":"paper-checkmate-816-n-engl-j-med-2025-update","kind":"paper","name":"Overall Survival with Neoadjuvant Nivolumab plus Chemotherapy in Lung Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the CheckMate 816 trial registered as NCT02998528, in New England Journal of Medicine (2025); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-checkmate-816-n-engl-j-med-2025-update/"},{"id":"paper-chisel-lancet-oncol-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy versus standard radiotherapy in stage 1 non-small-cell lung cancer (TROG 09.02 CHISEL): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the CHISEL trial registered as NCT01014130, in The Lancet Oncology (2019), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-chisel-lancet-oncol-2019/"},{"id":"paper-convert-lancet-oncol-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Concurrent once-daily versus twice-daily chemoradiotherapy in patients with limited-stage small-cell lung cancer (CONVERT): an open-label, phase 3, randomised, superiority trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the CONVERT trial registered as NCT00433563, in The Lancet Oncology (2017), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-convert-lancet-oncol-2017/"},{"id":"paper-convert-int-j-radiat-oncol-biol-phys-2024-update","kind":"paper","name":"Long-Term Outcomes After Concurrent Once- or Twice-Daily Chemoradiation in Limited-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Brief Report From the CONVERT Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the CONVERT trial registered as NCT00433563, in International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics (2024); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-convert-int-j-radiat-oncol-biol-phys-2024-update/"},{"id":"paper-crown-lancet-respir-med-2023-update","kind":"paper","name":"Efficacy and safety of first-line lorlatinib versus crizotinib in patients with advanced, ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer: updated analysis of data from the phase 3, randomised, open-label CROWN study","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the CROWN trial registered as NCT03052608, in The Lancet. Respiratory medicine (2023); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-crown-lancet-respir-med-2023-update/"},{"id":"paper-destiny-lung02-j-thorac-oncol-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Final Analysis Results and Patient-Reported Outcomes From DESTINY-Lung02-A Dose-Blinded, Randomized, Phase 2 Study of Trastuzumab Deruxtecan in Patients With HER2-Mutant Metastatic NSCLC","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the DESTINY-Lung02 trial registered as NCT04644237, in Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-destiny-lung02-j-thorac-oncol-2025/"},{"id":"paper-empower-lung-1-lancet-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Cemiplimab monotherapy for first-line treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer with PD-L1 of at least 50%: a multicentre, open-label, global, phase 3, randomised, controlled trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the EMPOWER-Lung 1 trial registered as NCT03088540, in The Lancet (2021), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-empower-lung-1-lancet-2021/"},{"id":"paper-empower-lung-1-lancet-oncol-2023-update","kind":"paper","name":"First-line cemiplimab monotherapy and continued cemiplimab beyond progression plus chemotherapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer with PD-L1 50% or more (EMPOWER-Lung 1): 35-month follow-up from a mutlicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the EMPOWER-Lung 1 trial registered as NCT03088540, in The Lancet Oncology (2023); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-empower-lung-1-lancet-oncol-2023-update/"},{"id":"paper-furlong-lancet-respir-med-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Furmonertinib (AST2818) versus gefitinib as first-line therapy for Chinese patients with locally advanced or metastatic EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (FURLONG): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised phase 3 study","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the FURLONG trial registered as NCT03787992, in The Lancet. Respiratory medicine (2022), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-furlong-lancet-respir-med-2022/"},{"id":"paper-gemstone-302-lancet-oncol-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Sugemalimab versus placebo, in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy, as first-line treatment of metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (GEMSTONE-302): interim and final analyses of a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 clinical trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the GEMSTONE-302 trial registered as NCT03789604, in The Lancet Oncology (2022), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-gemstone-302-lancet-oncol-2022/"},{"id":"paper-gemstone-302-nat-cancer-2023-update","kind":"paper","name":"Interim survival analysis of the randomized phase III GEMSTONE-302 trial: sugemalimab or placebo plus chemotherapy as first-line treatment for metastatic NSCLC","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the GEMSTONE-302 trial registered as NCT03789604, in Nature Cancer (2023); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-gemstone-302-nat-cancer-2023-update/"},{"id":"paper-geometry-mono-1-lancet-oncol-2024-update","kind":"paper","name":"Capmatinib in MET exon 14-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer: final results from the open-label, phase 2 GEOMETRY mono-1 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the GEOMETRY mono-1 trial registered as NCT02414139, in The Lancet Oncology (2024); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-geometry-mono-1-lancet-oncol-2024-update/"},{"id":"paper-harmoni-a-jama-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Ivonescimab Plus Chemotherapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer With EGFR Variant: A Randomized Clinical Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the HARMONi-A trial registered as NCT05184712, in JAMA (2024), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-harmoni-a-jama-2024/"},{"id":"paper-imforte-lancet-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Efficacy and safety of first-line maintenance therapy with lurbinectedin plus atezolizumab in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (IMforte): a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the IMforte trial registered as NCT05091567, in The Lancet (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-imforte-lancet-2025/"},{"id":"paper-impower133-n-engl-j-med-2018","kind":"paper","name":"First-Line Atezolizumab plus Chemotherapy in Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the IMpower133 trial registered as NCT02763579, in New England Journal of Medicine (2018), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-impower133-n-engl-j-med-2018/","cancers":"lung-cancer"},{"id":"paper-keynote-024-189-j-clin-oncol-2021-update","kind":"paper","name":"Five-Year Outcomes With Pembrolizumab Versus Chemotherapy for Metastatic Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer With PD-L1 Tumor Proportion Score ≥ 50","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the KEYNOTE-024 trial registered as NCT02142738, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2021); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-024-189-j-clin-oncol-2021-update/"},{"id":"paper-keynote-042-lancet-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for previously untreated, PD-L1-expressing, locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (KEYNOTE-042): a randomised, open-label, controlled, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the KEYNOTE-042 trial registered as NCT02220894, in The Lancet (2019), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-042-lancet-2019/"},{"id":"paper-keynote-042-j-clin-oncol-2023-update","kind":"paper","name":"Five-Year Outcomes With Pembrolizumab Versus Chemotherapy as First-Line Therapy in Patients With Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Programmed Death Ligand-1 Tumor Proportion Score ≥ 1% in the KEYNOTE-042 Study","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the KEYNOTE-042 trial registered as NCT02220894, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2023); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-042-j-clin-oncol-2023-update/"},{"id":"paper-keynote-407-n-engl-j-med-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Pembrolizumab plus Chemotherapy for Squamous Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the KEYNOTE-407 trial registered as NCT02775435, in New England Journal of Medicine (2018), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-407-n-engl-j-med-2018/"},{"id":"paper-keynote-407-j-clin-oncol-2023-update","kind":"paper","name":"Pembrolizumab Plus Chemotherapy in Squamous Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: 5-Year Update of the Phase III KEYNOTE-407 Study","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the KEYNOTE-407 trial registered as NCT02775435, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2023); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-407-j-clin-oncol-2023-update/"},{"id":"paper-keynote-671-n-engl-j-med-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Perioperative Pembrolizumab for Early-Stage Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the KEYNOTE-671 trial registered as NCT03425643, in New England Journal of Medicine (2023), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-671-n-engl-j-med-2023/","cancers":"lung-cancer"},{"id":"paper-keynote-671-ann-oncol-2026-update","kind":"paper","name":"Five-Year Outcomes of Perioperative Pembrolizumab for Early-Stage Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer From the Randomized KEYNOTE-671 Study","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the KEYNOTE-671 trial registered as NCT03425643, in Annals of Oncology (2026); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-671-ann-oncol-2026-update/"},{"id":"paper-luminosity-j-clin-oncol-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Telisotuzumab Vedotin Monotherapy in Patients With Previously Treated c-Met Protein-Overexpressing Advanced Nonsquamous EGFR -Wildtype Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in the Phase II LUMINOSITY Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the LUMINOSITY trial registered as NCT03539536, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2024), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-luminosity-j-clin-oncol-2024/"},{"id":"paper-luminosity-jto-clin-res-rep-2026-update","kind":"paper","name":"Telisotuzumab Vedotin Monotherapy in Patients With Previously Treated c-Met Protein Overexpressing, Nonsquamous, EGFR Wild-type Advanced NSCLC: Updated Analysis of the LUMINOSITY Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the LUMINOSITY trial registered as NCT03539536, in JTO clinical and research reports (2026); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-luminosity-jto-clin-res-rep-2026-update/"},{"id":"paper-lung-map-s1400i-jama-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Nivolumab Plus Ipilimumab vs Nivolumab for Previously Treated Patients With Stage IV Squamous Cell Lung Cancer: The Lung-MAP S1400I Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the S1400I trial registered as NCT02785952, in JAMA Oncology (2021), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-lung-map-s1400i-jama-oncol-2021/"},{"id":"paper-navigate-j-clin-invest-2021","kind":"paper","name":"NTRK and RET fusion-directed therapy in pediatric thyroid cancer yields a tumor response and radioiodine uptake","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the NAVIGATE trial registered as NCT02576431, in Journal of Clinical Investigation (2021), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-navigate-j-clin-invest-2021/"},{"id":"paper-orient-11-j-thorac-oncol-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Efficacy and Safety of Sintilimab Plus Pemetrexed and Platinum as First-Line Treatment for Locally Advanced or Metastatic Nonsquamous NSCLC: a Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase 3 Study (Oncology pRogram by InnovENT anti-PD-1-11)","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the ORIENT-11 trial registered as NCT03607539, in Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2020), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-orient-11-j-thorac-oncol-2020/"},{"id":"paper-orient-11-lung-cancer-2022-update","kind":"paper","name":"Final overall survival data of sintilimab plus pemetrexed and platinum as First-Line treatment for locally advanced or metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC in the Phase 3 ORIENT-11 study","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the ORIENT-11 trial registered as NCT03607539, in Lung cancer (2022); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-orient-11-lung-cancer-2022-update/"},{"id":"paper-pacific-n-engl-j-med-2018-update","kind":"paper","name":"Overall Survival with Durvalumab after Chemoradiotherapy in Stage III NSCLC","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the PACIFIC trial registered as NCT02125461, in New England Journal of Medicine (2018); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-pacific-n-engl-j-med-2018-update/"},{"id":"paper-pharos-j-thorac-oncol-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Updated Efficacy and Safety From the Phase 2 PHAROS Study of Encorafenib Plus Binimetinib in Patients With BRAF V600E-Mutant Metastatic NSCLC-A Brief Report","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the PHAROS trial registered as NCT03915951, in Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-pharos-j-thorac-oncol-2025/"},{"id":"paper-romana-1-2-lancet-oncol-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Anamorelin in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and cachexia (ROMANA 1 and ROMANA 2): results from two randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trials","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the ROMANA 1 trial registered as NCT01387269, in The Lancet Oncology (2016), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-romana-1-2-lancet-oncol-2016/"},{"id":"paper-rtog-0617-lancet-oncol-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Standard-dose versus high-dose conformal radiotherapy with concurrent and consolidation carboplatin plus paclitaxel with or without cetuximab for patients with stage IIIA or IIIB non-small-cell lung cancer (RTOG 0617): a randomised, two-by-two factorial phase 3 study","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the RTOG 0617 trial registered as NCT00533949, in The Lancet Oncology (2015), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-rtog-0617-lancet-oncol-2015/"},{"id":"paper-sabr-comet-lancet-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy versus standard of care palliative treatment in patients with oligometastatic cancers (SABR-COMET): a randomised, phase 2, open-label trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT01446744, in The Lancet (2019), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-sabr-comet-lancet-2019/"},{"id":"paper-soho-01-n-engl-j-med-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Sevabertinib in Advanced HER2 -Mutant Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the SOHO-01 trial registered as NCT05099172, in New England Journal of Medicine (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-soho-01-n-engl-j-med-2025/"},{"id":"paper-tropion-lung05-j-clin-oncol-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Datopotamab Deruxtecan in Advanced or Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer With Actionable Genomic Alterations: Results From the Phase II TROPION-Lung05 Study","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the TROPION-Lung05 trial registered as NCT04484142, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-tropion-lung05-j-clin-oncol-2025/"},{"id":"paper-alchemist-jama-oncol-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Rates of Guideline-Concordant Surgery and Adjuvant Chemotherapy Among Patients With Early-Stage Lung Cancer in the US ALCHEMIST Study (Alliance A151216)","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the ALCHEMIST trial registered as NCT02194738, in JAMA Oncology (2022), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-alchemist-jama-oncol-2022/"},{"id":"paper-chrysalis-nat-med-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Amivantamab plus lazertinib in osimertinib-relapsed EGFR-mutant advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a phase 1 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the CHRYSALIS trial registered as NCT02609776, in Nature Medicine (2023), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-chrysalis-nat-med-2023/"},{"id":"paper-lung-map-j-thorac-oncol-2019","kind":"paper","name":"SWOG S1400C (NCT02154490)-A Phase II Study of Palbociclib for Previously Treated Cell Cycle Gene Alteration-Positive Patients with Stage IV Squamous Cell Lung Cancer (Lung-MAP Substudy)","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the Lung-MAP trial registered as NCT02154490, in Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2019), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-lung-map-j-thorac-oncol-2019/"},{"id":"paper-nct01933932-jama-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Selumetinib Plus Docetaxel Compared With Docetaxel Alone and Progression-Free Survival in Patients With KRAS-Mutant Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: The SELECT-1 Randomized Clinical Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the SELECT 1 trial registered as NCT01933932, in JAMA (2017), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct01933932-jama-2017/"},{"id":"paper-nct02152631-front-oncol-2020","kind":"paper","name":"A Randomized Phase III Study of Abemaciclib Versus Erlotinib in Patients with Stage IV Non-small Cell Lung Cancer With a Detectable KRAS Mutation Who Failed Prior Platinum-Based Therapy: JUNIPER","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the JUNIPER trial registered as NCT02152631, in Frontiers in oncology (2020), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct02152631-front-oncol-2020/"},{"id":"paper-nct02411448-lancet-oncol-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Ramucirumab plus erlotinib in patients with untreated, EGFR-mutated, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (RELAY): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the RELAY trial registered as NCT02411448, in The Lancet Oncology (2019), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct02411448-lancet-oncol-2019/"},{"id":"paper-nct02411448-j-thorac-oncol-2025-update","kind":"paper","name":"RELAY: Final Overall Survival for Erlotinib Plus Ramucirumab or Placebo in Untreated, EGFR-Mutated Metastatic NSCLC","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the RELAY trial registered as NCT02411448, in Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2025); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct02411448-j-thorac-oncol-2025-update/"},{"id":"paper-nct02453282-jama-oncol-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Durvalumab With or Without Tremelimumab vs Standard Chemotherapy in First-line Treatment of Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: The MYSTIC Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the MYSTIC trial registered as NCT02453282, in JAMA Oncology (2020), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct02453282-jama-oncol-2020/"},{"id":"paper-nct02486718-ann-oncol-2023-update","kind":"paper","name":"Overall survival with adjuvant atezolizumab after chemotherapy in resected stage II-IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer (IMpower010): a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase III trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the trial registered as NCT02486718, in Annals of Oncology (2023); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct02486718-ann-oncol-2023-update/"},{"id":"paper-nct02716116-jama-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Treatment Outcomes and Safety of Mobocertinib in Platinum-Pretreated Patients With EGFR Exon 20 Insertion-Positive Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Phase 1/2 Open-label Nonrandomized Clinical Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT02716116, in JAMA Oncology (2021), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct02716116-jama-oncol-2021/"},{"id":"paper-nct02734004-lancet-oncol-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Olaparib and durvalumab in patients with germline BRCA-mutated metastatic breast cancer (MEDIOLA): an open-label, multicentre, phase 1/2, basket study","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the MEDIOLA trial registered as NCT02734004, in The Lancet Oncology (2020), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct02734004-lancet-oncol-2020/"},{"id":"paper-nct02767804-jama-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Ensartinib vs Crizotinib for Patients With Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase-Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT02767804, in JAMA Oncology (2021), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct02767804-jama-oncol-2021/"},{"id":"paper-nct02864992-jama-oncol-2023-update","kind":"paper","name":"Tepotinib Treatment in Patients With MET Exon 14-Skipping Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Long-term Follow-up of the VISION Phase 2 Nonrandomized Clinical Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the trial registered as NCT02864992, in JAMA Oncology (2023); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct02864992-jama-oncol-2023-update/"},{"id":"paper-nct03003962-j-thorac-oncol-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Durvalumab Versus Chemotherapy as First-line Treatment for Metastatic NSCLC With Tumor PD-L1 Expression of 25% or Higher: Results From the Randomized Phase 3 PEARL Study","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the PEARL trial registered as NCT03003962, in Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct03003962-j-thorac-oncol-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct03157128-j-clin-oncol-2024-update","kind":"paper","name":"Durability of Response With Selpercatinib in Patients With RET -Activated Thyroid Cancer: Long-Term Safety and Efficacy From LIBRETTO-001","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the RET Fusion-Positive Solid Tumors trial registered as NCT03157128, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2024); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct03157128-j-clin-oncol-2024-update/"},{"id":"paper-nct03178552-nat-med-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Atezolizumab versus chemotherapy in advanced or metastatic NSCLC with high blood-based tumor mutational burden: primary analysis of BFAST cohort C randomized phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the B-FAST trial registered as NCT03178552, in Nature Medicine (2022), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct03178552-nat-med-2022/"},{"id":"paper-nct03334617-nat-med-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Biomarker-directed targeted therapy plus durvalumab in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase 2 umbrella trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the PD-L1 Containing Therapy trial registered as NCT03334617, in Nature Medicine (2024), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct03334617-nat-med-2024/"},{"id":"paper-nct03381274-j-thorac-oncol-2023","kind":"paper","name":"CD73 Inhibitor Oleclumab Plus Osimertinib in Previously Treated Patients With Advanced T790M-Negative EGFR-Mutated NSCLC: A Brief Report","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT03381274, in Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2023), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct03381274-j-thorac-oncol-2023/"},{"id":"paper-nct03476681-j-exp-clin-cancer-res-2023","kind":"paper","name":"First-in-human phase 1 clinical trial of anti-core 1 O-glycans targeting monoclonal antibody NEO-201 in treatment-refractory solid tumors","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT03476681, in Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research (2023), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct03476681-j-exp-clin-cancer-res-2023/"},{"id":"paper-nct03706690-j-hematol-oncol-2025","kind":"paper","name":"PACIFIC-5: a phase III clinical trial of consolidation durvalumab in patients with unresectable stage III NSCLC and no progression after concurrent or sequential chemoradiotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the PACIFIC-5 trial registered as NCT03706690, in Journal of hematology & oncology (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct03706690-j-hematol-oncol-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct03775486-j-thorac-oncol-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Durvalumab in Combination With Olaparib Versus Durvalumab Alone as Maintenance Therapy in Metastatic NSCLC: The Phase 2 ORION Study","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the ORION trial registered as NCT03775486, in Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2023), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct03775486-j-thorac-oncol-2023/"},{"id":"paper-nct03778229-ann-oncol-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Savolitinib plus osimertinib in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutated advanced non-small cell lung cancer with MET overexpression and/or amplification following disease progression on osimertinib: primary results from the phase II SAVANNAH study","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the SAVANNAH trial registered as NCT03778229, in Annals of Oncology (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct03778229-ann-oncol-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct03907852-nat-med-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Mesothelin-targeting T cell receptor fusion construct cell therapy in refractory solid tumors: phase 1/2 trial interim results","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the Phase 1 trial registered as NCT03907852, in Nature Medicine (2023), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct03907852-nat-med-2023/"},{"id":"paper-nct03916627-lancet-gastroenterol-hepatol-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Neoadjuvant cemiplimab for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a single-arm, open-label, phase 2 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT03916627, in The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology (2022), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct03916627-lancet-gastroenterol-hepatol-2022/"},{"id":"paper-nct03944772-jco-precis-oncol-2025","kind":"paper","name":"ORCHARD: Osimertinib Plus Necitumumab in Patients With Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Mutated Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer With a Secondary Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Alteration Whose Disease Had Progressed on First-Line Osimertinib","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the ORCHARD trial registered as NCT03944772, in JCO Precision Oncology (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct03944772-jco-precis-oncol-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct03974022-j-clin-oncol-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Phase II Dose-Randomized Study of Sunvozertinib in Platinum-Pretreated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer With Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Exon 20 Insertion Mutations (WU-KONG1B)","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the WU-KONG1 trial registered as NCT03974022, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct03974022-j-clin-oncol-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct04025879-n-engl-j-med-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Perioperative Nivolumab in Resectable Lung Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the CheckMate 77T trial registered as NCT04025879, in New England Journal of Medicine (2024), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04025879-n-engl-j-med-2024/"},{"id":"paper-nct04036682-j-clin-oncol-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Zipalertinib in Patients With Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Exon 20 Insertion-Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Previously Treated With Platinum-Based Chemotherapy With or Without Amivantamab","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the REZILIENT1 trial registered as NCT04036682, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04036682-j-clin-oncol-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct04129502-j-clin-oncol-2025","kind":"paper","name":"First-Line Mobocertinib Versus Platinum-Based Chemotherapy in Patients With EGFR Exon 20 Insertion-Positive Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in the Phase III EXCLAIM-2 Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT04129502, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04129502-j-clin-oncol-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct04143607-lancet-respir-med-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Efficacy and safety of limertinib versus gefitinib as first-line treatment for locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer with EGFR-sensitising mutation: a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT04143607, in The Lancet. Respiratory medicine (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04143607-lancet-respir-med-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct04152499-j-hematol-oncol-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Results of a phase 1/2 study of sacituzumab tirumotecan in patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors refractory to standard therapies","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the TROP2 ADC trial registered as NCT04152499, in Journal of hematology & oncology (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04152499-j-hematol-oncol-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct04379635-lancet-respir-med-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Perioperative tislelizumab plus neoadjuvant chemotherapy for patients with resectable non-small-cell lung cancer (RATIONALE-315): an interim analysis of a randomised clinical trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT04379635, in The Lancet. Respiratory medicine (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04379635-lancet-respir-med-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct04379635-ann-oncol-2026-update","kind":"paper","name":"Perioperative tislelizumab plus neoadjuvant chemotherapy for patients with resectable non-small-cell lung cancer: final analysis of the randomized RATIONALE-315 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the trial registered as NCT04379635, in Annals of Oncology (2026); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04379635-ann-oncol-2026-update/"},{"id":"paper-nct04395677-j-clin-oncol-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Efficacy and Safety of Taletrectinib in Chinese Patients With ROS1+ Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: The Phase II TRUST-I Study","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT04395677, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2024), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04395677-j-clin-oncol-2024/"},{"id":"paper-nct04395677-j-clin-oncol-2026-update","kind":"paper","name":"Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Taletrectinib in Patients With ROS1 + Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Results From the Phase II TRUST-I Study","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the trial registered as NCT04395677, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2026); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04395677-j-clin-oncol-2026-update/"},{"id":"paper-nct04538664-n-engl-j-med-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Amivantamab plus Chemotherapy in NSCLC with EGFR Exon 20 Insertions","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the PAPILLON trial registered as NCT04538664, in New England Journal of Medicine (2023), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04538664-n-engl-j-med-2023/"},{"id":"paper-nct04561362-j-clin-oncol-2025","kind":"paper","name":"First-in-Human, Phase I/II Dose Escalation and Expansion Study of Zelenectide Pevedotin in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors: Results From Monotherapy Dose Escalation","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT04561362, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04561362-j-clin-oncol-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct04579380-j-clin-oncol-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Tucatinib and Trastuzumab for Previously Treated Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Positive Metastatic Biliary Tract Cancer (SGNTUC-019): A Phase II Basket Study","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT04579380, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2023), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04579380-j-clin-oncol-2023/"},{"id":"paper-nct04585035-signal-transduct-target-ther-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Garsorasib, a KRAS G12C inhibitor, with or without cetuximab, an EGFR antibody, in colorectal cancer cohorts of a phase II trial in advanced solid tumors with KRAS G12C mutation","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT04585035, in Signal transduction and targeted therapy (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04585035-signal-transduct-target-ther-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct04619004-j-clin-oncol-2023","kind":"paper","name":"HERTHENA-Lung01, a Phase II Trial of Patritumab Deruxtecan (HER3-DXd) in Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Mutated Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer After Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Therapy and Platinum-Based Chemotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the HERTHENA-Lung01 trial registered as NCT04619004, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2023), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04619004-j-clin-oncol-2023/"},{"id":"paper-nct04665856-j-thorac-oncol-2026","kind":"paper","name":"SKYSCRAPER-02C: A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Atezolizumab Plus Carboplatin and Etoposide With or Without Tiragolumab in Patients With Untreated Extensive-Stage SCLC in China","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the SKYSCRAPER-02C trial registered as NCT04665856, in Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04665856-j-thorac-oncol-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct04687241-lancet-oncol-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Aumolertinib as adjuvant therapy in resected EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer (ARTS): a double-blind, multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT04687241, in The Lancet Oncology (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04687241-lancet-oncol-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct04765059-esmo-open-2025","kind":"paper","name":"COMPEL: osimertinib plus platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with EGFR-mutated advanced NSCLC and progression on first-line osimertinib","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the COMPEL trial registered as NCT04765059, in ESMO Open (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04765059-esmo-open-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct04819100-n-engl-j-med-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Selpercatinib in Early-Stage RET Fusion-Positive Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the LIBRETTO-432 trial registered as NCT04819100, in New England Journal of Medicine (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04819100-n-engl-j-med-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct04923906-lancet-oncol-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Aumolertinib with or without chemotherapy in EGFR-mutated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (AENEAS2): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT04923906, in The Lancet Oncology (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04923906-lancet-oncol-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct04956640-nat-commun-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Pan-tumor activity of olomorasib, a next-generation KRAS G12C inhibitor in KRAS G12C-mutant advanced solid tumors: a first-in-human study","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT04956640, in Nature Communications (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04956640-nat-commun-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct05009329-nat-med-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Glecirasib in KRAS G12C -mutated nonsmall-cell lung cancer: a phase 2b trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT05009329, in Nature Medicine (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05009329-nat-med-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct05081609-j-immunother-cancer-2022","kind":"paper","name":"TransCon IL-2 β/γ: a novel long-acting prodrug with sustained release of an IL-2Rβ/γ-selective IL-2 variant with improved pharmacokinetics and potent activation of cytotoxic immune cells for the treatment of cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT05081609, in Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2022), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05081609-j-immunother-cancer-2022/"},{"id":"paper-nct05128487-cell-rep-med-2026","kind":"paper","name":"HPK1 inhibitor NDI-101150 as monotherapy and in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with advanced solid tumors: Phase 1/2 trial results","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT05128487, in Cell reports. Medicine (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05128487-cell-rep-med-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct05186974-j-thorac-oncol-2026","kind":"paper","name":"First-Line Sacituzumab Govitecan Plus Pembrolizumab in Metastatic NSCLC: PD-L1 TPS Less Than 50% and More Than or Equal to 50% Cohorts of the EVOKE-02 Study","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the EVOKE-02 trial registered as NCT05186974, in Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05186974-j-thorac-oncol-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct05195632-lung-cancer-2026","kind":"paper","name":"A phase 2 study of encorafenib in combination with binimetinib for Chinese participants with BRAF V600E mutated metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: Results from the OCEAN II study","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the OCEANII trial registered as NCT05195632, in Lung cancer (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05195632-lung-cancer-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct05199272-cancer-res-commun-2025","kind":"paper","name":"First-in-Human Study of 23ME-00610, an Antagonistic Antibody for Genetically Validated CD200R1 Immune Checkpoint, in Participants with Advanced Solid Malignancies","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT05199272, in Cancer research communications (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05199272-cancer-res-commun-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct05246514-clin-lung-cancer-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Trastuzumab Deruxtecan in Patients From China With Pretreated HER2-Mutant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Final Analysis of the Phase 2, Single-Arm DESTINY-Lung05 Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the DESTINY-Lung05 trial registered as NCT05246514, in Clinical lung cancer (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05246514-clin-lung-cancer-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct05663866-j-thorac-oncol-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Preventing Infusion-Related Reactions With Intravenous Amivantamab-Results From SKIPPirr, a Phase 2 Study: A Brief Report","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT05663866, in Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05663866-j-thorac-oncol-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct05668988-n-engl-j-med-2026","kind":"paper","name":"First-Line Sunvozertinib in NSCLC with EGFR Exon 20 Insertion Mutations","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the WU-KONG28 trial registered as NCT05668988, in New England Journal of Medicine (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05668988-n-engl-j-med-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct05671510-nat-med-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Gotistobart or docetaxel in metastatic squamous non-small cell lung cancer: stage 1 of the randomized phase 3 PRESERVE-003 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the PD-L1 Inhibitors trial registered as NCT05671510, in Nature Medicine (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05671510-nat-med-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct05712902-lancet-respir-med-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Sunvozertinib for patients in China with platinum-pretreated locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer and EGFR exon 20 insertion mutation (WU-KONG6): single-arm, open-label, multicentre, phase 2 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the WU-KONG6 trial registered as NCT05712902, in The Lancet. Respiratory medicine (2024), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05712902-lancet-respir-med-2024/"},{"id":"paper-nct05722015-ann-oncol-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Subcutaneous versus intravenous pembrolizumab, in combination with chemotherapy, for treatment of metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: the phase III 3475A-D77 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT05722015, in Annals of Oncology (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05722015-ann-oncol-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct05840016-lancet-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Ivonescimab plus chemotherapy versus tislelizumab plus chemotherapy as first-line treatment for advanced squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (HARMONi-6): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT05840016, in The Lancet (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05840016-lancet-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct05840016-lancet-2026-update","kind":"paper","name":"Ivonescimab plus chemotherapy versus tislelizumab plus chemotherapy in advanced squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (HARMONi-6): interim overall survival analysis of a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial in China","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the trial registered as NCT05840016, in The Lancet (2026); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05840016-lancet-2026-update/"},{"id":"paper-nct05870319-n-engl-j-med-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Sacituzumab Tirumotecan in EGFR-TKI-Resistant, EGFR -Mutated Advanced NSCLC","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT05870319, in New England Journal of Medicine (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05870319-n-engl-j-med-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct05933265-invest-new-drugs-2026","kind":"paper","name":"A first-in-human phase 1a study of LP-184, a tumor-site activated novel alkylating agent, in patients with advanced solid tumors","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT05933265, in Investigational new drugs (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05933265-invest-new-drugs-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct05955391-j-thorac-oncol-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Deulorlatinib (TGRX-326) in ALK Gene Fusion Positive NSCLC After Failure of Second-Generation Inhibitors: A Single-Arm, Multicenter, Phase 2 Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT05955391, in Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05955391-j-thorac-oncol-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct06015503-j-thorac-oncol-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Andamertinib in Advanced NSCLC With EGFR Exon 20 Insertions After Platinum-Based Chemotherapy or Immunotherapy: Results From the Phase 2 KANNON Study","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the KANNON trial registered as NCT06015503, in Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct06015503-j-thorac-oncol-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct06099782-jco-oncol-pract-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Participant-Reported Preference for Pembrolizumab Administered Subcutaneously or Intravenously: A Randomized, Open-Label, Phase II Study","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT06099782, in JCO Oncology Practice (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct06099782-jco-oncol-pract-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct06120140-j-thorac-oncol-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Enhanced Versus Standard Dermatologic Management With Amivantamab-Lazertinib in EGFR-Mutated Advanced NSCLC: The COCOON Global Randomized Controlled Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the COCOON trial registered as NCT06120140, in Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct06120140-j-thorac-oncol-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct06396065-lancet-oncol-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Ivonescimab plus chemotherapy versus placebo plus chemotherapy in patients with advanced EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer after disease progression on EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy (HARMONi): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT06396065, in The Lancet Oncology (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct06396065-lancet-oncol-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct06448312-lancet-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Sacituzumab tirumotecan plus pembrolizumab versus pembrolizumab in PD-L1-positive advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (OptiTROP-Lung05): interim analysis of a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT06448312, in The Lancet (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct06448312-lancet-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct06612151-n-engl-j-med-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Tambotatug Pelitecan in Small-Cell Lung Cancer after Platinum-Based Therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the TAISHAN-302 trial registered as NCT06612151, in New England Journal of Medicine (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct06612151-n-engl-j-med-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct04270591-eclinicalmedicine-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Gumarontinib in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer harbouring MET exon 14 skipping mutations: a multicentre, single-arm, open-label, phase 1b/2 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT04270591, in EClinicalMedicine (2023), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04270591-eclinicalmedicine-2023/"},{"id":"paper-nct04270591-transl-lung-cancer-res-2025-update","kind":"paper","name":"Long-term follow-up results from the GLORY study: phase II study of gumarontinib in East Asian patients with MET exon 14 skipping mutated non-small cell lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the trial registered as NCT04270591, in Translational lung cancer research (2025); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04270591-transl-lung-cancer-res-2025-update/"},{"id":"paper-nct04606446-nat-med-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Inhibition of lysine acetyltransferase KAT6 in ER + HER2 - metastatic breast cancer: a phase 1 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT04606446, in Nature Medicine (2024), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04606446-nat-med-2024/"},{"id":"paper-nct05061550-nat-med-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Perioperative durvalumab plus chemotherapy plus new agents for resectable non-small-cell lung cancer: the platform phase 2 NeoCOAST-2 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the NeoCOAST-2 trial registered as NCT05061550, in Nature Medicine (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05061550-nat-med-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct05168566-j-thorac-oncol-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Sutetinib for Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Harboring Uncommon EGFR Mutations: A Multicenter, Open-Label, Phase IIb Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT05168566, in Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05168566-j-thorac-oncol-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct05288205-lancet-respir-med-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Glecirasib plus sitneprotafib in patients with KRAS G12C -mutated non-small-cell lung cancer in China: an open-label, multicentre, single-arm, phase 1/2a trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the Phase 1 trial registered as NCT05288205, in The Lancet. Respiratory medicine (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05288205-lancet-respir-med-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct05351788-nat-med-2025","kind":"paper","name":"First-line sacituzumab tirumotecan with tagitanlimab in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase 2 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT05351788, in Nature Medicine (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05351788-nat-med-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct05379985-n-engl-j-med-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Daraxonrasib in Previously Treated Advanced RAS -Mutated Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT05379985, in New England Journal of Medicine (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05379985-n-engl-j-med-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct05435248-j-transl-med-2025","kind":"paper","name":"HS-10375, a selective EGFR C797S tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in advanced non-small cell lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the Phase 1 trial registered as NCT05435248, in Journal of translational medicine (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05435248-j-transl-med-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct05751798-eur-j-cancer-2026","kind":"paper","name":"A Phase 1 dose-escalation study to evaluate safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of OSE-279, an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody in patients with advanced solid tumours","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT05751798, in European Journal of Cancer (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05751798-eur-j-cancer-2026/"},{"id":"paper-aphinity-j-clin-oncol-2024-update","kind":"paper","name":"Adjuvant Pertuzumab and Trastuzumab in Early Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Positive Breast Cancer in the APHINITY Trial: Third Interim Overall Survival Analysis With Efficacy Update","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the APHINITY trial registered as NCT01358877, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2024); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-aphinity-j-clin-oncol-2024-update/"},{"id":"paper-apt-trial-lancet-oncol-2023-update","kind":"paper","name":"Adjuvant paclitaxel and trastuzumab for node-negative, HER2-positive breast cancer: final 10-year analysis of the open-label, single-arm, phase 2 APT trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the trial registered as NCT00542451, in The Lancet Oncology (2023); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-apt-trial-lancet-oncol-2023-update/"},{"id":"paper-ascent-03-n-engl-j-med-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Sacituzumab Govitecan in Untreated, Advanced Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the ASCENT-03 trial registered as NCT05382299, in New England Journal of Medicine (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-ascent-03-n-engl-j-med-2025/"},{"id":"paper-ascent-04-n-engl-j-med-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Sacituzumab Govitecan plus Pembrolizumab for Advanced Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the ASCENT-04 trial registered as NCT05382286, in New England Journal of Medicine (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-ascent-04-n-engl-j-med-2026/"},{"id":"paper-bolero-2-n-engl-j-med-2012","kind":"paper","name":"Everolimus in postmenopausal hormone-receptor-positive advanced breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the BOLERO-2 trial registered as NCT00863655, in New England Journal of Medicine (2012), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-bolero-2-n-engl-j-med-2012/"},{"id":"paper-bolero-2-ann-oncol-2014-update","kind":"paper","name":"Everolimus plus exemestane for hormone-receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-negative advanced breast cancer: overall survival results from BOLERO-2†","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the BOLERO-2 trial registered as NCT00863655, in Annals of Oncology (2014); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-bolero-2-ann-oncol-2014-update/"},{"id":"paper-cleopatra-n-engl-j-med-2012","kind":"paper","name":"Pertuzumab plus trastuzumab plus docetaxel for metastatic breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the CLEOPATRA trial registered as NCT00567190, in New England Journal of Medicine (2012), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-cleopatra-n-engl-j-med-2012/"},{"id":"paper-cleopatra-lancet-oncol-2013-update","kind":"paper","name":"Pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and docetaxel for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (CLEOPATRA study): overall survival results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the CLEOPATRA trial registered as NCT00567190, in The Lancet Oncology (2013); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-cleopatra-lancet-oncol-2013-update/"},{"id":"paper-comet-dcis-jama-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Active Monitoring With or Without Endocrine Therapy for Low-Risk Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: The COMET Randomized Clinical Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the COMET trial registered as NCT02926911, in JAMA (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-comet-dcis-jama-2025/"},{"id":"paper-dawna-1-nat-med-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Dalpiciclib or placebo plus fulvestrant in hormone receptor-positive and HER2-negative advanced breast cancer: a randomized, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the DAWNA-1 trial registered as NCT03927456, in Nature Medicine (2021), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-dawna-1-nat-med-2021/"},{"id":"paper-destiny-breast03-lancet-2023-update","kind":"paper","name":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan versus trastuzumab emtansine in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer: updated results from DESTINY-Breast03, a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the DESTINY-Breast03 trial registered as NCT03529110, in The Lancet (2023); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-destiny-breast03-lancet-2023-update/"},{"id":"paper-destiny-breast04-nat-med-2025-update","kind":"paper","name":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan in HER2-low metastatic breast cancer: long-term survival analysis of the randomized, phase 3 DESTINY-Breast04 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the DESTINY-Breast04 trial registered as NCT03734029, in Nature Medicine (2025); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-destiny-breast04-nat-med-2025-update/"},{"id":"paper-destiny-breast05-n-engl-j-med-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Trastuzumab Deruxtecan in Residual HER2-Positive Early Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the DESTINY-Breast05 trial registered as NCT04622319, in New England Journal of Medicine (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-destiny-breast05-n-engl-j-med-2026/"},{"id":"paper-destiny-breast09-n-engl-j-med-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Trastuzumab Deruxtecan plus Pertuzumab for HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the DESTINY-Breast09 trial registered as NCT04784715, in New England Journal of Medicine (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-destiny-breast09-n-engl-j-med-2026/"},{"id":"paper-destiny-breast12-nat-med-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan in HER2-positive advanced breast cancer with or without brain metastases: a phase 3b/4 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the DESTINY-Breast12 trial registered as NCT04739761, in Nature Medicine (2024), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-destiny-breast12-nat-med-2024/"},{"id":"paper-ember-3-n-engl-j-med-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Imlunestrant with or without Abemaciclib in Advanced Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the EMBER-3 trial registered as NCT04975308, in New England Journal of Medicine (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-ember-3-n-engl-j-med-2025/"},{"id":"paper-embraca-n-engl-j-med-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Talazoparib in Patients with Advanced Breast Cancer and a Germline BRCA Mutation","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the EMBRACA trial registered as NCT01945775, in New England Journal of Medicine (2018), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-embraca-n-engl-j-med-2018/"},{"id":"paper-eortc-22922-n-engl-j-med-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Internal Mammary and Medial Supraclavicular Irradiation in Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the EORTC 22922 trial registered as NCT00002851, in New England Journal of Medicine (2015), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-eortc-22922-n-engl-j-med-2015/"},{"id":"paper-eortc-22922-lancet-oncol-2020-update","kind":"paper","name":"Internal mammary and medial supraclavicular lymph node chain irradiation in stage I-III breast cancer (EORTC 22922/10925): 15-year results of a randomised, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the EORTC 22922 trial registered as NCT00002851, in The Lancet Oncology (2020); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-eortc-22922-lancet-oncol-2020-update/"},{"id":"paper-geparsixto-lancet-oncol-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Neoadjuvant carboplatin in patients with triple-negative and HER2-positive early breast cancer (GeparSixto; GBG 66): a randomised phase 2 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the GeparSixto trial registered as NCT01426880, in The Lancet Oncology (2014), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-geparsixto-lancet-oncol-2014/"},{"id":"paper-her2climb-02-ann-oncol-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Tucatinib and trastuzumab emtansine for patients with previously treated HER2-positive locally advanced and metastatic breast cancer: primary analysis of the randomized phase III trial HER2CLIMB-02","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the HER2CLIMB-02 trial registered as NCT03975647, in Annals of Oncology (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-her2climb-02-ann-oncol-2026/"},{"id":"paper-her2climb-05-j-clin-oncol-2026","kind":"paper","name":"HER2CLIMB-05: A Phase III Study of Tucatinib Versus Placebo in Combination With Trastuzumab and Pertuzumab as First-Line Maintenance Therapy for HER2+ Metastatic Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the HER2CLIMB-05 trial registered as NCT05132582, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-her2climb-05-j-clin-oncol-2026/"},{"id":"paper-hera-b31-n9831-n-engl-j-med-2005","kind":"paper","name":"Trastuzumab after adjuvant chemotherapy in HER2-positive breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the HERA trial registered as NCT00045032, in New England Journal of Medicine (2005), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-hera-b31-n9831-n-engl-j-med-2005/"},{"id":"paper-hera-b31-n9831-lancet-2017-update","kind":"paper","name":"11 years' follow-up of trastuzumab after adjuvant chemotherapy in HER2-positive early breast cancer: final analysis of the HERceptin Adjuvant (HERA) trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the HERA trial registered as NCT00045032, in The Lancet (2017); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-hera-b31-n9831-lancet-2017-update/"},{"id":"paper-horizon-breast01-lancet-oncol-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Trastuzumab rezetecan versus pyrotinib plus capecitabine for patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (HORIZON-Breast01): interim analysis of a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the HORIZON-Breast01 trial registered as NCT05424835, in The Lancet Oncology (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-horizon-breast01-lancet-oncol-2026/"},{"id":"paper-impassion031-lancet-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Neoadjuvant atezolizumab in combination with sequential nab-paclitaxel and anthracycline-based chemotherapy versus placebo and chemotherapy in patients with early-stage triple-negative breast cancer (IMpassion031): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the IMpassion031 trial registered as NCT03197935, in The Lancet (2020), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-impassion031-lancet-2020/"},{"id":"paper-impassion031-nat-med-2025-update","kind":"paper","name":"Peri-operative atezolizumab in early-stage triple-negative breast cancer: final results and ctDNA analyses from the randomized phase 3 IMpassion031 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the IMpassion031 trial registered as NCT03197935, in Nature Medicine (2025); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-impassion031-nat-med-2025-update/"},{"id":"paper-impassion130-n-engl-j-med-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Atezolizumab and Nab-Paclitaxel in Advanced Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the IMpassion130 trial registered as NCT02425891, in New England Journal of Medicine (2018), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-impassion130-n-engl-j-med-2018/"},{"id":"paper-impassion130-lancet-oncol-2020-update","kind":"paper","name":"Atezolizumab plus nab-paclitaxel as first-line treatment for unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (IMpassion130): updated efficacy results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the IMpassion130 trial registered as NCT02425891, in The Lancet Oncology (2020); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-impassion130-lancet-oncol-2020-update/"},{"id":"paper-impassion131-ann-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Primary results from IMpassion131, a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised phase III trial of first-line paclitaxel with or without atezolizumab for unresectable locally advanced/metastatic triple-negative breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the IMpassion131 trial registered as NCT03125902, in Annals of Oncology (2021), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-impassion131-ann-oncol-2021/"},{"id":"paper-inavo120-n-engl-j-med-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Inavolisib-Based Therapy in PIK3CA -Mutated Advanced Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the INAVO120 trial registered as NCT04191499, in New England Journal of Medicine (2024), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-inavo120-n-engl-j-med-2024/"},{"id":"paper-inavo120-n-engl-j-med-2025-update","kind":"paper","name":"Overall Survival with Inavolisib in PIK3CA -Mutated Advanced Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the INAVO120 trial registered as NCT04191499, in New England Journal of Medicine (2025); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-inavo120-n-engl-j-med-2025-update/"},{"id":"paper-keynote-355-lancet-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus placebo plus chemotherapy for previously untreated locally recurrent inoperable or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (KEYNOTE-355): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 3 clinical trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the KEYNOTE-355 trial registered as NCT02819518, in The Lancet (2020), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-355-lancet-2020/"},{"id":"paper-keynote-522-n-engl-j-med-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Pembrolizumab for Early Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the KEYNOTE-522 trial registered as NCT03036488, in New England Journal of Medicine (2020), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-522-n-engl-j-med-2020/"},{"id":"paper-keynote-522-n-engl-j-med-2024-update","kind":"paper","name":"Overall Survival with Pembrolizumab in Early-Stage Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the KEYNOTE-522 trial registered as NCT03036488, in New England Journal of Medicine (2024); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-522-n-engl-j-med-2024-update/"},{"id":"paper-kristine-lancet-oncol-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Neoadjuvant trastuzumab, pertuzumab, and chemotherapy versus trastuzumab emtansine plus pertuzumab in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer (KRISTINE): a randomised, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the KRISTINE trial registered as NCT02131064, in The Lancet Oncology (2018), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-kristine-lancet-oncol-2018/"},{"id":"paper-lumina-n-engl-j-med-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Omitting Radiotherapy after Breast-Conserving Surgery in Luminal A Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the LUMINA trial registered as NCT01791829, in New England Journal of Medicine (2023), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-lumina-n-engl-j-med-2023/"},{"id":"paper-ma-20-n-engl-j-med-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Regional Nodal Irradiation in Early-Stage Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT00005957, in New England Journal of Medicine (2015), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-ma-20-n-engl-j-med-2015/"},{"id":"paper-masai-lancet-digit-health-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Screening performance and characteristics of breast cancer detected in the Mammography Screening with Artificial Intelligence trial (MASAI): a randomised, controlled, parallel-group, non-inferiority, single-blinded, screening accuracy study","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the MASAI trial registered as NCT04838756, in The Lancet Digital Health (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-masai-lancet-digit-health-2025/"},{"id":"paper-mindact-ann-oncol-2014","kind":"paper","name":"High concordance of protein (by IHC), gene (by FISH; HER2 only), and microarray readout (by TargetPrint) of ER, PgR, and HER2: results from the EORTC 10041/BIG 03-04 MINDACT trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the MINDACT trial registered as NCT00433589, in Annals of Oncology (2014), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-mindact-ann-oncol-2014/"},{"id":"paper-monaleesa-2-n-engl-j-med-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Ribociclib as First-Line Therapy for HR-Positive, Advanced Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the MONALEESA-2 trial registered as NCT01958021, in New England Journal of Medicine (2016), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-monaleesa-2-n-engl-j-med-2016/"},{"id":"paper-monaleesa-2-n-engl-j-med-2022-update","kind":"paper","name":"Overall Survival with Ribociclib plus Letrozole in Advanced Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the MONALEESA-2 trial registered as NCT01958021, in New England Journal of Medicine (2022); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-monaleesa-2-n-engl-j-med-2022-update/"},{"id":"paper-monarche-lancet-oncol-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Abemaciclib plus endocrine therapy for hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative, node-positive, high-risk early breast cancer (monarchE): results from a preplanned interim analysis of a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the monarchE trial registered as NCT03155997, in The Lancet Oncology (2023), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-monarche-lancet-oncol-2023/"},{"id":"paper-monarche-ann-oncol-2026-update","kind":"paper","name":"Overall survival with abemaciclib in early breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the monarchE trial registered as NCT03155997, in Annals of Oncology (2026); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-monarche-ann-oncol-2026-update/"},{"id":"paper-nala-j-clin-oncol-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Neratinib Plus Capecitabine Versus Lapatinib Plus Capecitabine in HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer Previously Treated With ≥ 2 HER2-Directed Regimens: Phase III NALA Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the NALA trial registered as NCT01808573, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2020), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nala-j-clin-oncol-2020/"},{"id":"paper-natalee-jama-oncol-2025-update","kind":"paper","name":"Ribociclib Plus Endocrine Therapy in Hormone Receptor-Positive/ERBB2-Negative Early Breast Cancer: 4-Year Outcomes From the NATALEE Randomized Clinical Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the NATALEE trial registered as NCT03701334, in JAMA Oncology (2025); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-natalee-jama-oncol-2025-update/"},{"id":"paper-neosphere-lancet-oncol-2012","kind":"paper","name":"Efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant pertuzumab and trastuzumab in women with locally advanced, inflammatory, or early HER2-positive breast cancer (NeoSphere): a randomised multicentre, open-label, phase 2 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the NeoSphere trial registered as NCT00545688, in The Lancet Oncology (2012), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-neosphere-lancet-oncol-2012/"},{"id":"paper-neosphere-lancet-oncol-2016-update","kind":"paper","name":"5-year analysis of neoadjuvant pertuzumab and trastuzumab in patients with locally advanced, inflammatory, or early-stage HER2-positive breast cancer (NeoSphere): a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 randomised trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the NeoSphere trial registered as NCT00545688, in The Lancet Oncology (2016); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-neosphere-lancet-oncol-2016-update/"},{"id":"paper-nsabp-b39-lancet-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Long-term primary results of accelerated partial breast irradiation after breast-conserving surgery for early-stage breast cancer: a randomised, phase 3, equivalence trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the NSABP B-39 trial registered as NCT00103181, in The Lancet (2019), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nsabp-b39-lancet-2019/"},{"id":"paper-olympiad-ann-oncol-2019-update","kind":"paper","name":"OlympiAD final overall survival and tolerability results: Olaparib versus chemotherapy treatment of physician's choice in patients with a germline BRCA mutation and HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the OlympiAD trial registered as NCT02000622, in Annals of Oncology (2019); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-olympiad-ann-oncol-2019-update/"},{"id":"paper-pallas-penelope-b-lancet-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Palbociclib with adjuvant endocrine therapy in early breast cancer (PALLAS): interim analysis of a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 study","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the PALLAS trial registered as NCT02513394, in The Lancet Oncology (2021), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-pallas-penelope-b-lancet-oncol-2021/"},{"id":"paper-paloma-2-n-engl-j-med-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Palbociclib and Letrozole in Advanced Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the PALOMA-2 trial registered as NCT01740427, in New England Journal of Medicine (2016), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-paloma-2-n-engl-j-med-2016/"},{"id":"paper-paloma-2-breast-cancer-res-treat-2019-update","kind":"paper","name":"Palbociclib plus letrozole as first-line therapy in estrogen receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative advanced breast cancer with extended follow-up","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the PALOMA-2 trial registered as NCT01740427, in Breast cancer research and treatment (2019); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-paloma-2-breast-cancer-res-treat-2019-update/"},{"id":"paper-patina-n-engl-j-med-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Palbociclib for Hormone-Receptor-Positive, HER2-Positive Advanced Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the PATINA trial registered as NCT02947685, in New England Journal of Medicine (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-patina-n-engl-j-med-2026/"},{"id":"paper-penelope-b-j-clin-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Palbociclib for Residual High-Risk Invasive HR-Positive and HER2-Negative Early Breast Cancer-The Penelope-B Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the PENELOPE-B trial registered as NCT01864746, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2021), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-penelope-b-j-clin-oncol-2021/"},{"id":"paper-persephone-lancet-2019","kind":"paper","name":"6 versus 12 months of adjuvant trastuzumab for HER2-positive early breast cancer (PERSEPHONE): 4-year disease-free survival results of a randomised phase 3 non-inferiority trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the PERSEPHONE trial registered as NCT00712140, in The Lancet (2019), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-persephone-lancet-2019/"},{"id":"paper-phergain-lancet-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Chemotherapy de-escalation using an 18 F-FDG-PET-based pathological response-adapted strategy in patients with HER2-positive early breast cancer (PHERGain): a multicentre, randomised, open-label, non-comparative, phase 2 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the PHERGain trial registered as NCT03161353, in The Lancet Oncology (2021), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-phergain-lancet-oncol-2021/"},{"id":"paper-phergain-lancet-2024-update","kind":"paper","name":"3-year invasive disease-free survival with chemotherapy de-escalation using an 18 F-FDG-PET-based, pathological complete response-adapted strategy in HER2-positive early breast cancer (PHERGain): a randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the PHERGain trial registered as NCT03161353, in The Lancet (2024); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-phergain-lancet-2024-update/"},{"id":"paper-rxponder-n-engl-j-med-2021","kind":"paper","name":"21-Gene Assay to Inform Chemotherapy Benefit in Node-Positive Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the RxPONDER trial registered as NCT01272037, in New England Journal of Medicine (2021), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-rxponder-n-engl-j-med-2021/"},{"id":"paper-serena-6-n-engl-j-med-2025","kind":"paper","name":"First-Line Camizestrant for Emerging ESR1 -Mutated Advanced Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the SERENA-6 trial registered as NCT04964934, in New England Journal of Medicine (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-serena-6-n-engl-j-med-2025/"},{"id":"paper-soft-text-n-engl-j-med-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Adjuvant ovarian suppression in premenopausal breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the SOFT trial registered as NCT00066690, in New England Journal of Medicine (2015), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-soft-text-n-engl-j-med-2015/"},{"id":"paper-soft-text-j-clin-oncol-2023-update","kind":"paper","name":"Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy in Premenopausal Breast Cancer: 12-Year Results From SOFT","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the SOFT trial registered as NCT00066690, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2023); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-soft-text-j-clin-oncol-2023-update/"},{"id":"paper-solar-1-ann-oncol-2021-update","kind":"paper","name":"Alpelisib plus fulvestrant for PIK3CA-mutated, hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-negative advanced breast cancer: final overall survival results from SOLAR-1","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the SOLAR-1 trial registered as NCT02437318, in Annals of Oncology (2021); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-solar-1-ann-oncol-2021-update/"},{"id":"paper-tropics-02-lancet-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Overall survival with sacituzumab govitecan in hormone receptor-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative metastatic breast cancer (TROPiCS-02): a randomised, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the TROPiCS-02 trial registered as NCT03901339, in The Lancet (2023), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-tropics-02-lancet-2023/"},{"id":"paper-whel-jama-2007","kind":"paper","name":"Influence of a diet very high in vegetables, fruit, and fiber and low in fat on prognosis following treatment for breast cancer: the Women's Healthy Eating and Living (WHEL) randomized trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the WHEL trial registered as NCT00003787, in JAMA (2007), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-whel-jama-2007/"},{"id":"paper-brightness-lancet-oncol-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Addition of the PARP inhibitor veliparib plus carboplatin or carboplatin alone to standard neoadjuvant chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer (BrighTNess): a randomised, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the BrighTNess trial registered as NCT02032277, in The Lancet Oncology (2018), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-brightness-lancet-oncol-2018/"},{"id":"paper-plasmamatch-lancet-oncol-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Circulating tumour DNA analysis to direct therapy in advanced breast cancer (plasmaMATCH): a multicentre, multicohort, phase 2a, platform trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the plasmaMATCH trial registered as NCT03182634, in The Lancet Oncology (2020), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-plasmamatch-lancet-oncol-2020/"},{"id":"paper-i-spy-2-jama-oncol-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Effect of Pembrolizumab Plus Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy on Pathologic Complete Response in Women With Early-Stage Breast Cancer: An Analysis of the Ongoing Phase 2 Adaptively Randomized I-SPY2 Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the I-SPY 2 trial registered as NCT01042379, in JAMA Oncology (2020), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-i-spy-2-jama-oncol-2020/"},{"id":"paper-nct02107703-j-clin-oncol-2017","kind":"paper","name":"MONARCH 2: Abemaciclib in Combination With Fulvestrant in Women With HR+/HER2- Advanced Breast Cancer Who Had Progressed While Receiving Endocrine Therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the MONARCH 2 trial registered as NCT02107703, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2017), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct02107703-j-clin-oncol-2017/"},{"id":"paper-nct02107703-jama-oncol-2020-update","kind":"paper","name":"The Effect of Abemaciclib Plus Fulvestrant on Overall Survival in Hormone Receptor-Positive, ERBB2-Negative Breast Cancer That Progressed on Endocrine Therapy-MONARCH 2: A Randomized Clinical Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the MONARCH 2 trial registered as NCT02107703, in JAMA Oncology (2020); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct02107703-jama-oncol-2020-update/"},{"id":"paper-nct03330847-clin-cancer-res-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Safety and Efficacy of Ceralasertib plus Olaparib for Advanced/Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in Three Molecular Strata: The Phase II VIOLETTE Study","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the VIOLETTE trial registered as NCT03330847, in Clinical Cancer Research (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct03330847-clin-cancer-res-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct03725059-nat-med-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Pembrolizumab and chemotherapy in high-risk, early-stage, ER + /HER2 - breast cancer: a randomized phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the KEYNOTE-756 trial registered as NCT03725059, in Nature Medicine (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct03725059-nat-med-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct03742102-ann-oncol-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Datopotamab deruxtecan (Dato-DXd) in combination with durvalumab as first-line treatment for unresectable locally advanced or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: results from arms 7 and 8 of the phase Ib/II BEGONIA study","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the BEGONIA trial registered as NCT03742102, in Annals of Oncology (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct03742102-ann-oncol-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct04214288-lancet-oncol-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Camizestrant, a next-generation oral SERD, versus fulvestrant in post-menopausal women with oestrogen receptor-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer (SERENA-2): a multi-dose, open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the SERENA-2 trial registered as NCT04214288, in The Lancet Oncology (2024), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04214288-lancet-oncol-2024/"},{"id":"paper-nct04454437-int-j-cancer-2023","kind":"paper","name":"A Phase IIb, single arm, multicenter trial of sacituzumab govitecan in Chinese patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer who received at least two prior treatments","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT04454437, in International journal of cancer (2023), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04454437-int-j-cancer-2023/"},{"id":"paper-nct04576455-j-clin-oncol-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Giredestrant for Estrogen Receptor-Positive, HER2-Negative, Previously Treated Advanced Breast Cancer: Results From the Randomized, Phase II acelERA Breast Cancer Study","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT04576455, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2024), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04576455-j-clin-oncol-2024/"},{"id":"paper-nct05077449-nat-commun-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Bireociclib plus fulvestrant for HR+/HER2- advanced female breast cancer progressed on or after endocrine therapy: phase 3 BRIGHT-2 study interim analysis","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT05077449, in Nature Communications (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05077449-nat-commun-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct05101096-int-j-clin-oncol-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Preliminary results from ASCENT-J02: a phase 1/2 study of sacituzumab govitecan in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the ASCENT-J02 trial registered as NCT05101096, in International journal of clinical oncology (2024), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05101096-int-j-clin-oncol-2024/"},{"id":"paper-nct05227664-nat-med-2026","kind":"paper","name":"First-line PD-1/VEGF bispecific antibody plus chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer: a phase 2 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT05227664, in Nature Medicine (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05227664-nat-med-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct05347134-nat-med-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Sacituzumab tirumotecan in previously treated metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: a randomized phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT05347134, in Nature Medicine (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05347134-nat-med-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct05587296-n-engl-j-med-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Elinzanetant for Vasomotor Symptoms from Endocrine Therapy for Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the OASIS-4 trial registered as NCT05587296, in New England Journal of Medicine (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05587296-n-engl-j-med-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct06198751-j-clin-oncol-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Efficacy and Safety of Neoadjuvant TQB2102 in Locally Advanced or Early Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Positive Breast Cancer: A Randomized, Open-Label, Multicenter, Phase II Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT06198751, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct06198751-j-clin-oncol-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct06747338-jama-oncol-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Neoadjuvant Anbenitamab and HB1801 in ERBB2-Positive Breast Cancer: A Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT06747338, in JAMA Oncology (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct06747338-jama-oncol-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct06968585-j-clin-oncol-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Trastuzumab Botidotin Versus Trastuzumab Emtansine in Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Positive Advanced Breast Cancer: A Phase III, Open-Label, Randomized Controlled Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT06968585, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct06968585-j-clin-oncol-2026/"},{"id":"paper-wisdom-trial-jama-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Risk-Based vs Annual Breast Cancer Screening: The WISDOM Randomized Clinical Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the WISDOM trial registered as NCT02620852, in JAMA (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-wisdom-trial-jama-2026/"},{"id":"paper-alascca-n-engl-j-med-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Low-Dose Aspirin for PI3K-Altered Localized Colorectal Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the ALASCCA trial registered as NCT02647099, in New England Journal of Medicine (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-alascca-n-engl-j-med-2025/"},{"id":"paper-atomic-n-engl-j-med-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Atezolizumab plus FOLFOX for Stage III Mismatch Repair-Deficient Colon Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the ATOMIC trial registered as NCT02912559, in New England Journal of Medicine (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-atomic-n-engl-j-med-2026/"},{"id":"paper-blue-c-n-engl-j-med-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Next-Generation Multitarget Stool DNA Test for Colorectal Cancer Screening","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the BLUE-C trial registered as NCT04144738, in New England Journal of Medicine (2024), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-blue-c-n-engl-j-med-2024/"},{"id":"paper-breakwater-nat-med-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Encorafenib, cetuximab and chemotherapy in BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer: a randomized phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the BREAKWATER trial registered as NCT04607421, in Nature Medicine (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-breakwater-nat-med-2025/"},{"id":"paper-destiny-crc02-lancet-oncol-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan in patients with HER2-positive advanced colorectal cancer (DESTINY-CRC02): primary results from a multicentre, randomised, phase 2 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the DESTINY-CRC02 trial registered as NCT04744831, in The Lancet Oncology (2024), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-destiny-crc02-lancet-oncol-2024/"},{"id":"paper-dynamic-nat-med-2025-update","kind":"paper","name":"Circulating tumor DNA analysis guiding adjuvant therapy in stage II colon cancer: 5-year outcomes of the randomized DYNAMIC trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the DYNAMIC trial registered as ACTRN12615000381583, in Nature Medicine (2025); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-dynamic-nat-med-2025-update/"},{"id":"paper-eclipse-shield-n-engl-j-med-2024","kind":"paper","name":"A Cell-free DNA Blood-Based Test for Colorectal Cancer Screening","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the ECLIPSE trial registered as NCT04136002, in New England Journal of Medicine (2024), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-eclipse-shield-n-engl-j-med-2024/"},{"id":"paper-keynote-177-lancet-oncol-2022-update","kind":"paper","name":"Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for microsatellite instability-high or mismatch repair-deficient metastatic colorectal cancer (KEYNOTE-177): final analysis of a randomised, open-label, phase 3 study","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the KEYNOTE-177 trial registered as NCT02563002, in The Lancet Oncology (2022); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-177-lancet-oncol-2022-update/"},{"id":"paper-niche-2-nat-med-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Neoadjuvant immunotherapy leads to pathological responses in MMR-proficient and MMR-deficient early-stage colon cancers","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the NICHE-2 trial registered as NCT03026140, in Nature Medicine (2020), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-niche-2-nat-med-2020/"},{"id":"paper-nordicc-lancet-2026-update","kind":"paper","name":"Long-term effects of colonoscopy screening on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: a multicountry, population-based randomised controlled trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the NordICC trial registered as NCT00883792, in The Lancet (2026); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nordicc-lancet-2026-update/"},{"id":"paper-opra-j-clin-oncol-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Long-Term Results of Organ Preservation in Patients With Rectal Adenocarcinoma Treated With Total Neoadjuvant Therapy: The Randomized Phase II OPRA Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the OPRA trial registered as NCT02008656, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2024), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-opra-j-clin-oncol-2024/"},{"id":"paper-paradigm-jama-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Panitumumab vs Bevacizumab Added to Standard First-line Chemotherapy and Overall Survival Among Patients With RAS Wild-type, Left-Sided Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the PARADIGM trial registered as NCT02394795, in JAMA (2023), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-paradigm-jama-2023/"},{"id":"paper-mountaineer-nat-commun-2026-update","kind":"paper","name":"Tucatinib plus trastuzumab for chemotherapy-refractory, HER2 +, RAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer (MOUNTAINEER): final analysis","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the MOUNTAINEER trial registered as NCT03043313, in Nature Communications (2026); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-mountaineer-nat-commun-2026-update/"},{"id":"paper-mypathway-lancet-oncol-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Pertuzumab plus trastuzumab for HER2-amplified metastatic colorectal cancer (MyPathway): an updated report from a multicentre, open-label, phase 2a, multiple basket study","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the MyPathway trial registered as NCT02091141, in The Lancet Oncology (2019), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-mypathway-lancet-oncol-2019/"},{"id":"paper-nct03785249-n-engl-j-med-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Adagrasib in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Harboring a KRAS G12C Mutation","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the Phase 1 trial registered as NCT03785249, in New England Journal of Medicine (2022), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct03785249-n-engl-j-med-2022/"},{"id":"paper-nct04068610-br-j-cancer-2024","kind":"paper","name":"COLUMBIA-1: a randomised study of durvalumab plus oleclumab in combination with chemotherapy and bevacizumab in metastatic microsatellite-stable colorectal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the COLUMBIA-1 trial registered as NCT04068610, in British Journal of Cancer (2024), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04068610-br-j-cancer-2024/"},{"id":"paper-nct04854668-signal-transduct-target-ther-2026","kind":"paper","name":"First-line anlotinib versus bevacizumab plus CapeOX in RAS/BRAF wild-type unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer (ANCHOR): a multicenter, prospective, randomized, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the BRAF Wild Metastatic Colorectal Can trial registered as NCT04854668, in Signal transduction and targeted therapy (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04854668-signal-transduct-target-ther-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct05425940-lancet-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Zanzalintinib plus atezolizumab versus regorafenib in refractory colorectal cancer (STELLAR-303): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the STELLAR-303 trial registered as NCT05425940, in The Lancet (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05425940-lancet-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct05890742-cancer-cell-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Neoadjuvant treatment of IBI310 plus sintilimab in locally advanced MSI-H/dMMR colon cancer: A randomized phase 1b study","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the dMMR Resectable Colon Cancer trial registered as NCT05890742, in Cancer Cell (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05890742-cancer-cell-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct06106308-j-clin-oncol-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Onvansertib in Combination With Chemotherapy and Bevacizumab in Second-Line Treatment of KRAS -Mutant Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Single-Arm, Phase II Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT06106308, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct06106308-j-clin-oncol-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct04547166-med-2024","kind":"paper","name":"First-line serplulimab in metastatic colorectal cancer: Phase 2 results of a randomized, double-blind, phase 2/3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT04547166, in Med (New York, N.Y.) (2024), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04547166-med-2024/"},{"id":"paper-nct04585750-n-engl-j-med-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Phase 1 Study of Rezatapopt, a p53 Reactivator, in TP53 Y220C-Mutated Tumors","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the PYNNACLE trial registered as NCT04585750, in New England Journal of Medicine (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04585750-n-engl-j-med-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct05300269-cancer-lett-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Efficacy and safety of SHR-1701 combined with chemoradiotherapy as neoadjuvant treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT05300269, in Cancer letters (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05300269-cancer-lett-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct05379595-j-clin-oncol-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Amivantamab Monotherapy in Chemorefractory RAS / BRAF Wild-Type Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Results From OrigAMI-1, an Open-Label, Phase Ib/II Study","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the OrigAMI-1 trial registered as NCT05379595, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05379595-j-clin-oncol-2026/"},{"id":"paper-tracc-clin-cancer-res-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Tissue-Free Liquid Biopsies Combining Genomic and Methylation Signals for Minimal Residual Disease Detection in Patients with Early Colorectal Cancer from the UK TRACC Part B Study","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the TRACC trial registered as NCT04050345, in Clinical Cancer Research (2024), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-tracc-clin-cancer-res-2024/"},{"id":"paper-bolt-j-eur-acad-dermatol-venereol-2018-update","kind":"paper","name":"Long-term efficacy and safety of sonidegib in patients with locally advanced and metastatic basal cell carcinoma: 30-month analysis of the randomized phase 2 BOLT study","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the BOLT trial registered as NCT01327053, in Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (2018); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-bolt-j-eur-acad-dermatol-venereol-2018-update/"},{"id":"paper-checkmate-204-n-engl-j-med-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Melanoma Metastatic to the Brain","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the CheckMate 204 trial registered as NCT02320058, in New England Journal of Medicine (2018), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-checkmate-204-n-engl-j-med-2018/"},{"id":"paper-checkmate-204-lancet-oncol-2021-update","kind":"paper","name":"Long-term outcomes of patients with active melanoma brain metastases treated with combination nivolumab plus ipilimumab (CheckMate 204): final results of an open-label, multicentre, phase 2 study","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the CheckMate 204 trial registered as NCT02320058, in The Lancet Oncology (2021); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-checkmate-204-lancet-oncol-2021-update/"},{"id":"paper-checkmate-238-lancet-oncol-2020-update","kind":"paper","name":"Adjuvant nivolumab versus ipilimumab in resected stage IIIB-C and stage IV melanoma (CheckMate 238): 4-year results from a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the CheckMate 238 trial registered as NCT02388906, in The Lancet Oncology (2020); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-checkmate-238-lancet-oncol-2020-update/"},{"id":"paper-checkmate-915-j-immunother-cancer-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Pretreatment and on-treatment ctDNA and tissue biomarkers predict recurrence in patients with stage IIIB-D/IV melanoma treated with adjuvant immunotherapy: CheckMate 915","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the CheckMate 915 trial registered as NCT03068455, in Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-checkmate-915-j-immunother-cancer-2025/"},{"id":"paper-cobrim-n-engl-j-med-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Combined vemurafenib and cobimetinib in BRAF-mutated melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the coBRIM trial registered as NCT01689519, in New England Journal of Medicine (2014), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-cobrim-n-engl-j-med-2014/"},{"id":"paper-cobrim-lancet-oncol-2016-update","kind":"paper","name":"Cobimetinib combined with vemurafenib in advanced BRAF(V600)-mutant melanoma (coBRIM): updated efficacy results from a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the coBRIM trial registered as NCT01689519, in The Lancet Oncology (2016); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-cobrim-lancet-oncol-2016-update/"},{"id":"paper-columbus-lancet-oncol-2018-update","kind":"paper","name":"Overall survival in patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma receiving encorafenib plus binimetinib versus vemurafenib or encorafenib (COLUMBUS): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the COLUMBUS trial registered as NCT01909453, in The Lancet Oncology (2018); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-columbus-lancet-oncol-2018-update/"},{"id":"paper-combi-ad-n-engl-j-med-2020-update","kind":"paper","name":"Five-Year Analysis of Adjuvant Dabrafenib plus Trametinib in Stage III Melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the COMBI-AD trial registered as NCT01682083, in New England Journal of Medicine (2020); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-combi-ad-n-engl-j-med-2020-update/"},{"id":"paper-combi-d-n-engl-j-med-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Combined BRAF and MEK inhibition versus BRAF inhibition alone in melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the COMBI-d trial registered as NCT01584648, in New England Journal of Medicine (2014), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-combi-d-n-engl-j-med-2014/"},{"id":"paper-empower-cscc-1-lancet-oncol-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Cemiplimab in locally advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: results from an open-label, phase 2, single-arm trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the EMPOWER-CSCC-1 trial registered as NCT02760498, in The Lancet Oncology (2020), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-empower-cscc-1-lancet-oncol-2020/"},{"id":"paper-empower-cscc-1-j-am-acad-dermatol-2025-update","kind":"paper","name":"A phase 2 open-label study of cemiplimab in patients with advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (EMPOWER-CSCC-1): Final long-term analysis of groups 1, 2, and 3, and primary analysis of fixed-dose treatment group 6","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the EMPOWER-CSCC-1 trial registered as NCT02760498, in Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2025); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-empower-cscc-1-j-am-acad-dermatol-2025-update/"},{"id":"paper-erivance-bmc-cancer-2017-update","kind":"paper","name":"Long-term safety and efficacy of vismodegib in patients with advanced basal cell carcinoma: final update of the pivotal ERIVANCE BCC study","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the ERIVANCE BCC trial registered as NCT00833417, in BMC cancer (2017); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-erivance-bmc-cancer-2017-update/"},{"id":"paper-imcgp100-202-n-engl-j-med-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Overall Survival Benefit with Tebentafusp in Metastatic Uveal Melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the IMCgp100-202 trial registered as NCT03070392, in New England Journal of Medicine (2021), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-imcgp100-202-n-engl-j-med-2021/"},{"id":"paper-imcgp100-202-n-engl-j-med-2023-update","kind":"paper","name":"Three-Year Overall Survival with Tebentafusp in Metastatic Uveal Melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the IMCgp100-202 trial registered as NCT03070392, in New England Journal of Medicine (2023); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-imcgp100-202-n-engl-j-med-2023-update/"},{"id":"paper-imspire150-lancet-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Atezolizumab, vemurafenib, and cobimetinib as first-line treatment for unresectable advanced BRAF V600 mutation-positive melanoma (IMspire150): primary analysis of the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the IMspire150 trial registered as NCT02908672, in The Lancet (2020), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-imspire150-lancet-2020/"},{"id":"paper-imspire150-lancet-oncol-2023-update","kind":"paper","name":"Overall survival with first-line atezolizumab in combination with vemurafenib and cobimetinib in BRAF V600 mutation-positive advanced melanoma (IMspire150): second interim analysis of a multicentre, randomised, phase 3 study","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the IMspire150 trial registered as NCT02908672, in The Lancet Oncology (2023); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-imspire150-lancet-oncol-2023-update/"},{"id":"paper-javelin-merkel-200-lancet-oncol-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Avelumab in patients with chemotherapy-refractory metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma: a multicentre, single-group, open-label, phase 2 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the JAVELIN Merkel 200 trial registered as NCT02155647, in The Lancet Oncology (2016), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-javelin-merkel-200-lancet-oncol-2016/"},{"id":"paper-javelin-merkel-200-j-immunother-cancer-2018-update","kind":"paper","name":"Updated efficacy of avelumab in patients with previously treated metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma after ≥1 year of follow-up: JAVELIN Merkel 200, a phase 2 clinical trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the JAVELIN Merkel 200 trial registered as NCT02155647, in Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2018); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-javelin-merkel-200-j-immunother-cancer-2018-update/"},{"id":"paper-keynote-017-n-engl-j-med-2016","kind":"paper","name":"PD-1 Blockade with Pembrolizumab in Advanced Merkel-Cell Carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the KEYNOTE-017 trial registered as NCT02267603, in New England Journal of Medicine (2016), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-017-n-engl-j-med-2016/"},{"id":"paper-keynote-017-j-immunother-cancer-2021-update","kind":"paper","name":"Three-year survival, correlates and salvage therapies in patients receiving first-line pembrolizumab for advanced Merkel cell carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the KEYNOTE-017 trial registered as NCT02267603, in Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2021); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-017-j-immunother-cancer-2021-update/"},{"id":"paper-keynote-716-lancet-oncol-2022-update","kind":"paper","name":"Pembrolizumab versus placebo as adjuvant therapy in resected stage IIB or IIC melanoma (KEYNOTE-716): distant metastasis-free survival results of a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the KEYNOTE-716 trial registered as NCT03553836, in The Lancet Oncology (2022); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-716-lancet-oncol-2022-update/"},{"id":"paper-relativity-047-nejm-evid-2023-update","kind":"paper","name":"Overall Survival and Response with Nivolumab and Relatlimab in Advanced Melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the RELATIVITY-047 trial registered as NCT03470922, in NEJM Evidence (2023); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-relativity-047-nejm-evid-2023-update/"},{"id":"paper-relativity-098-nat-med-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Adjuvant nivolumab and relatlimab in stage III/IV melanoma: the randomized phase 3 RELATIVITY-098 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the RELATIVITY-098 trial registered as NCT05002569, in Nature Medicine (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-relativity-098-nat-med-2025/"},{"id":"paper-swog-s1801-n-engl-j-med-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Neoadjuvant-Adjuvant or Adjuvant-Only Pembrolizumab in Advanced Melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the SWOG S1801 trial registered as NCT03698019, in New England Journal of Medicine (2023), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-swog-s1801-n-engl-j-med-2023/"},{"id":"paper-checkmate-358-j-clin-oncol-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Safety and Efficacy of Nivolumab Monotherapy in Recurrent or Metastatic Cervical, Vaginal, or Vulvar Carcinoma: Results From the Phase I/II CheckMate 358 Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the CheckMate 358 trial registered as NCT02488759, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2019), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-checkmate-358-j-clin-oncol-2019/"},{"id":"paper-mimic-01-nat-med-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Fecal microbiota transplantation plus anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in advanced melanoma: a phase I trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT03772899, in Nature Medicine (2023), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-mimic-01-nat-med-2023/"},{"id":"paper-nct02362594-lancet-oncol-2021-update","kind":"paper","name":"Adjuvant pembrolizumab versus placebo in resected stage III melanoma (EORTC 1325-MG/KEYNOTE-054): distant metastasis-free survival results from a double-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the KEYNOTE-054 trial registered as NCT02362594, in The Lancet Oncology (2021); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct02362594-lancet-oncol-2021-update/"},{"id":"paper-nct02938299-ann-oncol-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Neoadjuvant intralesional targeted immunocytokines (daromun) in stage III melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the Neoadjuvant L19IL2 trial registered as NCT02938299, in Annals of Oncology (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct02938299-ann-oncol-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct02938299-j-clin-oncol-2026-update","kind":"paper","name":"Neoadjuvant Intralesional Daromun (L19IL2/L19TNF) in Resectable Locally Advanced Melanoma: An Update on the Efficacy and Safety Results of the PIVOTAL Phase III Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the Neoadjuvant L19IL2 trial registered as NCT02938299, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2026); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct02938299-j-clin-oncol-2026-update/"},{"id":"paper-nct03897881-j-clin-oncol-2026-update","kind":"paper","name":"Intismeran Autogene Plus Pembrolizumab Versus Pembrolizumab Alone in High-Risk Resected Melanoma: 5-Year Update of the Randomized Phase IIb KEYNOTE-942 Study","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the trial registered as NCT03897881, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2026); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct03897881-j-clin-oncol-2026-update/"},{"id":"paper-nct04639219-lancet-oncol-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan in patients with solid tumours harbouring specific activating HER2 mutations (DESTINY-PanTumor01): an international, phase 2 study","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT04639219, in The Lancet Oncology (2024), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04639219-lancet-oncol-2024/"},{"id":"paper-nct04657991-eur-j-cancer-2024","kind":"paper","name":"First-line encorafenib plus binimetinib and pembrolizumab for advanced BRAF V600-mutant melanoma: Safety lead-in results from the randomized phase III STARBOARD study","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT04657991, in European Journal of Cancer (2024), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04657991-eur-j-cancer-2024/"},{"id":"paper-nct05415072-nat-med-2026","kind":"paper","name":"An anti-PMEL antibody-drug conjugate with a G q/1 1 inhibitor payload in GNAQ/GNA11-mutant melanomas: a phase 1 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT05415072, in Nature Medicine (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05415072-nat-med-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct05732805-eur-j-cancer-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Improved clinical outcomes with low-dose anti-CTLA-4 (Nurulimab) plus anti-PD-1 (Prolgolimab) vs. anti-PD-1 monotherapy in advanced cutaneous melanoma: Results from the phase III OCTAVA trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the OCTAVA trial registered as NCT05732805, in European Journal of Cancer (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05732805-eur-j-cancer-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct02332668-lancet-oncol-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Pembrolizumab in paediatric patients with advanced melanoma or a PD-L1-positive, advanced, relapsed, or refractory solid tumour or lymphoma (KEYNOTE-051): interim analysis of an open-label, single-arm, phase 1-2 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the KEYNOTE-051 trial registered as NCT02332668, in The Lancet Oncology (2020), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct02332668-lancet-oncol-2020/"},{"id":"paper-nct05877430-j-immunother-cancer-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Phase I trial of CJRB-101 plus pembrolizumab in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT05877430, in Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05877430-j-immunother-cancer-2026/"},{"id":"paper-aranote-eur-urol-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Darolutamide Plus Androgen-deprivation Therapy in Metastatic Hormone-sensitive Prostate Cancer by Disease Volume and Risk Subgroups in the Phase 3 ARANOTE Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the ARANOTE trial registered as NCT04736199, in European Urology (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-aranote-eur-urol-2026/"},{"id":"paper-arches-j-clin-oncol-2019","kind":"paper","name":"ARCHES: A Randomized, Phase III Study of Androgen Deprivation Therapy With Enzalutamide or Placebo in Men With Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the ARCHES trial registered as NCT02677896, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2019), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-arches-j-clin-oncol-2019/"},{"id":"paper-arches-eur-urol-2026-update","kind":"paper","name":"ARCHES 5-year Survival with Enzalutamide Plus Androgen-deprivation Therapy in Metastatic Hormone-sensitive Prostate Cancer Patients","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the ARCHES trial registered as NCT02677896, in European Urology (2026); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-arches-eur-urol-2026-update/"},{"id":"paper-capitello-281-ann-oncol-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Capivasertib plus abiraterone in PTEN-deficient metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer: CAPItello-281 phase III study","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the CAPItello-281 trial registered as NCT04493853, in Annals of Oncology (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-capitello-281-ann-oncol-2026/"},{"id":"paper-enzamet-n-engl-j-med-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Enzalutamide with Standard First-Line Therapy in Metastatic Prostate Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the ENZAMET trial registered as NCT02446405, in New England Journal of Medicine (2019), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-enzamet-n-engl-j-med-2019/"},{"id":"paper-goteborg-2-n-engl-j-med-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Prostate Cancer Screening with PSA and MRI Followed by Targeted Biopsy Only","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as ISRCTN94604465, in New England Journal of Medicine (2022), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-goteborg-2-n-engl-j-med-2022/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"paper-latitude-lancet-oncol-2019-update","kind":"paper","name":"Abiraterone acetate plus prednisone in patients with newly diagnosed high-risk metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (LATITUDE): final overall survival analysis of a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the LATITUDE trial registered as NCT01715285, in The Lancet Oncology (2019); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-latitude-lancet-oncol-2019-update/"},{"id":"paper-magnitude-j-clin-oncol-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Niraparib and Abiraterone Acetate for Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the MAGNITUDE trial registered as NCT03748641, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2023), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-magnitude-j-clin-oncol-2023/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"paper-pace-b-lancet-oncol-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Intensity-modulated fractionated radiotherapy versus stereotactic body radiotherapy for prostate cancer (PACE-B): acute toxicity findings from an international, randomised, open-label, phase 3, non-inferiority trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the PACE-B trial registered as NCT01584258, in The Lancet Oncology (2019), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-pace-b-lancet-oncol-2019/"},{"id":"paper-pace-b-lancet-oncol-2022-update","kind":"paper","name":"Intensity-modulated radiotherapy versus stereotactic body radiotherapy for prostate cancer (PACE-B): 2-year toxicity results from an open-label, randomised, phase 3, non-inferiority trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the PACE-B trial registered as NCT01584258, in The Lancet Oncology (2022); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-pace-b-lancet-oncol-2022-update/"},{"id":"paper-peace-1-lancet-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Abiraterone plus prednisone added to androgen deprivation therapy and docetaxel in de novo metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (PEACE-1): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 study with a 2 × 2 factorial design","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the PEACE-1 trial registered as NCT01957436, in The Lancet (2022), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-peace-1-lancet-2022/"},{"id":"paper-propel-lancet-oncol-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Olaparib plus abiraterone versus placebo plus abiraterone in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (PROpel): final prespecified overall survival results of a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the PROpel trial registered as NCT03732820, in The Lancet Oncology (2023), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-propel-lancet-oncol-2023/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"paper-psmaddition-lancet-2026","kind":"paper","name":"[ 177 Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in patients with PSMA-positive metastatic androgen pathway modulator-naive/sensitive prostate cancer (PSMAddition): a phase 3 randomised, controlled trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the PSMAddition trial registered as NCT04720157, in The Lancet (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-psmaddition-lancet-2026/"},{"id":"paper-psmafore-lancet-2024","kind":"paper","name":"177 Lu-PSMA-617 versus a change of androgen receptor pathway inhibitor therapy for taxane-naive patients with progressive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (PSMAfore): a phase 3, randomised, controlled trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the PSMAfore trial registered as NCT04689828, in The Lancet (2024), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-psmafore-lancet-2024/"},{"id":"paper-rtog-9601-n-engl-j-med-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Radiation with or without Antiandrogen Therapy in Recurrent Prostate Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the RTOG 9601 trial registered as NCT00002874, in New England Journal of Medicine (2017), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-rtog-9601-n-engl-j-med-2017/"},{"id":"paper-splash-front-oncol-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Initial clinical experience with [ 177 Lu]Lu-PNT2002 radioligand therapy in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: dosimetry, safety, and efficacy from the lead-in cohort of the SPLASH trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the SPLASH trial registered as NCT04647526, in Frontiers in oncology (2024), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-splash-front-oncol-2024/"},{"id":"paper-stampede-lancet-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Addition of docetaxel, zoledronic acid, or both to first-line long-term hormone therapy in prostate cancer (STAMPEDE): survival results from an adaptive, multiarm, multistage, platform randomised controlled trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the STAMPEDE trial registered as NCT00268476, in The Lancet (2016), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-stampede-lancet-2016/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"paper-stampede-plos-med-2022-update","kind":"paper","name":"Radiotherapy to the prostate for men with metastatic prostate cancer in the UK and Switzerland: Long-term results from the STAMPEDE randomised controlled trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the STAMPEDE trial registered as NCT00268476, in PLOS Medicine (2022); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-stampede-plos-med-2022-update/"},{"id":"paper-talapro-2-lancet-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Talazoparib plus enzalutamide in men with first-line metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (TALAPRO-2): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the TALAPRO-2 trial registered as NCT03395197, in The Lancet (2023), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-talapro-2-lancet-2023/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"paper-talapro-2-lancet-2025-update","kind":"paper","name":"Talazoparib plus enzalutamide in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: final overall survival results from the randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 TALAPRO-2 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the TALAPRO-2 trial registered as NCT03395197, in The Lancet (2025); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-talapro-2-lancet-2025-update/"},{"id":"paper-therap-lancet-2021","kind":"paper","name":"[ 177 Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 versus cabazitaxel in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (TheraP): a randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the TheraP trial registered as NCT03392428, in The Lancet (2021), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-therap-lancet-2021/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-therap-lancet-oncol-2024-update","kind":"paper","name":"Overall survival with [ 177 Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 versus cabazitaxel in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (TheraP): secondary outcomes of a randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the TheraP trial registered as NCT03392428, in The Lancet Oncology (2024); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-therap-lancet-oncol-2024-update/"},{"id":"paper-protect-bju-int-2026-update","kind":"paper","name":"Long-term outcomes of cribriform-positive and cribriform-negative prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy in the ProtecT trial","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the ProtecT trial registered as NCT02044172, in BJU international (2026); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-protect-bju-int-2026-update/"},{"id":"paper-nct01436968-lancet-oncol-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Aglatimagene besadenovec (CAN-2409) with radiotherapy for patients with localised prostate cancer: a phase 3, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT01436968, in The Lancet Oncology (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct01436968-lancet-oncol-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct02257736-lancet-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Apalutamide plus abiraterone acetate and prednisone versus placebo plus abiraterone and prednisone in metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer (ACIS): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multinational, phase 3 study","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT02257736, in The Lancet Oncology (2021), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct02257736-lancet-oncol-2021/"},{"id":"paper-nct02489318-n-engl-j-med-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Apalutamide for Metastatic, Castration-Sensitive Prostate Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the TITAN trial registered as NCT02489318, in New England Journal of Medicine (2019), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct02489318-n-engl-j-med-2019/"},{"id":"paper-nct02861573-eur-urol-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Pembrolizumab Plus Docetaxel and Prednisone in Patients with Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer: Long-term Results from the Phase 1b/2 KEYNOTE-365 Cohort B Study","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the KEYNOTE-365 trial registered as NCT02861573, in European Urology (2022), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct02861573-eur-urol-2022/"},{"id":"paper-nct03436485-nejm-evid-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Targeted Inhibition of CYP11A1 in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the CYPIDES trial registered as NCT03436485, in NEJM Evidence (2024), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct03436485-nejm-evid-2024/"},{"id":"paper-nct03706365-lancet-oncol-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Abemaciclib plus abiraterone in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CYCLONE 2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the CYCLONE 2 trial registered as NCT03706365, in The Lancet Oncology (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct03706365-lancet-oncol-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct03767244-n-engl-j-med-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Perioperative Apalutamide in High-Risk Localized Prostate Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the PROTEUS trial registered as NCT03767244, in New England Journal of Medicine (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct03767244-n-engl-j-med-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct04446117-lancet-oncol-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Cabozantinib plus atezolizumab in metastatic prostate cancer (CONTACT-02): final analyses from a phase 3, open-label, randomised trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the CONTACT-02 trial registered as NCT04446117, in The Lancet Oncology (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04446117-lancet-oncol-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct04497844-nat-med-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Niraparib and abiraterone acetate plus prednisone for HRR-deficient metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer: a randomized phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the AMPLITUDE trial registered as NCT04497844, in Nature Medicine (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04497844-nat-med-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct04821622-n-engl-j-med-2026","kind":"paper","name":"PARP and Androgen-Signaling Inhibition plus ADT in Metastatic Prostate Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the TALAPRO-3 trial registered as NCT04821622, in New England Journal of Medicine (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04821622-n-engl-j-med-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct03851640-signal-transduct-target-ther-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Deutenzalutamide, a novel androgen receptor inhibitor, after progression on docetaxel and abiraterone in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: results from the randomized phase III HC-1119-04 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT03851640, in Signal transduction and targeted therapy (2026), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct03851640-signal-transduct-target-ther-2026/"},{"id":"paper-nct05413850-j-nucl-med-2024","kind":"paper","name":"First Safety and Efficacy Data with the Radiohybrid 177 Lu-rhPSMA-10.1 for the Treatment of Metastatic Prostate Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT05413850, in Journal of Nuclear Medicine (2024), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05413850-j-nucl-med-2024/"},{"id":"paper-naliricc-lancet-gastroenterol-hepatol-2024","kind":"paper","name":"Nanoliposomal irinotecan and fluorouracil plus leucovorin versus fluorouracil plus leucovorin in patients with cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder carcinoma previously treated with gemcitabine-based therapies (AIO NALIRICC): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the NALIRICC trial registered as NCT03043547, in The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology (2024), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-naliricc-lancet-gastroenterol-hepatol-2024/"},{"id":"paper-roar-lancet-oncol-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Dabrafenib plus trametinib in patients with BRAF V600E -mutated biliary tract cancer (ROAR): a phase 2, open-label, single-arm, multicentre basket trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the ROAR trial registered as NCT02034110, in The Lancet Oncology (2020), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-roar-lancet-oncol-2020/"},{"id":"paper-roar-ann-oncol-2022-update","kind":"paper","name":"Dabrafenib plus trametinib in patients with BRAF V600E-mutant anaplastic thyroid cancer: updated analysis from the phase II ROAR basket study","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the ROAR trial registered as NCT02034110, in Annals of Oncology (2022); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-roar-ann-oncol-2022-update/"},{"id":"paper-topaz-1-lancet-gastroenterol-hepatol-2024-update","kind":"paper","name":"Durvalumab or placebo plus gemcitabine and cisplatin in participants with advanced biliary tract cancer (TOPAZ-1): updated overall survival from a randomised phase 3 study","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the TOPAZ-1 trial registered as NCT03875235, in The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology (2024); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-topaz-1-lancet-gastroenterol-hepatol-2024-update/"},{"id":"paper-gap-phase2-mdacc-jama-oncol-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Gemcitabine, Cisplatin, and nab-Paclitaxel for the Treatment of Advanced Biliary Tract Cancers: A Phase 2 Clinical Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the cisplatin and nab-paclitaxel phase 2 trial registered as NCT02392637, in JAMA Oncology (2019), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-gap-phase2-mdacc-jama-oncol-2019/"},{"id":"paper-keynote-158-j-clin-oncol-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Efficacy and Safety of Pembrolizumab in Previously Treated Advanced Cervical Cancer: Results From the Phase II KEYNOTE-158 Study","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the KEYNOTE-158 trial registered as NCT02628067, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2019), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-158-j-clin-oncol-2019/"},{"id":"paper-keynote-158-ann-oncol-2022-update","kind":"paper","name":"Pembrolizumab in microsatellite instability high or mismatch repair deficient cancers: updated analysis from the phase II KEYNOTE-158 study","aka":"","tldr":"Later report from the KEYNOTE-158 trial registered as NCT02628067, in Annals of Oncology (2022); its title describes an updated or longer-term analysis.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-158-ann-oncol-2022-update/"},{"id":"paper-nct04969887-jama-oncol-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Nivolumab and Ipilimumab Combination Treatment in Advanced Ovarian and Endometrial Clear Cell Cancers: A Nonrandomized Clinical Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the MOST-CIRCUIT trial registered as NCT04969887, in JAMA Oncology (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct04969887-jama-oncol-2025/"},{"id":"paper-nct05724563-nat-commun-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Dual TIGIT and PD-1 blockade with domvanalimab plus zimberelimab in hepatocellular carcinoma refractory to anti-PD-1 therapies: the phase 2 LIVERTI trial","aka":"","tldr":"Published report from the trial registered as NCT05724563, in Nature Communications (2025), chosen as the most cited paper whose own text cites the registry id.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nct05724563-nat-commun-2025/"},{"id":"paper-haslam-jama-netw-open","kind":"paper","name":"Estimation of the Percentage of US Patients With Cancer Who Are Eligible for and Respond to Checkpoint Inhibitor Immunotherapy Drugs","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by two bottleneck pages and 32 idea pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 31050774 and published in JAMA network open; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-haslam-jama-netw-open/"},{"id":"paper-crosby-science","kind":"paper","name":"Early detection of cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one bottleneck page and 32 idea pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 35298272 and published in Science; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-crosby-science/"},{"id":"paper-islami-ca-cancer-j-clin","kind":"paper","name":"Proportion and number of cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in the United States","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one bottleneck page and 27 idea pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 29160902 and published in CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-islami-ca-cancer-j-clin/"},{"id":"paper-dang-nat-rev-cancer","kind":"paper","name":"Drugging the 'undruggable' cancer targets","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one bottleneck page and 24 idea pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 28643779 and published in Nature Reviews Cancer; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-dang-nat-rev-cancer/"},{"id":"paper-wu-nat-med","kind":"paper","name":"How medical AI devices are evaluated: limitations and recommendations from an analysis of FDA approvals","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one bottleneck page and 22 idea pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 33820998 and published in Nature Medicine; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-wu-nat-med/"},{"id":"paper-wong-biostatistics","kind":"paper","name":"Estimation of clinical trial success rates and related parameters","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one bottleneck page and 22 idea pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 29394327 and published in Biostatistics (Oxford, England); the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-wong-biostatistics/"},{"id":"paper-hernandez-jama-oncol","kind":"paper","name":"Total Costs of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Immunotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one bottleneck page and 22 idea pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 29710129 and published in JAMA Oncology; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-hernandez-jama-oncol/"},{"id":"paper-welch-j-natl-cancer-inst","kind":"paper","name":"Overdiagnosis in cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one bottleneck page and 21 idea pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 20413742 and published in JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-welch-j-natl-cancer-inst/"},{"id":"paper-pantziarka-ecancermedicalscience","kind":"paper","name":"The Repurposing Drugs in Oncology (ReDO) Project","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one bottleneck page and 21 idea pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 25075216 and published in Ecancermedicalscience; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-pantziarka-ecancermedicalscience/"},{"id":"paper-prasad-nat-rev-clin-oncol","kind":"paper","name":"The high price of anticancer drugs: origins, implications, barriers, solutions","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one bottleneck page and 21 idea pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 28290490 and published in Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-prasad-nat-rev-clin-oncol/"},{"id":"paper-palmer-cell","kind":"paper","name":"Combination Cancer Therapy Can Confer Benefit via Patient-to-Patient Variability without Drug Additivity or Synergy","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one bottleneck page and 18 idea pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 29245013 and published in Cell; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-palmer-cell/"},{"id":"paper-hanna-bmj","kind":"paper","name":"Mortality due to cancer treatment delay: systematic review and meta-analysis","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one bottleneck page and 18 idea pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 33148535 and published in BMJ; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-hanna-bmj/"},{"id":"paper-morris-j-r-soc-med","kind":"paper","name":"The answer is 17 years, what is the question: understanding time lags in translational research","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one bottleneck page and 18 idea pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 22179294 and published in Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-morris-j-r-soc-med/"},{"id":"paper-fernandez-jama-oncol","kind":"paper","name":"Examination of Low ERBB2 Protein Expression in Breast Cancer Tissue","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one bottleneck page and 17 idea pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 35113160 and published in JAMA Oncology; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-fernandez-jama-oncol/"},{"id":"paper-dillekas-cancer-med","kind":"paper","name":"Are 90% of deaths from cancer caused by metastases?","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one bottleneck page and 16 idea pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 31397113 and published in Cancer medicine; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-dillekas-cancer-med/"},{"id":"paper-davis-bmj","kind":"paper","name":"Availability of evidence of benefits on overall survival and quality of life of cancer drugs approved by European Medicines Agency: retrospective cohort study of drug approvals 2009-13","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by two bottleneck pages and 15 idea pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 28978555 and published in BMJ; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-davis-bmj/"},{"id":"paper-johnson-j-natl-cancer-inst","kind":"paper","name":"Cancer Misinformation and Harmful Information on Facebook and Other Social Media: A Brief Report","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one bottleneck page and 15 idea pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 34291289 and published in JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-johnson-j-natl-cancer-inst/"},{"id":"paper-di-maio-j-clin-oncol","kind":"paper","name":"Symptomatic toxicities experienced during anticancer treatment: agreement between patient and physician reporting in three randomized trials","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one bottleneck page and 15 idea pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 25624439 and published in Journal of Clinical Oncology; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-di-maio-j-clin-oncol/"},{"id":"paper-childers-j-clin-oncol","kind":"paper","name":"National Estimates of Genetic Testing in Women With a History of Breast or Ovarian Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one bottleneck page and 15 idea pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 28820644 and published in Journal of Clinical Oncology; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-childers-j-clin-oncol/"},{"id":"paper-yang-j-oncol-pract","kind":"paper","name":"Projected supply of and demand for oncologists and radiation oncologists through 2025: an aging, better-insured population will result in shortage","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one bottleneck page and 15 idea pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 24443733 and published in JCO Oncology Practice; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-yang-j-oncol-pract/"},{"id":"paper-gyawali-jama-intern-med","kind":"paper","name":"Assessment of the Clinical Benefit of Cancer Drugs Receiving Accelerated Approval","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one bottleneck page and 15 idea pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 31135808 and published in JAMA Internal Medicine; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-gyawali-jama-intern-med/"},{"id":"paper-loree-jama-oncol","kind":"paper","name":"Disparity of Race Reporting and Representation in Clinical Trials Leading to Cancer Drug Approvals From 2008 to 2018","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one bottleneck page and 14 idea pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 31415071 and published in JAMA Oncology; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-loree-jama-oncol/"},{"id":"paper-sullivan-lancet-oncol","kind":"paper","name":"Global cancer surgery: delivering safe, affordable, and timely cancer surgery","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by two bottleneck pages and 13 idea pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 26427363 and published in The Lancet Oncology; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-sullivan-lancet-oncol/"},{"id":"paper-anderson-n-engl-j-med","kind":"paper","name":"Compliance with results reporting at ClinicalTrials.gov","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one bottleneck page and 14 idea pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 25760355 and published in New England Journal of Medicine; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-anderson-n-engl-j-med/"},{"id":"paper-fearon-lancet-oncol","kind":"paper","name":"Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: an international consensus","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one term page, one bottleneck page and eleven idea pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 21296615 and published in The Lancet Oncology; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-fearon-lancet-oncol/"},{"id":"paper-upadhaya-nat-rev-drug-discov","kind":"paper","name":"Challenges and opportunities in the PD1/PDL1 inhibitor clinical trial landscape","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by two bottleneck pages and eleven idea pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 35145263 and published in Nature Reviews Drug Discovery; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-upadhaya-nat-rev-drug-discov/"},{"id":"paper-gatta-eur-j-cancer","kind":"paper","name":"Rare cancers are not so rare: the rare cancer burden in Europe","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one bottleneck page and twelve idea pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 22033323 and published in European Journal of Cancer; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-gatta-eur-j-cancer/"},{"id":"paper-butler-nature","kind":"paper","name":"Translational research: crossing the valley of death","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one bottleneck page and twelve idea pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 18548043 and published in Nature; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-butler-nature/"},{"id":"paper-sun-bmc-cancer","kind":"paper","name":"Benefits of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for patients with serosal invasion in gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one bottleneck page and eight idea pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 23153379 and published in BMC cancer; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-sun-bmc-cancer/"},{"id":"paper-mao-j-clin-oncol","kind":"paper","name":"Integrative Medicine for Pain Management in Oncology: Society for Integrative Oncology-ASCO Guideline","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by eight technology pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 36122322 and published in Journal of Clinical Oncology; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-mao-j-clin-oncol/"},{"id":"paper-danchev-jama-netw-open","kind":"paper","name":"Evaluation of Data Sharing After Implementation of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors Data Sharing Statement Requirement","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by two bottleneck pages and five idea pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 33507256 and published in JAMA network open; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-danchev-jama-netw-open/"},{"id":"paper-carlson-j-clin-oncol","kind":"paper","name":"Integrative Oncology Care of Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Adults With Cancer: Society for Integrative Oncology-ASCO Guideline","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by six technology pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 37582238 and published in Journal of Clinical Oncology; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-carlson-j-clin-oncol/"},{"id":"paper-muscaritoli-clin-nutr","kind":"paper","name":"ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical Nutrition in cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by three technology pages and two term pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 33946039 and published in Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland); the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-muscaritoli-clin-nutr/"},{"id":"paper-atun-lancet-oncol","kind":"paper","name":"Expanding global access to radiotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by two technology pages, two bottleneck pages and one roadmap page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 26419354 and published in The Lancet Oncology; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-atun-lancet-oncol/"},{"id":"paper-davar-science","kind":"paper","name":"Fecal microbiota transplant overcomes resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy in melanoma patients","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one trial page, one technology page, one pathway page and one idea page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 33542131 and published in Science; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-davar-science/"},{"id":"paper-greenlee-ca-cancer-j-clin","kind":"paper","name":"Clinical practice guidelines on the evidence-based use of integrative therapies during and after breast cancer treatment","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by four technology pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 28436999 and published in CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-greenlee-ca-cancer-j-clin/"},{"id":"paper-elad-cancer","kind":"paper","name":"MASCC/ISOO clinical practice guidelines for the management of mucositis secondary to cancer therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by four technology pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 32786044 and published in Cancer; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-elad-cancer/"},{"id":"paper-tap-lancet","kind":"paper","name":"Pexidartinib versus placebo for advanced tenosynovial giant cell tumour (ENLIVEN): a randomised phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one cancer page, one trial page, one treatment page and one target page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 31229240 and published in The Lancet; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-tap-lancet/"},{"id":"paper-vokinger-lancet-oncol","kind":"paper","name":"Prices and clinical benefit of cancer drugs in the USA and Europe: a cost-benefit analysis","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one term page and two bottleneck pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 32359489 and published in The Lancet Oncology; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-vokinger-lancet-oncol/"},{"id":"paper-zhang-nat-commun","kind":"paper","name":"Integrating evolutionary dynamics into treatment of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one technology page, one pathway page and one term page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 29180633 and published in Nature Communications; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-zhang-nat-commun/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"paper-murray-brunt-lancet","kind":"paper","name":"Hypofractionated breast radiotherapy for 1 week versus 3 weeks (FAST-Forward): 5-year efficacy and late normal tissue effects results from a multicentre, non-inferiority, randomised, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one trial page, one roadmap page and one idea page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 32580883 and published in The Lancet; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-murray-brunt-lancet/"},{"id":"paper-massague-nature","kind":"paper","name":"Metastatic colonization by circulating tumour cells","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by two pathway pages and one idea page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 26791720 and published in Nature; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-massague-nature/"},{"id":"paper-chen-nature","kind":"paper","name":"Elements of cancer immunity and the cancer-immune set point","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by two pathway pages and one bottleneck page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 28102259 and published in Nature; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-chen-nature/"},{"id":"paper-lord-science","kind":"paper","name":"PARP inhibitors: Synthetic lethality in the clinic","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by three pathway pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 28302823 and published in Science; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-lord-science/"},{"id":"paper-kindler-lancet-oncol","kind":"paper","name":"Anetumab ravtansine versus vinorelbine in patients with relapsed, mesothelin-positive malignant pleural mesothelioma (ARCS-M): a randomised, open-label phase 2 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one trial page, one treatment page and one idea page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 35358455 and published in The Lancet Oncology; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-kindler-lancet-oncol/"},{"id":"paper-brock-n-engl-j-med","kind":"paper","name":"Sodium Thiosulfate for Protection from Cisplatin-Induced Hearing Loss","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by two cancer pages and one treatment page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 29924955 and published in New England Journal of Medicine; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-brock-n-engl-j-med/"},{"id":"paper-chen-nat-med","kind":"paper","name":"Towards a general-purpose foundation model for computational pathology","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by two technology pages and one idea page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 38504018 and published in Nature Medicine; 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the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-hirsch-j-thorac-oncol/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"paper-independent-uk-panel-on-breast-cancer-lancet","kind":"paper","name":"The benefits and harms of breast cancer screening: an independent review","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one term page and one bottleneck page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 23117178 and published in The Lancet; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-independent-uk-panel-on-breast-cancer-lancet/"},{"id":"paper-early-breast-cancer-trialists-collaborative-group-ebctcg-lancet","kind":"paper","name":"Adjuvant bisphosphonate treatment in early breast cancer: meta-analyses of individual patient data from randomised trials","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one technology page and one term page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 26211824 and published in The Lancet; 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the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-vasan-nature/"},{"id":"paper-pan-n-engl-j-med","kind":"paper","name":"20-Year Risks of Breast-Cancer Recurrence after Stopping Endocrine Therapy at 5 Years","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one term page and one bottleneck page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 29117498 and published in New England Journal of Medicine; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-pan-n-engl-j-med/"},{"id":"paper-ahn-n-engl-j-med","kind":"paper","name":"Korea's thyroid-cancer \"epidemic\"--screening and overdiagnosis","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one bottleneck page and one idea page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 25372084 and published in New England Journal of Medicine; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-ahn-n-engl-j-med/"},{"id":"paper-lyon-eur-heart-j","kind":"paper","name":"2022 ESC Guidelines on cardio-oncology developed in collaboration with the European Hematology Association (EHA), the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ESTRO) and the International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS)","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by two technology pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 36017568 and published in European heart journal; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-lyon-eur-heart-j/"},{"id":"paper-nowell-science","kind":"paper","name":"The clonal evolution of tumor cell populations","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one technology page and one term page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 959840 and published in Science; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-nowell-science/"},{"id":"paper-martincorena-science","kind":"paper","name":"Somatic mutant clones colonize the human esophagus with age","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one pathway page and one term page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 30337457 and published in Science; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-martincorena-science/"},{"id":"paper-baruch-science","kind":"paper","name":"Fecal microbiota transplant promotes response in immunotherapy-refractory melanoma patients","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one trial page and one idea page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 33303685 and published in Science; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-baruch-science/"},{"id":"paper-gatenby-cancer-res","kind":"paper","name":"Adaptive therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one technology page and one term page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 19487300 and published in Cancer Research; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-gatenby-cancer-res/"},{"id":"paper-roeland-j-clin-oncol","kind":"paper","name":"Management of Cancer Cachexia: ASCO Guideline","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one technology page and one bottleneck page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 32432946 and published in Journal of Clinical Oncology; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-roeland-j-clin-oncol/"},{"id":"paper-sandhya-j-clin-oncol","kind":"paper","name":"Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study of Olanzapine for Chemotherapy-Related Anorexia in Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Gastric, Hepatopancreaticobiliary, and Lung Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one trial page and one technology page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 36977285 and published in Journal of Clinical Oncology; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-sandhya-j-clin-oncol/"},{"id":"paper-yamazaki-nat-commun","kind":"paper","name":"Antibody-drug conjugates with dual payloads for combating breast tumor heterogeneity and drug resistance","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one technology page and one idea page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 34112795 and published in Nature Communications; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-yamazaki-nat-commun/"},{"id":"paper-ligibel-npj-breast-cancer","kind":"paper","name":"Randomized phase III trial evaluating the role of weight loss in adjuvant treatment of overweight and obese women with early breast cancer (Alliance A011401): study design","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one trial page and one technology page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 28948213 and published in NPJ breast cancer; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-ligibel-npj-breast-cancer/"},{"id":"paper-mcneil-n-engl-j-med","kind":"paper","name":"Effect of Aspirin on All-Cause Mortality in the Healthy Elderly","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one trial page and one technology page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 30221595 and published in New England Journal of Medicine; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-mcneil-n-engl-j-med/"},{"id":"paper-manson-n-engl-j-med","kind":"paper","name":"Vitamin D Supplements and Prevention of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one trial page and one technology page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 30415629 and published in New England Journal of Medicine; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-manson-n-engl-j-med/"},{"id":"paper-weaver-j-cell-biol","kind":"paper","name":"Reversion of the malignant phenotype of human breast cells in three-dimensional culture and in vivo by integrin blocking antibodies","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by two term pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 9105051 and published in The Journal of cell biology; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-weaver-j-cell-biol/"},{"id":"paper-cheson-j-clin-oncol","kind":"paper","name":"Recommendations for initial evaluation, staging, and response assessment of Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: the Lugano classification","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by two term pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 25113753 and published in Journal of Clinical Oncology; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-cheson-j-clin-oncol/"},{"id":"paper-kinzler-nature","kind":"paper","name":"Cancer-susceptibility genes. Gatekeepers and caretakers","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one pathway page and one term page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 9126728 and published in Nature; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-kinzler-nature/"},{"id":"paper-begley-nature","kind":"paper","name":"Drug development: Raise standards for preclinical cancer research","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by two bottleneck pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 22460880 and published in Nature; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-begley-nature/"},{"id":"paper-venkatesh-nature","kind":"paper","name":"Electrical and synaptic integration of glioma into neural circuits","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one pathway page and one term page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 31534222 and published in Nature; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-venkatesh-nature/"},{"id":"paper-malouff-front-oncol","kind":"paper","name":"Carbon Ion Therapy: A Modern Review of an Emerging Technology","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by two technology pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 32117737 and published in Frontiers in oncology; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-malouff-front-oncol/"},{"id":"paper-pfeiffer-embo-mol-med","kind":"paper","name":"In vivo generation of human CD19-CAR T cells results in B-cell depletion and signs of cytokine release syndrome","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one technology page and one idea page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 30224381 and published in EMBO molecular medicine; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-pfeiffer-embo-mol-med/"},{"id":"paper-kapoor-jco-glob-oncol","kind":"paper","name":"Integrating Metronomic Therapy With Standard Chemotherapy in Advanced Unresectable Head and Neck Cancer: A Randomized Trial Addressing Global Cancer Care Equity (METRO PLUS)","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one trial page and one institution page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 42308452 and published in JCO global oncology; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-kapoor-jco-glob-oncol/"},{"id":"paper-gordan-j-clin-oncol","kind":"paper","name":"Systemic Therapy for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: ASCO Guideline","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one trial page and one treatment page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 33197225 and published in Journal of Clinical Oncology; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-gordan-j-clin-oncol/"},{"id":"paper-ali-thyroid","kind":"paper","name":"The 2023 Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one technology page and one term page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 37427847 and published in Thyroid; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-ali-thyroid/"},{"id":"paper-ying-cancer-med","kind":"paper","name":"Relmacabtagene autoleucel (relma-cel) CD19 CAR-T therapy for adults with heavily pretreated relapsed/refractory large B-cell lymphoma in China","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one trial page and one treatment page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 33382529 and published in Cancer medicine; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-ying-cancer-med/"},{"id":"paper-minard-colin-n-engl-j-med","kind":"paper","name":"Rituximab for High-Risk, Mature B-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma in Children","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one cancer page and one trial page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 32492302 and published in New England Journal of Medicine; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-minard-colin-n-engl-j-med/"},{"id":"paper-kurtz-j-clin-oncol","kind":"paper","name":"Circulating Tumor DNA Measurements As Early Outcome Predictors in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one technology page and one idea page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 30125215 and published in Journal of Clinical Oncology; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-kurtz-j-clin-oncol/"},{"id":"paper-chawla-jama-oncol","kind":"paper","name":"First-Line Aldoxorubicin vs Doxorubicin in Metastatic or Locally Advanced Unresectable Soft-Tissue Sarcoma: A Phase 2b Randomized Clinical Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one trial page and one treatment page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 26378637 and published in JAMA Oncology; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-chawla-jama-oncol/"},{"id":"paper-zhu-clin-transl-sci","kind":"paper","name":"Translational findings support regimen selection for first-in-human study of ubamatamab (MUC16 × CD3 bispecific antibody) in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one treatment page and one target page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 39652449 and published in Clinical and translational science; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-zhu-clin-transl-sci/"},{"id":"paper-burd-nat-med","kind":"paper","name":"Precision medicine treatment in acute myeloid leukemia using prospective genomic profiling: feasibility and preliminary efficacy of the Beat AML Master Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one trial page and one collection page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 33106665 and published in Nature Medicine; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-burd-nat-med/"},{"id":"paper-shuch-lancet-oncol","kind":"paper","name":"[ 89 Zr]Zr-girentuximab for PET-CT imaging of clear-cell renal cell carcinoma: a prospective, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one technology page and one idea page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 39270701 and published in The Lancet Oncology; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-shuch-lancet-oncol/"},{"id":"paper-voss-int-j-radiat-oncol-biol-phys","kind":"paper","name":"ERGO2: A Prospective, Randomized Trial of Calorie-Restricted Ketogenic Diet and Fasting in Addition to Reirradiation for Malignant Glioma","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one trial page and one technology page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 32619561 and published in International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-voss-int-j-radiat-oncol-biol-phys/"},{"id":"paper-stummer-lancet-oncol","kind":"paper","name":"Fluorescence-guided surgery with 5-aminolevulinic acid for resection of malignant glioma: a randomised controlled multicentre phase III trial","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one treatment page and one term page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 16648043 and published in The Lancet Oncology; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-stummer-lancet-oncol/"},{"id":"paper-majzner-nature","kind":"paper","name":"GD2-CAR T cell therapy for H3K27M-mutated diffuse midline gliomas","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one cancer page and one technology page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 35130560 and published in Nature; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-majzner-nature/"},{"id":"paper-kilburn-nat-med","kind":"paper","name":"The type II RAF inhibitor tovorafenib in relapsed/refractory pediatric low-grade glioma: the phase 2 FIREFLY-1 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one cancer page and one trial page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 37978284 and published in Nature Medicine; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-kilburn-nat-med/"},{"id":"paper-mainprize-sci-rep","kind":"paper","name":"Blood-Brain Barrier Opening in Primary Brain Tumors with Non-invasive MR-Guided Focused Ultrasound: A Clinical Safety and Feasibility Study","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by two technology pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 30674905 and published in Scientific reports; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-mainprize-sci-rep/"},{"id":"paper-bouffet-n-engl-j-med","kind":"paper","name":"Dabrafenib plus Trametinib in Pediatric Glioma with BRAF V600 Mutations","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one cancer page and one trial page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 37733309 and published in New England Journal of Medicine; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-bouffet-n-engl-j-med/"},{"id":"paper-braun-j-clin-oncol","kind":"paper","name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoids in Adults With Cancer: ASCO Guideline","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by two technology pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 38478773 and published in Journal of Clinical Oncology; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-braun-j-clin-oncol/"},{"id":"paper-li-jama-oncol","kind":"paper","name":"Equecabtagene Autoleucel in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma: The FUMANBA-1 Nonrandomized Clinical Trial","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one trial page and one treatment page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 39509090 and published in JAMA Oncology; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-li-jama-oncol/"},{"id":"paper-chen-exp-hematol-oncol","kind":"paper","name":"Phase II study of zevorcabtagene autoleucel, a fully human BCMA-targeting CAR T cell therapy, in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one trial page and one treatment page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 41029877 and published in Experimental hematology & oncology; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-chen-exp-hematol-oncol/"},{"id":"paper-marina-lancet-oncol","kind":"paper","name":"Comparison of MAPIE versus MAP in patients with a poor response to preoperative chemotherapy for newly diagnosed high-grade osteosarcoma (EURAMOS-1): an open-label, international, randomised controlled trial","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one cancer page and one trial page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 27569442 and published in The Lancet Oncology; 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Disease primers; the citing page links this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-llovet-nat-rev-dis-primers/"},{"id":"paper-tabrizian-am-j-transplant","kind":"paper","name":"PD-1 inhibitor as bridge therapy to liver transplantation?","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one idea page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 33316117 and published in American journal of transplantation; the citing page links this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-tabrizian-am-j-transplant/"},{"id":"paper-mccollough-radiology","kind":"paper","name":"Dual- and Multi-Energy CT: Principles, Technical Approaches, and Clinical Applications","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one technology page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 26302388 and published in Radiology; the citing page links this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-mccollough-radiology/"},{"id":"paper-patel-jama-surg","kind":"paper","name":"Performance of a Genomic Sequencing Classifier for the Preoperative Diagnosis of Cytologically Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one treatment page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 29799911 and published in JAMA surgery; 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the citing page links this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-ghaffarizadeh-plos-comput-biol/"},{"id":"paper-zafar-oncologist","kind":"paper","name":"The financial toxicity of cancer treatment: a pilot study assessing out-of-pocket expenses and the insured cancer patient's experience","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one term page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 23442307 and published in The oncologist; the citing page links this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-zafar-oncologist/"},{"id":"paper-pramesh-bull-world-health-organ","kind":"paper","name":"National Cancer Grid initiative for electronic medical records, India","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one institution page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 40342845 and published in Bulletin of the World Health Organization; the citing page links this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-pramesh-bull-world-health-organ/"},{"id":"paper-pandit-taskar-j-nucl-med","kind":"paper","name":"Biodistribution and Dosimetry of 18 F-Meta-Fluorobenzylguanidine: A First-in-Human PET/CT Imaging Study of Patients with Neuroendocrine Malignancies","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one idea page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 28705916 and published in Journal of Nuclear Medicine; 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the citing page links this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-bar-j-pers-med/"},{"id":"paper-pramesh-indian-j-med-paediatr-oncol","kind":"paper","name":"The national cancer grid of India","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one institution page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 25336795 and published in Indian journal of medical and paediatric oncology; the citing page links this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-pramesh-indian-j-med-paediatr-oncol/"},{"id":"paper-cai-j-glob-health","kind":"paper","name":"Impact of the national drug price negotiation policy on the utilization, cost, and accessibility of anticancer medicines in China: A controlled interrupted time series study","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one institution page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 36527382 and published in Journal of global health; the citing page links this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-cai-j-glob-health/"},{"id":"paper-kutner-ann-intern-med","kind":"paper","name":"Massage therapy versus simple touch to improve pain and mood in patients with advanced cancer: a randomized trial","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one technology page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 18794556 and published in Annals of Internal Medicine; the citing page links this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-kutner-ann-intern-med/"},{"id":"paper-bozic-elife","kind":"paper","name":"Evolutionary dynamics of cancer in response to targeted combination therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Paper cited by one technology page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 23805382 and published in eLife; the citing page links this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-bozic-elife/"},{"id":"paper-amer-zeidan-n-engl-j-med-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Luspatercept in Patients with Lower-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndromes","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Amer M. Zeidan indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 31914241, in New England Journal of Medicine (2020), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Yale Cancer Center / Smilow Cancer Hospital.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-amer-zeidan-n-engl-j-med-2020/"},{"id":"paper-amer-zeidan-j-clin-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Mutant Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1 Inhibitor Ivosidenib in Combination With Azacitidine for Newly Diagnosed Acute Myeloid Leukemia","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Amer M. Zeidan indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 33119479, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2021), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Yale Cancer Center / Smilow Cancer Hospital.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-amer-zeidan-j-clin-oncol-2021/"},{"id":"paper-andrea-decensi-cancer-prev-res-phila-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Metformin and cancer risk and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis taking into account biases and confounders","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Andrea DeCensi indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 24985407, in Cancer prevention research (2014), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at E.O. Ospedali Galliera.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-andrea-decensi-cancer-prev-res-phila-2014/"},{"id":"paper-andrea-decensi-diabetologia-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Repurposing metformin for the prevention of cancer and cancer recurrence","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Andrea DeCensi indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 28776080, in Diabetologia (2017), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at E.O. Ospedali Galliera.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-andrea-decensi-diabetologia-2017/"},{"id":"paper-andrea-decensi-j-clin-oncol-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Use of Endocrine Therapy for Breast Cancer Risk Reduction: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline Update","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Andrea DeCensi indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 31479306, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2019), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at E.O. Ospedali Galliera.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-andrea-decensi-j-clin-oncol-2019/"},{"id":"paper-andrew-lassman-neuro-oncol-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Glioblastoma in adults: a Society for Neuro-Oncology (SNO) and European Society of Neuro-Oncology (EANO) consensus review on current management and future directions","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Andrew B. Lassman indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 32328653, in Neuro-Oncology (2020), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-andrew-lassman-neuro-oncol-2020/"},{"id":"paper-andrew-lassman-j-clin-oncol-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Treatment for Brain Metastases: ASCO-SNO-ASTRO Guideline","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Andrew B. Lassman indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 34932393, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2022), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-andrew-lassman-j-clin-oncol-2022/"},{"id":"paper-andrew-lassman-j-clin-oncol-2023","kind":"paper","name":"RANO 2.0: Update to the Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology Criteria for High- and Low-Grade Gliomas in Adults","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Andrew B. Lassman indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 37774317, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2023), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-andrew-lassman-j-clin-oncol-2023/"},{"id":"paper-anthony-nichols-lancet-oncol-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Radiotherapy versus transoral robotic surgery and neck dissection for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (ORATOR): an open-label, phase 2, randomised trial","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Anthony C. Nichols indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 31416685, in The Lancet Oncology (2019), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Verspeeten Family Cancer Centre, London Health Sciences Centre.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-anthony-nichols-lancet-oncol-2019/"},{"id":"paper-anthony-nichols-nat-genet-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Impaired H3K36 methylation defines a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Anthony C. Nichols indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 28067913, in Nature Genetics (2017), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Verspeeten Family Cancer Centre, London Health Sciences Centre.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-anthony-nichols-nat-genet-2017/"},{"id":"paper-anthony-nichols-nat-genet-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Hotspot activating PRKD1 somatic mutations in polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinomas of the salivary glands","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Anthony C. Nichols indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 25240283, in Nature Genetics (2014), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Verspeeten Family Cancer Centre, London Health Sciences Centre.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-anthony-nichols-nat-genet-2014/"},{"id":"paper-antoine-italiano-nature-2020","kind":"paper","name":"B cells are associated with survival and immunotherapy response in sarcoma","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Antoine Italiano indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 31942077, in Nature (2020), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Institut Bergonié.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-antoine-italiano-nature-2020/"},{"id":"paper-antoine-italiano-nat-cancer-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Mature tertiary lymphoid structures predict immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy in solid tumors independently of PD-L1 expression","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Antoine Italiano indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 35118423, in Nature Cancer (2021), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Institut Bergonié.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-antoine-italiano-nat-cancer-2021/"},{"id":"paper-antoine-italiano-j-clin-oncol-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Pembrolizumab in Patients With Microsatellite Instability-High Advanced Endometrial Cancer: Results From the KEYNOTE-158 Study","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Antoine Italiano indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 34990208, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2022), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Institut Bergonié.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-antoine-italiano-j-clin-oncol-2022/"},{"id":"paper-florence-duffaud-ann-oncol-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Improved survival using specialized multidisciplinary board in sarcoma patients","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Florence Duffaud indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 29117335, in Annals of Oncology (2017), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-florence-duffaud-ann-oncol-2017/"},{"id":"paper-florence-duffaud-lancet-oncol-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Cabozantinib in patients with advanced Ewing sarcoma or osteosarcoma (CABONE): a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Florence Duffaud indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 32078813, in The Lancet Oncology (2020), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-florence-duffaud-lancet-oncol-2020/"},{"id":"paper-florence-duffaud-lancet-oncol-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Efficacy and safety of regorafenib in adult patients with metastatic osteosarcoma: a non-comparative, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Florence Duffaud indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 30477937, in The Lancet Oncology (2019), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-florence-duffaud-lancet-oncol-2019/"},{"id":"paper-jacques-grill-cell-2016","kind":"paper","name":"New Brain Tumor Entities Emerge from Molecular Classification of CNS-PNETs","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Jacques Grill indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 26919435, in Cell (2016), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Gustave Roussy.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-jacques-grill-cell-2016/"},{"id":"paper-jacques-grill-acta-neuropathol-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Histone H3F3A and HIST1H3B K27M mutations define two subgroups of diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas with different prognosis and phenotypes","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Jacques Grill indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 26399631, in Acta neuropathologica (2015), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Gustave Roussy.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-jacques-grill-acta-neuropathol-2015/"},{"id":"paper-jan-burger-n-engl-j-med-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Ibrutinib as Initial Therapy for Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Jan A. Burger indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 26639149, in New England Journal of Medicine (2015), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at MD Anderson Cancer Center.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-jan-burger-n-engl-j-med-2015/"},{"id":"paper-jan-burger-blood-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Three-year follow-up of treatment-naïve and previously treated patients with CLL and SLL receiving single-agent ibrutinib","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Jan A. Burger indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 25700432, in Blood (2015), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at MD Anderson Cancer Center.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-jan-burger-blood-2015/"},{"id":"paper-jan-burger-blood-2009","kind":"paper","name":"The microenvironment in mature B-cell malignancies: a target for new treatment strategies","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Jan A. Burger indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 19636060, in Blood (2009), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at MD Anderson Cancer Center.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-jan-burger-blood-2009/"},{"id":"paper-jean-pascal-machiels-lancet-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Pembrolizumab versus methotrexate, docetaxel, or cetuximab for recurrent or metastatic head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma (KEYNOTE-040): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 study","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Jean-Pascal Machiels indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 30509740, in The Lancet (2019), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at King Albert II Cancer Institute, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-jean-pascal-machiels-lancet-2019/"},{"id":"paper-jean-pascal-machiels-ann-oncol-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, larynx, oropharynx and hypopharynx: EHNS-ESMO-ESTRO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Jean-Pascal Machiels indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 33239190, in Annals of Oncology (2020), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at King Albert II Cancer Institute, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-jean-pascal-machiels-ann-oncol-2020/"},{"id":"paper-jean-pascal-machiels-ann-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: ESMO-EURACAN Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up †","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Jean-Pascal Machiels indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 33358989, in Annals of Oncology (2021), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at King Albert II Cancer Institute, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-jean-pascal-machiels-ann-oncol-2021/"},{"id":"paper-keunchil-park-lancet-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Atezolizumab versus docetaxel in patients with previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer (OAK): a phase 3, open-label, multicentre randomised controlled trial","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Keunchil Park indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 27979383, in The Lancet (2017), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Samsung Medical Center.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-keunchil-park-lancet-2017/"},{"id":"paper-keunchil-park-lancet-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Atezolizumab versus docetaxel for patients with previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer (POPLAR): a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 randomised controlled trial","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Keunchil Park indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 26970723, in The Lancet (2016), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Samsung Medical Center.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-keunchil-park-lancet-2016/"},{"id":"paper-keunchil-park-n-engl-j-med-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab in Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Keunchil Park indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 31562796, in New England Journal of Medicine (2019), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Samsung Medical Center.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-keunchil-park-n-engl-j-med-2019/"},{"id":"paper-luca-gianni-j-clin-oncol-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Trastuzumab Emtansine Plus Pertuzumab Versus Taxane Plus Trastuzumab Plus Pertuzumab After Anthracycline for High-Risk Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Positive Early Breast Cancer: The Phase III KAITLIN Study","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Luca Gianni indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 34890214, in Journal of Clinical Oncology (2022), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Fondazione Michelangelo.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-luca-gianni-j-clin-oncol-2022/"},{"id":"paper-luca-gianni-cancer-med-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Phase II study (KAMELEON) of single-agent T-DM1 in patients with HER2-positive advanced urothelial bladder cancer or pancreatic cancer/cholangiocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Luca Gianni indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 37119523, in Cancer medicine (2023), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Fondazione Michelangelo.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-luca-gianni-cancer-med-2023/"},{"id":"paper-luca-gianni-j-natl-cancer-inst-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Predictive Role of CD36 Expression in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Trastuzumab","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Luca Gianni indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 35789270, in JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2022), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Fondazione Michelangelo.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-luca-gianni-j-natl-cancer-inst-2022/"},{"id":"paper-olivier-chinot-n-engl-j-med-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Bevacizumab plus radiotherapy-temozolomide for newly diagnosed glioblastoma","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Olivier L. Chinot indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 24552318, in New England Journal of Medicine (2014), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-olivier-chinot-n-engl-j-med-2014/"},{"id":"paper-olivier-chinot-nat-rev-clin-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"EANO guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of diffuse gliomas of adulthood","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Olivier L. Chinot indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 33293629, in Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology (2021), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-olivier-chinot-nat-rev-clin-oncol-2021/"},{"id":"paper-olivier-chinot-cancer-treat-rev-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Bevacizumab (Avastin®) in cancer treatment: A review of 15 years of clinical experience and future outlook","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Olivier L. Chinot indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 32335505, in Cancer treatment reviews (2020), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-olivier-chinot-cancer-treat-rev-2020/"},{"id":"paper-peter-thuss-patience-eur-j-cancer-2011","kind":"paper","name":"Survival advantage for irinotecan versus best supportive care as second-line chemotherapy in gastric cancer--a randomised phase III study of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie (AIO)","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Peter Thuss-Patience indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 21742485, in European Journal of Cancer (2011), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-peter-thuss-patience-eur-j-cancer-2011/"},{"id":"paper-peter-thuss-patience-ann-oncol-2019","kind":"paper","name":"A multicentre, phase IIa study of zolbetuximab as a single agent in patients with recurrent or refractory advanced adenocarcinoma of the stomach or lower oesophagus: the MONO study","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Peter Thuss-Patience indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 31240302, in Annals of Oncology (2019), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-peter-thuss-patience-ann-oncol-2019/"},{"id":"paper-raajit-rampal-nature-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Single-cell mutation analysis of clonal evolution in myeloid malignancies","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Raajit K. Rampal indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 33116311, in Nature (2020), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-raajit-rampal-nature-2020/"},{"id":"paper-raajit-rampal-blood-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Integrated genomic analysis illustrates the central role of JAK-STAT pathway activation in myeloproliferative neoplasm pathogenesis","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Raajit K. Rampal indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 24740812, in Blood (2014), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-raajit-rampal-blood-2014/"},{"id":"paper-raajit-rampal-cancer-discov-2015","kind":"paper","name":"JAK-STAT pathway activation in malignant and nonmalignant cells contributes to MPN pathogenesis and therapeutic response","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Raajit K. Rampal indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 25572172, in Cancer Discovery (2015), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-raajit-rampal-cancer-discov-2015/"},{"id":"paper-robin-jones-ann-oncol-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Soft tissue and visceral sarcomas: ESMO-EURACAN Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Robin L. Jones indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 29846498, in Annals of Oncology (2018), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at The Royal Marsden.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-robin-jones-ann-oncol-2018/"},{"id":"paper-robin-jones-lancet-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Olaratumab and doxorubicin versus doxorubicin alone for treatment of soft-tissue sarcoma: an open-label phase 1b and randomised phase 2 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Robin L. Jones indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 27291997, in The Lancet (2016), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at The Royal Marsden.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-robin-jones-lancet-2016/"},{"id":"paper-santosh-kesari-nat-commun-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Drug and single-cell gene expression integration identifies sensitive and resistant glioblastoma cell populations","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Santosh Kesari indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 41501023, in Nature Communications (2026), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Asthra Health.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-santosh-kesari-nat-commun-2026/"},{"id":"paper-shailender-bhatia-cell-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Tumor and Microenvironment Evolution during Immunotherapy with Nivolumab","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by Shailender Bhatia indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 29033130, in Cell (2017), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-shailender-bhatia-cell-2017/"},{"id":"paper-shelley-hwang-cancer-cell-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Macrophage IL-10 blocks CD8+ T cell-dependent responses to chemotherapy by suppressing IL-12 expression in intratumoral dendritic cells","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by E. Shelley Hwang indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 25446896, in Cancer Cell (2014), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Duke Cancer Institute.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-shelley-hwang-cancer-cell-2014/"},{"id":"paper-shelley-hwang-cancer-cell-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Human Tumor-Associated Macrophage and Monocyte Transcriptional Landscapes Reveal Cancer-Specific Reprogramming, Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Targets","aka":"","tldr":"Paper by E. Shelley Hwang indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 30930117, in Cancer Cell (2019), one of the most cited records naming an author with this name at Duke Cancer Institute.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-shelley-hwang-cancer-cell-2019/"},{"id":"paper-trastuzumab-deruxtecan-breast-hr-positive-ann-oncol-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Neoadjuvant trastuzumab deruxtecan alone or followed by paclitaxel, trastuzumab, and pertuzumab for high-risk HER2-positive early breast cancer (DESTINY-Breast11): a randomised, open-label, multicentre, phase III trial","aka":"","tldr":"Phase 2 or 3 results paper on Trastuzumab deruxtecan in HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, in Annals of Oncology (2026), one of the most cited Europe PMC records with Trastuzumab deruxtecan in its title.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-trastuzumab-deruxtecan-breast-hr-positive-ann-oncol-2026/"},{"id":"paper-trastuzumab-deruxtecan-tnbc-esmo-open-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Sacituzumab govitecan and trastuzumab deruxtecan: two new antibody-drug conjugates in the breast cancer treatment landscape","aka":"","tldr":"Review on Trastuzumab deruxtecan in Triple-negative breast cancer, in ESMO Open (2021), one of the most cited Europe PMC records with Trastuzumab deruxtecan in its title.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-trastuzumab-deruxtecan-tnbc-esmo-open-2021/"},{"id":"paper-trastuzumab-deruxtecan-tnbc-expert-opin-biol-ther-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Antibody-drug conjugates in metastatic triple negative breast cancer: a spotlight on sacituzumab govitecan, ladiratuzumab vedotin, and trastuzumab deruxtecan","aka":"","tldr":"Review on Trastuzumab deruxtecan in Triple-negative breast cancer, in Expert opinion on biological therapy (2021), one of the most cited Europe PMC records with Trastuzumab deruxtecan in its title.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-trastuzumab-deruxtecan-tnbc-expert-opin-biol-ther-2021/"},{"id":"paper-egfr-nsclc-lancet-oncol-2012","kind":"paper","name":"Erlotinib versus standard chemotherapy as first-line treatment for European patients with advanced EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (EURTAC): a multicentre, open-label, randomised phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Phase 2 or 3 results paper on EGFR in Non-small-cell lung cancer, in The Lancet Oncology (2012), one of the most cited Europe PMC records with EGFR in its title.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-egfr-nsclc-lancet-oncol-2012/","cancers":"lung-cancer"},{"id":"paper-egfr-nsclc-n-engl-j-med-2010","kind":"paper","name":"Gefitinib or chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer with mutated EGFR","aka":"","tldr":"Phase 2 or 3 results paper on EGFR in Non-small-cell lung cancer, in New England 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title.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-cldn18-gastric-front-oncol-2020/"},{"id":"paper-gpc3-gastric-pathol-res-pract-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Research progress of GPC3 and gastric cancer: Clinicopathologic characteristics and application prospects","aka":"","tldr":"Review on GPC3 in Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, in Pathology, research and practice (2026), one of the most cited Europe PMC records with GPC3 in its title.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-gpc3-gastric-pathol-res-pract-2026/"},{"id":"paper-daraxonrasib-pancreatic-n-engl-j-med-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Daraxonrasib or Chemotherapy in Previously Treated Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Phase 2 or 3 results paper on Daraxonrasib in Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, in New England Journal of Medicine (2026), one of the most cited Europe PMC records with Daraxonrasib in its title.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-daraxonrasib-pancreatic-n-engl-j-med-2026/","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"paper-daraxonrasib-pancreatic-cureus-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Daraxonrasib: A Breakthrough in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Review on Daraxonrasib in Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, in Cureus (2026), one of the most cited Europe PMC records with Daraxonrasib in its title.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-daraxonrasib-pancreatic-cureus-2026/"},{"id":"paper-lutetium-177-vipivotide-tetrax-prostate-oncol-ther-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Sequencing of Radium-223 and Lutetium-177 Vipivotide Tetraxetan: Maximizing the Benefit of Systemic Targeted Radiation Therapy in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Review on Lutetium-177 vipivotide tetraxetan in Prostate cancer, in Oncology and therapy (2025), one of the most cited Europe PMC records with Lutetium-177 vipivotide tetraxetan in its title.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-lutetium-177-vipivotide-tetrax-prostate-oncol-ther-2025/"},{"id":"paper-lutetium-177-vipivotide-tetrax-prostate-journal-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Lutetium-177 vipivotide tetraxetan for treating PSMA-positive hormone-relapsed metastatic prostate cancer after 2 or more treatments","aka":"","tldr":"Review on Lutetium-177 vipivotide tetraxetan in Prostate cancer, in Journal not given (2023), one of the most cited Europe PMC records with Lutetium-177 vipivotide tetraxetan in its title.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-lutetium-177-vipivotide-tetrax-prostate-journal-2023/"},{"id":"paper-androgen-receptor-prostate-endocr-rev-2004","kind":"paper","name":"Androgen receptor in prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Review on Androgen receptor in Prostate cancer, in Endocrine reviews (2004), one of the most cited Europe PMC records with Androgen receptor in its title.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-androgen-receptor-prostate-endocr-rev-2004/"},{"id":"paper-androgen-receptor-prostate-nat-rev-cancer-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Emerging mechanisms of resistance to androgen receptor inhibitors in prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Review on Androgen receptor in Prostate cancer, in Nature Reviews Cancer (2015), one of the most cited Europe PMC records with Androgen receptor in its title.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-androgen-receptor-prostate-nat-rev-cancer-2015/"},{"id":"paper-androgen-receptor-prostate-acta-pharmacol-sin-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Androgen receptor: structure, role in prostate cancer and drug discovery","aka":"","tldr":"Review on Androgen receptor in Prostate cancer, in Acta pharmacologica Sinica (2015), one of the most cited Europe PMC records with Androgen receptor in its title.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-androgen-receptor-prostate-acta-pharmacol-sin-2015/"},{"id":"paper-abiraterone-acetate-prostate-n-engl-j-med-2013","kind":"paper","name":"Abiraterone in metastatic prostate cancer without previous chemotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Phase 2 or 3 results paper on Abiraterone acetate in Prostate cancer, in New England Journal of Medicine (2013), one of the most cited Europe PMC records with Abiraterone acetate in its title.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-abiraterone-acetate-prostate-n-engl-j-med-2013/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"paper-abiraterone-acetate-prostate-lancet-oncol-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Abiraterone acetate plus prednisone versus placebo plus prednisone in chemotherapy-naive men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (COU-AA-302): final overall survival analysis of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study","aka":"","tldr":"Phase 2 or 3 results 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title.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-egfr-glioblastoma-sci-signal-2009/"},{"id":"paper-ezh2-ovarian-mol-cancer-ther-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Histone Methyltransferase EZH2: A Therapeutic Target for Ovarian Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Review on EZH2 in Ovarian cancer, in Molecular Cancer Therapeutics (2018), one of the most cited Europe PMC records with EZH2 in its title.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-ezh2-ovarian-mol-cancer-ther-2018/"},{"id":"paper-ezh2-sarcoma-bmc-med-2011","kind":"paper","name":"Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) in pediatric soft tissue sarcomas: first implications","aka":"","tldr":"Review on EZH2 in Sarcomas, in BMC medicine (2011), one of the most cited Europe PMC records with EZH2 in its title.","tags":"europepmc-ingest","route":"/key-papers/paper-ezh2-sarcoma-bmc-med-2011/"},{"id":"paper-ezh2-sarcoma-biochem-pharmacol-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Targeting EZH2 in SMARCB1-deficient sarcomas: Advances and 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ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct00004054/","status":"completed","cancers":"prostate prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"nct00024167","kind":"trial","name":"Chemotherapy With or Without Strontium-89 in Treating Patients With Prostate Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Docetaxel, Doxorubicin, Estramustine, Prednisone, Vinblastine and Dexamethasone in Prostate cancer, run by M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, recorded as terminated on the registry.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct00024167/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"nct02762266","kind":"trial","name":"Transarterial Chemoembolization Compared With Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy or Stereotactic Ablative Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Residual or Recurrent Liver Cancer Undergone Initial Transarterial Chemoembolization","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Ethiodized oil in Hepatocellular carcinoma, run by Stanford University, recorded as terminated on the registry.","tags":"pipeline 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recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07446387/","status":"planned","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"nct04632758","kind":"trial","name":"Study Comparing WX-0593 to Crizotinib in ALK Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Iruplinalkib and Crizotinib in Non-small-cell lung cancer, run by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., with a status the registry has not verified recently.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04632758/","cancers":"nsclc alk-positive-nsclc"},{"id":"nct05765877","kind":"trial","name":"Neoadjuvant WX-0593 in Resectable ALK-positive or ROS1-positive Non-small Cell Lung Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Iruplinalkib in Non-small-cell lung cancer, run by Pingping Song, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05765877/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc alk-positive-nsclc resectable-nsclc 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terminated on the registry.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct00998738/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"nct01985724","kind":"trial","name":"Sequential Administration of FE75C and Docetaxel Versus Docetaxel/Cyclophosphamide in HER-2 Negative, Node Positive Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Docetaxel, Epirubicin, Cyclophosphamide, Fluorouracil, Lenograstim and Pegfilgrastim in Breast cancer, run by Hellenic Oncology Research Group, completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct01985724/","status":"completed","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"nct00615602","kind":"trial","name":"Six vs 12 Months of Trastuzumab With Docetaxel Following FEC as Adjuvant Treatment in N+ Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Docetaxel, Trastuzumab, Epirubicin, Cyclophosphamide, Fluorouracil, Lenograstim and Pegfilgrastim in Breast cancer, run by Hellenic Oncology Research Group, completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct00615602/","status":"completed","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"nct00431080","kind":"trial","name":"Randomized Phase III Trial Comparing Sequential Administration of FE75C Followed by Docetaxel Versus Paclitaxel as Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Axillary Lymph Node (+) Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Docetaxel, Paclitaxel / nab-paclitaxel, Epirubicin, Cyclophosphamide, Fluorouracil, Lenograstim and Pegfilgrastim in Breast cancer, run by Hellenic Oncology Research Group, completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct00431080/","status":"completed","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"nct06224257","kind":"trial","name":"Efficacy and Safety of Linperlisib in Relapsed/Refractory Large Granular T Lymphocytic Leukemia","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Linperlisib in Leukaemia, run by Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, China, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline 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phase 2 trial of Melphalan flufenamide and Dexamethasone in Multiple myeloma, run by Oncopeptides AB, completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct02963493/","status":"completed","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-relapsed-refractory"},{"id":"nct03150693","kind":"trial","name":"Inotuzumab Ozogamicin and Frontline Chemotherapy in Treating Young Adults With Newly Diagnosed B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Cytarabine, Daunorubicin, Vincristine, Dexamethasone, Methotrexate, Cyclophosphamide, Mercaptopurine, Rituximab, Doxorubicin, Thioguanine and Inotuzumab ozogamicin in Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, run by Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct03150693/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"nct00557193","kind":"trial","name":"Combination Chemotherapy With or Without Lestaurtinib in Treating Younger Patients With Newly Diagnosed Acute 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ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07787429/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"osteosarcoma"},{"id":"nct02441309","kind":"trial","name":"A Eurosarc Study of Mifamurtide in Advanced Osteosarcoma (MEMOS)","aka":"MEMOS","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Mifamurtide and Ifosfamide in Osteosarcoma, run by University of Oxford, recorded as terminated on the registry.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct02441309/","cancers":"osteosarcoma"},{"id":"nct02788981","kind":"trial","name":"Abraxane® With or Without Mifepristone for Advanced, Glucocorticoid Receptor-Positive, Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Mifepristone and Paclitaxel / nab-paclitaxel in Breast cancer, run by University of Chicago, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct02788981/","status":"active","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"nct06099769","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of Enzalutamide, Enzalutamide in Combination With Mifepristone, or 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oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"nct02659514","kind":"trial","name":"Study of Poziotinib in Participants With HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Poziotinib in Breast cancer, run by Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc, completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct02659514/","status":"completed","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"nct03744715","kind":"trial","name":"A Study to Allow Continued Dosing and/or Follow-up of Patients Who Have Had Previous Exposure to Poziotinib","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Poziotinib in Breast cancer, run by Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc, recorded as terminated on the registry.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct03744715/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"nct04172597","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of Poziotinib in Patients With Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) or Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) Activating Mutations in Advanced 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phase 2 trial of Pembrolizumab and Propranolol in Breast cancer, run by Emory University, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05741164/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"nct02653755","kind":"trial","name":"The PRECISION Trial (Profiling Early Breast Cancer for Radiotherapy Omission): A Phase II Study of Breast-Conserving Surgery Without Adjuvant Radiotherapy for Favorable-Risk Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Prosigna in Breast cancer, run by Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct02653755/","status":"active","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"nct03739684","kind":"trial","name":"Study of 18F-DCFPyL PET/CT Imaging in Patients With Suspected Recurrence of Prostate Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Piflufolastat F-18 / Pylarify TruVu in Prostate cancer, run by Progenics Pharmaceuticals, Inc., completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct03739684/","status":"completed","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"nct04457245","kind":"trial","name":"Randomized Trial of PSMA PET Scan Before Definitive Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Piflufolastat F-18 / Pylarify TruVu in Prostate cancer, run by Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, recorded as terminated on the registry.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04457245/","cancers":"prostate prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"nct02981368","kind":"trial","name":"Study of 18F-DCFPyL PET/CT Imaging in Patients With Prostate Cancer","aka":"OSPREY","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial of Piflufolastat F-18 / Pylarify TruVu in Prostate cancer, run by Progenics Pharmaceuticals, Inc., completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct02981368/","status":"completed","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"nct00002893","kind":"trial","name":"Palliative Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Advanced Colorectal 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has not verified recently.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05766605/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"nct00199043","kind":"trial","name":"Treatment of Hyperuricemia With Rasburicase in Patients With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia or High Grade Lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Rasburicase in Leukaemia, run by Goethe University, completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct00199043/","status":"completed","cancers":"leukaemia"},{"id":"nct00057811","kind":"trial","name":"Rituximab, Rasburicase, and Combination Chemotherapy in Treating Young Patients With Newly Diagnosed Advanced B-Cell Leukemia or Lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Doxorubicin, Cyclophosphamide, Methotrexate, Rasburicase, Leucovorin, Prednisone, Filgrastim, Rituximab, Cytarabine, Etoposide and Vincristine in Burkitt lymphoma and Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, run by Children's Oncology Group, completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct00057811/","status":"completed","cancers":"burkitt-lymphoma all-leukemia"},{"id":"nct01200485","kind":"trial","name":"Rasburicase in Patients at High Risk for Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS) During Cycle-2","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Rasburicase in Leukaemia, run by M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct01200485/","status":"completed","cancers":"leukaemia"},{"id":"nct00576914","kind":"trial","name":"Adjuvant Vinorelbine Plus Cisplatin (NP) Versus NP Plus Endostar in Patients With Completely Resected Stage IB-IIIA Non-small Cell Lung Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Recombinant human endostatin in Non-small-cell lung cancer, run by Chinese Academy of Sciences, with a status the registry has not verified recently.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct00576914/","cancers":"nsclc resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"nct01124253","kind":"trial","name":"Adjuvant Vinorelbine Plus 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phase 2 trial of Resminostat and Sorafenib in Hepatocellular carcinoma, run by 4SC AG, completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct00943449/","status":"completed","cancers":"hcc hcc-advanced"},{"id":"nct01037478","kind":"trial","name":"Resminostat (4SC-201) in Relapsed or Refractory Hodgkin's Lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Resminostat in Hodgkin lymphoma, run by 4SC AG, completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct01037478/","status":"completed","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"nct04747236","kind":"trial","name":"Randomized Phase IIB Trial of Oral Azacytidine Plus Romidepsin Versus Investigator's Choice in PTCL","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Azacitidine, Romidepsin, Belinostat, Pralatrexate and Gemcitabine in Peripheral T-cell lymphomas, run by University of Virginia, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04747236/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"nct00106431","kind":"trial","name":"A Single Agent Phase II Study of Romidepsin (Depsipeptide, FK228) in the Treatment of Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma (CTCL)","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Romidepsin in Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, run by Celgene, completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct00106431/","status":"completed","cancers":"cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"nct00112463","kind":"trial","name":"Depsipeptide (Romidepsin) in Treating Patients With Metastatic or Unresectable Soft Tissue Sarcoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Romidepsin in Alveolar soft part sarcoma, Angiosarcoma, Epithelioid sarcoma, Chondrosarcoma, Osteosarcoma and Leiomyosarcoma, run by National Cancer Institute (NCI), completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct00112463/","status":"completed","cancers":"alveolar-soft-part-sarcoma angiosarcoma 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Telotristat ethyl in Biliary tract cancer and Biliary tract cancer, run by TerSera Therapeutics LLC, recorded as terminated on the registry.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct03790111/","cancers":"biliary-tract-cancer cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"nct04543955","kind":"trial","name":"Telotristat With Lutathera in Neuroendocrine Tumors","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Telotristat ethyl in Neuroendocrine tumours, run by Lowell Anthony, MD, recorded as terminated on the registry.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04543955/","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"nct01415986","kind":"trial","name":"Interstitial Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) With Temoporfin for Advanced Head and Neck Cancers","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Temoporfin in Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, run by University of Arkansas, recorded as terminated on the registry.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct01415986/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"nct01086488","kind":"trial","name":"Foscan®-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy Versus Brachytherapy in Patients With Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Temoporfin in Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, run by Ministry of Health, Malaysia, with a status the registry has not verified recently.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct01086488/","cancers":"nasopharyngeal recurrent-metastatic-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma"},{"id":"nct03003065","kind":"trial","name":"Safety and Tumoricidal Effect of Low Dose Foscan PDT in Patients With Inoperable Bile Duct Cancers","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Temoporfin in Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, run by Chinese University of Hong Kong, completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct03003065/","status":"completed","cancers":"extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"nct07583511","kind":"trial","name":"Teniposide, Cisplatin and Serplulimab for Treatment of ES-SCLC, a Randomized Controlled Study","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Teniposide, Etoposide, Serplulimab and Cisplatin in Small-cell lung cancer, run by Sun Yat-sen University, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07583511/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"sclc extensive-stage-sclc"},{"id":"nct07188441","kind":"trial","name":"Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Central Malignant Germ Cell Tumor People With Teniposide Injection Combined With Cisplatin","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Teniposide and Cisplatin in Germ cell tumours of childhood and adolescence, run by Chengcheng Guo, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07188441/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"paediatric-germ-cell-tumours"},{"id":"nct01700946","kind":"trial","name":"Therapy for Pediatric Relapsed or Refractory Precursor B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Dexamethasone, Vincristine, Rituximab, Clofarabine, Cyclophosphamide, Etoposide, Aldesleukin, Asparaginase, Methotrexate, Mercaptopurine, Cytarabine, Mitoxantrone, Teniposide and Vinblastine in Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, run by St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct01700946/","status":"completed","cancers":"all-leukemia all-paediatric-relapsed"},{"id":"nct04964284","kind":"trial","name":"rhTSH for Radioactive Iodine Remnant Ablation in Participants With Differentiated Thyroid Cancer (DTC)","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Thyrotropin alfa in Thyroid cancer, run by Suzhou Zelgen Biopharmaceuticals Co.,Ltd, completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04964284/","status":"completed","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"nct04971473","kind":"trial","name":"Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of rhTSH as An Adjunctive Diagnostic Tool in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Patients Who Had Been Thyroidectomized Vs. 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active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05647122/","status":"active","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"nct00671918","kind":"trial","name":"Trial of Lymphoseek in Intraoperative Localization of Lymph Nodes in Breast Cancer and Melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Technetium-99m tilmanocept in Breast cancer and Melanoma, run by Navidea Biopharmaceuticals, completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct00671918/","status":"completed","cancers":"breast-cancer melanoma"},{"id":"nct01106040","kind":"trial","name":"Breast and Melanoma Trial With Lymphoseek to Identify Lymph Nodes","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Technetium-99m tilmanocept in Breast cancer and Melanoma, run by Navidea Biopharmaceuticals, completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct01106040/","status":"completed","cancers":"breast-cancer melanoma"},{"id":"nct00911326","kind":"trial","name":"Evaluation of Sentinel Lymph Nodes in Head and 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recently.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct03351062/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"nct02132390","kind":"trial","name":"Adjuvant Toremifene With or Without Goserrelin in Premenopausal Women With Stage I-IIIA, Hormonal Receptor Positive Breast Cancer Accompanied With or Without Chemotherapy Induced Amenorrhoea","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Goserelin / leuprolide and Toremifene in Breast cancer, run by Peking Union Medical College Hospital, with a status the registry has not verified recently.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct02132390/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"nct01275677","kind":"trial","name":"Chemotherapy With or Without Trastuzumab After Surgery in Treating Women With Invasive Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Cyclophosphamide, Docetaxel, Doxorubicin, Paclitaxel / nab-paclitaxel, Trastuzumab and Trastuzumab biosimilars in Breast cancer, run by National Cancer Institute (NCI), completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct01275677/","status":"completed","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"nct00769379","kind":"trial","name":"Radiation Therapy With or Without Trastuzumab in Treating Women With Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Who Have Undergone Lumpectomy","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Trastuzumab and Trastuzumab biosimilars in Ductal carcinoma in situ, run by National Cancer Institute (NCI), completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct00769379/","status":"completed","cancers":"ductal-carcinoma-in-situ"},{"id":"nct02003209","kind":"trial","name":"Docetaxel, Carboplatin, Trastuzumab, and Pertuzumab With or Without Estrogen Deprivation in Treating Patients With Hormone Receptor-Positive, HER2-Positive Operable or Locally Advanced Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Carboplatin, Docetaxel, Goserelin / leuprolide, Pertuzumab, HLX11, Trastuzumab and Trastuzumab biosimilars in Breast cancer, run by National Cancer Institute (NCI), completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct02003209/","status":"completed","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"nct03262935","kind":"trial","name":"SYD985 vs. Physician's Choice in Participants With HER2-positive Locally Advanced or Metastatic Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Trastuzumab duocarmazine, Lapatinib, Capecitabine, Trastuzumab, Vinorelbine and Eribulin in Breast cancer, run by Byondis B.V., completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct03262935/","status":"completed","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"nct04205630","kind":"trial","name":"SYD985 in Patients With HER2-expressing Recurrent, Advanced or Metastatic Endometrial Carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Trastuzumab duocarmazine in Endometrial cancer, run by Byondis B.V., completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04205630/","status":"completed","cancers":"endometrial 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Tamoxifen and Triptorelin in Breast cancer, run by ETOP IBCSG Partners Foundation, completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct00066703/","status":"completed","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"nct01020448","kind":"trial","name":"Effect of Triptorelin (Decapeptyl®) 22.5 mg on Two Biomarkers in Patients With Advanced Prostate Cancer","aka":"Triptocare","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Triptorelin in Prostate cancer, run by Ipsen, completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct01020448/","status":"completed","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"nct00412022","kind":"trial","name":"HOBOE: A Phase 3 Study of Adjuvant Triptorelin and Tamoxifen, Letrozole, or Letrozole and Zoledronic Acid in Premenopausal Patients With Breast Cancer","aka":"HOBOE","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Tamoxifen, Triptorelin, Letrozole and Zoledronic acid in Breast cancer, run by National Cancer Institute, Naples, with a status the registry has not verified recently.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct00412022/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"nct04154956","kind":"trial","name":"SAR408701 Versus Docetaxel in Previously Treated, Carcinoembryonic Antigen-related Cell Adhesion Molecule 5 (CEACAM5) Positive Metastatic Non-squamous Non-small-cell Lung Cancer Patients","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Tusamitamab ravtansine and Docetaxel in Non-small-cell lung cancer, run by Sanofi, recorded as terminated on the registry.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04154956/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"nct04524689","kind":"trial","name":"Tusamitamab Ravtansine (SAR408701) in Combination With Pembrolizumab and Tusamitamab Ravtansine (SAR408701) in Combination With Pembrolizumab and Platinum-based Chemotherapy With or Without Pemetrexed in Patients With NSQ NSCLC","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Tusamitamab ravtansine, Pembrolizumab, Cisplatin, Carboplatin and Pemetrexed in Non-small-cell lung cancer, run by Sanofi, recorded as terminated on the registry.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04524689/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"nct04659603","kind":"trial","name":"Tusamitamab Ravtansine Monotherapy and in Combination in Patients With CEACAM5-positive Advanced Solid Tumors","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Tusamitamab ravtansine and Gemcitabine in Breast cancer, run by Sanofi, recorded as terminated on the registry.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04659603/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"nct03801525","kind":"trial","name":"Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Ublituximab in Combination With Umbralisib and Venetoclax Compared to Ublituximab in Combination With Umbralisib in Subjects With CLL (ULTRA-V)","aka":"ULTRA-V","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial of Umbralisib and Venetoclax in Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, run by TG Therapeutics, Inc., recorded as terminated on the registry.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct03801525/","cancers":"cll"},{"id":"nct02793583","kind":"trial","name":"Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Ublituximab + Umbralisib With or Without Bendamustine and Umbralisib Alone in Patients With Previously Treated Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial of Umbralisib and Bendamustine in Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Follicular lymphoma, Marginal zone lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma, run by TG Therapeutics, Inc., recorded as terminated on the registry.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct02793583/","cancers":"dlbcl follicular-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"nct04624633","kind":"trial","name":"Acalabrutinib, Umbralisib, and Ublituximab (AU2) In Relapsed and Untreated CLL","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Acalabrutinib and Umbralisib in Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, run by Jennifer R. 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in High-risk neuroblastoma, run by Gustave Roussy, Cancer Campus, Grand Paris, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04221035/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"neuroblastoma-high-risk"},{"id":"nct03206671","kind":"trial","name":"Treatment Protocol of the NHL-BFM and the NOPHO Study Groups for Mature Aggressive B-cell Lymphoma and Leukemia in Children and Adolescents","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Cyclophosphamide, Cytarabine, Dexamethasone, Doxorubicin, Vindesine, Etoposide, Ifosfamide, Methotrexate, Prednisone and Vincristine in Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, run by University Hospital Muenster, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct03206671/","status":"active","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"nct01117441","kind":"trial","name":"International Collaborative Treatment Protocol For Children And Adolescents With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Cyclophosphamide, Cytarabine, 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run by Washington University School of Medicine, recorded as terminated on the registry.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04373369/","cancers":"extensive-stage-sclc"},{"id":"nct06523049","kind":"trial","name":"Vorolanib Plus Sintilimab for Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma After Failure of Prior Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Based Combination Therapy","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Vorolanib and Sintilimab in Renal cell carcinoma, run by Hao Zeng, not yet recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06523049/","status":"planned","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"nct06264180","kind":"trial","name":"VO and Nivolumab vs Physician's Choice in Advanced Melanoma That Progressed on Anti-PD-1 & Anti-CTLA-4 Drugs [IGNYTE-3]","aka":"IGNYTE-3","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Vusolimogene oderparepvec, Nivolumab, Relatlimab + nivolumab and Pembrolizumab in Advanced melanoma, run by Replimune, Inc., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06264180/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"advanced-melanoma"},{"id":"nct06898970","kind":"trial","name":"Intratumoral Vusolimogene Oderparepvec (VO) in Combination With Pembrolizumab for Angiosarcoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Vusolimogene oderparepvec and Pembrolizumab in Angiosarcoma, run by Varun Monga, MBBS, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06898970/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"angiosarcoma"},{"id":"nct03172299","kind":"trial","name":"Prevention of Neovascular Glaucoma by Intravitreal Injections of Anti-VEGF in Patients Treated with Proton Therapy for a Large Choroidal Melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Ziv-aflibercept in Uveal melanoma, run by Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct03172299/","status":"completed","cancers":"uveal-melanoma"},{"id":"nct00390234","kind":"trial","name":"Ziv-aflibercept in Treating Patients 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in Cervical cancer, run by Peking Union Medical College Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06641635/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"nct06246344","kind":"trial","name":"Adaptive Boost Radiotherapy to Primary Lesions and Positive Nodes in the Neoadjuvant Treatment of Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Adaptive radiotherapy in Rectal cancer, run by Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06246344/","status":"active","cancers":"rectal-cancer"},{"id":"nct06345287","kind":"trial","name":"Response Adaptive Radiotherapy Following Immunotherapy-based Induction for Non-HPV Related HNSCC","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Adaptive radiotherapy in Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, run by Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06345287/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"head-and-neck hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer"},{"id":"nct02887040","kind":"trial","name":"Study of Antineoplaston Therapy + Radiation vs. Radiation Only in Diffuse, Intrinsic, Brainstem Glioma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Antineoplastons in Glioma & glioblastoma, run by Burzynski Research Institute, not yet recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct02887040/","status":"planned","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"nct00003456","kind":"trial","name":"Antineoplaston Therapy in Treating Patients With Newly-diagnosed Glioblastoma Multiforme","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Antineoplastons in Glioma & glioblastoma, run by Burzynski Research Institute, completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct00003456/","status":"completed","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"nct00003475","kind":"trial","name":"Antineoplaston Therapy in Treating 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methylation test in Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, run by White River Junction Veterans Affairs Medical Center, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05796375/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer"},{"id":"nct03849118","kind":"trial","name":"89Zr-TLX250 for PET/CT Imaging of ccRCC- ZIRCON Study","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of CAIX PET in Clear cell renal cell carcinoma, run by Telix Pharmaceuticals (Innovations) Pty Limited, completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct03849118/","status":"completed","cancers":"clear-cell-rcc"},{"id":"nct06447103","kind":"trial","name":"An Investigational Scan (89Zr-DFO-GmAb PET/CT) Compared to Contrast-Enhanced CT for the Detection of Recurrent Clear Cell Renal Cell Cancer After Surgery Comparing Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CAIX) PET CT to Conventional PET CT for Post-Op Staging in Kidney Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of CAIX PET in Clear cell renal cell carcinoma and Renal cell carcinoma, run by Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06447103/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"clear-cell-rcc rcc"},{"id":"nct02219529","kind":"trial","name":"Magnetic-controlled Capsule Endoscopy vs. Gastroscopy for Detection of Gastric Diseases","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Capsule endoscopy in Early gastric cancer, run by Changhai Hospital, completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct02219529/","status":"completed","cancers":"early-gastric-cancer"},{"id":"nct01091974","kind":"trial","name":"Cognitive Behavioral Therapy +/- Armodafinil for Insomnia and Fatigue Following Chemotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia in Breast cancer, run by University of Rochester, completed.","tags":"pipeline 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ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04275986/","cancers":"oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"nct03274414","kind":"trial","name":"A Clinical Trial of Endoscopic Surgery Followed by Chemotherapy and Proton Radiation for the Treatment of Tumors in the Sinus and Nasal Passages","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Endoscopic resection in Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers, run by Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct03274414/","status":"completed","cancers":"sinonasal"},{"id":"nct06599775","kind":"trial","name":"Study of Adebrelimab With Chemotherapy, Endoscopy and Sequential Chemoradiotherapy In Inoperable Esophageal Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Endoscopic resection in Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, run by Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, not yet recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06599775/","status":"planned","cancers":"oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"nct01986569","kind":"trial","name":"Diagnostic Accuracy and Safety Study of FES PET/CT in Assessment of ER Status of Recurrent or Metastatic Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of FES PET in Breast cancer, run by Asan Medical Center, completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct01986569/","status":"completed","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"nct04252859","kind":"trial","name":"[18F]Fluoroestradiol-PET/CT Imaging of Invasive Lobular Carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of FES PET in Breast cancer, run by University of Utah, recorded as terminated on the registry.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04252859/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"nct04883814","kind":"trial","name":"18F-fluoroestradiol (FES) PET/CT for Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of FES PET in Breast cancer, run by Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian, with a status the registry has not verified recently.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04883814/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"nct07455331","kind":"trial","name":"Flash Radiotherapy for Skin Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of FLASH radiotherapy in Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and Basal cell carcinoma, run by Jules Bordet Institute, not yet recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07455331/","status":"planned","cancers":"cutaneous-scc basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"nct03439709","kind":"trial","name":"Multicenter Evaluation of the Effect of Upfront Radiosurgery on Residual Growth Hormone-secreting Pituitary Adenoma","aka":"MERGE","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Gamma Knife in Pituitary tumours, run by Samsung Medical Center, with a status the registry has not verified recently.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct03439709/","cancers":"pituitary-tumours"},{"id":"nct00582075","kind":"trial","name":"Phase II Study of Gamma Knife Radiosurgery and Temozolomide for Brain Metastases","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Gamma Knife in Brain metastases, run by University of Alabama at Birmingham, completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct00582075/","status":"completed","cancers":"secondary-brain-tumours"},{"id":"nct01011231","kind":"trial","name":"Study of Gamma-Knife Radiosurgery Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Spectroscopy for Recurrent Glioma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Gamma Knife in Glioma & glioblastoma, run by University of California, San Francisco, recorded as terminated on the registry.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct01011231/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"nct06044623","kind":"trial","name":"Implementing Geriatric Assessment for Dose Optimization of Cyclin-dependent Kinase (CDK) 4/6-inhibitors in 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Karolinska University Hospital, with a status the registry has not verified recently.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05619016/","cancers":"breast-cancer gastric-her2-positive"},{"id":"nct00626444","kind":"trial","name":"Pilot Trial of Intravenous Vitamin C in Refractory Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of High-dose intravenous vitamin C in Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, run by Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University, recorded as terminated on the registry.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct00626444/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"nct07765667","kind":"trial","name":"NCT + PD1 + Ketogenic Diet and/or Vitamin C for LARC","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of High-dose intravenous vitamin C in Rectal cancer, run by Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, not yet recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07765667/","status":"planned","cancers":"rectal-cancer"},{"id":"nct04801511","kind":"trial","name":"Preoperative IMRT With Concurrent High-dose Vitamin C and mFOLFOX6 in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of High-dose intravenous vitamin C in Rectal cancer, run by Zhou Fuxiang, with a status the registry has not verified recently.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04801511/","cancers":"rectal-cancer"},{"id":"nct05946603","kind":"trial","name":"IS-002 Phase 2 Prostate Cancer Study","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Intraoperative fluorescence and Cerenkov imaging systems in Prostate cancer, run by Intuitive Surgical, completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05946603/","status":"completed","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"nct02685605","kind":"trial","name":"Intraoperative Radiotherapy in Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma Multiforme","aka":"INTRAGO II","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Intraoperative 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ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05498311/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"nct06558214","kind":"trial","name":"OPTIMUS PRIME: Safety and Feasibility of OPTune GIO® Integrated With MRI-gUided Laser Ablation Surgery and Pembrolizumab for Recurrent GlIoblastoMa, A randomizEd Trial","aka":"OPTIMUS PRIME","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Laser interstitial thermal therapy systems in Glioma & glioblastoma, run by University of Florida, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06558214/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"nct01377753","kind":"trial","name":"MR Image Guided Therapy in Prostate Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Laser interstitial thermal therapy systems in Prostate cancer, run by National Cancer Institute (NCI), completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct01377753/","status":"completed","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"nct07620548","kind":"trial","name":"Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy (LiTT) With 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recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06840665/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rectal-cancer"},{"id":"nct06227065","kind":"trial","name":"Precise Chemoresection in Low-grade NMIBC Using Drug Screens in Patient-derived Organoids","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Patient-derived organoids in Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, run by Hospital Centre Biel/Bienne, not yet recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06227065/","status":"planned","cancers":"non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer"},{"id":"nct05725200","kind":"trial","name":"Study to Investigate Outcome of Individualized Treatment in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Patient-derived organoids in Colorectal cancer, run by Oslo University Hospital, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05725200/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"nct06519266","kind":"trial","name":"PHP in Combination With 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ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04986579/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"nct00515762","kind":"trial","name":"Prevention of Persistent Alopecia Following Docetaxel by Means of Scalp Cooling","aka":"ELASTO-GEL CAPS","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Scalp cooling in Breast cancer, run by Hospital San Carlos, Madrid, completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct00515762/","status":"completed","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"nct00005838","kind":"trial","name":"Combination Chemotherapy Plus Radiation Therapy With or Without AE-941 in Treating Patients With Stage III Non-small Cell Lung Cancer That Cannot Be Removed By Surgery","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Shark cartilage in Lung cancer and Non-small-cell lung cancer, run by National Cancer Institute (NCI), completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct00005838/","status":"completed","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc"},{"id":"nct00026117","kind":"trial","name":"Shark Cartilage in Treating Patients With Advanced Colorectal or Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Shark cartilage in Breast cancer and Colorectal cancer, run by Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct00026117/","status":"completed","cancers":"breast-cancer colorectal"},{"id":"nct00022282","kind":"trial","name":"AE-941 in Treating Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Shark cartilage in Multiple myeloma, run by AEterna Zentaris, completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct00022282/","status":"completed","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-relapsed-refractory"},{"id":"nct03673943","kind":"trial","name":"Imaging of Patients With Known or Suspected Somatostatin Receptor Positive Neuroendocrine Tumors Using Cu64-DOTATATE","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Somatostatin receptor PET in Neuroendocrine tumours, run by Radiomedix, Inc., completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct03673943/","status":"completed","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"nct05709171","kind":"trial","name":"Dual 64Cu-DOTATATE and 18F-FDG PET/CT Imaging of Patients With Neuroendocrine Neoplasms","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Somatostatin receptor PET in Neuroendocrine tumours, run by Rigshospitalet, Denmark, with a status the registry has not verified recently.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05709171/","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"nct04665609","kind":"trial","name":"Thermal Ablation Combined With Anlotinib and TQB2450 Solution for HCC","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Thermal ablation in Hepatocellular carcinoma, run by Chinese PLA General Hospital, with a status the registry has not verified recently.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04665609/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"nct07483996","kind":"trial","name":"Cryoablation Versus Lumpectomy in Early-Stage Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Thermal ablation in Breast cancer, run by Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (Hospital), not yet recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07483996/","status":"planned","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"nct05864534","kind":"trial","name":"Phase 2a Immune Modulation With Ultrasound for Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Transcranial focused ultrasound systems in Glioma & glioblastoma, run by Northwestern University, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05864534/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"nct07471776","kind":"trial","name":"Study on Using TROP2-PET and 18F-FDG PET to Predict the Efficacy of Anti TROP2 ADC Treatment in Advanced Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of TROP2 PET in Breast cancer, run by Fudan University, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07471776/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"nct03329183","kind":"trial","name":"High-dose FOLFIRI in Advanced Colorectal Cancer Patients With Wild-type UGT1A1*6 and *28","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of UGT1A1 genotyping before irinotecan in Colorectal cancer, run by Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, with a status the registry has not verified recently.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct03329183/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"nct00628810","kind":"trial","name":"Combination Chemotherapy and Bevacizumab in Treating Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer","aka":"AvastinR","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of UGT1A1 genotyping before irinotecan in Colorectal cancer, run by Federation Francophone de Cancerologie Digestive, completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct00628810/","status":"completed","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"nct00541125","kind":"trial","name":"G-CSF in Preventing Neutropenia During First-Line Treatment With Chemotherapy and Bevacizumab in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of UGT1A1 genotyping before irinotecan in Colorectal cancer, run by Federation Francophone de Cancerologie Digestive, completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct00541125/","status":"completed","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"nct01883128","kind":"trial","name":"FOcal RECurrent Assessment and Salvage Treatment","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Whole-body MRI in Prostate cancer, run by University College London Hospitals, with a status the registry has not verified recently.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct01883128/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"nct02814968","kind":"trial","name":"PET/CT and WB MRI for Staging and Response in CRPC Patients Receiving Enzalutamide","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Whole-body MRI in Prostate cancer, run by The European Uro-Oncology Group, completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct02814968/","status":"completed","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"nct02815033","kind":"trial","name":"Imaging Staging and Response Prediction in Metastatic Hormono-Sensitive Prostate Cancer Patients Receiving Enzalutamide","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Whole-body MRI in Prostate cancer, run by The European Uro-Oncology Group, completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct02815033/","status":"completed","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"alta","kind":"trial","name":"ALTA","aka":"ALK in Lung Cancer Trial of AP26113\nAP26113-13-201","tldr":"ALTA tested two doses of brigatinib in ALK-positive lung cancer that had progressed on crizotinib; the higher dose, started after a lower-dose first week, gave more responses and longer control, including in the brain.","tags":"","route":"/trials/alta/","status":"completed","cancers":"nsclc alk-positive-nsclc"},{"id":"ck-301-101","kind":"trial","name":"CK-301-101","aka":"Study CK-301-101\nCosibelimab pivotal study","tldr":"CK-301-101 was the first study of cosibelimab, and its skin squamous cell cancer groups, where about half of tumours shrank, led to the drug's US approval in December 2024.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ck-301-101/","status":"active","cancers":"cutaneous-scc advanced-cutaneous-scc skin-cancer"},{"id":"nct01828099","kind":"trial","name":"ASCEND-4","aka":"CLDK378A2301\nLDK378 Versus Chemotherapy in Previously Untreated Patients With ALK Rearranged Non-small Cell Lung Cancer","tldr":"ASCEND-4 showed that ceritinib, a second-generation ALK pill, kept untreated ALK-positive lung cancer under control about twice as long as platinum chemotherapy, though stomach and gut side effects were common.","tags":"","route":"/trials/nct01828099/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc alk-positive-nsclc"},{"id":"nct01774721","kind":"trial","name":"ARCHER 1050","aka":"A7471050\nARCHER1050\nARCHER1050: A Study of Dacomitinib vs. Gefitinib in 1st-Line Treatment Of Advanced NSCLC\nARCHER 1050","tldr":"ARCHER 1050 showed that dacomitinib, a second-generation EGFR pill, kept untreated EGFR-mutant lung cancer under control longer than gefitinib, and a later analysis reported longer survival, though rash and diarrhoea were harsher and patients with brain metastases were excluded.","tags":"","route":"/trials/nct01774721/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"rockstar","kind":"trial","name":"ROCKstar","aka":"KD025-213\nDRI17633\nThe ROCKstar Study","tldr":"ROCKstar showed that belumosudil, a daily pill, improved chronic graft-versus-host disease in about three in four people whose disease had not settled after at least two earlier treatments, which led to its US approval in 2021.","tags":"","route":"/trials/rockstar/","status":"positive"},{"id":"act-in-sarc","kind":"trial","name":"Act.In.Sarc","aka":"NBTXR3-301\nActInSarc","tldr":"Act.In.Sarc showed that injecting hafnium oxide nanoparticles into a soft-tissue sarcoma before preoperative radiotherapy roughly doubled the share of patients whose tumour, once removed, had almost no surviving cancer cells, and that result supported the product's European CE mark in 2019.","tags":"","route":"/trials/act-in-sarc/","status":"positive","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"nct02767804","kind":"trial","name":"eXalt3","aka":"X396-CLI-301\neXALT3\neXalt3: Study Comparing X-396 (Ensartinib) to Crizotinib in ALK Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients","tldr":"eXalt3 showed that ensartinib, a second-generation ALK pill, kept ALK-positive lung cancer under control about twice as long as crizotinib, with useful activity against brain metastases.","tags":"","route":"/trials/nct02767804/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc alk-positive-nsclc"},{"id":"nct02678572","kind":"trial","name":"FOCUS","aka":"PHP-OCM-301A\nPHP-OCM-301\nPercutaneous Hepatic Perfusion in Patients With Hepatic-dominant Ocular Melanoma","tldr":"FOCUS showed that pumping high-dose melphalan through the liver's blood supply, then filtering it out before the blood returns to the body, shrank tumours in about one in three patients whose eye melanoma had spread to the liver, and it supported the treatment's US approval in 2023.","tags":"","route":"/trials/nct02678572/","status":"positive","cancers":"uveal-melanoma"},{"id":"msb-gvhd001","kind":"trial","name":"MSB-GVHD001","aka":"MSB-GVHD 001","tldr":"MSB-GVHD001 showed that donor bone marrow stromal cells, given twice a week for a month, helped about seven in ten children whose acute graft-versus-host disease had not settled on steroids, which supported the first US approval of a mesenchymal stromal cell therapy in 2024.","tags":"","route":"/trials/msb-gvhd001/","status":"positive"},{"id":"nct04581473","kind":"trial","name":"CT041-ST-01","aka":"CT041 ST-01\nsatri-cel CT041-ST-01\nStudy to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Pharmacokinetics of CT041 Autologous CAR T-cell Injection","tldr":"The Chinese randomised trial in which Claudin 18.2 CAR-T cells delayed progression compared with the doctor's choice of later-line drugs in stomach cancer, the first randomised trial of CAR-T cells in a solid tumour.","tags":"china","route":"/trials/nct04581473/","status":"positive","cancers":"gastric gastric-cldn18-2-positive"},{"id":"study-2005-01","kind":"trial","name":"Study 2005-01","aka":"2005-01\nDefitelio Study 1","tldr":"Study 2005-01 showed that defibrotide helped more people survive to day 100 after a stem-cell transplant when blocked liver veins had also led to kidney or lung failure, and it was the main evidence for the US approval of Defitelio.","tags":"","route":"/trials/study-2005-01/","status":"positive"},{"id":"study-201","kind":"trial","name":"Study 201","aka":"2005NMMF-201-US\nValchlor pivotal trial","tldr":"Study 201 showed that a ready-made mechlorethamine skin gel worked at least as well as a pharmacy-compounded ointment for early mycosis fungoides, and it was the main evidence for the US approval of Valchlor.","tags":"","route":"/trials/study-201/","status":"positive","cancers":"cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"study-0201","kind":"trial","name":"Study 0201","aka":"0201\nMAXIM-MP-MA-0201\nCWRU-MAXI-1998\nCeplene pivotal trial","tldr":"Study 0201 showed that histamine injections given with low-dose interleukin-2 after consolidation helped more adults with acute myeloid leukaemia in first remission stay free of leukaemia at three years than observation alone, and it was the main evidence for the EU authorisation of Ceplene.","tags":"","route":"/trials/study-0201/","status":"positive","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"vistogard-studies-1-2","kind":"trial","name":"Vistogard Studies 1 and 2","aka":"401.10.001\nUridine triacetate expanded-access studies","tldr":"Vistogard Studies 1 and 2 gave an oral uridine antidote quickly after a fluorouracil or capecitabine overdose or early severe toxicity; almost everyone treated survived, while most people in an earlier group given supportive care alone had died, and the studies were the main evidence for the US approval of Vistogard.","tags":"","route":"/trials/vistogard-studies-1-2/","status":"positive"},{"id":"paper-alta-jco-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Brigatinib in patients with crizotinib-refractory ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomized, multicenter phase II trial (ALTA)","aka":"","tldr":"The primary report of ALTA: after crizotinib, brigatinib shrank tumours in about half of patients, more so at the 180 mg dose after a week at 90 mg, and held the disease for around a year.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-alta-jco-2017/","cancers":"nsclc alk-positive-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-ck-301-101-jitc-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Efficacy and safety of cosibelimab, an anti-PD-L1 antibody, in metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"The primary report of the metastatic cohort of CK-301-101: cosibelimab shrank tumours in 37 of 78 patients, most responses were still going at the cut-off, and severe immune side effects were uncommon.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ck-301-101-jitc-2023/","cancers":"cutaneous-scc advanced-cutaneous-scc"},{"id":"paper-ascend-4-lancet-2017","kind":"paper","name":"First-line ceritinib versus platinum-based chemotherapy in advanced ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer (ASCEND-4): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 study","aka":"","tldr":"The primary report of ASCEND-4: untreated ALK-positive lung cancer stayed under control for a median of 16.6 months on ceritinib against 8.1 months on platinum chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ascend-4-lancet-2017/","cancers":"nsclc alk-positive-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-archer-1050-lancet-oncol-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Dacomitinib versus gefitinib as first-line treatment for patients with EGFR-mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (ARCHER 1050): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"The primary report of ARCHER 1050: dacomitinib held untreated EGFR-mutant lung cancer for a median of 14.7 months against 9.2 months on gefitinib, at the cost of more rash and diarrhoea.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-archer-1050-lancet-oncol-2017/","cancers":"nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-archer-1050-os-jco-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Improvement in overall survival in a randomized study that compared dacomitinib with gefitinib in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer and EGFR-activating mutations","aka":"","tldr":"The mature survival analysis of ARCHER 1050: patients on dacomitinib lived a median of 34.1 months against 26.8 months on gefitinib, the first survival gain for a second-generation EGFR inhibitor over a standard one.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-archer-1050-os-jco-2018/","cancers":"nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"paper-rockstar-blood-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Belumosudil for chronic graft-versus-host disease after 2 or more prior lines of therapy: the ROCKstar Study","aka":"","tldr":"The primary report of ROCKstar: about three in four patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease that had failed at least two treatments responded to belumosudil at either dose, and responses lasted about a year.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-rockstar-blood-2021/"},{"id":"paper-act-in-sarc-lancet-oncol-2019","kind":"paper","name":"NBTXR3, a first-in-class radioenhancer hafnium oxide nanoparticle, plus radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in patients with locally advanced soft-tissue sarcoma (Act.In.Sarc): a multicentre, phase 2-3, randomised, controlled trial","aka":"","tldr":"The primary report of Act.In.Sarc: a single injection of hafnium oxide nanoparticles before preoperative radiotherapy doubled the share of sarcomas with a pathological complete response, from 8 to 16 percent.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-act-in-sarc-lancet-oncol-2019/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"paper-msb-gvhd001-bbmt-2020","kind":"paper","name":"A phase 3, single-arm, prospective study of remestemcel-L, ex vivo culture-expanded adult human mesenchymal stromal cells for the treatment of pediatric patients who failed to respond to steroid treatment for acute graft-versus-host disease","aka":"","tldr":"The primary report of MSB-GVHD001: seven in ten children with steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease responded to remestemcel-L by day 28, well above the 45 percent historical rate, and responders were far more likely to be alive at six months.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-msb-gvhd001-bbmt-2020/"},{"id":"paper-ct041-st-01-lancet-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Claudin-18 isoform 2-specific CAR T-cell therapy (satri-cel) versus treatment of physician's choice for previously treated advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (CT041-ST-01): a randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial","aka":"","tldr":"The first randomised trial of CAR-T cells in a solid tumour: in heavily pretreated Claudin 18.2-positive stomach cancer, satri-cel held the disease for a median of 3.25 months against 1.77 months on the doctor's choice of drug, with almost universal cytokine release syndrome.","tags":"china","route":"/key-papers/paper-ct041-st-01-lancet-2025/","cancers":"gastric gastric-cldn18-2-positive"},{"id":"paper-defibrotide-2005-01-blood-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Phase 3 trial of defibrotide for the treatment of severe veno-occlusive disease and multi-organ failure","aka":"","tldr":"The primary report of Study 2005-01: 38 percent of transplant patients with severe veno-occlusive disease and organ failure were alive at day 100 on defibrotide, against 25 percent of carefully matched historical controls.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-defibrotide-2005-01-blood-2016/"},{"id":"paper-study-201-jama-dermatol-2013","kind":"paper","name":"Topical chemotherapy in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: positive results of a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial testing the efficacy and safety of a novel mechlorethamine, 0.02%, gel in mycosis fungoides","aka":"","tldr":"The primary report of Study 201: a ready-made mechlorethamine gel cleared index lesions in 58.5 percent of early mycosis fungoides patients against 47.7 percent with the traditional compounded ointment, meeting the noninferiority bar.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-study-201-jama-dermatol-2013/","cancers":"cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-study-0201-blood-2006","kind":"paper","name":"Improved leukemia-free survival after postconsolidation immunotherapy with histamine dihydrochloride and interleukin-2 in acute myeloid leukemia: results of a randomized phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"The primary report of Study 0201: adding histamine dihydrochloride to low-dose interleukin-2 after consolidation improved leukaemia-free survival in acute myeloid leukaemia, with 40 percent against 26 percent leukaemia-free at three years in first remission.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-study-0201-blood-2006/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"paper-vistogard-cancer-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Emergency use of uridine triacetate for the prevention and treatment of life-threatening 5-fluorouracil and capecitabine toxicity","aka":"","tldr":"The combined report of the Vistogard studies: 96 percent of patients treated with oral uridine triacetate after a fluorouracil or capecitabine overdose survived, where 84 percent of an earlier supportive-care group had died.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-vistogard-cancer-2017/"},{"id":"structured-exercise-survivorship","kind":"technology","name":"Structured exercise programmes after curative treatment","aka":"","tldr":"A supervised, coached exercise programme for three years after bowel cancer treatment cut recurrence and death in a large randomised trial. It is the first lifestyle intervention proven to work like an adjuvant drug.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/structured-exercise-survivorship/","status":"established","cancers":"colorectal breast-hr-positive prostate"},{"id":"exercise-during-chemotherapy","kind":"technology","name":"Exercise during chemotherapy and radiotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Moderate exercise while on chemotherapy is safe and reduces fatigue, helps people finish their planned doses, and may protect the heart and nerves.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/exercise-during-chemotherapy/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc colorectal nsclc dlbcl lung-cancer sclc non-hodgkin-lymphoma follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma malt-lymphoma splenic-marginal-zone-lymphoma nodal-marginal-zone-lymphoma waldenstrom primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma burkitt-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma nodular-lymphocyte-predominant-hodgkin-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma angioimmunoblastic-t-cell-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma sezary-syndrome primary-cns-lymphoma"},{"id":"resistance-training-cachexia","kind":"technology","name":"Resistance training and protein for cachexia and sarcopenia","aka":"","tldr":"Lifting weights and eating enough protein is the only treatment shown to build muscle in people with cancer wasting, but most are too unwell to do it alone and the trials are small.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/resistance-training-cachexia/","status":"emerging","cancers":"pancreatic nsclc gastric head-and-neck"},{"id":"eras-perioperative-nutrition","kind":"technology","name":"Enhanced recovery (ERAS) and perioperative nutrition","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of starving patients before and after an operation, modern surgical pathways feed them early, give carbohydrate drinks the night before, and get them walking the next day. Complications and hospital stays fall.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/eras-perioperative-nutrition/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"colorectal gastric pancreatic esophageal urothelial"},{"id":"nutrition-screening-mnt","kind":"technology","name":"Oncology nutrition assessment and medical nutrition therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Nutrition screening means weighing every patient, asking a few screening questions, and referring those at risk to a dietitian. It is simple, guideline-endorsed, and still not done routinely.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/nutrition-screening-mnt/","status":"established","cancers":"head-and-neck esophageal gastric pancreatic nsclc"},{"id":"enteral-parenteral-nutrition","kind":"technology","name":"Enteral and parenteral nutrition support","aka":"","tldr":"Nutrition support means tube feeding into the gut, or nutrition into a vein when the gut cannot be used. It is life-saving in the right patient, harmful or futile in the wrong one.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/enteral-parenteral-nutrition/","status":"established","cancers":"head-and-neck esophageal gastric ovarian pancreatic"},{"id":"immunonutrition-perioperative","kind":"technology","name":"Immunonutrition before cancer surgery","aka":"","tldr":"Drinks enriched with arginine, omega-3 fats and nucleotides for a week before a big operation seem to reduce infections afterwards, though the trials are old and mostly industry-funded.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/immunonutrition-perioperative/","status":"emerging","cancers":"gastric esophageal head-and-neck pancreatic colorectal"},{"id":"fasting-mimicking-diet","kind":"technology","name":"Fasting and fasting-mimicking diets around chemotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Fasting-mimicking diets cut food intake for three days around each chemotherapy dose to lower glucose, insulin and IGF-1, which may shield normal cells and sensitise the tumour. The DIRECT trial in early breast cancer improved radiological response but fewer than 20% of patients kept to the diet, and it is unsafe in cachexia or without a dietitian.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/fasting-mimicking-diet/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc colorectal"},{"id":"ketogenic-diet-glioblastoma","kind":"technology","name":"Ketogenic diets in glioblastoma","aka":"","tldr":"A ketogenic diet restricts carbohydrate so the body runs on ketones, on the theory that glioblastoma cells depend on glucose while neurons can burn ketones. Small trials show it is safe and achievable for three to six months with supervision, but none has shown a benefit against the tumour, and adherence beyond three months is poor.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/ketogenic-diet-glioblastoma/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"time-restricted-eating","kind":"technology","name":"Time-restricted eating in cancer prevention and survivorship","aka":"","tldr":"Time-restricted eating means eating within a window of 8-12 hours a day and fasting overnight. It improves blood sugar and weight a little; whether it changes cancer risk or recurrence is unknown.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/time-restricted-eating/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate colorectal"},{"id":"mediterranean-plant-forward-diet","kind":"technology","name":"Mediterranean and plant-forward dietary patterns","aka":"","tldr":"Diets built around vegetables, wholegrains, legumes, nuts, fish and olive oil, with little red or processed meat, are linked with lower cancer risk and better survival after diagnosis. The evidence is strong for the pattern, weak for any single food.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/mediterranean-plant-forward-diet/","status":"established","cancers":"colorectal breast-hr-positive prostate gastric hcc"},{"id":"dietary-fibre-microbiome-io","kind":"technology","name":"Dietary fibre and the gut microbiome for immunotherapy response","aka":"","tldr":"Patients who eat plenty of fibre and avoid probiotic pills seem to respond better to immunotherapy for melanoma, probably because fibre feeds the right gut bacteria. A proper trial is under way.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/dietary-fibre-microbiome-io/","status":"emerging","cancers":"melanoma nsclc rcc"},{"id":"fmt-checkpoint-nonresponders","kind":"technology","name":"Faecal microbiota transplantation for PD-1 non-responders","aka":"","tldr":"Transplanting gut bacteria from patients who responded to immunotherapy into those who did not. In small studies a minority of resistant melanomas started responding. Randomised trials are running.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/fmt-checkpoint-nonresponders/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"melanoma rcc nsclc"},{"id":"probiotics-antibiotic-stewardship-io","kind":"technology","name":"Probiotics, antibiotics and stewardship around immunotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Antibiotics in the weeks before immunotherapy are linked with worse outcomes, and shop-bought probiotics may not help and might hurt. Avoiding both where possible is a low-cost precaution.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/probiotics-antibiotic-stewardship-io/","status":"emerging","cancers":"nsclc rcc melanoma urothelial"},{"id":"glp1-agonists-cancer-risk","kind":"technology","name":"GLP-1 receptor agonists and obesity-related cancer risk","aka":"","tldr":"GLP-1 agonists, the new weight-loss injections, lower weight by 15-20%. Early observational data suggest fewer obesity-related cancers in people who take them, but no trial has yet tested cancer as an outcome.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/glp1-agonists-cancer-risk/","status":"emerging","cancers":"endometrial colorectal hcc pancreatic rcc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"bariatric-surgery-cancer-incidence","kind":"technology","name":"Bariatric surgery and cancer incidence","aka":"","tldr":"People with severe obesity who have weight-loss surgery develop about a third fewer cancers over the following decade, especially womb and other hormone-related cancers, than similar people who do not.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/bariatric-surgery-cancer-incidence/","status":"established","cancers":"endometrial breast-hr-positive colorectal hcc pancreatic rcc"},{"id":"alcohol-reduction-labelling","kind":"technology","name":"Alcohol reduction, pricing and cancer warning labels","aka":"","tldr":"Alcohol causes at least seven cancers and there is no safe threshold. Price, availability and cancer warning labels are the tools that work; most people still do not know alcohol causes cancer.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/alcohol-reduction-labelling/","status":"established","cancers":"head-and-neck esophageal hcc colorectal breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"vitamin-d-omega3-supplementation","kind":"technology","name":"Vitamin D and omega-3 supplementation","aka":"","tldr":"The largest trial of vitamin D and fish-oil pills found they did not prevent cancer. A possible reduction in cancer deaths, and hints of benefit after a digestive cancer diagnosis, keep the question alive.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/vitamin-d-omega3-supplementation/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"colorectal gastric esophageal breast-hr-positive prostate"},{"id":"aspirin-cancer-prevention","kind":"technology","name":"Aspirin for cancer prevention and adjuvant therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Daily low-dose aspirin lowers bowel cancer risk in people with Lynch syndrome and appears to cut recurrence in bowel cancers with a particular mutation. In healthy older people it caused more harm than good.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/aspirin-cancer-prevention/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"colorectal esophageal gastric breast-hr-positive prostate lynch-associated-colorectal-cancer"},{"id":"coffee-intake-cancer","kind":"technology","name":"Coffee and tea intake","aka":"","tldr":"Coffee does not cause cancer: IARC downgraded it in 2016, and cohort studies link two to three cups a day with lower rates of liver and womb cancer. Drinks of any kind served above 65 C are classed as a probable cause of oesophageal cancer, so the temperature, not the coffee, is the risk.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/coffee-intake-cancer/","status":"established","cancers":"hcc endometrial colorectal esophageal"},{"id":"red-processed-meat-reduction","kind":"technology","name":"Red and processed meat reduction","aka":"","tldr":"Processed meat (bacon, ham, sausages) is classed by IARC as a definite cause of bowel cancer and red meat as a probable one, with about 18% higher risk per 50 g of processed meat a day. One person's extra lifetime risk is a few percentage points, but 5 to 10% of bowel cancers in high-income countries are attributed to it.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/red-processed-meat-reduction/","status":"established","cancers":"colorectal gastric pancreatic prostate"},{"id":"ultra-processed-food-ssb","kind":"technology","name":"Ultra-processed food and sugar-sweetened drinks","aka":"","tldr":"Diets high in industrially processed foods and sugary drinks are linked with more cancer, mainly through obesity but perhaps also through additives and packaging chemicals. Sugar itself does not 'feed' a tumour in the way social media claims.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/ultra-processed-food-ssb/","status":"emerging","cancers":"colorectal breast-hr-positive hcc pancreatic"},{"id":"smoking-cessation-after-diagnosis","kind":"technology","name":"Smoking cessation in cancer patients","aka":"","tldr":"Stopping smoking after a cancer diagnosis improves survival, reduces treatment complications and second cancers, and is the single most effective supportive intervention that oncology services still routinely fail to deliver.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/smoking-cessation-after-diagnosis/","status":"established","cancers":"nsclc sclc head-and-neck urothelial esophageal cervical"},{"id":"sleep-circadian-interventions","kind":"technology","name":"Sleep and circadian interventions in cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Half of people with cancer sleep badly, so sleep and body-clock interventions matter. Talking therapy for insomnia works well and is under-used; whether fixing sleep or body-clock disruption changes the cancer itself is unproven.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/sleep-circadian-interventions/","status":"emerging","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal prostate nsclc"},{"id":"cachexia-appetite-pharmacotherapy","kind":"technology","name":"Cachexia pharmacotherapy: GDF-15 blockade, anamorelin, olanzapine","aka":"","tldr":"Cachexia pharmacotherapy covers three drug approaches to cancer wasting: ponsegromab, an antibody that blocks the appetite-suppressing hormone GDF-15 and is in phase 3; anamorelin, a ghrelin mimic approved only in Japan; and low-dose olanzapine, a generic tablet available everywhere that ASCO added to guidance in 2024. None has yet been shown to improve physical function.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/cachexia-appetite-pharmacotherapy/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"pancreatic nsclc gastric colorectal"},{"id":"dietitian-led-weight-loss-breast","kind":"technology","name":"Dietitian-led weight-loss programmes in HR-positive breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Being overweight after breast cancer is linked with more recurrence, so a 3,000-woman trial tested a two-year telephone weight-loss programme. Women lost weight, but the trial did not clearly show fewer recurrences.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/dietitian-led-weight-loss-breast/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"soy-breast-cancer","kind":"technology","name":"Soy foods and breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"For years women with breast cancer were told to avoid soy because it contains plant oestrogens. Large studies show moderate soy food intake is safe and may slightly reduce recurrence, including on tamoxifen.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/soy-breast-cancer/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate"},{"id":"dietary-supplements-treatment-interactions","kind":"technology","name":"Dietary supplements during cancer treatment: interactions and harms","aka":"","tldr":"Most people on cancer treatment take supplements, often without telling their team. Antioxidants, St John's wort, high-dose vitamins and some herbs can blunt chemotherapy or radiotherapy or interact with targeted drugs.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/dietary-supplements-treatment-interactions/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc head-and-neck nsclc prostate colorectal"},{"id":"cachexia","kind":"term","name":"Cancer cachexia","aka":"Cancer wasting\nCancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome","tldr":"Severe loss of weight and muscle in advanced cancer that eating more cannot reverse on its own. It affects up to eight in ten patients with advanced disease and contributes to a fifth of cancer deaths.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cachexia/","cancers":"pancreatic nsclc gastric lung-cancer sclc"},{"id":"sarcopenia","kind":"term","name":"Sarcopenia","aka":"Low muscle mass\nMyopenia","tldr":"Sarcopenia is loss of muscle mass and strength. In cancer it predicts worse chemotherapy side-effects, more surgical complications and shorter survival, and it can hide in people who look a normal weight or overweight.","tags":"","route":"/terms/sarcopenia/"},{"id":"immunonutrition","kind":"term","name":"Immunonutrition","aka":"Immune-modulating nutrition\nArginine-omega-3 formulas","tldr":"Immunonutrition means nutritional drinks enriched with specific nutrients (arginine, omega-3 fats, nucleotides) meant to strengthen immune function, mostly given before major surgery.","tags":"","route":"/terms/immunonutrition/"},{"id":"glycaemic-index","kind":"term","name":"Glycaemic index and glycaemic load","aka":"GI\nGL","tldr":"How fast a food raises blood sugar (index) and how much, given the portion (load). High-glycaemic-load diets are weakly linked to some cancers, largely via obesity and insulin.","tags":"","route":"/terms/glycaemic-index/","cancers":"colorectal endometrial"},{"id":"warburg-effect-diet-claims","kind":"term","name":"Warburg-effect diet claims ('sugar feeds cancer')","aka":"Sugar feeds cancer\nStarve the tumour","tldr":"Cancer cells take up far more glucose than normal tissue (the Warburg effect, the basis of FDG-PET scans), which leads people to conclude that cutting sugar starves tumours. The biology is real but the conclusion is not: blood glucose is tightly regulated, tumours also burn glutamine, lactate and fat, and no randomised trial shows sugar restriction improves cancer outcomes.","tags":"","route":"/terms/warburg-effect-diet-claims/"},{"id":"unproven-diet-claims","kind":"term","name":"Unproven diet claims (alkaline, juice, 'anti-cancer' diets)","aka":"Alkaline diet\nGerson therapy\nJuice cleanse\nCancer diet myths","tldr":"Diets marketed as cancer cures or preventives with no supporting evidence: alkaline diets, juice cleanses, Gerson therapy, apricot kernels and the like. Some are merely useless; several have caused harm or led people to delay effective treatment.","tags":"","route":"/terms/unproven-diet-claims/"},{"id":"ultra-processed-food","kind":"term","name":"Ultra-processed food (NOVA group 4)","aka":"UPF\nNOVA classification","tldr":"Industrially formulated products made mostly from extracted or synthesised ingredients (soft drinks, packaged snacks, reconstituted meats, ready meals). High intake is linked with obesity and, in cohort studies, with more cancer, though the evidence is graded only 'suggestive' because of classification and confounding problems.","tags":"","route":"/terms/ultra-processed-food/"},{"id":"metabolic-syndrome","kind":"term","name":"Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance","aka":"Insulin resistance\nHyperinsulinaemia","tldr":"Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of central obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar and abnormal blood fats. It raises the risk of several cancers and worsens outcomes after diagnosis, largely through high insulin levels.","tags":"","route":"/terms/metabolic-syndrome/","cancers":"colorectal hcc endometrial pancreatic"},{"id":"prehabilitation-term","kind":"term","name":"Prehabilitation (the pre-treatment window)","aka":"Prehab\nPre-operative optimisation","tldr":"Using the weeks between diagnosis and surgery or chemotherapy to get fitter, better nourished and psychologically prepared, so treatment goes better and recovery is faster.","tags":"","route":"/terms/prehabilitation-term/"},{"id":"met-hours","kind":"term","name":"MET-hours per week","aka":"Metabolic equivalent of task\nExercise dose","tldr":"The unit used to measure how much exercise someone does. One MET is the energy of sitting quietly; brisk walking is about 4 METs, so 45 minutes of brisk walking is 3 MET-hours. Guidelines aim for around 10 MET-hours a week.","tags":"","route":"/terms/met-hours/"},{"id":"body-composition","kind":"term","name":"Body composition (lean mass, fat mass, visceral fat)","aka":"Skeletal muscle index\nL3 muscle area\nVisceral adiposity","tldr":"What a person's weight is made of: muscle, fat under the skin, fat around the organs. It predicts cancer outcomes far better than weight or BMI, and can be read from routine CT scans.","tags":"","route":"/terms/body-composition/"},{"id":"gut-microbiome-diversity","kind":"term","name":"Gut microbiome diversity and composition","aka":"Alpha diversity\nShannon index\nDysbiosis","tldr":"How many different kinds of bacteria live in the gut and which ones dominate. Higher diversity and certain species are linked with better immunotherapy response; antibiotics and poor diet reduce both.","tags":"","route":"/terms/gut-microbiome-diversity/"},{"id":"dietary-pattern-scores","kind":"term","name":"Dietary pattern scores (Mediterranean, HEI, AHEI, DASH, WCRF/AICR)","aka":"Diet quality index\nHealthy Eating Index\nMedDiet score","tldr":"Scores that grade a whole diet against a healthy pattern instead of counting single foods. They predict cancer risk and survival better than any individual nutrient.","tags":"","route":"/terms/dietary-pattern-scores/"},{"id":"nutrition-impact-symptoms","kind":"term","name":"Nutrition impact symptoms","aka":"NIS\nEating-related symptoms","tldr":"The side-effects of cancer and its treatment that stop people eating: nausea, mouth soreness, taste changes, difficulty swallowing, early fullness, constipation, pain and low mood. Treating them is often the most effective nutrition intervention.","tags":"","route":"/terms/nutrition-impact-symptoms/","cancers":"head-and-neck esophageal pancreatic gastric"},{"id":"malnutrition-screening","kind":"term","name":"Malnutrition screening tools (MUST, NRS-2002, MST, PG-SGA)","aka":"MUST\nPG-SGA\nNRS-2002\nGLIM criteria","tldr":"Quick questionnaires that flag who is at risk of malnutrition: recent weight loss, low BMI, poor appetite, illness severity. Anyone flagged should see a dietitian.","tags":"","route":"/terms/malnutrition-screening/"},{"id":"obesity-related-cancers","kind":"term","name":"Obesity-related cancers (IARC list of 13)","aka":"Adiposity-related cancers\nobesity-related cancer\nBody fatness and cancer","tldr":"Excess body fat is an established cause of thirteen cancers on the IARC list, including womb, oesophagus, kidney, liver, bowel, pancreas and postmenopausal breast cancer. It accounts for roughly 4 to 8% of cancers in high-income countries, second only to smoking among preventable causes, and bariatric surgery cohorts suggest the risk is partly reversible.","tags":"","route":"/terms/obesity-related-cancers/","cancers":"endometrial esophageal rcc hcc colorectal pancreatic breast-hr-positive multiple-myeloma thyroid ovarian gastric"},{"id":"energy-balance","kind":"term","name":"Energy balance","aka":"Energy balance and cancer\nPhysical activity, diet and adiposity","tldr":"The umbrella term researchers use for the combined effect of what you eat, how much you move and how much fat you carry. It is the framework linking diet, exercise and obesity research to cancer.","tags":"","route":"/terms/energy-balance/"},{"id":"alcohol-attributable-cancer","kind":"term","name":"Alcohol-attributable cancer","aka":"Alcohol-related cancer\nalcohol-attributable cancers\nPopulation attributable fraction (alcohol)","tldr":"The share of cancers caused by drinking: about 4% of all new cancers worldwide, roughly 740,000 a year, of which a meaningful fraction come from light and moderate drinking.","tags":"","route":"/terms/alcohol-attributable-cancer/","cancers":"head-and-neck esophageal hcc colorectal breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"challenge","kind":"trial","name":"CHALLENGE (CCTG CO.21)","aka":"","tldr":"The first randomised trial to show that a coached exercise programme after cancer treatment reduces recurrence and death, in colon cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/challenge/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"bwel","kind":"trial","name":"BWEL (Breast Cancer Weight Loss, Alliance A011401)","aka":"","tldr":"BWEL is a trial of more than 3,000 women testing whether losing weight after breast cancer treatment reduces recurrence. The programme achieved weight loss; the effect on recurrence was not clearly shown at the first analysis.","tags":"","route":"/trials/bwel/","status":"mixed","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"vital","kind":"trial","name":"VITAL (VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL)","aka":"","tldr":"The definitive test of whether vitamin D or fish-oil pills prevent cancer or heart disease in healthy adults. They did not.","tags":"","route":"/trials/vital/","status":"negative"},{"id":"aspree","kind":"trial","name":"ASPREE (ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly)","aka":"","tldr":"In healthy older people, daily low-dose aspirin did not extend disability-free life and, unexpectedly, was linked with more cancer deaths. It changed guidelines against routine aspirin in the elderly.","tags":"","route":"/trials/aspree/","status":"negative"},{"id":"alascca","kind":"trial","name":"ALASCCA","aka":"","tldr":"A Nordic trial showing that three years of low-dose aspirin roughly halves recurrence in bowel cancers carrying a particular set of mutations, a biomarker-directed use of a drug that costs pennies.","tags":"","route":"/trials/alascca/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"add-aspirin","kind":"trial","name":"Add-Aspirin","aka":"","tldr":"Add-Aspirin is an 11,000-patient trial across four common cancers in the UK, Ireland and India asking whether cheap daily aspirin after curative treatment stops cancer coming back.","tags":"","route":"/trials/add-aspirin/","status":"active","cancers":"colorectal breast-hr-positive gastric esophageal prostate"},{"id":"romana-1-2","kind":"trial","name":"ROMANA 1 and ROMANA 2","aka":"","tldr":"ROMANA 1 and 2 were two phase 3 trials of an appetite-hormone mimic in lung cancer patients with wasting. Patients gained muscle but not grip strength, which split regulators: approved in Japan, rejected in Europe.","tags":"","route":"/trials/romana-1-2/","status":"mixed","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"ponsegromab-phase-2","kind":"trial","name":"Ponsegromab phase 2 in cancer cachexia","aka":"","tldr":"The first drug to hit the hormone behind cancer wasting: patients on the highest dose gained nearly 3 kg more than placebo in 12 weeks and reported better appetite and more activity.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ponsegromab-phase-2/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc pancreatic colorectal"},{"id":"olanzapine-appetite-tmh","kind":"trial","name":"Low-dose olanzapine for cancer anorexia (Tata Memorial)","aka":"","tldr":"A double-blind trial at Tata Memorial in India randomised 124 patients starting chemotherapy to 2.5 mg of olanzapine, a decades-old tablet costing a few cents a day, or placebo. Six in ten gained more than 5% of their weight against one in ten on placebo, and ASCO listed it in its 2024 cachexia guideline; it was small and single-centre.","tags":"","route":"/trials/olanzapine-appetite-tmh/","status":"positive","cancers":"gastric nsclc pancreatic hcc"},{"id":"fmt-pd1-refractory-melanoma-pitt","kind":"trial","name":"FMT plus pembrolizumab in anti-PD-1-refractory melanoma (Pittsburgh)","aka":"","tldr":"Fifteen melanoma patients whose immunotherapy had failed received a stool transplant from someone whose immunotherapy had worked, then restarted the drug. Six of them benefited, including three with lasting responses.","tags":"","route":"/trials/fmt-pd1-refractory-melanoma-pitt/","status":"completed","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"mimic-01","kind":"trial","name":"MIMic-01: healthy-donor FMT plus anti-PD-1, first-line melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"Twenty melanoma patients took stool capsules from healthy donors before starting immunotherapy. Thirteen responded, more than usually expected, and the transplant was safe.","tags":"","route":"/trials/mimic-01/","status":"active","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"ergo2","kind":"trial","name":"ERGO2: ketogenic diet and fasting during re-irradiation of recurrent glioma","aka":"","tldr":"The only randomised trial of a ketogenic diet in brain tumours found no benefit. Patients could follow the diet and their ketone levels rose, but progression came just as quickly.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ergo2/","status":"negative","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"prehab-trial","kind":"trial","name":"PREHAB: multimodal prehabilitation before colorectal cancer surgery","aka":"","tldr":"PREHAB showed that four weeks of supervised training, protein and support before bowel cancer surgery cut severe complications and sped recovery, in an international randomised trial of 251 patients.","tags":"","route":"/trials/prehab-trial/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"whel","kind":"trial","name":"WHEL (Women's Healthy Eating and Living)","aka":"","tldr":"Three thousand breast cancer survivors were coached for years to eat far more vegetables, fruit and fibre. They did, and it made no difference to recurrence or survival.","tags":"","route":"/trials/whel/","status":"negative","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"idea-nl-exercise-dose-finding","kind":"idea","name":"A dose-finding trial for exercise after cancer","aka":"","tldr":"CHALLENGE proved exercise works in colon cancer but not how much is needed. A trial comparing doses, as we would for a drug, would tell health systems what to fund.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-nl-exercise-dose-finding/","cancers":"colorectal breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-nl-glp1-adjuvant-hr-breast","kind":"idea","name":"GLP-1 receptor agonists as adjuvant weight-loss therapy in HR-positive breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Coaching-based weight loss did not clearly cut breast cancer recurrence in BWEL, perhaps because the weight loss was too small. Drugs that produce three times as much weight loss could settle whether weight itself matters.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-nl-glp1-adjuvant-hr-breast/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-nl-ketogenic-gbm-definitive-trial","kind":"idea","name":"One definitive ketogenic diet trial in glioblastoma, then stop","aka":"","tldr":"Patients with brain tumours are sold ketogenic diets on the strength of mouse data and small feasibility studies. A single adequately powered trial with dietitian support would either prove it or let clinicians say clearly that it does not work.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-nl-ketogenic-gbm-definitive-trial/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"idea-nl-diet-covariates-io-trials","kind":"idea","name":"Capture diet, fibre and antibiotic exposure in every immunotherapy pivotal trial","aka":"","tldr":"Gut bacteria appear to influence whether immunotherapy works, and diet and antibiotics shape gut bacteria. Yet almost no drug trial records what patients ate or which antibiotics they took. Recording it would cost almost nothing.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-nl-diet-covariates-io-trials/","cancers":"melanoma nsclc rcc"},{"id":"idea-nl-alcohol-minimum-pricing-cancer-endpoints","kind":"idea","name":"Evaluate alcohol minimum unit pricing against cancer incidence","aka":"","tldr":"Scotland and Wales put a floor under the price of alcohol. Deaths from liver disease have already fallen. Cancer takes longer to show, so someone has to keep measuring for a decade.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-nl-alcohol-minimum-pricing-cancer-endpoints/","cancers":"head-and-neck esophageal hcc colorectal breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"idea-nl-upf-controlled-feeding-trial","kind":"idea","name":"Controlled feeding trials to separate ultra-processing from calories","aka":"","tldr":"We do not know whether ultra-processed food raises cancer risk because it makes people fat, or because of something in the food itself. Feeding volunteers matched diets for a few weeks and measuring cancer-relevant biology can tell the two apart.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-nl-upf-controlled-feeding-trial/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"idea-nl-antioxidant-supplement-harm-confirmation","kind":"idea","name":"Confirm or refute the harm of antioxidant supplements during chemotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Half of patients take antioxidant vitamins during chemotherapy. One good observational study suggests they raise recurrence by 40%. Patients deserve a definitive answer, and it can be obtained cheaply by adding supplement tracking to trials already running.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-nl-antioxidant-supplement-harm-confirmation/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc colorectal nsclc"},{"id":"idea-nl-bariatric-cancer-registry-linkage","kind":"idea","name":"Link bariatric and GLP-1 registries to cancer registries in every country that has both","aka":"","tldr":"Millions of people have had weight-loss surgery or now take weight-loss drugs. Linking those records to cancer registries would show, cancer by cancer, how much reversing obesity prevents, for almost no cost.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-nl-bariatric-cancer-registry-linkage/","cancers":"endometrial colorectal esophageal hcc pancreatic rcc"},{"id":"idea-nl-sleep-circadian-survivorship-rct","kind":"idea","name":"Treat insomnia in survivors and measure whether the cancer notices","aka":"","tldr":"Insomnia therapy works well for cancer survivors and is barely offered. A trial that fixes sleep and then follows recurrence would test whether restoring the body clock changes the disease as well as the symptom.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-nl-sleep-circadian-survivorship-rct/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal"},{"id":"idea-nl-dietitian-in-every-mdt","kind":"idea","name":"A dietitian in every gastrointestinal and head and neck tumour board","aka":"","tldr":"Malnutrition is the commonest untreated complication in cancers of the gut, throat and pancreas. Putting a dietitian in the meeting where treatment is decided means it is seen and treated before chemotherapy starts, not after weight has been lost.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-nl-dietitian-in-every-mdt/","cancers":"head-and-neck esophageal gastric pancreatic colorectal"},{"id":"idea-nl-ask-about-diet-prebunking","kind":"idea","name":"Ask about diet at diagnosis, and prebunk the myths before the internet does","aka":"","tldr":"Almost every newly diagnosed patient searches for what to eat and finds sugar-starvation, alkaline and juice-cure claims. If the oncology team asks about diet first and hands over good information, the myths have less room.","tags":"","route":"/ideas/idea-nl-ask-about-diet-prebunking/"},{"id":"sn-38","kind":"term","name":"SN-38","aka":"7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin","tldr":"SN-38 is the active form of the chemotherapy irinotecan and the payload of sacituzumab govitecan. It blocks topoisomerase I so DNA breaks during copying, but it kills cells only at nanomolar concentrations, so the ADC carries roughly eight copies per antibody and uses a linker that releases it in the tumour; slow metabolisers (UGT1A1*28) get more diarrhoea.","tags":"","route":"/terms/sn-38/"},{"id":"dxd","kind":"term","name":"DXd","aka":"MAAA-1181a\nderuxtecan payload\nMAAA-1181a, exatecan derivative","tldr":"DXd is the topoisomerase poison inside Enhertu and Dato-DXd: about ten times stronger than SN-38, it spreads to neighbouring cells and leaves the body quickly once released.","tags":"","route":"/terms/dxd/"},{"id":"exatecan","kind":"term","name":"Exatecan (and derivatives)","aka":"DX-8951\nEd-04\nZD06519\nDX-8951; Ed-04 in iza-bren; ZD06519","tldr":"Exatecan is a camptothecin that blocks topoisomerase I; it was too toxic to use as a free chemotherapy, but attached to an antibody that toxicity becomes useful, and it is the parent of deruxtecan and most next-generation ADC payloads. The family shares resistance mechanisms, so switching between exatecan ADCs after progression often disappoints.","tags":"","route":"/terms/exatecan/"},{"id":"t030","kind":"term","name":"T030 (belotecan derivative)","aka":"KL610023 payload\nbelotecan derivative\nbelotecan derivatives\nKL610023","tldr":"T030 is the belotecan-derived topoisomerase payload in sacituzumab tirumotecan, designed to be less affected by the pumps that eject SN-38.","tags":"","route":"/terms/t030/"},{"id":"mmae","kind":"term","name":"MMAE","aka":"monomethyl auristatin E\nvedotin payload\nmonomethyl auristatin E, vedotin","tldr":"MMAE is the tubulin-blocking payload in brentuximab, enfortumab, polatuzumab and tisotumab vedotin, four approved ADCs: it halts cell division and, being membrane permeable, leaks into neighbouring tumour cells. Nerve damage and low neutrophil counts are its signature side effects.","tags":"","route":"/terms/mmae/"},{"id":"mmaf","kind":"term","name":"MMAF","aka":"monomethyl auristatin F\nmafodotin payload\nmonomethyl auristatin F, mafodotin","tldr":"MMAF is a charged cousin of MMAE that cannot cross membranes, so it kills only the targeted cell and spares neighbours. Eye side effects are characteristic.","tags":"","route":"/terms/mmaf/"},{"id":"dm1","kind":"term","name":"DM1","aka":"mertansine\nemtansine payload\nmertansine, emtansine","tldr":"DM1 is the maytansine-derived payload in Kadcyla: a tubulin blocker held by a non-cleavable linker, so it stays in the cell it entered.","tags":"","route":"/terms/dm1/"},{"id":"dm4","kind":"term","name":"DM4","aka":"ravtansine\nsoravtansine payload\nravtansine, soravtansine","tldr":"DM4 is a maytansinoid payload released in a form that can cross membranes, giving mirvetuximab soravtansine a bystander effect that DM1 lacks.","tags":"","route":"/terms/dm4/"},{"id":"pbd-sg3199","kind":"term","name":"PBD dimer (SG3199 / tesirine)","aka":"pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer\ntesirine payload\nSG3199","tldr":"The PBD dimer SG3199 crosslinks DNA in the minor groove without distorting it, so cells fail to detect the damage; it kills at picomolar concentrations, so ADCs need only a low drug-to-antibody ratio. Fluid retention, skin reactions and light sensitivity stopped several programmes; loncastuximab tesirine in large B-cell lymphoma is the approved example.","tags":"","route":"/terms/pbd-sg3199/"},{"id":"calicheamicin","kind":"term","name":"Calicheamicin","aka":"ozogamicin payload\nN-acetyl gamma calicheamicin\nozogamicin (N-acetyl-γ-calicheamicin)","tldr":"Calicheamicin is an enediyne antibiotic used as an antibody-drug conjugate payload: it binds the minor groove of DNA and cuts both strands at picomolar concentrations, about a thousand times more cytotoxic than conventional chemotherapy. That is why it is only given attached to an antibody (Mylotarg, Besponsa), and why liver toxicity, including veno-occlusive disease, is its defining risk.","tags":"","route":"/terms/calicheamicin/"},{"id":"duocarmycin","kind":"term","name":"Duocarmycin (seco-DUBA)","aka":"duocarmazine payload\nseco-DUBA\nduocarmazine","tldr":"Duocarmycins are a DNA-alkylating payload family that damages DNA directly rather than through cell division, so they work in slow-growing tumours.","tags":"","route":"/terms/duocarmycin/"},{"id":"topoisomerase-i-payloads","kind":"term","name":"Topoisomerase-I inhibitor payloads","aka":"camptothecin payloads\nTOP1 payloads","tldr":"Topoisomerase-I inhibitor payloads are the payload class behind Enhertu, Trodelvy and Dato-DXd: poisons that trap the enzyme that untwists DNA, so dividing cells break their own DNA.","tags":"","route":"/terms/topoisomerase-i-payloads/"},{"id":"tubulin-inhibitor-payloads","kind":"term","name":"Tubulin inhibitor payloads","aka":"auristatins\nauristatin\nmaytansinoids\nmaytansinoid\nmicrotubule payloads","tldr":"Tubulin inhibitor payloads were the first generation of modern ADC payloads: drugs that jam the cell's scaffolding so it cannot divide. Nerve and eye side effects are typical.","tags":"","route":"/terms/tubulin-inhibitor-payloads/"},{"id":"pbd-dimer-payloads","kind":"term","name":"DNA crosslinker payloads (PBD dimers)","aka":"pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimers\ntesirine\ntalirine","tldr":"PBD dimers (tesirine, talirine) are DNA crosslinkers that kill at picomolar concentrations, so ADCs need a drug-to-antibody ratio of only about two. Fluid retention and skin and liver toxicity have ended most programmes; loncastuximab tesirine is the approved example.","tags":"","route":"/terms/pbd-dimer-payloads/"},{"id":"dna-cleaver-payloads","kind":"term","name":"DNA cleaver payloads (enediynes)","aka":"calicheamicin class\nozogamicin","tldr":"DNA cleaver payloads are natural products that cut both strands of DNA. They are used in the two oldest approved ADCs, both for leukaemias.","tags":"","route":"/terms/dna-cleaver-payloads/"},{"id":"dna-alkylator-payloads","kind":"term","name":"DNA alkylator payloads","aka":"duocarmycins\nseco-DUBA","tldr":"DNA alkylator payloads chemically damage DNA regardless of whether the cell is dividing, and are aimed at slow-growing and resistant tumours.","tags":"","route":"/terms/dna-alkylator-payloads/"},{"id":"cl2a","kind":"term","name":"CL2A","aka":"","tldr":"CL2A is the deliberately fragile linker in Trodelvy: it releases SN-38 in the acidic tumour environment as well as inside cells, feeding the bystander effect.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cl2a/"},{"id":"ggfg","kind":"term","name":"Tetrapeptide GGFG (maleimide-GGFG-aminomethyl)","aka":"tetrapeptide linker\nGGFG-DXd","tldr":"The GGFG tetrapeptide (glycine-glycine-phenylalanine-glycine) is the tether between antibody and payload in Enhertu and Dato-DXd. Lysosomal cathepsins cut it inside the cancer cell, and it holds in circulation well enough to allow eight payloads per antibody, a load earlier linkers could not carry safely.","tags":"","route":"/terms/ggfg/"},{"id":"mc-vc-pabc","kind":"term","name":"mc-Val-Cit-PABC","aka":"valine-citrulline linker\nvc-MMAE\nmc-VC-PABC","tldr":"The mc-Val-Cit-PABC linker is the workhorse of the vedotin ADCs: a valine-citrulline dipeptide cut by cathepsin B, releasing MMAE with a bystander effect.","tags":"","route":"/terms/mc-vc-pabc/"},{"id":"smcc","kind":"term","name":"SMCC (thioether, non-cleavable)","aka":"thioether linker\nMCC","tldr":"SMCC is the non-cleavable thioether linker in Kadcyla: the payload is freed only when the whole antibody is digested, so nothing leaks to neighbours.","tags":"","route":"/terms/smcc/"},{"id":"sulfo-spdb","kind":"term","name":"Sulfo-SPDB (disulfide)","aka":"hindered disulfide linker","tldr":"Sulfo-SPDB is a hindered disulfide linker that is stable in blood but is cut by the reducing environment inside cells, then converted to a membrane-crossing form.","tags":"","route":"/terms/sulfo-spdb/"},{"id":"hydrazone","kind":"term","name":"Acid-labile hydrazone (AcBut)","aka":"acid-cleavable linker","tldr":"The hydrazone linker is acid-sensitive and breaks in the lysosome's low pH. It was used in the calicheamicin ADCs, but is too leaky for most modern designs.","tags":"","route":"/terms/hydrazone/"},{"id":"val-ala","kind":"term","name":"Val-Ala dipeptide","aka":"valine-alanine linker","tldr":"The Val-Ala dipeptide linker is easier to manufacture and less prone to aggregation than valine-citrulline, and is used with PBD payloads.","tags":"","route":"/terms/val-ala/"},{"id":"mc-non-cleavable","kind":"term","name":"Maleimidocaproyl (mc), non-cleavable","aka":"mc-MMAF","tldr":"The non-cleavable maleimidocaproyl (mc) linker is a tether with no cleavage site: the payload is released only when the antibody is fully digested.","tags":"","route":"/terms/mc-non-cleavable/"},{"id":"hydrophilic-next-gen","kind":"term","name":"Hydrophilic next-generation linkers (TMALIN, Dolaflexin, sulfonyl-pyrimidine, PEG-containing)","aka":"glucuronide linker\nPEGylated linker\nbeta-glucuronidase-cleavable","tldr":"Hydrophilic next-generation linkers have built-in sugars or polyethylene glycol that let ADCs carry more payload without clumping, and they resist efflux pumps.","tags":"","route":"/terms/hydrophilic-next-gen/"},{"id":"nejm","kind":"journal","name":"New England Journal of Medicine","aka":"NEJM\nN Engl J Med\nsrc-nejm","tldr":"NEJM is the most influential medical journal. When a cancer drug trial changes how patients are treated, the paper is usually here, often published the same day it is presented at ASCO, ESMO or ASH.","tags":"","route":"/journals/nejm/"},{"id":"lancet","kind":"journal","name":"The Lancet","aka":"Lancet","tldr":"The Lancet is Britain's leading general medical journal and the other main home of practice-changing cancer trials, with a stronger global-health and policy voice than NEJM.","tags":"","route":"/journals/lancet/"},{"id":"jama","kind":"journal","name":"JAMA","aka":"Journal of the American Medical Association\nJAMA","tldr":"JAMA is the American Medical Association's flagship journal. It is strong on cancer screening, prevention, health-services and patient-reported-outcome research, and on the USPSTF recommendations.","tags":"","route":"/journals/jama/"},{"id":"jama-internal-medicine","kind":"journal","name":"JAMA Internal Medicine","aka":"JAMA Intern Med\nArchives of Internal Medicine","tldr":"JAMA Internal Medicine is the JAMA Network's internal-medicine journal, known for sceptical, evidence-based analyses of overdiagnosis, surrogate endpoints and low-value care in cancer.","tags":"","route":"/journals/jama-internal-medicine/"},{"id":"bmj","kind":"journal","name":"BMJ","aka":"The BMJ\nBritish Medical Journal\nBr Med J","tldr":"The BMJ is the British Medical Association's journal. It published Doll and Hill's 1950 smoking and lung cancer study and remains a leading critic of weak cancer-drug evidence and a champion of open data.","tags":"","route":"/journals/bmj/"},{"id":"annals-internal-medicine","kind":"journal","name":"Annals of Internal Medicine","aka":"Ann Intern Med","tldr":"Annals of Internal Medicine is the American College of Physicians' journal. In cancer it carries the US Preventive Services Task Force evidence reviews and modelling studies that set screening ages and intervals, so primary care doctors read it for screening guidance rather than treatment trials.","tags":"","route":"/journals/annals-internal-medicine/"},{"id":"plos-medicine","kind":"journal","name":"PLOS Medicine","aka":"PLoS Med","tldr":"A fully open-access general medical journal that favours studies with global public-health impact, including cancer epidemiology, screening and health-policy work.","tags":"","route":"/journals/plos-medicine/"},{"id":"lancet-global-health","kind":"journal","name":"The Lancet Global Health","aka":"Lancet Glob Health","tldr":"The Lancet's open-access global-health journal: where the numbers on cancer burden, survival gaps and treatment access in low- and middle-income countries are published.","tags":"","route":"/journals/lancet-global-health/"},{"id":"lancet-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"The Lancet Oncology","aka":"Lancet Oncol\nsrc-lancet-oncology","tldr":"The Lancet Oncology is the leading specialist cancer journal for clinical trials. It publishes phase 2 and 3 trials, long-term follow-up, quality-of-life analyses and global-oncology policy Commissions.","tags":"","route":"/journals/lancet-oncology/"},{"id":"jco","kind":"journal","name":"Journal of Clinical Oncology","aka":"JCO\nJ Clin Oncol\nsrc-jco","tldr":"The Journal of Clinical Oncology is ASCO's flagship journal and the workhorse of clinical oncology, publishing trials, ASCO guidelines, and the abstract supplements for the ASCO Annual Meeting.","tags":"","route":"/journals/jco/"},{"id":"jco-precision-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"JCO Precision Oncology","aka":"JCO PO\nJCO Precis Oncol","tldr":"ASCO's journal for genomics-guided cancer care: tumour sequencing studies, biomarker-selected trials, molecular tumour board case series and real-world genomic data.","tags":"","route":"/journals/jco-precision-oncology/"},{"id":"jco-oncology-practice","kind":"journal","name":"JCO Oncology Practice","aka":"JCO OP\nJournal of Oncology Practice\nJOP","tldr":"ASCO's journal about how cancer care is actually delivered and paid for: financial toxicity, workforce, quality measures, telehealth and payment reform.","tags":"","route":"/journals/jco-oncology-practice/"},{"id":"annals-of-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Annals of Oncology","aka":"Ann Oncol\nsrc-annals-oncology","tldr":"Annals of Oncology is ESMO's flagship journal, publishing European phase 3 trials, the ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines and the abstract books for the ESMO Congress.","tags":"","route":"/journals/annals-of-oncology/"},{"id":"gut","kind":"journal","name":"Gut","aka":"Gut (BMJ)\nsrc-gut","tldr":"Gut is the British Society of Gastroenterology's journal: pancreatic and gastrointestinal cancer surveillance guidelines, cohort and registry studies and the microbiome papers that the pancreatic and colorectal records cite.","tags":"","route":"/journals/gut/","cancers":"pancreatic colorectal"},{"id":"gastroenterology","kind":"journal","name":"Gastroenterology","aka":"Gastroenterology (AGA)\nsrc-gastroenterology","tldr":"Gastroenterology is the American Gastroenterological Association's journal, where much of the pancreatic cancer early-detection literature appears: the new-onset diabetes cohorts and the ENDPAC score, the CAPS surveillance series, CA 19-9 lead-time work and the targeted profiling of thousands of tumours.","tags":"","route":"/journals/gastroenterology/","cancers":"pancreatic colorectal gastric hcc"},{"id":"esmo-open","kind":"journal","name":"ESMO Open","aka":"ESMO Open\nsrc-esmo-open","tldr":"ESMO's fully open-access journal: trials, real-world studies, ESMO position papers and the Living Guidelines updates, all free to read.","tags":"","route":"/journals/esmo-open/"},{"id":"jama-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"JAMA Oncology","aka":"JAMA Oncol\nsrc-jama-oncology","tldr":"JAMA Oncology is the JAMA Network's cancer journal, publishing phase 2 trials, secondary analyses of big trials, epidemiology, health policy and drug-pricing research.","tags":"","route":"/journals/jama-oncology/"},{"id":"jnci","kind":"journal","name":"JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute","aka":"JNCI\nJ Natl Cancer Inst\nsrc-jnci","tldr":"JNCI began as the US National Cancer Institute's own journal and is now independent. It is strong on cancer epidemiology, screening, trial methodology and health disparities.","tags":"","route":"/journals/jnci/"},{"id":"cancer-wiley","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer","aka":"Cancer (ACS journal)","tldr":"Cancer is the American Cancer Society's peer-reviewed clinical journal, publishing across all cancers since 1948 with a focus on epidemiology, survivorship and outcomes.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-wiley/"},{"id":"ca-cancer-journal","kind":"journal","name":"CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians","aka":"CA Cancer J Clin\nCA","tldr":"CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians has the highest impact factor of any journal, because it publishes the annual US and global cancer statistics that almost every cancer paper cites.","tags":"","route":"/journals/ca-cancer-journal/"},{"id":"british-journal-of-cancer","kind":"journal","name":"British Journal of Cancer","aka":"Br J Cancer\nBJC","tldr":"The British Journal of Cancer is Cancer Research UK's journal, published by Springer Nature, covering translational and clinical research and the UK registry epidemiology on risk factors, attributable fractions and deprivation gaps. Its Cancer Research UK epidemiology reports are usually free to read.","tags":"","route":"/journals/british-journal-of-cancer/"},{"id":"european-journal-of-cancer","kind":"journal","name":"European Journal of Cancer","aka":"Eur J Cancer\nEJC","tldr":"The European Journal of Cancer is the Elsevier journal affiliated with the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, publishing phase 2 and 3 trials, EORTC quality-of-life questionnaire work, European guidelines on melanoma and skin cancers, and EUROCARE registry epidemiology. It is the place to look for European trial reports and consensus statements.","tags":"","route":"/journals/european-journal-of-cancer/"},{"id":"jnccn","kind":"journal","name":"Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network","aka":"JNCCN\nJ Natl Compr Canc Netw","tldr":"JNCCN is the NCCN's journal, where the US treatment guidelines are published in article form alongside real-world practice and cost studies.","tags":"","route":"/journals/jnccn/"},{"id":"journal-of-thoracic-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Journal of Thoracic Oncology","aka":"JTO\nJ Thorac Oncol","tldr":"The Journal of Thoracic Oncology is the IASLC's journal and the leading specialist venue for lung cancer and mesothelioma: staging, biomarkers, targeted-therapy and screening research.","tags":"","route":"/journals/journal-of-thoracic-oncology/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"gynecologic-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Gynecologic Oncology","aka":"Gynecol Oncol","tldr":"Gynecologic Oncology is the Society of Gynecologic Oncology's journal for ovarian, endometrial, cervical and vulvar cancer research, surgery and PARP-inhibitor and immunotherapy trials.","tags":"","route":"/journals/gynecologic-oncology/","cancers":"vulvar"},{"id":"european-urology","kind":"journal","name":"European Urology","aka":"Eur Urol","tldr":"European Urology is the European Association of Urology's journal and the most cited urology title, publishing prostate, bladder and kidney cancer trials, the EAU guidelines and PSMA imaging studies.","tags":"","route":"/journals/european-urology/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"european-urology-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"European Urology Oncology","aka":"Eur Urol Oncol","tldr":"European Urology Oncology is the European Association of Urology's dedicated cancer journal for prostate, bladder, kidney and testicular cancer research.","tags":"","route":"/journals/european-urology-oncology/","cancers":"prostate urothelial rcc testicular"},{"id":"neuro-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Neuro-Oncology","aka":"Neuro Oncol","tldr":"Neuro-Oncology is the Society for Neuro-Oncology's journal, publishing glioma, brain metastasis and paediatric brain tumour research, response criteria and the CBTRUS statistical reports.","tags":"","route":"/journals/neuro-oncology/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"radiotherapy-and-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Radiotherapy and Oncology","aka":"Radiother Oncol\nThe Green Journal","tldr":"ESTRO's journal, known as the Green Journal: European radiotherapy trials, contouring guidelines, physics and the evidence base for hypofractionation and proton therapy.","tags":"","route":"/journals/radiotherapy-and-oncology/"},{"id":"ijrobp","kind":"journal","name":"International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics","aka":"IJROBP\nInt J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys\nThe Red Journal","tldr":"The International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, known as the Red Journal, is the American Society for Radiation Oncology's journal and the main US venue for radiotherapy trials, dose and fractionation evidence, physics and toxicity research, including NRG and RTOG cooperative-group results. Access is hybrid.","tags":"","route":"/journals/ijrobp/"},{"id":"journal-of-nuclear-medicine","kind":"journal","name":"Journal of Nuclear Medicine","aka":"JNM\nJ Nucl Med","tldr":"The Journal of Nuclear Medicine is the SNMMI's journal and the core venue for PET tracers and radioligand therapy: PSMA and somatostatin imaging, lutetium and actinium dosimetry, and theranostics trials.","tags":"","route":"/journals/journal-of-nuclear-medicine/"},{"id":"radiology","kind":"journal","name":"Radiology","aka":"Radiology (RSNA)","tldr":"Radiology is the RSNA's flagship journal, publishing imaging research including cancer screening performance, AI image analysis and response assessment.","tags":"","route":"/journals/radiology/"},{"id":"pediatric-blood-and-cancer","kind":"journal","name":"Pediatric Blood & Cancer","aka":"Pediatr Blood Cancer","tldr":"Pediatric Blood & Cancer is the joint ASPHO and SIOP journal for childhood cancer and blood disorders, publishing cooperative-group trial reports, late effects and supportive care.","tags":"","route":"/journals/pediatric-blood-and-cancer/"},{"id":"blood","kind":"journal","name":"Blood","aka":"Blood (ASH)\nsrc-blood","tldr":"Blood is the American Society of Hematology's flagship journal, covering leukaemia, lymphoma, myeloma and transplant biology and trials, plus the ASH annual meeting abstracts.","tags":"","route":"/journals/blood/"},{"id":"blood-advances","kind":"journal","name":"Blood Advances","aka":"Blood Adv","tldr":"ASH's fully open-access journal for haematology, including real-world outcomes, phase 1 and 2 trials and the ASH clinical practice guidelines.","tags":"","route":"/journals/blood-advances/"},{"id":"leukemia","kind":"journal","name":"Leukemia","aka":"Leukemia (Springer Nature)","tldr":"Leukemia is a Springer Nature haematology journal covering leukaemia, lymphoma and myeloma biology and clinical research, including the International Myeloma Working Group consensus papers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/leukemia/"},{"id":"lancet-haematology","kind":"journal","name":"The Lancet Haematology","aka":"Lancet Haematol","tldr":"The Lancet Haematology is the Lancet's haematology journal, publishing phase 2 and 3 trials in leukaemia, lymphoma and myeloma, transplant studies and global-access commentary on blood cancers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/lancet-haematology/"},{"id":"haematologica","kind":"journal","name":"Haematologica","aka":"Haematologica","tldr":"The European Hematology Association's open-access journal, publishing haematological malignancy research from Europe and worldwide with no paywall.","tags":"","route":"/journals/haematologica/"},{"id":"nature","kind":"journal","name":"Nature","aka":"Nature","tldr":"Nature is the world's leading multidisciplinary science journal. The big cancer biology discoveries land here: cancer genome atlases, tumour evolution, new drug targets and early first-in-human results.","tags":"","route":"/journals/nature/"},{"id":"science","kind":"journal","name":"Science","aka":"Science (AAAS)","tldr":"Science is the AAAS flagship and Nature's main rival. It is home to landmark cancer papers on mismatch repair and immunotherapy, cancer genome sequencing, liquid biopsy and the microbiome.","tags":"","route":"/journals/science/"},{"id":"cell","kind":"journal","name":"Cell","aka":"Cell (Cell Press)","tldr":"Cell is the leading molecular and cell biology journal. It published the Hallmarks of Cancer and much of the mechanistic biology behind today's cancer drugs.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cell/"},{"id":"cancer-cell","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer Cell","aka":"Cancer Cell\nsrc-cancer-cell","tldr":"Cancer Cell is Cell Press's dedicated cancer journal, publishing mechanism-rich papers on tumour biology, the microenvironment, resistance and biomarkers, plus the CPTAC proteogenomic atlases.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-cell/"},{"id":"cell-stem-cell","kind":"journal","name":"Cell Stem Cell","aka":"Cell Stem Cell","tldr":"Cell Stem Cell is Cell Press's stem-cell journal. Cancer readers go to it for leukaemia stem cell and clonal haematopoiesis biology, patient-derived organoid biobanks used for drug testing, and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived immune cells for off-the-shelf cell therapies; access is hybrid.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cell-stem-cell/"},{"id":"nature-medicine","kind":"journal","name":"Nature Medicine","aka":"Nat Med\nsrc-nature-medicine","tldr":"Nature Medicine is Nature's clinical journal and now a top venue for early-phase and biomarker-rich cancer trials, medical AI studies and cell-therapy reports.","tags":"","route":"/journals/nature-medicine/"},{"id":"nature-cancer","kind":"journal","name":"Nature Cancer","aka":"Nat Cancer\nsrc-nature-cancer","tldr":"Nature Cancer is Nature's cancer-specific research journal, launched in 2020, spanning basic biology to translational and clinical cancer studies.","tags":"","route":"/journals/nature-cancer/"},{"id":"nature-reviews-cancer","kind":"journal","name":"Nature Reviews Cancer","aka":"Nat Rev Cancer","tldr":"Commissioned expert reviews on cancer biology. The place to start when learning a new area of tumour biology, from metabolism to metastasis.","tags":"","route":"/journals/nature-reviews-cancer/"},{"id":"nature-reviews-clinical-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology","aka":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol","tldr":"Commissioned clinical reviews for oncologists: treatment landscapes, biomarker strategies and trial-design critique, with the highest impact factor of any oncology journal.","tags":"","route":"/journals/nature-reviews-clinical-oncology/"},{"id":"nature-reviews-drug-discovery","kind":"journal","name":"Nature Reviews Drug Discovery","aka":"Nat Rev Drug Discov","tldr":"Nature Reviews Drug Discovery is Springer Nature's monthly review journal on how drugs are discovered and developed. Its News and Analysis pieces are the usual source for the pipeline, clinical success-rate and attrition statistics quoted about oncology development, so investors and policy analysts read it as much as scientists.","tags":"","route":"/journals/nature-reviews-drug-discovery/"},{"id":"nature-genetics","kind":"journal","name":"Nature Genetics","aka":"Nat Genet","tldr":"Nature Genetics is the top genetics journal, publishing cancer genome-wide association studies, polygenic risk scores, cancer gene discovery and mutational-signature work.","tags":"","route":"/journals/nature-genetics/"},{"id":"nature-biotechnology","kind":"journal","name":"Nature Biotechnology","aka":"Nat Biotechnol","tldr":"Nature Biotechnology is the leading biotechnology journal, covering new sequencing and single-cell methods, CAR-T and gene-editing engineering, ADC and protein design, plus biotech industry analysis.","tags":"","route":"/journals/nature-biotechnology/"},{"id":"nature-communications","kind":"journal","name":"Nature Communications","aka":"Nat Commun","tldr":"Springer Nature's large fully open-access multidisciplinary journal, carrying a high volume of cancer genomics, immunology, AI and translational papers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/nature-communications/"},{"id":"science-translational-medicine","kind":"journal","name":"Science Translational Medicine","aka":"Sci Transl Med","tldr":"Science Translational Medicine is AAAS's translational journal, publishing the bench-to-bedside cancer papers on liquid biopsy, CAR-T engineering, tumour-immune biology and new imaging agents.","tags":"","route":"/journals/science-translational-medicine/"},{"id":"cancer-discovery","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer Discovery","aka":"Cancer Discov\nsrc-cancer-discovery","tldr":"AACR's high-profile journal bridging discovery and the clinic: first-in-human targeted-therapy data, resistance mechanisms and translational biology.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-discovery/"},{"id":"cancer-research","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer Research","aka":"Cancer Res\nsrc-cancer-research","tldr":"Cancer Research is AACR's original journal, publishing since 1941: broad basic and preclinical cancer biology, tumour immunology and the AACR annual meeting abstracts.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-research/"},{"id":"clinical-cancer-research","kind":"journal","name":"Clinical Cancer Research","aka":"Clin Cancer Res\nCCR\nsrc-clinical-cancer-research","tldr":"AACR's clinical journal: phase 1 dose-escalation trials, biomarker studies, pharmacodynamics and the FDA approval summaries written by agency reviewers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/clinical-cancer-research/"},{"id":"cancer-immunology-research","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer Immunology Research","aka":"Cancer Immunol Res","tldr":"AACR's tumour immunology journal: mechanisms of immune response and escape, checkpoint and cell-therapy biology and immune biomarkers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-immunology-research/"},{"id":"molecular-cancer-therapeutics","kind":"journal","name":"Molecular Cancer Therapeutics","aka":"Mol Cancer Ther\nMCT","tldr":"AACR's preclinical therapeutics journal: where new small molecules, ADCs and combination strategies are first characterised in cells and mice.","tags":"","route":"/journals/molecular-cancer-therapeutics/"},{"id":"cancer-epidemiology-biomarkers-prevention","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention","aka":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev\nCEBP","tldr":"AACR's epidemiology and prevention journal: risk factors, screening, early-detection biomarkers and cancer disparities.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-epidemiology-biomarkers-prevention/"},{"id":"jitc","kind":"journal","name":"Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer","aka":"JITC\nJ Immunother Cancer","tldr":"SITC's fully open-access journal: checkpoint-inhibitor and cell-therapy trials, immune-related toxicity management guidelines and immunotherapy biomarkers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/jitc/"},{"id":"jci","kind":"journal","name":"Journal of Clinical Investigation","aka":"JCI\nJ Clin Invest","tldr":"The Journal of Clinical Investigation is a century-old physician-scientist journal, free to read, publishing mechanistic disease biology including tumour immunology, metabolism and early CAR-T science.","tags":"","route":"/journals/jci/"},{"id":"genes-and-development","kind":"journal","name":"Genes & Development","aka":"Genes Dev\nGenes and Development","tldr":"A Cold Spring Harbor molecular biology journal where much of the foundational work on oncogenes, tumour suppressors, senescence and cancer gene regulation was published.","tags":"","route":"/journals/genes-and-development/"},{"id":"pnas","kind":"journal","name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","aka":"PNAS\nProc Natl Acad Sci U S A","tldr":"PNAS is the US National Academy of Sciences' weekly multidisciplinary journal, free to read six months after publication. Its cancer landmarks include the early oncogene and tumour-suppressor papers, the first PROTAC concept paper and the Iwai and Honjo paper showing that tumours use PD-L1 to escape T cells.","tags":"","route":"/journals/pnas/"},{"id":"elife","kind":"journal","name":"eLife","aka":"eLife","tldr":"A non-profit open-access life-science journal backed by HHMI, Wellcome and the Max Planck Society, known for its reviewed-preprint publishing model.","tags":"","route":"/journals/elife/"},{"id":"cancers-mdpi","kind":"journal","name":"Cancers","aka":"Cancers (Basel)","tldr":"A high-volume open-access oncology journal from MDPI publishing thousands of papers a year across basic, translational and clinical cancer research.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancers-mdpi/"},{"id":"clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics","kind":"journal","name":"Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics","aka":"Clin Pharmacol Ther\nCPT","tldr":"Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics is the ASCPT journal for dose optimisation, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions and pharmacogenomics, increasingly central to how oncology doses are chosen after FDA's Project Optimus.","tags":"","route":"/journals/clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics/"},{"id":"lancet-digital-health","kind":"journal","name":"The Lancet Digital Health","aka":"Lancet Digit Health","tldr":"The Lancet's open-access digital-health journal: AI diagnostics, pathology and radiology algorithms, prediction models and the reporting standards for them.","tags":"","route":"/journals/lancet-digital-health/"},{"id":"nejm-evidence","kind":"journal","name":"NEJM Evidence","aka":"NEJM Evid","tldr":"NEJM Group's newer journal for clinical trials and trial methodology, publishing rigorous randomised studies that fall just outside the parent journal's remit.","tags":"","route":"/journals/nejm-evidence/"},{"id":"medrxiv","kind":"journal","name":"medRxiv","aka":"medRxiv\nsrc-medrxiv","tldr":"medRxiv is the preprint server for medicine and health sciences. Clinical cancer studies appear here weeks or months before journal publication, unreviewed.","tags":"","route":"/journals/medrxiv/"},{"id":"biorxiv","kind":"journal","name":"bioRxiv","aka":"bioRxiv\nsrc-biorxiv","tldr":"bioRxiv is the preprint server for biology. Most cancer genomics, immunology and computational papers now appear here before the journal version.","tags":"","route":"/journals/biorxiv/"},{"id":"cell-term","kind":"term","name":"Cell","aka":"cells\ncellular","tldr":"The smallest living unit of the body. You are made of roughly 30 trillion of them, and cancer begins when one of them starts dividing when it should not.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cell-term/"},{"id":"cell-membrane","kind":"term","name":"Cell membrane","aka":"cell membranes\nplasma membrane\ncell surface\ncell-surface\nsurface of the cell\nmembrane-bound","tldr":"The oily outer skin of a cell. Most drugs and antibodies act at this boundary, either by binding to proteins sticking out of it or by slipping through it.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cell-membrane/"},{"id":"nucleus","kind":"term","name":"Nucleus","aka":"cell nucleus","tldr":"The compartment at the centre of a cell that holds the DNA, like a library that keeps the master copies of every instruction the cell might need.","tags":"","route":"/terms/nucleus/"},{"id":"dna-term","kind":"term","name":"DNA","aka":"deoxyribonucleic acid\ndouble helix\ngenetic code\ngenome","tldr":"The long molecule that stores the instructions for building and running a cell, written in a four-letter chemical alphabet. Cancer is fundamentally a disease of damaged DNA.","tags":"","route":"/terms/dna-term/"},{"id":"rna","kind":"term","name":"RNA","aka":"messenger RNA\nmRNA\ntranscript\ntranscripts\ntranscription","tldr":"A working copy of a gene, made when the cell needs to use it. If DNA is the master library, RNA is the photocopy taken to the workshop.","tags":"","route":"/terms/rna/"},{"id":"gene","kind":"term","name":"Gene","aka":"genes\ngenetic","tldr":"A stretch of DNA that holds the recipe for one protein (or one working RNA). Humans have about 20,000, and cancer typically involves a handful of them going wrong.","tags":"","route":"/terms/gene/"},{"id":"chromosome","kind":"term","name":"Chromosome","aka":"chromosomes\nchromosomal","tldr":"One of the 46 long bundles into which a cell's DNA is packed. Cancer cells often have broken, missing, or extra chromosomes.","tags":"","route":"/terms/chromosome/"},{"id":"protein","kind":"term","name":"Protein","aka":"proteins","tldr":"The molecular machines that do almost everything in a cell: receive signals, copy DNA, build structures, digest food. Most cancer drugs work by binding to one specific protein.","tags":"","route":"/terms/protein/"},{"id":"enzyme","kind":"term","name":"Enzyme","aka":"enzymes\nenzymatic","tldr":"A protein that speeds up a specific chemical reaction by binding its substrate in an active-site pocket. Kinases, PARP and topoisomerases are enzymes and drug targets, because a small molecule lodged in the active site stops the reaction.","tags":"","route":"/terms/enzyme/"},{"id":"gene-expression","kind":"term","name":"Gene expression","aka":"expression\nexpressed\nexpresses\nexpression level\nexpression levels\nhighly expressed\nlow expression\nhigh expression","tldr":"How much a gene is switched on, and therefore how much of its protein a cell makes. Cancer cells often express the wrong genes at the wrong levels.","tags":"","route":"/terms/gene-expression/"},{"id":"mutation","kind":"term","name":"Mutation","aka":"mutations\nmutated\nmutant\nmutants\ngenetic mutation\npoint mutation\npoint mutations\nvariant\nvariants\ngenetic alteration\ngenetic alterations\nalteration\nalterations","tldr":"A change in the DNA sequence, like a typo in a recipe. Most are harmless; a few change a protein in a way that helps a cell grow out of control.","tags":"","route":"/terms/mutation/"},{"id":"driver-mutation","kind":"term","name":"Driver mutation","aka":"driver mutations\ndriver\ndrivers\noncogenic driver\noncogenic drivers\ndriver alteration\ndriver alterations\ndriver gene\ndriver genes\npassenger mutation\npassenger mutations\ndriver mutation\noncogene-driven\ndriver-positive\ndriver-negative\nactionable\nactionable mutation\nactionable alteration\ntargetable\ntargetable driver\ntargetable mutation\nmolecularly selected\nbiomarker-driven\nactionable alterations\ntargetable drivers\ntargetable mutations\ndriver-mutation-term","tldr":"One of the few mutations in a tumour that actually causes it to grow. Everything else is a passenger along for the ride. Drivers are the mutations drugs are aimed at.","tags":"","route":"/terms/driver-mutation/"},{"id":"amplification","kind":"term","name":"Amplification","aka":"amplifications\namplified\ngene amplification\ncopy number gain\ncopy-number gain\ncopy number\ncopy-number\nextra copies","tldr":"When a cell carries extra copies of a gene, sometimes 50 or more instead of the normal two, so it makes far too much of that protein. HER2 amplification in breast cancer is the classic example and is what trastuzumab exploits; MET amplification is a common escape route from EGFR inhibitors in lung cancer.","tags":"","route":"/terms/amplification/"},{"id":"overexpression","kind":"term","name":"Overexpression","aka":"overexpressed\noverexpresses\nover-expression\nover-expressed\noverexpressing\nover-expressing\nabundant on\noverexpress","tldr":"When a cell makes much more of a particular protein than normal cells do. Drugs that home in on that protein can then hit the tumour harder than healthy tissue.","tags":"","route":"/terms/overexpression/"},{"id":"deletion","kind":"term","name":"Deletion","aka":"deletions\ndeleted\ngene deletion\nhomozygous deletion\ncopy number loss\ncopy-number loss\nexon 19 deletion\nexon 19 deletions","tldr":"When a piece of DNA is missing, from a few letters to an entire gene. Deleting a tumour suppressor gene removes one of the cell's brakes.","tags":"","route":"/terms/deletion/"},{"id":"oncogene","kind":"term","name":"Oncogene","aka":"oncogenes\noncogenic\nproto-oncogene\nproto-oncogenes","tldr":"A gene that, when over-activated by mutation or extra copies, pushes a cell to grow and divide. Think of an accelerator pedal stuck to the floor.","tags":"","route":"/terms/oncogene/"},{"id":"tumour-suppressor-gene","kind":"term","name":"Tumour suppressor gene","aka":"tumour suppressor\ntumour suppressors\ntumor suppressor\ntumor suppressors\ntumor suppressor gene\ntumour suppressor genes\ntumor suppressor genes\ntumour-suppressor\ntumor-suppressor","tldr":"A gene whose normal job is to stop cells dividing or to make damaged cells die. Losing it removes a brake, so the cell can grow unchecked even without a stuck accelerator.","tags":"","route":"/terms/tumour-suppressor-gene/"},{"id":"receptor","kind":"term","name":"Receptor","aka":"receptors\nsurface receptor\nsurface receptors\ncell-surface receptor\ncell-surface receptors\nreceptor tyrosine kinase\nreceptor tyrosine kinases\nRTK\nRTKs","tldr":"A protein, usually on the cell surface, that catches a specific signal molecule from outside and relays the message inside, like a doorbell wired to the cell's controls.","tags":"","route":"/terms/receptor/"},{"id":"ligand","kind":"term","name":"Ligand","aka":"ligands\nbinding partner","tldr":"The molecule that fits into a receptor and switches it on: growth factors, hormones and cytokines are all ligands. Cancers make their own ligands or mutate receptors so none is needed, and some drugs act on the ligand itself, as bevacizumab does by soaking up VEGF.","tags":"","route":"/terms/ligand/"},{"id":"growth-factor","kind":"term","name":"Growth factor","aka":"growth factors\ngrowth-factor\ngrowth-factors\nepidermal growth factor\nvascular endothelial growth factor","tldr":"A protein released by one cell that tells nearby cells to grow, divide or survive. Cancers often make their own or become hypersensitive to it.","tags":"","route":"/terms/growth-factor/"},{"id":"growth-signal","kind":"term","name":"Growth signal","aka":"growth signals\ngrowth-signal\ngrowth-signals\ngrowth signalling\ngrowth signaling\ngrowth-signalling\ngrowth-signaling\nproliferative signal\nproliferative signals\nproliferative signalling\nproliferative signaling\npro-growth signal\npro-growth signals\nsignal to grow\ngrow and divide","tldr":"The instruction a cell receives to grow and divide. Normal cells wait for it; cancer cells fake it, so they keep dividing whether or not the body wants more of them.","tags":"","route":"/terms/growth-signal/"},{"id":"signalling-pathway","kind":"term","name":"Signalling pathway","aka":"signalling pathways\nsignaling pathway\nsignaling pathways\npathway\npathways\nsignalling cascade\nsignaling cascade\nsignal transduction\ncell signalling\ncell signaling\nintracellular signalling\nintracellular signaling","tldr":"A chain of proteins that passes a message from the cell surface to the nucleus, each one switching on the next like a relay race. Cancer drugs try to break a link in the chain.","tags":"","route":"/terms/signalling-pathway/"},{"id":"downstream","kind":"term","name":"Downstream and upstream","aka":"downstream\nupstream\ndownstream of\nupstream of\ndownstream signalling\ndownstream signaling\ndownstream effector\ndownstream effectors\ndownstream target\ndownstream targets","tldr":"Position in a signalling chain: upstream proteins send the message, downstream proteins receive it. A mutation downstream of a drug's target can make the drug useless.","tags":"","route":"/terms/downstream/"},{"id":"kinase","kind":"term","name":"Kinase","aka":"kinases\ntyrosine kinase\ntyrosine kinases\nprotein kinase\nprotein kinases\nkinase domain\ntyrosine kinase inhibitor\ntyrosine kinase inhibitors\nTKI\nTKIs","tldr":"An enzyme that switches other proteins on by sticking a phosphate group onto them. Cancer signalling runs on kinases, and kinase inhibitors are the biggest class of targeted drugs.","tags":"","route":"/terms/kinase/"},{"id":"phosphorylation","kind":"term","name":"Phosphorylation","aka":"phosphorylated\nphosphorylates\nphosphate group\nphosphate groups\ndephosphorylation\nphospho-\nphosphorylate","tldr":"Attaching a small phosphate tag to a protein, which changes its shape and switches it on or off. It is the cell's main way of passing signals from one protein to the next.","tags":"","route":"/terms/phosphorylation/"},{"id":"inhibitor","kind":"term","name":"Inhibitor","aka":"inhibitors\ninhibits\ninhibited\ninhibition\ninhibiting\nblocker\nblockers\nblockade\nsmall-molecule inhibitor\nsmall-molecule inhibitors\nsmall molecule inhibitor\nsmall molecule inhibitors","tldr":"A drug that blocks a specific protein from doing its job, usually by lodging in the pocket the protein needs to work. Most targeted cancer drugs are named after what they inhibit.","tags":"","route":"/terms/inhibitor/"},{"id":"agonist-antagonist","kind":"term","name":"Agonist and antagonist","aka":"agonist\nagonists\nantagonist\nantagonists\nreceptor agonist\nreceptor antagonist\nreceptor agonists","tldr":"An agonist switches a receptor on, imitating the natural signal; an antagonist sits in the receptor and blocks it without switching it on. Cancer medicine uses both.","tags":"","route":"/terms/agonist-antagonist/"},{"id":"antibody","kind":"term","name":"Antibody","aka":"antibodies\nimmunoglobulin\nimmunoglobulins\nIgG\ntherapeutic antibody\ntherapeutic antibodies\nantibody-based\nantibody drug\nantibody drugs","tldr":"A Y-shaped protein the immune system makes to grab onto one specific target. Manufactured antibodies are now a cornerstone of cancer treatment, either blocking a protein or delivering a payload to it.","tags":"","route":"/terms/antibody/"},{"id":"antigen","kind":"term","name":"Antigen","aka":"antigens\ntumour antigen\ntumour antigens\ntumor antigen\ntumor antigens\ntarget antigen\ntarget antigens\nantigenic\ntumour-associated antigen\ntumour-associated antigens\ntumor-associated antigen\ntumor-associated antigens\nantigen-negative\nantigen loss","tldr":"Anything an antibody or immune cell can recognise, typically a protein on a cell's surface. In cancer, an antigen is the flag that tells a drug or an immune cell 'this is the cell to attack'.","tags":"","route":"/terms/antigen/"},{"id":"epitope","kind":"term","name":"Epitope","aka":"epitopes\nbinding site\nbinding sites\nbinding domain\nbinding domains","tldr":"The exact small patch on an antigen that an antibody or T cell actually grips, like the specific spot on a door handle a hand grabs. Two antibodies can bind the same protein at different epitopes.","tags":"","route":"/terms/epitope/"},{"id":"monoclonal","kind":"term","name":"Monoclonal","aka":"monoclonal antibody\nmonoclonal antibodies\nmAb\nmAbs\nmonoclonals","tldr":"Made from a single clone of cells, so every antibody molecule in the vial is identical and binds exactly the same spot. All therapeutic antibodies are monoclonal.","tags":"","route":"/terms/monoclonal/"},{"id":"cell-cycle","kind":"term","name":"Cell cycle","aka":"cell-cycle\ncell cycle arrest\ncell-cycle arrest\nG1 phase\nS phase\nG2 phase\nM phase\nmitosis\nmitotic","tldr":"The ordered sequence a cell goes through to copy its DNA and split in two, with checkpoints along the way where it pauses to check for damage. Cancer cells run through the checkpoints.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cell-cycle/"},{"id":"cell-division","kind":"term","name":"Cell division","aka":"cell divisions\ndivide\ndividing\ndivides\ndividing cells\nrapidly dividing\nfast-dividing\nreplication\nreplicating\ncell replication","tldr":"One cell splitting into two identical daughters. Tissues need it for growth and repair; cancer is cell division that no longer stops.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cell-division/"},{"id":"proliferation","kind":"term","name":"Proliferation","aka":"proliferate\nproliferating\nproliferative\ncell proliferation\nanti-proliferative\nantiproliferative\nKi-67\nKi67\nproliferates","tldr":"Rapid multiplication of cells. A tumour's proliferation rate, often measured by the marker Ki-67, tells you how fast it is growing and how it may respond to treatment.","tags":"","route":"/terms/proliferation/"},{"id":"differentiation","kind":"term","name":"Differentiation","aka":"differentiated\nwell-differentiated\npoorly differentiated\npoorly-differentiated\nundifferentiated\ndedifferentiation\ndedifferentiated\nde-differentiation\nlineage\nlineage plasticity\ncell of origin","tldr":"How closely a cancer cell still resembles the mature, specialised tissue it came from. Well-differentiated tumours look like their parent tissue and tend to behave better; poorly differentiated ones look primitive and grow faster.","tags":"","route":"/terms/differentiation/","cancers":"prostate nsclc sclc"},{"id":"stem-cell","kind":"term","name":"Stem cell","aka":"stem cells\nstem-cell\nstem-cells\ncancer stem cell\ncancer stem cells\nhaematopoietic stem cell\nhematopoietic stem cell\nstem cell transplant\nstem-cell transplant\nbone marrow transplant\nhaematopoietic stem cells\nhematopoietic stem cells","tldr":"A cell that can both copy itself indefinitely and produce the specialised cells of a tissue. Cancers may be sustained by a small population of stem-like cells that survive treatment and regrow the tumour.","tags":"","route":"/terms/stem-cell/"},{"id":"apoptosis","kind":"term","name":"Apoptosis","aka":"apoptotic\nprogrammed cell death\ncell death\npro-apoptotic\nanti-apoptotic\nundergo apoptosis\ninduce apoptosis\ninduces apoptosis\ntriggers apoptosis","tldr":"The cell's built-in self-destruct programme, which tidily dismantles a damaged or unwanted cell without alarming its neighbours. Cancer cells disable it by mutating TP53 or overproducing BCL-2; chemotherapy and radiation work largely by inflicting enough damage to trigger it, and venetoclax removes the BCL-2 shield directly.","tags":"","route":"/terms/apoptosis/"},{"id":"necrosis","kind":"term","name":"Necrosis","aka":"necrotic\ntumour necrosis\ntumor necrosis\nnecrotic core","tldr":"Messy, uncontrolled cell death, where the cell bursts and spills its contents. In tumours it usually means cells have outgrown their blood supply and starved.","tags":"","route":"/terms/necrosis/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"angiogenesis","kind":"term","name":"Angiogenesis","aka":"angiogenic\nanti-angiogenic\nantiangiogenic\nanti-angiogenesis\nnew blood vessels\nblood vessel growth\nneovascularisation\nneovascularization\ntumour vasculature\ntumor vasculature\nvascularised\nvascularized\nanti-angiogenics","tldr":"The growth of new blood vessels. A tumour bigger than a pinhead needs its own blood supply and sends out signals (mainly VEGF) to recruit one; anti-angiogenic drugs cut that supply.","tags":"","route":"/terms/angiogenesis/"},{"id":"benign-vs-malignant","kind":"term","name":"Benign versus malignant","aka":"benign\nmalignant\nmalignancy\nmalignancies\nbenign tumour\nbenign tumours\nbenign tumor\nbenign tumors\nmalignant tumour\nmalignant tumours\nmalignant tumor\nmalignant tumors\nnon-cancerous\nnoncancerous\ncancerous","tldr":"A benign tumour grows but stays put and does not invade; a malignant tumour invades surrounding tissue and can spread. Only malignant tumours are cancer.","tags":"","route":"/terms/benign-vs-malignant/"},{"id":"primary-tumour","kind":"term","name":"Primary tumour","aka":"primary tumours\nprimary tumor\nprimary tumors\nprimary site\nprimary cancer\nthe primary\nsite of origin\nunknown primary\ncancer of unknown primary\nsecondary tumour\nsecondary tumours\nsecondaries\nprimary cancers","tldr":"The original tumour where a cancer started. Cancer is named after this site for life: a breast cancer that spreads to the liver is still breast cancer, not liver cancer.","tags":"","route":"/terms/primary-tumour/"},{"id":"metastasis","kind":"term","name":"Metastasis","aka":"metastases\nmetastatic\nmetastasise\nmetastasize\nmetastasised\nmetastasized\nmetastasising\nmetastasizing\ndistant spread\nspread to\nsecondary cancer\nsecondary cancers\nstage IV\nstage 4\nadvanced cancer\nadvanced disease\nmetastatic disease\nadvanced cancers","tldr":"Cancer that has spread from where it started to distant parts of the body, travelling through the blood or lymph. Metastasis is why staging scans look at the whole body, and the setting in which most new cancer drugs are approved first.","tags":"","route":"/terms/metastasis/"},{"id":"lesion","kind":"term","name":"Lesion","aka":"lesions\ntarget lesion\ntarget lesions\nnodule\nnodules\nspot on the scan","tldr":"A doctor's neutral word for any abnormal patch of tissue seen on a scan or examination: a lump, a nodule, a shadow. It may or may not be cancer until a biopsy says so.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lesion/"},{"id":"carcinoma","kind":"term","name":"Carcinoma","aka":"carcinomas\nepithelial cancer\nepithelial cancers\nepithelial\nepithelium","tldr":"Cancer of the epithelium, the lining tissue that covers surfaces and forms glands. Around 85% of cancers are carcinomas, including breast, lung, colon, prostate and skin cancers.","tags":"","route":"/terms/carcinoma/"},{"id":"adenocarcinoma","kind":"term","name":"Adenocarcinoma","aka":"adenocarcinomas\nglandular\nadenoma\nadenomas\nadeno\nductal adenocarcinoma\nmucinous adenocarcinoma\nsignet ring\nsignet-ring\ninvasive lobular carcinoma\nlobular\nductal\nadenocarcinoma-term","tldr":"A carcinoma arising from gland-forming cells, the kind that make mucus, milk, digestive juices or hormones. The most common type of breast, lung, colon, prostate, pancreas and stomach cancer.","tags":"","route":"/terms/adenocarcinoma/","cancers":"nsclc colorectal pancreatic prostate gastric esophageal"},{"id":"squamous-cell-carcinoma","kind":"term","name":"Squamous cell carcinoma","aka":"squamous\nsquamous cell\nsquamous carcinoma\nsquamous carcinomas\nsquamous cell carcinomas\nSCC\nnon-squamous\nnonsquamous\nsquamous-cell\nsquamous histology\nepidermoid\nsquamous-cell-carcinoma-term","tldr":"A carcinoma arising from the flat, layered cells that line surfaces exposed to wear: skin, mouth, throat, oesophagus, cervix, the larger airways. Often linked to tobacco, sun or HPV.","tags":"","route":"/terms/squamous-cell-carcinoma/","cancers":"head-and-neck esophageal cervical nsclc bowens-disease"},{"id":"sarcoma-type","kind":"term","name":"Sarcoma (tissue type)","aka":"sarcomas\nsoft-tissue sarcoma\nsoft tissue sarcoma\nbone sarcoma\nconnective tissue cancer\nmesenchymal\nbone sarcomas\nsoft-tissue sarcomas","tldr":"Cancer of the body's connective and supporting tissues: bone, muscle, fat, cartilage, blood vessels, fibrous tissue. Rare (about 1% of adult cancers) but relatively common in children.","tags":"","route":"/terms/sarcoma-type/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"lymphoma-type","kind":"term","name":"Lymphoma (tissue type)","aka":"lymphomas\nlymphoid malignancy\nlymphoid malignancies\nHodgkin\nnon-Hodgkin\nB-cell lymphoma\nB-cell lymphomas\nT-cell lymphoma\nT-cell lymphomas","tldr":"Cancer of lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system, usually growing as masses in lymph nodes, spleen or other organs. It is divided into Hodgkin lymphoma and the non-Hodgkin lymphomas, most of which arise from B cells and keep surface markers such as CD20 that antibodies, ADCs and CAR-T can target.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphoma-type/","cancers":"dlbcl hodgkin-lymphoma cll"},{"id":"leukaemia-type","kind":"term","name":"Leukaemia (tissue type)","aka":"leukaemias\nleukemia\nleukemias\nleukemic\nleukaemic\nblood cancer\nblood cancers\nhaematological malignancy\nhaematological malignancies\nhematologic malignancy\nhematologic malignancies\nhaematological cancer\nhaematological cancers\nliquid tumour\nliquid tumours\nacute leukaemia\nchronic leukaemia\nacute leukaemias\nhaematologic malignancies\nhaematologic malignancy","tldr":"Cancer of the blood-forming cells in the bone marrow, which flood the blood with immature or abnormal white cells and crowd out normal blood production. It has no single lump to remove.","tags":"","route":"/terms/leukaemia-type/","cancers":"aml all-leukemia cll multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"bone-marrow","kind":"term","name":"Bone marrow","aka":"marrow\nbone-marrow\nmarrow suppression\nmyelosuppression\nmyelosuppressive\nblood counts\nblood count\nlow blood counts\nneutropenia\nneutropenic\nanaemia\nanemia\nthrombocytopenia","tldr":"The soft tissue inside bones where all blood cells are made. Chemotherapy damages it, causing the low blood counts that limit how much treatment a patient can take.","tags":"","route":"/terms/bone-marrow/"},{"id":"tumour-grade","kind":"term","name":"Grade","aka":"tumour grade\ntumor grade\ngrading\nhigh-grade\nlow-grade\nhigh grade\nlow grade\nintermediate-grade\nGleason\nGleason score","tldr":"How abnormal the cancer cells look under the microscope, from grade 1 (close to normal, slow) to grade 3 or 4 (wildly abnormal, fast). Grade is about behaviour; stage is about extent.","tags":"","route":"/terms/tumour-grade/","cancers":"prostate breast-hr-positive glioblastoma"},{"id":"cancer-stage","kind":"term","name":"Stage","aka":"stages\nstaging\nstage I\nstage II\nstage III\nstage 1\nstage 2\nstage 3\nearly-stage\nearly stage\nlate-stage\nlate stage\nlocally advanced\nlocalised\nlocalized\nregional spread\nstaged\nrestaging\nupstaged\ndownstaged\nstage IA\nstage IB\nstage IIB\nstage I-III\nstage II-III","tldr":"How far a cancer has spread, from stage I (small and confined) to stage IV (spread to distant organs). Stage is the single strongest guide to treatment and prognosis.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cancer-stage/"},{"id":"in-situ","kind":"term","name":"In situ","aka":"carcinoma in situ\nin-situ\nductal carcinoma in situ\nDCIS\nstage 0\npre-invasive\npreinvasive\npre-cancer\nprecancer\nprecancerous\npre-cancerous\npremalignant\npre-malignant\ndysplasia\nhigh-grade dysplasia\nprecancers","tldr":"Latin for 'in place': abnormal cells that look like cancer but have not yet broken through the layer they started in. Stage 0. Not yet able to spread, and usually curable by removing it.","tags":"","route":"/terms/in-situ/"},{"id":"invasive-cancer","kind":"term","name":"Invasive","aka":"invasion\ninvasive cancer\ninvasive cancers\ninvasive disease\ninvasive carcinoma\ninvasive tumour\ninvasive tumor\ninvades\ninvading\nlocally invasive\ninfiltrating\ninfiltrative\nnon-invasive cancer","tldr":"Cancer that has grown through the boundary of the tissue it started in and into the surrounding tissue. This is the step that separates true cancer from in situ disease and gives it access to blood and lymph vessels.","tags":"","route":"/terms/invasive-cancer/"},{"id":"lymph-node","kind":"term","name":"Lymph node","aka":"lymph nodes\nlymph-node\nlymph-nodes\nnode-positive\nnode-negative\nnodal\nnodal involvement\nnodal disease\nlymphatic\nlymphatics\nlymphatic system\nsentinel lymph node\nsentinel node\naxillary nodes\nregional nodes\nregional lymph nodes","tldr":"Small bean-shaped filters along the lymph vessels where immune cells gather. They are often the first place a cancer spreads, so surgeons check them to see how far the disease has gone.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymph-node/"},{"id":"biopsy","kind":"term","name":"Biopsy","aka":"biopsies\nbiopsied\ntissue sample\ntissue samples\ncore biopsy\nneedle biopsy\ncore needle biopsy\ntissue biopsy\nrebiopsy\nre-biopsy\nsurgical biopsy\nexcisional biopsy\nfine needle aspiration\nFNA","tldr":"Taking a small piece of the suspicious tissue so a pathologist can examine it under the microscope. It is the only way to confirm a cancer diagnosis and to learn its type and markers.","tags":"","route":"/terms/biopsy/"},{"id":"histology","kind":"term","name":"Histology","aka":"histological\nhistologic\nhistopathology\nhistopathological\nhistotype\nhistotypes\nhistological subtype\nhistological subtypes\npathology report\npathology\npathologist\npathologists\nunder the microscope\nH&E\nmicroscopy\nhistologies\nhistologic subtype\nvariant histology\nvariant histologies\nhistological-subtype","tldr":"The study of tissue under the microscope. A cancer's histology is what kind of cells it is made of and how they are arranged, which is how a pathologist names it and grades it.","tags":"","route":"/terms/histology/"},{"id":"biomarker","kind":"term","name":"Biomarker","aka":"biomarkers\nmarker\nmarkers\nmolecular marker\nmolecular markers\npredictive biomarker\npredictive biomarkers\nprognostic biomarker\nprognostic biomarkers\nbiomarker-positive\nbiomarker-negative\nbiomarker-selected\nbiomarker-driven\nbiomarker-defined","tldr":"Anything measurable in the body or tumour that tells you something useful: what kind of cancer it is, how it is likely to behave, or which drug is likely to work.","tags":"","route":"/terms/biomarker/"},{"id":"tumour-marker","kind":"term","name":"Tumour marker","aka":"tumour markers\ntumor marker\ntumor markers\nserum marker\nserum markers\nblood marker\nblood markers\nPSA\nCA-125\nCA125\nCEA\nCA 19-9\nCA19-9\nAFP\nLDH","tldr":"A substance, usually a protein, that a tumour releases into the blood in measurable amounts. Rising or falling levels track whether the cancer is growing or responding, though they are rarely good enough for diagnosis on their own.","tags":"","route":"/terms/tumour-marker/","cancers":"prostate ovarian colorectal pancreatic hcc"},{"id":"genomic-profiling","kind":"term","name":"Genomic profiling","aka":"genomic testing\ngenomic test\ngenomic tests\nmolecular profiling\nmolecular testing\nmolecular test\ntumour sequencing\ntumor sequencing\ntumour profiling\ntumor profiling\ngene panel\ngene panels\npanel testing\npanel sequencing\ngenotyping\ngenotyped\nmutation testing\nsequenced\nsequencing\nmolecular tests","tldr":"Reading the DNA (and sometimes RNA) of a tumour, usually with a panel of a few hundred genes, to list its mutations, fusions and amplifications and match them to approved drugs or trials. Guidelines now require it before first-line treatment in lung, colorectal, breast and prostate cancer, though in several cancer types most tumours still show no actionable finding.","tags":"","route":"/terms/genomic-profiling/"},{"id":"immune-system","kind":"term","name":"Immune system","aka":"immunity\nimmune response\nimmune responses\nimmune cells\nimmune cell\nimmune attack\nimmune recognition\nimmune surveillance\nimmunosurveillance\ninnate immunity\nadaptive immunity\ninnate immune\nadaptive immune\nwhite blood cells\nwhite blood cell\nleukocytes\nlymphocytes\nlymphocyte","tldr":"The body's defence network of cells and molecules that recognises and destroys infected, foreign and abnormal cells. It kills most would-be cancers before they are ever noticed; the ones that survive have learned to hide from it.","tags":"","route":"/terms/immune-system/"},{"id":"t-cell","kind":"term","name":"T cell","aka":"T cells\nT-cell\nT-cells\nT lymphocyte\nT lymphocytes\ncytotoxic T cell\ncytotoxic T cells\nCD8 T cell\nCD8 T cells\nCD8+ T cell\nCD8+ T cells\nCD8+\nCD4+\nhelper T cell\nhelper T cells\nregulatory T cell\nregulatory T cells\nTreg\nTregs\nkiller T cell\nkiller T cells\nT-cell exhaustion\nexhausted T cells","tldr":"The immune system's trained assassins. Each T cell recognises one specific target displayed on a cell's surface and, if the cell is infected or cancerous, kills it. Most immunotherapy is about unleashing them.","tags":"","route":"/terms/t-cell/"},{"id":"b-cell","kind":"term","name":"B cell","aka":"B cells\nB-cell\nB-cells\nB lymphocyte\nB lymphocytes\nplasma cell\nplasma cells\nantibody-producing cells","tldr":"The immune cells that make antibodies. They matter in cancer twice over: as the source of every therapeutic antibody, and as the cells that go wrong in most lymphomas, leukaemias and myeloma.","tags":"","route":"/terms/b-cell/","cancers":"dlbcl cll multiple-myeloma all-leukemia"},{"id":"nk-cell","kind":"term","name":"NK cell","aka":"NK cells\nnatural killer cell\nnatural killer cells\nnatural killer\nNK-cell\nCAR-NK","tldr":"Natural killer cells: fast-acting immune cells that destroy abnormal cells without needing to be trained on a specific target. They specialise in killing cells that have hidden themselves from T cells.","tags":"","route":"/terms/nk-cell/"},{"id":"macrophage","kind":"term","name":"Macrophage","aka":"macrophages\nmyeloid cells\nmyeloid cell\nmonocyte\nmonocytes\nphagocyte\nphagocytes\nphagocytosis","tldr":"Large immune cells that engulf debris, microbes and dead cells and coordinate inflammation. Tumours recruit and retrain them: tumour-associated macrophages can make up half the cells in some tumours, where they feed blood-vessel growth and suppress T cells, and cancer cells display CD47 as a 'don't eat me' signal to avoid being engulfed.","tags":"","route":"/terms/macrophage/"},{"id":"cytokine","kind":"term","name":"Cytokine","aka":"cytokines\ninterleukin\ninterleukins\nIL-2\nIL-6\ninterferon\ninterferons\nchemokine\nchemokines\npro-inflammatory cytokines\ninflammatory cytokines","tldr":"Small proteins immune cells use to talk to each other: alarms, recruitment calls, growth orders and stand-down signals. Some are cancer drugs, and a flood of them is the danger of certain immunotherapies.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cytokine/"},{"id":"inflammation","kind":"term","name":"Inflammation","aka":"inflammatory\ninflamed\nchronic inflammation\nanti-inflammatory\npro-inflammatory\ninflammatory response","tldr":"The body's response to injury or infection: immune cells and fluid rush in, causing redness, heat and swelling. Short bursts heal; long-term smouldering inflammation promotes cancer.","tags":"","route":"/terms/inflammation/"},{"id":"immune-checkpoint","kind":"term","name":"Immune checkpoint","aka":"immune checkpoints\ncheckpoint protein\ncheckpoint proteins\ncheckpoint blockade\nimmune checkpoint blockade\ncheckpoint inhibition\ncheckpoint inhibitor\ncheckpoint inhibitors\nimmune checkpoint inhibitor\nimmune checkpoint inhibitors\nICI\nICIs\nPD-1 blockade\nPD-1/PD-L1\nanti-PD-1\nanti-PD-L1\nanti-CTLA-4\nPD-(L)1","tldr":"Brakes on the immune system that stop T cells attacking healthy tissue. Tumours pull these brakes to protect themselves; checkpoint inhibitor drugs release them so T cells can attack the cancer.","tags":"","route":"/terms/immune-checkpoint/"},{"id":"immunotherapy-term","kind":"term","name":"Immunotherapy","aka":"immunotherapies\nimmuno-oncology\nimmunooncology\nIO\ncancer immunotherapy\nimmune therapy\nimmune-based therapy\nimmune-based therapies\nchemo-immunotherapy\nchemoimmunotherapy\nchemo-IO\nimmune therapies","tldr":"Any treatment that works by getting the patient's own immune system to attack the cancer, rather than attacking the cancer directly. It can produce responses that last for years, but only in some patients.","tags":"","route":"/terms/immunotherapy-term/"},{"id":"chemotherapy-term","kind":"term","name":"Chemotherapy","aka":"chemotherapies\nchemo\ncytotoxic\ncytotoxics\ncytotoxic chemotherapy\ncytotoxic drugs\ncytotoxic drug\ncytotoxic agent\ncytotoxic agents\nchemotherapy regimen\nchemotherapy regimens\nchemo regimen\nplatinum-based chemotherapy\nplatinum doublet\ntaxane\ntaxanes\nanthracycline\nanthracyclines","tldr":"Drugs that kill rapidly dividing cells by damaging their DNA or the machinery of division. Because cancer cells divide fast they are hit hardest, but so are hair, gut lining and bone marrow, which is where the side effects come from.","tags":"","route":"/terms/chemotherapy-term/"},{"id":"targeted-therapy-term","kind":"term","name":"Targeted therapy","aka":"targeted therapies\ntargeted drug\ntargeted drugs\ntargeted treatment\ntargeted treatments\ntargeted agent\ntargeted agents\nmolecularly targeted\nprecision oncology\nprecision medicine\npersonalised medicine\npersonalized medicine\nactionable mutation\nactionable mutations\nactionable\nmatched therapy\ngenotype-directed\nbiomarker-directed","tldr":"Drugs designed to hit a specific molecule the cancer depends on, usually a protein made by a mutated or amplified gene, while leaving normal cells relatively alone. The tumour is tested first to see whether it carries the target.","tags":"","route":"/terms/targeted-therapy-term/"},{"id":"hormone-therapy","kind":"term","name":"Hormone therapy","aka":"hormone therapies\nhormonal therapy\nhormonal therapies\nendocrine therapy\nendocrine therapies\nanti-hormone\nantihormonal\nhormone-sensitive\nhormone sensitive\nhormone-driven\nhormone receptor\nhormone receptors\nhormone-receptor positive\nhormone receptor positive\nhormone-receptor-positive\nHR-positive\nHR+\ncastration\ncastration-resistant\ncastration-sensitive","tldr":"Treatment that starves cancers which grow in response to a hormone, mainly oestrogen in breast cancer and testosterone in prostate cancer, by lowering the hormone or blocking its receptor.","tags":"","route":"/terms/hormone-therapy/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate"},{"id":"radiotherapy","kind":"term","name":"Radiotherapy","aka":"radiation therapy\nradiation treatment\nradiation\nirradiation\nirradiated\nradiotherapy fractions\nfractionation\nhypofractionated\nchemoradiotherapy\nchemoradiation\nradiation oncology\nradiation oncologist\nradiosensitiser\nradiosensitizer\nradiosensitive\nradioresistant\nexternal beam\nradiation oncologists\nradiosensitisers","tldr":"Using high-energy X-rays or particles to damage the DNA of cancer cells in a precisely aimed volume of the body. On its own it cures early prostate, larynx, cervix and skin cancers, it is combined with chemotherapy in head and neck, lung, oesophageal and rectal cancers, and about half of all cancer patients receive it.","tags":"","route":"/terms/radiotherapy/"},{"id":"systemic-vs-local-therapy","kind":"term","name":"Systemic versus local therapy","aka":"systemic therapy\nsystemic therapies\nsystemic treatment\nsystemic treatments\nsystemic\nsystemically\nlocal therapy\nlocal therapies\nlocal treatment\nlocal treatments\nlocoregional\nlocoregional therapy\nlocal control\nlocal-regional\nloco-regional\nmultimodal\nmultimodality\ncombined modality","tldr":"Local therapy (surgery, radiotherapy) treats one place in the body; systemic therapy (drugs given by mouth or vein) travels through the bloodstream and treats the whole body, including cancer cells too small to see.","tags":"","route":"/terms/systemic-vs-local-therapy/"},{"id":"maintenance-therapy","kind":"term","name":"Maintenance therapy","aka":"maintenance\nmaintenance treatment\nmaintenance setting\ncontinuation therapy\nconsolidation\nconsolidation therapy\nswitch maintenance\ncontinuation maintenance\nPARP maintenance\nlenalidomide maintenance\nuntil progression\ntreat to progression\nindefinite therapy\nmaintenance-therapy-term","tldr":"Ongoing, gentler treatment given after the main course has shrunk the cancer, to hold it in check for as long as possible rather than to shrink it further.","tags":"","route":"/terms/maintenance-therapy/","cancers":"ovarian nsclc multiple-myeloma urothelial"},{"id":"palliative-treatment","kind":"term","name":"Palliative","aka":"palliation\npalliative intent\npalliative treatment\npalliative therapy\npalliative chemotherapy\nsymptom control\nsymptom relief\nbest supportive care\nsupportive care\nend-of-life care\nhospice\ncurative intent\ncurative-intent\nwith curative intent\nnon-curative\nincurable","tldr":"Treatment aimed at relieving symptoms and improving quality of life rather than curing the disease. Not the same as end-of-life care: palliative treatments are given alongside anticancer drugs at every stage.","tags":"","route":"/terms/palliative-treatment/"},{"id":"remission","kind":"term","name":"Remission","aka":"remissions\nin remission\ncomplete remission\npartial remission\ndurable remission\ndurable remissions\ncure\ncured\ncurable\nfunctional cure\nno evidence of disease\nNED\ndisease-free","tldr":"When the signs of cancer have shrunk (partial remission) or disappeared entirely (complete remission). It is not the same as cure, because cells too few to detect may remain.","tags":"","route":"/terms/remission/"},{"id":"complete-response","kind":"term","name":"Complete response","aka":"complete responses\nCR\ncomplete responder\ncomplete responders\nradiographic complete response\nclinical complete response\ncCR","tldr":"All detectable signs of the tumour have vanished on scans and examination after treatment. The best result a trial can record for an individual patient, though microscopic disease may remain.","tags":"","route":"/terms/complete-response/"},{"id":"partial-response","kind":"term","name":"Partial response","aka":"partial responses\nresponded\nresponders\nresponder\nnon-responders\nnon-responder\nresponse rate\nresponse rates\ntumour shrinkage\ntumor shrinkage\nshrank\nshrinkage\nresponds to\nresponding","tldr":"The tumours have shrunk substantially (by at least 30% in total diameter) but not disappeared. Together with complete responses it makes up a trial's response rate.","tags":"","route":"/terms/partial-response/"},{"id":"stable-disease","kind":"term","name":"Stable disease","aka":"disease stabilisation\ndisease stabilization\nstabilised\nstabilized\ndisease control\ndisease control rate\nclinical benefit rate\nDCR\nCBR","tldr":"The tumours have neither shrunk enough to count as a response nor grown enough to count as progression. For a slow cancer or a well-tolerated drug, months of stability can be a real benefit.","tags":"","route":"/terms/stable-disease/"},{"id":"progression","kind":"term","name":"Progression","aka":"progressive disease\ndisease progression\nprogressed\nprogresses\nprogressing\non progression\nat progression\nafter progression\npost-progression\nradiographic progression\nprogressed on\ngrowth of the tumour\ntumour growth\ntumor growth","tldr":"The cancer is growing or spreading despite treatment, or after it. Progression usually means the current drug has stopped working and it is time to switch to the next line.","tags":"","route":"/terms/progression/"},{"id":"relapse-recurrence","kind":"term","name":"Recurrence and relapse","aka":"recurrence\nrecurrences\nrecurrent\nrecurred\nrecurs\nrecur\nrelapse\nrelapsed\nrelapses\nrelapsing\nrelapsed/refractory\nrelapsed or refractory\nR/R\nlocal recurrence\ndistant recurrence\nrecurrent disease\nrecurrent cancer\ncame back","tldr":"The cancer has come back after a period in which it could not be detected. 'Recurrence' is the usual word for solid tumours and 'relapse' for blood cancers; they mean the same thing.","tags":"","route":"/terms/relapse-recurrence/"},{"id":"refractory","kind":"term","name":"Refractory","aka":"treatment-refractory\nchemo-refractory\nchemorefractory\nplatinum-refractory\nprimary refractory\nrefractory disease\nrefractory to\ndid not respond\nfailed to respond\nunresponsive\ntreatment-resistant\nheavily pretreated\nheavily pre-treated\npretreated\npre-treated","tldr":"Cancer that does not respond to a treatment at all, or grows straight through it. Distinct from relapse, where the cancer responded first and came back later.","tags":"","route":"/terms/refractory/"},{"id":"duration-of-response","kind":"term","name":"Duration of response","aka":"DoR\ndurable response\ndurable responses\ndurability\nlong-lasting responses\nmedian duration of response","tldr":"How long a tumour stays shrunk once it has responded to a drug. A response that lasts two years is worth far more than one that lasts two months, so this is reported alongside response rate.","tags":"","route":"/terms/duration-of-response/"},{"id":"prognosis","kind":"term","name":"Prognosis","aka":"prognostic\nprognoses\npoor prognosis\ngood prognosis\nfavourable prognosis\nunfavourable prognosis\npoor-prognosis\ngood-prognosis\nprognostic factor\nprognostic factors\nlife expectancy\nsurvival rate\nsurvival rates\n5-year survival\nfive-year survival\n5-year survival rate","tldr":"The expected course of a disease: how likely it is to be cured, how long a person is likely to live, and how they are likely to feel. Always an estimate based on groups of similar patients, never a prediction for one person.","tags":"","route":"/terms/prognosis/"},{"id":"clinical-trial","kind":"term","name":"Clinical trial","aka":"clinical trials\nclinical study\nclinical studies\nenrolled\nenrolment\nenrollment\nenrolling\nrecruiting\ntrial participants\ntrial arm\nexperimental arm\ncontrol arm\ncomparator arm\nsingle-arm\nsingle arm\ninvestigational\ntrial participant","tldr":"A research study that tests a treatment in volunteers under strict rules, to find out whether it is safe and whether it works. Every approved cancer drug went through several.","tags":"","route":"/terms/clinical-trial/"},{"id":"trial-phases","kind":"term","name":"Phase 1, 2 and 3 trials","aka":"phase 1\nphase 2\nphase 3\nphase I\nphase II\nphase III\nphase 1/2\nphase I/II\nphase 2/3\nphase II/III\nphase 4\nphase IV\nfirst-in-human\nfirst in human\ndose-escalation\ndose escalation\ndose-finding\npivotal trial\npivotal trials\npivotal\nregistrational\nconfirmatory trial\nconfirmatory trials\nearly-phase\nearly phase\nlate-phase\nlate phase\nlate-stage trial\nlate-stage trials","tldr":"The three stages a new drug passes through: phase 1 finds a safe dose in a few dozen patients, phase 2 looks for signs of activity in a hundred or so, and phase 3 compares it with the standard treatment in hundreds or thousands.","tags":"","route":"/terms/trial-phases/"},{"id":"randomised-trial","kind":"term","name":"Randomised trial","aka":"randomised\nrandomized\nrandomisation\nrandomization\nrandomly assigned\nrandomised controlled trial\nrandomized controlled trial\nRCT\nRCTs\nrandomised trials\nrandomized trials\nrandomised phase 3\nrandomized phase 3\ncontrolled trial\nhead-to-head\ncontrolled trials\nrandomized trial","tldr":"A trial in which a coin toss (done by computer) decides which treatment each patient gets, so the groups are alike in every way except the treatment. It is the only reliable way to prove a treatment causes a benefit.","tags":"","route":"/terms/randomised-trial/"},{"id":"placebo","kind":"term","name":"Placebo","aka":"placebos\nplacebo-controlled\nplacebo controlled\nplacebo arm\nplacebo group\ndummy pill\nsugar pill\nplacebo effect\nsham","tldr":"An inactive look-alike treatment given to the comparison group in a trial so that neither patients nor doctors can tell who is on the real drug. In cancer trials it is added on top of standard treatment, never given instead of it.","tags":"","route":"/terms/placebo/"},{"id":"blinding","kind":"term","name":"Blinded trial","aka":"blinded\ndouble-blind\ndouble-blinded\ndouble blind\nsingle-blind\nopen-label\nopen label\nunblinded\nunblinding\nblinded review\nblinded independent review","tldr":"Keeping patients (single-blind) or patients and doctors (double-blind) from knowing who is on which treatment, so that hopes and expectations cannot colour the results.","tags":"","route":"/terms/blinding/"},{"id":"endpoint","kind":"term","name":"Endpoint","aka":"endpoints\nend point\nend points\nprimary endpoint\nprimary endpoints\nsecondary endpoint\nsecondary endpoints\nco-primary\ndual primary\nmet its primary endpoint\nprimary outcome\noutcome measure\noutcome measures\nexploratory endpoint\nexploratory endpoints\nstatistically significant\nstatistical significance","tldr":"The specific outcome a trial is designed to measure, fixed in advance: for example how long patients live, or how long before their cancer grows. A trial 'meets its endpoint' when the new treatment beats the comparison on that measure.","tags":"","route":"/terms/endpoint/"},{"id":"surrogate-endpoint","kind":"term","name":"Surrogate endpoint","aka":"surrogate endpoints\nsurrogate\nsurrogates\nsurrogate marker\nsurrogate markers\nsurrogate outcome\nintermediate endpoint\nintermediate endpoints\nsurrogate for survival\nvalidated surrogate\nintermediate clinical endpoint\nearly endpoint\nreasonably likely to predict clinical benefit\ntrial-level surrogacy\npatient-level surrogacy\nsurrogacy\nsurrogate-endpoint-term","tldr":"A quicker, easier measurement used as a stand-in for what really matters. Tumour shrinkage or delayed growth stands in for living longer, on the assumption, not always true, that one leads to the other.","tags":"","route":"/terms/surrogate-endpoint/"},{"id":"hazard-ratio-basics","kind":"term","name":"Reading a hazard ratio","aka":"hazard ratios\nrelative risk\nrisk reduction\nrelative risk reduction\nreduced the risk of\nlower risk of death\nrisk of death or progression\nrisk of progression or death\nrelative risks","tldr":"A hazard ratio of 0.70 means that at any given moment patients on the new treatment had 30% less risk of the event (death, progression) than those on the comparison. It says nothing about how many months that is worth.","tags":"","route":"/terms/hazard-ratio-basics/"},{"id":"median-survival","kind":"term","name":"Median survival","aka":"median overall survival\nmedian OS\nmedian PFS\nmedian progression-free survival\nmedian\nmedian follow-up\nmedian time to\nsurvival curve\nsurvival curves\nKaplan-Meier\nKaplan–Meier\nlandmark analysis\nlong tail","tldr":"The time by which half the patients in a group have died (or, for other endpoints, progressed). It is the midpoint of a spread, not a prediction for anyone: half live longer, some much longer.","tags":"","route":"/terms/median-survival/"},{"id":"confidence-interval","kind":"term","name":"Confidence interval","aka":"confidence intervals\n95% CI\n95% confidence interval\n95%CI\ninterval estimate\nmargin of error","tldr":"The range of values consistent with the trial's data, usually given at 95%. A hazard ratio of 0.70 with an interval of 0.55 to 0.89 means the true effect probably lies somewhere in that range; if the range crossed 1.0 the result would not be statistically significant, and an upper end close to 1.0 signals a fragile result.","tags":"","route":"/terms/confidence-interval/"},{"id":"p-value","kind":"term","name":"P-value","aka":"p-values\np value\np values\np<0.05\np < 0.05\np<0.001\np < 0.001\nsignificance level\ntwo-sided\none-sided\nnominal p\nnominally significant\ndid not reach statistical significance\nnot statistically significant\nnon-significant\nnonsignificant","tldr":"The probability of seeing a difference at least this large if the treatment actually did nothing. Below 0.05 (a 1 in 20 chance) is the conventional threshold for calling a result 'statistically significant'. It measures surprise, not the size of the benefit: a trivial gain in a huge trial can have a tiny p-value.","tags":"","route":"/terms/p-value/"},{"id":"dose","kind":"term","name":"Dose","aka":"doses\ndosing\ndosage\ndosed\ndose level\ndose levels\ndose reduction\ndose reductions\ndose-reduced\ndose interruption\ndose modification\ndose modifications\ndose-limiting\ndose-limiting toxicity\nmaximum tolerated dose\nMTD\nrecommended phase 2 dose\nRP2D\nmg/kg\nmg/m²\nmg/m2\nflat dose\nweight-based\nevery 3 weeks\nevery three weeks\nQ3W\nQ2W\ncycles\ntreatment cycle\ntreatment cycles\ndosing schedule\noptimal dose\ndose optimisation\ndose optimization\nflat doses","tldr":"How much of a drug is given, how often, and for how long. Cancer drugs have long been given at the highest dose a patient can stand, and regulators are now pushing for doses chosen for benefit rather than tolerability.","tags":"","route":"/terms/dose/"},{"id":"half-life","kind":"term","name":"Half-life","aka":"half-lives\nhalf life\nplasma half-life\nelimination half-life\npharmacokinetics\npharmacokinetic\nPK\ncleared from the body\ndrug exposure\npeak concentration\nCmax\nAUC\nsteady state\nsteady-state","tldr":"The time it takes for the amount of a drug in the blood to fall by half. It sets how often a drug must be given: hours to a day for small molecules such as kinase inhibitors, so they are taken daily, and two to four weeks for antibodies, so they are given every three or six weeks.","tags":"","route":"/terms/half-life/"},{"id":"toxicity-grade","kind":"term","name":"Toxicity grade","aka":"toxicity\ntoxicities\ntoxic\ngrade 3\ngrade 4\ngrade 5\ngrade 3-4\ngrade 3/4\ngrade 3 or higher\ngrade ≥3\ngrade 3+\nhigh-grade toxicity\nsevere toxicity\nCTCAE\ntreatment-related\ntreatment-related adverse events\nTRAEs\nTRAE\nserious adverse event\nserious adverse events\nSAE\ndiscontinuation\ndiscontinuation rate\ntreatment discontinuation\ntolerability\ntolerable\nwell tolerated\nwell-tolerated\nsafety profile\nmanageable","tldr":"A 1 to 5 severity scale for side effects: grade 1 mild, grade 2 moderate, grade 3 severe and needing intervention, grade 4 life-threatening, grade 5 fatal. Trials report the percentage of patients with grade 3 or worse.","tags":"","route":"/terms/toxicity-grade/"},{"id":"side-effect-vs-adverse-event","kind":"term","name":"Side effect versus adverse event","aka":"side effect\nside effects\nside-effect\nside-effects\nadverse event\nadverse events\nAE\nAEs\nadverse effect\nadverse effects\nadverse reaction\nadverse reactions\nany-grade\nall-grade\ngrade 1-2\nlow-grade toxicity\nlate effects\nlong-term effects\nlate toxicity\ncumulative toxicity","tldr":"An adverse event is anything bad that happens to a patient during a trial, whether or not the drug caused it; a side effect is a harm the drug is known to cause. Trial tables list adverse events and then judge which were treatment-related.","tags":"","route":"/terms/side-effect-vs-adverse-event/"},{"id":"quality-of-life","kind":"term","name":"Quality of life","aka":"QoL\nHRQoL\nhealth-related quality of life\npatient-reported outcomes\npatient-reported outcome\nPROs\nPRO\npatient-reported\nsymptom burden\nfunctional status\nperformance status\nECOG\nECOG 0-1\nECOG performance status\nKarnofsky\ntime to deterioration\nwellbeing","tldr":"How a patient actually feels and functions day to day: symptoms, energy, mood, ability to work and live normally. Measured with questionnaires, it is the outcome that matters most alongside survival, and the one trials have historically neglected.","tags":"","route":"/terms/quality-of-life/"},{"id":"prodrug","kind":"term","name":"Prodrug","aka":"prodrugs\npro-drug\nactivated in the body\nconverted to its active form\nactive metabolite\nactive metabolites\nmetabolised\nmetabolized\nmetabolism of the drug","tldr":"A drug given in an inactive form that the body converts into the active medicine. It can make a drug easier to take, longer-lasting, or active only where it is needed.","tags":"","route":"/terms/prodrug/"},{"id":"off-label","kind":"term","name":"Off-label","aka":"off label\noff-label use\noff-label prescribing\non-label\nlabelled indication\nlabeled indication\napproved indication\napproved indications\ndrug label\nprescribing information","tldr":"Prescribing an approved drug for a use not listed on its official label, for example a different cancer or an earlier stage. Legal and common in oncology, but insurers may refuse to pay and the evidence is often thinner.","tags":"","route":"/terms/off-label/"},{"id":"orphan-drug","kind":"term","name":"Orphan drug","aka":"orphan drugs\norphan designation\norphan drug designation\norphan status\norphan indication\nrare disease\nrare diseases","tldr":"A drug for a rare disease (in the US, fewer than 200,000 patients) that gets extra incentives, tax credits, fee waivers and seven years of market exclusivity, to make development worthwhile. Most cancers qualify, so most cancer drugs are orphans.","tags":"","route":"/terms/orphan-drug/"},{"id":"incidence-vs-prevalence","kind":"term","name":"Incidence versus prevalence","aka":"incidence\nprevalence\nincidence rate\nincidence rates\nnew cases\nnew cases per year\ncases per 100,000\nage-standardised\nage-standardized\nage-adjusted\nlifetime risk\nprevalent cases\nliving with cancer","tldr":"Incidence is how many new cases occur in a year; prevalence is how many people are living with the disease at a given moment. A curable or fast-killing cancer can have high incidence but low prevalence.","tags":"","route":"/terms/incidence-vs-prevalence/"},{"id":"mortality","kind":"term","name":"Mortality","aka":"mortality rate\nmortality rates\ncancer mortality\ncancer deaths\ndeaths per 100,000\ndeath rate\ndeath rates\ncancer-specific mortality\ndisease-specific mortality\nall-cause mortality\ncase fatality\nmortality benefit\nmortality reduction\nreduce mortality\nreduces mortality\nfatal\ncancer death","tldr":"The number of deaths from a disease in a population per year. Cancer mortality has fallen about a third since 1991 in the US, mostly from less smoking, earlier detection and better treatment.","tags":"","route":"/terms/mortality/"},{"id":"risk-factor","kind":"term","name":"Risk factor","aka":"risk factors\nrisk-factor\nrisk-factors\nmodifiable risk factor\nmodifiable risk factors\ncarcinogen\ncarcinogens\ncarcinogenic\ncancer risk\nincreased risk\nelevated risk\nhigher risk\nrelative risk of\npredisposition\npredisposing\nexposure to\nexposures\nattributable\ncancer risks","tldr":"Anything that raises the chance of developing a cancer: smoking, alcohol, obesity, sunlight, certain infections, inherited genes, age. Around 40% of cancers in high-income countries are attributable to modifiable factors, so having a risk factor does not mean getting cancer, and the majority of cancers cannot be pinned on a modifiable one.","tags":"","route":"/terms/risk-factor/"},{"id":"screening","kind":"term","name":"Screening","aka":"cancer screening\nscreening programme\nscreening programmes\nscreening program\nscreening programs\nscreened\nscreening test\nscreening tests\npopulation screening\noverdiagnosis\noverdiagnosed\nover-diagnosis\novertreatment\nfalse positive\nfalse positives\nfalse-positive\nfalse negative\nfalse negatives\nfalse-negative\nsensitivity\nspecificity\nlead-time bias\nlength-time bias","tldr":"Testing people who have no symptoms to catch cancer, or its precursors, early enough to cure. Proven for breast, cervical, colorectal and (in smokers) lung cancer; every test also finds some cancers that would never have caused harm.","tags":"","route":"/terms/screening/"},{"id":"early-detection-term","kind":"term","name":"Early detection","aka":"early diagnosis\ndetected early\ncaught early\ndiagnosed early\nfound early\nearlier detection\nearlier diagnosis\ndetecting cancer early\ndetect cancer earlier\nearly-stage diagnosis\ndiagnostic delay\nlate diagnosis\nlate presentation","tldr":"Finding a cancer while it is still small and confined, when it is most often curable. Five-year survival for most cancers is several times higher at stage I than at stage IV, which is why so much effort goes into detecting them sooner.","tags":"","route":"/terms/early-detection-term/"},{"id":"in-vitro-in-vivo","kind":"term","name":"In vitro and in vivo","aka":"in vitro\nin vivo\nin-vitro\nin-vivo\nex vivo\nex-vivo\nin silico\nin the dish\nin a dish\ntest tube\nin the laboratory\nlaboratory studies\nlab studies\nin animals\nanimal studies\nanimal models\nanimal study","tldr":"In vitro means 'in glass': experiments on cells or molecules in a dish. In vivo means 'in the living': experiments in animals or people. A drug that kills cancer cells in vitro has cleared only the first and easiest hurdle.","tags":"","route":"/terms/in-vitro-in-vivo/"},{"id":"preclinical","kind":"term","name":"Preclinical","aka":"pre-clinical\npreclinical studies\npreclinical study\npreclinical data\npreclinical evidence\npreclinical models\npreclinical model\npreclinical development\npreclinical stage\ndiscovery stage\nearly research\nbench to bedside\ntranslational\ntranslational research\nIND-enabling\nproof of concept\nproof-of-concept\nmechanistic studies","tldr":"Everything done to a potential drug before it is given to a human: lab experiments, animal testing, and the safety and manufacturing work regulators require. Most candidates never make it out.","tags":"","route":"/terms/preclinical/"},{"id":"model-organism","kind":"term","name":"Model organism","aka":"model organisms\nmouse model\nmouse models\nmice\nin mice\nmurine\nanimal model\nxenograft\nxenografts\npatient-derived xenograft\npatient-derived xenografts\nPDX\ngenetically engineered mouse\nGEMM\nGEMMs\nhumanised mice\nhumanized mice\nzebrafish\nfruit fly\nDrosophila\nyeast\nC. elegans","tldr":"A species studied in the lab to understand biology that is shared with humans: mice above all, plus zebrafish, flies, worms and yeast. Mice carrying human tumours are the standard test bed for cancer drugs, and a notoriously imperfect one.","tags":"","route":"/terms/model-organism/"},{"id":"cell-line","kind":"term","name":"Cell line","aka":"cell lines\ncell-line\ncell-lines\ncultured cells\ncell culture\ncell cultures\nimmortalised\nimmortalized\nHeLa\ncancer cell lines\ncancer cell line","tldr":"A population of cells, usually taken from a tumour decades ago, that keeps dividing indefinitely in the laboratory. The workhorse of cancer research: cheap, fast and infinitely reproducible, but a distant cousin of a real tumour.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cell-line/"},{"id":"organoid","kind":"term","name":"Organoid","aka":"organoids\ntumour organoid\ntumour organoids\ntumor organoid\ntumor organoids\npatient-derived organoid\npatient-derived organoids\nPDO\nPDOs\nmini-tumour\nmini-tumours\n3D culture\nthree-dimensional culture\ntumoroid\ntumoroids","tldr":"A tiny three-dimensional version of a tissue or tumour grown in the lab from a patient's own cells. Tumour organoids keep more of the original cancer's character than flat cell lines and can be used to test drugs on a patient's own cancer.","tags":"","route":"/terms/organoid/"},{"id":"small-molecule","kind":"term","name":"Small molecule drug","aka":"small molecule\nsmall molecules\nsmall-molecule inhibitor\nsmall-molecule drug\noral targeted drug\nchemical drug","tldr":"A small molecule drug is a chemically made medicine small enough to slip inside cells, so it can usually be taken as a tablet.","tags":"","route":"/terms/small-molecule/"},{"id":"vaccines-and-oncolytic-viruses","kind":"term","name":"Cancer vaccines and oncolytic viruses","aka":"therapeutic cancer vaccine\ncancer vaccine\ncancer vaccines\noncolytic virus therapy\nvaccine or oncolytic\ntumour vaccine","tldr":"Cancer vaccines teach the immune system to recognise proteins on tumour cells; oncolytic viruses infect and burst cancer cells while raising the alarm to immunity.","tags":"","route":"/terms/vaccines-and-oncolytic-viruses/","cancers":"melanoma prostate cervical"},{"id":"non-inferiority-margin","kind":"term","name":"Non-inferiority margin and equivalence trials","aka":"non-inferiority margin\nnoninferiority margin\nthe margin\npre-specified margin\nprespecified margin\nequivalence margin\nequivalence design\nbioequivalence\nbiosimilar equivalence\nupper bound of the confidence interval\nacceptable loss of efficacy\nabsolute margin\nrelative margin\nnon-inferiority boundary\nnoninferiority boundary","tldr":"The margin is the amount of benefit a trial is allowed to lose and still call the new treatment good enough; it is chosen before the trial starts, and where it is set decides what the result means.","tags":"","route":"/terms/non-inferiority-margin/"},{"id":"stratified-randomisation","kind":"term","name":"Stratified randomisation, allocation concealment and minimisation","aka":"stratified randomisation\nstratified randomization\nstratification factors\nstratification factor\nstratified by\nrandomised 1:1\nrandomized 1:1\nrandomised 2:1\nrandomized 2:1\n1:1 randomisation\n2:1 randomisation\nblock randomisation\npermuted blocks\nminimisation\nminimization\nallocation concealment\nconcealed allocation\ncentral randomisation\ninteractive web response system\nIWRS\nrandomisation ratio\nallocation ratio\nunequal randomisation","tldr":"Randomisation is done by computer and often within groups (by stage, by biomarker, by region) so that each arm gets a fair share of the patients who matter most, and nobody can steer a particular patient to a particular arm.","tags":"","route":"/terms/stratified-randomisation/"},{"id":"clinical-equipoise","kind":"term","name":"Clinical equipoise","aka":"equipoise\ngenuine uncertainty\nstate of uncertainty\nethically acceptable to randomise\nunethical to randomise\nwould you randomise\ntherapeutic misconception","tldr":"Equipoise is the honest uncertainty that makes a randomised trial ethical: the medical community does not yet know which arm is better, so no patient is knowingly given the worse option.","tags":"","route":"/terms/clinical-equipoise/"},{"id":"basket-trial","kind":"term","name":"Basket trial","aka":"basket trial\nbasket trials\nbasket study\nbasket studies\nbasket design\nhistology-agnostic trial\nhistology-independent\ntumour-agnostic trial\ntissue-agnostic trial\none drug many cancers\npan-tumour basket\npan-tumor basket\nbasket cohorts\ncohort expansion by tumour type","tldr":"A basket trial tests one drug in patients whose cancers share a mutation or marker, whatever organ the cancer started in; each organ type is a basket, and the trial asks whether the drug works across them.","tags":"","route":"/terms/basket-trial/"},{"id":"umbrella-trial","kind":"term","name":"Umbrella trial","aka":"umbrella trial\numbrella trials\numbrella study\numbrella design\numbrella protocol\none cancer many drugs\nbiomarker-matched sub-studies\nsub-study\nsub-studies\nsubstudy\nsubstudies\nscreening protocol\nmolecular screening protocol\ngenomic screening protocol\ntreatment arm assignment","tldr":"An umbrella trial takes one cancer, tests every patient's tumour for a panel of markers, and routes each patient to the sub-study whose drug matches their marker, so several targeted drugs are tested at once under one roof.","tags":"","route":"/terms/umbrella-trial/"},{"id":"sample-size-re-estimation","kind":"term","name":"Statistical power, sample size and re-estimation","aka":"sample size re-estimation\nsample size reassessment\nblinded sample size re-estimation\nunblinded sample size re-estimation\nsample size calculation\npower calculation\npowered to detect\n80% power\n90% power\nthe trial was powered\nadequately powered\nevent-driven\nevents required\ntarget number of events\nnumber of events\ninformation fraction\neffect size\nassumed hazard ratio\nassumed effect\nconditional power\npromising zone\nexpected number of events","tldr":"Before a trial starts, statisticians work out how many patients, or how many deaths or relapses, are needed to detect the benefit they hope for; an adaptive trial can check that guess part way through and enlarge itself if the guess was wrong.","tags":"","route":"/terms/sample-size-re-estimation/"},{"id":"response-adaptive-randomisation","kind":"term","name":"Response-adaptive randomisation","aka":"response-adaptive randomisation\nresponse-adaptive randomization\nadaptive randomisation\nadaptive randomization\noutcome-adaptive randomisation\nrandomisation probabilities\nrandomisation weights\nplay the winner\ngraduation\ngraduated from the trial\ngraduated\narm dropped\ndrop the loser\narms dropped for futility\nadding arms\narm added","tldr":"In a response-adaptive trial the computer tilts the odds as results come in, so later patients are more likely to be assigned to the arm that seems to be working and arms that are failing are dropped.","tags":"","route":"/terms/response-adaptive-randomisation/"},{"id":"bayesian-trial-design","kind":"term","name":"Bayesian trial design","aka":"Bayesian trial\nBayesian trials\nBayesian analysis\nBayesian methods\nBayesian statistics\nposterior probability\nposterior probability of benefit\nprior\nprior distribution\ninformative prior\nsceptical prior\nskeptical prior\nnon-informative prior\ncredible interval\n95% credible interval\nprobability of superiority\npredictive probability\npredictive probability of success\nBayesian hierarchical model\nhierarchical model\nborrowing strength\ninformation borrowing","tldr":"A Bayesian trial states what was believed before the trial, updates that belief with each patient's result, and reports the probability that the treatment works, rather than a yes-or-no verdict against a p-value.","tags":"","route":"/terms/bayesian-trial-design/"},{"id":"smart-design","kind":"term","name":"SMART design (sequential multiple assignment randomised trial)","aka":"SMART\nSMART design\nSMART trial\nsequential multiple assignment randomised trial\nsequential multiple assignment randomized trial\nadaptive treatment strategy\nadaptive treatment strategies\ndynamic treatment regime\ndynamic treatment regimes\nre-randomised\nre-randomized\nre-randomisation\nsecond randomisation\nresponse-guided strategy\nstrategy trial\ntreatment sequence trial","tldr":"A SMART trial randomises patients once at the start and again at a decision point, such as after the first scan or a residual disease test, to compare whole treatment strategies rather than single drugs.","tags":"","route":"/terms/smart-design/"},{"id":"biomarker-stratified-design","kind":"term","name":"Enrichment and biomarker-stratified designs","aka":"enrichment design\nenrichment designs\nenriched population\nbiomarker-enrichment\nbiomarker-positive only\nbiomarker-stratified\nbiomarker-stratified design\nbiomarker-stratified trial\nmarker-stratified\nmarker-by-treatment interaction\ninteraction test\npredictive biomarker\nprognostic versus predictive\nprognostic biomarker\nbiomarker-negative\nbiomarker negative\nmarker-negative\nall-comers design\nall-comers trial\nco-development of drug and test\ncompanion diagnostic trial\nseparate cohorts\nparallel cohorts","tldr":"An enrichment design enrols only patients whose tumours carry the marker the drug needs; a stratified design enrols everyone but tests marker-positive and marker-negative patients separately, to learn whether the marker predicts benefit.","tags":"","route":"/terms/biomarker-stratified-design/"},{"id":"pragmatic-trial","kind":"term","name":"Pragmatic trial","aka":"pragmatic trial\npragmatic trials\npragmatic design\npragmatic randomised trial\npragmatic randomized trial\nlarge simple trial\nlarge simple trials\nexplanatory trial\nexplanatory versus pragmatic\nPRECIS-2\nusual care comparator\nusual care\nreal-world trial\npoint-of-care trial\npoint-of-care randomisation\nembedded trial\nbroad eligibility\nbroad eligibility criteria\ngeneralisability\ngeneralizability\nexternal validity","tldr":"A pragmatic trial tests a treatment the way it would actually be used: ordinary patients, ordinary clinics, usual care as the comparison and an outcome that matters to patients, so the answer applies in the real world and not only in the trial.","tags":"","route":"/terms/pragmatic-trial/"},{"id":"registry-based-trial","kind":"term","name":"Registry-based randomised trial","aka":"registry-based trial\nregistry-based randomised trial\nregistry-based randomized trial\nregistry-based RCT\nregistry trial\nregistry trials\ntrial within a cohort\ntrials within cohorts\nTwiCs\ncohort multiple randomised controlled trial\ncmRCT\nrandomised registry trial\nregistry follow-up\nregistry-linked\nlinked to registry data\nroutinely collected data\nroutine data follow-up","tldr":"A registry-based trial randomises patients who are already being tracked by a national or disease registry and uses the registry, not trial visits, to record what happens to them, making very large trials cheap enough to run.","tags":"","route":"/terms/registry-based-trial/"},{"id":"decentralised-trial","kind":"term","name":"Decentralised trial","aka":"decentralised trial\ndecentralized trial\ndecentralised trials\ndecentralized trials\ndecentralised clinical trial\ndecentralized clinical trial\nDCT\nDCTs\nremote trial\nvirtual trial\nsite-less trial\nsiteless trial\nhybrid trial\nhybrid decentralised\nhome visits\nhome infusion\ntelehealth visits\ntelemedicine visits\nremote monitoring\nremote consent\neConsent\nelectronic consent\ndirect-to-patient shipping\nlocal laboratory\nlocal labs\nlocal imaging\nwearables in trials\ndecentralised elements","tldr":"A decentralised trial brings the trial to the patient: consent by video, drug delivered to the home, blood drawn at a local clinic, symptoms reported on a phone, so people far from a cancer centre can take part without travelling to it every few weeks.","tags":"","route":"/terms/decentralised-trial/"},{"id":"n-of-1-trial","kind":"term","name":"N-of-1 trial","aka":"N-of-1\nn-of-1\nN of 1\nn of 1\nN-of-1 trial\nN-of-1 trials\nn-of-1 trials\nsingle-patient trial\nsingle-patient trials\nsingle patient trial\nindividual patient trial\npersonal trial\nmultiple crossover\nmultiple-crossover design\nwithin-patient comparison\npatient as own control\naggregated N-of-1","tldr":"An N-of-1 trial is a randomised experiment in a single patient: the person alternates between treatment and comparison in random order, often blinded, to find out what works for them rather than for the average patient.","tags":"","route":"/terms/n-of-1-trial/"},{"id":"cluster-randomised-trial","kind":"term","name":"Cluster-randomised trial","aka":"cluster-randomised\ncluster randomised\ncluster-randomized\ncluster randomized\ncluster-randomised trial\ncluster randomised trial\ncluster-randomized trial\ncluster randomized trial\ncluster trial\ncluster trials\ncluster RCT\nrandomised by village\nrandomised by practice\nrandomised by hospital\nrandomised by cluster\nintracluster correlation\nintraclass correlation\ndesign effect\nclusters\nin clusters","tldr":"A cluster-randomised trial randomises whole groups (villages, clinics, hospitals) rather than individual people, which is the only fair way to test something delivered to a community, such as a screening programme.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cluster-randomised-trial/"},{"id":"stepped-wedge-design","kind":"term","name":"Stepped-wedge design","aka":"stepped-wedge\nstepped wedge\nstepped-wedge trial\nstepped wedge trial\nstepped-wedge cluster-randomised\nstepped-wedge cluster randomised trial\nstepped-wedge cluster-randomized\nstepped-wedge design\nstepped wedge design\nstaggered roll-out\nstaggered rollout\nphased implementation\nsequential roll-out\nroll-out order randomised\nimplementation trial\nimplementation trials","tldr":"In a stepped-wedge trial every hospital or region eventually switches to the new approach, but the order in which they switch is randomised, so the periods before and after each switch can be compared fairly.","tags":"","route":"/terms/stepped-wedge-design/"},{"id":"kaplan-meier-curve","kind":"term","name":"Kaplan-Meier curve, censoring and proportional hazards","aka":"Kaplan-Meier curve\nKaplan-Meier curves\nKaplan–Meier curve\nKM curve\nKM curves\nKM plot\nKaplan-Meier estimate\nKaplan-Meier estimator\nKaplan-Meier analysis\nKaplan-Meier method\ncensored\ncensoring\ncensor\ncensored observations\ncensored at last follow-up\nnumber at risk\nat-risk table\nlog-rank test\nlog-rank\nCox model\nCox regression\nproportional hazards assumption\nnon-proportional hazards\nnonproportional hazards\ndelayed separation\ndelayed separation of the curves\ncrossing curves\nthe curves cross\nstep function\nsurvival probability","tldr":"A Kaplan-Meier curve shows the share of patients still alive (or still free of progression) at each point in time; it steps down at each event and uses everyone's follow-up even if they have not had the event yet.","tags":"","route":"/terms/kaplan-meier-curve/"},{"id":"group-sequential-design","kind":"term","name":"Group sequential design, stopping rules and alpha spending","aka":"group sequential\ngroup sequential design\ngroup-sequential design\ngroup sequential trial\nstopping rule\nstopping rules\nstopping boundary\nstopping boundaries\nefficacy boundary\nefficacy stopping boundary\ncrossed the efficacy boundary\npre-specified efficacy boundary\nO'Brien-Fleming\nO'Brien-Fleming boundary\nLan-DeMets\nalpha spending function\nalpha-spending function\nalpha spending\nalpha spent\nalpha allocated\nnominal significance level\none-sided alpha\nstopped early for efficacy\nstopped early for benefit\nearly stopping for benefit\nunblinded early\noverrunning\ntruncated trial\ntruncated trials\noverestimation from early stopping","tldr":"A group sequential trial plans in advance how many times it will peek at the data and how strong the evidence must be at each peek to stop early, so that looking several times does not inflate the chance of a false positive.","tags":"","route":"/terms/group-sequential-design/"},{"id":"absolute-benefit","kind":"term","name":"Absolute versus relative benefit (number needed to treat)","aka":"absolute benefit\nabsolute risk reduction\nabsolute risk\nabsolute difference\nabsolute gain\npercentage-point difference\npercentage points\nrelative benefit\nrelative risk reduction\nrelative reduction\nnumber needed to treat\nNNT\nnumber needed to harm\nNNH\none in every\nout of 100\nper 100 patients\nper 100 treated\nhow many patients benefit\nbaseline risk\nrisk difference\ndifference in medians\nmonths gained\nmedian gain","tldr":"A relative benefit says the risk fell by a third; an absolute benefit says how many people out of 100 were actually spared, which depends on how common the bad event was to begin with, and is the number that matters for deciding whether a treatment is worth its side effects.","tags":"","route":"/terms/absolute-benefit/"},{"id":"estimand","kind":"term","name":"Estimands and intercurrent events (ICH E9(R1))","aka":"estimand\nestimands\nestimand framework\nICH E9(R1)\nE9(R1)\nintercurrent event\nintercurrent events\ntreatment policy strategy\ntreatment policy estimand\nhypothetical strategy\nhypothetical estimand\ncomposite strategy\nwhile on treatment strategy\nprincipal stratum\nprincipal stratum strategy\nsensitivity analysis\nsensitivity analyses\nmissing data\nmissing data handling\nhandling of missing data\ndiscontinued treatment\ntreatment discontinuation\nrescue medication\nsubsequent anticancer therapy\nwhat the trial is estimating","tldr":"An estimand is a precise statement of what question a trial is answering, including what to do about patients who switch treatment, stop early or start another drug; the ICH E9(R1) framework makes trials write this down before they start.","tags":"","route":"/terms/estimand/"},{"id":"surrogate-validation","kind":"term","name":"Surrogate endpoint validation: which stand-ins have earned trust","aka":"surrogate validation\nvalidated surrogate endpoint\nvalidation of surrogate endpoints\nsurrogate threshold effect\ntrial-level correlation\ntrial-level association\npatient-level correlation\nindividual-level surrogacy\nmeta-analytic validation\nmeta-analysis of surrogacy\nreasonably likely surrogate\nreasonably likely to predict\naccepted surrogate\nsurrogate for overall survival\nsurrogate for OS\ndoes not correlate with survival\ndid not translate into survival\nPFS-OS correlation\npCR-EFS correlation\nMRD as an endpoint\nMRD negativity as endpoint\nstage shift without mortality benefit\nFDA table of surrogate endpoints","tldr":"A surrogate endpoint only deserves trust if trials have shown that moving it moves the outcome that matters, in that disease and for that kind of drug; some stand-ins have passed that test, several have not, and the record differs endpoint by endpoint.","tags":"","route":"/terms/surrogate-validation/"},{"id":"quality-adjusted-survival","kind":"term","name":"Quality-adjusted survival (QALYs and Q-TWiST)","aka":"quality-adjusted survival\nquality-adjusted life-years\nquality-adjusted life years gained\nQALYs gained\nQ-TWiST\nQ-TWiST analysis\nTWiST\ntime without symptoms or toxicity\ntime without symptoms of disease or toxicity\nquality-adjusted time\nutility weights\nutility values\nhealth state utility\nEQ-5D utility\nquality-adjusted progression-free survival\nquality-adjusted PFS\nnet clinical benefit\nbenefit-harm balance\nquality-adjusted survival analysis","tldr":"Quality-adjusted survival counts time alive but discounts the months spent with severe side effects or progressing disease, so a treatment that adds three months of misery scores lower than one that adds three good months.","tags":"","route":"/terms/quality-adjusted-survival/"},{"id":"data-monitoring-committee","kind":"term","name":"Data monitoring committee (DSMB, IDMC)","aka":"data monitoring committee\ndata and safety monitoring board\ndata safety monitoring board\nindependent data monitoring committee\nDSMB\nDMC\nIDMC\nDSMBs\nIDMCs\nindependent data monitoring committees\ndata monitoring committees\nmonitoring committee\nsafety monitoring board\nrecommended by the DMC\non the recommendation of the IDMC\nrecommended stopping\nrecommended unblinding\nrecommended continuation\nrecommended the trial continue\nunblinded statistician\nindependent statistician\nsteering committee\ntrial steering committee\nclosed session","tldr":"A data monitoring committee is a small group of independent doctors and statisticians who see the unblinded results while a trial is running and tell the sponsor to stop, change or continue, so that neither patients nor the sponsor are exposed to what the data are showing before the trial is done.","tags":"","route":"/terms/data-monitoring-committee/"},{"id":"ethics-review","kind":"term","name":"Ethics review (IRB, research ethics committee)","aka":"ethics review\nethical review\nethics committee\nethics committees\nresearch ethics committee\nresearch ethics committees\nREC\ninstitutional review board\ninstitutional review boards\nIRB\nIRBs\nIRB approval\nethics approval\nethical approval\napproved by the ethics committee\ncentral IRB\nsingle IRB\nlocal IRB\nindependent ethics committee\nIEC\nDeclaration of Helsinki\nBelmont Report\nCommon Rule\n45 CFR 46\nGood Clinical Practice\nGCP\nICH E6\nvulnerable participants\nminimal risk\nrisk-benefit assessment\nprotocol review\ncontinuing review\nannual review\nserious breach\nprotocol violation","tldr":"Before a trial can enrol anyone, an independent ethics committee (an IRB in the United States, a research ethics committee in the United Kingdom) reviews the protocol and the consent form to decide whether the risks are justified and the participants are protected, and it keeps watching until the trial ends.","tags":"","route":"/terms/ethics-review/"},{"id":"informed-consent","kind":"term","name":"Informed consent","aka":"informed consent\nconsent form\nconsent forms\nparticipant information sheet\npatient information sheet\ninformed consent form\nICF\nconsent process\nconsenting\nconsented\ngave written informed consent\nwritten informed consent\nsigned consent\nwithdraw consent\nwithdrawal of consent\nwithdrew consent\nright to withdraw\nassent\nparental permission\nbroad consent\nre-consent\nreconsent\noptional consent\nconsent for future research\nbiobank consent\ntissue consent\nwaiver of consent\ndeferred consent\nlegally authorised representative\ncapacity to consent","tldr":"Informed consent is the conversation and the signed form in which a person learns what a trial involves, what might go wrong, what the alternatives are and that they can leave at any time, and then freely agrees to take part.","tags":"","route":"/terms/informed-consent/"},{"id":"trial-registration","kind":"term","name":"Trial registration and results reporting (ClinicalTrials.gov, EU CTR)","aka":"trial registration\ntrial registrations\nregistered trial\nregistered on ClinicalTrials.gov\nClinicalTrials.gov registration\nClinicalTrials.gov identifier\nNCT number\nNCT identifier\nNCT\nEudraCT\nEudraCT number\nEU Clinical Trials Register\nEU CTR\nEU CT number\nCTIS\nClinical Trials Information System\nISRCTN\nISRCTN registry\nCTRI\nClinical Trials Registry - India\nACTRN\nANZCTR\njRCT\nUMIN\nChiCTR\nWHO ICTRP\nprimary registry\nresults posting\nresults reporting\nsummary results\nunreported trial\nunreported trials\nunpublished trials\npublication bias\noutcome switching\noutcome reporting bias\nFDAAA 801\nfinal rule\ntrial transparency\nAllTrials\nregistered report","tldr":"Every trial is supposed to be listed in a public registry before it enrols anyone, with its design and primary endpoint on record, and to post its results within a year of finishing, so that trials cannot quietly disappear or change what they were measuring after the fact.","tags":"","route":"/terms/trial-registration/"},{"id":"trial-protocol","kind":"term","name":"Trial protocol and statistical analysis plan","aka":"trial protocol\nstudy protocol\nthe protocol\nprotocol\nprotocol amendment\nprotocol amendments\namended protocol\nprotocol deviation\nprotocol deviations\nprotocol violation\nprotocol synopsis\nschedule of assessments\nschedule of events\nprotocol-defined\nprotocol-specified\nper the protocol\neligibility criteria\ninvestigator's brochure\ninvestigator brochure\ncase report form\nCRF\neCRF\nSPIRIT\nSPIRIT statement\nSAP\nstatistical analysis plan\nstatistical analysis plans\nanalysis plan\npre-specified analysis plan\nhierarchy of endpoints\ntesting hierarchy\ndata cut-off date\ndatabase lock","tldr":"The protocol is the rulebook a trial is run by, written before it starts: who can join, what they get, what is measured and when, and how the answer will be calculated; the statistical analysis plan spells out the last part in detail so nobody can choose the analysis after seeing the data.","tags":"","route":"/terms/trial-protocol/"},{"id":"trial-lifecycle","kind":"term","name":"Trial lifecycle: from protocol to label","aka":"trial lifecycle\nlife cycle of a trial\nhow a trial works\nstages of a trial\nfrom bench to bedside\nIND application\ninvestigational new drug application\nclinical trial application\nCTA\nsite activation\nsite initiation\nfirst patient in\nfirst patient dosed\nlast patient in\nlast patient last visit\ndatabase lock\ntopline readout\nprimary completion\nprimary completion date\nstudy completion\ncongress presentation\nlate-breaking abstract\npeer-reviewed publication\nregulatory submission\nfiling\nlabel expansion\napproval\npost-marketing\nphase 4\nlong-term follow-up study","tldr":"A trial moves through a fixed sequence: a written protocol, regulatory and ethics approval, public registration, opening sites and enrolling patients, independent monitoring while it runs, readout when enough events have happened, presentation and publication, and, if it succeeds, a change to the drug's label and to guidelines.","tags":"","route":"/terms/trial-lifecycle/"},{"id":"trial-failure-modes","kind":"term","name":"Why trials fail: underpowered, wrong endpoint, control arm drift, subgroup fishing, crossover","aka":"trial failure\nfailed trial\nfailed trials\nnegative trial\nnegative trials\nwhy trials fail\nwhy the trial failed\nunderpowered\nunderpowered trial\nwrong endpoint\nwrong comparator\ncontrol arm drift\ncontrol arm underperformed\ncontrol arm outperformed\ncontrol arm did better than expected\nhistorical control comparison\nregression to the mean\nwinner's curse\nsubgroup fishing\ncherry-picked subgroup\npost-hoc subgroup\ncrossover contamination\ncontamination\ndiluted effect\ntreatment dilution\nnon-adherence\npoor adherence\ndropout\nloss to follow-up\nlost to follow-up\nimmature data\ndid not replicate\nfailed to replicate\nphase 2 signal did not hold\ninformative censoring\ntechnically negative","tldr":"Trials fail for a short list of reasons that recur: too few patients for the real effect, an endpoint that does not track what matters, a control arm that did better than the planners assumed, a benefit that was only ever a subgroup illusion, and control patients receiving the experimental drug anyway.","tags":"","route":"/terms/trial-failure-modes/"},{"id":"fdca","kind":"term","name":"Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and the Kefauver-Harris Amendments","aka":"FD&C Act\nFDCA\nFederal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act\nKefauver-Harris\nKefauver-Harris Amendments\nDrug Efficacy Amendment\nsubstantial evidence standard\nadequate and well-controlled investigations","tldr":"The 1938 US law that makes a company prove a medicine is safe before selling it, and the 1962 amendments that added the requirement to prove it works, which is why every cancer drug approval rests on controlled trials.","tags":"law us","route":"/terms/fdca/"},{"id":"fdora-2022","kind":"term","name":"FDORA 2022 accelerated approval reforms","aka":"FDORA\nFood and Drug Omnibus Reform Act\nFood and Drug Omnibus Reform Act of 2022\nConsolidated Appropriations Act 2023 FDA provisions\naccelerated approval reform","tldr":"A December 2022 US law that lets the FDA insist the confirmatory trial for an accelerated approval is already running before the drug is approved, and gives it a quicker way to withdraw a drug when confirmation fails.","tags":"law us","route":"/terms/fdora-2022/"},{"id":"fdasia-2012","kind":"term","name":"FDASIA 2012 and the origins of the expedited programmes","aka":"FDASIA\nFood and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act\nFDAMA\nFood and Drug Administration Modernization Act\nPrescription Drug User Fee Act\nPDUFA","tldr":"The 2012 US law that created Breakthrough Therapy designation and made the paediatric study laws permanent, sitting on top of the 1992 user-fee law that gave the FDA review deadlines and the 1997 law that created Fast Track.","tags":"law us","route":"/terms/fdasia-2012/"},{"id":"21st-century-cures-act","kind":"term","name":"21st Century Cures Act","aka":"Cures Act\n21st Century Cures\nCancer Moonshot funding\nreal-world evidence framework","tldr":"A 2016 US law that funded the Cancer Moonshot, created the RMAT designation for cell and gene therapies, told the FDA to work out how real-world data could support approvals, and made companies publish how patients can request unapproved drugs.","tags":"law us","route":"/terms/21st-century-cures-act/"},{"id":"orphan-drug-act","kind":"term","name":"Orphan Drug Act 1983","aka":"Orphan Drug Act of 1983\nODA 1983\norphan drug exclusivity\nseven-year orphan exclusivity\norphan drug tax credit","tldr":"The 1983 US law that pays companies to develop drugs for rare diseases with seven years of market exclusivity, tax credits and fee waivers, which is why so many cancer drugs are first approved for a rare subtype.","tags":"law us","route":"/terms/orphan-drug-act/"},{"id":"bpca-prea","kind":"term","name":"Paediatric drug laws: BPCA and PREA","aka":"BPCA\nPREA\nBest Pharmaceuticals for Children Act\nPediatric Research Equity Act\npaediatric exclusivity\npediatric exclusivity\nsix-month paediatric exclusivity\npaediatric study plan\nwritten request","tldr":"Two US laws, one a carrot and one a stick, that get new drugs studied in children: BPCA gives six extra months of exclusivity for doing requested paediatric studies, and PREA requires paediatric assessments, though until 2020 cancer drugs mostly escaped it.","tags":"law us","route":"/terms/bpca-prea/"},{"id":"right-to-try","kind":"term","name":"Right to Try Act 2018 and state right-to-try laws","aka":"Right to Try\nRight to Try Act\nright-to-try\nright-to-try law\nright-to-try laws\nstate right-to-try\nTrickett Wendler, Frank Mongiello, Jordan McLinn, and Matthew Bellina Right to Try Act","tldr":"A 2018 US law letting patients with life-threatening illnesses ask a company directly for a drug that has passed phase 1 without going through the FDA; companies still decide, and in practice most access happens through the older expanded access route.","tags":"law us","route":"/terms/right-to-try/"},{"id":"expanded-access","kind":"term","name":"Expanded access (compassionate use)","aka":"compassionate use\nexpanded access programme\nexpanded access program\nexpanded access programmes\ntreatment IND\nsingle-patient IND\nemergency IND\nnamed-patient supply\nnamed patient programme\nProject Facilitate\nearly access programme\npre-approval access","tldr":"The regulated way a seriously ill patient who cannot join a trial can get an unapproved drug: the doctor asks the company, the company agrees, and the regulator reviews the request, usually within days for a single patient.","tags":"law us","route":"/terms/expanded-access/"},{"id":"abigail-alliance","kind":"term","name":"Abigail Alliance v. von Eschenbach (2007)","aka":"Abigail Alliance\nAbigail Alliance for Better Access to Developmental Drugs v. von Eschenbach\nAbigail Alliance case\nAbigail Burroughs","tldr":"A 2007 US appeals court ruling that terminally ill patients have no constitutional right to buy unapproved drugs after phase 1, which pushed the access movement toward legislation and eventually the Right to Try Act.","tags":"law us","route":"/terms/abigail-alliance/"},{"id":"hatch-waxman","kind":"term","name":"Hatch-Waxman Act 1984","aka":"Hatch-Waxman\nDrug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act\nParagraph IV\nParagraph IV certification\nANDA pathway\nabbreviated new drug application\nANDA\n180-day exclusivity\n30-month stay\npatent term restoration\nBolar exemption\nOrange Book","tldr":"The 1984 US law that created the modern generic drug: copies are approved on bioequivalence alone, brands get patent time restored for years lost in review, and the two sides fight it out through patent challenges with a 30-month pause.","tags":"law us","route":"/terms/hatch-waxman/"},{"id":"bpcia","kind":"term","name":"Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act 2010","aka":"BPCIA\nbiosimilar pathway\n351(k)\n351(k) pathway\nabbreviated biologics licence application\ntwelve-year biologic exclusivity\n12-year exclusivity\ninterchangeability\ninterchangeable biosimilar\npatent dance\nPurple Book","tldr":"The 2010 US law that created a route for copies of biologic drugs such as trastuzumab and rituximab, while giving the original twelve years of protection from those copies.","tags":"law us","route":"/terms/bpcia/"},{"id":"us-regulatory-exclusivity","kind":"term","name":"US regulatory exclusivity periods","aka":"data exclusivity\nmarket exclusivity\nregulatory exclusivity\nNCE exclusivity\nnew chemical entity exclusivity\nfive-year exclusivity\nthree-year exclusivity\nexclusivity period\nexclusivity periods\nloss of exclusivity","tldr":"Separate from patents, US law gives an approved drug fixed periods during which the FDA will not approve a copy: five years for a new chemical, three for new clinical studies, seven for an orphan indication, twelve for a biologic, plus six months for paediatric studies.","tags":"law us","route":"/terms/us-regulatory-exclusivity/"},{"id":"inflation-reduction-act","kind":"term","name":"Inflation Reduction Act 2022: Medicare drug price negotiation","aka":"Inflation Reduction Act\nIRA drug negotiation\nMedicare Drug Price Negotiation Program\nMedicare negotiation\nmaximum fair price\norphan exclusion\nORPHAN Cures Act\npill penalty\nPart D out-of-pocket cap\ninflation rebates","tldr":"The 2022 US law that for the first time lets Medicare negotiate prices for top-selling drugs, capped what older patients pay for prescriptions at 2,000 dollars a year, and exempted drugs approved only for rare diseases, an exemption widened in 2025.","tags":"law us","route":"/terms/inflation-reduction-act/"},{"id":"medicare-ced","kind":"term","name":"Medicare coverage with evidence development","aka":"coverage with evidence development\nCED\nnational coverage determination\nnational coverage determinations\nNCD 90.2\nMedicare NGS coverage\nMedicare coverage of cancer drugs\nprotected classes","tldr":"Medicare's way of paying for a promising but uncertain test or treatment only for patients enrolled in a registry or study, used for PET scans in cancer from 2006 and now the frame for how Medicare covers gene panels and cell therapies.","tags":"law us","route":"/terms/medicare-ced/"},{"id":"hipaa","kind":"term","name":"HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)","aka":"HIPAA\nHIPAA Privacy Rule\nPrivacy Rule\nprotected health information\nPHI\nde-identification\nsafe harbour de-identification\nHITECH Act\nHIPAA authorisation","tldr":"The 1996 US law whose privacy rules govern how hospitals, insurers and their contractors may use and share a patient's health records, including tumour genomics, and what must be stripped out before data can be used for research without consent.","tags":"law us","route":"/terms/hipaa/"},{"id":"gina","kind":"term","name":"GINA (Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act 2008)","aka":"GINA\nGenetic Information Nondiscrimination Act\ngenetic discrimination\ngenetic nondiscrimination","tldr":"A 2008 US law that stops health insurers and employers using your genetic test results against you, so a BRCA or Lynch syndrome result cannot raise your premiums or cost you a job; it does not cover life, disability or long-term care insurance.","tags":"law us","route":"/terms/gina/"},{"id":"common-rule","kind":"term","name":"The Common Rule (45 CFR 46)","aka":"Common Rule\n45 CFR 46\nFederal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects\nrevised Common Rule\ninstitutional review board\nIRB\nsingle IRB\nbroad consent\n21 CFR 50\n21 CFR 56","tldr":"The US rules that require an ethics committee to approve research on people and require informed consent, written in 1991 and rewritten in 2018 so that a single committee can oversee a multi-site cancer trial and patients can give broad consent for future use of their samples.","tags":"law us","route":"/terms/common-rule/"},{"id":"myriad-ruling","kind":"term","name":"Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics (2013)","aka":"Myriad ruling\nMyriad decision\nMyriad case\nAMP v. Myriad\ngene patents\ngene patent\ngene patenting\nBRCA patents\nBRCA gene patents","tldr":"The 2013 US Supreme Court ruling that human genes as they occur in nature cannot be patented, which ended one company's monopoly on BRCA testing and let hereditary cancer testing become cheap and widely available.","tags":"law us","route":"/terms/myriad-ruling/"},{"id":"state-biomarker-testing-laws","kind":"term","name":"State biomarker testing coverage laws","aka":"biomarker testing coverage law\nbiomarker testing coverage laws\nbiomarker testing legislation\ncomprehensive biomarker testing coverage","tldr":"A wave of US state laws, starting in 2021, that require insurers regulated by the state and often Medicaid to pay for the tumour and inherited gene tests that decide which targeted drug a patient should get.","tags":"law us","route":"/terms/state-biomarker-testing-laws/"},{"id":"tobacco-control-act","kind":"term","name":"Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act 2009","aka":"Tobacco Control Act\nFamily Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act\nFDA tobacco authority\nCenter for Tobacco Products\ndeeming rule\nmenthol ban\nmenthol cigarette ban\npremarket tobacco product application","tldr":"The 2009 US law that finally gave the FDA power over tobacco products, the cause of roughly a third of cancer deaths, including authority to ban flavours, restrict marketing and set nicotine levels, though it may not ban cigarettes or nicotine outright.","tags":"law us prevention","route":"/terms/tobacco-control-act/"},{"id":"tobacco-21","kind":"term","name":"Tobacco 21","aka":"Tobacco 21 law\nT21\nminimum legal sales age 21\ntobacco minimum age","tldr":"Since December 2019 it has been illegal across the United States to sell tobacco or vaping products to anyone under 21, a rule that started in one Massachusetts town and spread state by state, aimed at the years when most smokers start.","tags":"law us prevention","route":"/terms/tobacco-21/"},{"id":"eu-regulation-726-2004","kind":"term","name":"Regulation (EC) No 726/2004: the EU centralised procedure","aka":"Regulation 726/2004\ncentralised procedure\ncentralised marketing authorisation\nCommunity marketing authorisation\nEU marketing authorisation\nCHMP opinion\nArticle 83 compassionate use\nPRIME scheme","tldr":"The 2004 EU regulation under which every new cancer medicine is assessed once by the European Medicines Agency and authorised for all member states by the European Commission, and which also carries the rules for conditional authorisation and compassionate use.","tags":"law eu","route":"/terms/eu-regulation-726-2004/"},{"id":"eu-orphan-regulation","kind":"term","name":"Regulation (EC) No 141/2000: EU orphan medicines","aka":"Regulation 141/2000\nEU Orphan Regulation\nOrphan Medicinal Products Regulation\norphan medicinal product\norphan medicinal products\nten-year market exclusivity\nCOMP\nCommittee for Orphan Medicinal Products","tldr":"The EU's 2000 answer to the US Orphan Drug Act: ten years during which no similar medicine may be authorised for the same rare disease, plus fee reductions and scientific advice, for conditions affecting no more than 5 in 10,000 people.","tags":"law eu","route":"/terms/eu-orphan-regulation/"},{"id":"eu-paediatric-regulation","kind":"term","name":"Regulation (EC) No 1901/2006: EU paediatric medicines","aka":"Regulation 1901/2006\nEU Paediatric Regulation\nPaediatric Regulation\npaediatric investigation plan\npaediatric investigation plans\nPIP\nPIPs\nPDCO\nPaediatric Committee\nclass waiver\nclass waivers\nPUMA","tldr":"Since 2007 every new medicine in the EU must come with an agreed plan for studying it in children, or a waiver, and completing the plan earns six extra months of patent protection; a loophole let adult-cancer drugs skip children, which is now being closed.","tags":"law eu","route":"/terms/eu-paediatric-regulation/"},{"id":"eu-clinical-trials-regulation","kind":"term","name":"Clinical Trials Regulation (EU) No 536/2014 and CTIS","aka":"Clinical Trials Regulation\nRegulation 536/2014\nCTR\nCTIS\nClinical Trials Information System\nClinical Trials Directive\nDirective 2001/20/EC\nACT EU","tldr":"The EU rule, in force since January 2022, under which a cancer trial is submitted once through a single portal for all the countries it will run in, with results made public, replacing a 2001 directive that made every country's approval separate.","tags":"law eu","route":"/terms/eu-clinical-trials-regulation/"},{"id":"gdpr","kind":"term","name":"GDPR and health data (Regulation (EU) 2016/679)","aka":"GDPR\nGeneral Data Protection Regulation\nRegulation 2016/679\nspecial category data\nArticle 9 health data\nArticle 89 research\npseudonymisation\ndata protection impact assessment\nSchrems II","tldr":"The EU's 2016 data law, applied since May 2018, that treats health and genetic data as a special category needing a specific legal basis, gives people rights over their records, and shapes how cancer registries, biobanks and trials share data, including across borders.","tags":"law eu","route":"/terms/gdpr/"},{"id":"european-health-data-space","kind":"term","name":"European Health Data Space Regulation (EU) 2025/327","aka":"European Health Data Space\nEHDS\nRegulation 2025/327\nhealth data access body\nhealth data access bodies\nsecondary use of health data\nMyHealth@EU\nHealthData@EU","tldr":"A 2025 EU regulation that gives patients electronic access to their health records across the Union and creates national bodies that can grant researchers, regulators and companies permission to use anonymised or pseudonymised health data, phased in over the rest of the decade.","tags":"law eu","route":"/terms/european-health-data-space/"},{"id":"eu-hta-regulation","kind":"term","name":"EU HTA Regulation (EU) 2021/2282: joint clinical assessments","aka":"HTA Regulation\nHTAR\nRegulation 2021/2282\njoint clinical assessment\njoint clinical assessments\nJCA\nJCAs\njoint scientific consultation\nMember State Coordination Group on HTA\nHTACG","tldr":"From January 2025 every new cancer medicine in the EU gets one shared assessment of how well it works compared with existing treatments, done jointly by member states, so that each country's payer no longer repeats the clinical review, though each still decides on price.","tags":"law eu","route":"/terms/eu-hta-regulation/"},{"id":"eu-pharma-package","kind":"term","name":"EU pharmaceutical package reform (2023 proposal)","aka":"pharmaceutical package\nEU pharmaceutical legislation reform\npharma package\npharmaceutical strategy for Europe\nregulatory data protection reform\ntransferable exclusivity voucher\nmodulated exclusivity","tldr":"The biggest rewrite of EU medicines law in twenty years, proposed in 2023: shorter default protection from generic competition with extensions for launching everywhere in the EU and for meeting unmet needs, faster assessments, and tighter orphan and paediatric rules, argued over by Parliament and Council since.","tags":"law eu","route":"/terms/eu-pharma-package/"},{"id":"spc","kind":"term","name":"Supplementary protection certificate (EU)","aka":"supplementary protection certificate\nsupplementary protection certificates\nSPC\nSPCs\nRegulation 469/2009\nSPC manufacturing waiver\nSPC waiver\npaediatric extension\npatent term extension","tldr":"The EU's version of patent term restoration: up to five extra years of protection for a medicine to make up for the years spent in trials and review, so that a cancer drug gets about fifteen years of protected sales after approval, plus six months for paediatric studies.","tags":"law eu","route":"/terms/spc/"},{"id":"eu-data-exclusivity","kind":"term","name":"EU data and market protection (8+2+1)","aka":"8+2+1\nregulatory data protection\nEU data exclusivity\nEU market protection\neight years data exclusivity\nDirective 2001/83/EC\nArticle 10 Directive 2001/83\nglobal marketing authorisation","tldr":"In the EU a new medicine's trial data cannot be relied on by a generic or biosimilar for eight years, the copy cannot be sold for ten, and an eleventh year is added for a valuable new indication; it is the target of the 2023 reform.","tags":"law eu","route":"/terms/eu-data-exclusivity/"},{"id":"ilap","kind":"term","name":"ILAP (Innovative Licensing and Access Pathway)","aka":"ILAP\nInnovative Licensing and Access Pathway\nInnovation Passport\nTarget Development Profile\nEarly Access to Medicines Scheme\nEAMS\nInternational Recognition Procedure","tldr":"The UK's post-Brexit scheme, launched in 2021 and refreshed in 2025, that brings the medicines regulator, NICE and the NHS together early in a drug's development so that licensing and the decision to pay for it can happen close together.","tags":"law uk","route":"/terms/ilap/"},{"id":"cancer-drugs-fund","kind":"term","name":"Cancer Drugs Fund (England)","aka":"Cancer Drugs Fund\nCDF\nmanaged access agreement\nmanaged access\nCDF managed access\nCancer Drugs Fund list","tldr":"An NHS England fund that pays for promising cancer drugs while more evidence is collected, born in 2010 as a political fix for drugs NICE had refused and rebuilt in 2016 into a time-limited managed access scheme with a fixed budget.","tags":"law uk","route":"/terms/cancer-drugs-fund/"},{"id":"nice-methods","kind":"term","name":"NICE technology appraisal methods (2022)","aka":"NICE methods\nNICE methods review\nNICE manual\nPMG36\nseverity modifier\nend-of-life criteria\ncost per QALY threshold\nNICE threshold\ntechnology appraisal process","tldr":"The rulebook NICE uses to decide whether the NHS in England should pay for a medicine: a cost per quality-adjusted life year usually between 20,000 and 30,000 pounds, with extra weight since 2022 for severe diseases in place of the old bonus for end-of-life cancer drugs.","tags":"law uk","route":"/terms/nice-methods/"},{"id":"innovative-medicines-fund","kind":"term","name":"Innovative Medicines Fund (England)","aka":"Innovative Medicines Fund\nIMF managed access","tldr":"A fund launched in 2022 that does for non-cancer medicines what the Cancer Drugs Fund does for cancer: pays for a promising but uncertain drug for a limited period while evidence is gathered, with the same budget of 340 million pounds.","tags":"law uk","route":"/terms/innovative-medicines-fund/"},{"id":"medicines-medical-devices-act-2021","kind":"term","name":"Medicines and Medical Devices Act 2021","aka":"Medicines and Medical Devices Act\nMMD Act 2021\nHuman Medicines Regulations 2012\nMedicines Act 1968\nCommissioner for Patient Safety","tldr":"The 2021 UK law, passed after Brexit, that gives ministers power to rewrite the rules for licensing medicines, running trials and regulating devices without new primary legislation, and that created a patient safety commissioner.","tags":"law uk","route":"/terms/medicines-medical-devices-act-2021/"},{"id":"uk-data-protection-act","kind":"term","name":"UK Data Protection Act 2018 and health data law","aka":"Data Protection Act 2018\nUK GDPR\nData (Use and Access) Act 2025\nnational data opt-out\nsection 251\nConfidentiality Advisory Group\ncommon law duty of confidentiality\nCaldicott principles","tldr":"The UK's data law, which keeps the EU's GDPR in domestic form and adds NHS-specific rules, so that cancer registries and research can use patient records under a public-interest basis, patients can opt out of secondary uses, and a 2025 Act loosened the consent rules for scientific research.","tags":"law uk","route":"/terms/uk-data-protection-act/"},{"id":"amnog","kind":"term","name":"AMNOG (Germany, 2011)","aka":"AMNOG\nArzneimittelmarktneuordnungsgesetz\nearly benefit assessment\nadded benefit\nZusatznutzen\nSGB V section 35a\nGKV-Finanzstabilisierungsgesetz\nErstattungsbetrag","tldr":"Germany's 2011 law under which a new medicine is sold at the company's price from day one but must show, within six months, how much better it is than the existing standard; the verdict then drives a negotiated price that applies nationwide.","tags":"law de","route":"/terms/amnog/"},{"id":"france-early-access","kind":"term","name":"France: early access (accès précoce), formerly ATU","aka":"accès précoce\nacces precoce\nATU\nautorisation temporaire d'utilisation\ntemporary authorisation for use\naccès compassionnel\ncompassionate access France\nearly access authorisation","tldr":"France pays for promising medicines before they are approved or reimbursed: the ATU system did this from 1994, and since July 2021 the Haute Autorité de Santé grants early access for presumed innovative drugs in serious diseases, with the company setting the price and repaying the difference later.","tags":"law fr","route":"/terms/france-early-access/"},{"id":"sakigake","kind":"term","name":"Sakigake designation (Japan)","aka":"Sakigake\nSAKIGAKE\nSakigake designation system\npioneer designation\nJapan expedited review","tldr":"Japan's fast lane for innovative medicines developed there first: a designated drug gets priority consultation, a six-month review instead of twelve, and a price premium, in return for early development in Japan.","tags":"law jp","route":"/terms/sakigake/"},{"id":"japan-conditional-early-approval","kind":"term","name":"Japan conditional early approval and time-limited approval","aka":"conditional early approval system\nconditional and time-limited approval\nPMD Act 2019 amendment\nPharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Act\nregenerative medicine conditional approval\nJapan conditional approval","tldr":"Japan can approve a medicine for a serious disease on early data when a confirmatory trial would be hard to run, on condition that evidence is gathered after launch; for cell and tissue products a 2014 law allows a time-limited approval that must be confirmed within seven years.","tags":"law jp","route":"/terms/japan-conditional-early-approval/"},{"id":"china-drug-administration-law","kind":"term","name":"China Drug Administration Law (2019) and expedited pathways","aka":"Drug Administration Law\nDrug Administration Law of the People's Republic of China\nDrug Registration Regulation\nNMPA priority review\nNMPA conditional approval\nNMPA breakthrough therapy\nmarketing authorisation holder system\nChina drug reform","tldr":"China rewrote its drug law in 2019 and its registration rules in 2020, writing in priority review, conditional approval, breakthrough designation and acceptance of foreign trial data, which turned the world's slowest big regulator into one that approves cancer drugs within months of the FDA.","tags":"law cn","route":"/terms/china-drug-administration-law/"},{"id":"pipl","kind":"term","name":"PIPL (China Personal Information Protection Law 2021)","aka":"PIPL\nPersonal Information Protection Law\nPersonal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China\nsensitive personal information\nChina cross-border data transfer\nData Security Law","tldr":"China's 2021 privacy law, in force since November 2021, treats medical and health data as sensitive information requiring separate consent, and together with the Data Security Law restricts sending patient data out of China, which shapes every international cancer trial run there.","tags":"law cn","route":"/terms/pipl/"},{"id":"china-hgr-rules","kind":"term","name":"China Human Genetic Resources rules (2019, 2023)","aka":"Human Genetic Resources\nHGR\nHGR regulation\nRegulation on the Administration of Human Genetic Resources\nHGRAC\nHuman Genetic Resources Administration of China\nBiosecurity Law","tldr":"Chinese rules that treat blood, tissue and genetic data from Chinese people as a national resource: foreign organisations cannot collect them, international collaborations need approval or filing, and exporting samples or sequence data needs a permit, which affects every global cancer trial with Chinese sites.","tags":"law cn","route":"/terms/china-hgr-rules/"},{"id":"china-vbp-nrdl","kind":"term","name":"China National Reimbursement Drug List negotiation and volume-based procurement","aka":"NRDL\nNational Reimbursement Drug List\nNRDL negotiation\nvolume-based procurement\nVBP\n4+7 pilot\nnational volume-based procurement\nNHSA negotiation","tldr":"China's two price levers: an annual negotiation, since 2017, in which a new cancer drug wins national reimbursement only by cutting its price, often by half or more, and tenders since 2018 in which generic makers bid for guaranteed hospital volumes, collapsing prices of off-patent drugs.","tags":"law cn","route":"/terms/china-vbp-nrdl/"},{"id":"india-new-drugs-rules-2019","kind":"term","name":"India New Drugs and Clinical Trials Rules 2019","aka":"New Drugs and Clinical Trials Rules\nNDCT Rules 2019\nDrugs and Cosmetics Act 1940\nCDSCO approval\nDCGI approval\nlocal clinical trial waiver\nSubject Expert Committee","tldr":"India's 2019 rules for approving new drugs and running trials set deadlines for the regulator, fixed compensation for trial injuries, and allowed waivers of local trials for drugs already approved abroad, a waiver widened in 2024 for cancer and orphan drugs.","tags":"law in","route":"/terms/india-new-drugs-rules-2019/"},{"id":"nexavar-compulsory-licence","kind":"term","name":"Nexavar compulsory licence (India, 2012)","aka":"Nexavar compulsory license\nNatco v Bayer\nNatco Pharma v Bayer\nIndia compulsory licence\ncompulsory licence\ncompulsory license\ncompulsory licensing\nsection 84 Patents Act","tldr":"In March 2012 India's patent office let Natco make a generic of Bayer's kidney and liver cancer drug sorafenib at about 3 percent of the branded price, paying a royalty, because Bayer had priced it beyond most Indians' reach; it remains the leading example of a compulsory licence on a cancer drug.","tags":"law in","route":"/terms/nexavar-compulsory-licence/"},{"id":"novartis-glivec-ruling","kind":"term","name":"Novartis v. Union of India (Glivec, 2013)","aka":"Novartis v Union of India\nGlivec case\nGlivec ruling\nGleevec case India\nsection 3(d)\nSection 3(d) Patents Act\nevergreening","tldr":"In April 2013 India's Supreme Court refused Novartis a patent on the crystal form of imatinib used in Glivec, ruling that a new form of a known drug must show improved therapeutic effect, a decision that kept Indian generics of the leukaemia drug legal and became the model for anti-evergreening laws elsewhere.","tags":"law in","route":"/terms/novartis-glivec-ruling/"},{"id":"trips-doha","kind":"term","name":"TRIPS Agreement and the Doha Declaration","aka":"TRIPS\nTRIPS Agreement\nAgreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights\nDoha Declaration\nDoha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health\nTRIPS flexibilities\nArticle 31bis\nTRIPS waiver","tldr":"The 1994 world trade treaty that obliged every member country to grant twenty-year patents on medicines, and the 2001 declaration confirming that countries may still issue compulsory licences and protect public health; together they set the global terms on which cancer drugs are priced and copied.","tags":"law intl","route":"/terms/trips-doha/"},{"id":"declaration-of-helsinki","kind":"term","name":"Declaration of Helsinki","aka":"Helsinki Declaration\nWMA Declaration of Helsinki\nDeclaration of Helsinki 2024\nethical principles for medical research involving human participants","tldr":"The medical profession's own ethics code for research on people, adopted in 1964 and revised most recently in 2024, which every cancer trial protocol cites: informed consent, independent ethics review, the welfare of the participant above the interests of science, and limits on placebo controls.","tags":"law intl","route":"/terms/declaration-of-helsinki/"},{"id":"ich-gcp","kind":"term","name":"ICH good clinical practice (E6)","aka":"ICH GCP\nICH E6\nE6(R2)\nE6(R3)\ngood clinical practice\nGCP\nInternational Council for Harmonisation\nICH guidelines\nICH E9\nestimands","tldr":"The international standard for how a clinical trial must be designed, run, recorded and reported so that regulators in the United States, Europe, Japan and now China will accept its data; the third version was adopted in 2025 to fit trials that use electronic records and run across many countries.","tags":"law intl","route":"/terms/ich-gcp/"},{"id":"oesophagectomy","kind":"term","name":"Oesophagectomy","aka":"esophagectomy\noesophagectomies\nIvor Lewis","tldr":"Surgery that removes most of the food pipe (oesophagus) and rebuilds it by pulling the stomach up into the chest.","tags":"","route":"/terms/oesophagectomy/","cancers":"esophageal gastric"},{"id":"whipple","kind":"term","name":"Whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy)","aka":"Whipple\npancreatoduodenectomy\npancreatic resection","tldr":"The big operation for cancers of the head of the pancreas: the surgeon removes the pancreatic head, the duodenum, the gallbladder and part of the bile duct, then reconnects everything.","tags":"","route":"/terms/whipple/","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac pancreatic-acinar-cell-carcinoma pancreatoblastoma ipmn-cystic-precursors cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"lobectomy","kind":"term","name":"Lobectomy","aka":"lobectomies\npulmonary lobectomy","tldr":"Removing one lobe of the lung (the right lung has three, the left two). The standard operation for early lung cancer.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lobectomy/","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"segmentectomy","kind":"term","name":"Segmentectomy (sublobar resection)","aka":"sublobar resection\nwedge resection\nsegmentectomies","tldr":"Removing only a segment or wedge of a lung lobe rather than the whole lobe, sparing breathing capacity.","tags":"","route":"/terms/segmentectomy/","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"pneumonectomy","kind":"term","name":"Pneumonectomy","aka":"extrapleural pneumonectomy\npneumonectomies","tldr":"Removing an entire lung. Now rare in cancer surgery because the cost in breathing capacity is high.","tags":"","route":"/terms/pneumonectomy/","cancers":"nsclc mesothelioma lung-cancer"},{"id":"cystectomy","kind":"term","name":"Radical cystectomy","aka":"cystectomy\ncystectomies","tldr":"Removing the bladder (and nearby organs) for bladder cancer that has grown into the muscle wall; urine is then diverted through a stoma or a new bladder made of bowel.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cystectomy/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"nephrectomy","kind":"term","name":"Nephrectomy","aka":"partial nephrectomy\nradical nephrectomy\ncytoreductive nephrectomy\nnephrectomies","tldr":"Removing a kidney (radical) or just the tumour-bearing part of it (partial).","tags":"","route":"/terms/nephrectomy/","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"mastectomy","kind":"term","name":"Mastectomy","aka":"mastectomies\nrisk-reducing mastectomy\nprophylactic mastectomy\nnipple-sparing mastectomy","tldr":"Removing the whole breast, either for cancer or preventively in BRCA1/2 carriers, where bilateral risk-reducing mastectomy cuts breast cancer risk by 90% or more. For most early cancers, lumpectomy plus radiotherapy works as well, so mastectomy is chosen for large or multicentric tumours, inflammatory cancer, or patient preference.","tags":"","route":"/terms/mastectomy/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc breast-cancer"},{"id":"lumpectomy","kind":"term","name":"Lumpectomy (breast-conserving surgery)","aka":"breast-conserving\nbreast-conserving surgery\nbreast conservation\nwide excision","tldr":"Removing only the tumour with a rim of normal breast, keeping the breast; almost always followed by radiotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lumpectomy/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc breast-cancer"},{"id":"sentinel-lymph-node-biopsy","kind":"term","name":"Sentinel node biopsy","aka":"sentinel lymph node biopsy\nsentinel lymph node\nsentinel node\nsentinel lymph node mapping\nSLNB","tldr":"Finding and removing the first one or two lymph nodes a tumour drains to, to see whether cancer has spread, instead of removing the whole nodal basin.","tags":"","route":"/terms/sentinel-lymph-node-biopsy/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"lymphadenectomy","kind":"term","name":"Lymphadenectomy (lymph node dissection)","aka":"lymph node dissection\nnodal dissection\naxillary dissection\naxillary lymph node dissection\nneck dissection\nD2 lymphadenectomy\nD2 dissection\npelvic lymph node dissection\nretroperitoneal lymph node dissection\nmediastinal node dissection\nlymph node sampling","tldr":"Surgically removing the lymph nodes that drain a tumour, both to stage the cancer and to clear any spread.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphadenectomy/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"gastrectomy","kind":"term","name":"Gastrectomy","aka":"total gastrectomy\nsubtotal gastrectomy\ngastrectomies","tldr":"Removing part (subtotal) or all (total) of the stomach for stomach cancer, with the bowel joined to what remains.","tags":"","route":"/terms/gastrectomy/","cancers":"gastric early-gastric-cancer esophageal"},{"id":"colectomy","kind":"term","name":"Colectomy","aka":"hemicolectomy\nright hemicolectomy\nleft hemicolectomy\nsegmental colectomy\ncolectomies","tldr":"Removing the part of the colon containing the cancer along with its blood supply and lymph nodes, then joining the ends.","tags":"","route":"/terms/colectomy/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"total-mesorectal-excision","kind":"term","name":"Total mesorectal excision (TME)","aka":"mesorectal excision\nlow anterior resection\nanterior resection\nTME surgery","tldr":"The standard rectal cancer operation: the rectum is removed together with its surrounding fatty envelope (the mesorectum) in one intact package, which is where local recurrences used to come from.","tags":"","route":"/terms/total-mesorectal-excision/","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"abdominoperineal-resection","kind":"term","name":"Abdominoperineal resection","aka":"abdominoperineal\nabdomino-perineal resection\nsalvage APR","tldr":"Removing the rectum and anus together, leaving a permanent colostomy. Used when a low rectal or anal cancer involves the sphincter.","tags":"","route":"/terms/abdominoperineal-resection/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"hepatectomy","kind":"term","name":"Hepatectomy (liver resection)","aka":"liver resection\npartial hepatectomy\nhemihepatectomy\nhepatic resection\nmetastasectomy","tldr":"Cutting out the part of the liver containing tumour. The liver regrows, so up to 70% can be removed if what remains is healthy.","tags":"","route":"/terms/hepatectomy/","cancers":"hcc cholangiocarcinoma colorectal"},{"id":"prostatectomy","kind":"term","name":"Radical prostatectomy","aka":"prostatectomy\nrobotic prostatectomy\nrobot-assisted prostatectomy\nprostatectomies","tldr":"Removing the entire prostate gland and seminal vesicles for localised prostate cancer, now almost always with a robot.","tags":"","route":"/terms/prostatectomy/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"orchiectomy","kind":"term","name":"Orchiectomy","aka":"orchidectomy\nradical inguinal orchiectomy\nsurgical castration\nbilateral orchiectomy","tldr":"Surgical removal of a testicle: the diagnostic and first curative step for testicular cancer, or of both, as a cheap permanent form of hormone therapy in prostate cancer.","tags":"","route":"/terms/orchiectomy/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"hysterectomy","kind":"term","name":"Hysterectomy","aka":"radical hysterectomy\ntotal hysterectomy\nhysterectomies\nminimally invasive hysterectomy","tldr":"Removing the uterus (womb), often with the cervix, tubes and ovaries. Simple hysterectomy is the standard curative operation for endometrial cancer, and radical hysterectomy, which also removes tissue beside the cervix and the upper vagina, treats early cervical cancer; the LACC trial showed open surgery beats laparoscopic for cervical cancer.","tags":"","route":"/terms/hysterectomy/","cancers":"endometrial cervical"},{"id":"salpingo-oophorectomy","kind":"term","name":"Salpingo-oophorectomy","aka":"oophorectomy\nrisk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy\nbilateral salpingo-oophorectomy\nBSO\nRRSO\nopportunistic salpingectomy\nsalpingectomy","tldr":"Removing the ovaries and fallopian tubes. Done for ovarian cancer, to prevent it in BRCA carriers, or to switch off oestrogen in breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/terms/salpingo-oophorectomy/","cancers":"ovarian breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"debulking","kind":"term","name":"Debulking (cytoreductive surgery)","aka":"cytoreductive surgery\ncytoreduction\ncytoreductive\nprimary debulking\ninterval debulking\ninterval cytoreduction\nsecondary cytoreduction\ncomplete cytoreduction\noptimal debulking","tldr":"Surgery that removes as much tumour as possible when it cannot all be removed cleanly; leaving nothing visible behind is what matters.","tags":"","route":"/terms/debulking/","cancers":"ovarian rcc"},{"id":"thyroidectomy","kind":"term","name":"Thyroidectomy","aka":"total thyroidectomy\nhemithyroidectomy\nlobectomy of the thyroid\nprophylactic thyroidectomy","tldr":"Removing all (total) or half (hemi-) of the thyroid gland, after which thyroid hormone tablets replace its function.","tags":"","route":"/terms/thyroidectomy/","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"adrenalectomy","kind":"term","name":"Adrenalectomy","aka":"adrenalectomies","tldr":"Removing an adrenal gland. Open, complete (R0) removal is the only cure for adrenocortical carcinoma.","tags":"","route":"/terms/adrenalectomy/"},{"id":"turbt","kind":"term","name":"Transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT)","aka":"transurethral resection\nTURBT\nre-resection\nre-TURBT","tldr":"Shaving a bladder tumour away from the inside using a scope passed up the urethra. It is both the diagnosis and, for non-muscle-invasive cancer, the treatment.","tags":"","route":"/terms/turbt/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"limb-salvage-term","kind":"term","name":"Limb-salvage surgery","aka":"limb-salvage\nlimb salvage\nlimb-sparing surgery\nendoprosthetic reconstruction","tldr":"Removing a bone or soft-tissue sarcoma while keeping the arm or leg, rebuilding the bone with a metal endoprosthesis or a graft.","tags":"","route":"/terms/limb-salvage-term/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"wide-local-excision","kind":"term","name":"Wide local excision","aka":"wide excision\nexcision margins\nlocal excision\nre-excision\nre-excisions","tldr":"Cutting out a tumour together with a measured rim of normal-looking tissue around it, so that microscopic spread at the edge is removed too.","tags":"","route":"/terms/wide-local-excision/","cancers":"melanoma sarcoma skin-cancer basal-cell-carcinoma cutaneous-scc"},{"id":"mohs-surgery","kind":"term","name":"Mohs surgery","aka":"Mohs\nMohs micrographic surgery","tldr":"Skin cancer surgery in which the tumour is removed in thin layers, each checked under the microscope on the spot, until the edges are clear; it spares the most normal skin.","tags":"","route":"/terms/mohs-surgery/","cancers":"skin-cancer basal-cell-carcinoma cutaneous-scc"},{"id":"endoscopic-resection-term","kind":"term","name":"EMR and ESD (endoscopic mucosal resection, endoscopic submucosal dissection)","aka":"endoscopic mucosal resection\nendoscopic submucosal dissection\nESD\nendoscopically resected","tldr":"Removing an early cancer from the inside lining of the gut through an endoscope, with no external incision and the organ left in place.","tags":"","route":"/terms/endoscopic-resection-term/","cancers":"gastric esophageal colorectal"},{"id":"colonoscopy","kind":"term","name":"Colonoscopy","aka":"colonoscopies\ncolonoscopic\npolypectomy\nsigmoidoscopy","tldr":"Examining the whole large bowel with a flexible camera; polyps found on the way are removed (polypectomy), which prevents most bowel cancers.","tags":"","route":"/terms/colonoscopy/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"endoscopy","kind":"term","name":"Endoscopy (EGD, EUS, ERCP)","aka":"endoscopic\nupper endoscopy\ngastroscopy\nendoscopic ultrasound\nEUS\nERCP\nchromoendoscopy\ncystoscopy\nendoscopies\ncystoscopies","tldr":"Looking inside a hollow organ with a camera on a flexible tube, taking biopsies and sometimes treating on the spot.","tags":"","route":"/terms/endoscopy/","cancers":"esophageal gastric pancreatic cholangiocarcinoma urothelial"},{"id":"bronchoscopy","kind":"term","name":"Bronchoscopy (EBUS, robotic navigation)","aka":"bronchoscopic\nflexible bronchoscopy\nrobotic bronchoscopy\nnavigational bronchoscopy","tldr":"Passing a camera down the windpipe into the lungs to biopsy tumours and lymph nodes without surgery.","tags":"","route":"/terms/bronchoscopy/","cancers":"nsclc sclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"staging-laparoscopy","kind":"term","name":"Laparoscopy (keyhole surgery)","aka":"laparoscopic\nstaging laparoscopy\ndiagnostic laparoscopy\nkeyhole surgery\nlaparoscopically\nperitoneal cytology","tldr":"Operating or looking inside the abdomen through a few small holes with a camera, instead of one large incision.","tags":"","route":"/terms/staging-laparoscopy/"},{"id":"minimally-invasive-surgery","kind":"term","name":"Minimally invasive surgery (laparoscopic, robotic, VATS)","aka":"minimally invasive\nminimally-invasive\nVATS\nvideo-assisted thoracoscopic surgery\nrobot-assisted\nrobotic surgery","tldr":"Any operation done through small incisions with cameras and long instruments, including robot-assisted surgery; the cancer operation is the same, the wound is smaller.","tags":"","route":"/terms/minimally-invasive-surgery/"},{"id":"radiofrequency-ablation","kind":"term","name":"Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)","aka":"RFA\nradiofrequency\nthermal ablation\nablated\nablative","tldr":"Killing a tumour by heating it with an electrical current through a needle placed under image guidance, without removing it.","tags":"","route":"/terms/radiofrequency-ablation/","cancers":"hcc rcc colorectal"},{"id":"microwave-ablation","kind":"term","name":"Microwave ablation (MWA)","aka":"microwave\nMWA","tldr":"Like radiofrequency ablation but using microwaves, which heat faster and larger volumes and are less affected by nearby blood vessels.","tags":"","route":"/terms/microwave-ablation/","cancers":"hcc colorectal"},{"id":"cryoablation","kind":"term","name":"Cryoablation","aka":"cryotherapy\ncryosurgery\npercutaneous cryoablation","tldr":"Destroying a tumour by freezing it with a needle that reaches minus 40°C or below; the ice ball is visible on CT, so the treated zone can be watched forming.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cryoablation/","cancers":"rcc prostate skin-cancer basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"tace-term","kind":"term","name":"TACE (transarterial chemoembolisation)","aka":"TACE\nchemoembolisation\nchemoembolization\ntransarterial\nDEB-TACE\nbland embolisation","tldr":"Threading a catheter into the artery feeding a liver tumour and injecting chemotherapy plus particles that block the blood supply, starving and poisoning it at once.","tags":"","route":"/terms/tace-term/","cancers":"hcc neuroendocrine"},{"id":"tare","kind":"term","name":"TARE / SIRT (radioembolisation with yttrium-90)","aka":"TARE\nSIRT\nradioembolisation\nradioembolization\nY-90\nY90\nyttrium-90\nselective internal radiation therapy\n90Y microspheres","tldr":"Injecting tiny radioactive glass or resin beads into the liver's artery so they lodge in the tumour and irradiate it from inside.","tags":"","route":"/terms/tare/","cancers":"hcc colorectal neuroendocrine"},{"id":"stereotactic-radiosurgery","kind":"term","name":"Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)","aka":"SRS\nradiosurgery\nGamma Knife\ngamma knife\nfractionated stereotactic radiotherapy","tldr":"A single high dose of radiation delivered to a brain tumour or metastasis by beams converging from all sides, so the target gets a destructive dose while the surrounding brain gets little; no scalpel is involved despite the name. It treats metastases up to about 3-4 cm and has replaced whole-brain radiotherapy for limited disease because it spares cognition.","tags":"","route":"/terms/stereotactic-radiosurgery/"},{"id":"wbrt","kind":"term","name":"Whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT)","aka":"WBRT\nwhole-brain\nwhole-brain radiation\nwhole brain radiotherapy\nhippocampal-avoidance","tldr":"Irradiating the entire brain, typically 30 Gy in 10 sessions, when metastases are too numerous or too widespread (leptomeningeal) for focused radiosurgery. It controls disease but dulls memory, so it is now reserved for those cases, with hippocampal-avoidance planning and memantine to limit the decline.","tags":"","route":"/terms/wbrt/"},{"id":"pci-term","kind":"term","name":"Prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI)","aka":"PCI\ncranial irradiation","tldr":"Giving the brain a preventive dose of radiation (25 Gy in 10 sessions) before any metastasis can be seen, mainly in small-cell lung cancer, which spreads to the brain in over half of patients. Its value is disputed now that MRI surveillance is routine, and cognitive side effects push practice towards watching instead.","tags":"","route":"/terms/pci-term/","cancers":"sclc"},{"id":"biliary-stent","kind":"term","name":"Stenting (biliary, oesophageal, airway)","aka":"stent\nstents\nstenting\nbiliary stenting\nself-expanding metal stent\nSEMS\noesophageal stent\nbiliary drainage\npercutaneous drainage","tldr":"Placing a small mesh or plastic tube to hold open a duct or passage that a tumour is squeezing shut, relieving jaundice, swallowing difficulty or breathlessness.","tags":"","route":"/terms/biliary-stent/","cancers":"pancreatic cholangiocarcinoma esophageal"},{"id":"pleurodesis","kind":"term","name":"Pleurodesis and indwelling pleural catheter","aka":"pleurodesis\nindwelling pleural catheter\ntalc pleurodesis\nthoracentesis\npleural drainage","tldr":"Ways to stop fluid repeatedly collecting around the lung: either glue the two pleural layers together with talc, or leave a small tunnelled drain the patient empties at home.","tags":"","route":"/terms/pleurodesis/","cancers":"mesothelioma nsclc lung-cancer sclc"},{"id":"apheresis","kind":"term","name":"Apheresis (leukapheresis)","aka":"leukapheresis\napheresis collection\nstem cell mobilisation\nstem cell collection\nplerixafor mobilisation","tldr":"Running a patient's blood through a machine that skims off one type of cell (T cells, or stem cells) and returns the rest; the harvested cells become the raw material for CAR-T or a transplant.","tags":"","route":"/terms/apheresis/"},{"id":"intrathecal-therapy","kind":"term","name":"Intrathecal therapy (lumbar puncture, Ommaya reservoir)","aka":"intrathecal\nintrathecal chemotherapy\nintraventricular\nOmmaya\nOmmaya reservoir\nlumbar puncture\nspinal tap\nCSF sampling","tldr":"Giving drugs directly into the fluid around the brain and spinal cord, by needle in the lower back or through a small reservoir under the scalp, because most drugs cannot cross from the blood into that space.","tags":"","route":"/terms/intrathecal-therapy/","cancers":"all-leukemia dlbcl glioblastoma"},{"id":"central-venous-access","kind":"term","name":"Central venous access (port, PICC line)","aka":"port-a-cath\nimplanted port\nPICC\nPICC line\ncentral line\ncentral venous catheter\nHickman line\ntunnelled line\nPICC lines","tldr":"A long-term line into a large vein near the heart, either a small disc under the skin (port) or a tube from the arm (PICC), so chemotherapy can be given and blood drawn without repeated needle sticks.","tags":"","route":"/terms/central-venous-access/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma malt-lymphoma splenic-marginal-zone-lymphoma nodal-marginal-zone-lymphoma waldenstrom primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma burkitt-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma nodular-lymphocyte-predominant-hodgkin-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma angioimmunoblastic-t-cell-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma sezary-syndrome primary-cns-lymphoma"},{"id":"feeding-tube","kind":"term","name":"Feeding tube (gastrostomy, PEG, jejunostomy)","aka":"gastrostomy\nPEG tube\njejunostomy\nnasogastric tube\nenteral feeding\nfeeding tubes","tldr":"A tube placed into the stomach (gastrostomy, PEG) or small bowel (jejunostomy) so a patient who cannot swallow enough can still be fed through the gut.","tags":"","route":"/terms/feeding-tube/","cancers":"head-and-neck esophageal"},{"id":"stoma","kind":"term","name":"Stoma (colostomy, ileostomy, urostomy)","aka":"colostomy\nileostomy\nurostomy\nileal conduit\nneobladder\nostomy\nstoma reversal","tldr":"An opening made in the abdominal wall so bowel or urine empties into a bag; may be temporary while a join heals, or permanent when the rectum, anus or bladder has been removed.","tags":"","route":"/terms/stoma/","cancers":"colorectal urothelial"},{"id":"core-needle-biopsy","kind":"term","name":"Core needle biopsy and fine-needle aspiration (FNA)","aka":"core biopsy\ncore needle biopsy\nfine-needle aspiration\nfine needle aspiration\nFNA\nimage-guided biopsy\nCT-guided biopsy\nre-biopsy\nbone marrow biopsy\nbone marrow aspirate\ntargeted biopsy","tldr":"Taking a sliver of tissue (core) or a few cells (fine-needle aspiration) through a needle guided by ultrasound, CT or MRI, to diagnose the cancer and test its markers without surgery.","tags":"","route":"/terms/core-needle-biopsy/"},{"id":"hipec-procedure","kind":"term","name":"HIPEC (hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy)","aka":"hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy\nheated intraperitoneal chemotherapy\nPIPAC\npressurised intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy","tldr":"After surgeons remove all visible tumour from the abdominal lining, the abdomen is bathed for 60-90 minutes in heated chemotherapy to kill the microscopic cells left behind.","tags":"","route":"/terms/hipec-procedure/","cancers":"ovarian colorectal gastric"},{"id":"brachytherapy-term","kind":"term","name":"Brachytherapy (internal radiotherapy)","aka":"brachytherapy boost\nHDR brachytherapy\nLDR brachytherapy\nseed implant\ninterstitial brachytherapy\nintracavitary","tldr":"Radiotherapy from the inside: radioactive seeds or a temporary source are placed in or next to the tumour, so the dose falls off steeply and nearby organs are spared.","tags":"","route":"/terms/brachytherapy-term/","cancers":"prostate cervical"},{"id":"sbrt-term","kind":"term","name":"Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT / SABR)","aka":"SBRT\nSABR\nstereotactic ablative radiotherapy\nstereotactic body radiation therapy\nstereotactic radiotherapy\nstereotactic\nmetastasis-directed therapy","tldr":"A course of one to five large, pinpoint-accurate radiation doses that destroy a tumour outside the brain almost like surgery, for patients who cannot or prefer not to have an operation. It is standard for inoperable early lung cancer and the backbone of oligometastatic treatment; toxicity is mostly to whatever lies within a centimetre of the target.","tags":"","route":"/terms/sbrt-term/"},{"id":"imrt-term","kind":"term","name":"IMRT / IGRT / VMAT (modern external beam radiotherapy)","aka":"IMRT\nIGRT\nVMAT\nintensity-modulated radiotherapy\nintensity-modulated\nimage-guided radiotherapy\nexternal beam\nexternal-beam\nexternal beam radiotherapy\nEBRT\nconformal\n3D-conformal","tldr":"Radiation beams shaped and varied in intensity from multiple angles, or while the machine rotates around the patient (VMAT), so the dose hugs the tumour and misses healthy tissue, checked against imaging before each session so it lands where planned. It cut dry mouth in head and neck cancer and rectal toxicity in prostate cancer.","tags":"","route":"/terms/imrt-term/"},{"id":"mediastinum","kind":"term","name":"Mediastinum","aka":"mediastinal\nmediastinal nodes\nmediastinal lymph nodes\nhilar nodes\nmediastinoscopy\nmediastinal node","tldr":"The space in the middle of the chest between the two lungs, containing the heart, great vessels, windpipe, food pipe and the lymph nodes that lung cancer spreads to first.","tags":"","route":"/terms/mediastinum/","cancers":"nsclc esophageal"},{"id":"peritoneum","kind":"term","name":"Peritoneum and peritoneal metastases","aka":"peritoneal\nperitoneal metastases\nperitoneal carcinomatosis\ncarcinomatosis\nperitoneal disease\nperitoneal spread\nperitoneal cavity\nomentum\nomental","tldr":"The thin membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering the bowel. Cancers of the ovary, stomach, colon, appendix and pancreas seed it with small, poorly vascularised deposits that CT under-detects and drugs reach badly, which is why surgery with heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is used in appendiceal and selected ovarian cancers.","tags":"","route":"/terms/peritoneum/","cancers":"ovarian gastric colorectal pancreatic mesothelioma"},{"id":"pleura","kind":"term","name":"Pleura","aka":"pleural\npleural cavity\npleural space\nextrapleural\npleurectomy\npleurectomy/decortication\npleural metastases","tldr":"The two-layered lining around each lung. Mesothelioma grows from it, lung and breast cancers spread to it, and fluid collecting between its layers causes breathlessness.","tags":"","route":"/terms/pleura/","cancers":"mesothelioma nsclc"},{"id":"pleural-effusion","kind":"term","name":"Malignant pleural effusion and ascites","aka":"pleural effusion\neffusion\neffusions\nascites\nmalignant ascites\nparacentesis","tldr":"Fluid that builds up around the lung (pleural effusion) or in the abdomen (ascites) because cancer cells irritate the lining and block lymph drainage; it causes breathlessness or a swollen, tight belly.","tags":"","route":"/terms/pleural-effusion/","cancers":"nsclc ovarian hcc mesothelioma lung-cancer sclc"},{"id":"retroperitoneum","kind":"term","name":"Retroperitoneum","aka":"retroperitoneal\nretroperitoneal sarcoma\nretroperitoneal nodes\npara-aortic nodes\npara-aortic","tldr":"The space at the back of the abdomen, behind the gut's lining, holding the kidneys, adrenals, pancreas, aorta and the para-aortic lymph nodes. Tumours here grow large before they are felt.","tags":"","route":"/terms/retroperitoneum/","cancers":"sarcoma rcc pancreatic"},{"id":"lymph-node-status","kind":"term","name":"Lymph node status (node-positive / node-negative)","aka":"nodal burden\nnumber of positive nodes\nlymph-node status\nnode-positive\nnode-negative\nnodal\nnodal status\nnodal staging\nnodal disease\nlymph node involvement\nlymph node metastases\nlymph node-positive\nN0\nregional nodes\npositive nodes\ninvolved nodes","tldr":"Whether the cancer has reached the nearby lymph nodes, the filters along the lymphatic drainage. It is the single strongest predictor of whether cancer has escaped the organ, and it drives most decisions about extra treatment after surgery.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymph-node-status/"},{"id":"gej","kind":"term","name":"Gastro-oesophageal junction (GEJ)","aka":"GEJ\nGOJ\ngastroesophageal junction\ngastro-oesophageal junction\noesophagogastric junction\njunctional\nSiewert\nesophagogastric junction","tldr":"Where the food pipe meets the stomach. Cancers here are classed by how far above or below the junction they centre (Siewert I-III), which decides whether they are treated like oesophageal or stomach cancer.","tags":"","route":"/terms/gej/","cancers":"esophageal gastric"},{"id":"head-neck-subsites","kind":"term","name":"Head and neck subsites (oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx)","aka":"oral cavity\noropharynx\noropharyngeal\nhypopharynx\nnasopharynx\nnasopharyngeal\nlarynx\nlaryngeal\nlarynx preservation\nsalivary gland\nsalivary glands","tldr":"Head and neck cancer is really several cancers named by exact location: mouth (oral cavity), back of the throat (oropharynx, where HPV cancers arise), voice box (larynx), lower throat (hypopharynx) and behind the nose (nasopharynx). Each behaves and is treated differently.","tags":"","route":"/terms/head-neck-subsites/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"leptomeningeal-disease","kind":"term","name":"Leptomeningeal disease","aka":"leptomeningeal\nleptomeningeal metastases\nleptomeningeal carcinomatosis\ncarcinomatous meningitis","tldr":"Cancer cells spreading in the fluid and membranes that bathe the brain and spinal cord, rather than as a solid lump. It causes headaches, nerve palsies and confusion and has been one of the hardest situations to treat.","tags":"","route":"/terms/leptomeningeal-disease/"},{"id":"brain-metastases","kind":"term","name":"Brain metastases (intracranial disease)","aka":"brain metastasis\nintracranial\nintracranial metastases\nCNS metastases\nCNS disease\nCNS activity\nintracranial response\nintracranial ORR\nCNS relapse\nbrain mets\nintracranial responses","tldr":"Tumour deposits that have travelled to the brain from a cancer elsewhere, ten times more common than cancers that start in the brain, mostly from lung, breast, melanoma and kidney cancer. Because the blood-brain barrier excludes most drugs, whether a medicine reaches and shrinks them now decides which drug is chosen, and trials report intracranial progression separately.","tags":"","route":"/terms/brain-metastases/","cancers":"nsclc breast-her2-positive tnbc melanoma secondary-brain-tumours lung-cancer sclc"},{"id":"bone-metastases","kind":"term","name":"Bone metastases and skeletal-related events","aka":"bone metastasis\nskeletal metastases\nskeletal-related events\nskeletal-related event\nSRE\nbone-only\nbone-predominant\nosseous metastases\npathological fracture\nspinal cord compression","tldr":"Cancer spread to the bones, most common in prostate, breast, lung, kidney and thyroid cancer and myeloma. It causes pain, fractures and high calcium, and the complications are counted in trials as 'skeletal-related events'.","tags":"","route":"/terms/bone-metastases/","cancers":"prostate breast-hr-positive multiple-myeloma rcc lung-cancer nsclc sclc"},{"id":"portal-vein-tumour-thrombus","kind":"term","name":"Portal vein tumour thrombus (macrovascular invasion)","aka":"portal vein\nportal vein invasion\nmacrovascular invasion\ntumour thrombus\nvascular invasion\nportal hypertension","tldr":"Liver cancer growing into the main vein that brings blood from the gut to the liver. It marks advanced disease, rules out most surgery and transplant, and makes some local treatments unsafe.","tags":"","route":"/terms/portal-vein-tumour-thrombus/","cancers":"hcc rcc"},{"id":"lymphovascular-invasion","kind":"term","name":"Lymphovascular invasion (LVI)","aka":"LVI\nlymphovascular\nvascular invasion\nlymphatic invasion\nvenous invasion\nextramural venous invasion\nEMVI","tldr":"The pathologist has seen cancer cells inside small lymph or blood vessels in the removed tissue: a sign the tumour has found the exit routes, even if the nodes are clear.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphovascular-invasion/"},{"id":"perineural-invasion","kind":"term","name":"Perineural invasion (PNI)","aka":"PNI\nperineural\nnerve invasion\nneural invasion","tldr":"Cancer cells growing along the sheath of a nerve. Nerves act as tracks for spread, so this finding predicts recurrence, especially in pancreatic, prostate and head and neck cancers.","tags":"","route":"/terms/perineural-invasion/","cancers":"pancreatic prostate head-and-neck cutaneous-scc skin-cancer bowens-disease"},{"id":"resection-margins","kind":"term","name":"Resection margins (R0 / R1 / R2)","aka":"margins\nmargin\nsurgical margins\nnegative margins\npositive margins\nmargin-negative\nmargin-positive\nclear margins\nR0\nR0 resection\nR1 resection\nR2 resection\nmicroscopic residual disease\nmargin status\ncircumferential resection margin\nCRM\npositive margin\nresection margin","tldr":"Whether the edge of the removed tissue is free of cancer. R0 means clear under the microscope, R1 means microscopic cancer at the edge, R2 means visible tumour left behind. R0 is what 'complete resection' means.","tags":"","route":"/terms/resection-margins/","cancers":"breast-cancer skin-cancer basal-cell-carcinoma cutaneous-scc"},{"id":"tumour-differentiation","kind":"term","name":"Tumour differentiation (well / moderately / poorly differentiated)","aka":"well-differentiated\nwell differentiated\nmoderately differentiated\npoorly differentiated\npoorly-differentiated\nundifferentiated\ndedifferentiated\ndifferentiated thyroid cancer\ndifferentiated","tldr":"How much the cancer cells still resemble the normal tissue they came from. Well-differentiated tumours look almost normal and tend to grow slowly; poorly differentiated ones have lost their identity and behave aggressively. It is the basis of grade.","tags":"","route":"/terms/tumour-differentiation/","cancers":"neuroendocrine thyroid prostate"},{"id":"dysplasia","kind":"term","name":"Dysplasia (pre-cancerous change)","aka":"dysplastic\nhigh-grade dysplasia\nlow-grade dysplasia\natypical hyperplasia\natypia\nintraepithelial neoplasia\nCIN\npremalignant\npre-malignant\nprecancerous\npre-cancerous\nprecursor lesion\nprecursor lesions","tldr":"Abnormal-looking cells in a surface lining that are not yet cancer but are on the way. Finding and removing dysplasia (cervical smears, Barrett's surveillance, colon polyps) is how screening prevents cancer rather than just detecting it early.","tags":"","route":"/terms/dysplasia/","cancers":"cervical esophageal colorectal"},{"id":"carcinoma-in-situ","kind":"term","name":"Carcinoma in situ (CIS)","aka":"CIS\nin situ carcinoma\nin situ\nTis\nlobular carcinoma in situ\nLCIS\nstage 0\nnon-invasive cancer\nintraepithelial","tldr":"Cancer cells that fill the lining layer where they started but have not broken through the basement membrane into the tissue beneath. They cannot spread yet, so removal is usually curative; it is 'stage 0'.","tags":"","route":"/terms/carcinoma-in-situ/","cancers":"urothelial cervical melanoma lobular-carcinoma-in-situ bowens-disease"},{"id":"dcis","kind":"term","name":"Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)","aka":"DCIS\nductal carcinoma in situ\nductal in situ","tldr":"Breast cancer cells confined inside the milk ducts, found mostly by mammography as calcifications. It is not life-threatening in itself, but around a third would progress to invasive cancer if left.","tags":"","route":"/terms/dcis/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"pd-l1-testing","kind":"term","name":"PD-L1 expression testing (22C3, SP142, SP263)","aka":"PD-L1 expression\nPD-L1-positive\nPD-L1 positive\nPD-L1-negative\nPD-L1 negative\nPD-L1-high\nPD-L1 high\nPD-L1-low\nPD-L1 status\nPD-L1 IHC\n22C3\nSP142\nSP263\n28-8\nPD-L1 ≥50%\nPD-L1 ≥1%","tldr":"A stain on the tumour biopsy that measures how much of the PD-L1 'don't attack me' protein is present, scored as a tumour proportion or combined positive score. Higher levels usually mean checkpoint inhibitors work better, and approvals in lung, triple-negative breast, gastric and head and neck cancer set minimum scores; yet PD-L1-negative tumours sometimes respond.","tags":"","route":"/terms/pd-l1-testing/"},{"id":"hormone-receptor-status","kind":"term","name":"Hormone receptor status (ER / PR)","aka":"HR+/HER2−\nHR+/HER2-\nHR-positive, HER2-negative\nHR-positive/HER2-negative\nER/PR\nER-positive\nER positive\nER+\nER-negative\nER−\nPR-positive\nPR+\nHR-positive\nHR+\nHR-negative\nHR−\nhormone receptor-positive\nhormone receptor positive\nhormone-receptor-positive\noestrogen receptor-positive\nprogesterone receptor\nER-low\nPgR\nestrogen receptor-positive\nestrogen receptor positive\nestrogen-receptor-positive\noestrogen-receptor-positive\noestrogen-driven\nestrogen-driven\nluminal\nluminal A\nluminal B","tldr":"Whether a breast cancer's cells carry receptors for oestrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR). If they do, the cancer is fed by these hormones and can be treated by blocking them; about 70% of breast cancers are hormone receptor-positive.","tags":"","route":"/terms/hormone-receptor-status/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"her2-positive","kind":"term","name":"HER2-positive (IHC 3+ or ISH-amplified)","aka":"HER2-positive\nHER2 positive\nHER2+\nHER2-negative\nHER2 negative\nHER2−\nIHC 3+\nIHC 2+\nHER2 IHC\nHER2-amplified\nHER2 amplification\nISH-amplified\nHER2 overexpression\nHER2-overexpressing\nHER2-mutant\nHER2 status\nASCO/CAP","tldr":"A cancer with too much HER2 growth-signal protein, either scored 3+ on the stain or shown to have extra copies of the gene. Once the most aggressive breast cancer subtype, it is now among the most treatable thanks to anti-HER2 drugs.","tags":"","route":"/terms/her2-positive/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive gastric nsclc"},{"id":"fish","kind":"term","name":"FISH / ISH (in situ hybridisation)","aka":"FISH\nISH\nin situ hybridisation\nin situ hybridization\nfluorescence in situ hybridization\nfluorescence in situ hybridisation\nbreak-apart FISH\nEBER in situ hybridisation\nEBER","tldr":"A test that uses glowing DNA probes on a tissue slide to count gene copies or spot rearranged genes inside individual cells, used to confirm HER2 amplification, MYCN in neuroblastoma, or ALK and MYC rearrangements.","tags":"","route":"/terms/fish/"},{"id":"tumour-markers","kind":"term","name":"Tumour markers (CEA, LDH, chromogranin, thyroglobulin)","aka":"tumour marker\ntumor marker\ntumor markers\nserum markers\nCEA\nLDH\nLactate dehydrogenase\nlactate dehydrogenase\nLDH level\nraised LDH\nelevated LDH\nchromogranin\nthyroglobulin\ncalcitonin\nbeta-hCG\nhCG\n5-HIAA\nNSE\nCA 15-3\nCA 72-4","tldr":"Substances released into the blood by some cancers that can be measured with a simple test, useful for tracking whether treatment is working or the cancer is coming back, but rarely good enough to diagnose or screen.","tags":"","route":"/terms/tumour-markers/","cancers":"colorectal neuroendocrine thyroid melanoma"},{"id":"child-pugh","kind":"term","name":"Child-Pugh score","aka":"Child-Pugh\nChild-Pugh A\nChild-Pugh B\nChild-Pugh class\nChild–Pugh\nALBI\nALBI grade\nliver function reserve","tldr":"A score of how well a damaged liver is still working, from five simple measures (bilirubin, albumin, clotting, fluid in the abdomen, confusion). Class A is well compensated, C is failing. Liver cancer trials almost all require class A.","tags":"","route":"/terms/child-pugh/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"cirrhosis","kind":"term","name":"Cirrhosis","aka":"cirrhotic\nliver cirrhosis\nliver fibrosis\nMASLD\nMASH\nNASH\nNAFLD\nfatty liver\nchronic hepatitis B\nhepatitis B\nhepatitis C","tldr":"Permanent scarring of the liver after years of damage from hepatitis B or C, alcohol or fatty liver disease. It is the soil in which most liver cancers grow, and its severity limits which cancer treatments a patient can withstand.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cirrhosis/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"hpv-status","kind":"term","name":"HPV status (HPV-positive / HPV-negative)","aka":"HPV-positive\nHPV positive\nHPV-negative\nHPV negative\nHPV-driven\nHPV-associated\nHPV-related\nhigh-risk HPV\nHPV16\nHPV 16\nctHPV\nctHPV DNA\nHPV ctDNA\nHPV DNA","tldr":"Whether a cancer is caused by human papillomavirus. HPV-positive throat cancers are a different, far more curable disease than smoking-related ones, and the virus's DNA in blood can track the cancer.","tags":"","route":"/terms/hpv-status/","cancers":"head-and-neck cervical"},{"id":"ebv-term","kind":"term","name":"Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in cancer","aka":"EBV\nEpstein-Barr\nEpstein–Barr virus\nEBV-positive\nEBV-associated\nEBV-driven\nEBV DNA\nEBER","tldr":"The common glandular-fever virus, carried lifelong by most adults, which in a minority of people drives nasopharyngeal cancer, some stomach cancers and several lymphomas.","tags":"","route":"/terms/ebv-term/","cancers":"head-and-neck gastric hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl"},{"id":"mss-pmmr","kind":"term","name":"Microsatellite-stable (MSS) / mismatch-repair proficient (pMMR)","aka":"MSS\npMMR\nmicrosatellite-stable\nmicrosatellite stable\nmismatch repair proficient\nmismatch-repair proficient\nMMR-proficient\nMMR proficient\nMSI-low\nMSS/pMMR","tldr":"The 'normal' result on the mismatch-repair test: the tumour has intact DNA spell-checking and few mutations. It describes about 95% of metastatic colorectal cancers and means checkpoint inhibitors alone are unlikely to work.","tags":"","route":"/terms/mss-pmmr/","cancers":"colorectal endometrial"},{"id":"gbrca-mutation","kind":"term","name":"Germline BRCA mutation (gBRCA)","aka":"gBRCA\ngBRCAm\nBRCA-mutated\nBRCA-mutant\nBRCA mutation\nBRCA carriers\nBRCA carrier\nBRCA1/2\nBRCA1\nBRCA2\nsBRCA\nsomatic BRCA\nBRCA-deficient\nBRCA wild-type\nBRCA status\nHRR mutation\nHRR-mutant\nHRRm\nPALB2\nBRCA mutations","tldr":"An inherited fault in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene, present in every cell from birth, that greatly raises the risk of breast, ovarian, prostate and pancreatic cancer and makes those cancers sensitive to PARP inhibitors and platinum.","tags":"","route":"/terms/gbrca-mutation/","cancers":"ovarian tnbc prostate pancreatic prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"wild-type","kind":"term","name":"Wild-type (WT)","aka":"wild type\nwildtype\nRAS wild-type\nKRAS wild-type\nBRAF wild-type\nTP53 wild-type\nTP53-wild-type\nEGFR wild-type\nunmutated","tldr":"The normal, unmutated version of a gene. Saying a tumour is 'RAS wild-type' means its RAS gene is not mutated, which for colorectal cancer means EGFR antibodies can work.","tags":"","route":"/terms/wild-type/"},{"id":"gene-amplification","kind":"term","name":"Gene amplification and copy-number change","aka":"amplification\namplified\namplifications\ncopy number\ncopy-number\ncopy number alteration\ncopy number gain\ngene copy number\nMYCN-amplified\nMET amplification\nCCNE1 amplification\ndeletion\nhomozygous deletion\ndel(17p)\n1q gain\nloss of heterozygosity\nLOH\ngenomic instability\nchromosomal instability\naneuploidy","tldr":"Cancer cells often have extra copies of a growth gene (amplification) or have lost copies of a protective one (deletion), rather than a spelling change within the gene. Extra copies of HER2 or MYCN are classic examples that change treatment.","tags":"","route":"/terms/gene-amplification/"},{"id":"egfr-mutation-subtypes","kind":"term","name":"EGFR mutation subtypes (exon 19 deletion, L858R, exon 20 insertion, T790M)","aka":"EGFR-mutant\nEGFR-mutated\nEGFR mutation\nEGFR mutations\nEGFR-positive\nexon 19 deletion\nexon 19 del\nex19del\nL858R\nexon 20 insertion\nexon 20 ins\nex20ins\nT790M\nC797S\nuncommon EGFR mutations\nG719X\nS768I\nL861Q\nEGFR-TKI\nEGFR TKI\nEGFR inhibitor\nEGFR inhibitors","tldr":"Lung cancers with a mutated EGFR gene are treated with EGFR pills, but which pill and how well it works depends on exactly where the mutation is. Exon 19 deletions and L858R are the 'classic' sensitive ones; exon 20 insertions resist most pills; T790M and C797S appear when resistance develops.","tags":"","route":"/terms/egfr-mutation-subtypes/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"kras-mutation-subtypes","kind":"term","name":"KRAS mutation subtypes (G12C, G12D, G12V)","aka":"G12C\nG12D\nG12V\nG12R\nG13D\nQ61H\nKRAS G12C\nKRAS G12D\nKRAS-mutant\nKRAS-mutated\nKRAS mutation\nKRAS mutations\nRAS-mutant\nRAS mutation\nRAS-mutated\nnon-G12C\npan-RAS\npan-KRAS\nRAS(ON)\nRAS(OFF)\nRAS mutations","tldr":"KRAS, the most commonly mutated cancer gene, comes in flavours named by the exact amino acid change. G12C (common in smokers' lung cancer) was the first to get a drug; G12D dominates pancreatic and colorectal cancer and its inhibitors are arriving now.","tags":"","route":"/terms/kras-mutation-subtypes/","cancers":"nsclc pancreatic colorectal"},{"id":"braf-v600-mutation","kind":"term","name":"BRAF V600E mutation","aka":"V600E\nV600\nBRAF V600E\nBRAF V600\nBRAF-mutant\nBRAF-mutated\nBRAF mutation\nBRAF-mutant melanoma\nBRAF/MEK\nBRAF + MEK\nclass II BRAF\nclass III BRAF\nBRAF inhibitor\nMEK inhibitor\nBRAF inhibitors\nMEK inhibitors","tldr":"A single spelling change in the BRAF gene that jams a growth switch permanently on. It is found in half of melanomas and in some colon, thyroid, lung and brain tumours, and is treated with a BRAF pill plus a MEK pill.","tags":"","route":"/terms/braf-v600-mutation/","cancers":"melanoma colorectal thyroid nsclc"},{"id":"gatekeeper-mutation","kind":"term","name":"On-target resistance mutations (gatekeeper, solvent-front, compound)","aka":"gatekeeper\ngatekeeper mutation\nsolvent-front mutation\nsolvent front\ncompound mutations\ncompound mutation\nG1202R\nG2032R\non-target resistance\nsecondary mutation\nresistance mutation\nacquired resistance mutation\nkinase domain mutation\nresistance mutations\ngatekeeper mutations\nsecondary mutations\nsolvent-front mutations","tldr":"When a cancer becomes resistant to a targeted pill, it often does so by changing the exact spot where the drug binds: a 'gatekeeper' or 'solvent-front' mutation. Next-generation drugs are designed to fit around these changes.","tags":"","route":"/terms/gatekeeper-mutation/"},{"id":"stk11-keap1","kind":"term","name":"STK11 / KEAP1 co-mutations","aka":"STK11\nKEAP1\nco-mutation\nco-mutations\nco-mutated\nSTK11/KEAP1\nLKB1\nSMARCA4","tldr":"Two genes whose loss, often alongside a KRAS mutation, makes lung cancer 'cold' to immunotherapy and shortens survival on standard treatment. They are the reason two KRAS-mutant lung cancers can behave completely differently.","tags":"","route":"/terms/stk11-keap1/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"tp53-mutated","kind":"term","name":"TP53-mutated (p53-abnormal)","aka":"TP53-mutated\nTP53-mutant\nTP53 mutation\nTP53 mutations\nTP53 loss\nTP53-altered\np53abn\np53-abnormal\np53 abnormal\np53-mutant\nmutant p53\nTP53/RB1\nTP53 and RB1\nmulti-hit TP53","tldr":"Loss of the p53 'guardian of the genome', the most commonly mutated gene in cancer. In blood cancers and several solid tumours a TP53 mutation marks the highest-risk group, resistant to chemotherapy and hard to treat.","tags":"","route":"/terms/tp53-mutated/","cancers":"aml cll endometrial ovarian"},{"id":"cytogenetics","kind":"term","name":"Cytogenetics and karyotype","aka":"cytogenetic\nkaryotype\ncomplex karyotype\nmonosomal karyotype\nchromosomal abnormalities\nhigh-risk cytogenetics\nadverse cytogenetics\nfavourable cytogenetics\ntranslocation\nt(4;14)\nt(11;14)\nt(8;21)\ninv(16)\nhyperdiploid\nhypodiploid\nmetaphase\ntranslocations\nkaryotypes","tldr":"Looking at a cancer's chromosomes under the microscope to find missing, extra, broken or swapped pieces. It has been the main risk-sorting tool in leukaemia, myeloma and lymphoma for decades.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cytogenetics/","cancers":"aml multiple-myeloma all-leukemia cll"},{"id":"flow-cytometry","kind":"term","name":"Flow cytometry (immunophenotyping)","aka":"immunophenotype\nimmunophenotyping\nmultiparameter flow cytometry\nMFC\nnext-generation flow\nNGF\nCD markers\ncluster of differentiation","tldr":"A machine that streams cells one by one past lasers and reads the surface proteins (CD markers) each carries, identifying what kind of cell it is. It is how leukaemias and lymphomas are typed and how residual disease is counted.","tags":"","route":"/terms/flow-cytometry/","cancers":"aml all-leukemia cll multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"blasts","kind":"term","name":"Blasts (leukaemic blast cells)","aka":"blast count\nblast percentage\nleukaemic blasts\nleukemic blasts\nmyeloblasts\nlymphoblasts\nblast crisis\nblast phase\nexcess blasts\ncirculating blasts","tldr":"Immature blood cells that should mature in the marrow but in acute leukaemia multiply without growing up. The percentage of blasts in the marrow defines the disease: 20% or more is acute leukaemia.","tags":"","route":"/terms/blasts/","cancers":"aml all-leukemia"},{"id":"cfdna","kind":"term","name":"Cell-free DNA (cfDNA)","aka":"cfDNA\ncell-free DNA\ncirculating cell-free DNA\nplasma DNA\nliquid biopsy\nplasma NGS\nplasma genotyping\nblood-based genotyping\ntissue-informed\ntumour-informed\ntumor-informed\ntumour-naive\ntumor-naive\nfragmentomics\nliquid biopsies","tldr":"Short pieces of DNA floating in the blood, shed by dying cells all over the body. Most is from normal cells; the small tumour-derived fraction (ctDNA) is what liquid biopsies fish out.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cfdna/"},{"id":"umrd","kind":"term","name":"Undetectable MRD (uMRD / MRD-negative)","aka":"uMRD\nMRD-negative\nMRD negative\nMRD negativity rate\nMRD-positive\nMRD positive\nMRD-persistent\nMRD persistence\nMRD-guided\nMRD-driven\nMRD-adapted\nsustained MRD negativity\nuMRD4\nMRD 10^-5\nMRD 10-6","tldr":"The test for leftover cancer cells found none, down to the sensitivity of the assay (often one cell in 100,000 or a million). It is the deepest remission we can measure and is becoming a treatment goal and trial endpoint in blood cancers.","tags":"","route":"/terms/umrd/","cancers":"cll multiple-myeloma all-leukemia aml"},{"id":"deauville","kind":"term","name":"Deauville score and PET-adapted therapy","aka":"Deauville\nDeauville score\ninterim PET\nend-of-treatment PET\nPET-adapted\nPET-guided\nPET-negative\nPET-positive\nPET-directed\nLugano classification\nLugano\nmetabolic response\ncomplete metabolic response","tldr":"A 1-to-5 scale for how brightly a lymphoma lights up on a PET scan, compared with the liver and the middle of the chest. Scores of 1-3 after two cycles mean the treatment is working and allow it to be shortened; 4-5 means intensify.","tags":"","route":"/terms/deauville/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl breast-her2-positive non-hodgkin-lymphoma follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"molecular-response","kind":"term","name":"Molecular response (MMR, MR4, treatment-free remission)","aka":"major molecular response\nMR4\nMR4.5\ndeep molecular response\ncomplete molecular response\nBCR-ABL1 transcript\nBCR::ABL1 IS\nInternational Scale\ntreatment-free remission\nTFR\nmolecular relapse\ncytogenetic response\ncomplete cytogenetic response\nearly molecular response\ncytogenetic responses\nmolecular responses","tldr":"In chronic myeloid leukaemia, how far the leukaemia gene signal in the blood has fallen, measured in logs: a 1,000-fold drop is a major molecular response, a 10,000-fold drop (MR4) is 'deep'. Deep responses held for two years let some patients stop their pills.","tags":"","route":"/terms/molecular-response/"},{"id":"philadelphia-chromosome","kind":"term","name":"Philadelphia chromosome (Ph+, BCR::ABL1)","aka":"Philadelphia\nPh+\nPh-positive\nPh-negative\nBCR-ABL\nBCR-ABL1\nBCR::ABL1\nt(9;22)\nPhiladelphia-positive\nPh+ ALL\np190 transcript\np210 transcript\nBCR::ABL1 transcript type","tldr":"A swapped piece between chromosomes 9 and 22 that fuses two genes into BCR::ABL1, a runaway kinase. It causes chronic myeloid leukaemia and a hard-to-treat quarter of adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, and was the target of imatinib, the first modern targeted cancer drug.","tags":"","route":"/terms/philadelphia-chromosome/","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"staging-systems","kind":"term","name":"Disease-specific staging and risk systems (FIGO, Ann Arbor, IPI, R-ISS, ELN, IMDC)","aka":"FIGO\nFIGO stage\nAJCC\nAJCC 8th edition\nUICC\nAnn Arbor\nAnn Arbor staging\nR-ISS\nR2-ISS\nISS stage\nELN 2022\nELN risk\nIMDC\nIMDC risk\nHeng criteria\nINRG\nCOG risk group\nRai stage\nBinet stage\nMasaoka\nEnneking\nrisk group\nrisk-group\nrisk stratification\nrisk-stratified\nprognostic index\nprognostic score\nnomogram","tldr":"Beyond the generic TNM system, gynaecological cancers (FIGO), lymphoma (Ann Arbor, IPI), myeloma (R-ISS), AML (ELN), kidney cancer (IMDC), neuroblastoma (INRG) and CLL (Rai, Binet) each have their own system that combines stage, blood tests, genetics and fitness into risk groups. The name on the report tells you which rulebook sets the treatment intensity.","tags":"","route":"/terms/staging-systems/"},{"id":"performance-status","kind":"term","name":"Performance status (ECOG, Karnofsky)","aka":"ECOG\nECOG 0-1\nECOG 0\nECOG 1\nECOG 2\nECOG PS\nECOG performance status\nKarnofsky\nKarnofsky score\nKPS\nPS 0-1\npoor performance status\nfit patients\nunfit patients\nfrail\nfrailty\nIMWG frailty index\nIMWG frailty score\ncomorbidity\ncomorbidities\nHCT-CI\nHCT comorbidity index\ncisplatin-ineligible\nplatinum-ineligible\ntransplant-eligible\ntransplant-ineligible","tldr":"A simple score of how well a patient can get about and look after themselves: ECOG 0 is fully active, 1 restricted from strenuous work, 2 up more than half the day, 3 in bed more than half the day, 4 bedbound. It predicts how treatment will be tolerated and gates almost every trial.","tags":"","route":"/terms/performance-status/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc sclc"},{"id":"chemoradiation","kind":"term","name":"Chemoradiation (chemoradiotherapy, CRT)","aka":"chemoradiotherapy\nchemo-radiotherapy\nchemoradiation\ndefinitive chemoradiation\nconcurrent chemoradiation\nconcurrent chemoradiotherapy\nsequential chemoradiation\nradiochemotherapy\ntrimodality therapy\ntrimodality\nbimodality","tldr":"Radiotherapy given at the same time as chemotherapy, which sensitises the cancer to radiation. It is the curative treatment for cervical, anal, laryngeal and oropharyngeal cancers, stage III lung cancer and glioblastoma, and is given before surgery in oesophageal and rectal cancer, at the cost of more acute mouth and gullet inflammation.","tags":"","route":"/terms/chemoradiation/","cancers":"cervical head-and-neck nsclc esophageal glioblastoma urothelial"},{"id":"induction-therapy","kind":"term","name":"Induction therapy","aka":"induction\ninduction chemotherapy\ninduction regimen\nremission induction\nre-induction\nreinduction\ninduction failure\nprimary refractory\ninduction regimens","tldr":"The first, most intensive block of treatment, intended to knock the cancer into remission. In leukaemia it is the hospital stay that clears the marrow; in solid tumours it is chemotherapy given before definitive local treatment.","tags":"","route":"/terms/induction-therapy/","cancers":"aml all-leukemia multiple-myeloma head-and-neck"},{"id":"consolidation-therapy","kind":"term","name":"Consolidation therapy","aka":"consolidation\nconsolidation chemotherapy\nconsolidation immunotherapy\npost-remission therapy\nintensification","tldr":"Treatment given after a good response to kill the cancer cells that are presumably left but cannot be seen, to make the remission last. Durvalumab after chemoradiation for lung cancer is the best-known example.","tags":"","route":"/terms/consolidation-therapy/","cancers":"nsclc sclc aml"},{"id":"salvage-therapy","kind":"term","name":"Salvage therapy","aka":"salvage\nsalvage chemotherapy\nsalvage surgery\nsalvage radiotherapy\nsalvage treatment\nsalvage regimen\nsalvage cystectomy\nsalvage laryngectomy\nsalvage transplant","tldr":"Treatment given after the first treatment has failed or the cancer has come back, aiming to rescue the situation. It can still be curative (salvage surgery after organ-preservation fails) or a later line of palliation.","tags":"","route":"/terms/salvage-therapy/"},{"id":"relapsed-refractory","kind":"term","name":"Relapsed / refractory (R/R)","aka":"R/R\nrelapsed/refractory\nrelapsed or refractory\nrelapsed and refractory\nrefractory\nrelapsed\nprimary refractory\nchemorefractory\nchemo-refractory\ntreatment-refractory\nheavily pretreated\npretreated\npreviously treated\ntriple-class refractory\npenta-refractory\nBCG-refractory\ndouble-refractory","tldr":"Relapsed means the cancer came back after responding; refractory means it never responded or grew during treatment. 'R/R' is the label on most trials of new blood cancer drugs.","tags":"","route":"/terms/relapsed-refractory/"},{"id":"platinum-sensitivity","kind":"term","name":"Platinum-sensitive / platinum-resistant","aka":"platinum-sensitive\nplatinum sensitive\nplatinum-resistant\nplatinum resistant\nplatinum-refractory\nplatinum-free interval\nPFI\nplatinum-eligible\nplatinum-ineligible\nplatinum-pretreated\npost-platinum\nplatinum doublet\nplatinum-based\nplatinum-based chemotherapy\nplatinum doublets\nplatinum-etoposide\ncarboplatin-paclitaxel\nplatinum resistance","tldr":"Whether a cancer that responded to platinum chemotherapy came back more than six months later (sensitive, so platinum can be used again) or sooner (resistant, so something else is needed). The dividing line shapes ovarian and small-cell lung cancer treatment.","tags":"","route":"/terms/platinum-sensitivity/","cancers":"ovarian sclc urothelial"},{"id":"mcrpc-mhspc","kind":"term","name":"mCRPC and mHSPC (castration-resistant vs hormone-sensitive prostate cancer)","aka":"castration-resistant\ncastration resistant\ncastrate-resistant\nmCRPC\nnmCRPC\nCRPC\ncastration-sensitive\ncastration sensitive\nhormone-sensitive\nhormone sensitive\nmHSPC\nmCSPC\nHSPC\nhormone-naive\nhormone-refractory\nbiochemical recurrence\nPSA recurrence\nrising PSA\nPSA progression\nrPFS\nhormone-relapsed\nhormone-relapsed metastatic prostate cancer\nhormone relapsed metastatic prostate cancer","tldr":"Prostate cancer starts out fed by testosterone (hormone-sensitive) and shrinks when it is removed. When it learns to grow despite castrate testosterone levels it is called castration-resistant, a later and more dangerous stage with its own treatments.","tags":"","route":"/terms/mcrpc-mhspc/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"adt","kind":"term","name":"Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)","aka":"ADT\nandrogen deprivation\nandrogen-deprivation\nandrogen suppression\nhormone therapy\ncastration\nmedical castration\nchemical castration\ncastrate levels\nGnRH agonist\nGnRH antagonist\nLHRH agonist\ntestosterone suppression\nshort-term ADT\nlong-term ADT\nintermittent ADT\nGnRH agonists\nhormone therapy for prostate cancer","tldr":"Switching off testosterone, the hormone that feeds prostate cancer, with injections (or tablets) that stop the testicles making it, or by removing them. It has been the backbone of advanced prostate cancer treatment since 1941.","tags":"","route":"/terms/adt/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"arpi","kind":"term","name":"Androgen receptor pathway inhibitor (ARPI)","aka":"ARPI\nARPIs\nARSI\nandrogen receptor signalling inhibitor\nandrogen receptor pathway inhibitor\nnovel hormonal agent\nNHA\nnext-generation antiandrogen\nsecond-generation antiandrogen\nAR antagonist\nAR inhibitor\nantiandrogen\nanti-androgen\nAR-V7\nAR-targeted\nAR antagonists","tldr":"The newer prostate cancer hormone pills (abiraterone, enzalutamide, apalutamide, darolutamide) that block the androgen receptor or the last steps of androgen production, used on top of standard testosterone suppression.","tags":"","route":"/terms/arpi/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"aromatase-inhibitor","kind":"term","name":"Aromatase inhibitor","aka":"aromatase inhibitors\naromatase inhibition\novarian suppression\novarian function suppression\nOFS\nextended endocrine therapy\nadjuvant endocrine therapy\nendocrine therapy","tldr":"Pills that stop the body making oestrogen (after the menopause, when it comes from fat and muscle rather than the ovaries), starving hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Taken for five to ten years after surgery, they halve recurrence.","tags":"","route":"/terms/aromatase-inhibitor/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"serd","kind":"term","name":"Selective oestrogen receptor degrader (SERD)","aka":"SERD\nSERDs\noral SERDs\nER degrader\nestrogen receptor degrader\nSERM\nselective oestrogen receptor modulator\nCERAN\nPROTAC ER degrader\noestrogen receptor degrader","tldr":"Drugs that do not just block the oestrogen receptor but mark it for destruction, so the cancer cell loses the receptor altogether. The new oral versions work even when the receptor has mutated (ESR1) to escape older hormone pills.","tags":"","route":"/terms/serd/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"hypofractionation","kind":"term","name":"Hypofractionation (fewer, larger radiotherapy doses)","aka":"hypofractionated\nhypofractionated radiotherapy\nultra-hypofractionated\nultrahypofractionation\nmoderate hypofractionation\nfractionation\nfractions\nfractionated\nsingle-fraction\nfive-fraction\nconventional fractionation\nconventionally fractionated\naccelerated fractionation\ndose per fraction\nshort-course radiotherapy\nshort-course\nlong-course","tldr":"Giving radiotherapy in fewer, bigger daily doses (fractions) so a course takes one to three weeks instead of five to seven. Randomised trials showed equal control and side effects in breast (START, FAST-Forward) and prostate (CHHiP, PACE-B) cancer, and a single dose suffices for bone pain; adoption lags where health systems are paid per fraction.","tags":"","route":"/terms/hypofractionation/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate colorectal breast-cancer"},{"id":"gray-unit","kind":"term","name":"Gray unit (Gy)","aka":"cGy\ncentigray\nEQD2\nBED\nbiologically effective dose\ndose escalation\ndose-escalated\nradiation dose\nabsorbed dose\nprescribed dose\ntotal dose\n60 Gy\n70 Gy\nGBq\nMBq\nbecquerel","tldr":"The unit of radiation dose absorbed by tissue: one gray is one joule per kilogram. A curative course is typically 50-70 Gy in total; a single bone-pain treatment is 8 Gy. Radiopharmaceuticals are prescribed by activity in becquerels (GBq) instead.","tags":"","route":"/terms/gray-unit/"},{"id":"re-irradiation","kind":"term","name":"Re-irradiation","aka":"reirradiation\nre-irradiated\nrepeat radiotherapy\nsecond course of radiotherapy\nin-field recurrence\npreviously irradiated","tldr":"Giving radiotherapy again to a region that has already been treated, once thought impossible because normal tissues remember the first dose. Modern precision techniques make it feasible in selected patients.","tags":"","route":"/terms/re-irradiation/","cancers":"head-and-neck glioblastoma colorectal"},{"id":"dose-dense-chemotherapy","kind":"term","name":"Dose-dense and metronomic chemotherapy","aka":"dose-dense\ndose dense\ndose-intense\ndose intensity\ninterval-compressed\nmetronomic\nmetronomic chemotherapy\nlow-dose metronomic\ndose-dense AC\nweekly paclitaxel","tldr":"Two opposite ways of rescheduling the same drugs: dose-dense gives standard doses more often (every two weeks instead of three, supported by growth factors) to deny the tumour recovery time; metronomic gives small doses continuously to attack tumour blood vessels with little toxicity.","tags":"","route":"/terms/dose-dense-chemotherapy/","cancers":"tnbc sarcoma head-and-neck"},{"id":"doublet-triplet","kind":"term","name":"Doublet, triplet and quadruplet regimens","aka":"doublet\ndoublets\ntriplet\ntriplets\nquadruplet\nquadruplets\nquad\ntwo-drug\nthree-drug\nfour-drug\nIO-TKI doublet\nIO-IO\nIO/IO\nchemo-doublet\ndual blockade\nIO-TKI doublets","tldr":"Shorthand for how many active drugs are combined: a doublet is two, a triplet three, a quadruplet four. More drugs usually mean more responses and more side effects, and trials test whether the extra drug earns its place.","tags":"","route":"/terms/doublet-triplet/"},{"id":"chemotherapy-regimen","kind":"term","name":"Regimen and cycles","aka":"regimen\nregimens\nchemotherapy regimen\ntreatment regimen\ncycles\nchemotherapy cycles\ncycles of chemotherapy\n21-day cycle\n28-day cycle\nevery 3 weeks\nq3w\nq2w\nq4w\nday 1\ndays 1-14\n×6 cycles\n× 6\nchemotherapy cycle","tldr":"A regimen is a named recipe of drugs, doses and timing; a cycle is one round of it, usually two to four weeks, giving normal tissues time to recover before the next. 'Six cycles of FOLFOX' means six repeats of that recipe.","tags":"","route":"/terms/chemotherapy-regimen/"},{"id":"anthracycline","kind":"term","name":"Anthracyclines (doxorubicin, epirubicin)","aka":"anthracyclines\nanthracycline-based\nanthracycline-free\nanthracycline-containing\nliposomal doxorubicin\nAC-T\nFEC\nanthracycline cardiotoxicity","tldr":"A family of red chemotherapy drugs derived from a soil bacterium that damage cancer DNA. Cornerstones of breast cancer, lymphoma, leukaemia and sarcoma treatment, but they weaken the heart in a dose-dependent way, so there is a lifetime limit.","tags":"","route":"/terms/anthracycline/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive dlbcl aml sarcoma"},{"id":"taxane","kind":"term","name":"Taxanes (paclitaxel, docetaxel, nab-paclitaxel)","aka":"taxanes\ntaxane-based\ntaxane-pretreated\npost-taxane\ntaxane-naive\nweekly paclitaxel\ngemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel\ncarboplatin/paclitaxel","tldr":"Chemotherapy drugs originally from the yew tree that freeze the cell's internal scaffolding (microtubules) so it cannot divide. Used in breast, lung, ovarian, prostate, gastric and head and neck cancers; their main lasting side effect is nerve damage in the hands and feet.","tags":"","route":"/terms/taxane/"},{"id":"alkylating-agent","kind":"term","name":"Alkylating agents and antimetabolites","aka":"alkylating\nalkylator\nalkylators\nalkylating agent\nalkylating agents\nalkylating chemotherapy\nantimetabolite\nantimetabolites\nfluoropyrimidine\nfluoropyrimidines\nnucleoside analogue\npurine analogue\nvinca alkaloid\nvinca alkaloids\nvinca\n5-FU\npurine analogues","tldr":"The two oldest chemotherapy families: alkylators (cyclophosphamide, temozolomide, melphalan) glue DNA strands together so cells cannot copy them; antimetabolites (5-FU, capecitabine, methotrexate, gemcitabine) are fake building blocks that jam DNA synthesis.","tags":"","route":"/terms/alkylating-agent/"},{"id":"folfox-family","kind":"term","name":"FOLFOX, FOLFIRI, FOLFIRINOX and CAPOX","aka":"FOLFOX\nmFOLFOX6\nFOLFIRI\nFOLFOXIRI\nFOLFIRINOX\nmFOLFIRINOX\nmodified FOLFIRINOX\nCAPOX\nXELOX\nCAPEOX\nNALIRIFOX\nFOLFOX/CAPOX\nfluoropyrimidine-based","tldr":"The standard chemotherapy recipes for bowel and pancreatic cancer, named from their ingredients: FOL (folinic acid) + F (5-fluorouracil) + OX (oxaliplatin), IRI (irinotecan), or both (FOLFIRINOX). CAPOX swaps the 5-FU infusion for capecitabine tablets.","tags":"","route":"/terms/folfox-family/","cancers":"colorectal pancreatic gastric"},{"id":"flot-term","kind":"term","name":"FLOT regimen (perioperative chemotherapy for gastric cancer)","aka":"FLOT4\nFLOT regimen\nperioperative FLOT\ndocetaxel quadruplet\nECF\nECX\nMAGIC regimen","tldr":"Four cycles of chemotherapy before and four after surgery for stomach and junction cancer, using fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin and docetaxel. It replaced the older ECF recipe after the FLOT4 trial and is now the Western standard.","tags":"","route":"/terms/flot-term/","cancers":"gastric esophageal"},{"id":"r-chop","kind":"term","name":"R-CHOP (lymphoma chemoimmunotherapy)","aka":"R-CHOP\nR-CHOP21\nCHOP-R\nPola-R-CHP\npolatuzumab-R-CHP\nR-CHOEP\nDA-EPOCH-R\nR-CVP\nbendamustine-rituximab\nchemoimmunotherapy\nchemo-immunotherapy regimen\nR-ICE\nR-DHAP\nR-GDP","tldr":"R-CHOP is the standard first treatment for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: rituximab (an antibody against CD20) plus four chemotherapy drugs (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone), given every three weeks for six cycles with curative intent. Patients who relapse within a year now go to CAR-T rather than more chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/terms/r-chop/","cancers":"dlbcl cll"},{"id":"abvd-beacopp","kind":"term","name":"ABVD, BEACOPP and BrECADD (Hodgkin lymphoma regimens)","aka":"ABVD\nA+AVD\nAVD\nBV-AVD\nbrentuximab vedotin-AVD\nBEACOPP\nescalated BEACOPP\neBEACOPP\nBrECADD\nN-AVD\nnivolumab-AVD\nStanford V","tldr":"The chemotherapy recipes that cure most Hodgkin lymphoma: ABVD (four drugs, the long-standing standard), the more intensive German BEACOPP, and newer versions that replace bleomycin with brentuximab vedotin (A+AVD) or add nivolumab (N-AVD).","tags":"","route":"/terms/abvd-beacopp/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"seven-plus-three","kind":"term","name":"7+3 induction chemotherapy","aka":"7+3\n7 + 3\ncytarabine-anthracycline\ncytarabine plus daunorubicin\nintensive chemotherapy\nintensive induction\nnon-intensive\nnon-intensive therapy\nless intensive\nCPX-351\nVyxeos\nHiDAC\nhigh-dose cytarabine\nFLAG-IDA","tldr":"The classic first treatment for acute myeloid leukaemia, unchanged since 1973: seven days of continuous cytarabine plus three days of an anthracycline, given in hospital. Fit patients still get it, now with a targeted drug added according to their leukaemia's genetics.","tags":"","route":"/terms/seven-plus-three/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"vrd","kind":"term","name":"VRd and Dara-VRd (myeloma induction regimens)","aka":"VRd\nRVd\nDara-VRd\nD-VRd\nIsa-VRd\nDara-Rd\nDRd\nKRd\nDara-KRd\nVMP\nDara-VMP\nVCd\nbortezomib-based\nlenalidomide-based\nCD38 antibody + PI + IMiD\nPI + IMiD + dexamethasone","tldr":"The alphabet soup of myeloma treatment: V (bortezomib, Velcade), R (lenalidomide, Revlimid), d (dexamethasone), Dara (daratumumab), Isa (isatuximab), K (carfilzomib). Dara-VRd, a four-drug quadruplet, is now the standard first treatment for most patients.","tags":"","route":"/terms/vrd/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"proteasome-inhibitor","kind":"term","name":"Proteasome inhibitor (bortezomib, carfilzomib, ixazomib)","aka":"proteasome inhibitors\nproteasome inhibition\nPI-based","tldr":"Drugs that block the cell's protein-recycling machine. Myeloma cells make huge amounts of antibody protein and choke on the backlog when the proteasome is blocked; normal cells cope far better.","tags":"","route":"/terms/proteasome-inhibitor/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"imid","kind":"term","name":"Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) and CELMoDs","aka":"IMiD\nIMiDs\nimmunomodulatory drugs\nimmunomodulatory agents\nimmunomodulatory imide drugs\nCELMoD\nCELMoDs\ncereblon modulators\ncereblon E3 ligase modulators\nIKZF1/3 degradation\ncereblon modulator\nimmunomodulatory drug","tldr":"Thalidomide and its descendants lenalidomide and pomalidomide, which hijack a cellular waste-disposal tag (cereblon) to destroy two proteins myeloma cells depend on, while also revving up T and NK cells. CELMoDs such as iberdomide and mezigdomide bind cereblon more tightly and work after lenalidomide fails; clots, low blood counts and birth defects are class risks.","tags":"","route":"/terms/imid/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"hma","kind":"term","name":"Hypomethylating agents (azacitidine, decitabine)","aka":"HMA\nHMAs\nhypomethylating\nhypomethylating agent\nhypomethylating agents\noral azacitidine\noral decitabine-cedazuridine\nvenetoclax-azacitidine\nvenetoclax + azacitidine\nven-aza\nVen/Aza\nHMA-venetoclax\nvenetoclax + HMA\nHMA failure","tldr":"Low-intensity chemotherapy that strips chemical 'off' switches (methyl groups) from DNA so silenced genes can be read again. The mainstay for older patients with AML and high-risk MDS, especially combined with venetoclax.","tags":"","route":"/terms/hma/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"tki-term","kind":"term","name":"Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)","aka":"TKI\nTKIs\ntyrosine kinase inhibitors\nkinase inhibitor\nmultikinase inhibitor\nmulti-kinase inhibitor\nmulti-targeted TKI\nEGFR-TKI\nALK TKI\nBTK inhibitor\nBTK inhibitors\nBTK inhibition\ntargeted pill\n-nib\nTKI-pretreated\nTKI-naive\nfirst-generation\nsecond-generation\nthird-generation\nnext-generation TKI\nkinase inhibitors\nmultikinase inhibitors\nnext-generation TKIs\ntargeted pills","tldr":"Pills that block the on-switch enzyme (a kinase) that a particular cancer depends on: imatinib for CML, osimertinib for EGFR lung cancer, ibrutinib for CLL. Usually taken daily at home and continued as long as they work.","tags":"","route":"/terms/tki-term/"},{"id":"immuno-oncology","kind":"term","name":"Immuno-oncology (IO) and checkpoint blockade","aka":"I-O\nimmuno-oncology\ncheckpoint blockade\nimmune checkpoint blockade\nICB\nICI\nICIs\nPD-1 blockade\nPD-(L)1\nPD-(L)1 blockade\nPD-1/PD-L1\nanti-PD-1\nanti-PD-L1\nanti-CTLA-4\nanti-PD(L)1\nchemo-IO\nchemo-immunotherapy\nchemoimmunotherapy\nIO-based\nIO-naive\npost-IO\nIO-refractory\nimmunotherapy-refractory\nimmunotherapy-resistant\ndual checkpoint blockade\ndual immune checkpoint blockade\nIO combination\nIO + chemo","tldr":"Treatments that take the brakes off the patient's own immune system so it attacks the cancer, chiefly antibodies against PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4. 'IO' is industry shorthand; 'chemo-IO' means chemotherapy plus a checkpoint inhibitor, the commonest first-line combination.","tags":"","route":"/terms/immuno-oncology/"},{"id":"backbone-add-on","kind":"term","name":"Backbone, add-on and monotherapy","aka":"backbone\nchemotherapy backbone\nbackbone therapy\nadd-on\nadd-on therapy\nmonotherapy\nsingle agent\nsingle-agent\nsingle-agent activity\ncombination partner\nchemotherapy backbones\nsingle agents","tldr":"Trial-design vocabulary: the backbone is the established treatment everyone in the trial receives; the add-on is the new drug tested on top of it; monotherapy means the drug alone. Most modern approvals are add-ons to a backbone.","tags":"","route":"/terms/backbone-add-on/"},{"id":"cross-resistance","kind":"term","name":"Cross-resistance","aka":"cross-resistant\ncross resistance\npayload cross-resistance\ncross-reactive resistance\ncollateral sensitivity\noptimal sequencing","tldr":"When a cancer that has become resistant to one drug is also resistant to another it has never seen, because the two share a mechanism. It is the central worry in deciding the order (sequencing) of similar drugs.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cross-resistance/"},{"id":"rechallenge","kind":"term","name":"Rechallenge and retreatment","aka":"re-challenge\nrechallenged\nretreatment\nre-treatment\nre-treated\nplatinum rechallenge\nanti-EGFR rechallenge\nimmunotherapy rechallenge\nre-exposure\nre-induction\ndrug holiday\ntreatment holiday\ntreatment break\nintermittent therapy\nintermittent dosing\nstop-and-restart\nstop and go\ndrug holidays","tldr":"Giving a drug again after a break, on the theory that the cancer's resistance faded while it was off the drug. Sometimes it works: bowel cancers can respond again to EGFR antibodies once resistant clones have receded.","tags":"","route":"/terms/rechallenge/"},{"id":"fixed-duration","kind":"term","name":"Fixed-duration vs continuous therapy","aka":"fixed-duration\nfixed duration\ntime-limited\ntime-limited therapy\nfinite therapy\ncontinuous therapy\ncontinuous treatment\nindefinite treatment\ntreatment-free\ntreatment-free interval\ntreatment-free survival\noff-treatment\ntreatment discontinuation\nstopping rules\nstop trial\ntreatment cessation\nelective discontinuation\nstopping rule","tldr":"Whether a drug is taken for a set period (say 12 months) and then stopped even though it is still working, or continued indefinitely until it fails. Fixed-duration gives patients years off treatment; continuous therapy avoids the risk of the cancer regrowing.","tags":"","route":"/terms/fixed-duration/","cancers":"cll multiple-myeloma melanoma"},{"id":"step-up-dosing","kind":"term","name":"Step-up dosing (T-cell engagers)","aka":"step-up\nstep-up dose\nstep-up doses\npriming dose\nramp-up\nramp-up dosing\nvenetoclax ramp-up\ndose ramp\ninpatient monitoring\noutpatient administration\noutpatient step-up","tldr":"Starting a bispecific T-cell engager (teclistamab, glofitamab, epcoritamab, tarlatamab) at a tiny dose and increasing it over the first week, so T cells are switched on gradually and the fever-and-low-blood-pressure reaction (cytokine release syndrome) stays mild. The hospital stay it needs has slowed community adoption.","tags":"","route":"/terms/step-up-dosing/"},{"id":"de-escalation","kind":"term","name":"De-escalation, escalation and response-adapted therapy","aka":"de-escalation\nde-escalate\nde-escalated\nde-escalating\nde-intensification\nde-intensify\ntreatment de-escalation\ntreatment intensification\nintensification\nresponse-adapted\nresponse-guided\nrisk-adapted\nrisk-adapted therapy\nbiomarker-guided\nctDNA-guided\nMRD-guided\nPET-adapted\nomission of chemotherapy\nchemotherapy omission\nchemotherapy-free\nchemo-free\nless is more\ntreatment omission","tldr":"Giving less treatment to patients who are doing well and more to those who are not, using a marker such as scan response, ctDNA or MRD to decide. The aim is to cure the same number of people with less harm.","tags":"","route":"/terms/de-escalation/"},{"id":"organ-preservation","kind":"term","name":"Organ preservation (watch-and-wait, bladder-sparing, larynx preservation)","aka":"organ-preservation\norgan preservation\norgan-sparing\norgan sparing\nbladder-sparing\nbladder preservation\nbladder-preserving\nlarynx preservation\nlarynx-preserving\nsphincter preservation\nsphincter-sparing\nwatch-and-wait\nwatch and wait\nnon-operative management\nnonoperative management\nNOM\nrectum preservation\nlimb preservation\nbreast preservation\nfertility-sparing\nnerve-sparing","tldr":"Curing a cancer with drugs and radiotherapy so that the organ (rectum, bladder, larynx, limb) does not have to be removed, keeping surgery in reserve for the minority whose cancer regrows.","tags":"","route":"/terms/organ-preservation/","cancers":"colorectal urothelial head-and-neck"},{"id":"active-surveillance-term","kind":"term","name":"Active surveillance and observation","aka":"active surveillance\nwatchful waiting\nexpectant management\nsurveillance MRI\nimaging surveillance\nsurveillance imaging\nwait-and-see\nsurveillance strategy\npost-treatment surveillance\nfollow-up imaging","tldr":"Deliberately not treating a cancer yet, but checking it regularly with blood tests, scans or biopsies and treating only if it shows signs of progressing. Standard for low-risk prostate cancer, small kidney masses and several other slow conditions.","tags":"","route":"/terms/active-surveillance-term/","cancers":"prostate rcc thyroid cll"},{"id":"curative-intent","kind":"term","name":"Curative intent vs palliative intent","aka":"curative intent\ncurative-intent\ncurative\ncurable\npotentially curable\ncure rate\nwith curative intent\npalliative intent\npalliative\npalliation\npalliative chemotherapy\npalliative treatment\nnon-curative\nlife-prolonging\nbest supportive care\nBSC\nsupportive care alone\nsymptom control\ncure rates","tldr":"Whether the goal of treatment is to eliminate the cancer for good (curative) or to control it, relieve symptoms and extend life when cure is not possible (palliative). The intent, not the drug, defines the word: the same chemotherapy can be either.","tags":"","route":"/terms/curative-intent/"},{"id":"locally-advanced","kind":"term","name":"Locally advanced and locoregional disease","aka":"locally advanced\nlocally-advanced\nlocoregional\nloco-regional\nlocoregionally advanced\nlocoregional disease\nlocoregional control\nlocoregional recurrence\nlocal recurrence\nlocal control\nregional recurrence\ndistant recurrence\ndistant metastasis\ndistant metastases\ndistant relapse\nlocal therapy\nlocal treatment\nlocoregional therapy\nlocal-regional","tldr":"Cancer that has grown beyond its organ into nearby tissue or lymph nodes but has not spread to distant sites. It is treated with the goal of cure but usually needs several treatments (surgery, radiotherapy, drugs) together.","tags":"","route":"/terms/locally-advanced/"},{"id":"resectability","kind":"term","name":"Resectable, borderline resectable and unresectable","aka":"resectable\nresectability\nunresectable\nnon-resectable\ninoperable\noperable\nborderline resectable\nborderline-resectable\npotentially resectable\ninitially unresectable\nupfront surgery\nupfront resection\nconversion to resectability\nconversion surgery\ndownstaged","tldr":"The surgeon's verdict on whether the tumour can be completely removed. Resectable means yes; unresectable means it has wrapped around vital vessels, is too extensive or the patient is too frail; borderline means maybe, especially after chemotherapy shrinks it.","tags":"","route":"/terms/resectability/","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac borderline-resectable-pdac locally-advanced-pdac nsclc colorectal hcc"},{"id":"limited-extensive-stage","kind":"term","name":"Limited-stage vs extensive-stage (small-cell lung cancer)","aka":"limited-stage\nlimited stage\nLS-SCLC\nextensive-stage\nextensive stage\nES-SCLC\nvery limited stage\nthoracic radiotherapy\nconsolidative thoracic radiotherapy\nlimited-vs-extensive-stage","tldr":"Small-cell lung cancer uses a two-way split instead of the usual four stages: limited (confined to one side of the chest and treatable within one radiation field, about a third of patients) or extensive (everything else).","tags":"","route":"/terms/limited-extensive-stage/","cancers":"sclc"},{"id":"intravesical-therapy","kind":"term","name":"Intravesical therapy (BCG and bladder instillations)","aka":"intravesical\nintravesical BCG\nBCG\nBacillus Calmette-Guérin\nbladder instillation\ninstillation\ninstillations\nintravesical chemotherapy\nintravesical gemcitabine\nintravesical mitomycin\nBCG maintenance\nBCG shortage\nTAR-200\nintravesical gene therapy\nBCG shortages\nbladder instillations","tldr":"Putting a drug directly into the bladder through a catheter and leaving it for an hour or two, so it treats the lining without going round the body. BCG, a weakened tuberculosis vaccine, has been the most effective such drug for 45 years.","tags":"","route":"/terms/intravesical-therapy/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"intraperitoneal-chemotherapy","kind":"term","name":"Intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy","aka":"intraperitoneal\nintraperitoneal chemotherapy\nIP chemotherapy\nIP/IV\nintraperitoneal paclitaxel\nintraperitoneal cisplatin\nIP catheter\nregional chemotherapy\nlocoregional chemotherapy","tldr":"Delivering chemotherapy directly into the abdominal cavity through a catheter, so the tumour deposits on the lining get a far higher dose than the rest of the body would tolerate.","tags":"","route":"/terms/intraperitoneal-chemotherapy/","cancers":"ovarian gastric"},{"id":"liver-directed-therapy","kind":"term","name":"Liver-directed therapy (TACE, TARE, HAI, ablation)","aka":"liver-directed\nliver-directed therapy\nliver-directed treatment\nlocoregional treatment\nlocoregional therapies\nhepatic arterial infusion\nHAI\nHAI pump\nhepatic artery infusion\nintra-arterial\nintra-arterial chemotherapy\nhepatic-dominant\nliver-dominant\nliver-limited\nliver-confined\nintrahepatic","tldr":"The set of treatments aimed only at tumours in the liver, delivered through its artery or by needle, used when the liver is the main or only site of disease: chemoembolisation, radioactive beads, ablation and infusion pumps.","tags":"","route":"/terms/liver-directed-therapy/","cancers":"hcc colorectal melanoma neuroendocrine"},{"id":"total-neoadjuvant-therapy","kind":"term","name":"Total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT, rectal cancer)","aka":"total neoadjuvant therapy\ntotal neoadjuvant treatment\nTNT approach\nshort-course radiotherapy then chemotherapy\nconsolidation chemotherapy\ninduction TNT\nconsolidation TNT\nRAPIDO\nPRODIGE 23\nOPRA","tldr":"Giving all the chemotherapy and radiotherapy for rectal cancer before surgery rather than splitting it around the operation. It improves completion of chemotherapy, shrinks more tumours completely, and makes avoiding surgery possible for some patients.","tags":"","route":"/terms/total-neoadjuvant-therapy/","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"downstaging","kind":"term","name":"Downstaging and conversion therapy","aka":"downstaged\ndownstage\ndown-staging\nconversion therapy\nconversion chemotherapy\nconversion to resectable\ntumour shrinkage\ntumour downsizing\ndownsizing\nwithin Milan criteria after downstaging\nbridging to transplant","tldr":"Using drugs, radiotherapy or embolisation to shrink a cancer from a stage where curative treatment is impossible to one where it is: for example, shrinking liver metastases until they can be cut out, or liver cancer until it fits transplant criteria.","tags":"","route":"/terms/downstaging/","cancers":"hcc colorectal pancreatic"},{"id":"autologous-transplant","kind":"term","name":"Autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT)","aka":"ASCT\nauto-SCT\nautoSCT\nautologous transplant\nautologous stem cell transplantation\nautologous HSCT\nauto-HSCT\nautologous\nhigh-dose chemotherapy\nhigh-dose therapy\nHDT\nstem cell rescue\nstem cell support\nHDC-ASCT\ntandem transplant\ntransplant-eligible myeloma","tldr":"High-dose chemotherapy (melphalan in myeloma, BEAM in lymphoma) that would permanently destroy the bone marrow, made survivable by giving the patient back their own previously collected stem cells, which engraft in 10-14 days. Standard for fit myeloma patients and relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma; the cells rescue the marrow, they do not fight the cancer.","tags":"","route":"/terms/autologous-transplant/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma dlbcl hodgkin-lymphoma neuroblastoma"},{"id":"allogeneic-transplant","kind":"term","name":"Allogeneic stem cell transplant (allo-SCT)","aka":"allo-SCT\nalloSCT\nallo-HSCT\nalloHCT\nHSCT\nHCT\nallogeneic transplant\nallogeneic transplantation\nallogeneic stem cell transplantation\nallogeneic HSCT\nallogeneic\ndonor transplant\nbone marrow transplant\nBMT\nhaploidentical\nhaplo\nmatched sibling donor\nmatched unrelated donor\nMUD\ncord blood transplant\npost-transplant cyclophosphamide\nPTCy\ndonor lymphocyte infusion\nDLI\ntransplant-eligible\ntransplant-ineligible","tldr":"Replacing a patient's blood system with a donor's: chemotherapy wipes out the marrow, donor stem cells rebuild it, and the donor's immune cells hunt down leftover leukaemia. It is the only cure for adverse-risk or relapsed AML, high-risk ALL, MDS and myelofibrosis, and the riskiest treatment in oncology because of graft-versus-host disease and infection.","tags":"","route":"/terms/allogeneic-transplant/","cancers":"aml all-leukemia"},{"id":"conditioning-regimen","kind":"term","name":"Conditioning regimen (myeloablative, reduced-intensity)","aka":"conditioning\nconditioning chemotherapy\nconditioning regimen\nmyeloablative\nmyeloablative conditioning\nreduced-intensity\nreduced-intensity conditioning\nRIC\nnon-myeloablative\ntotal body irradiation\nTBI\nbusulfan-cyclophosphamide\nBuCy\nBuMel\nBEAM\nfludarabine-based conditioning\ntreosulfan-based","tldr":"The chemotherapy (with or without whole-body radiation) given in the days before a stem cell transplant to destroy the diseased marrow and, for donor transplants, suppress the patient's immune system so the graft is not rejected.","tags":"","route":"/terms/conditioning-regimen/"},{"id":"gvhd","kind":"term","name":"Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and graft-versus-leukaemia","aka":"GVHD\nGvHD\ngraft-versus-host\ngraft-versus-host disease\nacute GVHD\nchronic GVHD\ncGVHD\naGVHD\nsteroid-refractory GVHD\ngraft-versus-leukaemia\ngraft-versus-leukemia\nGVL\ngraft-versus-tumour\nGVHD prophylaxis","tldr":"After a donor transplant, the donor's immune cells may attack the patient's skin, gut and liver (graft-versus-host disease) while also hunting down leftover leukaemia (graft-versus-leukaemia). The two effects are linked, so doctors try to keep enough of the second without too much of the first.","tags":"","route":"/terms/gvhd/"},{"id":"lymphodepletion","kind":"term","name":"Lymphodepletion before CAR-T","aka":"lymphodepleting\nlymphodepleting chemotherapy\nlymphodepletion chemotherapy\nLD chemo\nFlu/Cy\nfludarabine/cyclophosphamide\nfludarabine-cyclophosphamide\nbendamustine lymphodepletion\nmaking room\nhomeostatic expansion","tldr":"A short course of chemotherapy (usually fludarabine and cyclophosphamide) given in the days before a CAR-T infusion to clear out the patient's own lymphocytes, making room and growth signals for the engineered cells to expand.","tags":"","route":"/terms/lymphodepletion/"},{"id":"bridging-therapy","kind":"term","name":"Bridging therapy","aka":"bridging\nbridging chemotherapy\nbridging radiotherapy\nbridge to CAR-T\nbridge to transplant\nbridged\nholding therapy","tldr":"Treatment given to keep a fast-growing cancer in check during the weeks between deciding on CAR-T (or transplant) and actually receiving it, while the cells are being manufactured or a donor found.","tags":"","route":"/terms/bridging-therapy/"},{"id":"vein-to-vein-time","kind":"term","name":"Vein-to-vein time and manufacturing slots","aka":"vein-to-vein\nvein to vein\nmanufacturing time\nmanufacturing slot\nmanufacturing slots\nturnaround time\nmanufacturing failure\nout-of-specification\nOOS product\nslot allocation\nchain of identity\nchain of custody\ncryopreserved product\nfresh product\nmanufacturing failures","tldr":"For CAR-T, the number of days from collecting the patient's cells to infusing the finished product, typically three to six weeks. Every day counts when the disease is aggressive, and manufacturing capacity (slots) limits how many patients can be treated.","tags":"","route":"/terms/vein-to-vein-time/"},{"id":"antigen-escape","kind":"term","name":"Antigen escape (antigen loss, lineage switch)","aka":"antigen escape\nantigen loss\nantigen-negative relapse\nCD19-negative relapse\nCD19-negative\nBCMA-negative\nBCMA loss\ntarget loss\ntarget downregulation\nantigen downregulation\nantigen-low\nlineage switch\nlineage plasticity\ntrogocytosis\nantigen heterogeneity\nantigen-negative","tldr":"When a cancer treated with a therapy aimed at one surface marker (CD19, BCMA, HER2) survives by shedding that marker, so the drug has nothing to grab. About a third of relapses after CD19 CAR-T are antigen-negative.","tags":"","route":"/terms/antigen-escape/"},{"id":"t-cell-exhaustion-term","kind":"term","name":"T-cell exhaustion and CAR-T persistence","aka":"exhaustion\nexhausted T cells\nT-cell fitness\nT cell fitness\nT-cell dysfunction\nCAR-T persistence\nCAR persistence\nCAR-T expansion\npeak expansion\nin vivo expansion\nB-cell aplasia\nloss of persistence\nmemory phenotype\nstem-like T cells","tldr":"Immune T cells that have been fighting too long become 'exhausted': sluggish, covered in inhibitory receptors, unable to kill. It limits both the patient's natural anti-tumour response and how long engineered CAR-T cells keep working (persistence).","tags":"","route":"/terms/t-cell-exhaustion-term/"},{"id":"prrt-term","kind":"term","name":"PRRT (peptide receptor radionuclide therapy)","aka":"PRRT\npeptide receptor radionuclide therapy\n177Lu-DOTATATE\nlutetium DOTATATE\nDOTATATE\nDOTATOC\nsomatostatin analogue\nsomatostatin analogues\nSSA\nSSAs\nSSTR-targeted\nSSTR imaging\nsomatostatin receptor imaging\nalpha PRRT","tldr":"A radioactive drug for neuroendocrine tumours: a small peptide that homes to the somatostatin receptor on the tumour cells carries lutetium-177, which irradiates them from within. Given four times, two months apart.","tags":"","route":"/terms/prrt-term/","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"radioiodine-term","kind":"term","name":"Radioiodine therapy (I-131)","aka":"radioiodine\nradioactive iodine\nradioiodine ablation\nradioiodine therapy\nI-131\n131I\niodine-131\nRAI-refractory\nradioiodine-refractory\nRAI-avid\nradioiodine-avid\niodine-avid\niodine uptake\nredifferentiation\nrecombinant TSH\nrhTSH","tldr":"Swallowing a capsule of radioactive iodine after thyroid surgery: thyroid cells (including cancer cells) are the only ones that soak up iodine, so the radiation destroys leftover thyroid tissue and metastases while sparing everything else. It was the first targeted radiotherapy, in 1946.","tags":"","route":"/terms/radioiodine-term/","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"cns-penetration","kind":"term","name":"CNS penetration (brain-penetrant drugs)","aka":"CNS penetration\nCNS-penetrant\nCNS penetrant\nbrain-penetrant\nbrain penetrant\nbrain penetration\nblood-brain barrier penetration\nBBB-penetrant\nCNS-active\nintracranial efficacy\nCNS efficacy\nCNS progression\nCNS protection\nCSF concentration\nKp,uu\nefflux transporter\nP-glycoprotein substrate\nefflux transporters","tldr":"How well a drug crosses from the blood into the brain, where most cancer drugs are kept out by the blood-brain barrier. Brain-penetrant pills can treat and prevent brain metastases; those that are not leave the brain as a sanctuary where the cancer regrows.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cns-penetration/"},{"id":"pharmacokinetics","kind":"term","name":"Pharmacokinetics (PK), half-life and exposure","aka":"pharmacokinetic\npharmacokinetics\nPK/PD\npharmacodynamics\nhalf-life\nhalf life\nexposure-response\nexposure–response\ndrug exposure\nAUC\nCmax\nsteady state\nsteady-state\nbioavailability\noral bioavailability\ndrug-drug interaction\nCYP3A4\nfood effect\ntherapeutic drug monitoring\nTDM\nflat dosing\nweight-based dosing\nbody surface area\nmg/m²\nmg/kg\npharmacodynamic","tldr":"How a drug moves through the body: how much is absorbed, how high the blood level gets, how long it lasts (half-life) and how it is cleared. These numbers decide the dose, the schedule and whether a pill can be taken with food or other medicines.","tags":"","route":"/terms/pharmacokinetics/"},{"id":"therapeutic-index","kind":"term","name":"Therapeutic index (therapeutic window)","aka":"therapeutic window\ntherapeutic ratio\nnarrow therapeutic index\nnarrow therapeutic window\nwide therapeutic window\nsafety margin\ntolerability\ntolerable\nwell tolerated\nwell-tolerated\ntoxicity profile\nsafety profile\non-target toxicity\noff-target toxicity\non-target off-tumour\non-target, off-tumour\noff-tumour\nmechanism-based toxicity\nclass effect\nclass effects\ntoxicity profiles","tldr":"The gap between the dose that works and the dose that harms. Classic chemotherapy has a narrow window (the dose that kills the tumour nearly kills the patient); a wider window is the whole point of targeted drugs, ADCs and immunotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/terms/therapeutic-index/"},{"id":"centralisation","kind":"term","name":"Centralisation and high-volume centres","aka":"centralisation\ncentralization\ncentralised\ncentralized\nhigh-volume centre\nhigh-volume centres\nhigh-volume center\nhigh-volume\nvolume-outcome\nvolume–outcome\nhospital volume\nsurgeon volume\nspecialist centre\nreferral centre\ntertiary centre\nexpert centre\nreference centre\ncentres of excellence\nregionalisation\nregionalization\ncenters of excellence\nreference centres\nreferral centres\nspecialist centres","tldr":"Concentrating complex cancer surgery (oesophagus, pancreas, bladder, liver) and rare cancer care in fewer hospitals that perform each operation often. Hospitals and surgeons with high volumes have fewer deaths and complications, so the Netherlands, Denmark and parts of the UK mandate minimum volumes; patients travel further, and rural access suffers.","tags":"","route":"/terms/centralisation/"},{"id":"surgical-morbidity","kind":"term","name":"Surgical morbidity and postoperative complications","aka":"morbidity\npostoperative morbidity\nperioperative morbidity\nperioperative mortality\npostoperative mortality\n30-day mortality\n90-day mortality\noperative mortality\npostoperative complications\ncomplication rate\ncomplication rates\nanastomotic leak\nanastomotic leakage\nanastomosis\npancreatic fistula\nwound infection\nsurgical site infection\nClavien-Dindo\nlength of stay\nreadmission\nfailure to rescue\ntextbook outcome\nreadmissions","tldr":"The harms of an operation itself: complications (leaks, infections, bleeding, pneumonia), time in hospital, and deaths within 30 or 90 days. Big cancer operations carry real risk, which is weighed against their chance of cure and drives the search for less invasive alternatives.","tags":"","route":"/terms/surgical-morbidity/"},{"id":"confirmatory-trial","kind":"term","name":"Confirmatory trial","aka":"confirmatory\nconfirmatory study\nconfirmatory phase 3\nconfirmatory evidence\npost-marketing requirement\npostmarketing requirement\npost-approval trial\nverify clinical benefit\nconversion to full approval\ndangling approval\ndangling accelerated approval\nconfirmatory studies\npost-marketing requirements","tldr":"The randomised trial a company must run after an accelerated approval to prove the drug really helps patients live longer or better. If it fails or never finishes, the approval is supposed to be withdrawn.","tags":"","route":"/terms/confirmatory-trial/"},{"id":"complete-response-letter","kind":"term","name":"Complete response letter (CRL)","aka":"CRL\ncomplete response letter\nFDA rejection\nrefusal to file\nrefuse-to-file\nresubmission\nclass 2 resubmission\nnegative opinion\nCHMP negative opinion\ncomplete response letters","tldr":"The FDA's formal 'not yet' to a drug application, listing what must be fixed before approval: more data, a different trial population, or manufacturing problems. Not the same as 'complete response' to treatment.","tags":"","route":"/terms/complete-response-letter/"},{"id":"label-indication","kind":"term","name":"Label, indication and label expansion","aka":"label expansion\nlabel expansions\nindication\napproved indication\nnew indication\nexpanded indication\nexpanded label\nexpanded approval\nUS label\nFDA label\ndrug label\nprescribing information\non-label\noff-label\noff-label use\nsBLA\nsNDA\nsupplemental BLA\nsupplemental NDA\nsupplemental approval\nboxed warning\nblack box warning\nlabel restriction\nboxed warnings\nlabel restrictions","tldr":"A drug's label is the official document stating exactly which patients (the indication) it is approved for, at what dose, with what warnings. Each new cancer, line of therapy or combination added to it is a label expansion, approved through a supplemental application.","tags":"","route":"/terms/label-indication/"},{"id":"bla-nda","kind":"term","name":"BLA / NDA / MAA (marketing applications) and PDUFA dates","aka":"BLA\nNDA\nMAA\nbiologics license application\nnew drug application\nmarketing authorisation application\nmarketing application\nregulatory submission\nfiling accepted\nsubmission accepted\nregulatory review\nPDUFA\nPDUFA date\naction date\ntarget action date\ngoal date\nrolling submission\nstandard review\n10-month review\n6-month review\nnew drug applications\nregulatory submissions","tldr":"The formal application to sell a drug: a New Drug Application for small molecules, a Biologics License Application for antibodies and cell therapies (US), or a Marketing Authorisation Application (EU). The PDUFA date is the deadline by which the FDA has promised a decision.","tags":"","route":"/terms/bla-nda/"},{"id":"orphan-designation","kind":"term","name":"Orphan drug designation","aka":"orphan\norphan drug\norphan designation\norphan drug status\norphan status\norphan indication\nOrphan Drug Act\norphan exclusivity\nrare disease designation\nrare paediatric disease designation\npriority review voucher\npriority review vouchers","tldr":"A status for drugs treating rare diseases (under 200,000 US patients, or under 5 in 10,000 in the EU) that gives the company tax credits, fee waivers and seven to ten years of market exclusivity, to make rare-disease drug development worthwhile.","tags":"","route":"/terms/orphan-designation/"},{"id":"fast-track-rmat","kind":"term","name":"Fast Track and RMAT designations","aka":"Fast Track\nfast-track designation\nFast Track designation\nRMAT\nregenerative medicine advanced therapy\nRMAT designation\nPRIME\nPRIority MEdicines\nexpedited programme\nexpedited program\nexpedited pathway\nexpedited review\nexpedited approval\nfast track designations","tldr":"Two of the FDA's expedited programmes: Fast Track gives drugs for serious unmet needs more frequent FDA meetings and rolling review; RMAT is the equivalent for cell and gene therapies. Neither guarantees approval or changes the evidence standard.","tags":"","route":"/terms/fast-track-rmat/"},{"id":"conditional-approval","kind":"term","name":"Conditional marketing authorisation (EU)","aka":"conditional approval\nconditional marketing authorisation\nconditional marketing authorization\nCMA\nconditional authorisation\nconditionally approved\napproval under exceptional circumstances\nexceptional circumstances\nconditional NMPA approval\nconditional approval in China\nspecific obligations\nconditional approvals\nconditional registration","tldr":"The European (and Chinese) counterpart of accelerated approval: a drug for an unmet need is authorised on less complete data with specific obligations to deliver confirmatory results, renewed yearly until converted to standard approval.","tags":"","route":"/terms/conditional-approval/"},{"id":"full-approval","kind":"term","name":"Full (traditional, regular) approval","aka":"full approval\ntraditional approval\nregular approval\nstandard approval\nconverted to full approval\nconversion to regular approval\nfull FDA approval\nreceived full approval\ngained full approval\nregular FDA approval","tldr":"The ordinary form of drug approval, granted when a trial has shown real clinical benefit such as longer survival, as opposed to an accelerated approval granted on an early stand-in measure and still awaiting confirmation.","tags":"","route":"/terms/full-approval/"},{"id":"approval-withdrawal","kind":"term","name":"Indication withdrawal","aka":"withdrawn\nvoluntary withdrawal\nvoluntarily withdrawn\nwithdrawn indication\nwithdrawn from the US market\nwithdrawn in the US\nmarket withdrawal\nindication withdrawn\nre-approved\nre-approval\nreapproved","tldr":"When a drug's approval for a particular cancer is cancelled, usually because the confirmatory trial failed to show benefit, sometimes because of safety. The drug may stay on the market for its other uses, and occasionally an indication is later re-approved on new data.","tags":"","route":"/terms/approval-withdrawal/"},{"id":"odac","kind":"term","name":"ODAC (Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee)","aka":"ODAC\nadvisory committee\nFDA advisory committee\nAdCom\nadvisory panel\nODAC vote\nadvisory committee meeting\nbriefing document\nFDA briefing document","tldr":"A panel of outside experts the FDA convenes to debate contentious cancer drug applications in public and vote on whether the evidence is adequate. The FDA usually, but not always, follows the vote.","tags":"","route":"/terms/odac/"},{"id":"regulatory-agencies","kind":"term","name":"Regulators beyond the FDA (EMA/CHMP, MHRA, PMDA, NMPA, TGA)","aka":"CHMP\nCommittee for Medicinal Products for Human Use\nMHRA\nPMDA\nNMPA\nTGA\nHealth Canada\nSwissmedic\nANVISA\nregulator\nregulators\nregulatory agency\nregulatory agencies\nregulatory approval\nmarketing authorisation\nmarketing authorization\nEuropean Commission approval\nEU approval\napproved in the EU\napproved in Japan\napproved in China\napproved in the UK\nmultiregional\nmulti-regional trial\nChina-only data\nreliance pathway\nAccess Consortium\nmarketing authorisations\nreliance pathways","tldr":"Every country or bloc has its own drug regulator: the EMA (with its CHMP committee) for the EU, the MHRA for the UK, the PMDA for Japan, the NMPA for China, the TGA for Australia. The same drug can be approved in one place years before another, or on different evidence.","tags":"","route":"/terms/regulatory-agencies/"},{"id":"hta","kind":"term","name":"Health technology assessment (HTA), reimbursement and QALYs","aka":"HTA\nhealth technology assessment\nreimbursement\nreimbursed\nreimbursement decision\ncoverage decision\npayer\npayers\ncost-effectiveness\ncost effectiveness\ncost-effective\nQALY\nQALYs\nquality-adjusted life year\nincremental cost-effectiveness ratio\nwillingness-to-pay threshold\nvalue-based pricing\nmanaged access\nCancer Drugs Fund\ntechnology appraisal\nG-BA\nAMNOG\nHAS\nPBAC\nCADTH\nvalue assessment\ncoverage decisions\ntechnology appraisals","tldr":"Approval says a drug works; reimbursement says who will pay. Health technology assessment bodies (NICE, G-BA, PBAC) judge whether the benefit is worth the price, often per quality-adjusted life year, and can delay access for years after approval.","tags":"","route":"/terms/hta/"},{"id":"crossover","kind":"term","name":"Crossover in trials","aka":"cross-over\ncrossover-adjusted\ncrossover adjustment\nadjusted for crossover\npermitted crossover\ncrossover was permitted\ncrossover rate\npost-progression therapy\nsubsequent therapy\nsubsequent treatment\nRPSFT\nrank-preserving structural failure time\nIPCW\ntreatment switching\nunplanned crossover\nconfounded by crossover","tldr":"When patients in a trial's control arm are allowed to switch to the experimental drug after their cancer progresses. It is fair to patients but blurs the survival comparison, because the control group has now had the drug too.","tags":"","route":"/terms/crossover/"},{"id":"non-inferiority","kind":"term","name":"Non-inferiority trial","aka":"non-inferiority\nnoninferiority\nnon-inferior\nnoninferior\nnon-inferiority margin\nnon-inferiority trial\nnon-inferiority design\nmet non-inferiority\nsuperiority\nsuperiority trial\nsuperiority design\nequivalence\nequivalence trial\nnon-inferiority designs\nnon-inferiority margins\nnon-inferiority trials","tldr":"A trial designed to show a new treatment is not meaningfully worse than the standard, rather than better: used when the new option is shorter, cheaper, less toxic or easier (five radiotherapy fractions instead of 25, six months of trastuzumab instead of twelve).","tags":"","route":"/terms/non-inferiority/"},{"id":"futility","kind":"term","name":"Futility analysis (stopped for futility)","aka":"stopped for futility\nstopped early for futility\nfutility boundary\nfutility analysis\nfutility stopping\ndiscontinued for futility\nterminated for futility\nstopped early for efficacy\nstopped early\nearly stopping\nstopping boundary\ndata monitoring committee\nDMC\nIDMC\nDSMB\nindependent data monitoring committee\nfutility boundaries","tldr":"A planned check partway through a trial to see whether the new treatment has any realistic chance of proving better; if not, the trial is stopped to spare patients and money. The opposite rule stops a trial early when benefit is overwhelming.","tags":"","route":"/terms/futility/"},{"id":"interim-analysis","kind":"term","name":"Interim analysis, readout and data cut-off","aka":"interim analysis\ninterim analyses\nfirst interim analysis\nsecond interim analysis\nprespecified interim\nfinal analysis\nfinal OS analysis\nprimary analysis\ndata cut-off\ndata cutoff\ndata cut\nreadout\nread out\nreads out\ntopline\ntop-line\ntopline results\ntop-line data\nheadline results\nupdated analysis\nlong-term follow-up\nextended follow-up\n5-year update\nresults expected\ndata expected","tldr":"A trial's results are not one event but a series: pre-planned looks at the data (interim analyses) while it is still running, a data cut-off date that freezes the dataset for each look, a 'topline' announcement of the headline numbers, and a final analysis when enough events have happened.","tags":"","route":"/terms/interim-analysis/"},{"id":"primary-endpoint","kind":"term","name":"Primary, secondary and co-primary endpoints","aka":"primary endpoint\nprimary end point\nprimary endpoints\nprimary outcome\nsecondary endpoint\nsecondary endpoints\nkey secondary\nkey secondary endpoint\nco-primary\nco-primary endpoints\ndual primary\ndual primary endpoints\ncomposite endpoint\nexploratory endpoint\nendpoint\nendpoints\nmet its primary endpoint\nmet the primary endpoint\nmissed its primary endpoint\npositive trial\nnegative trial\ntechnically negative\nprimary outcomes\nco-primary endpoint\ncomposite endpoints\nkey secondaries","tldr":"The primary endpoint is the single measurement a trial is designed and sized to test, declared in advance; if it is met, the trial is 'positive'. Secondary endpoints are additional measures that can support but not rescue a trial that missed its primary.","tags":"","route":"/terms/primary-endpoint/"},{"id":"intention-to-treat","kind":"term","name":"Intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol analysis","aka":"ITT\nintention-to-treat\nintent-to-treat\nITT population\nITT analysis\nmodified intention-to-treat\nmITT\nper-protocol\nper protocol\nper-protocol population\nas-treated\nevaluable population\nefficacy-evaluable\nresponse-evaluable\nsafety population\nfull analysis set\nanalysis population\nrandomised population","tldr":"Analysing every patient in the group they were randomised to, whether or not they actually took the treatment. It preserves the fairness of randomisation and reflects what happens when a treatment is prescribed in real life; per-protocol analysis, by contrast, counts only those who complied.","tags":"","route":"/terms/intention-to-treat/"},{"id":"prespecified-vs-post-hoc","kind":"term","name":"Pre-specified vs post-hoc analysis","aka":"pre-specified\nprespecified\npre-planned\nprespecified analysis\npre-specified analysis\npost-hoc\npost hoc\npost-hoc analysis\npost-hoc subgroup\nretrospective analysis\nunplanned analysis\nexploratory\nexploratory analysis\nhypothesis-generating\nhypothesis generating\nnominal\nnominal P value\nnominally significant\ndata dredging\np-hacking\nstatistical analysis plan\nprotocol-specified\npre-registered\npre-registration\npreregistered\nregistered report\nregistered reports\nstatistical analysis plans","tldr":"Whether an analysis was planned and written down before the data were seen (pre-specified) or invented afterwards (post-hoc). Post-hoc findings, especially in subgroups, are prone to be chance and count as hypotheses for a new trial, not as evidence.","tags":"","route":"/terms/prespecified-vs-post-hoc/"},{"id":"subgroup-analysis","kind":"term","name":"Subgroup analysis (forest plots)","aka":"subgroup\nsubgroups\nsubgroup analysis\nsubgroup analyses\npre-specified subgroup\nprespecified subgroup\nsubgroup effect\nsubgroup benefit\nforest plot\nforest plots\ninteraction test\ntest for interaction\nheterogeneity of effect\nconsistent across subgroups\nbenefit was consistent\neffect modification\nbiomarker subgroup\nPD-L1 subgroup\nhigh-volume subgroup\nregional subgroup\nAsian subgroup\nWestern subgroup\nsubgroup effects","tldr":"Splitting a trial's patients into groups (by age, sex, biomarker, region) to see whether the treatment worked the same in each. Shown as a forest plot. Genuine differences are rare and most striking subgroup results are noise, so they need confirmation.","tags":"","route":"/terms/subgroup-analysis/"},{"id":"statistical-significance","kind":"term","name":"Statistical significance (P values, alpha, multiplicity)","aka":"statistically significant\nstatistical significance\nnot statistically significant\ndid not reach statistical significance\nP value\np-value\nP<0.05\nP = 0.05\none-sided\ntwo-sided\nalpha spending\nalpha allocation\ntype I error\nmultiplicity\nmultiple comparisons\nhierarchical testing\ngatekeeping\nBonferroni\npowered\nunderpowered\nsample size\nstatistical power\n80% power\n90% power\nnumerically\nnumerical improvement\ntrend toward\ntrend towards\nclinically meaningful\nclinical significance\nsample sizes","tldr":"A result is 'statistically significant' when it would be unlikely (usually under 5%) to arise by chance if the treatment did nothing. It is a threshold, not a measure of benefit size: a tiny gain can pass it in a huge trial and a large one can miss it in a small trial, so ESMO and ASCO grade benefit separately.","tags":"","route":"/terms/statistical-significance/"},{"id":"double-blind","kind":"term","name":"Blinding (double-blind, open-label, placebo-controlled)","aka":"double-blind\ndouble blind\ndouble-blinded\nblinded\nopen-label\nopen label\nunblinded\nplacebo-controlled\nplacebo-controlled trial\nmatching placebo\nsingle-blind\ninvestigator-blinded\nassessor-blinded\nblinded assessment\nblinded independent review\nunblinding","tldr":"Whether patients and doctors know which treatment is being given. Double-blind: neither knows (a placebo hides it). Open-label: both do, unavoidable for surgery or radiotherapy but a source of bias when judging progression and symptoms.","tags":"","route":"/terms/double-blind/"},{"id":"single-arm","kind":"term","name":"Single-arm trial","aka":"single-arm\nsingle arm\nsingle-arm trial\nsingle-arm phase 2\nsingle-arm study\nuncontrolled\nnon-randomised\nnonrandomized\nnon-randomized\none-arm\nopen-label single-arm\nbasket cohort\nexpansion cohort\nphase 2 cohort\nexpansion cohorts\nsingle-arm studies\nsingle-arm trials","tldr":"A trial where everyone gets the new drug and there is no comparison group; success is judged by the share of tumours that shrink and for how long. Fast and small, it underpinned accelerated approvals for larotrectinib, sotorasib, tarlatamab and most CAR-T products, but it cannot show that patients live longer.","tags":"","route":"/terms/single-arm/"},{"id":"external-control-arm","kind":"term","name":"External and synthetic control arms","aka":"external control\nexternal control arm\nexternal comparator\nsynthetic control\nsynthetic control arm\nhistorical control\nhistorical controls\nhistorical comparison\nreal-world comparator\nreal-world control\nnatural history control\nmatched cohort\npropensity-matched\npropensity score\nBayesian borrowing\ndynamic borrowing\nhybrid control\nexternal control arms\nexternal controls\nsynthetic controls","tldr":"Instead of randomising patients to a control group, comparing a single-arm trial against patients treated in the past or recorded in registries, matched by propensity scores. Regulators accepted this for eflornithine in neuroblastoma and other rare cancers, but unmeasured differences between the groups, including changes in supportive care between eras, can masquerade as drug effects.","tags":"","route":"/terms/external-control-arm/"},{"id":"control-arm","kind":"term","name":"Control arm and comparator (investigator's choice)","aka":"control arm\ncontrol group\ncomparator\ncomparator arm\nactive comparator\nactive control\nstandard arm\nstandard-of-care arm\ninvestigator's choice\ninvestigator choice\nphysician's choice\ntreatment of physician's choice\nTPC\nchemotherapy of choice\nversus chemotherapy\nvs chemotherapy\nexperimental arm\ntreatment arm\nhead-to-head\nhead to head\ncontrol arms\ncomparators","tldr":"The group in a randomised trial that gets the existing standard treatment, against which the new drug is judged. Whether the control is the true current standard, an outdated one, or a menu of options chosen by each doctor ('investigator's choice') changes how much a positive result means.","tags":"","route":"/terms/control-arm/"},{"id":"dose-limiting-toxicity","kind":"term","name":"Dose-limiting toxicity (DLT)","aka":"DLT\nDLTs\ndose-limiting\ndose limiting toxicity\ndose-limiting toxicities\nDLT period\nDLT window\nno DLTs\nDLT rate","tldr":"A side effect in an early trial severe enough (usually grade 3 or worse, or forcing a long treatment pause) that the dose cannot safely go higher. Counting DLTs at each dose level is how phase 1 trials find the maximum tolerated dose.","tags":"","route":"/terms/dose-limiting-toxicity/"},{"id":"mtd","kind":"term","name":"Maximum tolerated dose (MTD)","aka":"MTD\nmaximum tolerated dose\nmaximally tolerated dose\nMTD not reached\nMTD was not reached\nbelow the MTD\ndose optimisation\ndose optimization\noptimal dose\noptimal biological dose\nOBD\nrandomised dose comparison\ndose-response","tldr":"The highest dose of a drug at which about a third of patients or fewer have dose-limiting side effects, the traditional target of phase 1 trials. For chemotherapy more was better; targeted drugs and antibodies often saturate their target far below it, which is why the FDA's Project Optimus now asks for two doses to be compared.","tags":"","route":"/terms/mtd/"},{"id":"rp2d","kind":"term","name":"Recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D)","aka":"RP2D\nrecommended phase 2 dose\nrecommended phase II dose\nrecommended dose\nrecommended dose for expansion\ndose selected\nselected dose\nthe dose taken forward\nregistrational dose","tldr":"The dose and schedule chosen at the end of a phase 1 trial to test in larger trials, based on safety, blood levels and early signs of activity. It is often, but no longer always, the maximum tolerated dose.","tags":"","route":"/terms/rp2d/"},{"id":"dose-escalation-design","kind":"term","name":"Dose-escalation designs (3+3, BOIN, dose-expansion)","aka":"3+3\n3 + 3\n3+3 design\nrule-based design\nBOIN\nBayesian optimal interval\nCRM\ncontinual reassessment method\nmTPI\nTITE-CRM\nmodel-based dose finding\nmodel-based design\ndose-finding\ndose finding\ndose-finding study\ndose escalation cohort\ndose escalation\ndose-escalation\ndose escalation phase\ndose-expansion\ndose expansion\nexpansion phase\naccelerated titration\nbackfill cohort\ndose level\ndose levels\ncohort of 3\nbackfill cohorts\nmodel-based designs","tldr":"How a phase 1 trial climbs from a tiny starting dose to a useful one: the old 3+3 design treats three patients at a time and moves up if none has serious toxicity; newer statistical designs (BOIN, CRM) use all the data to pick doses more accurately with fewer patients on ineffective levels.","tags":"","route":"/terms/dose-escalation-design/"},{"id":"first-in-human","kind":"term","name":"First-in-human (FIH) trial","aka":"first-in-human\nfirst in human\nFIH\nfirst-in-human trial\nfirst-in-human study\nfirst-in-class\nfirst in class\nfirst-in-patient\nphase 0\nmicrodose\ninvestigational new drug\nIND-enabling\nIND clearance\nclinical entry\nentered the clinic\nclinical-stage\npreclinical\npre-clinical\npreclinical-stage\nfirst-in-human studies\nfirst-in-human trials","tldr":"The first time a new drug is given to people, after animal and laboratory testing and clearance of an Investigational New Drug application. In oncology these are phase 1 trials in patients with advanced cancer who have exhausted standard options, starting at a fraction of the dose predicted to be safe; modern designs run straight through to registrational cohorts.","tags":"","route":"/terms/first-in-human/"},{"id":"window-of-opportunity-trial","kind":"term","name":"Window-of-opportunity trial","aka":"window-of-opportunity\nwindow of opportunity\nwindow trial\nwindow trials\nwindow study\npresurgical trial\npre-surgical\npre-operative window\nbiomarker window\npharmacodynamic study\npaired biopsies\nserial biopsies\non-treatment biopsy\npre- and post-treatment biopsies\non-treatment biopsies\nwindow studies\nwindow-of-opportunity trials","tldr":"Giving a new drug for a few weeks in the gap between diagnosis and scheduled surgery, then examining the removed tumour to see what the drug did to it. Patients lose nothing (surgery proceeds as planned) and researchers get a direct look at the drug's biological effect.","tags":"","route":"/terms/window-of-opportunity-trial/"},{"id":"pivotal-trial","kind":"term","name":"Pivotal (registrational) trial","aka":"pivotal\npivotal trial\npivotal study\npivotal phase 3\nregistrational\nregistrational trial\nregistrational study\nregistration trial\nregistration-enabling\nregistration-directed\napproval-enabling\npivotal cohort\nregistrational cohort\nsupported approval\nbasis of approval\napproval was based on\nregistration trials\nregistrational trials","tldr":"The trial (usually a randomised phase 3, sometimes a large phase 2) whose results are submitted to regulators as the main evidence for approval. When a company calls a trial 'registrational' it is signalling that this is the one that decides.","tags":"","route":"/terms/pivotal-trial/"},{"id":"seamless-adaptive","kind":"term","name":"Seamless, adaptive and Bayesian trial designs","aka":"seamless\nseamless phase 2/3\nseamless phase 1/2\nphase 1/2\nphase 2/3\nadaptive design\nadaptive trial\nadaptive randomisation\nresponse-adaptive randomisation\nBayesian\nBayesian adaptive\nBayesian design\nI-SPY 2\nI-SPY\nmaster protocol\nsample size re-estimation\nadaptive enrichment\nbiomarker-selected\nbiomarker-enriched\nall-comers\nunselected\nunselected population\nadaptive designs\nmaster protocols\nall-comer\nunselected populations","tldr":"Trial designs that change as data come in: merging phases so successful drugs move forward without pause, dropping arms or doses that are not working, adding new ones, and shifting randomisation toward what seems to help. Faster and more efficient, but they need careful statistics to stay honest.","tags":"","route":"/terms/seamless-adaptive/"},{"id":"accrual","kind":"term","name":"Accrual and enrolment","aka":"accrual\naccrued\naccruing\nenrolment\nenrollment\nenrolling\nenrolled\nfully enrolled\ncompleted enrolment\nenrolment completed\nrecruitment\nrecruiting\nrecruited\nactively recruiting\nslow accrual\npoor accrual\nclosed to accrual\nopen to accrual\ntarget enrolment\ntrial participation\nparticipation rate\neligibility criteria\ninclusion criteria\nexclusion criteria\neligible patients","tldr":"How many patients a trial has signed up, and how fast. Slow accrual is the commonest reason trials take years longer than planned or close without an answer; only about 5-8% of adult cancer patients ever join a trial.","tags":"","route":"/terms/accrual/"},{"id":"complete-response-term","kind":"term","name":"Complete response (CR) and partial response (PR)","aka":"complete response\ncomplete responses\ncomplete remission\ncomplete remissions\nCR rate\nCRi\nCR/CRi\ncomplete response rate\nstringent complete response\nsCR\npartial response\npartial responses\npartial remission\nPR rate\nvery good partial response\nVGPR\nstable disease\nbest response\nbest overall response\ndeep response\ndeep responses\ncomplete response rates","tldr":"A complete response means every measurable trace of the cancer has disappeared on scans or in the marrow; a partial response means it has shrunk by at least 30% (RECIST) but is still there. Neither is the same as cure: microscopic disease can remain.","tags":"","route":"/terms/complete-response-term/"},{"id":"progressive-disease","kind":"term","name":"Progressive disease and radiographic progression","aka":"progressive disease\nprogression\ndisease progression\nradiographic progression\nradiological progression\nclinical progression\nprogressed\nprogressing\non progression\nat progression\nafter progression\npost-progression\nupon progression\ntime of progression\npseudoprogression\npseudo-progression\nhyperprogression\niRECIST\niUPD\niCPD\nPSA progression\nbiochemical progression\nmolecular progression\nctDNA progression\noligoprogressive","tldr":"The point at which a cancer is judged to be growing again despite treatment, usually a 20% increase on scans or a new lesion (RECIST). It ends progression-free survival, usually triggers a change of treatment, and defines 'lines' of therapy.","tags":"","route":"/terms/progressive-disease/"},{"id":"duration-of-response-term","kind":"term","name":"Duration of response (DoR) and disease control rate (DCR)","aka":"DoR\nDOR\nmDoR\nduration of response\nmedian duration of response\ndurable response\ndurable responses\nongoing response\nongoing responses\nresponses ongoing\nDCR\ndisease control rate\ndisease control\nclinical benefit rate\nCBR\nclinical benefit\ntumour control\ntime to response\nTTR\nmedian time to response\nrapid responses\nonset of response","tldr":"Duration of response measures how long a tumour that shrank stays shrunk before growing again; disease control rate adds patients whose cancer stayed stable to those who responded. Together with response rate they describe a drug's activity in trials without a comparison group.","tags":"","route":"/terms/duration-of-response-term/"},{"id":"ttp","kind":"term","name":"Time to progression (TTP) and time to next treatment (TTNT)","aka":"TTP\ntime to progression\ntime-to-progression\nTTNT\ntime to next treatment\ntime to next therapy\ntime to next intervention\ntime to subsequent therapy\ntime to treatment failure\nTTF\ntime to first subsequent therapy\nTFST\nPFS2\nprogression-free survival 2\ntime to castration resistance\ntime to CRPC\ntime to deterioration\ntime to symptomatic progression\ntime to first skeletal event\nmetastasis-free survival\nMFS\ndistant metastasis-free survival\nDMFS\nrPFS\nradiographic progression-free survival\nbiochemical recurrence-free survival","tldr":"A family of 'time to X' endpoints: how long until the cancer grows (TTP, which unlike PFS ignores deaths), until the patient needs another treatment (TTNT), until it spreads (metastasis-free survival), or until symptoms worsen. Each captures something patients care about that survival alone misses.","tags":"","route":"/terms/ttp/"},{"id":"landmark-survival","kind":"term","name":"Landmark and milestone survival (5-year survival, median follow-up)","aka":"landmark analysis\nmilestone survival\nmilestone analysis\n5-year survival\nfive-year survival\n5-year OS\n5-year PFS\n5-year survival rate\n10-year survival\n2-year survival\n3-year survival\n1-year survival\nsurvival rate\nsurvival rates\nmedian follow-up\nmedian follow up\nlong-term survival\nlong-term survivors\ntail of the curve\nKaplan-Meier\nKaplan–Meier\nsurvival curve\nsurvival curves\ncurves separate\ncurves cross\nrestricted mean survival time\nRMST\nlong-term survivor","tldr":"The percentage of patients alive (or progression-free) at a fixed time point such as 2, 5 or 10 years, read off a Kaplan-Meier survival curve. With immunotherapy the 'tail of the curve', the fraction still alive years later, often matters more than the median.","tags":"","route":"/terms/landmark-survival/"},{"id":"data-maturity","kind":"term","name":"Data maturity (immature vs mature survival data)","aka":"OS immature\nimmature OS\nimmature data\nimmature survival data\noverall survival data are immature\nOS data immature\nmature OS\nmature survival\nevent-driven\nnumber of events\ninformation fraction\ncensored\ncensoring\ncensored at\nOS trend\nOS not yet reached\nnot reached\nnot estimable\nmedian not reached\nmedian OS not reached","tldr":"Survival results are 'immature' when too few patients have died (or progressed) for the comparison to be reliable, so medians are 'not reached' and confidence intervals are wide. Mature data come with time and events; early positive looks can fade or strengthen.","tags":"","route":"/terms/data-maturity/"},{"id":"qol-pro","kind":"term","name":"Quality of life and patient-reported outcomes (QoL, PRO)","aka":"QoL\nQOL\nquality of life\nquality-of-life\nhealth-related quality of life\nHRQoL\nHRQL\nPRO\nPROs\npatient-reported outcome\npatient-reported outcomes\npatient-reported\npatient reported\nPRO-CTCAE\nEORTC QLQ-C30\nQLQ-C30\nFACT-G\nEQ-5D\nsymptom burden\nsymptom scores\nfunctional status\ntime to deterioration\nTTD\nglobal health status\ntolerability endpoints\npatient experience\nfinancial toxicity questionnaire\nsymptom score","tldr":"Measures of how patients themselves feel and function during treatment (pain, fatigue, nausea, daily activities), collected by questionnaire rather than by the doctor. Regulators and payers now expect them alongside survival, and clinician grading is known to under-report symptoms.","tags":"","route":"/terms/qol-pro/"},{"id":"ctcae-grading","kind":"term","name":"CTCAE toxicity grading (grade 3-4 adverse events)","aka":"CTCAE\nCommon Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events\ngrade 3-4\ngrade 3–4\ngrade ≥3\ngrade 3 or higher\ngrade 3\ngrade 4\ngrade 5\ngrade 1-2\ngrade 2\nhigh-grade toxicity\nsevere adverse events\nadverse event\nadverse events\nserious adverse event\nserious adverse events\nSAE\nSAEs\ntreatment-related adverse events\nTRAE\nTRAEs\nTEAE\nTEAEs\ntreatment-emergent\ntreatment-related death\ntreatment-related deaths\ntoxic death\nsafety signal\ntolerability profile\nsafety signals","tldr":"The standard 1-to-5 scale doctors use to grade every side effect in a trial: 1 mild, 2 moderate, 3 severe or needing hospital care, 4 life-threatening, 5 death. 'Grade 3-4 events in 40% of patients' is the usual headline safety figure.","tags":"","route":"/terms/ctcae-grading/"},{"id":"febrile-neutropenia","kind":"term","name":"Febrile neutropenia","aka":"neutropenic fever\nneutropenic sepsis\nfebrile neutropaenia\nFN rate\nneutropenic infection\ninfection during neutropenia","tldr":"Fever in a patient whose infection-fighting white cells have been wiped out by chemotherapy. It is a medical emergency: without immune cells, an ordinary infection can become fatal in hours, so antibiotics are started immediately.","tags":"","route":"/terms/febrile-neutropenia/","cancers":"tnbc pancreatic colorectal non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma malt-lymphoma splenic-marginal-zone-lymphoma nodal-marginal-zone-lymphoma waldenstrom primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma burkitt-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma nodular-lymphocyte-predominant-hodgkin-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma angioimmunoblastic-t-cell-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma sezary-syndrome primary-cns-lymphoma"},{"id":"neutropenia","kind":"term","name":"Neutropenia","aka":"neutropenic\nneutropaenia\nlow neutrophils\nneutrophil count\nabsolute neutrophil count\nANC\ngrade 4 neutropenia\ngrade 3-4 neutropenia\nprolonged neutropenia\nnadir\ncount nadir\nleukopenia\nleucopenia\nwhite cell count\nagranulocytosis","tldr":"A shortage of neutrophils, the white blood cells that fight bacteria, caused by chemotherapy hitting the bone marrow. It usually bottoms out (the nadir) 7-14 days after each cycle and recovers before the next; while low, infection risk is high.","tags":"","route":"/terms/neutropenia/","cancers":"tnbc pancreatic colorectal non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma malt-lymphoma splenic-marginal-zone-lymphoma nodal-marginal-zone-lymphoma waldenstrom primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma burkitt-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma nodular-lymphocyte-predominant-hodgkin-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma angioimmunoblastic-t-cell-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma sezary-syndrome primary-cns-lymphoma"},{"id":"thrombocytopenia","kind":"term","name":"Thrombocytopenia","aka":"thrombocytopaenia\nlow platelets\nplatelet count\nplatelet transfusion\nbleeding risk\ngrade 3-4 thrombocytopenia\nimmune thrombocytopenia\nITP\nthrombopoietin receptor agonist\nplatelet transfusions","tldr":"Too few platelets, the blood cells that form clots, caused by chemotherapy or by the cancer in the marrow. Mild cases cause bruising; severe cases (under 10-20 × 10⁹/L) risk serious bleeding and need platelet transfusions.","tags":"","route":"/terms/thrombocytopenia/"},{"id":"anaemia","kind":"term","name":"Anaemia","aka":"anemia\nanaemic\nanemic\nlow haemoglobin\nlow hemoglobin\nhaemoglobin\nhemoglobin\ntransfusion-dependent\ntransfusion dependence\ntransfusion independence\nred cell transfusion\nerythropoiesis-stimulating agent\nESA\nESAs\niron deficiency\nerythropoiesis-stimulating agents","tldr":"A shortage of red blood cells or haemoglobin, causing tiredness and breathlessness. In cancer it comes from the disease itself (marrow infiltration, bleeding, inflammation), from chemotherapy suppressing the marrow, and from some targeted drugs.","tags":"","route":"/terms/anaemia/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc sclc"},{"id":"cytopenias","kind":"term","name":"Cytopenias and myelosuppression","aka":"cytopenia\ncytopenias\nmyelosuppression\nmyelosuppressive\nbone marrow suppression\nmarrow suppression\nmarrow toxicity\nhaematological toxicity\nhematological toxicity\nhaematologic toxicity\nhematologic toxicity\npancytopenia\nbicytopenia\nlymphopenia\nlymphocytopenia\nprolonged cytopenias\nlate cytopenias\nICAHT\nimmune effector cell-associated haematotoxicity\ncount recovery\nblood counts\nfull blood count\ncomplete blood count\nCBC","tldr":"The umbrella term for low blood counts of any kind (white cells, red cells, platelets) when treatment suppresses the bone marrow. Most chemotherapy causes it temporarily; radioligands, CAR-T and some pills cause longer-lasting versions.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cytopenias/"},{"id":"mucositis","kind":"term","name":"Mucositis and stomatitis","aka":"oral mucositis\nstomatitis\nmouth sores\nmouth ulcers\noesophagitis\nesophagitis\nradiation oesophagitis\nmucosal toxicity\nmucosal damage\ngastrointestinal toxicity\nGI toxicity\ndexamethasone mouthwash","tldr":"Painful inflammation and ulcers of the mouth and gut lining, because chemotherapy and radiotherapy hit the fast-dividing cells that renew it. It affects most patients on head and neck chemoradiation or transplant conditioning, can make eating impossible, and is the usual reason those patients need feeding tubes and opioid pain relief.","tags":"","route":"/terms/mucositis/","cancers":"pancreatic colorectal"},{"id":"hand-foot-syndrome","kind":"term","name":"Hand-foot syndrome and hand-foot skin reaction","aka":"hand-foot\nhand-foot syndrome\nhand foot syndrome\nhand-foot skin reaction\nHFSR\nHFS\npalmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia\nPPE\npalmar-plantar\nplantar-palmar","tldr":"Redness, peeling, pain and cracking of the palms and soles caused by certain chemotherapy pills and by kinase inhibitors that block blood vessel growth. Rarely dangerous but can stop patients walking or using their hands.","tags":"","route":"/terms/hand-foot-syndrome/","cancers":"tnbc pancreatic colorectal"},{"id":"peripheral-neuropathy","kind":"term","name":"Peripheral neuropathy (chemotherapy-induced)","aka":"neuropathy\nperipheral neuropathy\nchemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy\nCIPN\nsensory neuropathy\nmotor neuropathy\nneuropathic\nnumbness\ntingling\nparaesthesia\nparesthesia\ncold-induced neuropathy\ncumulative neuropathy\nneurotoxicity\nneurotoxic\nototoxicity\nhearing loss\ntinnitus\nneuropathies","tldr":"Nerve damage from chemotherapy that causes numbness, tingling and pain in the hands and feet, and sometimes weakness or hearing loss. It builds up with each dose, can be permanent, and is the main reason oxaliplatin, taxanes and vincristine have to be stopped or reduced.","tags":"","route":"/terms/peripheral-neuropathy/","cancers":"tnbc pancreatic colorectal"},{"id":"cardiotoxicity","kind":"term","name":"Cardiotoxicity (LVEF decline, cardiomyopathy)","aka":"cardiac toxicity\ncardiotoxic\ncardiomyopathy\nheart failure\nLVEF\nleft ventricular ejection fraction\nejection fraction\nLVEF decline\nasymptomatic LVEF decline\nechocardiography\nechocardiogram\nMUGA\ncardiac monitoring\ncardiac surveillance\ncardioprotection\ncardioprotective\nanthracycline cardiotoxicity\ncardiovascular toxicity\ncardiovascular events\narterial hypertension\narrhythmia\natrial fibrillation","tldr":"Heart damage from cancer treatment: anthracyclines weaken the heart muscle permanently in a dose-related way, trastuzumab does so reversibly, and some kinase inhibitors raise blood pressure or disturb rhythm. Heart function (LVEF) is monitored by ultrasound during treatment.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cardiotoxicity/","cancers":"tnbc hodgkin-lymphoma early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"hepatotoxicity","kind":"term","name":"Hepatotoxicity (liver enzyme elevation)","aka":"liver toxicity\nhepatic toxicity\nhepatotoxic\ntransaminitis\ntransaminase elevation\nelevated transaminases\nraised liver enzymes\nliver enzymes\nALT/AST\nliver function tests\nLFTs\ndrug-induced liver injury\nDILI\nimmune hepatitis\nimmune-mediated hepatitis\nhepatitis B reactivation\nHBV reactivation\nveno-occlusive disease\nsinusoidal obstruction syndrome\nVOD/SOS\nhyperbilirubinaemia\nliver enzyme","tldr":"Liver injury from a drug, usually detected as a rise in liver enzymes (ALT, AST) on routine blood tests before symptoms appear. Most cases settle with a pause or dose reduction; a few, especially with checkpoint inhibitors or in already damaged livers, are serious.","tags":"","route":"/terms/hepatotoxicity/"},{"id":"immune-colitis","kind":"term","name":"Immune-mediated colitis and diarrhoea","aka":"colitis\nimmune colitis\nimmune-mediated colitis\ncheckpoint colitis\nipilimumab colitis\ndiarrhoea\ndiarrhea\ngrade 3 diarrhoea\nsevere diarrhoea\nenterocolitis","tldr":"Inflammation of the bowel caused by immunotherapy releasing the immune system against the gut lining, producing diarrhoea that can be severe. It is the commonest serious side effect of CTLA-4 antibodies and is treated with steroids and, if needed, infliximab.","tags":"","route":"/terms/immune-colitis/","cancers":"tnbc lung-cancer nsclc sclc"},{"id":"immune-endocrinopathy","kind":"term","name":"Immune-related endocrinopathies (thyroiditis, hypophysitis)","aka":"endocrinopathy\nendocrinopathies\nhypothyroidism\nhyperthyroidism\nthyroiditis\nthyroid dysfunction\nhypophysitis\nadrenal insufficiency\nimmune-related diabetes\ntype 1 diabetes\nthyroid function tests\nTSH monitoring\nhormone replacement","tldr":"Immunotherapy can attack hormone-producing glands: most often the thyroid (usually ending in an under-active thyroid needing lifelong tablets), and less often the pituitary (hypophysitis) or adrenal glands, which can be life-threatening if missed.","tags":"","route":"/terms/immune-endocrinopathy/"},{"id":"myocarditis","kind":"term","name":"Immune-related myocarditis","aka":"immune myocarditis\ncheckpoint myocarditis\nmyocarditis\nimmune-mediated myocarditis\ntroponin\ntroponin monitoring\nmyositis\nmyasthenia\nmyasthenia gravis\nimmune-related myositis","tldr":"Rare but frequently fatal inflammation of the heart muscle triggered by checkpoint inhibitors, usually in the first two months. It often comes with muscle and nerve-muscle inflammation, and needs urgent high-dose steroids.","tags":"","route":"/terms/myocarditis/"},{"id":"ocular-toxicity","kind":"term","name":"Ocular toxicity (keratopathy, blurred vision)","aka":"ocular toxicity\nocular toxicities\neye toxicity\nocular adverse events\nocular events\nkeratopathy\ncorneal toxicity\ncorneal events\nmicrocyst-like epithelial changes\nMECs\nblurred vision\ndry eye\ndry eyes\nophthalmology\neye examinations\nophthalmic examination\nuveitis\nserous retinopathy\nretinopathy\nconjunctivitis","tldr":"Eye problems from cancer drugs: blurred vision and corneal damage from certain ADCs (belantamab, tisotumab), retinal fluid from MEK inhibitors, and inflammation from immunotherapy. Usually reversible with dose holds, but they need regular eye examinations.","tags":"","route":"/terms/ocular-toxicity/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"qt-prolongation","kind":"term","name":"QT prolongation","aka":"QTc prolongation\nQTc\nQT interval\nprolonged QT\nQT\nECG monitoring\nelectrocardiogram\nhERG\nhERG inhibition\ntorsades\ntorsades de pointes\nventricular arrhythmia\nelectrolyte monitoring","tldr":"A change on the heart's electrical trace, caused by some drugs blocking a potassium channel (hERG), that in rare cases sets off a dangerous rhythm. Drugs that do this need ECG checks and care with other medicines and low potassium or magnesium.","tags":"","route":"/terms/qt-prolongation/"},{"id":"hyperglycaemia","kind":"term","name":"Hyperglycaemia (PI3K/AKT inhibitor class effect)","aka":"hyperglycemia\nhigh blood sugar\nraised glucose\nglucose monitoring\nPI3K inhibitor toxicity\nPI3Kα inhibitor\nmetformin prophylaxis\nSGLT2 inhibitor\nketogenic diet with PI3K inhibitors","tldr":"High blood sugar as a side effect of drugs that block the PI3K/AKT pathway, because the same pathway carries insulin's signal in muscle and liver. It is the main reason these otherwise effective breast cancer drugs are hard to give.","tags":"","route":"/terms/hyperglycaemia/"},{"id":"rash-skin-toxicity","kind":"term","name":"Rash and skin toxicity (acneiform rash, paronychia)","aka":"rash\nskin rash\nskin toxicity\nskin toxicities\ndermatological toxicity\ndermatologic toxicity\ncutaneous toxicity\nacneiform rash\nacneiform\npapulopustular rash\nEGFR rash\nparonychia\nnail changes\nxerosis\ndry skin\nphotosensitivity\nmaculopapular rash\nStevens-Johnson\nSJS\nvitiligo\nhyperpigmentation","tldr":"Skin reactions from cancer drugs, ranging from the acne-like rash that nearly everyone on an EGFR inhibitor gets (a sign the drug is working) to painful nail-fold infections, itching, and rare severe blistering reactions.","tags":"","route":"/terms/rash-skin-toxicity/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"extravasation-infusion-reaction","kind":"term","name":"Infusion reactions, hypersensitivity and extravasation","aka":"infusion reaction\ninfusion reactions\ninfusion-related reaction\ninfusion-related reactions\nIRR\nIRRs\nhypersensitivity\nhypersensitivity reaction\nallergic reaction\nanaphylaxis\nanaphylactic\npremedication\npremedicated\npre-medication\nantihistamine premedication\nextravasation\nvesicant\nvesicants\ninfusion site reaction\ninjection site reaction\nsubcutaneous formulation\nflu-like symptoms\nhypersensitivity reactions\nsubcutaneous formulations","tldr":"Reactions around the moment a drug is given: chills, fever or breathlessness from antibodies (infusion reactions), true allergy (hypersensitivity, rarely anaphylaxis), and leakage of a damaging drug into tissue around the vein (extravasation).","tags":"","route":"/terms/extravasation-infusion-reaction/"},{"id":"vte","kind":"term","name":"Venous thromboembolism (VTE)","aka":"VTE\nthromboembolism\nvenous thromboembolism\nthromboembolic events\nthromboembolic\nthrombosis\nthrombotic events\ndeep vein thrombosis\nDVT\npulmonary embolism\nblood clots\nblood clot\nanticoagulation\nanticoagulant\nthromboprophylaxis\nlow-molecular-weight heparin\nLMWH\nDOAC\nDOACs\nKhorana score\narterial thromboembolism\nanticoagulants","tldr":"Blood clots in the leg veins or lungs. Cancer makes blood clot more easily and some treatments (IMiDs, anti-VEGF drugs, hormone therapy, central lines, surgery) add risk; clots are the second commonest cause of death in cancer patients after the cancer itself.","tags":"","route":"/terms/vte/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"antiangiogenic-toxicities","kind":"term","name":"Anti-VEGF class toxicities (hypertension, proteinuria, bleeding, perforation)","aka":"proteinuria\nbleeding\nhaemorrhage\nhemorrhage\nbleeding events\nbleeding risk\nhaemoptysis\nepistaxis\ngastrointestinal perforation\nGI perforation\nperforation\nbowel perforation\nfistula\nfistula formation\nwound healing\nwound-healing complications\nimpaired wound healing\nwound dehiscence\nreversible posterior leukoencephalopathy\nPRES\nVEGF inhibitor toxicity\nanti-VEGF toxicity\nhold 28 days around surgery","tldr":"The shared side effects of drugs that block blood vessel growth (bevacizumab, ramucirumab and VEGFR kinase inhibitors): high blood pressure, protein leaking into the urine, nosebleeds and more serious bleeding, slow wound healing, and rarely holes in the bowel.","tags":"","route":"/terms/antiangiogenic-toxicities/"},{"id":"secondary-malignancy","kind":"term","name":"Secondary malignancy (therapy-related cancer)","aka":"secondary malignancies\nsecond malignancy\nsecond malignancies\nsecond cancer\nsecond cancers\nsecond primary\nsecond primary cancer\nsecond primary cancers\nsecond primary malignancy\ntherapy-related\ntreatment-related cancer\ntreatment-induced cancer\ntherapy-related AML\ntherapy-related MDS\ntherapy-related myeloid neoplasm\nt-MN\nt-AML\nradiation-induced\nradiation-induced cancer\nradiation-induced sarcoma\nsecondary leukaemia\nsecondary leukemia\nsecondary AML\nT-cell lymphoma after CAR-T\nT-cell malignancies\nsecond primaries\nsecond primary malignancies\nT-cell malignancy\ntherapy-related myeloid neoplasms","tldr":"A new, different cancer caused by the treatment of the first one: leukaemia after alkylating chemotherapy or PARP inhibitors, solid tumours in irradiated tissue decades later, and rarely T-cell lymphoma after CAR-T. Rare per patient, but it matters most for those cured young.","tags":"","route":"/terms/secondary-malignancy/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma nodular-lymphocyte-predominant-hodgkin-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl"},{"id":"late-effects","kind":"term","name":"Late effects and survivorship toxicity","aka":"late effects\nlate toxicity\nlate toxicities\nlong-term toxicity\nlong-term toxicities\nlong-term side effects\nlong-term effects\nchronic toxicity\ncumulative toxicity\ncumulative dose\nlifetime dose\ninfertility\ngonadotoxicity\npremature ovarian insufficiency\npremature menopause\ngrowth impairment\nneurocognitive effects\nneurocognitive decline\ncognitive impairment\nchemo brain\nlymphoedema\nlymphedema\nxerostomia\ndry mouth\nosteoporosis\nbone loss\nosteonecrosis\nosteonecrosis of the jaw\nsexual dysfunction\nchildhood cancer survivors\nchildhood cancer survivor\ncumulative doses","tldr":"Health problems appearing months or decades after treatment ends: heart damage, infertility, second cancers, lymphoedema, dry mouth, memory problems, weak bones. They matter most for children and young adults, who live longest with them.","tags":"","route":"/terms/late-effects/","cancers":"colorectal non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma malt-lymphoma splenic-marginal-zone-lymphoma nodal-marginal-zone-lymphoma waldenstrom primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma burkitt-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma nodular-lymphocyte-predominant-hodgkin-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma angioimmunoblastic-t-cell-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma sezary-syndrome primary-cns-lymphoma"},{"id":"hypogammaglobulinaemia","kind":"term","name":"Hypogammaglobulinaemia and infection risk after B-cell therapies","aka":"hypogammaglobulinemia\nlow immunoglobulins\nlow IgG\nimmunoglobulin replacement\nIVIG\nintravenous immunoglobulin\nB-cell depletion\nB-cell aplasia\ninfection risk\nopportunistic infections\ninfection prophylaxis\nantimicrobial prophylaxis\nantiviral prophylaxis\nPJP prophylaxis\nPneumocystis prophylaxis\nCMV reactivation\ncytomegalovirus\nvaccine responses\nrevaccination","tldr":"A shortage of antibodies because treatment has wiped out the B cells or plasma cells that make them, as CD19 CAR-T, CD20 antibodies and BCMA therapies deliberately do. It leaves patients prone to infections, sometimes for years, and is managed with immunoglobulin infusions.","tags":"","route":"/terms/hypogammaglobulinaemia/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma malt-lymphoma splenic-marginal-zone-lymphoma nodal-marginal-zone-lymphoma waldenstrom primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma burkitt-lymphoma"},{"id":"dose-modification","kind":"term","name":"Dose reduction, interruption and discontinuation","aka":"dose reduction\ndose reductions\ndose-reduction\ndose reduced\ndose interruption\ndose interruptions\ndose delay\ndose delays\ntreatment delay\ndose hold\nhold treatment\ndose modification\ndose modifications\ndose adjustment\ndose adjustments\ndiscontinuation\ndiscontinuations\ndiscontinued\ntreatment discontinuation\ndiscontinuation rate\ndiscontinuation due to adverse events\npermanent discontinuation\nstopped treatment\ntreatment cessation\nrelative dose intensity\nRDI\nadherence\nnon-adherence\ncompliance\nreal-world dosing\nstarting dose\ndose holds\ntreatment delays","tldr":"The everyday tools for living with side effects: pausing a drug until a problem settles (interruption), restarting at a lower dose (reduction), or stopping it for good (discontinuation). Between 30 and 60% of patients on oral targeted drugs need a reduction, so these rates are the clearest test of whether a dose was set right.","tags":"","route":"/terms/dose-modification/"},{"id":"obstructive-jaundice","kind":"term","name":"Obstructive jaundice and biliary obstruction","aka":"jaundice\nobstructive jaundice\nbiliary obstruction\nbile duct obstruction\ncholestasis\ncholangitis\nbilirubin\nelevated bilirubin\nhyperbilirubinaemia\nhyperbilirubinemia\nbiliary drainage\npruritus from cholestasis\nmalignant bowel obstruction\nbowel obstruction\nintestinal obstruction\ngastric outlet obstruction\nairway obstruction\nSVC syndrome\nsuperior vena cava syndrome\nureteric obstruction\nhydronephrosis","tldr":"Yellowing of the skin and eyes because a tumour blocks the bile duct, most often pancreatic or bile duct cancer. It causes itching, infection risk and dark urine, and it must be relieved (usually with a stent) before chemotherapy can be given safely.","tags":"","route":"/terms/obstructive-jaundice/","cancers":"pancreatic cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"dysphagia","kind":"term","name":"Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)","aka":"swallowing difficulty\ndifficulty swallowing\nswallowing function\nodynophagia\naspiration pneumonia\nspeech and swallowing\nswallowing therapy\ndysphagia-optimised\nDARS\nfeeding tube dependence\ntube dependence\noesophageal obstruction\nesophageal obstruction","tldr":"Trouble swallowing, either because a tumour narrows the food pipe or throat, or because radiotherapy and surgery to the head, neck or chest have damaged the muscles and nerves that coordinate swallowing. It affects nutrition, dignity and the risk of food going into the lungs.","tags":"","route":"/terms/dysphagia/","cancers":"esophageal head-and-neck"},{"id":"medulloblastoma-molecular-groups","kind":"term","name":"Medulloblastoma molecular groups (WNT, SHH, group 3, group 4)","aka":"WNT medulloblastoma\nWNT-activated medulloblastoma\nSHH medulloblastoma\nSHH-activated medulloblastoma\ngroup 3 medulloblastoma\ngroup 4 medulloblastoma\nnon-WNT/non-SHH medulloblastoma\nmedulloblastoma subgroups\nmedulloblastoma molecular subgroup\nChang M stage\nChang staging\nM0 to M4","tldr":"Medulloblastoma is four diseases under one microscope: the WNT group is almost always cured, the SHH group depends on age and TP53, and groups 3 and 4 carry most of the deaths, so the group now steers how much radiation and chemotherapy a child receives.","tags":"","route":"/terms/medulloblastoma-molecular-groups/","cancers":"medulloblastoma medulloblastoma-wnt medulloblastoma-shh medulloblastoma-group-3-4"},{"id":"pole-ultramutation","kind":"term","name":"POLE ultramutation (POLEmut)","aka":"POLE\nPOLE mutation\nPOLE-mutated\nPOLEmut\nPOLE exonuclease domain mutation\nPOLE EDM\nultramutated\nultramutation\nPOLE ultramutated\nPOLE hotspot mutation","tldr":"A pathogenic mutation in the proofreading part of the POLE gene gives an endometrial tumour hundreds of mutations per megabase and, paradoxically, one of the best outlooks of any womb cancer, so finding it can spare a woman chemotherapy or radiotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/terms/pole-ultramutation/","cancers":"endometrial-pole-ultramutated advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer uterine-carcinosarcoma colorectal"},{"id":"nsmp","kind":"term","name":"No specific molecular profile (NSMP) endometrial cancer","aka":"NSMP\nno specific molecular profile\np53 wild-type endometrial cancer\np53wt class\ncopy-number low\ncopy-number-low\nCN-low\nNSMP class\nNSMP endometrial cancer\nL1CAM expression","tldr":"NSMP is the label an endometrial cancer gets when the three positive tests are all negative: no POLE mutation, intact mismatch repair and normal p53. It is the largest group, mostly hormone-driven and low grade, and it is treated by stage, grade and oestrogen receptor rather than by a molecular marker.","tags":"","route":"/terms/nsmp/","cancers":"endometrial-nsmp"},{"id":"ependymoma-molecular-groups","kind":"term","name":"Ependymoma molecular groups (PF-A, PF-B, ZFTA, YAP1, MYCN)","aka":"PF-A\nPFA ependymoma\nposterior fossa group A\nPF-B\nPFB ependymoma\nposterior fossa group B\nZFTA fusion\nZFTA::RELA\nRELA fusion\nC11orf95-RELA\nYAP1 fusion\nYAP1::MAMLD1\nsupratentorial ependymoma ZFTA fusion-positive\nMYCN-amplified spinal ependymoma\nEZHIP\nH3K27me3 loss in ependymoma\n1q gain ependymoma\nchromosome 1q gain\n6q loss","tldr":"Ependymomas are now named by where they arise and their molecular group: posterior fossa group A (young children, hardest to cure, worse still with 1q gain), group B (older patients, mostly cured with surgery and radiotherapy), supratentorial ZFTA-fusion and YAP1-fusion tumours, and a rare aggressive MYCN-amplified spinal type; the group sets the intensity of radiotherapy and the follow-up.","tags":"","route":"/terms/ependymoma-molecular-groups/","cancers":"ependymoma spinal-cord-tumours"},{"id":"sclc-molecular-subtypes","kind":"term","name":"Small-cell lung cancer transcription-factor subtypes (SCLC-A, SCLC-N, SCLC-P, SCLC-I) and SLFN11","aka":"SCLC-A\nSCLC-N\nSCLC-P\nSCLC-I\nASCL1\nNEUROD1\nPOU2F3\nYAP1 subtype\ninflamed SCLC\nSCLC subtypes\nsmall cell lung cancer molecular subtypes\nSLFN11\nSLFN11 expression\nneuroendocrine-high\nneuroendocrine-low\ntranscription factor subtype","tldr":"Small-cell lung cancer has looked like one disease for fifty years; RNA profiling now splits it by the master transcription factor in charge (ASCL1, NEUROD1, POU2F3, or none with an inflamed signature), and these groups, plus the DNA-damage protein SLFN11, are the first leads for matching drugs to a cancer that has had almost no biomarkers.","tags":"","route":"/terms/sclc-molecular-subtypes/","cancers":"sclc limited-stage-sclc extensive-stage-sclc"},{"id":"uveal-melanoma-prognostic-markers","kind":"term","name":"Uveal melanoma prognostic markers (GNAQ/GNA11, monosomy 3, gene-expression class)","aka":"GNAQ\nGNA11\nGNAQ/GNA11 mutation\nmonosomy 3\nchromosome 3 loss\ndisomy 3\n8q gain\nDecisionDx-UM\ngene expression profile class 1\nclass 2 uveal melanoma\nGEP class 1\nGEP class 2\nPRAME expression\nEIF1AX\nPLCB4\nCYSLTR2\nuveal melanoma genetics","tldr":"Nearly all eye melanomas start with a mutation in GNAQ or GNA11, which is why skin-melanoma drugs do not work on them; what decides whether the tumour will spread to the liver is a second layer: loss of chromosome 3 with BAP1 mutation and a class 2 gene-expression profile mean high risk, while EIF1AX or SF3B1 mutations and class 1 mean low or delayed risk.","tags":"","route":"/terms/uveal-melanoma-prognostic-markers/","cancers":"uveal-melanoma"},{"id":"interferon-gamma-signature","kind":"term","name":"Interferon-gamma gene signature (T-cell-inflamed signature)","aka":"IFN-gamma signature\ninterferon gamma signature\nIFNG signature\nT-cell-inflamed gene expression profile\nT cell-inflamed GEP\n18-gene GEP\ninflamed signature\nhot tumour signature\nimmune gene signature\nGEP score\nTumor Inflammation Signature","tldr":"An interferon-gamma signature is a readout of a handful of genes that T cells switch on when they are already inside a tumour and fighting; tumours with a high score respond to PD-1 drugs more often across many cancer types, but the score is not yet reliable enough to use outside trials.","tags":"","route":"/terms/interferon-gamma-signature/","cancers":"melanoma advanced-melanoma stage-iii-melanoma"},{"id":"ipss-m-ipss-r","kind":"term","name":"IPSS-R and IPSS-M (myelodysplastic syndrome risk scores)","aka":"IPSS\nIPSS-R\nIPSS-M\nRevised International Prognostic Scoring System\nMolecular International Prognostic Scoring System\nIPSS-R score\nIPSS-M score\nlower-risk MDS\nhigher-risk MDS\nvery low risk MDS\nvery high risk MDS\nMDS risk score\nMDS risk group","tldr":"IPSS-R adds up marrow blasts, blood counts and chromosome findings, and IPSS-M adds the mutations in 31 genes, to place a person with myelodysplastic syndrome in a risk group that decides between watching, growth-factor and low-intensity drugs, or moving quickly to a transplant.","tags":"","route":"/terms/ipss-m-ipss-r/","cancers":"mds-lower-risk mds-higher-risk"},{"id":"sokal-elts-scores","kind":"term","name":"Sokal and ELTS risk scores (chronic myeloid leukaemia)","aka":"Sokal\nSokal score\nSokal risk\nELTS\nELTS score\nEUTOS long-term survival score\nEUTOS score\nHasford score\nEuro score\nCML risk score\nCML risk group","tldr":"Sokal and ELTS are arithmetic from the first blood count: age, spleen size, platelets and blast percentage at diagnosis sort chronic myeloid leukaemia into low, intermediate and high risk, and high-risk patients are the ones more likely to be started on a second-generation drug rather than imatinib.","tags":"","route":"/terms/sokal-elts-scores/","cancers":"cml cml-chronic-phase"},{"id":"flipi","kind":"term","name":"FLIPI, FLIPI2 and POD24 (follicular lymphoma risk)","aka":"FLIPI\nFLIPI2\nFLIPI-2\nm7-FLIPI\nFollicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index\nPOD24\nprogression of disease within 24 months\nearly progression follicular lymphoma\nGELF criteria\nhigh tumour burden follicular lymphoma","tldr":"FLIPI counts five simple things (age over 60, stage III or IV, more than four node areas, raised LDH, low haemoglobin) to predict how a follicular lymphoma will behave; POD24, relapse within two years of starting chemo-immunotherapy, is the single strongest sign of a dangerous one.","tags":"","route":"/terms/flipi/","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma"},{"id":"mipi","kind":"term","name":"MIPI (Mantle Cell Lymphoma International Prognostic Index)","aka":"MIPI\nMIPI-c\nMIPI-b\ncombined MIPI\nbiological MIPI\nMantle Cell Lymphoma International Prognostic Index\nhigh-risk mantle cell lymphoma\nblastoid mantle cell lymphoma\nblastoid variant\npleomorphic mantle cell lymphoma","tldr":"MIPI turns age, performance status, LDH and white cell count into a low, intermediate or high-risk label for mantle cell lymphoma, and adding Ki-67 (MIPI-c) or TP53 status sharpens it; high-risk and TP53-mutated disease is where chemotherapy alone fails and BTK inhibitors, CAR-T and trials come in first.","tags":"","route":"/terms/mipi/","cancers":"mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"cll-ipi","kind":"term","name":"CLL-IPI (chronic lymphocytic leukaemia prognostic index)","aka":"CLL-IPI\nCLL International Prognostic Index\nCLL-IPI score\nbeta-2 microglobulin in CLL\nB2M in CLL\nvery high risk CLL\nhigh-risk CLL","tldr":"CLL-IPI scores five things at diagnosis (TP53 loss or mutation, unmutated IGHV, raised beta-2 microglobulin, advanced stage and age over 65) to predict time to first treatment and survival; TP53 and IGHV are the two that still change which drug is chosen, because they decide whether chemo-immunotherapy is ever an option.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cll-ipi/","cancers":"cll cll-treatment-naive"},{"id":"dipss-mipss70","kind":"term","name":"DIPSS, DIPSS-plus and MIPSS70 (myelofibrosis risk scores)","aka":"DIPSS\nDIPSS-plus\nIPSS for myelofibrosis\nMIPSS70\nMIPSS70-plus\nMIPSS70+ v2\nMIPSS70-plus version 2\nGIPSS\nMYSEC-PM\nhigh-molecular-risk mutations\nHMR mutations\nmyelofibrosis risk score\nintermediate-2 myelofibrosis\nhigh-risk myelofibrosis","tldr":"Myelofibrosis risk scores decide the biggest question in the disease, whether to go for a stem-cell transplant: DIPSS uses age, blood counts, blasts and symptoms, DIPSS-plus adds chromosomes, transfusions and platelets, and MIPSS70 adds the mutations that mark a dangerous clone.","tags":"","route":"/terms/dipss-mipss70/","cancers":"primary-myelofibrosis"},{"id":"ipset-thrombosis","kind":"term","name":"IPSET-thrombosis score (essential thrombocythaemia)","aka":"IPSET\nIPSET-thrombosis\nrevised IPSET-thrombosis\nr-IPSET\nET thrombosis risk\nvery low risk ET\nlow-risk ET\nintermediate-risk ET\nhigh-risk essential thrombocythaemia","tldr":"Essential thrombocythaemia rarely shortens life, so treatment is about preventing clots: the IPSET-thrombosis score combines age over 60, a previous clot and the JAK2 mutation to sort patients into very low, low, intermediate and high risk, and only the higher groups take a platelet-lowering drug.","tags":"","route":"/terms/ipset-thrombosis/","cancers":"essential-thrombocythaemia"},{"id":"li-rads","kind":"term","name":"LI-RADS (Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System)","aka":"LI-RADS\nLI-RADS 5\nLR-5\nLR-4\nLR-3\nLR-M\nLR-TIV\nLR-TR\nLI-RADS category\narterial phase hyperenhancement\nAPHE\nwashout appearance\nnon-invasive diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma\nimaging diagnosis of liver cancer","tldr":"LI-RADS is the radiologist's grading of a liver nodule on contrast CT or MRI in a cirrhotic liver, from LR-1 (definitely benign) to LR-5 (definitely cancer); an LR-5 lesion is treated as hepatocellular carcinoma without a biopsy, which is why liver cancer is one of the few cancers diagnosed by imaging alone.","tags":"","route":"/terms/li-rads/","cancers":"hcc-early hcc-intermediate hcc-advanced"},{"id":"pretext-chic","kind":"term","name":"PRETEXT and CHIC risk groups (hepatoblastoma)","aka":"PRETEXT\nPOST-TEXT\nPRETEXT group\nPRETEXT annotation factors\nPRETEXT IV\nCHIC\nCHIC risk stratification\nChildren's Hepatic tumors International Collaboration\nPHITT risk group\nhepatoblastoma risk group\nvery low risk hepatoblastoma\nhigh-risk hepatoblastoma","tldr":"PRETEXT describes how many of the liver's four sections a child's hepatoblastoma occupies before any treatment, with letters for spread into veins, outside the liver, rupture or metastases; combined with age and the AFP level in the CHIC system it decides who has surgery straight away, who gets chemotherapy first, and who needs a transplant.","tags":"","route":"/terms/pretext-chic/","cancers":"hepatoblastoma"},{"id":"wilms-risk-markers","kind":"term","name":"Wilms tumour risk markers (anaplasia, 1p/16q loss, 1q gain, SIOP and COG risk groups)","aka":"anaplastic Wilms tumour\ndiffuse anaplasia\nfocal anaplasia\nfavourable histology Wilms tumour\nunfavourable histology\n1p/16q loss of heterozygosity\nLOH 1p and 16q\n1q gain in Wilms tumour\nblastemal-type Wilms tumour\nSIOP risk group\nSIOP UMBRELLA\nCOG renal tumour risk group\nvery low risk Wilms tumour\nbilateral Wilms tumour\nnephrogenic rests\n11p15 loss of heterozygosity","tldr":"Wilms tumour is cured in nine of ten children, so its markers exist to decide who needs less treatment and who needs more: anaplastic cells under the microscope, loss of chromosome pieces 1p and 16q or gain of 1q in the tumour DNA, and, in Europe, how much blastemal tumour survives the pre-operative chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/terms/wilms-risk-markers/","cancers":"wilms-tumor"},{"id":"b-all-cytogenetic-risk","kind":"term","name":"B-ALL risk groups (NCI criteria, ETV6::RUNX1, hyperdiploidy, hypodiploidy, iAMP21, IKZF1, CNS status)","aka":"NCI risk criteria\nNCI standard risk\nNCI high risk\nRome/NCI criteria\nETV6::RUNX1\nETV6-RUNX1\nTEL-AML1\nt(12;21)\nhigh hyperdiploidy\nhyperdiploid ALL\ntrisomies 4 and 10\nhypodiploidy\nhypodiploid ALL\nlow hypodiploidy\nnear-haploid ALL\niAMP21\nintrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21\nIKZF1 deletion\nIKZF1-plus\nIKZF1plus\nTCF3::PBX1\nt(1;19)\nTCF3::HLF\nDUX4-rearranged ALL\nPAX5-altered ALL\nCNS status\nCNS1\nCNS2\nCNS3\nprednisone response\nday 8 prednisone response\nday 29 MRD","tldr":"Childhood leukaemia treatment is chosen from a risk table built over fifty years: age and white count at diagnosis (the NCI criteria), the chromosome pattern in the blasts (favourable ETV6::RUNX1 and high hyperdiploidy, unfavourable hypodiploidy, iAMP21, KMT2A, Ph-positive and Ph-like), whether leukaemia cells are in the spinal fluid, and above all how fast the leukaemia clears in the first month.","tags":"","route":"/terms/b-all-cytogenetic-risk/","cancers":"all-paediatric-standard-risk all-paediatric-high-risk all-paediatric-ph-positive all-ph-like all-infant all-paediatric-relapsed all-leukemia"},{"id":"disease-volume-chaarted","kind":"term","name":"Disease volume (CHAARTED high-volume versus low-volume) and LATITUDE risk","aka":"CHAARTED criteria\nhigh-volume disease\nlow-volume disease\nhigh-volume mHSPC\nlow-volume mHSPC\nLATITUDE criteria\nLATITUDE high risk\nhigh-risk mHSPC\noligometastatic prostate cancer\nde novo metastatic prostate cancer\nsynchronous versus metachronous metastases\nmetastatic burden","tldr":"In newly metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer the treatment plan starts with a count: four or more bone metastases with at least one outside the spine and pelvis, or any spread to liver or lung, is high-volume disease (CHAARTED), and high-volume men gain years from adding docetaxel to hormone therapy while low-volume men gain more from radiotherapy to the prostate.","tags":"","route":"/terms/disease-volume-chaarted/","cancers":"prostate-mhspc"},{"id":"graded-prognostic-assessment","kind":"term","name":"Graded Prognostic Assessment (GPA) for brain metastases","aka":"GPA\ngraded prognostic assessment\ndiagnosis-specific GPA\nds-GPA\nDS-GPA\nmolecular GPA\nLung-molGPA\nMelanoma-molGPA\nBreast-GPA\nRPA class\nrecursive partitioning analysis for brain metastases\nbrain metastases prognostic index\nbrain metastasis velocity","tldr":"The GPA is a points score (age, performance status, number of brain metastases, spread outside the brain, and for some cancers the tumour's mutations) that estimates survival for a patient with brain metastases from a few months to several years, and it is what oncologists use to decide whether aggressive local treatment like radiosurgery is worth it.","tags":"","route":"/terms/graded-prognostic-assessment/","cancers":"secondary-brain-tumours her2-positive-breast-brain-metastases"},{"id":"ph-like-all","kind":"term","name":"Ph-like (BCR::ABL1-like) acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","aka":"Ph-like\nPh-like ALL\nBCR::ABL1-like ALL\nBCR-ABL1-like\nPhiladelphia chromosome-like ALL\nPh-like signature\nPh-like gene expression signature\nCRLF2 rearrangement\nCRLF2-rearranged\nCRLF2 overexpression\nABL-class fusion\nABL-class fusions\nJAK-STAT class ALL\nEPOR rearrangement","tldr":"Ph-like leukaemia has the gene-expression fingerprint of Philadelphia-positive leukaemia without the Philadelphia chromosome; behind it are dozens of kinase fusions and JAK pathway lesions, and finding which one is present tells doctors whether an imatinib-type drug or a JAK inhibitor might be added to chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/terms/ph-like-all/","cancers":"all-ph-like all-leukemia all-paediatric-high-risk"},{"id":"abl1-kinase-domain-mutations","kind":"term","name":"BCR::ABL1 kinase domain mutations (T315I and others)","aka":"T315I\nT315I mutation\nABL1 kinase domain mutation\nABL kinase domain mutation\nkinase domain mutations in CML\nBCR-ABL1 mutation\nBCR::ABL1 mutation analysis\nkinase domain mutation analysis\ncompound BCR::ABL1 mutations\nE255K\nY253H\nF317L\nV299L\nF359V\nmyristoyl-pocket mutation","tldr":"When a CML drug stops working, the leukaemia has usually changed the shape of the pocket the drug fits into; sequencing the BCR::ABL1 kinase domain names the mutation, and the name tells the doctor which drug still fits: most mutations respond to another second-generation drug, but T315I responds only to ponatinib or asciminib.","tags":"","route":"/terms/abl1-kinase-domain-mutations/","cancers":"cml cml-chronic-phase cml-advanced-phase all-paediatric-ph-positive"},{"id":"mpn-driver-mutations","kind":"term","name":"MPN driver mutations (JAK2 V617F, CALR, MPL) and allele burden","aka":"JAK2 V617F\nJAK2 mutation\nJAK2-positive\nJAK2-negative\nJAK2 exon 12\nCALR\nCALR mutation\nCALR type 1\nCALR type 2\nMPL W515\nMPL mutation\ntriple-negative MPN\ntriple negative myeloproliferative neoplasm\nJAK2 allele burden\nJAK2 variant allele fraction\nMPN driver mutation","tldr":"Almost every polycythaemia vera and most essential thrombocythaemia and myelofibrosis carry one of three mutations (JAK2 V617F, CALR or MPL) that jam the growth signal on; finding one confirms the diagnosis is a true blood cancer rather than a reaction to something else, and the mutation type and how much of the blood carries it shape the risk of clots and progression.","tags":"","route":"/terms/mpn-driver-mutations/","cancers":"polycythaemia-vera essential-thrombocythaemia primary-myelofibrosis"},{"id":"aml-myelodysplasia-related","kind":"term","name":"AML with myelodysplasia-related gene mutations (AML-MR)","aka":"AML-MR\nmyelodysplasia-related mutations\nmyelodysplasia-related gene mutations\nAML with myelodysplasia-related changes\nAML-MRC\nsecondary-type mutations\nsecondary AML mutation signature\nSRSF2 mutation\nU2AF1 mutation\nZRSR2 mutation\nSTAG2 mutation\nBCOR mutation\nASXL1 mutation\nRUNX1 mutation\nspliceosome mutations\nsplicing factor mutations","tldr":"Eight genes (ASXL1, BCOR, EZH2, RUNX1, SF3B1, SRSF2, STAG2, U2AF1 and ZRSR2) are almost never mutated in leukaemia that arises out of nowhere but are typical of leukaemia that grew out of a smouldering marrow disorder; finding one on the diagnostic gene panel labels the AML as myelodysplasia-related, puts it in the adverse-risk group and changes the chemotherapy chosen.","tags":"","route":"/terms/aml-myelodysplasia-related/","cancers":"aml aml-secondary aml-older-unfit"},{"id":"sf3b1-mutation","kind":"term","name":"SF3B1 mutation","aka":"SF3B1\nSF3B1-mutated\nSF3B1-mutant\nSF3B1 K700E\nsplicing factor 3b subunit 1\nMDS-SF3B1\nMDS with ring sideroblasts\nMDS-RS\nring sideroblasts\nrefractory anaemia with ring sideroblasts\nRARS\nRARS-T\nMDS/MPN with ring sideroblasts and thrombocytosis","tldr":"SF3B1 is a splicing gene whose mutation makes the marrow produce red cells with iron-stuffed mitochondria (ring sideroblasts); in myelodysplastic syndrome it defines a low-risk subtype with anaemia that responds to luspatercept, whereas in CLL and uveal melanoma the same mutation has different, mostly adverse or delayed-relapse, meaning.","tags":"","route":"/terms/sf3b1-mutation/","cancers":"mds-lower-risk cll uveal-melanoma mucosal-melanoma aml-secondary cmml"},{"id":"del5q","kind":"term","name":"del(5q) (5q- syndrome and lenalidomide response)","aka":"del(5q)\n5q deletion\n5q-\n5q minus\n5q- syndrome\n5q minus syndrome\nMDS with isolated del(5q)\nMDS-5q\nisolated del(5q)\ndel 5q MDS\nchromosome 5q deletion syndrome\nMDS with low blasts and isolated 5q deletion","tldr":"Losing a piece of the long arm of chromosome 5 causes a distinctive low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome, typically an older woman with severe anaemia and a normal or high platelet count; it is the one MDS with a drug matched to its genetics, lenalidomide, which makes two-thirds of patients transfusion-free unless TP53 is also mutated.","tags":"","route":"/terms/del5q/","cancers":"mds-lower-risk mds-higher-risk"},{"id":"myd88-l265p","kind":"term","name":"MYD88 L265P and CXCR4 mutations","aka":"MYD88\nMYD88 L265P\nMYD88 mutation\nMYD88-mutated\nMYD88 wild-type\nMYD88wt\nCXCR4 mutation\nCXCR4 S338X\nCXCR4 WHIM-like mutation\nMYD88/CXCR4 genotype\nCD79B mutation\nMCD subtype DLBCL\ncluster 5 DLBCL","tldr":"One letter change in MYD88 (L265P) keeps a B-cell survival signal permanently on; it is found in more than nine in ten Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia, most primary CNS and testicular lymphomas and a poor-risk group of DLBCL, and it predicts that BTK inhibitors will work, while a second mutation in CXCR4 predicts that they will work more slowly.","tags":"","route":"/terms/myd88-l265p/","cancers":"waldenstrom primary-cns-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma dlbcl malt-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"cyclin-d1-t11-14","kind":"term","name":"t(11;14), cyclin D1 and SOX11","aka":"t(11;14)(q13;q32)\nCCND1 translocation\nCCND1::IGH\nIGH::CCND1\ncyclin D1\ncyclin D1 immunohistochemistry\ncyclin D1-positive\ncyclin D1-negative mantle cell lymphoma\nSOX11\nSOX11-negative\nleukaemic non-nodal mantle cell lymphoma\nt(11;14) myeloma\nCCND1-translocated myeloma","tldr":"The t(11;14) translocation parks the cyclin D1 gene next to the antibody gene's accelerator, flooding the cell with a protein that pushes it through division; a brown nuclear stain for cyclin D1 (plus SOX11) is how mantle cell lymphoma is confirmed, and in myeloma the same translocation marks the patients who respond to venetoclax.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cyclin-d1-t11-14/","cancers":"mantle-cell-lymphoma plasma-cell-leukaemia myeloma-relapsed-refractory non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"btki-bcl2i-resistance-mutations","kind":"term","name":"BTK C481S, PLCG2 and BCL2 G101V resistance mutations","aka":"BTK C481S\nC481S\nBTK mutation\nBTK resistance mutation\nPLCG2 mutation\nPLCG2\nBCL2 G101V\nG101V\nBCL2 mutation\nvenetoclax resistance mutation\nBTK inhibitor resistance\nBTKi resistance\nT474I\nL528W\nkinase-dead BTK mutation\nnon-covalent BTK inhibitor resistance","tldr":"When ibrutinib-type drugs stop working in CLL, the usual reason is a mutation at the exact spot the drug binds (BTK C481S) or just downstream (PLCG2); when venetoclax fails, a BCL2 G101V mutation loosens its grip. Each can be seen in blood months before the disease visibly relapses, and each points to a different next drug.","tags":"","route":"/terms/btki-bcl2i-resistance-mutations/","cancers":"cll cll-relapsed mantle-cell-lymphoma waldenstrom non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"brca-reversion-mutations","kind":"term","name":"BRCA reversion mutations","aka":"reversion mutation\nreversion mutations\nBRCA reversion\nBRCA1 reversion\nBRCA2 reversion\nsecondary BRCA mutation\nrestored homologous recombination\nhomologous recombination restoration\nPARP inhibitor resistance mutation\nacquired PARP inhibitor resistance\nreversion to platinum resistance","tldr":"A cancer with a broken BRCA gene can repair the break itself under the pressure of PARP inhibitors or platinum: a second mutation restores the reading frame, the DNA-repair machinery switches back on, and both drugs stop working. Reversion mutations show up in blood ctDNA in a fifth to a third of resistant cases and mean it is time for a different class of treatment.","tags":"","route":"/terms/brca-reversion-mutations/","cancers":"platinum-sensitive-ovarian-cancer platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer prostate-mcrpc prostate"},{"id":"met-exon-14-skipping","kind":"term","name":"MET exon 14 skipping mutation","aka":"MET exon 14\nMETex14\nMET ex14\nMET exon 14 skipping\nMET splice-site mutation\nMETex14 skipping alteration\nc-Met immunohistochemistry\nc-Met IHC\nMET overexpression\nMET copy number\nMET-altered","tldr":"A splice-site mutation that makes cells skip exon 14 of the MET gene removes the receptor's off switch, so MET piles up on the cell surface; found in about 3 percent of lung adenocarcinomas, typically in older smokers or never-smokers, it is targeted by the pills capmatinib, tepotinib and savolitinib.","tags":"","route":"/terms/met-exon-14-skipping/","cancers":"met-altered-nsclc nsclc papillary-rcc"},{"id":"mlh1-promoter-methylation","kind":"term","name":"MLH1 promoter methylation (sporadic versus Lynch mismatch repair loss)","aka":"MLH1 promoter hypermethylation\nMLH1 hypermethylation\nMLH1 methylation\nsporadic MSI-high\nsporadic dMMR\nepigenetic MLH1 silencing\nMLH1 silencing\nBRAF V600E reflex testing\nreflex testing for Lynch syndrome","tldr":"When a tumour has lost the MLH1 mismatch-repair protein, a methylation test on the tumour tells the two causes apart: methylation switching the gene off means a sporadic cancer, no methylation means an inherited Lynch syndrome mutation is likely and the whole family needs testing.","tags":"","route":"/terms/mlh1-promoter-methylation/","cancers":"msi-high-colorectal endometrial-mmr-deficient gastric-msi-high"},{"id":"1p19q-codeletion","kind":"term","name":"1p/19q codeletion","aka":"1p/19q\n1p19q\n1p/19q co-deletion\n1p/19q-codeleted\ncodeletion\ncodeleted\n1p/19q intact\nnon-codeleted\nwhole-arm 1p/19q loss\nt(1;19)(q10;p10)","tldr":"Loss of one whole arm each of chromosomes 1 and 19, together with an IDH mutation, is what now defines an oligodendroglioma; a codeleted tumour grows slowly and responds to PCV chemotherapy plus radiotherapy for many years, so the test decides both the diagnosis and the treatment plan.","tags":"","route":"/terms/1p19q-codeletion/","cancers":"oligodendroglioma idh-mutant-astrocytoma glioblastoma"},{"id":"cdkn2a-homozygous-deletion","kind":"term","name":"CDKN2A/B homozygous deletion","aka":"CDKN2A\nCDKN2A deletion\nCDKN2A loss\nCDKN2A/B deletion\nCDKN2A/B homozygous deletion\n9p21 deletion\n9p21 loss\np16 loss\nMTAP deletion\nCDKN2A/MTAP deletion\nMTAP loss\nMTAP-deleted\nCDKN2A-deleted","tldr":"Losing both copies of the CDKN2A/B genes on chromosome 9p21 removes the cell's main brake on division; in an IDH-mutant glioma it alone makes the tumour grade 4, in mesothelioma and melanoma it marks aggressive disease, and the neighbouring MTAP gene usually goes with it, opening a new drug target.","tags":"","route":"/terms/cdkn2a-homozygous-deletion/","cancers":"idh-mutant-astrocytoma oligodendroglioma glioblastoma meningioma pleural-mesothelioma peritoneal-mesothelioma paediatric-low-grade-glioma paediatric-high-grade-glioma malignant-peripheral-nerve-sheath-tumour myxofibrosarcoma ewing-sarcoma richter-transformation-cll papillary-rcc undifferentiated-pleomorphic-sarcoma hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer"},{"id":"pten-loss","kind":"term","name":"PTEN loss","aka":"PTEN\nPTEN mutation\nPTEN deletion\nPTEN-deficient\nPTEN-null\nPTEN alteration\nPTEN immunohistochemistry\nPTEN loss by IHC\nPTEN-altered\nPIK3CA/AKT1/PTEN alterations\nPI3K pathway alteration\nAKT pathway alteration\nCowden syndrome\nPTEN hamartoma tumour syndrome","tldr":"PTEN is the brake on the PI3K/AKT growth pathway; when a tumour deletes or mutates it (seen as a lost stain or on sequencing) the pathway runs unopposed. In hormone-treated breast cancer PTEN loss is one of the three changes that qualify a woman for capivasertib, in prostate cancer it marks aggressive disease, and in endometrial cancer it is almost universal in the NSMP group.","tags":"","route":"/terms/pten-loss/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46 prostate-mhspc prostate-mcrpc endometrial-nsmp chromophobe-rcc"},{"id":"bap1-loss","kind":"term","name":"BAP1 loss","aka":"BAP1\nBAP1 mutation\nBAP1-mutated\nBAP1 immunohistochemistry\nBAP1 nuclear loss\nBAP1-negative\nBAP1 tumour predisposition syndrome\nBAP1-TPDS\ngermline BAP1\nBAP1-inactivated melanocytic tumour\nBAP1-deficient","tldr":"BAP1 is a tumour-suppressor gene that mesothelioma, uveal melanoma and clear-cell kidney cancer lose more often than any other; a lost nuclear stain on the biopsy confirms cancer over a benign look-alike in mesothelioma, marks the metastasis-prone half of eye melanomas, and, when inherited, defines a family syndrome of all three.","tags":"","route":"/terms/bap1-loss/","cancers":"pleural-mesothelioma peritoneal-mesothelioma uveal-melanoma clear-cell-rcc intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"sdh-deficiency","kind":"term","name":"SDH deficiency (SDHB immunohistochemistry loss)","aka":"SDH-deficient\nSDH-deficient GIST\nSDHB immunohistochemistry\nSDHB loss\nSDHB-negative\nSDHx\nSDHx mutation\nSDHA\nSDHC epimutation\nSDHC promoter methylation\nsuccinate dehydrogenase deficiency\nCarney-Stratakis syndrome\nCarney triad\nKIT/PDGFRA wild-type GIST\nhereditary paraganglioma syndrome\nSDH-deficient renal cell carcinoma","tldr":"Loss of the succinate dehydrogenase enzyme, shown by a negative SDHB stain, marks a small family of tumours (some stomach GISTs, paragangliomas and phaeochromocytomas, a rare kidney cancer) that are often inherited, occur in young people, ignore imatinib and grow slowly; the stain is the trigger for germline testing of the whole family.","tags":"","route":"/terms/sdh-deficiency/","cancers":"gist gist-imatinib-resistant rare-childhood-cancers"},{"id":"foxo1-fusion-status","kind":"term","name":"FOXO1 fusion status and IRS group (rhabdomyosarcoma)","aka":"PAX3::FOXO1\nPAX3-FOXO1\nPAX7::FOXO1\nPAX7-FOXO1\nFOXO1 fusion\nFOXO1 rearrangement\nfusion-positive rhabdomyosarcoma\nfusion-negative rhabdomyosarcoma\nFP-RMS\nFN-RMS\nalveolar rhabdomyosarcoma\nembryonal rhabdomyosarcoma\nIRS group\nIRS clinical group\nIntergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study group\nMYOD1 L122R\nspindle cell sclerosing rhabdomyosarcoma","tldr":"Rhabdomyosarcoma used to be sorted by what it looked like (alveolar or embryonal); it is now sorted by whether the PAX3 or PAX7 gene is fused to FOXO1, because fusion-positive tumours relapse far more often whatever their appearance, and together with the surgical group and stage the fusion decides how intense treatment is.","tags":"","route":"/terms/foxo1-fusion-status/","cancers":"rhabdomyosarcoma"},{"id":"ss18-ssx-fusion","kind":"term","name":"SS18::SSX fusion (synovial sarcoma)","aka":"SS18-SSX\nSS18::SSX1\nSS18::SSX2\nSS18::SSX4\nSYT-SSX\nSYT::SSX\nt(X;18)\nt(X;18)(p11;q11)\nSS18-SSX antibody\nSS18-SSX immunohistochemistry\nsynovial sarcoma fusion\nTLE1","tldr":"Every true synovial sarcoma carries a fusion between the SS18 gene on chromosome 18 and an SSX gene on the X chromosome; finding it by FISH, RNA sequencing or a newer antibody stain confirms a diagnosis that pathologists otherwise struggle with, and it also flags the tumour for the MAGE-A4 and NY-ESO-1 cell therapies that work almost only in this disease.","tags":"","route":"/terms/ss18-ssx-fusion/","cancers":"synovial-sarcoma"},{"id":"mcpyv-status","kind":"term","name":"Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) status","aka":"MCPyV\nMerkel cell polyomavirus\nMCV\nvirus-positive Merkel cell carcinoma\nvirus-negative Merkel cell carcinoma\nMCPyV-positive\nMCPyV-negative\nlarge T antigen\nCM2B4\nMCPyV oncoprotein antibodies\nAMERK\nMerkel polyomavirus antibody titre","tldr":"About eight in ten Merkel cell carcinomas are driven by a common skin virus that has stitched itself into the tumour's DNA; the virus-negative rest are driven by sunlight and carry a huge mutation load. Both respond to immunotherapy, and in virus-positive patients a blood antibody test against the viral protein can track the cancer after treatment.","tags":"","route":"/terms/mcpyv-status/","cancers":"merkel-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"hhv8-kshv","kind":"term","name":"HHV-8 (KSHV) status and LANA-1 immunohistochemistry","aka":"HHV-8\nHHV8\nhuman herpesvirus 8\nKSHV\nKaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus\nKaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus\nLANA\nLANA-1\nlatency-associated nuclear antigen\nKSHV viral load\nHHV-8 viral load\nKICS\nKSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome\nHHV-8-associated multicentric Castleman disease\nprimary effusion lymphoma HHV-8","tldr":"Kaposi sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma and one form of Castleman disease are all caused by human herpesvirus 8; a nuclear stain for its LANA-1 protein confirms the diagnosis on a biopsy, and the amount of virus in the blood tracks the dangerous inflammatory syndromes it can cause.","tags":"","route":"/terms/hhv8-kshv/","cancers":"kaposi-sarcoma hiv-associated-lymphoma"},{"id":"gist-risk-stratification","kind":"term","name":"GIST risk stratification (mitotic count, size, site; Miettinen and modified NIH criteria)","aka":"Miettinen criteria\nMiettinen risk\nAFIP criteria\nmodified NIH criteria\nFletcher criteria\nJoensuu criteria\nGIST risk\nGIST risk classification\nmitotic count per 5 mm²\nmitotic index in GIST\nhigh-risk GIST\nintermediate-risk GIST\nlow-risk GIST\nvery low risk GIST\ntumour rupture in GIST","tldr":"Whether a gastrointestinal stromal tumour will come back after surgery is read from three things on the pathology report, its size, how many cells are dividing in a 5 square millimetre field, and where it started (stomach is safer than small bowel or rectum), plus whether it ruptured; high-risk patients get three years of imatinib and the others get none.","tags":"","route":"/terms/gist-risk-stratification/","cancers":"gist gist-kit-exon-11 gist-pdgfra-d842v gist-imatinib-resistant"},{"id":"histological-response-induction","kind":"term","name":"Histological response to induction chemotherapy (osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma)","aka":"histologic response\nhistological response\npercentage necrosis\ntumour necrosis after chemotherapy\nHuvos grade\nHuvos grading\nSalzer-Kuntschik grade\ngood responder\npoor responder\ngood histological response\npoor histological response\n90 percent necrosis\nchemotherapy-induced necrosis","tldr":"After ten weeks of chemotherapy a bone sarcoma is removed and the pathologist maps how much of it is dead; 90 percent or more necrosis (a good response) predicts cure in most children, under 90 percent predicts relapse, but the EURAMOS-1 trial showed that piling more drugs onto poor responders does not fix that.","tags":"","route":"/terms/histological-response-induction/","cancers":"osteosarcoma ewing-sarcoma"},{"id":"extranodal-extension","kind":"term","name":"Extranodal extension (ENE)","aka":"ENE\nextranodal extension\nextracapsular extension\nextracapsular spread\nextracapsular nodal spread\nECS\nENE-positive\nENE-negative\npathological extranodal extension\nradiological extranodal extension\nrENE\nmajor ENE\nminor ENE","tldr":"Extranodal extension means cancer in a lymph node has burst through the node's capsule into the surrounding fat; in head and neck cancer it is the single finding after surgery that most often turns radiotherapy into chemoradiotherapy, and in HPV-negative disease it moves the stage up.","tags":"","route":"/terms/extranodal-extension/","cancers":"oral-cavity-cancer oral-tongue-cancer buccal-mucosa-cancer hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer salivary-duct-carcinoma mucoepidermoid-carcinoma"},{"id":"depth-of-invasion","kind":"term","name":"Depth of invasion (DOI)","aka":"DOI\ndepth of invasion\ntumour depth\ntumor depth\ninvasion depth\ndepth of stromal invasion\nsubmucosal invasion depth\nSM1\nSM2\nT1a versus T1b\nmyometrial invasion\ndeep myometrial invasion\nthickness versus depth","tldr":"Depth of invasion is how far down a cancer has grown from the surface it started on, measured in millimetres on the pathology slide; in mouth cancer it now sets the T stage and a depth over 4 mm means the neck nodes are treated even when they look clean, and in early stomach cancer it decides whether an endoscopic removal was enough.","tags":"","route":"/terms/depth-of-invasion/","cancers":"oral-cavity-cancer oral-tongue-cancer buccal-mucosa-cancer early-gastric-cancer advanced-cutaneous-scc endometrial-nsmp early-cervical-cancer"},{"id":"segmental-chromosomal-aberrations","kind":"term","name":"Segmental chromosomal aberrations and ploidy (neuroblastoma)","aka":"segmental chromosomal aberrations\nSCA\n11q deletion\n11q loss\n11q aberration\n1p deletion\n1p loss\n17q gain\nDNA ploidy\nDNA index\nhyperdiploid neuroblastoma\ndiploid neuroblastoma\nnumerical chromosomal aberrations\nNCA\nneuroblastoma genomic profile","tldr":"In a child's neuroblastoma the pattern of chromosome damage is a crystal ball: tumours that have gained or lost whole chromosomes tend to regress or be cured, tumours with broken segments (11q loss, 1p loss, 17q gain) or with MYCN amplified relapse, and the pattern moves a child between low, intermediate and high-risk treatment.","tags":"","route":"/terms/segmental-chromosomal-aberrations/","cancers":"neuroblastoma neuroblastoma-low-risk neuroblastoma-intermediate-risk neuroblastoma-high-risk"},{"id":"urinary-catecholamines","kind":"term","name":"Urinary catecholamine metabolites (VMA and HVA)","aka":"urinary catecholamines\ncatecholamine metabolites\nVMA\nHVA\nvanillylmandelic acid\nhomovanillic acid\nurine VMA/HVA\nurinary VMA\nurinary HVA\nVMA/HVA ratio\nspot urine catecholamines\n24-hour urine catecholamines","tldr":"Neuroblastoma cells make adrenaline-type hormones and spill their breakdown products, VMA and HVA, into urine; a simple urine test supports the diagnosis in nine out of ten children, and falling levels after treatment or rising ones in follow-up track the tumour without a scan.","tags":"","route":"/terms/urinary-catecholamines/","cancers":"neuroblastoma neuroblastoma-low-risk neuroblastoma-intermediate-risk neuroblastoma-high-risk"},{"id":"curie-siopen-score","kind":"term","name":"MIBG Curie and SIOPEN scores","aka":"Curie score\nSIOPEN score\nMIBG score\nMIBG avidity\nMIBG-avid\nMIBG-non-avid\nsemi-quantitative MIBG scoring\n123I-MIBG scan\nMIBG scintigraphy\n18F-MFBG PET\nMFBG PET","tldr":"Neuroblastoma soaks up MIBG, a radioactive cousin of noradrenaline; the Curie and SIOPEN scores count how many body regions still light up on the scan, and a score that has not fallen enough after the first rounds of chemotherapy marks a child who is unlikely to be cured with the standard plan.","tags":"","route":"/terms/curie-siopen-score/","cancers":"neuroblastoma neuroblastoma-high-risk"},{"id":"psa-kinetics","kind":"term","name":"PSA kinetics: PSA doubling time and PSA density","aka":"PSA doubling time\nPSADT\nPSA velocity\nPSA density\nPSAD\nPSA kinetics\nPSA rise\nrising PSA\nbiochemical recurrence PSA threshold\nPSA nadir\nPSA response\nPSA50\nPSA90\nPSA progression","tldr":"How fast PSA is rising matters more than its level: a doubling time under ten months after surgery or radiotherapy, or under nine months in castration-resistant disease, marks the men whose cancer is moving quickly and who benefit from earlier hormone therapy or a PSMA scan, while PSA density (PSA divided by prostate volume) helps decide who needs a biopsy at all.","tags":"","route":"/terms/psa-kinetics/","cancers":"prostate-bcr prostate-low-risk prostate-nmcrpc prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"m-protein-free-light-chains","kind":"term","name":"M-protein, immunofixation and serum free light chains","aka":"M-protein\nM protein\nM-spike\nmonoclonal protein\nparaprotein\nserum protein electrophoresis\nSPEP\nurine protein electrophoresis\nUPEP\nimmunofixation\nIFE\nserum free light chains\nsFLC\nfree light chains\nfree light chain\nserum free light chain\nfree light chain ratio\nFLC ratio\ninvolved free light chain\nkappa lambda ratio\nlight chain\nlight chains\nBence Jones protein\nlight-chain myeloma\nIgM paraprotein\nM-protein response\nparaprotein response","tldr":"Myeloma cells are clones of one antibody-making cell, so they pour a single identical antibody, the M-protein, into the blood; measuring it (and the free light chains that go with it) is how myeloma is diagnosed, how deep a response is judged, and how relapse is caught before symptoms.","tags":"","route":"/terms/m-protein-free-light-chains/","cancers":"smouldering-myeloma myeloma-transplant-eligible myeloma-transplant-ineligible myeloma-relapsed-refractory plasma-cell-leukaemia waldenstrom marginal-zone-lymphoma"},{"id":"oneal-uab","kind":"institution","name":"O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center at UAB","aka":"UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center","tldr":"Alabama's only NCI-designated comprehensive cancer centre, one of the original 1971 designees, serving the Deep South and studying cancer disparities.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/oneal-uab/","cancers":"ovarian pancreatic head-and-neck glioblastoma"},{"id":"arizona-cancer-center","kind":"institution","name":"University of Arizona Cancer Center","aka":"UACC\nArizona Cancer Center","tldr":"The University of Arizona Cancer Center in Tucson has been an NCI comprehensive centre since 1990; it built its reputation on skin cancer chemoprevention trials and on colorectal and prostate prevention studies, and it now runs a phase 1 programme and border-health research for a catchment with large Hispanic and Native American populations.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/arizona-cancer-center/","cancers":"melanoma cutaneous-scc basal-cell-carcinoma colorectal"},{"id":"uci-chao","kind":"institution","name":"Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC Irvine","aka":"UCI Chao Family CCC","tldr":"Orange County's NCI comprehensive cancer centre, pairing UCI Health clinical care with the Beckman Laser Institute's optical imaging science.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/uci-chao/","cancers":"head-and-neck colorectal aml"},{"id":"uc-davis-cancer","kind":"institution","name":"UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center","aka":"","tldr":"UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center serves California's Central Valley and runs comparative oncology trials in pet dogs with naturally occurring cancers alongside the veterinary school, a model for speeding up immunotherapy and radiotherapy development; its director Primo Lara leads SWOG genitourinary and lung cancer trials.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/uc-davis-cancer/","cancers":"nsclc prostate urothelial"},{"id":"ucsd-moores","kind":"institution","name":"UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center","aka":"Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center","tldr":"San Diego's NCI comprehensive cancer centre, where the anti-GD2 antibody dinutuximab and the ROR1 antibody behind zilovertamab were developed.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/ucsd-moores/","cancers":"neuroblastoma cll head-and-neck"},{"id":"usc-norris","kind":"institution","name":"USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center","aka":"","tldr":"USC Norris was one of the first eight NCI comprehensive cancer centres in 1973; Peter Jones's work here on 5-azacytidine and DNA methylation founded cancer epigenetic therapy, Heinz-Josef Lenz leads its gastrointestinal and SWOG colorectal trials, and its Multiethnic Cohort Study tracks cancer risk across ethnic groups.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/usc-norris/","cancers":"colorectal aml mds"},{"id":"colorado-cancer-center","kind":"institution","name":"University of Colorado Cancer Center","aka":"CU Cancer Center","tldr":"The University of Colorado Cancer Center serves the Rocky Mountain states; its thoracic oncology group defined how ALK, ROS1 and NTRK fusion-driven lung cancers behave and helped bring crizotinib, entrectinib and larotrectinib to patients, and it holds a lung cancer SPORE grant.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/colorado-cancer-center/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"georgetown-lombardi","kind":"institution","name":"Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center","aka":"","tldr":"The only NCI comprehensive cancer centre in Washington, DC, known for breast cancer research including leadership of the CLEOPATRA pertuzumab trial.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/georgetown-lombardi/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"emory-winship","kind":"institution","name":"Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University","aka":"","tldr":"Winship is Georgia's only NCI comprehensive cancer centre; its myeloma programme under Sagar Lonial shaped daratumumab development, Suresh Ramalingam led the FLAURA trial that made osimertinib first-line for EGFR-mutant lung cancer, and it runs one of the South's largest phase 1 units.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/emory-winship/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma nsclc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"northwestern-lurie","kind":"institution","name":"Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University","aka":"Lurie Cancer Center","tldr":"Chicago's Northwestern cancer centre, a world leader in brain tumour therapy from Tumour Treating Fields to ultrasound opening of the blood-brain barrier.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/northwestern-lurie/","cancers":"glioblastoma breast-hr-positive prostate"},{"id":"uchicago-cancer","kind":"institution","name":"University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center","aka":"UCCCC","tldr":"Where Charles Huggins proved hormones drive prostate cancer and Janet Rowley found the chromosome translocations behind leukaemia; strong in tumour immunology today.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/uchicago-cancer/","cancers":"prostate head-and-neck neuroblastoma cml"},{"id":"iu-simon","kind":"institution","name":"Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center","aka":"IU Simon Cancer Center","tldr":"Home of Lawrence Einhorn's cisplatin regimen that turned testicular cancer into a curable disease, and Indiana's NCI comprehensive centre.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/iu-simon/","cancers":"testicular tnbc"},{"id":"iowa-holden","kind":"institution","name":"Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa","aka":"","tldr":"Iowa's only NCI-designated centre, home to the national neuroendocrine tumour SPORE and pharmacological ascorbate research.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/iowa-holden/","cancers":"neuroendocrine pancreatic glioblastoma"},{"id":"ku-cancer-center","kind":"institution","name":"The University of Kansas Cancer Center","aka":"KU Cancer Center","tldr":"The NCI comprehensive centre for Kansas and western Missouri, active in drug repurposing, triple-negative breast cancer trials and rural access.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/ku-cancer-center/","cancers":"tnbc multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"kentucky-markey","kind":"institution","name":"Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky","aka":"","tldr":"Kentucky's NCI comprehensive centre, serving Appalachia where lung and colorectal cancer rates are among the highest in the United States.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/kentucky-markey/","cancers":"nsclc colorectal cervical"},{"id":"maryland-greenebaum","kind":"institution","name":"University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center","aka":"UMGCCC","tldr":"Baltimore's second NCI comprehensive centre, with the Maryland Proton Treatment Center and the GammaPod breast radiotherapy system invented on campus.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/maryland-greenebaum/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"karmanos","kind":"institution","name":"Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute","aka":"Karmanos\nMichigan Cancer Foundation","tldr":"Detroit's NCI comprehensive cancer centre, where the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line was derived in 1973, now part of McLaren Health Care.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/karmanos/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"minnesota-masonic","kind":"institution","name":"Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota","aka":"","tldr":"The Masonic Cancer Center is where Robert Good performed the first successful human bone marrow transplant in 1968; today Jeffrey Miller's group runs natural killer cell therapy trials, and Stephen Hecht's laboratory defined the tobacco-specific carcinogens used in tobacco regulation.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/minnesota-masonic/","cancers":"aml all-leukemia"},{"id":"dartmouth-cancer-center","kind":"institution","name":"Dartmouth Cancer Center","aka":"Norris Cotton Cancer Center","tldr":"Dartmouth Cancer Center serves rural northern New England as an NCI comprehensive centre; its immunologists founded Medarex, whose human antibody platform produced ipilimumab and nivolumab, and the Dartmouth Institute's work on overdiagnosis has shaped the cancer screening debate.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/dartmouth-cancer-center/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"rutgers-cinj","kind":"institution","name":"Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey","aka":"CINJ","tldr":"New Jersey's only NCI comprehensive cancer centre, which opened the state's first free-standing cancer hospital in 2025 with RWJBarnabas Health.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/rutgers-cinj/","cancers":"neuroendocrine adrenocortical cervical"},{"id":"unm-cancer-center","kind":"institution","name":"University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center","aka":"UNM Cancer Center","tldr":"New Mexico's only cancer centre, an NCI comprehensive centre serving a majority-minority state and home of the state-wide HPV Pap Registry.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/unm-cancer-center/","cancers":"cervical all-leukemia"},{"id":"montefiore-einstein","kind":"institution","name":"Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center","aka":"Albert Einstein Cancer Center","tldr":"The Bronx's NCI comprehensive cancer centre, where Joseph Sparano ran TAILORx, the trial that let most women with early HR-positive breast cancer skip chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/montefiore-einstein/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive mds aml"},{"id":"columbia-hicc","kind":"institution","name":"Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University","aka":"HICCC","tldr":"Columbia's Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center in Upper Manhattan has held NCI designation since 1972; its scientists defined the genetic lesions of B-cell lymphoma, discovered and named ferroptosis in 2012, and spun out the systems biology company DarwinHealth, while Dawn Hershman leads SWOG's cancer care delivery research.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/columbia-hicc/","cancers":"dlbcl all-leukemia breast-hr-positive prostate"},{"id":"nyu-perlmutter","kind":"institution","name":"Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Health","aka":"Perlmutter Cancer Center\nNYU Cancer Institute","tldr":"NYU's cancer centre, comprehensive since 2019, known for melanoma immunotherapy, RAS and SHP2 biology, and early deep-learning pathology.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/nyu-perlmutter/","cancers":"melanoma pancreatic nsclc"},{"id":"duke-cancer-institute","kind":"institution","name":"Duke Cancer Institute","aka":"","tldr":"One of the original NCI comprehensive centres (1973), famous for brain tumour research including the polio-virus immunotherapy for glioblastoma.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/duke-cancer-institute/","cancers":"glioblastoma prostate breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"unc-lineberger","kind":"institution","name":"UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center","aka":"","tldr":"Where Charles Perou defined the PAM50 intrinsic subtypes of breast cancer; a public university centre with in-house CAR-T manufacturing.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/unc-lineberger/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc kaposi-sarcoma dlbcl"},{"id":"wake-forest-cancer","kind":"institution","name":"Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center","aka":"Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center","tldr":"North Carolina's third NCI comprehensive centre, a national research base for cancer control and survivorship and a pioneer of tumour organoids.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/wake-forest-cancer/","cancers":"colorectal glioblastoma"},{"id":"case-ccc","kind":"institution","name":"Case Comprehensive Cancer Center","aka":"Case CCC","tldr":"The NCI comprehensive consortium uniting Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/case-ccc/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"osu-james","kind":"institution","name":"The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute","aka":"OSUCCC-James\nThe James","tldr":"Where John Byrd's team turned ibrutinib into the drug that transformed chronic lymphocytic leukaemia; Ohio State's NCI comprehensive centre.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/osu-james/","cancers":"cll aml follicular-lymphoma sarcoma"},{"id":"ohsu-knight","kind":"institution","name":"OHSU Knight Cancer Institute","aka":"Knight Cancer Institute","tldr":"Brian Druker's institute, where imatinib was proven in CML and precision oncology was born; now focused on early detection and functional genomics.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/ohsu-knight/","cancers":"cml aml"},{"id":"fox-chase","kind":"institution","name":"Fox Chase Cancer Center","aka":"Fox Chase\nTemple Health Fox Chase","tldr":"Philadelphia's free-standing cancer centre, where the Philadelphia chromosome, the two-hit hypothesis and hepatitis B were discovered.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/fox-chase/","cancers":"cml hcc retinoblastoma rcc prostate"},{"id":"jefferson-kimmel","kind":"institution","name":"Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Jefferson Health","aka":"SKCC Jefferson","tldr":"Thomas Jefferson University's NCI-designated cancer centre, known for prostate cancer biology and GUCY2C-targeted colorectal cancer immunotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/jefferson-kimmel/","cancers":"prostate colorectal"},{"id":"upmc-hillman","kind":"institution","name":"UPMC Hillman Cancer Center","aka":"University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute","tldr":"UPMC Hillman is Pittsburgh's NCI comprehensive centre; Bernard Fisher ran the NSABP breast trials here, Yuan Chang and Patrick Moore discovered Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus and Merkel cell polyomavirus, and its LAG-3 biology underpins the melanoma drug relatlimab.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/upmc-hillman/","cancers":"kaposi-sarcoma merkel-cell-carcinoma melanoma head-and-neck breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"vanderbilt-ingram","kind":"institution","name":"Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center","aka":"VICC","tldr":"Tennessee's NCI comprehensive centre, birthplace of the My Cancer Genome knowledge base and the molecular subtypes of triple-negative breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/vanderbilt-ingram/","cancers":"tnbc nsclc melanoma colorectal"},{"id":"baylor-duncan","kind":"institution","name":"Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine","aka":"Duncan Cancer Center","tldr":"Baylor's Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center sits in Houston's Texas Medical Center; its Center for Cell and Gene Therapy pioneered virus-specific T cells and ran the first GD2 CAR-T trial in neuroblastoma in 2008, and its genome centre sequenced tumours for The Cancer Genome Atlas.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/baylor-duncan/","cancers":"neuroblastoma breast-hr-positive hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"utsw-simmons","kind":"institution","name":"Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern","aka":"Simmons Cancer Center","tldr":"North Texas's NCI comprehensive centre, where the HIF-2 inhibitor belzutifan, stereotactic body radiotherapy and the cGAS-STING pathway were born.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/utsw-simmons/","cancers":"rcc nsclc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"huntsman","kind":"institution","name":"Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah","aka":"HCI","tldr":"The Mountain West's NCI comprehensive centre, built on Utah's genealogy-linked population database that helped find BRCA1 and other hereditary cancer genes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/huntsman/","cancers":"prostate melanoma colorectal"},{"id":"vcu-massey","kind":"institution","name":"VCU Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center","aka":"Massey Cancer Center","tldr":"Richmond's NCI comprehensive cancer centre, led by Robert Winn and known for community-engaged research on cancer health equity.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/vcu-massey/","cancers":"aml multiple-myeloma nsclc"},{"id":"uva-cancer-center","kind":"institution","name":"UVA Comprehensive Cancer Center","aka":"University of Virginia Cancer Center","tldr":"Virginia's first NCI comprehensive centre (2021), a leader in melanoma peptide vaccines and therapeutic focused ultrasound.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/uva-cancer-center/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"uw-carbone","kind":"institution","name":"University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center","aka":"UWCCC\nMcArdle Laboratory","tldr":"One of the original 1973 NCI comprehensive centres, where 5-fluorouracil was synthesised, reverse transcriptase was discovered and TomoTherapy was invented.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/uw-carbone/","cancers":"neuroblastoma prostate colorectal"},{"id":"st-jude","kind":"institution","name":"St. Jude Children's Research Hospital","aka":"St. Jude","tldr":"The only NCI comprehensive cancer centre devoted to children, where Total Therapy protocols made childhood leukaemia curable; families are never billed for care.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/st-jude/","cancers":"all-leukemia medulloblastoma neuroblastoma retinoblastoma osteosarcoma"},{"id":"sylvester-miami","kind":"institution","name":"Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami","aka":"Sylvester","tldr":"South Florida's NCI-designated cancer centre, serving a largely Hispanic catchment, with strengths in myeloma, myeloid malignancies and proton therapy.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/sylvester-miami/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma aml mds"},{"id":"uf-health-cancer-center","kind":"institution","name":"University of Florida Health Cancer Center","aka":"UF Health Cancer Institute","tldr":"Florida's newest NCI-designated centre (2023), with a pioneering proton institute in Jacksonville and personalised mRNA vaccine work in brain tumours.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/uf-health-cancer-center/","cancers":"glioblastoma medulloblastoma prostate"},{"id":"hawaii-cancer-center","kind":"institution","name":"University of Hawai'i Cancer Center","aka":"","tldr":"The only NCI-designated centre in the Pacific, co-founder of the Multiethnic Cohort Study of cancer risk across Asian, Pacific Islander and other populations.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/hawaii-cancer-center/","cancers":"hcc gastric nsclc"},{"id":"nebraska-buffett","kind":"institution","name":"Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center","aka":"UNMC Eppley Cancer Center\nNebraska Medicine cancer center","tldr":"Nebraska's NCI-designated centre, a longstanding leader in lymphoma classification and transplant and in pancreatic cancer early detection research.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/nebraska-buffett/","cancers":"dlbcl follicular-lymphoma pancreatic"},{"id":"wilmot","kind":"institution","name":"Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester","aka":"","tldr":"Upstate New York's Wilmot Cancer Institute, NCI-designated in 2024 and a national leader in geriatric oncology and cancer-control research.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/wilmot/","cancers":"dlbcl follicular-lymphoma"},{"id":"stephenson-oklahoma","kind":"institution","name":"Stephenson Cancer Center, OU Health","aka":"","tldr":"Oklahoma's only NCI-designated centre, consistently among the top enrollers in NRG gynaecologic trials and home of the SOLO1 and MIRASOL ovarian cancer lead investigator.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/stephenson-oklahoma/","cancers":"ovarian cervical endometrial"},{"id":"musc-hollings","kind":"institution","name":"MUSC Hollings Cancer Center","aka":"Hollings","tldr":"South Carolina's only NCI-designated cancer centre, known for tobacco control, colorectal cancer prevention science and lipid signalling research.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/musc-hollings/","cancers":"colorectal head-and-neck nsclc"},{"id":"mays-cancer-center","kind":"institution","name":"Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio","aka":"CTRC\nCancer Therapy & Research Center","tldr":"Mays Cancer Center in San Antonio, NCI-designated since 1991, hosts the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium and descends from the CTRC phase 1 institute where Daniel Von Hoff ran early trials of gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel; it serves South Texas's predominantly Latino population.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/mays-cancer-center/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc myeloproliferative-neoplasms pancreatic"},{"id":"salk-institute","kind":"institution","name":"Salk Institute Cancer Center","aka":"Salk Institute for Biological Studies","tldr":"Jonas Salk's institute, an NCI basic cancer centre since 1973, where tyrosine phosphorylation and much of nuclear receptor and metabolism biology were discovered.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/salk-institute/","cancers":"pancreatic tnbc"},{"id":"sanford-burnham-prebys","kind":"institution","name":"Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute","aka":"Sanford Burnham Prebys\nLa Jolla Cancer Research Foundation","tldr":"Sanford Burnham Prebys in La Jolla is an NCI basic laboratory cancer centre whose founding work on integrins and RGD adhesion peptides created the field of tumour-homing peptides; its Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics is one of the largest non-profit drug-screening facilities in academia.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/sanford-burnham-prebys/"},{"id":"cancer-center-at-illinois","kind":"institution","name":"Cancer Center at Illinois","aka":"CCIL","tldr":"An engineering-led NCI basic cancer centre at the University of Illinois, working on chemical imaging of tissue, new anticancer chemistry and comparative oncology.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/cancer-center-at-illinois/"},{"id":"purdue-cancer-research","kind":"institution","name":"Purdue Institute for Cancer Research","aka":"Purdue University Center for Cancer Research","tldr":"Purdue's NCI basic cancer centre, where Philip Low's folate- and PSMA-targeted ligands created Endocyte, the company Novartis bought for its radioligand programme.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/purdue-cancer-research/"},{"id":"jackson-laboratory","kind":"institution","name":"The Jackson Laboratory Cancer Center","aka":"JAX","tldr":"The Jackson Laboratory in Maine breeds the world's genetically defined laboratory mice, including the immunodeficient NSG strain behind patient-derived xenograft research, and has held NCI basic cancer centre status since 1983; its PDX repository is open to academic and industry researchers.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/jackson-laboratory/"},{"id":"mit-koch","kind":"institution","name":"David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT","aka":"Koch Institute\nMIT Center for Cancer Research","tldr":"MIT's cancer research institute, where the first human oncogene and RB were found and where biology meets engineering; Moderna's academic root.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/mit-koch/"},{"id":"wistar","kind":"institution","name":"The Wistar Institute","aka":"Wistar Institute Cancer Center","tldr":"America's first independent biomedical research institute (1892), an NCI basic cancer centre known for melanoma biology, monoclonal antibodies and DNA vaccines.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/wistar/","cancers":"melanoma ovarian glioblastoma"},{"id":"nci-ccr","kind":"institution","name":"NCI Center for Cancer Research (intramural programme)","aka":"CCR\nNCI intramural","tldr":"The NCI's own laboratories and clinic at the NIH Clinical Center, home of Rosenberg's cell therapy branch, the HPV vaccine and lymphoma genomics.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/nci-ccr/","cancers":"melanoma dlbcl cervical mesothelioma"},{"id":"frederick-national-lab","kind":"institution","name":"Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research","aka":"FNLCR\nNCI-Frederick\nNCI at Frederick","tldr":"The only US national laboratory dedicated to biomedical research, run for the NCI; home of the RAS Initiative and NCI's experimental drug manufacturing.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/frederick-national-lab/"},{"id":"mayo-clinic-florida","kind":"institution","name":"Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center in Florida","aka":"Mayo Clinic Jacksonville","tldr":"Mayo Clinic's Florida campus, building North America's first carbon-ion therapy facility alongside proton therapy and a cancer vaccine programme.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/mayo-clinic-florida/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"mayo-clinic-arizona","kind":"institution","name":"Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center in Arizona","aka":"Mayo Clinic Phoenix\nMayo Clinic Scottsdale","tldr":"Mayo Clinic's Arizona campus, spanning Phoenix and Scottsdale, is one of three sites under Mayo's NCI comprehensive designation; it opened a proton therapy centre in 2016, runs bone marrow transplant, CAR-T and a myeloma programme, and hosts Mayo's Arizona early-phase trials under Tanios Bekaii-Saab.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/mayo-clinic-arizona/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma colorectal pancreatic"},{"id":"city-of-hope-orange-county","kind":"institution","name":"City of Hope Orange County","aka":"Lennar Foundation Cancer Center","tldr":"City of Hope's Orange County campus, opened in 2022 to bring NCI comprehensive centre-level cancer care and trials to Irvine.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/city-of-hope-orange-county/"},{"id":"cedars-sinai-cancer","kind":"institution","name":"Cedars-Sinai Cancer","aka":"Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute","tldr":"Los Angeles's largest non-profit hospital's cancer enterprise, known for bladder cancer biology, glioma immunotherapy and the Molecular Twin AI project.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/cedars-sinai-cancer/","cancers":"urothelial glioblastoma pancreatic rcc"},{"id":"northwell-cancer-institute","kind":"institution","name":"Northwell Health Cancer Institute","aka":"Northwell Cancer Institute\nR. J. Zuckerberg Cancer Center","tldr":"Northwell Health Cancer Institute coordinates cancer care across New York State's largest health system, from Long Island to Connecticut; its Feinstein Institutes carry the chronic lymphocytic leukaemia research tradition founded by Kanti Rai, whose staging system is still used.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/northwell-cancer-institute/","cancers":"cll ovarian endometrial"},{"id":"intermountain-cancer","kind":"institution","name":"Intermountain Health Cancer Center","aka":"Intermountain Healthcare Oncology\nIntermountain Precision Genomics","tldr":"The Mountain West health system that was among the first to bring in-house tumour sequencing to community oncology, via Intermountain Precision Genomics.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/intermountain-cancer/"},{"id":"kaiser-permanente-research","kind":"institution","name":"Kaiser Permanente Division of Research","aka":"KPNC Division of Research\nKaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute","tldr":"The research arm of America's largest integrated health system, whose cohorts and screening programmes generate much of the real-world evidence on cancer screening and prevention.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/kaiser-permanente-research/","cancers":"colorectal breast-hr-positive cervical"},{"id":"chop","kind":"institution","name":"Children's Hospital of Philadelphia","aka":"CHOP","tldr":"The children's hospital where CAR-T therapy first cured a child's leukaemia (Emily Whitehead, 2012) and where neuroblastoma genomics found ALK.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/chop/","cancers":"all-leukemia neuroblastoma"},{"id":"texas-childrens","kind":"institution","name":"Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center","aka":"Texas Children's Hospital","tldr":"One of the largest paediatric cancer centres in the US, Baylor's children's hospital, and founder of the Global HOPE programme for childhood cancer in Africa.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/texas-childrens/","cancers":"neuroblastoma medulloblastoma all-leukemia osteosarcoma"},{"id":"nationwide-childrens","kind":"institution","name":"Nationwide Children's Hospital","aka":"","tldr":"Columbus children's hospital with a leading paediatric cancer genomics institute and pioneering oncolytic virus trials in childhood sarcomas.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/nationwide-childrens/","cancers":"osteosarcoma ewing-sarcoma rhabdomyosarcoma medulloblastoma"},{"id":"bc-cancer","kind":"institution","name":"BC Cancer","aka":"BC Cancer Agency\nBritish Columbia Cancer Agency","tldr":"British Columbia's provincial cancer agency, a world leader in cancer genomics (Personalized OncoGenomics), lymphoma research and HPV-based cervical screening.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/bc-cancer/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl ovarian cervical breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"cancer-care-alberta","kind":"institution","name":"Cancer Care Alberta (Alberta Health Services)","aka":"Arthur J.E. Child Comprehensive Cancer Centre\nTom Baker Cancer Centre\nCross Cancer Institute","tldr":"Alberta's provincial cancer programme, anchored by Calgary's new Arthur J.E. Child Comprehensive Cancer Centre and Edmonton's Cross Cancer Institute, birthplace of the linac-MR.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/cancer-care-alberta/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal"},{"id":"chum","kind":"institution","name":"Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)","aka":"CHUM\nCRCHUM","tldr":"The CHUM is the Université de Montréal's adult teaching hospital; Bertrand Routy's 2018 work here showed that gut bacteria shape response to checkpoint inhibitors, Fred Saad co-led prostate cancer trials such as PROpel, and it runs Quebec's largest oncology trial programme.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/chum/","cancers":"prostate melanoma ovarian nsclc"},{"id":"mcgill-goodman","kind":"institution","name":"Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University","aka":"Goodman Cancer Institute\nMcGill Cancer Centre","tldr":"McGill's Goodman Cancer Institute builds on the 1965 discovery here of carcinoembryonic antigen, the first clinically used tumour marker; its groups study breast cancer metastasis, mRNA translation control and tumour metabolism, and William Muller's HER2 mouse models are used worldwide.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/mcgill-goodman/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive melanoma colorectal"},{"id":"ottawa-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre / Ottawa Hospital Research Institute","aka":"OHRI\nTOH Cancer Centre","tldr":"Ottawa's academic cancer centre, a world leader in oncolytic viruses (John Bell), the first made-in-Canada CAR-T trial and pragmatic REaCT trials.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/ottawa-hospital/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal dlbcl"},{"id":"sunnybrook-odette","kind":"institution","name":"Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre","aka":"Odette Cancer Centre\nSunnybrook Health Sciences Centre","tldr":"One of Canada's largest cancer centres, where focused ultrasound first opened the blood-brain barrier in a patient and Canada's first MR-linac was installed.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/sunnybrook-odette/","cancers":"glioblastoma prostate breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"juravinski","kind":"institution","name":"Juravinski Cancer Centre / Escarpment Cancer Research Institute","aka":"JCC\nHamilton Health Sciences cancer program","tldr":"Hamilton's regional cancer centre with McMaster University, home of the trials that made hypofractionated breast radiotherapy standard and of brain tumour stem cell research.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/juravinski/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hodgkin-lymphoma glioblastoma medulloblastoma"},{"id":"oicr","kind":"institution","name":"Ontario Institute for Cancer Research","aka":"OICR","tldr":"Ontario's provincially funded cancer research institute, which coordinated the International Cancer Genome Consortium and runs pancreatic cancer genomics trials.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/oicr/","cancers":"pancreatic ovarian colorectal"},{"id":"sickkids","kind":"institution","name":"The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids)","aka":"SickKids\nGarron Family Cancer Centre","tldr":"Canada's largest children's hospital, where brain tumour stem cells were first isolated and where the Li-Fraumeni surveillance protocol was developed.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/sickkids/","cancers":"glioblastoma medulloblastoma neuroblastoma all-leukemia"},{"id":"pumch","kind":"institution","name":"Peking Union Medical College Hospital","aka":"PUMCH\n协和医院","tldr":"China's most prestigious general hospital, founded with Rockefeller money in 1921, and a national referral centre for rare, endocrine and gynaecological tumours.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/pumch/","cancers":"ovarian cervical pancreatic neuroendocrine thyroid"},{"id":"pku-cancer-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Peking University Cancer Hospital","aka":"Beijing Cancer Hospital\nBeijing Institute for Cancer Research\n北京大学肿瘤医院","tldr":"Beijing's dedicated cancer hospital and the leading Chinese centre for gastric cancer trials, where claudin 18.2 CAR-T and PD-1 combinations were first tested in gastric disease.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/pku-cancer-hospital/","cancers":"gastric esophageal melanoma colorectal dlbcl sarcoma"},{"id":"shanghai-chest-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Shanghai Chest Hospital","aka":"Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine\n上海市胸科医院","tldr":"Shanghai Chest Hospital, China's first specialist chest hospital (1957), performs one of the world's largest volumes of lung and oesophageal operations and houses the Shanghai Lung Cancer Center; its investigators led the Chinese registration trials of EGFR, ALK and ROS1 inhibitors.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/shanghai-chest-hospital/","cancers":"nsclc sclc esophageal mesothelioma"},{"id":"shanghai-pulmonary-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital","aka":"Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University\n上海市肺科医院","tldr":"Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital is a lung-only hospital with one of the largest thoracic surgery volumes anywhere; Caicun Zhou's medical oncology department was the Chinese lead site for the first-generation EGFR inhibitor trials and for camrelizumab, sintilimab and tislelizumab combinations in lung cancer.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/shanghai-pulmonary-hospital/","cancers":"nsclc sclc"},{"id":"zhongshan-hospital-fudan","kind":"institution","name":"Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University","aka":"Zhongshan Hospital\n复旦大学附属中山医院","tldr":"Shanghai's leading general hospital and a world centre for liver cancer surgery and research, home of the Liver Cancer Institute.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/zhongshan-hospital-fudan/","cancers":"hcc cholangiocarcinoma colorectal gastric"},{"id":"ruijin-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","aka":"Ruijin Hospital\n瑞金医院\nShanghai Institute of Hematology","tldr":"The hospital where all-trans retinoic acid and arsenic cured acute promyelocytic leukaemia, and still China's leading haematology centre.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/ruijin-hospital/","cancers":"aml dlbcl all-leukemia gastric pancreatic"},{"id":"sysu-first-affiliated-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University","aka":"FAH-SYSU\n中山大学附属第一医院","tldr":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, founded in 1910, is South China's largest general hospital and the surgical counterpart to SYSUCC; its surgeons ran the CLASS laparoscopic gastrectomy trials and it leads Chinese studies of perioperative immunotherapy in gastric cancer and organ preservation in rectal cancer.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/sysu-first-affiliated-hospital/","cancers":"gastric colorectal hcc thyroid"},{"id":"tmucih","kind":"institution","name":"Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital","aka":"TMUCIH\nTianjin Cancer Hospital\n天津医科大学肿瘤医院","tldr":"The birthplace of Chinese oncology (an 1861 mission hospital, made a cancer hospital in 1952 under Jin Xianzhai) and a national centre for breast and pancreatic cancer.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/tmucih/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc pancreatic head-and-neck"},{"id":"zhejiang-cancer-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Zhejiang Cancer Hospital","aka":"Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences\n浙江省肿瘤医院","tldr":"Zhejiang's provincial cancer centre and a leading Chinese site for thoracic radiotherapy, oesophageal and lung cancer trials, and cancer screening.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/zhejiang-cancer-hospital/","cancers":"nsclc esophageal head-and-neck cervical"},{"id":"hunan-cancer-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Hunan Cancer Hospital","aka":"Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University\n湖南省肿瘤医院","tldr":"Central China's provincial cancer hospital, a high-enrolling trial site in lung and gastrointestinal cancer with a large radiotherapy department.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/hunan-cancer-hospital/","cancers":"nsclc gastric colorectal cervical"},{"id":"pla-general-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Chinese PLA General Hospital","aka":"301 Hospital\n解放军总医院","tldr":"China's military flagship hospital, known in oncology for early CAR-T and gene-edited T-cell trials, minimally invasive liver surgery and nuclear medicine.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/pla-general-hospital/","cancers":"dlbcl hcc prostate aml"},{"id":"henan-cancer-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Henan Cancer Hospital","aka":"Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University\n河南省肿瘤医院","tldr":"The cancer hospital for China's most populous province, known worldwide for oesophageal cancer research in the high-incidence Taihang Mountain region.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/henan-cancer-hospital/","cancers":"esophageal gastric dlbcl nsclc"},{"id":"shandong-cancer-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute","aka":"Shandong First Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital\n山东省肿瘤医院","tldr":"Shandong Cancer Hospital runs one of China's largest radiotherapy departments under Jinming Yu, with a proton therapy centre and PET-guided adaptive radiotherapy; it has led Chinese trials combining radiotherapy with immunotherapy in lung and oesophageal cancer and studies of brain metastasis management.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/shandong-cancer-hospital/","cancers":"nsclc sclc esophageal head-and-neck"},{"id":"guangdong-provincial-peoples-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital","aka":"GDPH\nGuangdong Lung Cancer Institute\nGuangdong Academy of Medical Sciences\n广东省人民医院","tldr":"Home of the Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, where Yi-Long Wu's group ran the trials that made EGFR-mutant lung cancer a targeted-therapy disease in Asia.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/guangdong-provincial-peoples-hospital/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"tongji-hospital-wuhan","kind":"institution","name":"Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","aka":"Tongji Hospital Wuhan\n同济医院","tldr":"Tongji Hospital in Wuhan is Central China's largest hospital; its cancer centre enrols into domestic PD-1, antibody-drug conjugate and targeted therapy registration trials, and Ding Ma's group leads national research on cervical and ovarian cancer and HPV.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/tongji-hospital-wuhan/","cancers":"cervical ovarian endometrial hcc dlbcl"},{"id":"union-hospital-wuhan","kind":"institution","name":"Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College","aka":"Wuhan Union Hospital\nXiehe Hospital Wuhan\n武汉协和医院","tldr":"Wuhan Union Hospital, founded in 1866, is a national regional medical centre whose cancer centre runs breast, lymphoma, myeloma and radiotherapy programmes and one of China's newer proton therapy centres; it is a frequent lead site for Chinese CAR-T and breast antibody-drug conjugate trials.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/union-hospital-wuhan/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive dlbcl multiple-myeloma nsclc"},{"id":"queen-mary-hospital-hku","kind":"institution","name":"Queen Mary Hospital / University of Hong Kong","aka":"QMH\nHKU Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine\n瑪麗醫院","tldr":"Hong Kong's principal teaching hospital, where living-donor liver transplantation for liver cancer and nasopharyngeal cancer research were advanced.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/queen-mary-hospital-hku/","cancers":"hcc head-and-neck nsclc aml"},{"id":"prince-of-wales-hospital-cuhk","kind":"institution","name":"Prince of Wales Hospital / Chinese University of Hong Kong","aka":"PWH\nCUHK Faculty of Medicine\nSir Y.K. Pao Centre for Cancer\n威爾斯親王醫院","tldr":"The hospital where plasma EBV DNA screening for nasopharyngeal cancer and cell-free DNA cancer detection were invented by Dennis Lo's group.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/prince-of-wales-hospital-cuhk/","cancers":"head-and-neck colorectal hcc nsclc"},{"id":"ntuh","kind":"institution","name":"National Taiwan University Hospital","aka":"NTUH\n臺大醫院\nNational Taiwan University Cancer Center","tldr":"Taiwan's leading academic hospital and the birthplace of the hepatitis B vaccination programme that cut childhood liver cancer, with a new dedicated cancer centre.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/ntuh/","cancers":"hcc nsclc breast-her2-positive aml colorectal"},{"id":"chang-gung-memorial-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","aka":"CGMH\nLinkou Chang Gung\n長庚紀念醫院","tldr":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital's Linkou campus is Taiwan's largest hospital; it treats the betel-quid-related oral and head and neck cancers that dominate Taiwan's disease burden, opened Taiwan's first proton therapy centre in 2015, and performs liver transplantation for liver cancer at Kaohsiung.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/chang-gung-memorial-hospital/","cancers":"head-and-neck hcc nsclc esophageal"},{"id":"taipei-veterans-general-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Taipei Veterans General Hospital","aka":"TVGH\n臺北榮民總醫院","tldr":"Taipei Veterans General Hospital, founded in 1958, is one of Taiwan's three great medical centres; it opened Taiwan's first carbon-ion therapy centre in 2023, enrols heavily into EGFR and immunotherapy lung cancer trials, and runs Taiwan Cooperative Oncology Group studies.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/taipei-veterans-general-hospital/","cancers":"nsclc hcc colorectal gastric"},{"id":"koo-foundation-sun-yat-sen-cancer-center","kind":"institution","name":"Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center","aka":"KF-SYSCC\n和信治癌中心醫院","tldr":"Taiwan's first dedicated cancer hospital, founded 1990 on the MD Anderson model and known for multidisciplinary care and outcome transparency.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/koo-foundation-sun-yat-sen-cancer-center/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive head-and-neck nsclc dlbcl"},{"id":"kyoto-university-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Kyoto University Hospital","aka":"京都大学医学部附属病院\nKyoto University Cancer Center","tldr":"The university where Tasuku Honjo discovered PD-1 and Shinya Yamanaka created iPS cells; its hospital leads Japanese immunotherapy and cell therapy research.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/kyoto-university-hospital/","cancers":"melanoma nsclc gastric aml"},{"id":"osaka-international-cancer-institute","kind":"institution","name":"Osaka International Cancer Institute","aka":"OICI\nOsaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases\n大阪国際がんセンター","tldr":"The Osaka International Cancer Institute is the Osaka prefectural cancer centre, rebuilt as a dedicated cancer hospital in 2017; it performs high volumes of gastric, oesophageal and colorectal surgery and runs the Osaka Cancer Registry, one of Japan's most complete population registries.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/osaka-international-cancer-institute/","cancers":"gastric esophageal colorectal nsclc hcc"},{"id":"aichi-cancer-center","kind":"institution","name":"Aichi Cancer Center","aka":"愛知県がんセンター","tldr":"Nagoya's prefectural cancer centre with a research institute known for cancer epidemiology, molecular carcinogenesis and gastrointestinal oncology.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/aichi-cancer-center/","cancers":"gastric esophageal colorectal breast-hr-positive nsclc"},{"id":"shizuoka-cancer-center","kind":"institution","name":"Shizuoka Cancer Center","aka":"静岡県立静岡がんセンター","tldr":"A prefectural cancer centre near Mount Fuji with a proton facility and Project HOPE, one of Japan's largest multi-omics cancer profiling programmes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/shizuoka-cancer-center/","cancers":"nsclc gastric colorectal head-and-neck"},{"id":"kyushu-university-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Kyushu University Hospital","aka":"九州大学病院","tldr":"Kyushu University Hospital in Fukuoka is the largest academic hospital in western Japan; its surgeons lead gastric and oesophageal cancer surgery and living-donor liver transplantation for liver cancer, and its researchers co-discovered the RET fusion in lung cancer with the National Cancer Center.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/kyushu-university-hospital/","cancers":"gastric esophageal hcc dlbcl nsclc"},{"id":"hokkaido-university-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Hokkaido University Hospital","aka":"北海道大学病院","tldr":"Sapporo's university hospital, which pioneered real-time tumour-tracking radiotherapy and gated proton therapy with Hitachi.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/hokkaido-university-hospital/","cancers":"prostate hcc nsclc head-and-neck"},{"id":"tohoku-university-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Tohoku University Hospital","aka":"東北大学病院","tldr":"Sendai's university hospital and the clinical arm of the Tohoku Medical Megabank, with strengths in breast cancer, gastroenterology and imaging.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/tohoku-university-hospital/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive gastric colorectal nsclc"},{"id":"keio-university-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Keio University Hospital","aka":"慶應義塾大学病院","tldr":"Tokyo's oldest private university hospital, known for gastrointestinal and oesophageal cancer surgery, cancer genome profiling and translational research.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/keio-university-hospital/","cancers":"esophageal gastric colorectal dlbcl"},{"id":"gunma-heavy-ion-medical-center","kind":"institution","name":"Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center","aka":"GHMC\n群馬大学重粒子線医学センター","tldr":"The first compact university-based carbon-ion therapy centre in Japan, treating prostate, liver, lung and bone and soft-tissue tumours since 2010.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/gunma-heavy-ion-medical-center/","cancers":"prostate hcc pancreatic sarcoma head-and-neck"},{"id":"ncc-hospital-east","kind":"institution","name":"National Cancer Center Hospital East","aka":"NCCHE\n国立がん研究センター東病院","tldr":"National Cancer Center Hospital East in Kashiwa is one of the world's most productive trial sites for gastrointestinal, thoracic and head and neck cancer; it runs the SCRUM-Japan genomic screening platform, a large phase 1 unit and one of Japan's first hospital-based proton facilities.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/ncc-hospital-east/","cancers":"gastric esophageal colorectal nsclc head-and-neck"},{"id":"qst-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"QST Hospital (National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology)","aka":"NIRS Hospital\nHIMAC\nQST病院","tldr":"The world's first carbon-ion therapy hospital (HIMAC, 1994), which established the clinical evidence base for heavy-ion radiotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/qst-hospital/","cancers":"prostate pancreatic sarcoma hcc head-and-neck"},{"id":"ncc-korea","kind":"institution","name":"National Cancer Center Korea","aka":"NCC Korea\n국립암센터","tldr":"Korea's government cancer centre, home of the national cancer registry and screening programme and the country's first proton therapy facility.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/ncc-korea/","cancers":"gastric hcc colorectal nsclc thyroid"},{"id":"seoul-st-marys-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Seoul St. Mary's Hospital","aka":"Catholic University of Korea Seoul St. Mary's Hospital\n서울성모병원","tldr":"Korea's largest blood cancer centre, where much of the country's haematopoietic transplant and leukaemia expertise was built.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/seoul-st-marys-hospital/","cancers":"aml all-leukemia multiple-myeloma dlbcl"},{"id":"nccs","kind":"institution","name":"National Cancer Centre Singapore","aka":"NCCS\nSingHealth Duke-NUS Oncology Academic Clinical Programme","tldr":"Singapore's national cancer centre and the largest cancer facility in the country, with a proton centre and leading Asian research in liver and lung cancer genomics.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/nccs/","cancers":"nsclc hcc cholangiocarcinoma head-and-neck colorectal"},{"id":"nuh-ncis","kind":"institution","name":"National University Hospital / National University Cancer Institute, Singapore","aka":"NCIS\nNUH\nNUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine\nCancer Science Institute of Singapore","tldr":"Singapore's university hospital cancer institute, paired with the Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and known for gastric cancer, haematology and drug development research.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/nuh-ncis/","cancers":"gastric aml dlbcl nsclc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"aiims-delhi","kind":"institution","name":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi","aka":"AIIMS\nDr B.R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital\nNational Cancer Institute Jhajjar","tldr":"AIIMS New Delhi is India's flagship public medical institute; its Rotary Cancer Hospital and the National Cancer Institute campus at Jhajjar anchor government cancer research, and its investigators lead Indian studies in paediatric oncology, gallbladder cancer, PSMA radioligand therapy and low-cost CAR-T.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/aiims-delhi/","cancers":"cervical head-and-neck cholangiocarcinoma all-leukemia prostate"},{"id":"rgci","kind":"institution","name":"Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre","aka":"RGCIRC\nRGCI","tldr":"The Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute in Delhi opened in 1996 as a charitable hospital and is North India's largest private not-for-profit cancer centre; it was among the first Indian centres to offer robotic cancer surgery, in-house next-generation sequencing and a large bone marrow transplant unit.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/rgci/","cancers":"head-and-neck breast-hr-positive nsclc dlbcl cervical"},{"id":"kidwai-memorial-institute-of-oncology","kind":"institution","name":"Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology","aka":"KMIO\nKidwai","tldr":"Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology in Bengaluru is Karnataka's state cancer institute and one of India's Regional Cancer Centres; it treats a predominantly poor population from southern India at low cost and hosts the Bangalore cancer registry, one of India's oldest.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/kidwai-memorial-institute-of-oncology/","cancers":"cervical head-and-neck breast-hr-positive all-leukemia"},{"id":"cancer-institute-adyar","kind":"institution","name":"Cancer Institute (WIA), Adyar","aka":"Adyar Cancer Institute\nCancer Institute WIA","tldr":"India's second oldest cancer hospital (1954), founded by Muthulakshmi Reddy and led for decades by V. Shanta, and the home of India's first population cancer registry.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/cancer-institute-adyar/","cancers":"cervical head-and-neck all-leukemia breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"tata-medical-center-kolkata","kind":"institution","name":"Tata Medical Center, Kolkata","aka":"TMC Kolkata\nTata Medical Centre","tldr":"Eastern India's leading cancer hospital, opened by the Tata Trusts in 2011 with a strong paediatric and haematology programme and a translational research institute.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/tata-medical-center-kolkata/","cancers":"all-leukemia aml head-and-neck breast-hr-positive dlbcl"},{"id":"hcg","kind":"institution","name":"HealthCare Global Enterprises","aka":"HCG\nHCG Cancer Centre","tldr":"India's largest private cancer hospital network, with dozens of centres across South Asia and Africa and an early lead in CyberKnife, PET-CT and molecular diagnostics.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/hcg/","cancers":"head-and-neck breast-hr-positive cervical nsclc"},{"id":"apollo-hospitals","kind":"institution","name":"Apollo Hospitals (Apollo Cancer Centres)","aka":"Apollo Proton Cancer Centre\nApollo Cancer Institutes","tldr":"India's largest private hospital group, which opened South Asia's first proton therapy centre in Chennai in 2019 and runs cancer centres across the country.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/apollo-hospitals/","cancers":"head-and-neck breast-hr-positive prostate nsclc"},{"id":"cmc-vellore","kind":"institution","name":"Christian Medical College, Vellore","aka":"CMC Vellore","tldr":"A mission hospital and medical college with India's leading haematology department, known for low-cost bone marrow transplant, gene therapy research and paediatric leukaemia care.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/cmc-vellore/","cancers":"all-leukemia aml multiple-myeloma head-and-neck"},{"id":"pgimer-chandigarh","kind":"institution","name":"Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh","aka":"PGIMER\nPGI Chandigarh","tldr":"PGIMER Chandigarh is the main tertiary referral hospital for north-west India and the regional cancer centre for Punjab and Haryana; its nuclear medicine department is among India's most active in PSMA and FAPI PET imaging and lutetium radioligand therapy.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/pgimer-chandigarh/","cancers":"prostate cervical cholangiocarcinoma all-leukemia neuroendocrine"},{"id":"actrec","kind":"institution","name":"Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer","aka":"ACTREC\nTata Memorial Centre ACTREC","tldr":"The research and development campus of Tata Memorial Centre, where India's first indigenous CAR-T therapy was developed and low-cost trials are designed.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/actrec/","cancers":"all-leukemia dlbcl head-and-neck cervical"},{"id":"chris-obrien-lifehouse","kind":"institution","name":"Chris O'Brien Lifehouse","aka":"Lifehouse\nSydney Cancer Centre","tldr":"Sydney's not-for-profit comprehensive cancer hospital, founded in memory of head and neck surgeon Chris O'Brien and integrated with Royal Prince Alfred and the University of Sydney.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/chris-obrien-lifehouse/","cancers":"head-and-neck sarcoma melanoma ovarian"},{"id":"onj-cancer-centre","kind":"institution","name":"Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness and Research Centre","aka":"ONJ Centre\nOlivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute\nAustin Health","tldr":"The Olivia Newton-John Cancer Centre at Melbourne's Austin Hospital runs one of Australia's busiest phase 1 units for immunotherapies and antibody-drug conjugates; its research institute grew out of the Ludwig Institute's Melbourne branch and leads antibody PET, FAPI and PSMA imaging work.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/onj-cancer-centre/","cancers":"melanoma colorectal glioblastoma gastric"},{"id":"garvan-institute","kind":"institution","name":"Garvan Institute of Medical Research / Kinghorn Cancer Centre","aka":"Garvan\nThe Kinghorn Cancer Centre\nSt Vincent's Hospital Sydney","tldr":"One of Australia's leading genomics institutes, whose Kinghorn Cancer Centre with St Vincent's pioneered genomics-guided treatment of pancreatic cancer and rare tumours.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/garvan-institute/","cancers":"pancreatic breast-hr-positive prostate sarcoma"},{"id":"wehi","kind":"institution","name":"Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research","aka":"WEHI\nWalter and Eliza Hall Institute","tldr":"Australia's oldest medical research institute, where the BCL-2 family of cell-death proteins was discovered, leading to venetoclax.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/wehi/","cancers":"cll aml breast-hr-positive colorectal"},{"id":"qimr-berghofer","kind":"institution","name":"QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute","aka":"QIMR\nQueensland Institute of Medical Research","tldr":"Queensland's medical research institute, a world leader in melanoma and skin cancer genetics, cancer epidemiology and adoptive T-cell therapy for virus-associated cancers.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/qimr-berghofer/","cancers":"melanoma breast-hr-positive ovarian glioblastoma head-and-neck"},{"id":"sydney-childrens-hospitals-network","kind":"institution","name":"Sydney Children's Hospitals Network / Children's Cancer Institute","aka":"Children's Cancer Institute Australia\nKids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick\nCancer Centre for Children, Westmead\nZERO Childhood Cancer","tldr":"Australia's largest paediatric hospital network, which with the Children's Cancer Institute runs ZERO Childhood Cancer, a national precision medicine programme for every child with cancer.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/sydney-childrens-hospitals-network/","cancers":"neuroblastoma all-leukemia glioblastoma sarcoma"},{"id":"royal-adelaide-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Royal Adelaide Hospital","aka":"RAH\nCentral Adelaide Local Health Network\nAustralian Bragg Centre for Proton Therapy","tldr":"The Royal Adelaide Hospital is South Australia's largest hospital and its main cancer referral centre, with a phase 1 unit run with SAHMRI; the adjacent Australian Bragg Centre was built to house Australia's first proton therapy facility.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/royal-adelaide-hospital/","cancers":"aml prostate breast-hr-positive colorectal"},{"id":"auckland-city-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Auckland City Hospital / Te Pūriri o Te Ora Cancer and Blood Service","aka":"Auckland Regional Cancer and Blood Service\nTe Whatu Ora Auckland\nUniversity of Auckland Centre for Cancer Research","tldr":"New Zealand's largest hospital and cancer service, working with the University of Auckland's Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, which developed hypoxia-activated and DNA-targeting anticancer drugs.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/auckland-city-hospital/","cancers":"colorectal melanoma aml nsclc"},{"id":"siriraj-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University","aka":"Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital\nโรงพยาบาลศิริราช","tldr":"Thailand's oldest and largest hospital, with the country's leading academic oncology, haematology and hepatobiliary programmes and a new proton-equipped cancer centre.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/siriraj-hospital/","cancers":"hcc cholangiocarcinoma aml breast-hr-positive head-and-neck"},{"id":"chulabhorn-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Chulabhorn Hospital / Chulabhorn Royal Academy","aka":"Chulabhorn Cancer Center\nHRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science\nโรงพยาบาลจุฬาภรณ์","tldr":"A royal-founded cancer hospital in Bangkok specialising in advanced diagnostics and nuclear medicine, home to Thailand's first cyclotron-based PET and radioligand therapy programme.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/chulabhorn-hospital/","cancers":"prostate neuroendocrine hcc cervical"},{"id":"ramathibodi-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University","aka":"Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital\nโรงพยาบาลรามาธิบดี","tldr":"Mahidol's second great teaching hospital, with leading Thai programmes in paediatric oncology, haematology, cancer genetics and hepatobiliary surgery.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/ramathibodi-hospital/","cancers":"all-leukemia aml cholangiocarcinoma breast-hr-positive colorectal"},{"id":"dharmais-cancer-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Dharmais National Cancer Center","aka":"Dharmais Cancer Hospital\nRS Kanker Dharmais\nPusat Kanker Nasional","tldr":"Indonesia's national cancer centre and referral hospital, coordinating cancer registration, screening and treatment standards for the world's fourth most populous country.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/dharmais-cancer-hospital/","cancers":"cervical breast-hr-positive head-and-neck hcc"},{"id":"ummc-kuala-lumpur","kind":"institution","name":"University of Malaya Medical Centre","aka":"UMMC\nPusat Perubatan Universiti Malaya\nUM Cancer Research Institute","tldr":"Malaysia's leading academic hospital, with the UM Cancer Research Institute and landmark multi-ethnic breast cancer genetics and outcomes studies.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/ummc-kuala-lumpur/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc colorectal head-and-neck"},{"id":"philippine-general-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Philippine General Hospital","aka":"PGH\nUP-PGH\nUP Manila Cancer Institute","tldr":"The Philippines' national university hospital, whose Cancer Institute is the country's main public referral centre for oncology and the site of its cancer control research.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/philippine-general-hospital/","cancers":"cervical breast-hr-positive all-leukemia head-and-neck"},{"id":"k-hospital-hanoi","kind":"institution","name":"Vietnam National Cancer Hospital (K Hospital)","aka":"K Hospital\nBệnh viện K\nNational Cancer Institute of Vietnam","tldr":"Vietnam's national cancer hospital and institute, the country's largest cancer facility and the coordinator of its cancer registry and control programme.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/k-hospital-hanoi/","cancers":"hcc nsclc gastric head-and-neck cervical"},{"id":"hcmc-oncology-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Ho Chi Minh City Oncology Hospital","aka":"Bệnh viện Ung Bướu TP.HCM\nHCMC Oncology Hospital","tldr":"Ho Chi Minh City Oncology Hospital is the referral cancer centre for southern Vietnam and one of the busiest cancer hospitals in South-east Asia; it opened a second campus in Thu Duc in 2020 to relieve overcrowding and runs the city's population-based cancer registry.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/hcmc-oncology-hospital/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive cervical hcc head-and-neck colorectal"},{"id":"khcc","kind":"institution","name":"King Hussein Cancer Center","aka":"KHCC\nمركز الحسين للسرطان","tldr":"Jordan's cancer-only hospital and the leading comprehensive cancer centre in the Arab world, the first outside the US accredited as a cancer centre by Joint Commission International.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/khcc/","cancers":"all-leukemia breast-hr-positive colorectal nsclc dlbcl"},{"id":"kfshrc","kind":"institution","name":"King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre","aka":"KFSH&RC\nKFSHRC\nمستشفى الملك فيصل التخصصي","tldr":"Saudi Arabia's flagship tertiary hospital, whose Oncology Centre runs the Gulf's largest transplant, CAR-T and proton therapy programmes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/kfshrc/","cancers":"all-leukemia thyroid breast-hr-positive dlbcl colorectal"},{"id":"tawam-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Tawam Hospital","aka":"Tawam Hospital Oncology Institute\nSEHA Tawam\nمستشفى توام","tldr":"The UAE's national referral hospital for cancer, with the country's first comprehensive oncology institute, bone marrow transplant service and long-standing Johns Hopkins affiliation.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/tawam-hospital/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal all-leukemia thyroid"},{"id":"cleveland-clinic-abu-dhabi","kind":"institution","name":"Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi","aka":"CCAD\nFatima bint Mubarak Center","tldr":"The Gulf's most advanced private academic hospital, whose Fatima bint Mubarak Center opened in 2023 as the UAE's first integrated cancer centre with proton therapy planned.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/cleveland-clinic-abu-dhabi/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal dlbcl prostate"},{"id":"hamad-medical-corporation","kind":"institution","name":"Hamad Medical Corporation / National Center for Cancer Care and Research","aka":"HMC\nNCCCR\nAl Amal Hospital\nمؤسسة حمد الطبية","tldr":"Qatar's public health system, whose National Center for Cancer Care and Research is the country's sole comprehensive cancer centre and the hub of its national cancer strategy.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/hamad-medical-corporation/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal dlbcl aml"},{"id":"tehran-cancer-institute","kind":"institution","name":"Cancer Institute of Iran, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex","aka":"Tehran Cancer Institute\nCancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences\nانستیتو کانسر","tldr":"Iran's oldest and largest cancer centre, founded in 1955 within Tehran's Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, and the country's main oncology training and research hub.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/tehran-cancer-institute/","cancers":"esophageal gastric breast-hr-positive colorectal"},{"id":"inca-brazil","kind":"institution","name":"Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA)","aka":"INCA\nInstituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva","tldr":"Brazil's national cancer institute, the Ministry of Health body that runs cancer control, registries and screening for the country and treats patients in its Rio hospitals.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/inca-brazil/","cancers":"cervical breast-hr-positive prostate nsclc all-leukemia"},{"id":"ac-camargo","kind":"institution","name":"A.C. Camargo Cancer Center","aka":"A.C.Camargo\nHospital A.C. Camargo\nFundação Antônio Prudente","tldr":"Latin America's leading dedicated cancer centre, founded in 1953, with a large research institute and the region's biggest oncology residency.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/ac-camargo/","cancers":"head-and-neck breast-hr-positive sarcoma colorectal melanoma"},{"id":"hospital-de-amor-barretos","kind":"institution","name":"Hospital de Amor (Barretos Cancer Hospital)","aka":"Hospital de Câncer de Barretos\nFundação Pio XII\nBarretos","tldr":"A philanthropic cancer hospital in rural São Paulo state that treats entirely through Brazil's public system, famous for mobile screening units and a large research centre.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/hospital-de-amor-barretos/","cancers":"cervical breast-hr-positive glioblastoma melanoma"},{"id":"hcpa-porto-alegre","kind":"institution","name":"Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre","aka":"HCPA","tldr":"Southern Brazil's leading public university hospital, known for cancer genetics, Li-Fraumeni research and one of Brazil's strongest clinical research programmes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/hcpa-porto-alegre/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal all-leukemia prostate"},{"id":"incan-mexico","kind":"institution","name":"Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (Mexico)","aka":"INCan\nINCAN Mexico","tldr":"Mexico's national cancer institute, the federal referral hospital for uninsured cancer patients and the country's main oncology research and training centre.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/incan-mexico/","cancers":"cervical breast-hr-positive gastric nsclc dlbcl"},{"id":"inc-colombia","kind":"institution","name":"Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (Colombia)","aka":"INC Colombia\nInstituto Nacional de Cancerología ESE","tldr":"Colombia's national cancer institute, responsible for cancer control policy, the national cancer observatory and specialist care in Bogotá.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/inc-colombia/","cancers":"cervical gastric breast-hr-positive all-leukemia"},{"id":"inen-peru","kind":"institution","name":"Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas","aka":"INEN\nINEN Peru","tldr":"Peru's national cancer institute, the largest cancer hospital in the Andean region and the coordinator of Peru's national cancer plan and registry.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/inen-peru/","cancers":"gastric cervical breast-hr-positive all-leukemia"},{"id":"instituto-alexander-fleming","kind":"institution","name":"Instituto Alexander Fleming","aka":"IAF\nFleming","tldr":"The Instituto Alexander Fleming in Buenos Aires, founded in 1994, is Argentina's most research-active cancer centre; it has enrolled Argentine patients in the pivotal HER2, CDK4/6, lung and colorectal trials of the last three decades and hosts the GAICO cooperative group.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/instituto-alexander-fleming/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive breast-hr-positive nsclc colorectal"},{"id":"falp-chile","kind":"institution","name":"Fundación Arturo López Pérez","aka":"FALP\nInstituto Oncológico FALP","tldr":"Chile's largest dedicated cancer institute, a non-profit foundation founded in 1954 and the country's most active site for oncology trials and advanced radiotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/falp-chile/","cancers":"gastric cholangiocarcinoma breast-hr-positive prostate"},{"id":"groote-schuur-uct","kind":"institution","name":"Groote Schuur Hospital / University of Cape Town","aka":"Groote Schuur\nUCT Faculty of Health Sciences","tldr":"South Africa's most famous academic hospital, site of the first heart transplant, and with UCT a leading African centre for cancer research, radiation oncology and oesophageal and cervical cancer studies.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/groote-schuur-uct/","cancers":"esophageal cervical breast-hr-positive all-leukemia head-and-neck"},{"id":"wits-charlotte-maxeke","kind":"institution","name":"Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital / University of the Witwatersrand","aka":"CMJAH\nWits Health Sciences\nJohannesburg General Hospital","tldr":"Johannesburg's flagship academic hospital and Wits University's oncology hub, running South Africa's largest public radiation and medical oncology service and pioneering African cancer cohorts.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/wits-charlotte-maxeke/","cancers":"cervical breast-hr-positive dlbcl esophageal prostate"},{"id":"kenyatta-national-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Kenyatta National Hospital","aka":"KNH\nUniversity of Nairobi College of Health Sciences","tldr":"Kenyatta National Hospital in Nairobi is Kenya's national referral hospital and East Africa's largest; for decades it ran the country's only public radiotherapy service, and it leads Kenya's cervical screening, HPV vaccination and Burkitt lymphoma research.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/kenyatta-national-hospital/","cancers":"cervical breast-hr-positive esophageal dlbcl prostate"},{"id":"uganda-cancer-institute","kind":"institution","name":"Uganda Cancer Institute","aka":"UCI\nUCI-Fred Hutch Cancer Centre","tldr":"East Africa's oldest cancer research institute, founded in 1967 to study Burkitt lymphoma, and now a national cancer centre with a Fred Hutch partnership and Africa's first purpose-built cancer research facility.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/uganda-cancer-institute/","cancers":"dlbcl cervical hcc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"ocean-road-cancer-institute","kind":"institution","name":"Ocean Road Cancer Institute","aka":"ORCI","tldr":"Ocean Road Cancer Institute in Dar es Salaam has been Tanzania's national cancer institute since 1996 and for two decades was the country's only public cancer treatment facility; its caseload is dominated by cervical cancer, Kaposi sarcoma, breast and oesophageal cancer.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/ocean-road-cancer-institute/","cancers":"cervical breast-hr-positive esophageal head-and-neck"},{"id":"korle-bu-teaching-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Korle Bu Teaching Hospital","aka":"Korle Bu\nNational Radiotherapy Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Centre","tldr":"Ghana's premier teaching hospital and West Africa's largest, hosting the National Radiotherapy, Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Centre and leading African breast cancer research.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/korle-bu-teaching-hospital/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive prostate cervical hcc"},{"id":"luth-lagos","kind":"institution","name":"Lagos University Teaching Hospital","aka":"LUTH\nNSIA-LUTH Cancer Centre","tldr":"Nigeria's leading teaching hospital in its largest city, home of the NSIA-LUTH Cancer Centre, the country's most advanced radiotherapy facility.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/luth-lagos/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive prostate cervical"},{"id":"nci-cairo","kind":"institution","name":"National Cancer Institute, Cairo University","aka":"NCI Cairo\nNCI Egypt\nالمعهد القومي للأورام","tldr":"Egypt's national cancer institute and the largest cancer hospital in Africa and the Arab world, treating patients from across the region since 1969.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/nci-cairo/","cancers":"hcc urothelial breast-hr-positive all-leukemia dlbcl"},{"id":"cche-57357","kind":"institution","name":"Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357","aka":"CCHE 57357\n57357 Hospital\nمستشفى سرطان الأطفال 57357","tldr":"One of the world's largest paediatric cancer hospitals, built entirely through public donations and treating Egyptian children with cancer free of charge since 2007.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/cche-57357/","cancers":"all-leukemia aml neuroblastoma glioblastoma sarcoma"},{"id":"institut-national-oncologie-rabat","kind":"institution","name":"Institut National d'Oncologie, Rabat","aka":"INO Rabat\nInstitut National d'Oncologie Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah\nFondation Lalla Salma","tldr":"Morocco's national oncology institute, the reference cancer centre of the Rabat university hospital and the anchor of the Lalla Salma Foundation's national cancer plan.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/institut-national-oncologie-rabat/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive cervical head-and-neck colorectal"},{"id":"institut-salah-azaiez","kind":"institution","name":"Institut Salah Azaïez","aka":"ISA Tunis\nInstitut Salah Azaiz","tldr":"The Institut Salah Azaïez in Tunis, founded in 1969, is Tunisia's national cancer institute and one of Africa's oldest; it runs the Tunis cancer registry, a contributor to IARC's Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, and researches breast cancer in young women and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/institut-salah-azaiez/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive head-and-neck cervical colorectal"},{"id":"butaro-cancer-center","kind":"institution","name":"Butaro Cancer Center of Excellence","aka":"Butaro Hospital\nPartners In Health Rwanda\nUniversity of Global Health Equity","tldr":"Rwanda's first cancer centre, opened in 2012 in a rural district hospital by Partners In Health and the Rwandan government, proving that complex cancer care can be delivered in low-income settings.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/butaro-cancer-center/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl breast-hr-positive cervical"},{"id":"blida-anti-cancer-center","kind":"institution","name":"Anti-Cancer Center of Blida","aka":"Centre de lutte contre le cancer de Blida\nCLCC Blida\nمركز مكافحة السرطان البليدة","tldr":"Algeria's specialised anti-cancer hospital in Blida, south of Algiers, and an associate member of the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/blida-anti-cancer-center/"},{"id":"jinshazhou-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Jinshazhou Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine","aka":"广州中医药大学金沙洲医院\nJinshazhou Hospital","tldr":"A Guangzhou hospital affiliated to the Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine with an international cancer treatment centre, and an associate member of the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/jinshazhou-hospital/"},{"id":"new-york-proton-center","kind":"institution","name":"New York Proton Center","aka":"","tldr":"The New York Proton Center is a free-standing proton beam therapy centre in Manhattan treating solid tumours, bookable through an oncology referral.","tags":"fcct-directory","route":"/institutions/new-york-proton-center/"},{"id":"excel-diagnostics-nuclear-oncology","kind":"institution","name":"Excel Diagnostics and Nuclear Oncology Center","aka":"","tldr":"Excel Diagnostics is a Houston nuclear medicine centre offering molecular imaging and radioligand therapies, bookable through an oncology referral.","tags":"fcct-directory","route":"/institutions/excel-diagnostics-nuclear-oncology/"},{"id":"curanosticum","kind":"institution","name":"Curanosticum Wiesbaden-Frankfurt","aka":"","tldr":"Curanosticum is a nuclear medicine practice in Wiesbaden and Frankfurt led by 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for RNA Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Houston Methodist's Center for RNA Therapeutics, led by John Cooke, is an academic mRNA vaccine programme with cancer studies opening for enrolment.","tags":"fcct-directory","route":"/institutions/houston-methodist-rna-therapeutics/"},{"id":"center-for-metabolic-oncology","kind":"institution","name":"Center for Metabolic Oncology","aka":"","tldr":"The Center for Metabolic Oncology is a physician-led practice in Franklin, Tennessee that adds exercise, nutrition, sleep, stress and ketogenic interventions to standard cancer care, for prevention, treatment support and recovery.","tags":"fcct-directory","route":"/institutions/center-for-metabolic-oncology/"},{"id":"asthra-health","kind":"institution","name":"Asthra Health","aka":"","tldr":"Asthra Health, led by the neuro-oncologist Santosh Kesari in Santa Monica, gives outside clinical opinions on complex cancer cases with AI-assisted precision 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nationwide.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/airc/"},{"id":"cancer-council-australia","kind":"institution","name":"Cancer Council Australia","aka":"Cancer Council","tldr":"Australia's federated cancer charity, which funds research, writes national clinical guidelines and runs the prevention campaigns behind Australia's falling smoking and melanoma rates.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/cancer-council-australia/","cancers":"melanoma colorectal nsclc cervical"},{"id":"canadian-cancer-society","kind":"institution","name":"Canadian Cancer Society","aka":"CCS\nSociété canadienne du cancer","tldr":"Canada's national cancer charity and largest charitable funder of cancer research, which also core-funds the Canadian Cancer Trials Group.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/canadian-cancer-society/"},{"id":"irish-cancer-society","kind":"institution","name":"Irish Cancer Society","aka":"ICS","tldr":"Ireland's national cancer charity, funding research and Cancer Trials Ireland and providing night nursing, support lines and Daffodil Centres in hospitals.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/irish-cancer-society/"},{"id":"worldwide-cancer-research","kind":"institution","name":"Worldwide Cancer Research","aka":"Association for International Cancer Research\nAICR","tldr":"A Scottish charity that funds early-stage discovery research on cancer anywhere in the world, rather than only in the UK.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/worldwide-cancer-research/"},{"id":"wellcome","kind":"institution","name":"Wellcome","aka":"Wellcome Trust","tldr":"One of the world's largest charitable science funders and a founding partner of the Francis Crick Institute and the Wellcome Sanger Institute, home of the COSMIC cancer mutation database.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/wellcome/"},{"id":"hhmi","kind":"institution","name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","aka":"HHMI","tldr":"The Howard Hughes Medical Institute funds scientists rather than projects through its Investigator Program; its roster has included Bert Vogelstein, William Kaelin, Charles Sawyers, Benjamin Ebert and Feng Zhang, the researchers behind colorectal cancer genetics, hypoxia sensing, kinase inhibitor resistance and CRISPR tools.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/hhmi/"},{"id":"damon-runyon","kind":"institution","name":"Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation","aka":"Damon Runyon","tldr":"A New York foundation that has funded early-career cancer scientists since 1946; its alumni include a dozen Nobel laureates.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/damon-runyon/"},{"id":"v-foundation","kind":"institution","name":"The V Foundation for Cancer Research","aka":"V Foundation\nJimmy V Foundation","tldr":"The US charity founded by ESPN and coach Jim Valvano that funds translational and early-career cancer research, with every donated dollar going to grants.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/v-foundation/"},{"id":"stand-up-to-cancer","kind":"institution","name":"Stand Up To Cancer","aka":"SU2C","tldr":"An entertainment-industry charity that funds multi-institution Dream Teams, with AACR as scientific partner, to move discoveries into trials quickly.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/stand-up-to-cancer/","cancers":"prostate pancreatic nsclc"},{"id":"bcrf","kind":"institution","name":"Breast Cancer Research Foundation","aka":"BCRF","tldr":"The largest private funder of breast cancer research worldwide, giving annual grants to more than 250 investigators across the field's leading centres.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/bcrf/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"lustgarten-foundation","kind":"institution","name":"Lustgarten Foundation","aka":"Lustgarten Foundation for Pancreatic Cancer Research","tldr":"The largest private funder of pancreatic cancer research, which funds dedicated laboratories at Cold Spring Harbor, Johns Hopkins, Dana-Farber and MIT.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/lustgarten-foundation/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"cprit","kind":"institution","name":"Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas","aka":"CPRIT","tldr":"The Texas state agency created by voters in 2007 that is the second-largest public funder of cancer research in the US after the NCI.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/cprit/"},{"id":"mark-foundation","kind":"institution","name":"The Mark Foundation for Cancer Research","aka":"Mark Foundation","tldr":"A philanthropic funder that backs high-risk cancer biology, tumour-immunology and computational projects and invests in start-ups translating them.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/mark-foundation/"},{"id":"emerson-collective","kind":"institution","name":"Emerson Collective","aka":"","tldr":"Laurene Powell Jobs's philanthropic and investment organisation, whose health programme funds cancer research collaborations and immunotherapy science.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/emerson-collective/"},{"id":"cz-biohub","kind":"institution","name":"Chan Zuckerberg Biohub","aka":"CZ Biohub\nChan Zuckerberg Biohub Network","tldr":"The Chan Zuckerberg Initiative's network of research institutes building cell atlases, imaging and AI tools that cancer researchers rely on, including the Tabula Sapiens single-cell atlas.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/cz-biohub/"},{"id":"gates-foundation","kind":"institution","name":"Gates Foundation","aka":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation\nBMGF","tldr":"The world's largest private foundation; its cancer work focuses on HPV vaccination and cervical cancer elimination in low- and middle-income countries.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/gates-foundation/","cancers":"cervical hcc"},{"id":"cancer-grand-challenges","kind":"institution","name":"Cancer Grand Challenges","aka":"","tldr":"A Cancer Research UK and US National Cancer Institute partnership that gives up to £20 million to global teams to tackle a named cancer problem no single lab could solve.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/cancer-grand-challenges/","cancers":"colorectal nsclc"},{"id":"arpa-h","kind":"institution","name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health","aka":"ARPA-H","tldr":"The US agency modelled on DARPA that funds high-risk, milestone-driven health programmes, including adaptive cancer therapy, rapid tumour-removal surgery and early detection.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/arpa-h/"},{"id":"movember","kind":"institution","name":"Movember","aka":"Movember Foundation","tldr":"The moustache-growing men's health charity that has become one of the largest global funders of prostate and testicular cancer research.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/movember/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"macmillan-cancer-support","kind":"institution","name":"Macmillan Cancer Support","aka":"Macmillan","tldr":"The UK charity that funds Macmillan nurses and support workers in the NHS and provides information, financial and emotional support to people living with cancer.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/macmillan-cancer-support/"},{"id":"marie-curie-uk","kind":"institution","name":"Marie Curie","aka":"Marie Curie UK\nMarie Curie Cancer Care","tldr":"The UK's leading end-of-life charity, running hospices and home nursing for people with terminal illness and funding palliative care research.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/marie-curie-uk/"},{"id":"uicc","kind":"institution","name":"Union for International Cancer Control","aka":"UICC","tldr":"The Geneva-based membership body of more than 1,100 cancer organisations that runs World Cancer Day, the World Cancer Congress and the TNM staging system.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/uicc/"},{"id":"who","kind":"institution","name":"World Health Organization Cancer Programme","aka":"WHO\nWorld Health Organization","tldr":"The UN health agency that sets global cancer policy: the cervical cancer elimination strategy, the essential medicines list, the childhood cancer initiative and the classification of tumours.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/who/","cancers":"cervical breast-hr-positive all-leukemia"},{"id":"iaea","kind":"institution","name":"International Atomic Energy Agency: Rays of Hope","aka":"IAEA\nRays of Hope\nPACT","tldr":"The UN nuclear agency's programme to bring radiotherapy and nuclear medicine to the dozens of countries that have no or too few treatment machines.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/iaea/"},{"id":"fda-oce","kind":"institution","name":"FDA Oncology Center of Excellence","aka":"OCE\nUS Food and Drug Administration\nFDA","tldr":"The US regulator's oncology hub, which approves cancer drugs, runs accelerated approval and Project Orbis, and is pushing better dose-finding through Project Optimus.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/fda-oce/"},{"id":"ema","kind":"institution","name":"European Medicines Agency","aka":"EMA\nCHMP","tldr":"The EU agency whose Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use recommends the marketing authorisations for cancer drugs across all member states.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/ema/"},{"id":"mhra","kind":"institution","name":"Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency","aka":"MHRA","tldr":"The UK medicines and devices regulator, which since Brexit runs its own approvals, joins Project Orbis and uses international reliance routes to speed cancer drug access.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/mhra/"},{"id":"nice","kind":"institution","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","aka":"NICE","tldr":"England's health technology assessment body, which decides whether the NHS should pay for each new cancer drug on cost per quality-adjusted life year and runs the Cancer Drugs Fund.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/nice/"},{"id":"pmda","kind":"institution","name":"Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency","aka":"PMDA\n独立行政法人医薬品医療機器総合機構","tldr":"Japan's drug and device review agency, which works with the health ministry to approve cancer drugs and has largely closed the historical 'drug lag' with the US and Europe.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/pmda/"},{"id":"nmpa-cde","kind":"institution","name":"National Medical Products Administration / Center for Drug Evaluation","aka":"NMPA\nCDE\nCFDA\nChina FDA","tldr":"China's drug regulator and its review centre, whose reforms since 2015 turned China into the world's second-largest source of new cancer drugs and a leader in ADCs and bispecifics.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/nmpa-cde/"},{"id":"tga","kind":"institution","name":"Therapeutic Goods Administration","aka":"TGA","tldr":"Australia's medicines and devices regulator, a Project Orbis and Access Consortium partner that registers cancer drugs before PBAC decides whether to subsidise them.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/tga/"},{"id":"health-canada","kind":"institution","name":"Health Canada","aka":"Santé Canada\nHealth Products and Food Branch","tldr":"Canada's federal health department and drug regulator, which authorises cancer medicines and works with the provinces and Canada's Drug Agency on reimbursement.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/health-canada/"},{"id":"swissmedic","kind":"institution","name":"Swissmedic","aka":"Swiss Agency for Therapeutic Products","tldr":"Swissmedic authorises medicines and devices in Switzerland and Liechtenstein; because Switzerland sits outside the EU it runs its own approvals, but it shares work with the FDA through Project Orbis and the Access Consortium and relies on decisions by comparable regulators.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/swissmedic/"},{"id":"has-france","kind":"institution","name":"Haute Autorité de Santé","aka":"HAS\nCommission de la Transparence","tldr":"France's health technology assessment authority, whose Transparency Committee rates the added clinical benefit of each new cancer drug and so sets its price and reimbursement.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/has-france/"},{"id":"g-ba-iqwig","kind":"institution","name":"Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss / IQWiG","aka":"G-BA\nFederal Joint Committee\nIQWiG\nInstitute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care","tldr":"Germany's decision-making body for what statutory insurance covers (G-BA) and the institute that assesses added benefit of new drugs (IQWiG), which together set cancer drug prices under the AMNOG process.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/g-ba-iqwig/"},{"id":"smc","kind":"institution","name":"Scottish Medicines Consortium","aka":"SMC","tldr":"Scotland's health technology assessment body, which advises NHS Scotland on new medicines and applies a more flexible approach for end-of-life and orphan cancer drugs.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/smc/"},{"id":"pbac","kind":"institution","name":"Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee","aka":"PBAC\nPharmaceutical Benefits Scheme","tldr":"The independent committee that decides which medicines Australia's Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme subsidises, and at what price, on cost-effectiveness evidence.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/pbac/"},{"id":"anvisa","kind":"institution","name":"Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária","aka":"ANVISA\nBrazilian Health Regulatory Agency","tldr":"ANVISA registers medicines in Brazil, Latin America's largest market, and joined the FDA's Project Orbis in 2019; public coverage is decided separately by CONITEC, so the gap between ANVISA registration and availability in the public system is a central issue in Brazilian oncology.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/anvisa/"},{"id":"cofepris","kind":"institution","name":"Comisión Federal para la Protección contra Riesgos Sanitarios","aka":"COFEPRIS","tldr":"Mexico's federal health regulator, which registers cancer medicines and has adopted reliance on FDA and EMA approvals to speed access.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/cofepris/"},{"id":"cdsco","kind":"institution","name":"Central 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radiotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/astro/"},{"id":"estro","kind":"institution","name":"European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology","aka":"ESTRO","tldr":"Europe's radiation oncology society, running the ESTRO congress, a school that trains much of the world's radiotherapy workforce, and the standards behind brachytherapy and adaptive radiotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/estro/"},{"id":"snmmi","kind":"institution","name":"Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging","aka":"SNMMI\nSociety of Nuclear Medicine","tldr":"The Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging represents US nuclear medicine and publishes the Journal of Nuclear Medicine; its annual meeting is where new PET tracers and radioligand therapy results are presented, and its procedure standards guide PSMA and somatostatin receptor imaging.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/snmmi/"},{"id":"eanm","kind":"institution","name":"European Association of Nuclear Medicine","aka":"EANM","tldr":"Europe's nuclear medicine society, whose congress and guidelines shaped the clinical adoption of PSMA PET and lutetium radioligand therapy that began in European centres.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/eanm/"},{"id":"sitc","kind":"institution","name":"Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer","aka":"SITC\nInternational Society for Biological Therapy of Cancer\niSBTc","tldr":"The society of cancer immunologists and immuno-oncologists, whose annual meeting, guidelines and immune-related adverse event management resources track the immunotherapy era.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/sitc/"},{"id":"sso","kind":"institution","name":"Society of Surgical Oncology","aka":"SSO\nJames Ewing Society","tldr":"The international society of cancer surgeons, publisher of Annals of Surgical Oncology and co-author of the margin and de-escalation guidelines that changed breast and melanoma surgery.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/sso/","cancers":"melanoma breast-hr-positive sarcoma"},{"id":"esso","kind":"institution","name":"European Society of Surgical Oncology","aka":"ESSO","tldr":"Europe's surgical oncology society, which runs the ESSO congress and courses and sets the European curriculum and examination for cancer surgeons.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/esso/"},{"id":"jsmo","kind":"institution","name":"Japanese Society of Medical Oncology","aka":"JSMO\n日本臨床腫瘍学会","tldr":"Japan's medical oncology society, which certifies Japan's medical oncologists, holds a large annual meeting and publishes clinical guidelines with the Japan Society of Clinical Oncology.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/jsmo/"},{"id":"csco","kind":"institution","name":"Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology","aka":"CSCO\n中国临床肿瘤学会","tldr":"China's clinical oncology society, whose annual meeting and disease guidelines are the reference for treatment in the world's largest cancer patient population.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/csco/","cancers":"nsclc gastric hcc esophageal"},{"id":"ispor","kind":"institution","name":"ISPOR (The Professional Society for Health Economics and Outcomes Research)","aka":"ISPOR\nInternational Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research","tldr":"The society of health economists and outcomes researchers whose methods and good-practice reports underpin how cancer drugs are valued by HTA bodies and payers.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/ispor/"},{"id":"iaslc","kind":"institution","name":"International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer","aka":"IASLC","tldr":"The only global society devoted to lung and thoracic cancers, whose World Conference on Lung Cancer and TNM staging project define the field.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/iaslc/","cancers":"nsclc sclc mesothelioma"},{"id":"sgo","kind":"institution","name":"Society of Gynecologic Oncology","aka":"SGO","tldr":"The US society of gynaecologic oncologists, whose Annual Meeting on Women's Cancer is where the PARP inhibitor and immunotherapy trials in ovarian, endometrial and cervical cancer are presented.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/sgo/","cancers":"ovarian endometrial cervical"},{"id":"esgo","kind":"institution","name":"European Society of Gynaecological Oncology","aka":"ESGO","tldr":"Europe's gynaecologic oncology society, whose joint guidelines with ESTRO and ESP and its centre accreditation programme set European standards for ovarian, cervical and endometrial cancer care.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/esgo/","cancers":"ovarian endometrial cervical"},{"id":"eha","kind":"institution","name":"European Hematology Association","aka":"EHA","tldr":"Europe's haematology society, whose June congress is the second global venue for blood cancer trials and whose guidelines and curriculum shape European haematology.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/eha/","cancers":"aml all-leukemia dlbcl cll multiple-myeloma hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"isoqol","kind":"institution","name":"International Society for Quality of Life Research","aka":"ISOQOL","tldr":"The society for patient-reported outcomes and quality of life research, whose standards guide how symptoms and quality of life are measured in cancer trials.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/isoqol/"},{"id":"mascc","kind":"institution","name":"Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer","aka":"MASCC","tldr":"The international society for supportive care in cancer, whose antiemetic, mucositis, febrile neutropenia and immunotherapy toxicity guidelines are used worldwide.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/mascc/"},{"id":"espen","kind":"institution","name":"European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism","aka":"ESPEN","tldr":"The European clinical nutrition society whose guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients define screening for malnutrition and the treatment of cachexia in oncology.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/espen/"},{"id":"cdisc","kind":"institution","name":"Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium","aka":"CDISC","tldr":"The non-profit that writes the clinical trial data standards (SDTM, ADaM, CDASH) that FDA, PMDA and NMPA require for every cancer drug submission.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/cdisc/"},{"id":"hl7","kind":"institution","name":"HL7 International","aka":"Health Level Seven\nHL7\nFHIR","tldr":"The standards body behind FHIR, the healthcare data interface now used to pull oncology records into trials, registries and AI tools, and home of the mCODE cancer data standard.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/hl7/"},{"id":"vivli","kind":"institution","name":"Vivli","aka":"Vivli Center for Global Clinical Research Data","tldr":"The non-profit platform through which pharmaceutical companies and funders share anonymised individual patient data from completed trials, including thousands of oncology studies.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/vivli/"},{"id":"yoda-project","kind":"institution","name":"Yale University Open Data Access (YODA) Project","aka":"YODA 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breast-her2-positive melanoma"},{"id":"institut-paoli-calmettes","kind":"institution","name":"Institut Paoli-Calmettes","aka":"IPC\nCentre de Lutte Contre le Cancer de Marseille\nUniversity Hospitals of Marseille\nInstitut Paoli-Calmettes (IPC)","tldr":"The Institut Paoli-Calmettes is the Unicancer comprehensive cancer centre for Marseille and Provence, founded in 1925; it runs a large allogeneic transplant and leukaemia programme, high-volume pancreatic surgery and an early-phase unit within the Marseille Immunopôle cluster.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/institut-paoli-calmettes/","cancers":"aml pancreatic breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"iuct-oncopole","kind":"institution","name":"IUCT Oncopole (Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse)","aka":"IUCT-O\nInstitut Claudius Regaud\nOncopole Toulouse","tldr":"Toulouse's cancer campus, joining the Institut Claudius Regaud and the university hospital, and a world leader in multiple myeloma 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cancer agency, which steers the national cancer strategy and funds and labels research, trial networks and early-phase units.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/inca/"},{"id":"institut-pasteur","kind":"institution","name":"Institut Pasteur","aka":"Pasteur Institute","tldr":"The historic Paris research institute founded by Louis Pasteur, whose cancer work centres on tumour viruses, immunology and the microbiome.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/institut-pasteur/","cancers":"cervical hcc head-and-neck"},{"id":"tum-munich","kind":"institution","name":"TUM Klinikum rechts der Isar / CCC München","aka":"Klinikum rechts der Isar\nTechnical University of Munich\nComprehensive Cancer Center Munich (TUM)","tldr":"Munich's technical university hospital, one half of the Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich and a leader in PSMA imaging and radiopharmaceutical chemistry.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/tum-munich/","cancers":"prostate pancreatic neuroendocrine colorectal"},{"id":"essen-wtz","kind":"institution","name":"West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen","aka":"Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum\nUniversitätsklinikum Essen\nNCT West","tldr":"One of Germany's oldest and largest cancer centres, home to the West German Proton Therapy Centre and a leading melanoma and theranostics programme.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/essen-wtz/","cancers":"melanoma prostate neuroendocrine sarcoma aml"},{"id":"nct-dresden","kind":"institution","name":"NCT/UCC Dresden, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus","aka":"National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden\nUniversity Cancer Center Dresden\nOncoRay\nNational Cancer Center Dresden\nNCT Dresden","tldr":"The second National Center for Tumor Diseases site, known for proton therapy research at OncoRay and AI in pathology and surgery.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/nct-dresden/","cancers":"head-and-neck aml colorectal pancreatic"},{"id":"uct-frankfurt","kind":"institution","name":"University 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colorectal"},{"id":"ccc-tuebingen","kind":"institution","name":"Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen-Stuttgart","aka":"CCC Tübingen\nUniversitätsklinikum Tübingen\nNCT SouthWest","tldr":"The CCC Tübingen-Stuttgart is where Hans-Georg Rammensee's group mapped tumour-presented HLA peptides and spawned Immatics and CureVac; its dermatology clinic is one of Europe's largest melanoma centres and its imaging centre pioneered combined PET/MRI.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/ccc-tuebingen/","cancers":"melanoma glioblastoma aml hcc"},{"id":"ccc-wuerzburg","kind":"institution","name":"Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg","aka":"CCC Mainfranken\nUniversitätsklinikum Würzburg\nNCT WERA","tldr":"The university where Röntgen discovered X-rays, now a world centre for CAR-T and bispecific antibodies in multiple myeloma under Hermann Einsele.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/ccc-wuerzburg/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma aml dlbcl"},{"id":"uct-mainz","kind":"institution","name":"University Cancer Center Mainz (UCT Mainz) / Universitätsmedizin Mainz","aka":"Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz\nTRON\nHI-TRON Mainz","tldr":"The university medical centre where Uğur Şahin and Özlem Türeci built the science behind BioNTech and personalised mRNA cancer vaccines.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/uct-mainz/","cancers":"melanoma pancreatic colorectal"},{"id":"uk-duesseldorf","kind":"institution","name":"University Hospital Düsseldorf / CIO Düsseldorf","aka":"Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf\nUKD\nCentrum für Integrierte Onkologie Aachen Bonn Köln Düsseldorf","tldr":"Düsseldorf's university hospital, a partner in the CIO cancer centre alliance and a leading site for FAPI and PSMA imaging under Frederik Giesel.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/uk-duesseldorf/","cancers":"prostate neuroendocrine hcc all-leukemia"},{"id":"mdc-berlin","kind":"institution","name":"Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine","aka":"MDC\nMax-Delbrück-Centrum\nMax Delbrück Center","tldr":"Berlin's Helmholtz molecular medicine institute, whose cancer research spans T-cell receptor therapies, single-cell biology and systems medicine.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/mdc-berlin/","cancers":"dlbcl melanoma colorectal"},{"id":"barts-cancer-institute","kind":"institution","name":"Barts Cancer Institute / Barts Health NHS Trust","aka":"BCI\nSt Bartholomew's Hospital\nBarts Cancer Centre","tldr":"London's oldest hospital paired with Queen Mary's cancer institute, known for pancreatic cancer, blood cancers and tumour microenvironment research.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/barts-cancer-institute/","cancers":"pancreatic cll dlbcl prostate nsclc"},{"id":"uclh","kind":"institution","name":"University College London Hospitals / UCL Cancer Institute","aka":"UCLH\nUCL Cancer Institute\nUCLH Proton Beam Therapy Centre","tldr":"Central London's university hospital and one of two NHS proton beam therapy centres, backed by UCL's cancer institute and its CAR-T and lung cancer evolution research.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/uclh/","cancers":"nsclc all-leukemia prostate dlbcl pancreatic lung-cancer"},{"id":"guys-st-thomas","kind":"institution","name":"Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust / King's Health Partners Cancer Centre","aka":"Guy's Cancer Centre\nGSTT\nKing's College London Comprehensive Cancer Centre","tldr":"South London's cancer centre with King's College London, strong in breast and prostate cancer, radiotherapy and large screening trials such as NHS-Galleri.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/guys-st-thomas/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive prostate urothelial skin-cancer basal-cell-carcinoma cutaneous-scc merkel-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"leeds-cancer-centre","kind":"institution","name":"Leeds Cancer Centre, St James's University Hospital","aka":"Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust\nBexley Wing\nLeeds Institute of Medical Research","tldr":"One of the largest cancer centres in the UK, known for colorectal cancer pathology and trials, melanoma research, myeloma and MR-guided radiotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/leeds-cancer-centre/","cancers":"colorectal melanoma multiple-myeloma dlbcl pancreatic rectal-cancer nsclc lung-cancer skin-cancer basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"newcastle-cancer-centre","kind":"institution","name":"Newcastle Cancer Centre / Northern Centre for Cancer Care","aka":"Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust\nFreeman Hospital\nNewcastle University Centre for Cancer","tldr":"Newcastle's cancer centre serves the North East and Cumbria; its chemists and pharmacologists discovered rucaparib, the first PARP inhibitor to reach patients, and Ruth Plummer led its first-in-human trial in 2003, while the Wolfson centre leads medulloblastoma research.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/newcastle-cancer-centre/","cancers":"ovarian neuroblastoma all-leukemia glioblastoma pancreatic colorectal nsclc lung-cancer skin-cancer basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"beatson-glasgow","kind":"institution","name":"Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre / CRUK Scotland Institute","aka":"The Beatson\nCancer Research UK Beatson Institute\nBeatson Institute for Cancer Research","tldr":"Scotland's largest cancer centre, named after the surgeon who first used endocrine therapy for breast cancer, next to a leading cancer biology institute.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/beatson-glasgow/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive pancreatic colorectal hcc"},{"id":"edinburgh-cancer-centre","kind":"institution","name":"Edinburgh Cancer Centre / CRUK Scotland Centre","aka":"Western General Hospital\nInstitute of Genetics and Cancer\nNHS Lothian cancer services","tldr":"Edinburgh's cancer centre at the Western General, backed by the university's Institute of Genetics and Cancer and known for breast, colorectal genetics and brain tumour research.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/edinburgh-cancer-centre/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal glioblastoma ovarian"},{"id":"velindre-cardiff","kind":"institution","name":"Velindre Cancer Centre","aka":"Velindre University NHS Trust\nCanolfan Ganser Felindre","tldr":"Wales's specialist non-surgical cancer centre, providing radiotherapy and systemic therapy for south-east Wales and hosting the Wales Cancer Research Centre.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/velindre-cardiff/","cancers":"nsclc colorectal prostate head-and-neck skin-cancer cutaneous-scc"},{"id":"oxford-cancer","kind":"institution","name":"Oxford Cancer (Oxford University Hospitals and University of Oxford)","aka":"Churchill Hospital Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre\nCRUK Oxford Centre\nOxford Institute for Radiation Oncology","tldr":"Oxford's cancer partnership, combining the Churchill Hospital with the university's radiation oncology, Ludwig and early detection institutes and a deep drug and diagnostics spin-out tradition.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/oxford-cancer/","cancers":"melanoma colorectal ovarian aml pancreatic prostate"},{"id":"cruk-cambridge-centre","kind":"institution","name":"Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre / CRUK Cambridge Institute","aka":"Addenbrooke's Hospital\nCambridge University Hospitals\nLi Ka Shing Centre","tldr":"The Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre unites the university, Addenbrooke's and the CRUK Cambridge Institute; its landmark work includes METABRIC breast cancer genomics, the circulating tumour DNA methods behind Inivata, and the Cytosponge test for oesophageal cancer.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/cruk-cambridge-centre/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive esophageal glioblastoma ovarian"},{"id":"southampton-cancer","kind":"institution","name":"University Hospital Southampton / Centre for Cancer Immunology","aka":"UHS\nSouthampton Centre for Cancer Immunology\nCRUK Southampton Centre","tldr":"Southampton's university hospital and the UK's first purpose-built cancer immunology centre, known for antibody engineering and lymphoma trials.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/southampton-cancer/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl cll nsclc pancreatic tnbc"},{"id":"cruk-manchester-institute","kind":"institution","name":"Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute","aka":"Paterson Institute for Cancer Research\nCRUK MI\nPaterson Building","tldr":"The Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute sits beside The Christie; Caroline Dive's group pioneered small-cell lung cancer models grown from circulating tumour cells and leads the circulating tumour DNA work of TRACERx, and the institute anchors the Manchester Cancer Research Centre.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/cruk-manchester-institute/","cancers":"sclc nsclc melanoma aml"},{"id":"great-ormond-street","kind":"institution","name":"Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children","aka":"GOSH\nUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health","tldr":"London's children's hospital, where gene-edited 'universal' CAR-T cells were first given to a child with leukaemia.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/great-ormond-street/","cancers":"all-leukemia neuroblastoma aml glioblastoma"},{"id":"wellcome-sanger","kind":"institution","name":"Wellcome Sanger Institute","aka":"Sanger Institute\nSanger Centre","tldr":"The UK genome institute whose Cancer Genome Project found the BRAF mutation in melanoma, built COSMIC and defined mutational signatures.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/wellcome-sanger/","cancers":"melanoma esophageal colorectal"},{"id":"embl-ebi","kind":"institution","name":"EMBL's European Bioinformatics Institute","aka":"EMBL-EBI\nEuropean Bioinformatics Institute\nEuropean Molecular Biology Laboratory","tldr":"Europe's public data institute for molecular biology, running Ensembl, ChEMBL, Europe PMC, the European Genome-phenome Archive and Open Targets.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/embl-ebi/"},{"id":"birmingham-cancer-centre","kind":"institution","name":"University Hospitals Birmingham / University of Birmingham Cancer Research Centre","aka":"Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham\nCRUK Clinical Trials Unit Birmingham\nInstitute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences","tldr":"Birmingham's Queen Elizabeth Hospital is the West Midlands' cancer centre, with one of the UK's largest stem cell transplant programmes; the university's Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit ran POUT in upper-tract urothelial cancer and FOxTROT in colon cancer, plus paediatric leukaemia trials.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/birmingham-cancer-centre/","cancers":"urothelial colorectal all-leukemia hodgkin-lymphoma pancreatic rectal-cancer nsclc lung-cancer skin-cancer merkel-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"erasmus-mc","kind":"institution","name":"Erasmus MC Cancer Institute","aka":"Erasmus MC\nDaniel den Hoed\nErasmus University Medical Center","tldr":"Rotterdam's OECI-accredited comprehensive cancer centre, where peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with lutetium-177 was pioneered and Europe's largest screening trials were led.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/erasmus-mc/","cancers":"neuroendocrine prostate nsclc sarcoma glioblastoma"},{"id":"umc-utrecht","kind":"institution","name":"UMC Utrecht Cancer Center","aka":"University Medical Center Utrecht\nUtrecht Cancer Center","tldr":"The Dutch university cancer centre that invented the MR-linac and sits at the heart of the Utrecht organoid and Oncode ecosystem.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/umc-utrecht/","cancers":"prostate head-and-neck colorectal pancreatic"},{"id":"princess-maxima","kind":"institution","name":"Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology","aka":"Prinses Máxima Centrum\nMáxima","tldr":"The national children's cancer centre of the Netherlands, which concentrates all Dutch paediatric oncology care and research on one Utrecht campus.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/princess-maxima/","cancers":"all-leukemia aml neuroblastoma glioblastoma sarcoma"},{"id":"lumc-leiden","kind":"institution","name":"Leiden University Medical Center","aka":"LUMC\nLeiden Oncology Center","tldr":"Leiden's university hospital, a cradle of therapeutic cancer vaccines and tumour immunology and the base for the Dutch TME rectal cancer trial.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/lumc-leiden/","cancers":"cervical colorectal sarcoma melanoma"},{"id":"uz-leuven","kind":"institution","name":"UZ Leuven / Leuven Cancer Institute","aka":"Leuvens Kankerinstituut\nLKI\nUniversity Hospitals Leuven","tldr":"Belgium's largest university hospital and an OECI-accredited comprehensive cancer centre, with world-class gastrointestinal, gynaecological and angiogenesis research.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/uz-leuven/","cancers":"colorectal ovarian pancreatic melanoma cervical"},{"id":"institut-jules-bordet","kind":"institution","name":"Institut Jules Bordet","aka":"Jules Bordet Institute\nBordet\nHôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles","tldr":"Belgium's only hospital devoted entirely to cancer, birthplace of the Breast International Group and a world centre for breast cancer trials.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/institut-jules-bordet/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive breast-hr-positive tnbc dlbcl"},{"id":"uz-gent","kind":"institution","name":"Ghent University Hospital / Cancer Research Institute Ghent","aka":"UZ Gent\nCRIG\nKankercentrum UZ Gent","tldr":"Ghent's OECI-accredited university cancer centre, known for neuroblastoma genomics, early-phase trials and immuno-oncology.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/uz-gent/","cancers":"neuroblastoma melanoma head-and-neck prostate"},{"id":"hospital-clinic-barcelona","kind":"institution","name":"Hospital Clínic de Barcelona / IDIBAPS","aka":"Hospital Clínic\nIDIBAPS\nClínic Barcelona Comprehensive Cancer Center","tldr":"Barcelona's university hospital, home of the BCLC liver cancer staging system, the first European academic CAR-T and leading breast and lymphoma genomics.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/hospital-clinic-barcelona/","cancers":"hcc cll all-leukemia breast-hr-positive multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"12-de-octubre","kind":"institution","name":"Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre","aka":"H12O\ni+12 Research Institute","tldr":"One of Madrid's largest hospitals, a leading site for lung cancer and myeloma trials and for academic CAR-T development.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/12-de-octubre/","cancers":"sclc nsclc multiple-myeloma aml"},{"id":"la-fe-valencia","kind":"institution","name":"Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe","aka":"Hospital La Fe\nIIS La Fe","tldr":"Valencia's flagship public hospital, with a haematology department that shaped the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukaemia through the PETHEMA group.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/la-fe-valencia/","cancers":"aml all-leukemia breast-hr-positive colorectal"},{"id":"cun-navarra","kind":"institution","name":"Cancer Center Clínica Universidad de Navarra / CIMA","aka":"CCUN\nClínica Universidad de Navarra\nCIMA Universidad de Navarra","tldr":"The University of Navarra's cancer centre in Pamplona and Madrid, known for myeloma, immunotherapy research and one of Spain's first proton therapy units.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/cun-navarra/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma hcc melanoma nsclc"},{"id":"cnio","kind":"institution","name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO)","aka":"Spanish National Cancer Research Centre\nCNIO","tldr":"Spain's national cancer research centre, founded by RAS pioneer Mariano Barbacid and known for oncogene, telomere and senescence biology.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/cnio/","cancers":"pancreatic nsclc melanoma breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"incliva-valencia","kind":"institution","name":"INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute / Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia","aka":"INCLIVA\nHospital Clínico de Valencia","tldr":"Valencia's university hospital and research institute, base of former ESMO president Andrés Cervantes and a leading gastrointestinal and breast oncology group.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/incliva-valencia/","cancers":"colorectal gastric breast-hr-positive pancreatic"},{"id":"hospital-del-mar","kind":"institution","name":"Hospital del Mar / Hospital del Mar Research Institute","aka":"IMIM\nParc de Salut Mar","tldr":"Barcelona's seaside university hospital, whose research institute under Joaquín Arribas leads HER2 biology and CAR-T against breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/hospital-del-mar/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive breast-hr-positive colorectal"},{"id":"candiolo","kind":"institution","name":"Istituto di Candiolo IRCCS (FPO)","aka":"Candiolo Cancer Institute\nFondazione Piemontese per l'Oncologia\nIRCCS Candiolo\nINOC - Istituto Nazionale Oncologico Candiolo\nIstituto Nazionale Oncologico Candiolo","tldr":"Piedmont's cancer institute near Turin, a world reference for colorectal cancer genomics, patient-derived xenografts and MET biology.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/candiolo/","cancers":"colorectal gastric breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"pascale-naples","kind":"institution","name":"Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale","aka":"Pascale\nINT Napoli\nNational Cancer Institute of Naples","tldr":"The Fondazione Pascale in Naples is the national cancer institute for southern Italy; Paolo Ascierto's unit was a lead investigator in the CheckMate and RELATIVITY melanoma trials, and Nicola Normanno's group is a reference for liquid biopsy in lung and colorectal cancer.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/pascale-naples/","cancers":"melanoma nsclc colorectal hcc"},{"id":"regina-elena-rome","kind":"institution","name":"IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute","aka":"Istituto Nazionale Tumori Regina Elena\nIFO\nIstituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri","tldr":"Rome's national cancer institute, which coordinates Italy's Alliance Against Cancer research network.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/regina-elena-rome/","cancers":"melanoma nsclc breast-hr-positive ovarian"},{"id":"humanitas","kind":"institution","name":"IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital","aka":"Humanitas Cancer Center\nIstituto Clinico Humanitas","tldr":"A Milan research hospital known for Alberto Mantovani's work on tumour-associated macrophages and for stereotactic radiotherapy and liver cancer trials.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/humanitas/","cancers":"hcc cholangiocarcinoma dlbcl nsclc"},{"id":"iov-veneto","kind":"institution","name":"Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS","aka":"IOV\nVeneto Institute of Oncology","tldr":"The Veneto region's OECI-accredited comprehensive cancer centre in Padua, strong in breast cancer trials, melanoma and tumour immunology.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/iov-veneto/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive breast-hr-positive melanoma colorectal"},{"id":"sant-orsola-bologna","kind":"institution","name":"IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Policlinico Sant'Orsola","aka":"Sant'Orsola-Malpighi\nPoliclinico Sant'Orsola\nIstituto di Ematologia Seràgnoli","tldr":"Bologna's university hospital, home of the Seràgnoli haematology institute and a leading Italian centre for myeloma, lymphoma and CAR-T.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/sant-orsola-bologna/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma dlbcl hodgkin-lymphoma aml nsclc"},{"id":"irst-meldola","kind":"institution","name":"IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori 'Dino Amadori' (IRST)","aka":"IRST Meldola\nIRST IRCCS","tldr":"The Romagna cancer institute, known for radioligand therapy, nuclear medicine and genitourinary and sarcoma trials.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/irst-meldola/","cancers":"neuroendocrine prostate sarcoma urothelial"},{"id":"san-raffaele","kind":"institution","name":"IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele","aka":"San Raffaele Hospital\nOSR\nUniversità Vita-Salute San Raffaele","tldr":"Milan's research hospital known for engineered T-cell therapies, gene therapy, high-volume pancreatic surgery and HER2 breast cancer trials.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/san-raffaele/","cancers":"all-leukemia aml pancreatic breast-her2-positive neuroendocrine"},{"id":"rigshospitalet","kind":"institution","name":"Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital","aka":"Rigshospitalet\nCopenhagen University Hospital\nCopenhagen Comprehensive Cancer Center\nCopenhagen Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCCC)","tldr":"Denmark's national referral hospital, a leading Nordic centre for haematology, phase 1 trials and, with Herlev, tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte therapy.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/rigshospitalet/","cancers":"cll aml dlbcl melanoma nsclc"},{"id":"aarhus-university-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Aarhus University Hospital","aka":"AUH\nDanish Centre for Particle Therapy","tldr":"Aarhus University Hospital hosts the Danish Centre for Particle Therapy, the national proton facility opened in 2019; its oncology department under Jens Overgaard has run the DAHANCA head and neck trials that established accelerated fractionation and the radiosensitiser nimorazole.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/aarhus-university-hospital/","cancers":"head-and-neck prostate melanoma breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"oslo-radium-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital","aka":"Radiumhospitalet\nInstitute for Cancer Research Oslo\nOUS","tldr":"Norway's national cancer hospital and research institute, where the alpha emitter radium-223 (Xofigo) and Photocure's bladder imaging agent were born.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/oslo-radium-hospital/","cancers":"prostate sarcoma colorectal urothelial melanoma"},{"id":"helsinki-hus","kind":"institution","name":"HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital","aka":"HUS Syöpäkeskus\nHelsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center\nHUCH Cancer Center","tldr":"Finland's largest cancer centre and an OECI-accredited comprehensive cancer centre, known for hereditary cancer genetics and functional precision medicine in leukaemia.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/helsinki-hus/","cancers":"colorectal aml dlbcl breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"uppsala-akademiska","kind":"institution","name":"Uppsala University Hospital / Uppsala University","aka":"Akademiska sjukhuset\nSkandion Clinic\nRudbeck Laboratory","tldr":"Uppsala University Hospital is Sweden's oldest; its neuroendocrine tumour centre built by Kjell Öberg is an ENETS Centre of Excellence with long experience of somatostatin analogues and radionuclide therapy, and Sweden's national Skandion proton clinic opened next door in 2015.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/uppsala-akademiska/","cancers":"neuroendocrine colorectal prostate glioblastoma"},{"id":"lund-skane","kind":"institution","name":"Skåne University Hospital / Lund University Cancer Centre","aka":"SUS\nLUCC\nLund University Cancer Centre","tldr":"Southern Sweden's university hospital and Lund University's cancer centre, known for the population-wide SCAN-B breast cancer sequencing project.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/lund-skane/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc prostate melanoma"},{"id":"sahlgrenska","kind":"institution","name":"Sahlgrenska University Hospital / Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research","aka":"Sahlgrenska\nGothenburg University Hospital","tldr":"Western Sweden's university hospital, with a cancer research centre known for melanoma models, radionuclide dosimetry and childhood cancer.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/sahlgrenska/","cancers":"melanoma neuroblastoma colorectal esophageal"},{"id":"usz-zurich","kind":"institution","name":"University Hospital Zurich / Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich","aka":"USZ\nCCCZ\nUniversitätsSpital Zürich","tldr":"Zurich's university hospital and cancer centre, a world reference in neuro-oncology, melanoma and single-cell tumour imaging.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/usz-zurich/","cancers":"glioblastoma melanoma dlbcl nsclc"},{"id":"chuv-lausanne","kind":"institution","name":"Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) / Ludwig Institute Lausanne","aka":"CHUV\nCentre hospitalier universitaire vaudois\nSwiss Cancer Center Léman\nAGORA Cancer Research Center","tldr":"Lausanne's university hospital and Ludwig branch, home of the temozolomide glioblastoma trial, Solange Peters and a leading personalised T-cell therapy programme.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/chuv-lausanne/","cancers":"glioblastoma ovarian nsclc melanoma"},{"id":"hug-geneva","kind":"institution","name":"Geneva University Hospitals (HUG)","aka":"HUG\nHôpitaux Universitaires de Genève\nCentre des cancers HUG","tldr":"Geneva University Hospitals form part of the Swiss Cancer Center Léman with Lausanne; Denis Migliorini's neuro-oncology group develops CAR-T cells against glioblastoma, one of Europe's first academic efforts, and the hospital houses Switzerland's oldest population-based cancer registry.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/hug-geneva/","cancers":"glioblastoma breast-hr-positive dlbcl melanoma"},{"id":"inselspital-bern","kind":"institution","name":"Inselspital, Bern University Hospital / University Cancer Center Inselspital","aka":"Inselspital\nUCI Bern\nBern Center for Precision Medicine","tldr":"Bern's university hospital, a high-volume radioligand therapy centre and home to the Bern Center for Precision Medicine and the SAKK trial group.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/inselspital-bern/","cancers":"prostate neuroendocrine glioblastoma nsclc"},{"id":"usb-basel","kind":"institution","name":"University Hospital Basel / Tumour Centre","aka":"USB\nUniversitätsspital Basel\nTumorzentrum Basel","tldr":"University Hospital Basel coordinates cancer care in the home city of Roche and Novartis; its groups run early-phase tumour immunology trials, study breast cancer metastasis, and develop peptide radioligands such as exendin-based imaging of insulinomas.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/usb-basel/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive nsclc neuroendocrine ovarian"},{"id":"ccc-vienna","kind":"institution","name":"Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna / AKH","aka":"CCC Vienna\nMedUni Wien\nAllgemeines Krankenhaus Wien","tldr":"Austria's leading academic cancer centre at the Vienna General Hospital, known for the ABCSG breast trials, brain metastasis research and the MedAustron ion therapy centre.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/ccc-vienna/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive glioblastoma cll dlbcl colorectal"},{"id":"ipo-porto","kind":"institution","name":"Instituto Português de Oncologia do Porto Francisco Gentil","aka":"IPO Porto\nIPO-Porto","tldr":"Northern Portugal's dedicated cancer hospital, an OECI-accredited comprehensive cancer centre known for hereditary cancer genetics and epigenetic biomarkers.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/ipo-porto/","cancers":"prostate gastric colorectal breast-hr-positive ovarian"},{"id":"ipo-lisboa","kind":"institution","name":"Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil","aka":"IPO Lisboa\nIPO-Lisboa\nInstituto Português de Oncologia","tldr":"Portugal's first cancer institute, founded in 1923 by Francisco Gentil, and the national reference cancer hospital for the Lisbon region.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/ipo-lisboa/","cancers":"all-leukemia breast-hr-positive sarcoma colorectal"},{"id":"champalimaud","kind":"institution","name":"Champalimaud Foundation, Champalimaud Clinical Centre","aka":"Fundação Champalimaud\nChampalimaud Centre for the Unknown","tldr":"Lisbon's private research foundation and clinic, known for advanced breast cancer guidelines, digestive cancer surgery and cancer-neuroscience research.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/champalimaud/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive colorectal pancreatic"},{"id":"nio-warsaw","kind":"institution","name":"Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology","aka":"NIO-PIB\nCentrum Onkologii\nInstytut im. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie\nMaria Sklodowska- Curie National Research Institute of Oncology\nMaria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology","tldr":"Poland's national cancer institute, founded on Marie Curie's initiative in 1932, with branches in Gliwice and Kraków and the national cancer registry.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/nio-warsaw/","cancers":"melanoma sarcoma nsclc breast-hr-positive colorectal"},{"id":"mou-brno","kind":"institution","name":"Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute","aka":"Masarykův onkologický ústav\nMOÚ\nMMCI","tldr":"The Czech Republic's only dedicated comprehensive cancer centre, OECI-accredited and known for its RECAMO translational research centre.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/mou-brno/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal melanoma prostate"},{"id":"noi-budapest","kind":"institution","name":"National Institute of Oncology, Hungary","aka":"Országos Onkológiai Intézet\nOOI\nNational Tumour Biology Laboratory","tldr":"Hungary's national cancer institute, home to the national cancer registry and a leading breast brachytherapy programme.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/noi-budapest/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive melanoma colorectal head-and-neck"},{"id":"onkoloski-institut-ljubljana","kind":"institution","name":"Institute of Oncology Ljubljana","aka":"Onkološki inštitut Ljubljana\nOIL","tldr":"Slovenia's national cancer centre, OECI-accredited, home of one of Europe's oldest cancer registries and a pioneer of electrochemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/onkoloski-institut-ljubljana/","cancers":"melanoma head-and-neck breast-hr-positive colorectal"},{"id":"sheba","kind":"institution","name":"Sheba Medical Center","aka":"Chaim Sheba Medical Center\nTel HaShomer\nSheba Cancer Center","tldr":"Israel's largest hospital, whose cancer centre led the POLO trial of olaparib in pancreatic cancer and runs one of the world's few TIL therapy programmes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/sheba/","cancers":"pancreatic melanoma breast-hr-positive dlbcl"},{"id":"hadassah","kind":"institution","name":"Hadassah Medical Center","aka":"Hadassah University Hospital\nSharett Institute of Oncology\nHadassah Ein Kerem","tldr":"Jerusalem's university hospital and Sharett Institute of Oncology, known for in-house CAR-T, BRCA founder mutation research and melanoma immunotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/hadassah/","cancers":"all-leukemia dlbcl multiple-myeloma breast-hr-positive melanoma"},{"id":"tel-aviv-sourasky","kind":"institution","name":"Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center","aka":"Ichilov Hospital\nSourasky\nTel Aviv Medical Center","tldr":"Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (Ichilov) is Tel Aviv University's main teaching hospital; its oncology division runs a large trial programme in gastrointestinal, breast and genitourinary cancers, and Ofer Merimsky's unit is Israel's reference centre for sarcoma.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/tel-aviv-sourasky/","cancers":"colorectal sarcoma glioblastoma breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"rambam","kind":"institution","name":"Rambam Health Care Campus","aka":"Rambam Medical Center\nRambam Hospital","tldr":"Northern Israel's tertiary hospital, affiliated with the Technion, where the ubiquitin-proteasome discoveries behind proteasome inhibitors and degraders were made.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/rambam/","cancers":"colorectal multiple-myeloma breast-hr-positive aml"},{"id":"weizmann","kind":"institution","name":"Weizmann Institute of Science","aka":"Weizmann Institute\nMoross Integrated Cancer Center","tldr":"Israel's basic research institute, whose HER receptor, p53, single-cell immunology and microbiome discoveries have shaped cancer biology.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/weizmann/","cancers":"melanoma breast-her2-positive colorectal aml"},{"id":"shaare-zedek","kind":"institution","name":"Shaare Zedek Medical Center","aka":"Sha'are Zedek\nShaarei Tzedek","tldr":"Jerusalem's community-facing academic hospital, home of ESMO-MCBS architect Nathan Cherny and leading BRCA population screening research.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/shaare-zedek/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive ovarian colorectal"},{"id":"hacettepe-cancer-institute","kind":"institution","name":"Hacettepe University Cancer Institute","aka":"Hacettepe Üniversitesi Kanser Enstitüsü\nHacettepe Oncology Hospital","tldr":"Turkey's pioneering academic cancer institute in Ankara, with strong paediatric oncology, radiation oncology and preventive oncology programmes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/hacettepe-cancer-institute/","cancers":"neuroblastoma head-and-neck cervical breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"istanbul-oncology-institute","kind":"institution","name":"Istanbul University Institute of Oncology","aka":"İstanbul Üniversitesi Onkoloji Enstitüsü\nÇapa Oncology Institute","tldr":"Istanbul University's Institute of Oncology, established in 1982, combines medical, radiation and paediatric oncology with cancer epidemiology; its breast programme is one of Turkey's largest, its paediatric unit is a national referral centre, and it trains a large share of Turkish oncologists.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/istanbul-oncology-institute/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive neuroblastoma nsclc head-and-neck"},{"id":"ecco","kind":"institution","name":"European Cancer Organisation","aka":"ECCO\nE.C.O.\nFederation of European Cancer Societies","tldr":"The Brussels-based federation of European oncology societies and patient groups that speaks for the whole cancer community on policy.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/ecco/"},{"id":"eacr","kind":"institution","name":"European Association for Cancer Research","aka":"EACR","tldr":"Europe's professional society for cancer researchers, running the EACR Congress and the open-access journal Molecular Oncology.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/eacr/"},{"id":"oeci","kind":"institution","name":"Organisation of European Cancer Institutes","aka":"OECI\nOECI-EEIG","tldr":"The network of European cancer 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partnership that plans and improves cancer services across its hospitals, GPs and community services.","tags":"nhs-cancer-alliance","route":"/institutions/peninsula-cancer-alliance/"},{"id":"mother-teresa-hospital-tirana","kind":"institution","name":"University Hospital Center \"Mother Teresa\", Tirana","aka":"Qendra Spitalore Universitare Nënë Tereza\nQSUT\nMother Teresa Hospital","tldr":"Albania's main university hospital in Tirana, the country's largest, and an associate member of the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/mother-teresa-hospital-tirana/"},{"id":"institut-sainte-catherine","kind":"institution","name":"Institut Sainte Catherine","aka":"Institut du Cancer Avignon-Provence\nICAP","tldr":"A private non-profit cancer centre in Avignon, Provence, offering radiotherapy, chemotherapy and supportive care, and an associate member of the Organisation of European Cancer 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Slovak Academy of Sciences' biomedical research centre in Bratislava, which includes the Cancer Research Institute, and an associate member of the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/biomedical-research-center-sas/"},{"id":"aecc","kind":"institution","name":"Spanish Association Against Cancer (AECC)","aka":"Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer\nContra el Cáncer","tldr":"Spain's national cancer charity, founded in 1953 and based in Madrid, which funds research through its scientific foundation and supports patients across the country, and an associate member of the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/aecc/"},{"id":"tatarstan-cancer-center","kind":"institution","name":"Tatarstan Cancer Center, Kazan","aka":"Republican Clinical Oncology Dispensary of Tatarstan\nРеспубликанский клинический онкологический диспансер\nTCC","tldr":"The regional cancer hospital for the Republic of Tatarstan in Kazan, founded in 1946, and an associate member of the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/tatarstan-cancer-center/"},{"id":"mid-western-cancer-centre","kind":"institution","name":"Mid-Western Cancer Centre, University Hospital Limerick","aka":"University Hospital Limerick cancer centre\nUHL Cancer Centre\nMid-Western Regional Hospital","tldr":"The cancer centre of University Hospital Limerick, serving Ireland's Mid-West, and a full member of the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/mid-western-cancer-centre/"},{"id":"nmrrc-moscow","kind":"institution","name":"National Medical Research Radiological Centre (NMRRC)","aka":"Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр радиологии\nНМИЦ радиологии\nHerzen Moscow Oncology Research Institute","tldr":"Russia's federal radiology and oncology research centre, headquartered in Moscow with the Herzen institute and a branch in Obninsk, and an associate member of the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/nmrrc-moscow/"},{"id":"aidport","kind":"institution","name":"AidPort Clinical Trial Hospital","aka":"AidPort","tldr":"A clinical trials hospital in Poznań, Poland, running cancer studies, and an associate member of the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/aidport/"},{"id":"institut-strauss","kind":"institution","name":"Institut Strauss","aka":"Institut de cancérologie Strasbourg Europe\nICANS","tldr":"The cancer centre of Strasbourg and Alsace, and a full member of the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/institut-strauss/"},{"id":"capio-st-goran","kind":"institution","name":"Capio S:t Göran's Hospital","aka":"Capio St Görans Sjukhus\nS:t Görans sjukhus","tldr":"A privately run emergency hospital in Stockholm working within the Swedish public system, and a full member of the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/capio-st-goran/"},{"id":"heart-and-brain-pleven","kind":"institution","name":"Heart and Brain Hospital, Pleven","aka":"Многопрофилна болница за активно лечение Сърце и Мозък Плевен\nHeart and Brain Center of Excellence Pleven","tldr":"A multi-specialty hospital in Pleven, Bulgaria, with a cancer centre, and a full member of the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/heart-and-brain-pleven/"},{"id":"bjcn","kind":"institution","name":"Bulgarian Joint Cancer Network (BJCN)","aka":"Съвместна онкологична национална мрежа\nСОНМ","tldr":"A national network of Bulgarian cancer hospitals and specialists based in Sofia, and an associate member of the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/bjcn/"},{"id":"iba-masaryk","kind":"institution","name":"Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University","aka":"Institut biostatistiky a analýz\nIBA MU","tldr":"Masaryk University's biostatistics institute in Brno, which runs Czech cancer registries and data analyses, and an associate member of the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/iba-masaryk/"},{"id":"fondazione-the-bridge","kind":"institution","name":"Fondazione The Bridge","aka":"Fondazione The Bridge ETS","tldr":"A Milan-based foundation working on health policy, patient rights and research in cancer, and an associate member of the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/fondazione-the-bridge/"},{"id":"cancer-free-future-association","kind":"institution","name":"Cancer Free Future Association (CFFA)","aka":"Asociația Cancer Free Future\nCFFA","tldr":"A Romanian association based in Cluj-Napoca working on cancer prevention and patient support, and an associate member of the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/cancer-free-future-association/"},{"id":"sgccn","kind":"institution","name":"Stockholm Gotland Comprehensive Cancer Network (SGCCN)","aka":"RCC Stockholm Gotland\nRegionalt cancercentrum Stockholm Gotland","tldr":"The cancer network for the Stockholm and Gotland regions, built on the regional cancer centre RCC Stockholm Gotland, listed by the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes as a linked institution.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/sgccn/"},{"id":"ramon-y-cajal","kind":"institution","name":"Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal","aka":"Ramón y Cajal University Hospital\nHospital Ramón y Cajal\nIRYCIS","tldr":"A large public university hospital in north Madrid, opened in 1977, with a full cancer service and research institute, and a full member of the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/ramon-y-cajal/"},{"id":"clinico-san-carlos","kind":"institution","name":"Hospital Clínico San 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with a cancer service and a strong transplant record, and a full member of the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/puerta-de-hierro/"},{"id":"herlev-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital","aka":"Herlev og Gentofte Hospital\nHerlev Hospital\nCopenhagen Comprehensive Cancer Center at Herlev","tldr":"The large Copenhagen University Hospital site at Herlev, opened in 1976, home to one of Denmark's biggest cancer departments and part of the Copenhagen Comprehensive Cancer Center, a full member of the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/herlev-hospital/"},{"id":"greater-poland-cancer-centre","kind":"institution","name":"Greater Poland Cancer Centre","aka":"Wielkopolskie Centrum Onkologii\nWCO Poznań","tldr":"Poznań's regional cancer centre, founded in 1953, with radiotherapy, surgery, chemotherapy and a medical physics research tradition, and a full member of the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/greater-poland-cancer-centre/"},{"id":"henri-mondor","kind":"institution","name":"AP-HP Henri-Mondor University Hospitals Cancer Institute","aka":"Hôpital Henri-Mondor\nCHU Henri-Mondor\nInstitut Universitaire du Cancer AP-HP Henri-Mondor","tldr":"The cancer institute of the Henri-Mondor university hospitals in Créteil, south-east of Paris, one of the Paris public hospital group's cancer institutes and a full member of the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/henri-mondor/"},{"id":"king-albert-ii-cancer-institute","kind":"institution","name":"King Albert II Cancer Institute, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc","aka":"Institut Roi Albert II\nCliniques universitaires Saint-Luc\nSaint-Luc University Hospital\nUCLouvain Saint-Luc","tldr":"The cancer institute of the Saint-Luc university hospital in Brussels, the teaching hospital of UCLouvain opened in 1976, and a full member of the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/king-albert-ii-cancer-institute/"},{"id":"blokhin-cancer-center","kind":"institution","name":"N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology","aka":"НМИЦ онкологии им. Н. Н. Блохина\nBlokhin Cancer Center\nN.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Centre\nРоссийский онкологический научный центр им. Н. Н. Блохина","tldr":"Russia's largest cancer centre, in Moscow, made up of five research institutes including a children's oncology institute, and an associate member of the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/blokhin-cancer-center/"},{"id":"aphp-paris-saclay-cancer-institute","kind":"institution","name":"AP-HP Paris-Saclay University Hospitals Cancer Institute","aka":"Institut du Cancer AP-HP. Université Paris-Saclay\nHôpital Bicêtre\nHôpitaux universitaires Paris-Saclay","tldr":"The cancer institute of the Paris public hospitals' Paris-Saclay group, anchored at Hôpital Bicêtre south of Paris, and a full member of the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/aphp-paris-saclay-cancer-institute/"},{"id":"inc-luxembourg","kind":"institution","name":"Institut National du Cancer, Luxembourg","aka":"INC Luxembourg\nInstitut National du Cancer (INC)","tldr":"Luxembourg's national cancer institute, a coordinating body in Strassen that steers the national cancer plan rather than treating patients, and an associate member of the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/inc-luxembourg/"},{"id":"nci-ukraine","kind":"institution","name":"National Cancer Institute of Ukraine","aka":"Національний інститут раку\nNational Cancer Institute, Kyiv","tldr":"Ukraine's national cancer institute in Kyiv, the country's main specialist cancer hospital and research centre, and an associate member of the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/nci-ukraine/"},{"id":"fican","kind":"institution","name":"Finnish Cancer Center (FICAN)","aka":"Kansallinen syöpäkeskus\nFICAN","tldr":"Finland's national cancer centre, a network of the five university hospital regions coordinated from Helsinki, and a full member of the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/fican/"},{"id":"petrov-institute","kind":"institution","name":"N. N. Petrov National Medical Research Centre of Oncology","aka":"НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Петрова\nФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии имени Н.Н. Петрова» Минздрава России\nPetrov Institute\nNMRC of Oncology named after N.N. Petrov","tldr":"Russia's oldest cancer institute, founded in Leningrad in 1927 by Nikolai Petrov, now the federal cancer centre for the north-west in the Pesochny suburb of Saint Petersburg.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/petrov-institute/"},{"id":"rogachev-centre","kind":"institution","name":"Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Centre of Paediatric Haematology, Oncology and Immunology","aka":"НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева\nНациональный медицинский исследовательский центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии имени Дмитрия Рогачева\nRogachev Centre\nFederal Research Institute of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology","tldr":"Russia's national children's cancer and blood-disease hospital in south-west Moscow, which runs the country's paediatric transplant, immunology and reference-diagnosis programmes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/rogachev-centre/"},{"id":"tomsk-cancer-research-institute","kind":"institution","name":"Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre","aka":"НИИ онкологии Томского НИМЦ\nНаучно-исследовательский институт онкологии Томского национального исследовательского медицинского центра Российской академии наук\nTomsk NRMC Cancer Research Institute\nTomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences","tldr":"The Siberian cancer research institute of the Tomsk National Research Medical Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the single most frequent Russian lead sponsor of cancer trials registered since 2023.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/tomsk-cancer-research-institute/"},{"id":"russco","kind":"institution","name":"Russian Society of Clinical Oncology (RUSSCO)","aka":"Российское общество клинической онкологии\nRUSSCO\nРОКО","tldr":"The professional society that writes Russia's clinical oncology treatment guidelines, runs the annual Russian Oncological Congress and funds a national molecular testing programme.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/russco/"},{"id":"paper-barchuk-registry-validity-acta-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Comparability and validity of cancer registry data in the north-west of Russia","aka":"","tldr":"An audit of ten Russian regional cancer registries against international rules found four of the ten fit to compare with other countries, with morphological verification as low as 62 per cent in some regions and up to 23 per cent of Saint Petersburg cases known only from a death certificate.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-barchuk-registry-validity-acta-oncol-2021/"},{"id":"paper-barchuk-registry-completeness-bmc-cancer-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Completeness of regional cancer registry data in north-west Russia, 2008 to 2017","aka":"","tldr":"Eight of ten north-western Russian cancer registries were judged complete enough for research, but Saint Petersburg, the largest, fell below 90 per cent, and about a tenth of its cases never reached the national annual report.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-barchuk-registry-completeness-bmc-cancer-2023/"},{"id":"paper-tjulandin-prolgolimab-miraculum-ejc-2021","kind":"paper","name":"MIRACULUM: prolgolimab, the first Russian-developed anti-PD-1 antibody, in advanced melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"The trial behind Russia's own PD-1 antibody: 126 patients with advanced melanoma, an objective response in 38 per cent on the fortnightly dose and 29 per cent on the three-weekly dose, and severe treatment-related side effects in 13 and 3 per cent.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-tjulandin-prolgolimab-miraculum-ejc-2021/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"paper-laktionov-prolgolimab-domajor-ejc-2025","kind":"paper","name":"DOMAJOR: prolgolimab with chemotherapy first line in advanced non-squamous lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A 292-patient randomised phase 3 in Russia, China, Hungary and Slovakia in which adding the Russian PD-1 antibody prolgolimab to pemetrexed and platinum roughly halved the risk of death, with the benefit holding in PD-L1-negative tumours.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-laktionov-prolgolimab-domajor-ejc-2025/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"yale-cancer-center","kind":"institution","name":"Yale Cancer Center / Smilow Cancer Hospital","aka":"YCC\nSmilow Cancer Hospital at Yale New Haven","tldr":"Connecticut's only NCI-designated comprehensive cancer centre, on the campus where nitrogen mustard was first given to a cancer patient in 1942, the beginning of chemotherapy.","tags":"nci-designated comprehensive","route":"/institutions/yale-cancer-center/","cancers":"nsclc head-and-neck"},{"id":"az-groeninge-kortrijk","kind":"institution","name":"AZ Groeninge Kortrijk Cancer Centre","aka":"Kortrijk Cancer Centre","tldr":"A large Flemish general hospital whose cancer centre holds OECI Cancer Centre accreditation, one of the few non-university hospitals in Europe to do so.","tags":"oeci-accredited oeci-cancer-centre","route":"/institutions/az-groeninge-kortrijk/"},{"id":"vejle-cancer-centre","kind":"institution","name":"Vejle Hospital Cancer Centre (Lillebaelt Hospital)","aka":"Sygehus Lillebælt Vejle\nVejle Sygehus","tldr":"Denmark's designated 'patients' cancer hospital', a regional centre in Vejle with OECI Cancer Centre accreditation and a strong record in patient-reported outcomes research.","tags":"oeci-accredited oeci-cancer-centre","route":"/institutions/vejle-cancer-centre/","cancers":"colorectal 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tradition.","tags":"oeci-accredited oeci-cancer-centre","route":"/institutions/turku-university-hospital/"},{"id":"tays-cancer-centre","kind":"institution","name":"Tays Cancer Centre, Tampere University Hospital","aka":"FICAN Mid\nTampere University Hospital","tldr":"The university hospital of central Finland and host of the FICAN Mid regional cancer centre, accredited by OECI as a Cancer Centre.","tags":"oeci-accredited oeci-cancer-centre","route":"/institutions/tays-cancer-centre/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"linkoping-university-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Linköping University Hospital Cancer Center","aka":"Universitetssjukhuset i Linköping","tldr":"The university hospital for south-east Sweden, accredited by OECI as a Comprehensive Cancer Centre and home to one of Sweden's regional cancer centres.","tags":"oeci-accredited 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it as a Comprehensive Cancer Centre.","tags":"oeci-accredited oeci-comprehensive-cancer-centre unicancer","route":"/institutions/centre-henri-becquerel/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"centre-eugene-marquis","kind":"institution","name":"Centre Eugène Marquis","aka":"","tldr":"The Unicancer cancer centre for Brittany in Rennes, accredited by OECI as a Comprehensive Cancer Centre.","tags":"oeci-accredited oeci-comprehensive-cancer-centre unicancer","route":"/institutions/centre-eugene-marquis/"},{"id":"ico-angers-nantes","kind":"institution","name":"Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest (ICO)","aka":"ICO Paul Papin\nICO René Gauducheau\nIntegrated Center for Oncology","tldr":"The Unicancer cancer centre for western France, with sites in Angers and Nantes, accredited by OECI as a Comprehensive Cancer Centre.","tags":"oeci-accredited oeci-comprehensive-cancer-centre unicancer","route":"/institutions/ico-angers-nantes/"},{"id":"centre-francois-baclesse","kind":"institution","name":"Centre François Baclesse","aka":"","tldr":"The Unicancer cancer centre for Lower Normandy, an OECI Comprehensive Cancer Centre and the base for Normandy's proton therapy programme.","tags":"oeci-accredited oeci-comprehensive-cancer-centre unicancer","route":"/institutions/centre-francois-baclesse/"},{"id":"aphp-nord-cancer-institute","kind":"institution","name":"Cancer Institute AP-HP Nord, Université Paris Cité","aka":"Institut du Cancer AP-HP. Nord\nHôpital Saint-Louis","tldr":"The northern Paris university hospital cancer institute of AP-HP, built around Hôpital Saint-Louis, Europe's historic home of bone marrow transplantation, and accredited by OECI as a Comprehensive Cancer Centre.","tags":"oeci-accredited oeci-comprehensive-cancer-centre","route":"/institutions/aphp-nord-cancer-institute/","cancers":"aml dlbcl multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"iuc-aphp-sorbonne","kind":"institution","name":"Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie AP-HP Sorbonne Université","aka":"IUC AP-HP. Sorbonne Université\nPitié-Salpêtrière\nHôpital Saint-Antoine\nHôpital Tenon\nAssistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie APHP. Sorbonne Université (IUC APHP.SU)\nIUC APHP.SU","tldr":"The university cancer institute of AP-HP and Sorbonne Université, spanning the Pitié-Salpêtrière, Saint-Antoine and Tenon hospitals, and accredited by OECI as a Comprehensive Cancer Centre.","tags":"oeci-accredited oeci-comprehensive-cancer-centre","route":"/institutions/iuc-aphp-sorbonne/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"carpem-aphp-centre","kind":"institution","name":"Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, AP-HP Centre","aka":"CARPEM\nHôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou\nHôpital Cochin","tldr":"The central Paris university cancer institute of AP-HP, built on the CARPEM personalised medicine programme at the Georges-Pompidou, Cochin and Necker hospitals, and an OECI Comprehensive Cancer Centre.","tags":"oeci-accredited oeci-comprehensive-cancer-centre","route":"/institutions/carpem-aphp-centre/"},{"id":"trinity-st-jamess-cancer-institute","kind":"institution","name":"Trinity St James's Cancer Institute","aka":"TSJCI\nSt James's Hospital Dublin","tldr":"Ireland's first OECI-accredited Comprehensive Cancer Centre, a partnership between St James's Hospital and Trinity College Dublin.","tags":"oeci-accredited oeci-comprehensive-cancer-centre","route":"/institutions/trinity-st-jamess-cancer-institute/"},{"id":"st-vincents-ucd-cancer-centre","kind":"institution","name":"St Vincent's University Hospital / UCD Cancer Centre","aka":"St Vincent's UCD Cancer Centre","tldr":"One of Ireland's eight designated cancer centres, run with University College Dublin and accredited by OECI as a Cancer Centre.","tags":"oeci-accredited oeci-cancer-centre","route":"/institutions/st-vincents-ucd-cancer-centre/"},{"id":"cork-university-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Cork University Hospital / UCC Cancer Centre","aka":"CUH","tldr":"The largest hospital in Ireland and the designated cancer centre for the south of the country, accredited by OECI as a Cancer Centre with University College Cork.","tags":"oeci-accredited oeci-cancer-centre","route":"/institutions/cork-university-hospital/"},{"id":"galway-university-hospital-cancer-centre","kind":"institution","name":"University of Galway / Saolta Cancer Centre","aka":"Galway University Hospitals\nHSE West North West Cancer Centre","tldr":"The designated cancer centre for the west and north-west of Ireland, run by the Saolta hospital group with the University of Galway and accredited by OECI as a Cancer Centre.","tags":"oeci-accredited oeci-cancer-centre","route":"/institutions/galway-university-hospital-cancer-centre/"},{"id":"beaumont-rcsi-cancer-centre","kind":"institution","name":"Beaumont RCSI Cancer Centre","aka":"Beaumont Hospital","tldr":"Beaumont Hospital's designated cancer centre with the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, home of Ireland's national neurosurgery centre and accredited by OECI as a Cancer Centre.","tags":"oeci-accredited oeci-cancer-centre","route":"/institutions/beaumont-rcsi-cancer-centre/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"spedali-civili-brescia","kind":"institution","name":"ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia","aka":"","tldr":"One of Italy's largest public hospitals, the teaching hospital of the University of Brescia and an OECI Comprehensive Cancer Centre.","tags":"oeci-accredited oeci-comprehensive-cancer-centre","route":"/institutions/spedali-civili-brescia/","cancers":"head-and-neck thyroid"},{"id":"sacro-cuore-don-calabria","kind":"institution","name":"IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital","aka":"Ospedale Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Negrar","tldr":"Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital in Negrar, near Verona, is a Catholic non-profit hospital recognised as an IRCCS research hospital; it runs medical oncology, radiotherapy, robotic and hepatobiliary surgery and an early-phase trials unit, and OECI accredits it as a Cancer Centre.","tags":"oeci-accredited oeci-cancer-centre irccs","route":"/institutions/sacro-cuore-don-calabria/"},{"id":"crob-rionero","kind":"institution","name":"IRCCS CROB, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata","aka":"CROB","tldr":"The regional cancer institute of Basilicata in southern Italy, an IRCCS accredited by OECI as a Cancer Centre.","tags":"oeci-accredited oeci-cancer-centre irccs","route":"/institutions/crob-rionero/"},{"id":"istituto-tumori-bari","kind":"institution","name":"IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II","aka":"Istituto Tumori Bari\nIRCCS Oncologico Bari","tldr":"The dedicated cancer institute of Puglia in Bari, an IRCCS accredited by OECI as a Cancer Centre.","tags":"oeci-accredited oeci-cancer-centre irccs","route":"/institutions/istituto-tumori-bari/"},{"id":"san-martino-genoa","kind":"institution","name":"IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino","aka":"San Martino Hospital\nIST Genoa","tldr":"Genoa's university hospital, which absorbed Italy's National Cancer Research Institute (IST) and is an OECI Comprehensive Cancer Centre.","tags":"oeci-accredited oeci-comprehensive-cancer-centre irccs","route":"/institutions/san-martino-genoa/"},{"id":"ausl-irccs-reggio-emilia","kind":"institution","name":"AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia","aka":"Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova\nIRCCS in Tecnologie Avanzate e Modelli Assistenziali in Oncologia","tldr":"The Reggio Emilia health authority and its Santa Maria Nuova hospital, an IRCCS for advanced technologies and care models in oncology and an OECI Comprehensive Cancer Centre.","tags":"oeci-accredited oeci-comprehensive-cancer-centre irccs","route":"/institutions/ausl-irccs-reggio-emilia/"},{"id":"cro-aviano","kind":"institution","name":"Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO)","aka":"CRO Aviano\nIRCCS CRO","tldr":"The national cancer institute of north-east Italy in Aviano, an IRCCS accredited by OECI as a Comprehensive Cancer Centre.","tags":"oeci-accredited oeci-comprehensive-cancer-centre irccs","route":"/institutions/cro-aviano/"},{"id":"ipo-coimbra","kind":"institution","name":"Instituto Português de Oncologia de Coimbra Francisco Gentil","aka":"IPO Coimbra","tldr":"The third of Portugal's three IPO cancer institutes, serving the centre of the country and accredited by OECI as a Cancer Centre.","tags":"oeci-accredited oeci-cancer-centre","route":"/institutions/ipo-coimbra/"},{"id":"fundacion-jimenez-diaz","kind":"institution","name":"Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz","aka":"FJD\nOncoHealth Institute","tldr":"A Madrid university hospital founded by Carlos Jiménez Díaz in 1955, whose OncoHealth Institute is accredited by OECI as a Comprehensive Cancer Centre.","tags":"oeci-accredited oeci-comprehensive-cancer-centre","route":"/institutions/fundacion-jimenez-diaz/"},{"id":"ico-catalonia","kind":"institution","name":"Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)","aka":"Institut Català d'Oncologia\nICO L'Hospitalet\nICO Badalona\nICO Girona","tldr":"Catalonia's public cancer institute, created in 1995, running cancer centres in L'Hospitalet, Badalona and Girona and accredited by OECI as a Comprehensive Cancer Centre.","tags":"oeci-accredited oeci-comprehensive-cancer-centre","route":"/institutions/ico-catalonia/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"ivo-valencia","kind":"institution","name":"Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología (IVO)","aka":"IVO","tldr":"A private non-profit dedicated cancer hospital in Valencia, accredited by OECI as a Cancer Centre.","tags":"oeci-accredited oeci-cancer-centre","route":"/institutions/ivo-valencia/"},{"id":"umcg-groningen","kind":"institution","name":"University Medical Center Groningen Comprehensive Cancer Center","aka":"UMCG\nUMCG Cancer Center","tldr":"The university hospital of the northern Netherlands, home of the country's first proton therapy centre and accredited by OECI as a Comprehensive Cancer Centre.","tags":"oeci-accredited oeci-comprehensive-cancer-centre","route":"/institutions/umcg-groningen/"},{"id":"maastricht-umc","kind":"institution","name":"Maastricht UMC+ Comprehensive Cancer Center","aka":"MUMC+\nMaastro","tldr":"The university hospital of Maastricht, whose cancer centre with the Maastro radiotherapy clinic is accredited by OECI as a Comprehensive Cancer Centre.","tags":"oeci-accredited oeci-comprehensive-cancer-centre","route":"/institutions/maastricht-umc/"},{"id":"oncozon","kind":"institution","name":"OncoZON Comprehensive Cancer Network","aka":"Oncologisch Netwerk Zuidoost-Nederland","tldr":"The regional cancer network of the south-east Netherlands, linking Maastricht UMC+ with regional hospitals, and accredited by OECI as a Comprehensive Cancer Network.","tags":"oeci-accredited oeci-comprehensive-cancer-network","route":"/institutions/oncozon/"},{"id":"rijnstate-arnhem","kind":"institution","name":"Rijnstate","aka":"Rijnstate Hospital Arnhem","tldr":"A large Dutch teaching hospital in Arnhem whose oncology centre is accredited by OECI as a Cancer Centre.","tags":"oeci-accredited oeci-cancer-centre","route":"/institutions/rijnstate-arnhem/"},{"id":"radboudumc","kind":"institution","name":"Radboudumc Centre for Oncology","aka":"Radboud University Medical Center","tldr":"The university hospital of Nijmegen, a leading Dutch centre for prostate imaging, dendritic cell vaccines and tumour immunology, currently in OECI accreditation.","tags":"oeci-in-accreditation","route":"/institutions/radboudumc/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"amsterdam-umc","kind":"institution","name":"Amsterdam UMC / Cancer Center Amsterdam","aka":"AMC\nVUmc\nCancer Center Amsterdam","tldr":"The merged Amsterdam university hospitals (AMC and VUmc), whose Cancer Center Amsterdam is one of the largest academic cancer research programmes in the Netherlands.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/amsterdam-umc/","cancers":"pancreatic colorectal"},{"id":"anadolu-medical-center","kind":"institution","name":"Anadolu Medical Center","aka":"Anadolu Sağlık Merkezi","tldr":"A non-profit Turkish hospital near Istanbul affiliated with Johns Hopkins Medicine, and the only centre in Turkey accredited by OECI as a Cancer Centre.","tags":"oeci-accredited oeci-cancer-centre","route":"/institutions/anadolu-medical-center/"},{"id":"saint-savvas-athens","kind":"institution","name":"Saint Savvas General Oncology Hospital of Athens","aka":"Agios Savvas\nΆγιος Σάββας","tldr":"Greece's largest dedicated cancer hospital, in Athens, accredited by OECI as a Cancer Centre.","tags":"oeci-accredited oeci-cancer-centre","route":"/institutions/saint-savvas-athens/"},{"id":"clatterbridge","kind":"institution","name":"The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust","aka":"Clatterbridge Cancer Centre Liverpool","tldr":"One of England's few specialist cancer hospital trusts, serving Merseyside and Cheshire, with the UK's first proton therapy service (for eye tumours) and a new Liverpool hospital opened in 2020.","tags":"nhs-specialist-cancer-centre","route":"/institutions/clatterbridge/","cancers":"uveal-melanoma"},{"id":"weston-park-sheffield","kind":"institution","name":"Weston Park Cancer Centre, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals","aka":"Weston Park Hospital","tldr":"One of only a handful of dedicated cancer hospitals in England, serving South Yorkshire and beyond since 1970.","tags":"nhs-specialist-cancer-centre","route":"/institutions/weston-park-sheffield/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"mount-vernon-cancer-centre","kind":"institution","name":"Mount Vernon Cancer Centre","aka":"","tldr":"A long-established specialist cancer centre north-west of London, historically home of the Gray Laboratory for radiobiology.","tags":"nhs-specialist-cancer-centre","route":"/institutions/mount-vernon-cancer-centre/","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"nottingham-cancer-centre","kind":"institution","name":"Nottingham University Hospitals Cancer Centre (City Hospital)","aka":"Nottingham City Hospital\nNUH","tldr":"Nottingham's City Hospital campus is the East Midlands' regional cancer centre; research with the University of Nottingham produced the Nottingham Prognostic Index for breast cancer and hosts the Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre.","tags":"nhs-cancer-centre","route":"/institutions/nottingham-cancer-centre/","cancers":"colorectal pancreatic nsclc lung-cancer basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"bristol-haematology-oncology-centre","kind":"institution","name":"Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre","aka":"BHOC\nUniversity Hospitals Bristol and Weston","tldr":"The regional cancer centre for Bristol and the south west of England, run by University Hospitals Bristol and Weston.","tags":"nhs-cancer-centre","route":"/institutions/bristol-haematology-oncology-centre/","cancers":"pancreatic prostate"},{"id":"northern-ireland-cancer-centre","kind":"institution","name":"Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast City Hospital","aka":"NICC\nBelfast Health and Social Care Trust","tldr":"Northern Ireland's regional cancer centre, opened at Belfast City Hospital in 2006 and paired with Queen's University Belfast's Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research.","tags":"nhs-specialist-cancer-centre","route":"/institutions/northern-ireland-cancer-centre/","cancers":"prostate colorectal"},{"id":"imperial-cancer-centre","kind":"institution","name":"Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust / Imperial College London Cancer Research","aka":"Hammersmith Hospital\nCharing Cross Hospital","tldr":"West London's academic cancer centre across Hammersmith and Charing Cross hospitals, partner with the ICR in the CRUK Convergence Science Centre.","tags":"nhs-cancer-centre cruk-centre-partner","route":"/institutions/imperial-cancer-centre/","cancers":"pancreatic colorectal prostate"},{"id":"cruk-city-of-london-centre","kind":"institution","name":"Cancer Research UK City of London Centre","aka":"CoL Centre","tldr":"The Cancer Research UK City of London Centre brings UCL, King's College London, Barts Cancer Institute and the Francis Crick Institute into one partnership focused on cancer biotherapeutics: cell and gene therapies, antibodies and immunotherapy, with shared manufacturing and trial platforms.","tags":"cruk-centre","route":"/institutions/cruk-city-of-london-centre/"},{"id":"cruk-convergence-science-centre","kind":"institution","name":"Cancer Research UK Convergence Science Centre","aka":"","tldr":"The CRUK Centre run jointly by The Institute of Cancer Research and Imperial College London to bring engineering, physical sciences and AI to cancer.","tags":"cruk-centre","route":"/institutions/cruk-convergence-science-centre/"},{"id":"queens-centre-hull","kind":"institution","name":"Queen's Centre for Oncology and Haematology, Castle Hill Hospital","aka":"Hull University Teaching Hospitals\nCastle Hill Hospital","tldr":"The regional cancer centre for Hull, East Yorkshire and northern Lincolnshire, opened at Castle Hill Hospital in 2008.","tags":"nhs-cancer-centre","route":"/institutions/queens-centre-hull/"},{"id":"anchor-centre-aberdeen","kind":"institution","name":"ANCHOR Centre, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary","aka":"Aberdeen and North Centre for Haematology, Oncology and Radiotherapy\nNHS Grampian","tldr":"The ANCHOR Centre is NHS Grampian's cancer centre at Aberdeen Royal Infirmary and one of Scotland's five regional cancer centres; it brings oncology, haematology and chemotherapy day care under one roof for Grampian, Orkney and Shetland.","tags":"nhs-cancer-centre","route":"/institutions/anchor-centre-aberdeen/"},{"id":"leicester-cancer-research-centre","kind":"institution","name":"Leicester Cancer Research Centre / University Hospitals of Leicester","aka":"Hope Clinical Trials Facility\nLeicester Royal Infirmary","tldr":"Leicester's academic cancer centre, joining University Hospitals of Leicester with the University of Leicester's cancer research and the Hope clinical trials facility.","tags":"nhs-cancer-centre","route":"/institutions/leicester-cancer-research-centre/","cancers":"nsclc mesothelioma pancreatic"},{"id":"cancercare-manitoba","kind":"institution","name":"CancerCare Manitoba","aka":"CCMB","tldr":"Manitoba's provincial cancer agency, responsible for cancer and blood disorder services across the province, with its own research institute in Winnipeg.","tags":"provincial-cancer-agency","route":"/institutions/cancercare-manitoba/"},{"id":"saskatchewan-cancer-agency","kind":"institution","name":"Saskatchewan Cancer Agency","aka":"Allan Blair Cancer Centre\nSaskatoon Cancer Centre","tldr":"Saskatchewan's provincial cancer agency, running the Allan Blair Cancer Centre in Regina and the Saskatoon Cancer Centre.","tags":"provincial-cancer-agency","route":"/institutions/saskatchewan-cancer-agency/"},{"id":"ontario-health-cancer-care-ontario","kind":"institution","name":"Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario)","aka":"Cancer Care Ontario\nCCO","tldr":"Ontario Health's cancer programme, formerly Cancer Care Ontario, steers cancer care for Canada's most populous province; it runs the Ontario Cancer Plan, provincial screening programmes, the Ontario Cancer Registry and the funding and quality standards for regional cancer centres.","tags":"provincial-cancer-agency","route":"/institutions/ontario-health-cancer-care-ontario/"},{"id":"ciusss-emtl-maisonneuve-rosemont","kind":"institution","name":"Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont / CIUSSS de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal","aka":"HMR\nCIUSSS EMTL","tldr":"The east Montreal university hospital that runs Quebec's largest stem cell transplant and cell therapy programme.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/ciusss-emtl-maisonneuve-rosemont/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"muhc-cedars-cancer-centre","kind":"institution","name":"McGill University Health Centre / Cedars Cancer Centre","aka":"MUHC\nCedars Cancer Centre","tldr":"McGill's university hospital network, whose Cedars Cancer Centre at the Glen site is one of Quebec's largest cancer programmes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/muhc-cedars-cancer-centre/"},{"id":"lhsc-verspeeten","kind":"institution","name":"Verspeeten Family Cancer Centre, London Health Sciences Centre","aka":"London Regional Cancer Program","tldr":"The Verspeeten Family Cancer Centre at London Health Sciences Centre is the regional cancer centre for south-western Ontario; with Western University it led SABR-COMET, the Canadian trial of stereotactic radiotherapy for patients with a few metastases.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/lhsc-verspeeten/"},{"id":"nova-scotia-cancer-care","kind":"institution","name":"Nova Scotia Health Cancer Care Program (QEII)","aka":"Cancer Care Nova Scotia\nQEII Health Sciences Centre","tldr":"Nova Scotia's provincial cancer programme, centred on the QEII Health Sciences Centre in Halifax with Dalhousie University.","tags":"provincial-cancer-agency","route":"/institutions/nova-scotia-cancer-care/"},{"id":"chu-de-quebec","kind":"institution","name":"CHU de Québec - Université Laval","aka":"L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec\nCHU de Québec","tldr":"Quebec City's university hospital network, whose L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec site is the cancer centre for eastern Quebec.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/chu-de-quebec/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"terry-fox-research-institute","kind":"institution","name":"Terry Fox Research Institute","aka":"TFRI\nMarathon of Hope Cancer Centres Network","tldr":"The Canadian cancer research institute funded by the Terry Fox Foundation, which runs the pan-Canadian Marathon of Hope Cancer Centres Network for precision oncology.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/terry-fox-research-institute/"},{"id":"aga-khan-university-hospital-nairobi","kind":"institution","name":"Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi","aka":"AKUH Nairobi\nHeart and Cancer Centre","tldr":"East Africa's leading private teaching hospital, with a dedicated Heart and Cancer Centre offering radiotherapy, chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/aga-khan-university-hospital-nairobi/","cancers":"cervical esophageal"},{"id":"tygerberg-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Tygerberg Hospital / Stellenbosch University","aka":"Tygerberg Academic Hospital","tldr":"Tygerberg Hospital in Cape Town, opened in 1976, is one of the Western Cape's two central academic hospitals and Stellenbosch University's teaching hospital; it provides public-sector oncology and radiotherapy and leads research in paediatric oncology and HIV-associated cancers.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/tygerberg-hospital/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"cancer-diseases-hospital-lusaka","kind":"institution","name":"Cancer Diseases Hospital, Lusaka","aka":"CDH Lusaka","tldr":"Zambia's national cancer hospital and its only public radiotherapy centre, on the University Teaching Hospital campus in Lusaka.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/cancer-diseases-hospital-lusaka/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"inkosi-albert-luthuli-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital","aka":"IALCH","tldr":"KwaZulu-Natal's quaternary referral hospital in Durban, opened in 2002, and the province's main academic centre for radiation oncology and haematology.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/inkosi-albert-luthuli-hospital/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"steve-biko-academic-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Steve Biko Academic Hospital / University of Pretoria","aka":"Pretoria Academic Hospital","tldr":"Steve Biko Academic Hospital is the University of Pretoria's teaching hospital and Gauteng's northern tertiary centre; its large nuclear medicine department has led South African research on PSMA-targeted radioligand therapy for a largely public-sector population.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/steve-biko-academic-hospital/"},{"id":"chris-hani-baragwanath","kind":"institution","name":"Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital","aka":"Baragwanath Hospital\nBara","tldr":"One of the largest hospitals in the world, in Soweto, and a University of the Witwatersrand teaching hospital with a large medical oncology and paediatric oncology service.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/chris-hani-baragwanath/"},{"id":"moi-teaching-referral-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital / AMPATH Oncology","aka":"MTRH\nChandaria Cancer and Chronic Diseases Centre","tldr":"Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital in Eldoret is Kenya's second national referral hospital; through the AMPATH partnership led by Indiana University it built one of East Africa's strongest public cancer programmes, adding radiotherapy in western Kenya at the Chandaria centre.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/moi-teaching-referral-hospital/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"tikur-anbessa-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa University","aka":"Black Lion Hospital","tldr":"Ethiopia's largest referral and teaching hospital, for decades the country's only radiotherapy centre and the base of its oncology training.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/tikur-anbessa-hospital/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"komfo-anokye-teaching-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital","aka":"KATH","tldr":"Ghana's second-largest hospital, in Kumasi, with one of the country's two public radiotherapy centres and an oncology directorate serving the north and middle belt.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/komfo-anokye-teaching-hospital/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"uch-ibadan","kind":"institution","name":"University College Hospital, Ibadan","aka":"UCH Ibadan","tldr":"Nigeria's first teaching hospital, founded in 1957, and a leading centre for oncology, radiotherapy and cancer research in West Africa.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/uch-ibadan/"},{"id":"aubmc-basile-cancer-institute","kind":"institution","name":"American University of Beirut Medical Center / Naef K. Basile Cancer Institute","aka":"AUBMC\nNKBCI","tldr":"Lebanon's leading academic medical centre, whose Naef K. Basile Cancer Institute is a regional referral centre for the Levant.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/aubmc-basile-cancer-institute/"},{"id":"bahrain-oncology-centre","kind":"institution","name":"Bahrain Oncology Center, King Hamad University Hospital","aka":"KHUH Bahrain Oncology Centre","tldr":"Bahrain's national cancer centre, part of King Hamad University Hospital, offering radiotherapy, chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation in the kingdom.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/bahrain-oncology-centre/"},{"id":"sultan-qaboos-cccrc","kind":"institution","name":"Sultan Qaboos Comprehensive Cancer Care and Research Centre","aka":"SQCCCRC\nCCCRC Oman","tldr":"Oman's national comprehensive cancer centre in Muscat, built to bring specialist cancer treatment and research to the country.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/sultan-qaboos-cccrc/"},{"id":"rabin-davidoff-center","kind":"institution","name":"Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center","aka":"Beilinson Hospital\nDavidoff Center","tldr":"One of Israel's largest cancer centres, at the Clalit-run Rabin Medical Center (Beilinson) near Tel Aviv.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/rabin-davidoff-center/"},{"id":"soroka-medical-center","kind":"institution","name":"Soroka University Medical Center","aka":"","tldr":"Soroka University Medical Center in Beersheba is the only tertiary hospital for Israel's Negev and Ben-Gurion University's teaching hospital; its oncology institute serves more than a million people, and its research using Clalit health records produces large epidemiological studies.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/soroka-medical-center/"},{"id":"icesp","kind":"institution","name":"Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP)","aka":"ICESP Octavio Frias de Oliveira\nHospital das Clínicas FMUSP","tldr":"ICESP is the São Paulo state cancer institute within Hospital das Clínicas and the University of São Paulo medical school; it treats patients only through Brazil's public health system, with 520 beds across four sites, and is the main Brazilian public-sector site for international trials.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/icesp/"},{"id":"erasto-gaertner","kind":"institution","name":"Hospital Erasto Gaertner","aka":"","tldr":"The dedicated cancer hospital of Paraná state in southern Brazil, founded in 1972 by the Liga Paranaense de Combate ao Câncer.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/erasto-gaertner/"},{"id":"bp-beneficencia-portuguesa","kind":"institution","name":"BP - A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo","aka":"Beneficência Portuguesa\nBP Mirante","tldr":"A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, founded in 1859, is one of Latin America's largest hospital complexes; its oncology centre and IEP-BP research institute make it a frequent Brazilian site for international phase 3 oncology trials, and it hosts a large oncology residency.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/bp-beneficencia-portuguesa/"},{"id":"hospital-italiano-buenos-aires","kind":"institution","name":"Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires","aka":"HIBA","tldr":"Argentina's leading academic hospital, founded in 1853, with a large oncology programme and one of Latin America's most active clinical research units.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/hospital-italiano-buenos-aires/"},{"id":"instituto-roffo","kind":"institution","name":"Instituto de Oncología Ángel H. 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Whether permissively licensed open models reach regulated clinical products or stay research tools is the open question.","tags":"ai","route":"/companies/histai/"},{"id":"chai-discovery","kind":"company","name":"Chai Discovery","aka":"","tldr":"Makes Chai-1 and Chai-2, open-weight structure models used for antibody and binder design.","tags":"ai protein-design","route":"/companies/chai-discovery/"},{"id":"xaira-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Xaira Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Launched in 2024 with over $1 billion to build AI-native drug discovery from Baker-lab protein design.","tags":"ai","route":"/companies/xaira-therapeutics/"},{"id":"lila-sciences","kind":"company","name":"Lila Sciences","aka":"","tldr":"Lila Sciences is Flagship Pioneering's 'scientific superintelligence' company, combining AI with autonomous labs, with life science as a first domain.","tags":"ai","route":"/companies/lila-sciences/"},{"id":"cradle-bio","kind":"company","name":"Cradle","aka":"","tldr":"Cradle is a protein-engineering AI platform used by pharma to optimise antibodies and enzymes.","tags":"ai protein-design","route":"/companies/cradle-bio/"},{"id":"profluent-bio","kind":"company","name":"Profluent","aka":"","tldr":"Profluent uses protein language models to design new gene editors (OpenCRISPR-1) and antibodies.","tags":"ai protein-design","route":"/companies/profluent-bio/"},{"id":"latent-labs","kind":"company","name":"Latent Labs","aka":"","tldr":"Founded by an AlphaFold co-developer to make protein design programmable; released Latent-X in 2025.","tags":"ai protein-design","route":"/companies/latent-labs/"},{"id":"genesis-molecular-ai","kind":"company","name":"Genesis Molecular AI (formerly Genesis Therapeutics)","aka":"","tldr":"Genesis Molecular AI does small-molecule discovery on its GEMS platform, which combines physics and deep learning, with oncology programmes in the clinic pipeline.","tags":"ai","route":"/companies/genesis-molecular-ai/"},{"id":"iambic-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Iambic Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"AI-discovered oncology molecules in the clinic, including a HER2 inhibitor and a CDK2/4 inhibitor.","tags":"ai","route":"/companies/iambic-therapeutics/"},{"id":"chan-zuckerberg-initiative","kind":"company","name":"Chan Zuckerberg Initiative (Biohub)","aka":"","tldr":"Funds and builds the Human Cell Atlas infrastructure and the CZI virtual cell models (TranscriptFormer), plus one of the largest nonprofit GPU clusters for biology.","tags":"ai virtual-cell","route":"/companies/chan-zuckerberg-initiative/"},{"id":"tcia","kind":"collection","name":"The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA)","aka":"","tldr":"The public archive of cancer scans that most radiology AI is trained and tested on.","tags":"data","route":"/collections/tcia/"},{"id":"imaging-data-commons","kind":"collection","name":"NCI Imaging Data Commons (IDC)","aka":"","tldr":"The Imaging Data Commons is TCIA in the cloud, ready for large-scale model training.","tags":"data","route":"/collections/imaging-data-commons/"},{"id":"uk-biobank","kind":"collection","name":"UK Biobank","aka":"","tldr":"UK Biobank is the richest population cohort for linking genes, blood and imaging to who later develops cancer.","tags":"data","route":"/collections/uk-biobank/"},{"id":"all-of-us","kind":"collection","name":"All of Us Research Program","aka":"","tldr":"America's answer to UK Biobank, built for diversity.","tags":"data","route":"/collections/all-of-us/"},{"id":"flatiron-foundation-cgdb","kind":"collection","name":"Flatiron Health and Foundation Medicine Clinico-Genomic Database","aka":"","tldr":"Real-world evidence at scale: what happened to patients with a given genomic profile on a given treatment.","tags":"data real-world","route":"/collections/flatiron-foundation-cgdb/"},{"id":"cdas-nlst-plco","kind":"collection","name":"NCI CDAS: NLST and PLCO screening trial data","aka":"","tldr":"NCI CDAS holds the lung screening trial images that trained Sybil and most lung-nodule AI.","tags":"data","route":"/collections/cdas-nlst-plco/"},{"id":"pathology-benchmarks","kind":"collection","name":"Pathology AI benchmarks (CAMELYON, PANDA, TCGA slide tasks)","aka":"","tldr":"Pathology AI benchmarks are the open challenge datasets on which every pathology model is scored: CAMELYON16 and 17 for lymph node metastasis detection, PANDA for prostate grading with 11,000 biopsies, and TCGA slide-level tasks used to compare foundation models. Licences are mostly CC BY-NC-SA or set per challenge.","tags":"data benchmark","route":"/collections/pathology-benchmarks/"},{"id":"tahoe-100m","kind":"collection","name":"Tahoe-100M","aka":"","tldr":"Tahoe-100M is the biggest single-cell dataset ever released, built to teach AI how cancer cells respond to drugs.","tags":"data virtual-cell","route":"/collections/tahoe-100m/"},{"id":"arc-virtual-cell-atlas","kind":"collection","name":"Arc Virtual Cell Atlas","aka":"","tldr":"Arc's growing library of cell data, the fuel for virtual cell models.","tags":"data virtual-cell","route":"/collections/arc-virtual-cell-atlas/"},{"id":"virchow","kind":"technology","name":"Virchow / Virchow2 (Paige, MSK)","aka":"","tldr":"A pathology foundation model trained on millions of slides that can detect cancer and predict biomarkers from an ordinary H&E slide.","tags":"foundation-model pathology","route":"/technologies/virchow/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"uni-conch","kind":"technology","name":"UNI and CONCH (Harvard, Mahmood Lab)","aka":"","tldr":"Two open academic pathology models: UNI reads tissue images, CONCH links images with pathology text.","tags":"foundation-model pathology","route":"/technologies/uni-conch/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"titan","kind":"technology","name":"TITAN (whole-slide multimodal model)","aka":"","tldr":"TITAN is a model that summarises a whole slide, not just tiles, and can write a draft pathology report.","tags":"foundation-model pathology","route":"/technologies/titan/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"prov-gigapath","kind":"technology","name":"Prov-GigaPath (Microsoft, Providence)","aka":"","tldr":"An open pathology model trained on 1.3 billion image tiles from a US health system, modelling whole slides at gigapixel scale.","tags":"foundation-model pathology","route":"/technologies/prov-gigapath/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"chief","kind":"technology","name":"CHIEF (Harvard, Yu Lab)","aka":"","tldr":"A pathology model trained across 19 cancer types that predicts survival and mutations from slides.","tags":"foundation-model pathology","route":"/technologies/chief/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"musk","kind":"technology","name":"MUSK (Stanford, vision-language pathology)","aka":"","tldr":"A model that reads slides and clinical text together to predict who will respond to immunotherapy.","tags":"foundation-model pathology","route":"/technologies/musk/","status":"emerging","cancers":"melanoma nsclc"},{"id":"h-optimus","kind":"technology","name":"H-optimus (Bioptimus)","aka":"","tldr":"An open 1.1-billion-parameter pathology model from a French startup, among the strongest on public benchmarks.","tags":"foundation-model pathology","route":"/technologies/h-optimus/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"pluto","kind":"technology","name":"PLUTO (PathAI)","aka":"","tldr":"PLUTO is PathAI's compact pathology foundation model, a vision transformer pretrained at several magnifications on 195 million tiles from 158,000 slides, so one network serves slide-level and biomarker quantification tasks at whatever resolution each needs. It runs inside PathAI's AISight product, but its weights are proprietary, so outside groups cannot benchmark or adapt it.","tags":"foundation-model pathology","route":"/technologies/pluto/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"hibou","kind":"technology","name":"Hibou (HistAI)","aka":"","tldr":"Hibou is a family of open pathology foundation models under a permissive licence.","tags":"foundation-model pathology","route":"/technologies/hibou/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"kaiko-midnight","kind":"technology","name":"Midnight (kaiko.ai)","aka":"","tldr":"Midnight is a pathology model that matched the leaders while training on far fewer slides.","tags":"foundation-model pathology","route":"/technologies/kaiko-midnight/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"atlas-aignostics","kind":"technology","name":"Atlas (Aignostics, Mayo Clinic, Charité)","aka":"","tldr":"Atlas is a pathology foundation model trained on 1.2 million slides from two of the world's largest hospitals.","tags":"foundation-model pathology","route":"/technologies/atlas-aignostics/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"phikon","kind":"technology","name":"Phikon / Phikon-v2 (Owkin)","aka":"","tldr":"Owkin's open pathology models trained on TCGA and its federated hospital network.","tags":"foundation-model pathology","route":"/technologies/phikon/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"merlin-ct","kind":"technology","name":"Merlin (Stanford abdominal CT vision-language model)","aka":"","tldr":"Merlin is a model trained on 15,000 CT scans with their reports that can find and describe hundreds of findings.","tags":"foundation-model radiology","route":"/technologies/merlin-ct/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"radfm","kind":"technology","name":"RadFM (generalist radiology foundation model)","aka":"","tldr":"An open generalist model that answers questions about 2D and 3D scans.","tags":"foundation-model radiology","route":"/technologies/radfm/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"ct-fm","kind":"technology","name":"CT-FM (whole-body CT foundation model)","aka":"","tldr":"A model pretrained on 148,000 CT scans to segment organs and triage findings.","tags":"foundation-model radiology","route":"/technologies/ct-fm/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"medsam","kind":"technology","name":"MedSAM / SAM-Med3D (segment anything for medicine)","aka":"","tldr":"Adaptations of Meta's Segment Anything model that outline tumours and organs on any scan with a click.","tags":"foundation-model radiology","route":"/technologies/medsam/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"sybil","kind":"technology","name":"Sybil (MIT/MGH lung cancer risk from CT)","aka":"","tldr":"Predicts a person's six-year lung cancer risk from one low-dose CT, even when no nodule is visible.","tags":"risk-model radiology","route":"/technologies/sybil/","status":"emerging","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"mirai","kind":"technology","name":"Mirai (MIT breast cancer risk from mammograms)","aka":"","tldr":"Reads a mammogram to estimate five-year breast cancer risk, consistently across races and devices.","tags":"risk-model radiology","route":"/technologies/mirai/","status":"emerging","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"med-gemini","kind":"technology","name":"Med-Gemini and MedLM (Google)","aka":"","tldr":"Google's medical versions of its Gemini models, able to reason over text, images, and long records.","tags":"foundation-model llm","route":"/technologies/med-gemini/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"aidoc-care","kind":"technology","name":"Aidoc CARE (clinical radiology foundation model)","aka":"","tldr":"Aidoc CARE is one radiology foundation model, pretrained on CT scans without labels, whose task-specific heads have each been FDA-cleared to flag urgent findings in emergency scans so radiologists read those first. Its oncology relevance is indirect, catching incidental masses; the regulatory evidence covers triage, not diagnostic accuracy for tumours.","tags":"foundation-model radiology","route":"/technologies/aidoc-care/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"geneformer","kind":"technology","name":"Geneformer","aka":"","tldr":"Geneformer is a transformer trained on about 30 million single cells that encodes each cell as a ranked list of its genes, so deleting a gene in silico shows which genes matter in a disease. It was the first single-cell foundation model in general use, though benchmarks find only modest gains over linear baselines on some tasks.","tags":"foundation-model virtual-cell","route":"/technologies/geneformer/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"scgpt","kind":"technology","name":"scGPT","aka":"","tldr":"A GPT-style model for single-cell data that predicts cell types, perturbation responses, and gene networks.","tags":"foundation-model virtual-cell","route":"/technologies/scgpt/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"universal-cell-embedding","kind":"technology","name":"Universal Cell Embedding (UCE)","aka":"","tldr":"Universal Cell Embedding maps any cell from any species into one shared space without retraining.","tags":"foundation-model virtual-cell","route":"/technologies/universal-cell-embedding/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"scfoundation","kind":"technology","name":"scFoundation (BioMap)","aka":"","tldr":"scFoundation is a 100-million-parameter model trained on 50 million cells, from China's BioMap.","tags":"foundation-model virtual-cell","route":"/technologies/scfoundation/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"nicheformer","kind":"technology","name":"Nicheformer (spatial single-cell)","aka":"","tldr":"Nicheformer is a model trained on both dissociated and spatial data so it learns how a cell's neighbourhood shapes it.","tags":"foundation-model virtual-cell","route":"/technologies/nicheformer/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"cellfm","kind":"technology","name":"CellFM","aka":"","tldr":"CellFM is an 800-million-parameter single-cell model trained on 100 million human cells.","tags":"foundation-model virtual-cell","route":"/technologies/cellfm/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"genept","kind":"technology","name":"GenePT","aka":"","tldr":"Uses text embeddings of gene descriptions from a general LLM to represent cells, and performs surprisingly well.","tags":"foundation-model virtual-cell","route":"/technologies/genept/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"c2s-scale","kind":"technology","name":"Cell2Sentence / C2S-Scale (Yale, Google)","aka":"","tldr":"Turns a cell's gene expression into a sentence so a normal language model can reason about it; a 27-billion-parameter version proposed a cancer immunotherapy idea that was confirmed in the lab.","tags":"foundation-model virtual-cell","route":"/technologies/c2s-scale/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"state-arc","kind":"technology","name":"State (Arc Institute perturbation model)","aka":"","tldr":"Predicts how cells will respond to a drug or gene knockout, trained on over 100 million perturbed cells.","tags":"foundation-model virtual-cell","route":"/technologies/state-arc/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"transcriptformer","kind":"technology","name":"TranscriptFormer and rBio (CZI virtual cell models)","aka":"","tldr":"CZI's open cross-species cell models and a reasoning model trained on them.","tags":"foundation-model virtual-cell","route":"/technologies/transcriptformer/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"gears","kind":"technology","name":"GEARS and perturbation prediction benchmarks","aka":"","tldr":"GEARS is a graph model predicting the effect of gene knockouts; the perturbation benchmarks around it showed how hard the problem is.","tags":"virtual-cell benchmark","route":"/technologies/gears/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"alphafold3","kind":"technology","name":"AlphaFold 3","aka":"","tldr":"Predicts the 3D shape of proteins together with DNA, RNA, small molecules and antibodies, the starting point for much modern drug design.","tags":"foundation-model structure","route":"/technologies/alphafold3/","status":"established"},{"id":"boltz","kind":"technology","name":"Boltz-1 / Boltz-2 (MIT, open)","aka":"","tldr":"Open-source structure models that match AlphaFold 3, with Boltz-2 also predicting how strongly a drug binds.","tags":"foundation-model structure","route":"/technologies/boltz/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"chai-1","kind":"technology","name":"Chai-1 / Chai-2","aka":"","tldr":"Structure and antibody-design models from Chai Discovery, with Chai-2 reporting high zero-shot antibody hit rates.","tags":"foundation-model protein-design","route":"/technologies/chai-1/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"esm3","kind":"technology","name":"ESM3 (EvolutionaryScale)","aka":"","tldr":"ESM3 is a generative protein model that designed a working fluorescent protein far from any natural sequence.","tags":"foundation-model protein-design","route":"/technologies/esm3/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"evo2","kind":"technology","name":"Evo 2 (Arc Institute, NVIDIA)","aka":"","tldr":"A DNA language model trained on 9.3 trillion bases that can flag cancer-causing BRCA1 variants without being told about them.","tags":"foundation-model genome","route":"/technologies/evo2/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"rfdiffusion","kind":"technology","name":"RFdiffusion / RFdiffusion2 and ProteinMPNN (Baker Lab)","aka":"","tldr":"The tools that design entirely new proteins to bind a chosen target, now used for cancer binders and antibodies.","tags":"foundation-model protein-design","route":"/technologies/rfdiffusion/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"bioemu","kind":"technology","name":"BioEmu (Microsoft)","aka":"","tldr":"BioEmu is a Microsoft generative diffusion model that predicts the range of shapes a protein moves between, not one static structure, thousands of times faster than molecular dynamics simulation. For cancer drug discovery that can reveal transient pockets, as in KRAS, that static predictors miss, but its outputs are approximate and validated mainly on small proteins.","tags":"foundation-model structure","route":"/technologies/bioemu/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"nucleotide-transformer","kind":"technology","name":"Nucleotide Transformer (InstaDeep)","aka":"","tldr":"DNA language models trained on thousands of genomes for variant and regulatory prediction.","tags":"foundation-model genome","route":"/technologies/nucleotide-transformer/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"enformer-borzoi","kind":"technology","name":"Enformer and Borzoi (DeepMind, Calico)","aka":"","tldr":"Models that predict how DNA sequence controls gene activity, used to interpret non-coding cancer mutations.","tags":"foundation-model genome","route":"/technologies/enformer-borzoi/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"alphamissense","kind":"technology","name":"AlphaMissense","aka":"","tldr":"Scored all 71 million possible single-letter protein changes in humans as likely harmful or benign.","tags":"foundation-model genome","route":"/technologies/alphamissense/","status":"established"},{"id":"alphagenome","kind":"technology","name":"AlphaGenome","aka":"","tldr":"Reads a million letters of DNA at once and predicts how a mutation changes gene regulation, splicing and chromatin.","tags":"foundation-model genome","route":"/technologies/alphagenome/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"foresight-ehr","kind":"technology","name":"Foresight (generative EHR model)","aka":"","tldr":"A model trained on millions of hospital records that forecasts a patient's next diagnoses.","tags":"foundation-model ehr","route":"/technologies/foresight-ehr/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"tempus-multimodal","kind":"technology","name":"Tempus multimodal models","aka":"","tldr":"Models trained on Tempus's paired genomic, pathology, imaging and outcome data to predict response and prognosis.","tags":"foundation-model multimodal","route":"/technologies/tempus-multimodal/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"bionemo","kind":"technology","name":"NVIDIA BioNeMo","aka":"","tldr":"NVIDIA BioNeMo is a software stack, not a model: GPU-optimised training recipes and inference services on which protein, DNA and single-cell foundation models such as Evo 2, ESM and Geneformer are trained and served. The Arc Institute, Recursion and pharmaceutical companies use it, at the price of being tied to NVIDIA hardware and tooling.","tags":"infrastructure","route":"/technologies/bionemo/","status":"established"},{"id":"phenom-2","kind":"technology","name":"Phenom-2 and Recursion OS","aka":"","tldr":"A model trained on billions of cell microscopy images to read what a drug or gene knockout does to a cell.","tags":"foundation-model phenomics","route":"/technologies/phenom-2/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"chemistry42","kind":"technology","name":"Chemistry42 and Pharma.AI (Insilico)","aka":"","tldr":"Generative chemistry platform behind the first AI-discovered drug to reach phase 2, plus oncology candidates.","tags":"ai chemistry","route":"/technologies/chemistry42/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"virtual-cell","kind":"roadmap","name":"Virtual cell roadmap: from bulk omics to a predictive model of a cancer cell","aka":"","tldr":"The attempt to build a computer model of a cell good enough to predict what a drug or mutation will do before anyone runs the experiment.","tags":"","route":"/roadmaps/virtual-cell/"},{"id":"ai-oncology-clinic","kind":"roadmap","name":"AI in the oncology clinic: from narrow cleared tools to multimodal decision support","aka":"","tldr":"How AI is moving from single-task readers of scans and slides towards systems that weigh everything about a patient, and what regulators and evidence still require.","tags":"","route":"/roadmaps/ai-oncology-clinic/"},{"id":"ctdna-tests","kind":"roadmap","name":"ctDNA tests roadmap: from a curiosity in plasma to blood tests that decide treatment","aka":"Liquid biopsy roadmap\nMRD testing roadmap\nMulti-cancer early detection roadmap","tldr":"Blood carries fragments of tumour DNA. This roadmap follows the tests that read them, from the first sighting in 1948 to blood tests that now choose a drug, spare chemotherapy, or screen for many cancers at once, and it lists the readouts to watch next.","tags":"ctdna liquid-biopsy mrd mced","route":"/roadmaps/ctdna-tests/","cancers":"tnbc gallbladder"},{"id":"tracc","kind":"trial","name":"TRACC","aka":"Tracking mutations in cell free tumour DNA to predict relapse in early colorectal cancer","tldr":"A UK study following 1,000 people after bowel cancer surgery with repeated blood tests for tumour DNA, to see how well a positive predicts the cancer coming back and whether the result can guide chemotherapy.","tags":"ctdna-roadmap","route":"/trials/tracc/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"bespoke-crc","kind":"trial","name":"BESPOKE CRC","aka":"BESPOKE Study of ctDNA Guided Therapy in Colorectal Cancer","tldr":"Natera's US study in which 1,788 people with bowel cancer had Signatera blood tests after surgery and their doctors could act on the result; it records what changed and what happened, but does not randomise anyone.","tags":"ctdna-roadmap","route":"/trials/bespoke-crc/","status":"active","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"mermaid-1","kind":"trial","name":"MERMAID-1","aka":"","tldr":"A lung cancer trial that planned to test whether adding the immunotherapy durvalumab to chemotherapy after surgery helps people whose blood shows leftover tumour DNA; the registry lists it as complete with 89 participants.","tags":"ctdna-roadmap","route":"/trials/mermaid-1/","status":"completed","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"mermaid-2","kind":"trial","name":"MERMAID-2","aka":"","tldr":"A lung cancer trial that planned to start durvalumab the moment a surveillance blood test found tumour DNA, before any scan showed relapse; the registry lists it as complete with 30 participants.","tags":"ctdna-roadmap","route":"/trials/mermaid-2/","status":"completed","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"circulate-us","kind":"trial","name":"CIRCULATE-US","aka":"NRG-GI008\nColon Adjuvant Chemotherapy Based on Evaluation of Residual Disease","tldr":"The US national trial that uses a blood test for leftover tumour DNA to decide who gets less chemotherapy and who gets more after stage III colon cancer surgery, with both questions randomised.","tags":"ctdna-roadmap","route":"/trials/circulate-us/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"vanguard-study","kind":"trial","name":"Vanguard Study (NCI Cancer Screening Research Network)","aka":"The Vanguard Study: Testing a New Way to Screen for Cancer","tldr":"The US government's first randomised study of multi-cancer blood tests: 24,000 people are being assigned to a blood test or usual care to work out how a much larger trial should be run.","tags":"ctdna-roadmap","route":"/trials/vanguard-study/","status":"recruiting"},{"id":"tumour-informed-assay","kind":"term","name":"Tumour-informed versus tumour-naive ctDNA assays","aka":"Tumour-informed MRD\nTumour-agnostic ctDNA assay\nPersonalised ctDNA panel","tldr":"A tumour-informed blood test is built for one patient: the tumour is sequenced first and the test then hunts for that patient's own mutations in blood. A tumour-naive test uses the same fixed panel, often of methylation marks, for everyone, so it needs no tumour sample and returns faster.","tags":"","route":"/terms/tumour-informed-assay/"},{"id":"basement-membrane-tissue-barriers","kind":"pathway","name":"Basement membrane & tissue barriers","aka":"","tldr":"Every organ keeps its lining cells behind a thin, dense sheet of protein called the basement membrane. A tumour that has not crossed it is 'in situ' and essentially curable; crossing it is the moment cancer becomes invasive.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/basement-membrane-tissue-barriers/","cancers":"cervical esophageal breast-hr-positive urothelial"},{"id":"cancer-immunity-cycle","kind":"pathway","name":"The cancer-immunity cycle","aka":"","tldr":"Seven steps the immune system must complete to kill a tumour: release of antigens, pick-up by dendritic cells, priming of T cells in lymph nodes, travel, entry into the tumour, recognition, and killing. Every immunotherapy pushes on one step; every escape blocks one.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/cancer-immunity-cycle/"},{"id":"extrinsic-apoptosis-death-receptors","kind":"pathway","name":"Extrinsic apoptosis (death receptors)","aka":"","tldr":"Immune cells kill by touch: they present FAS ligand or TRAIL to a target cell, whose death receptors then trigger self-destruction from the outside in. Tumours cut this wire by deleting the receptors or over-producing decoys and blockers.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/extrinsic-apoptosis-death-receptors/"},{"id":"p53-mdm2-axis","kind":"pathway","name":"The p53 network (guardian of the genome)","aka":"","tldr":"p53 is the cell's emergency coordinator: DNA damage, oncogene stress or lack of oxygen switch it on, and it then pauses division, orders repairs, or triggers suicide or permanent retirement, while MDM2 keeps it off in healthy cells. About half of cancers mutate p53 outright, and sarcomas, gliomas, melanomas and retinoblastomas silence it instead by amplifying MDM2 or MDM4.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/p53-mdm2-axis/","cancers":"sarcoma cll mds ovarian gallbladder"},{"id":"mutagenesis-signatures","kind":"pathway","name":"Mutagenesis & mutational signatures","aka":"","tldr":"Every cause of DNA damage leaves its own fingerprint in the genome: sunlight, tobacco, a faulty repair enzyme, a gut bacterium. Reading these fingerprints tells you what caused a cancer and which repair crews it is missing, which in turn predicts which drugs will work.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/mutagenesis-signatures/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"oncogene-activation-two-hit","kind":"pathway","name":"Drivers, passengers & the two-hit model","aka":"","tldr":"Of the thousands of mutations in a tumour, only a handful (typically 2-8) actually drive it. Drivers either jam an accelerator on (oncogenes, one hit is enough) or remove a brake (tumour suppressors, both copies must go). Everything else is a passenger along for the ride.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/oncogene-activation-two-hit/","cancers":"retinoblastoma colorectal cml"},{"id":"oncogenic-viruses","kind":"pathway","name":"Oncogenic viruses","aka":"","tldr":"About one cancer in eight worldwide is caused by a virus. HPV, hepatitis B and C, Epstein-Barr, HTLV-1, KSHV and Merkel cell polyomavirus each hijack the same brakes cancer normally has to mutate, which is why vaccines against HPV and HBV are among the most effective anti-cancer drugs ever made.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/oncogenic-viruses/","cancers":"cervical head-and-neck nasopharyngeal hcc merkel-cell-carcinoma kaposi-sarcoma anal hodgkin-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma burkitt-lymphoma"},{"id":"cell-cycle-engine-cdks","kind":"pathway","name":"The cell-cycle engine (cyclins & CDKs)","aka":"","tldr":"Cell division runs on a clock made of cyclins and their kinases (CDKs), each pair firing in order: D-CDK4/6 to leave rest, E-CDK2 to start copying DNA, A-CDK2 to finish, B-CDK1 to divide. Cancers speed the clock; CDK inhibitors slow it.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/cell-cycle-engine-cdks/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive sarcoma ovarian sclc gallbladder"},{"id":"dna-replication-licensing","kind":"pathway","name":"DNA replication & origin licensing","aka":"","tldr":"Before a cell divides it must copy three billion letters of DNA exactly once, 'licensing' thousands of start points in advance and firing them in waves. Cancers driven by MYC, cyclin E or RAS fire excess start points too fast, and antimetabolites such as 5-FU, topoisomerase poisons such as irinotecan and platinum drugs all jam this copying machinery.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/dna-replication-licensing/"},{"id":"mitotic-spindle-checkpoint","kind":"pathway","name":"Mitosis & the spindle assembly checkpoint","aka":"","tldr":"When a cell divides, a scaffold of microtubules (the spindle) pulls one copy of each chromosome to each side. A checkpoint holds the split until every chromosome is hooked on. Taxanes and vinca alkaloids freeze the spindle so the cell is stuck at this checkpoint until it dies.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/mitotic-spindle-checkpoint/"},{"id":"rtk-activation","kind":"pathway","name":"Receptor tyrosine kinase activation","aka":"","tldr":"Growth-factor receptors are antennas on the cell surface that pair up when a signal lands and switch on the growth relays inside. Cancers mutate, multiply, or fuse these antennas so they broadcast 'grow' with no signal at all. Most targeted drugs, antibodies and ADCs start here.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/rtk-activation/","cancers":"nsclc breast-her2-positive gastric gist thyroid cholangiocarcinoma tnbc gallbladder"},{"id":"transcription-addiction","kind":"pathway","name":"Transcriptional machinery & addiction","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer cells run a few genes (MYC, their lineage factors, their fusion oncogenes) at extreme volume from giant control regions called super-enhancers. The amplifiers, BRD4, CDK7, CDK9 and Mediator, are the same in every cell, but cancers are unusually dependent on them, and that dependence is druggable.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/transcription-addiction/","cancers":"ewing-sarcoma aml prostate breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"ubiquitin-proteasome-system","kind":"pathway","name":"Ubiquitin-proteasome system & protein homeostasis","aka":"","tldr":"Cells tag unwanted proteins with a small marker called ubiquitin and feed them into a shredder, the proteasome. Myeloma cells, which make antibody in bulk, die if the shredder jams; and the newest drugs hijack the tagging machinery to make a cancer destroy its own oncoproteins.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/ubiquitin-proteasome-system/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma mantle-cell-lymphoma prostate breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"homologous-recombination-repair","kind":"pathway","name":"Double-strand break repair: HR versus end joining","aka":"","tldr":"A break through both strands of DNA is the most dangerous lesion a cell faces. Two crews compete to fix it: homologous recombination copies the answer from the sister chromosome (accurate, needs BRCA), while end joining simply glues the ends (fast, sloppy). Which crew wins decides whether PARP inhibitors and radiation kill the cell.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/homologous-recombination-repair/","cancers":"ovarian tnbc prostate pancreatic gallbladder"},{"id":"mismatch-repair-msi","kind":"pathway","name":"Mismatch repair & microsatellite instability","aka":"","tldr":"After DNA is copied, a proofreading crew fixes the letters the polymerase got wrong. Lose it and the genome fills with thousands of small errors, especially in repetitive stretches (microsatellites). Those errors make abnormal proteins that the immune system can see, which is why immunotherapy works so well in these cancers.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/mismatch-repair-msi/","cancers":"colorectal endometrial gastric tnbc pancreatic gallbladder"},{"id":"base-excision-repair-parp","kind":"pathway","name":"Base excision repair, PARP & alkylation damage","aka":"","tldr":"Tens of thousands of times a day a single DNA letter is oxidised or chemically scarred. A small crew snips it out and PARP marks the nick so it gets sealed. PARP inhibitors do not just switch PARP off; they trap it on the DNA, turning a harmless nick into a lethal break when the cell copies its DNA.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/base-excision-repair-parp/","cancers":"glioblastoma ovarian prostate tnbc"},{"id":"synthetic-lethality-map","kind":"pathway","name":"Synthetic lethality: paired dependencies","aka":"","tldr":"Two genes are synthetically lethal when losing either alone is fine but losing both kills the cell. Cancers that have already lost one (a tumour suppressor you cannot put back) become uniquely dependent on the other, which you can drug. BRCA and PARP was the first proof; a dozen more pairs are now in trials.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/synthetic-lethality-map/"},{"id":"glutamine-metabolism","kind":"pathway","name":"Glutamine addiction","aka":"","tldr":"After glucose, glutamine is the tumour's favourite food. It feeds the energy cycle, donates nitrogen for making DNA letters, and makes the antioxidant glutathione. MYC- and KRAS-driven cancers eat so much of it that they starve the T cells next door.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/glutamine-metabolism/","cancers":"all-leukemia rcc pancreatic glioblastoma"},{"id":"lipid-metabolism-cancer","kind":"pathway","name":"Lipid synthesis, uptake & cholesterol","aka":"","tldr":"Dividing cells need membranes, and membranes are fat. Cancers switch on the fat-building enzymes most adult tissues keep off, and in fatty environments (breast, omentum, bone marrow) they also steal lipids from neighbouring fat cells. This links obesity to cancer and offers new drug targets.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/lipid-metabolism-cancer/","cancers":"ovarian prostate breast-hr-positive endometrial hcc"},{"id":"angiogenic-switch","kind":"pathway","name":"The angiogenic switch & tumour vessels","aka":"","tldr":"A tumour cannot grow beyond a couple of millimetres without its own blood supply. The 'switch' flips when the signals calling for new vessels (VEGF, FGF, angiopoietin) outweigh the ones holding them back (thrombospondin). The vessels that result are leaky and chaotic, which starves the tumour of oxygen, blocks drugs, and gives cancer cells a way out.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/angiogenic-switch/","cancers":"rcc hcc colorectal glioblastoma ovarian"},{"id":"nutrient-competition-tme","kind":"pathway","name":"Nutrient competition & metabolic immunosuppression","aka":"","tldr":"Tumours and immune cells eat from the same plate. Cancer cells hoard glucose and glutamine, dump lactate and acid, and burn tryptophan and arginine into by-products that paralyse T cells. The tumour wins the food fight, and the immune system loses before it has fired a shot.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/nutrient-competition-tme/"},{"id":"t-cell-exhaustion","kind":"pathway","name":"T-cell exhaustion","aka":"","tldr":"T cells that see their target for weeks on end without winning gradually shut down: they raise a set of brakes (PD-1, LAG-3, TIM-3, TIGIT), lose their ability to kill, and eventually lock this state into their DNA. Checkpoint drugs rescue the ones that are only partly exhausted; the terminally exhausted are beyond reach.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/t-cell-exhaustion/"},{"id":"immune-desert-exclusion","kind":"pathway","name":"Cold tumours: immune deserts and exclusion","aka":"","tldr":"Tumours come in three immune weathers: inflamed (T cells inside, checkpoint drugs work), excluded (T cells stuck at the edge), and desert (no T cells at all). Most common cancers are excluded or desert, and turning them 'hot' is the central problem of immunotherapy.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/immune-desert-exclusion/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"myeloid-suppression-axis","kind":"pathway","name":"Myeloid suppression: TAMs, MDSCs & don't-eat-me signals","aka":"","tldr":"Tumours recruit the body's clean-up cells (macrophages and immature myeloid cells) and re-train them as bodyguards. They switch off T cells, build vessels, and, when a therapeutic antibody flags a cancer cell for eating, are told 'don't eat me' by CD47 on its surface.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/myeloid-suppression-axis/"},{"id":"complement-in-cancer","kind":"pathway","name":"Complement in cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Complement is a cascade of blood proteins that punches holes in things marked by antibodies and calls in inflammatory cells. Therapeutic antibodies such as rituximab use it to kill cancer cells; tumours defend themselves with shields (CD46, CD55, CD59), and the cascade's own by-products (C5a) can recruit the myeloid cells that protect the tumour.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/complement-in-cancer/","cancers":"dlbcl follicular-lymphoma cll multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"nk-cell-recognition","kind":"pathway","name":"NK-cell recognition: missing self & stress ligands","aka":"","tldr":"Natural killer cells patrol for cells that have lost their identity papers (MHC-I) or that display stress flags. Cancers that hide from T cells by dropping MHC-I become visible to NK cells, unless they also shed the stress flags, wrap themselves in a second inhibitory badge (HLA-E), or soak the neighbourhood in TGF-β.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/nk-cell-recognition/"},{"id":"invasion-ecm-degradation","kind":"pathway","name":"Invasion: proteases, adhesion & the invasive front","aka":"","tldr":"To invade, a cancer cell must grip the scaffolding around it, dissolve a path with enzymes, and pull itself forward, alone or in a chain led by a scout cell. Fibroblasts often cut the trail first. The enzyme blockers of the 1990s failed; today's targets are the grip (integrins, FAK) and the trail-makers.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/invasion-ecm-degradation/","cancers":"lgsoc pancreatic head-and-neck"},{"id":"intravasation-ctc-survival","kind":"pathway","name":"Intravasation & circulating tumour cells","aka":"","tldr":"Getting into the bloodstream kills almost every cell that tries: cells are ripped from their neighbours, battered by flow, and hunted by NK cells. Fewer than one in a thousand survive. The ones that do travel in clusters, wear a cloak of platelets, or ride with neutrophils. Liquid biopsies catch what is left.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/intravasation-ctc-survival/"},{"id":"pre-metastatic-niche","kind":"pathway","name":"The pre-metastatic niche","aka":"","tldr":"Before a single cancer cell arrives, the primary tumour sends parcels ahead: tiny vesicles (exosomes) and hormones that recruit bone-marrow cells to a distant organ and remodel it into fertile soil. By the time the seed lands, the bed is already made.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/pre-metastatic-niche/"},{"id":"organ-tropism-seed-soil","kind":"pathway","name":"Organ tropism: seed and soil","aka":"","tldr":"Breast cancer goes to bone, lung, liver and brain; prostate cancer to bone; colon cancer to liver; uveal melanoma almost only to liver. Paget's 1889 idea still holds: where a cancer spreads depends on both the seed (the cell's programme) and the soil (the organ's welcome). Each soil has its own vicious cycle, and some are druggable.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/organ-tropism-seed-soil/","cancers":"prostate breast-hr-positive colorectal uveal-melanoma ovarian"},{"id":"blood-brain-barrier-metastasis","kind":"pathway","name":"The blood-brain barrier & brain metastasis","aka":"","tldr":"The brain's blood vessels are sealed tight and fitted with pumps that eject most drugs. That protects the brain from poisons but also from chemotherapy and antibodies. Cancer cells that do squeeze through recruit the brain's own support cells, astrocytes, to feed and shield them.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/blood-brain-barrier-metastasis/","cancers":"nsclc breast-her2-positive melanoma sclc glioblastoma"},{"id":"caf-activation-desmoplasia","kind":"pathway","name":"Fibroblast activation, desmoplasia & matrix stiffness","aka":"","tldr":"Tumours recruit the body's repair cells, fibroblasts, and keep them in wound-healing mode forever. The scar tissue they lay down (desmoplasia) squeezes blood vessels shut, walls out immune cells, stiffens the tissue in a way that itself tells cancer cells to grow, and is why pancreatic cancer is so hard to treat.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/caf-activation-desmoplasia/","cancers":"pancreatic cholangiocarcinoma breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"resistance-routes-map","kind":"pathway","name":"Resistance routes: how a blocked pathway comes back","aka":"","tldr":"When a drug blocks a cancer's engine, the cancer has five ways back: change the part the drug binds, make more of it, take a side road, switch to a different engine altogether, or stop letting the drug in. Knowing which route a tumour took decides the next drug.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/resistance-routes-map/","cancers":"nsclc non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"drug-tolerant-persisters","kind":"pathway","name":"Drug-tolerant persister cells","aka":"","tldr":"Even when a drug wipes out 99% of a tumour, a few cells survive without any resistance mutation: they go quiet, stop dividing, and wait. These persisters are the seed of relapse. They are hard to kill precisely because they are not doing much, but they have their own weaknesses.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/drug-tolerant-persisters/"},{"id":"drug-efflux-pumps","kind":"pathway","name":"Drug efflux pumps (ABC transporters)","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer cells can install pumps in their outer membrane that throw chemotherapy back out as fast as it comes in. The same pumps guard the gut, brain and bone marrow in healthy tissue, which is why blocking them failed as a strategy and why drug designers now choose payloads the pumps cannot grip.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/drug-efflux-pumps/"},{"id":"lineage-plasticity-neuroendocrine","kind":"pathway","name":"Lineage plasticity & neuroendocrine transformation","aka":"","tldr":"Under pressure from a drug that blocks its identity (the androgen receptor in prostate cancer, EGFR in lung cancer), a tumour can change what kind of cell it is, becoming a small-cell neuroendocrine cancer that no longer needs the blocked signal. It is the ultimate escape: not a new mutation in the engine, but a new engine.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas","route":"/pathways/lineage-plasticity-neuroendocrine/","cancers":"prostate nsclc sclc melanoma"},{"id":"acupuncture-nausea","kind":"technology","name":"Acupuncture and acupressure for chemotherapy nausea","aka":"","tldr":"Stimulating the P6 point on the inner wrist, with needles, electrical stimulation or a pressure band, adds a small further reduction in chemotherapy vomiting on top of modern anti-sickness drugs. It is safe and cheap, and guidelines say it can be offered.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/acupuncture-nausea/","status":"established"},{"id":"acupuncture-aromatase-inhibitor-arthralgia","kind":"technology","name":"Acupuncture for aromatase-inhibitor joint pain","aka":"","tldr":"Joint pain and stiffness are the main reason women stop aromatase-inhibitor tablets early. In a large randomised trial, twelve weeks of acupuncture reduced that pain more than sham needling or no treatment, and the benefit lasted after the sessions ended.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:strong","route":"/technologies/acupuncture-aromatase-inhibitor-arthralgia/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"acupuncture-hot-flushes","kind":"technology","name":"Acupuncture for hot flushes on endocrine therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Hot flushes on tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors are common and hormone replacement is off the table. Acupuncture reduced flushes in several randomised trials, in one about as well as the drug gabapentin and with fewer side effects, though sham-controlled results are mixed.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/acupuncture-hot-flushes/","status":"emerging","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"acupuncture-xerostomia","kind":"technology","name":"Acupuncture for dry mouth after head and neck radiotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Radiotherapy to the head and neck can permanently dry the mouth. A randomised trial in the United States and China found that acupuncture given during radiotherapy reduced dry mouth a year later compared with standard care, an effect that needs confirming.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/acupuncture-xerostomia/","status":"emerging","cancers":"head-and-neck nasopharyngeal"},{"id":"acupuncture-chemotherapy-neuropathy","kind":"technology","name":"Acupuncture for chemotherapy-induced neuropathy","aka":"","tldr":"Numb, tingling or painful hands and feet after taxanes, platinum or bortezomib have no proven preventive treatment. Small trials suggest acupuncture may ease the symptoms, but they are too small and inconsistent to be sure, so it is an option to try inside a trial or with careful tracking rather than an established treatment.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:insufficient","route":"/technologies/acupuncture-chemotherapy-neuropathy/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"mindfulness-based-interventions","kind":"technology","name":"Mindfulness-based stress reduction and cognitive therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Structured eight-week mindfulness courses reduce anxiety and low mood during and after cancer treatment, with dozens of randomised trials behind them. Guidelines from ASCO and the Society for Integrative Oncology recommend them as a first option alongside, not instead of, psychological care.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:strong","route":"/technologies/mindfulness-based-interventions/","status":"established"},{"id":"cbt-insomnia-cancer","kind":"technology","name":"Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)","aka":"","tldr":"Insomnia is one of the most persistent problems after cancer treatment. A short structured talking therapy that retrains sleep habits works better and for longer than sleeping tablets, and digital versions bring it to people who cannot reach a therapist.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:strong","route":"/technologies/cbt-insomnia-cancer/","status":"established"},{"id":"cbt-fatigue-distress","kind":"technology","name":"Cognitive behavioural therapy for fatigue and distress","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer-related fatigue and anxiety respond to structured talking therapy that targets the thoughts and habits that keep them going. Randomised trials show benefits during treatment and, for persistent fatigue, years afterwards; guidelines recommend it.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:strong","route":"/technologies/cbt-fatigue-distress/","status":"established","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc sclc"},{"id":"yoga-cancer","kind":"technology","name":"Yoga during and after cancer treatment","aka":"","tldr":"Yoga combining postures, breathing and relaxation reduces fatigue, anxiety and low mood and improves sleep and quality of life, on the evidence of a Cochrane review of 24 randomised trials in women with breast cancer. SIO-ASCO guidelines recommend it for fatigue and anxiety during treatment; it does not replace aerobic and resistance exercise.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:strong","route":"/technologies/yoga-cancer/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"tai-chi-qigong","kind":"technology","name":"Tai chi and qigong","aka":"","tldr":"Slow, low-impact movement practices from Chinese tradition improve fatigue, sleep and balance in people with cancer. Randomised trials are moderately sized and positive, and the 2024 fatigue guideline recommends them during treatment.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/tai-chi-qigong/","status":"established"},{"id":"hypnosis-cancer-care","kind":"technology","name":"Clinical hypnosis for procedures, pain and hot flushes","aka":"","tldr":"A brief hypnosis session before breast surgery or a biopsy reduces pain, nausea and anxiety afterwards, and a course of hypnosis roughly halved hot flushes in one randomised trial. It is a skill some psychologists offer, not a stage act.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/hypnosis-cancer-care/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"relaxation-guided-imagery","kind":"technology","name":"Relaxation training and guided imagery","aka":"","tldr":"Progressive muscle relaxation, breathing exercises and guided imagery are simple techniques that reduce anxiety and treatment-related distress during chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Guidelines say they may be offered, and audio versions cost nothing.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/relaxation-guided-imagery/","status":"established"},{"id":"music-therapy-cancer","kind":"technology","name":"Music therapy and music medicine","aka":"","tldr":"Listening to music, or working with a trained music therapist, reduces anxiety, pain and fatigue during cancer treatment in a Cochrane review of more than 80 trials. The effects are real but modest, and the evidence is of low to moderate certainty because blinding is impossible.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/music-therapy-cancer/","status":"established"},{"id":"dance-movement-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Dance and movement therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Dance and movement therapy is enjoyable and a form of exercise, and small trials hint at better quality of life and mood in women with breast cancer, but a Cochrane review found too little evidence to judge whether it helps beyond that.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:insufficient","route":"/technologies/dance-movement-therapy/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"peer-support-groups","kind":"technology","name":"Peer support and support groups","aka":"","tldr":"Meeting others in the same situation reduces distress and isolation, and randomised trials of supportive-expressive groups show better mood and pain coping. The once-famous claim that support groups lengthen survival did not hold up in a larger trial.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/peer-support-groups/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal lung-cancer nsclc sclc non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma malt-lymphoma splenic-marginal-zone-lymphoma nodal-marginal-zone-lymphoma waldenstrom primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma burkitt-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma nodular-lymphocyte-predominant-hodgkin-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma angioimmunoblastic-t-cell-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma sezary-syndrome primary-cns-lymphoma"},{"id":"massage-therapy-cancer","kind":"technology","name":"Massage therapy in cancer care","aka":"","tldr":"Gentle massage by a trained oncology massage therapist gives short-term relief of pain, anxiety and mood in people with advanced cancer, shown in a randomised trial of 380 patients. It is safe when pressure is adapted around tumours, bone metastases, ports and low platelet counts.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/massage-therapy-cancer/","status":"established"},{"id":"aromatherapy-cancer","kind":"technology","name":"Aromatherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Scented essential oils, alone or with massage, are pleasant and may briefly ease anxiety or nausea, but the trials are small and a Cochrane review found no reliable evidence that adding aromatherapy to massage does anything more than massage alone.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:insufficient","route":"/technologies/aromatherapy-cancer/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"reflexology-cancer","kind":"technology","name":"Reflexology","aka":"","tldr":"Reflexology is foot massage guided by a map of the body that has no anatomical basis. Small trials report short-lived relaxation and pain relief similar to any gentle foot massage; guidelines list it as an option for pain only with low confidence.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:insufficient","route":"/technologies/reflexology-cancer/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"reiki-energy-therapies","kind":"technology","name":"Reiki, healing touch and other energy therapies","aka":"","tldr":"Reiki and similar practices involve a practitioner holding hands on or near the body to channel an 'energy' that has never been detected. Trials show relaxation similar to sham sessions; they are harmless as rest, but they treat nothing.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:insufficient","route":"/technologies/reiki-energy-therapies/","status":"concept"},{"id":"ginger-nausea","kind":"technology","name":"Ginger for chemotherapy nausea","aka":"","tldr":"Ginger capsules taken alongside standard anti-sickness drugs reduced nausea in the largest randomised trial, but other trials found no effect and the doses and products vary. It is safe for most people, with a caution about bleeding for anyone on anticoagulants.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/ginger-nausea/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"curcumin-turmeric","kind":"technology","name":"Curcumin and turmeric","aka":"","tldr":"Curcumin, the yellow pigment in turmeric, kills cancer cells in a dish and is one of the most studied supplements, but it is barely absorbed from the gut and no randomised trial has shown it treats cancer in people. Cooking with turmeric is fine; high-dose capsules can interact with chemotherapy and blood thinners.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:insufficient","route":"/technologies/curcumin-turmeric/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"green-tea-egcg","kind":"technology","name":"Green tea and EGCG extracts","aka":"","tldr":"Drinking green tea is safe and pleasant, but a Cochrane review found no consistent evidence that it prevents cancer, and concentrated green tea extract capsules have caused liver injury and can interfere with some drugs.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:insufficient","route":"/technologies/green-tea-egcg/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"american-ginseng-fatigue","kind":"technology","name":"American ginseng for cancer-related fatigue","aka":"","tldr":"In a randomised placebo-controlled trial of 364 people, eight weeks of Wisconsin American ginseng modestly improved cancer-related fatigue, mainly in those still on treatment. The 2024 fatigue guideline says it may be offered during treatment; quality of the product matters.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/american-ginseng-fatigue/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"melatonin-cancer","kind":"technology","name":"Melatonin as a cancer adjunct","aka":"","tldr":"Melatonin helps some people sleep and is safe at usual doses, but the claim that high-dose melatonin improves survival rests on a series of small unblinded trials from one group that has never been reproduced elsewhere. It is not a cancer treatment.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:insufficient","route":"/technologies/melatonin-cancer/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"omega3-epa-cachexia","kind":"technology","name":"Fish oil (EPA) for cancer weight loss","aka":"","tldr":"Fish oil rich in EPA was expected to slow cancer-related muscle wasting by damping inflammation. Randomised trials and a Cochrane review found no convincing effect on weight or survival, though fish oil is safe and sits comfortably inside general nutritional support.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:insufficient","route":"/technologies/omega3-epa-cachexia/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"pancreatic nsclc"},{"id":"probiotics-treatment-diarrhoea","kind":"technology","name":"Probiotics for chemotherapy and radiotherapy diarrhoea","aka":"","tldr":"Probiotic supplements (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium) may reduce diarrhoea during pelvic radiotherapy for cervical, rectal and prostate cancer and some chemotherapy, but a 2018 Cochrane review rated the evidence low certainty and strains differ between trials. Patients in profound neutropenia or with a central line should not take them without advice, because bloodstream infections have occurred.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/probiotics-treatment-diarrhoea/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"cervical colorectal prostate"},{"id":"glutamine-mucositis-neuropathy","kind":"technology","name":"Glutamine for mucositis and neuropathy","aka":"","tldr":"Oral glutamine, an amino acid that gut and mouth lining cells use for fuel, may reduce the severity of mouth ulcers during head and neck chemoradiation; mucositis guidelines suggest it for that use. Intravenous glutamine in transplant patients is not recommended, and evidence for preventing nerve damage is thin.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/glutamine-mucositis-neuropathy/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"honey-radiation-mucositis","kind":"technology","name":"Honey for radiation mucositis","aka":"","tldr":"Swallowing honey before and after head and neck radiotherapy sessions reduced mouth ulcers in several small trials, mostly from single centres, but the studies are of low quality and mucositis guidelines could not make a recommendation either way.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:insufficient","route":"/technologies/honey-radiation-mucositis/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"mistletoe-extracts","kind":"technology","name":"Mistletoe extracts (Iscador, Helixor)","aka":"","tldr":"Injectable mistletoe extracts are the most prescribed complementary cancer treatment in German-speaking Europe. Decades of studies have not shown that they lengthen life; some suggest better quality of life during chemotherapy, but the trials are weak and the largest well-run ones were negative.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:insufficient","route":"/technologies/mistletoe-extracts/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"pancreatic melanoma breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"high-dose-vitamin-c","kind":"technology","name":"High-dose intravenous vitamin C","aka":"","tldr":"Vitamin C tablets do not treat cancer: two randomised trials at the Mayo Clinic settled that in the 1980s. Intravenous doses reach blood levels high enough to generate hydrogen peroxide in tumours, and small trials alongside chemotherapy are under way, but no adequately sized trial has yet shown benefit.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:insufficient","route":"/technologies/high-dose-vitamin-c/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"pancreatic ovarian glioblastoma"},{"id":"psk-krestin-adjuvant","kind":"technology","name":"PSK (Krestin) mushroom polysaccharide as adjuvant therapy","aka":"","tldr":"PSK, a protein-bound polysaccharide from the turkey tail mushroom, has been an approved adjuvant cancer drug in Japan since 1977. Meta-analyses of Japanese randomised trials in stomach and bowel cancer found a modest survival benefit added to chemotherapy, but these results have never been tested outside Japan.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/psk-krestin-adjuvant/","status":"approved","cancers":"gastric colorectal"},{"id":"medicinal-mushrooms-reishi-turkey-tail","kind":"technology","name":"Medicinal mushrooms: reishi, turkey tail, shiitake and others","aka":"","tldr":"Reishi, turkey tail, shiitake, maitake and cordyceps extracts are rich in beta-glucans that stimulate natural killer cells in the laboratory and are sold as supplements to people with cancer. A 2016 Cochrane review found five small, poor-quality reishi trials and no evidence it treats cancer; the other species lack randomised efficacy trials, and rare liver toxicity is reported.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:insufficient","route":"/technologies/medicinal-mushrooms-reishi-turkey-tail/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"traditional-chinese-herbal-medicine","kind":"technology","name":"Traditional Chinese herbal medicine alongside treatment","aka":"","tldr":"Traditional Chinese herbal medicine prescribes individualised multi-herb decoctions, taken by most cancer patients in China to reduce chemotherapy side effects. Cochrane reviews found the hundreds of trials small, unblinded and poorly reported, so whether they help is unknown, and some herbs damage the liver or interact with tyrosine kinase inhibitors through CYP3A4.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:insufficient","route":"/technologies/traditional-chinese-herbal-medicine/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"ayurvedic-medicine-cancer","kind":"technology","name":"Ayurvedic medicine and cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Ayurveda, the traditional medicine of India, offers diet, yoga, herbs and mineral preparations. Yoga has good evidence in its own right; the herbal and mineral remedies have not been shown to treat cancer, and a fifth of products sold online contained lead, mercury or arsenic in one study.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:insufficient","route":"/technologies/ayurvedic-medicine-cancer/","status":"concept"},{"id":"homeopathy-cancer","kind":"technology","name":"Homeopathy","aka":"","tldr":"Homeopathic remedies are diluted until no molecules of the starting substance remain, so any effect would need new physics. A Cochrane review of trials for chemotherapy and radiotherapy side effects found no convincing evidence that they work; they are harmless as long as they do not replace real treatment.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:insufficient","route":"/technologies/homeopathy-cancer/","status":"negative"},{"id":"st-johns-wort-interaction","kind":"technology","name":"St John's wort: an interaction to avoid","aka":"","tldr":"St John's wort is a herbal antidepressant whose active ingredient hyperforin switches on the liver enzyme CYP3A4 and the P-glycoprotein pump, cutting blood levels of irinotecan's active metabolite by 42% and imatinib by about a third. It is contraindicated with most tyrosine kinase, CDK4/6 and PARP inhibitors, and its effect lasts two weeks after stopping.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:harm","route":"/technologies/st-johns-wort-interaction/","status":"established"},{"id":"cannabinoids-nausea","kind":"technology","name":"Cannabinoids for chemotherapy nausea (dronabinol, nabilone, medical cannabis)","aka":"","tldr":"Two synthetic cannabinoid tablets, dronabinol and nabilone, have been approved for chemotherapy nausea since 1985 and can help when standard anti-sickness drugs fail. Modern antiemetics work better for most people, and evidence for herbal cannabis or vaped products is thin.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/cannabinoids-nausea/","status":"approved"},{"id":"cannabinoids-pain-appetite","kind":"technology","name":"Cannabis and cannabinoids for pain, appetite and cancer control","aka":"","tldr":"Cannabis and cannabinoids are used by patients for pain, appetite and sleep. Three phase 3 trials of a THC:CBD mouth spray added to opioids did not beat placebo for cancer pain, dronabinol failed for appetite, and no human trial shows tumour control, so ASCO's 2024 guideline advises against them as cancer treatment outside a trial.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:insufficient","route":"/technologies/cannabinoids-pain-appetite/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"oral-cryotherapy-mucositis","kind":"technology","name":"Oral cryotherapy (ice chips) to prevent mucositis","aka":"","tldr":"Sucking ice chips for half an hour around a bolus dose of fluorouracil or high-dose melphalan roughly halves the risk of painful mouth ulcers. It costs nothing and is recommended in international mucositis guidelines.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:strong","route":"/technologies/oral-cryotherapy-mucositis/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"frozen-gloves-compression-taxane","kind":"technology","name":"Frozen gloves, socks and compression for taxane nail and nerve damage","aka":"","tldr":"Wearing frozen gloves and socks, or tight surgical gloves, during taxane infusions reduces nail damage and may reduce numbness in the hands and feet, by narrowing the blood vessels while the drug is at its peak. Trials are small but consistent, and it is cheap.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/frozen-gloves-compression-taxane/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"photobiomodulation-mucositis","kind":"technology","name":"Photobiomodulation (low-level laser) for oral mucositis","aka":"","tldr":"Shining low-power red or near-infrared light on the inside of the mouth before and during treatment prevents severe mouth ulcers in people having head and neck radiotherapy or high-dose chemotherapy for transplant. Mucositis guidelines recommend it, though few centres yet have the equipment.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:strong","route":"/technologies/photobiomodulation-mucositis/","status":"established","cancers":"head-and-neck multiple-myeloma dlbcl"},{"id":"hyperbaric-oxygen-radiation-injury","kind":"technology","name":"Hyperbaric oxygen for late radiation injury","aka":"","tldr":"Breathing pure oxygen in a pressurised chamber, over 30 to 40 sessions, helps heal radiation damage to the jaw, bladder and bowel that appears years after treatment. A Cochrane review found moderate-quality evidence of benefit for these sites, and little for others.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/hyperbaric-oxygen-radiation-injury/","status":"established","cancers":"prostate head-and-neck cervical"},{"id":"lymphoedema-decongestive-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Compression, decongestive therapy and exercise for lymphoedema","aka":"","tldr":"Arm or leg swelling after lymph node surgery or radiotherapy is managed with compression garments, specialised massage, skin care and exercise. Weight lifting, once forbidden, was shown in a randomised trial to reduce flare-ups rather than cause them.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:strong","route":"/technologies/lymphoedema-decongestive-therapy/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc melanoma vulvar breast-cancer"},{"id":"minoxidil-chemotherapy-alopecia","kind":"technology","name":"Minoxidil for persistent chemotherapy- and endocrine-therapy hair loss","aka":"","tldr":"Most hair grows back after chemotherapy, but a minority, especially after docetaxel, are left with thin hair, and tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors cause gradual thinning. Minoxidil lotion or low-dose tablets, the same treatment used for pattern hair loss, improved regrowth in most patients in dermatology series and shortened regrowth time in an early randomised trial.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/minoxidil-chemotherapy-alopecia/","status":"emerging","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"bimatoprost-eyelash-regrowth","kind":"technology","name":"Bimatoprost for eyelash and eyebrow regrowth","aka":"","tldr":"Eyelashes and eyebrows often fall out with chemotherapy and can be slow to return. Bimatoprost, a glaucoma eye drop approved for thin lashes, applied along the lash line each night increased lash length and thickness in a randomised trial that included people after chemotherapy.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/bimatoprost-eyelash-regrowth/","status":"approved"},{"id":"wigs-cranial-prosthesis","kind":"technology","name":"Wigs, cranial prostheses and head coverings","aka":"","tldr":"A wig, scarf or cap restores privacy and confidence during hair loss. In the UK wigs come on NHS prescription, free in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland and in England for children, students under 19 and people on qualifying benefits; in the US a prescription for a 'cranial prosthesis' lets some insurers reimburse one, and charities give wigs free.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:strong","route":"/technologies/wigs-cranial-prosthesis/","status":"established"},{"id":"alternative-medicine-instead-of-treatment","kind":"technology","name":"Alternative medicine used instead of standard treatment","aka":"","tldr":"Complementary approaches used alongside treatment can help with symptoms. Choosing an alternative therapy instead of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy or hormone therapy is a different decision: in a national US database, people who did so were two and a half times as likely to die within the study period, and more than five times as likely with breast cancer.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:harm","route":"/technologies/alternative-medicine-instead-of-treatment/","status":"negative","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc colorectal nsclc prostate"},{"id":"laetrile-amygdalin","kind":"technology","name":"Laetrile (amygdalin, 'vitamin B17')","aka":"","tldr":"Laetrile, sold as vitamin B17 or apricot kernel extract, was tested in a large National Cancer Institute study in the 1980s and did nothing against cancer. It releases cyanide in the gut, and people have been poisoned by it.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:harm","route":"/technologies/laetrile-amygdalin/","status":"negative"},{"id":"gerson-therapy-detox-regimens","kind":"technology","name":"Gerson therapy, coffee enemas and 'detox' regimens","aka":"","tldr":"The Gerson regimen prescribes hourly juices, a strict low-salt vegetarian diet, supplements and several coffee enemas a day, and is sold at clinics in Mexico. It has never shown benefit in any controlled study, and coffee enemas have caused fatal electrolyte disturbances and infections.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:harm","route":"/technologies/gerson-therapy-detox-regimens/","status":"negative","cancers":"melanoma pancreatic"},{"id":"shark-cartilage","kind":"technology","name":"Shark cartilage (AE-941, Neovastat)","aka":"","tldr":"The idea that sharks do not get cancer (they do) launched a supplement industry. Two randomised trials, including a large phase 3 in lung cancer, found that shark cartilage extract does nothing for survival, and the trade contributed to shark population declines.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:no-benefit","route":"/technologies/shark-cartilage/","status":"negative","cancers":"nsclc breast-hr-positive colorectal"},{"id":"hydrazine-sulfate","kind":"technology","name":"Hydrazine sulfate","aka":"","tldr":"Hydrazine sulfate was promoted in the 1970s and 80s to reverse cancer weight loss and prolong life. Three large randomised trials sponsored by the National Cancer Institute found no benefit and more side effects, and the compound is a suspected carcinogen.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:no-benefit","route":"/technologies/hydrazine-sulfate/","status":"negative","cancers":"nsclc colorectal"},{"id":"antineoplastons","kind":"technology","name":"Antineoplastons (Burzynski clinic)","aka":"","tldr":"Antineoplastons are peptide fractions first isolated from urine and given at one private clinic in Texas for nearly fifty years, mostly to children with brain tumours. Despite dozens of registered trials, none has been published in full, no independent group has confirmed benefit, and the treatment is expensive and causes serious salt imbalance.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:insufficient","route":"/technologies/antineoplastons/","status":"negative","cancers":"glioblastoma medulloblastoma"},{"id":"black-salve-escharotics","kind":"technology","name":"Black salve and other escharotic pastes","aka":"","tldr":"Black salve is a corrosive paste containing bloodroot and zinc chloride sold online to 'draw out' skin cancers. It burns whatever it touches, leaves disfiguring scars, does not reliably remove the cancer, and has let melanomas spread while people believed they were cured.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:harm","route":"/technologies/black-salve-escharotics/","status":"negative","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma cutaneous-scc melanoma skin-cancer"},{"id":"fenbendazole-ivermectin-repurposing-claims","kind":"technology","name":"Fenbendazole, ivermectin and other internet 'repurposed cures'","aka":"","tldr":"Dog dewormers and anti-parasite drugs are promoted on social media as hidden cancer cures on the strength of cell-culture experiments and anecdotes. No clinical trial shows benefit in people, liver damage has been reported, and drug repurposing is real but works through trials, not forums.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:insufficient","route":"/technologies/fenbendazole-ivermectin-repurposing-claims/","status":"negative"},{"id":"essiac-herbal-cancer-cures","kind":"technology","name":"Essiac, Hoxsey and other 'herbal cancer cures'","aka":"","tldr":"Essiac tea, Hoxsey tonic and similar herbal mixtures have been sold as cancer cures for a century. Laboratory tests and reviews by the NCI and Canadian regulators found no anticancer effect, and the clinics that sell them have never produced a controlled trial.","tags":"complementary supportive-care evidence:insufficient","route":"/technologies/essiac-herbal-cancer-cures/","status":"negative"},{"id":"paper-johnson-alternative-medicine-jnci-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Use of alternative medicine for cancer and its impact on survival","aka":"","tldr":"People with curable breast, lung or bowel cancer who chose alternative medicine instead of conventional treatment were two and a half times as likely to die during follow-up as matched patients who had standard treatment.","tags":"complementary","route":"/key-papers/paper-johnson-alternative-medicine-jnci-2018/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc colorectal nsclc prostate"},{"id":"paper-scalp-trial-jama-2017","kind":"paper","name":"SCALP: scalp cooling to prevent hair loss during chemotherapy for early breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In the first randomised trial of a modern scalp cooling system, half the women who used the Paxman device during taxane or anthracycline chemotherapy for early breast cancer kept most of their hair, compared with none of those who did not.","tags":"complementary hair-loss","route":"/key-papers/paper-scalp-trial-jama-2017/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"hair-anagen-effluvium","kind":"term","name":"Anagen effluvium (chemotherapy hair loss)","aka":"anagen effluvium\nchemotherapy-induced alopecia\nCIA\nchemo hair loss","tldr":"The sudden shedding that starts two to three weeks after chemotherapy begins, because the drug stops hair follicles mid-growth and the shaft snaps off at the scalp. The follicle itself usually survives, which is why hair almost always comes back.","tags":"","route":"/terms/hair-anagen-effluvium/"},{"id":"hair-regrowth-after-chemotherapy","kind":"term","name":"Regrowth after chemotherapy (chemo curls)","aka":"chemo curls\nchemo curl\nhair regrowth after chemotherapy","tldr":"Hair usually starts to come back two to three months after the last dose of chemotherapy, and it often comes back a different texture or colour: straight hair curly, dark hair grey or white. Most of that settles over the following year or two.","tags":"","route":"/terms/hair-regrowth-after-chemotherapy/"},{"id":"hair-brows-and-lashes","kind":"term","name":"Eyebrow and eyelash loss (madarosis)","aka":"madarosis\neyelash loss\neyebrow loss\nlash loss","tldr":"Eyebrows and eyelashes usually fall later than scalp hair and come back later, and their absence is felt more than people expect, because they frame the face and keep dust and sweat out of the eyes.","tags":"","route":"/terms/hair-brows-and-lashes/"},{"id":"alopecia-persistent-chemotherapy","kind":"term","name":"Persistent chemotherapy-induced alopecia","aka":"persistent chemotherapy-induced alopecia\npermanent chemotherapy-induced alopecia\npCIA\nPCIA\npermanent alopecia after chemotherapy","tldr":"Hair that has not returned to its old density six months or more after chemotherapy ended. It is the effect patients are least often warned about beforehand, it is commonest after taxanes and after transplant conditioning, and it is usually thinning rather than baldness.","tags":"","route":"/terms/alopecia-persistent-chemotherapy/"},{"id":"alopecia-endocrine-therapy","kind":"term","name":"Endocrine-therapy-induced alopecia","aka":"endocrine therapy-induced alopecia\nEIA\naromatase inhibitor hair thinning\ntamoxifen hair thinning","tldr":"Gradual thinning at the parting and crown that builds over months on tamoxifen, an aromatase inhibitor or ovarian suppression. It is not the sudden shedding of chemotherapy, it lasts as long as the treatment does, and it is often dismissed because it is mild on a clinician's scale and not on the patient's.","tags":"","route":"/terms/alopecia-endocrine-therapy/"},{"id":"alopecia-radiotherapy-persistent","kind":"term","name":"Persistent radiation-induced alopecia","aka":"persistent radiation-induced alopecia\npermanent radiation alopecia\nradiotherapy hair loss","tldr":"Radiotherapy takes hair only where the beam passes through the scalp, and whether it returns depends on the dose the follicles received. Below a threshold it regrows in months; above it, the patch can stay thin for good.","tags":"","route":"/terms/alopecia-radiotherapy-persistent/"},{"id":"scalp-care-cancer-treatment","kind":"technology","name":"Scalp care during and after cancer treatment","aka":"","tldr":"A bare scalp burns in sun it has never met, loses heat fast in cold, and is more easily irritated while treatment is going on. The measures are small and free, and they are the part of hair loss a person can act on from the first week.","tags":"complementary supportive-care hair-loss evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/scalp-care-cancer-treatment/","status":"established"},{"id":"hair-camouflage-and-restoration","kind":"technology","name":"Camouflage and restoration: fibres, micropigmentation, transplantation","aka":"","tldr":"When density has not come back, the options are to hide the gap or to move hair into it. Keratin fibres and scalp micropigmentation are cheap, immediate and reversible; hair transplantation and surgical reconstruction have been reported in cancer survivors only in small numbers, and no trial compares any of them.","tags":"complementary supportive-care hair-loss evidence:insufficient","route":"/technologies/hair-camouflage-and-restoration/","status":"established"},{"id":"hair-platelet-rich-plasma","kind":"technology","name":"Platelet-rich plasma for hair after cancer treatment","aka":"","tldr":"Blood is spun to concentrate platelets and injected into the scalp. It is sold widely for hair loss and is expensive. The one randomised study in people treated for cancer injected one half of the scalp and left the other half alone: both halves improved by the same amount.","tags":"complementary supportive-care hair-loss evidence:insufficient","route":"/technologies/hair-platelet-rich-plasma/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"hair-photobiomodulation","kind":"technology","name":"Low-level light therapy (photobiomodulation) for hair","aka":"","tldr":"Red and near-infrared light from a cap, comb or in-clinic device, sold for hair growth and tested twice in breast cancer. Adding it to scalp cooling did not improve on scalp cooling alone, and a separate caution applies to shining light at tissue where a tumour may be.","tags":"complementary supportive-care hair-loss evidence:insufficient","route":"/technologies/hair-photobiomodulation/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"hair-antiandrogens-alopecia","kind":"technology","name":"Antiandrogens for hair: spironolactone, finasteride, dutasteride","aka":"","tldr":"Because hair thinning on endocrine therapy follows the pattern of androgenetic alopecia, the drugs used for that pattern are sometimes added. The evidence in cancer survivors cannot separate them from minoxidil, the one guideline that addresses spironolactone says not to use it routinely, and an expert panel advised against finasteride and dutasteride in breast cancer.","tags":"complementary supportive-care hair-loss evidence:insufficient","route":"/technologies/hair-antiandrogens-alopecia/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"hair-supplements-marketed","kind":"technology","name":"Supplements sold for hair growth after cancer treatment","aka":"","tldr":"Biotin, marine-protein and multi-ingredient capsules are advertised directly to people whose hair has thinned after treatment. No randomised trial of any of them has been run in chemotherapy or endocrine-therapy hair loss. High-dose biotin also distorts hospital blood tests, including the one used to diagnose a heart attack.","tags":"complementary supportive-care hair-loss evidence:insufficient","route":"/technologies/hair-supplements-marketed/","status":"negative"},{"id":"hair-topical-prevention-agents","kind":"technology","name":"Creams and lotions tried to prevent chemotherapy hair loss","aka":"","tldr":"Several drugs have been put on the scalp to stop chemotherapy hair loss before it starts: minoxidil lotion, vitamin D analogues, and others. The trials were done and they did not work. Scalp cooling remains the only method cleared by a regulator to prevent it.","tags":"complementary supportive-care hair-loss evidence:no-benefit","route":"/technologies/hair-topical-prevention-agents/","status":"negative"},{"id":"exercise-prescription-after-cancer","kind":"technology","name":"The exercise prescription after cancer: the dose the guidelines state","aka":"","tldr":"Exercise is the best-evidenced thing a person can do for their own recovery, and the guidelines put a number on it: moderate aerobic exercise at least three times a week for at least thirty minutes, for eight to twelve weeks, plus resistance training twice a week, two sets of eight to fifteen repetitions at sixty per cent or more of the heaviest weight you can lift once.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:strong","route":"/technologies/exercise-prescription-after-cancer/","status":"established","cancers":"colorectal breast-hr-positive prostate nsclc"},{"id":"muscle-recovery-after-cancer-treatment","kind":"technology","name":"Muscle and strength after treatment: sarcopenia, cachexia and what rebuilds","aka":"","tldr":"Muscle lost during treatment is usually regained with resistance training and enough protein, over months rather than weeks. Muscle lost to cancer cachexia is different: while the cancer is active, training and food slow the loss but rarely reverse it, and the consensus definition says so plainly.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/muscle-recovery-after-cancer-treatment/","status":"established","cancers":"pancreatic nsclc gastric colorectal prostate"},{"id":"cancer-treatment-bone-loss","kind":"technology","name":"Bone loss caused by cancer treatment, and what rebuilds it","aka":"","tldr":"Hormone treatments, chemotherapy that stops the ovaries and long courses of steroids all thin the bones, fast enough to measure within a year. Some of it comes back when the treatment stops, and the drugs that prevent fracture while it is going on are well proven.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:strong","route":"/technologies/cancer-treatment-bone-loss/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"prostate breast-hr-positive multiple-myeloma dlbcl"},{"id":"cardiotoxicity-surveillance-recovery","kind":"technology","name":"Heart function after anthracyclines, trastuzumab and chest radiotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Most heart damage from anthracycline chemotherapy appears within the first year after it finishes, and most of it improves at least partly when it is caught and treated. Heart muscle weakened by trastuzumab usually recovers when the drug is stopped. Radiotherapy to the chest raises the risk of coronary disease years later, in proportion to the dose the heart received.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:strong","route":"/technologies/cardiotoxicity-surveillance-recovery/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"breast-her2-positive breast-hr-positive dlbcl hodgkin-lymphoma sarcoma"},{"id":"anthracycline-cardioprotection","kind":"technology","name":"Protecting the heart during anthracycline treatment: dexrazoxane, beta blockers and ACE inhibitors","aka":"","tldr":"Dexrazoxane, given with the chemotherapy, cuts clinical heart failure in adults by about four fifths in pooled trials without reducing how well the chemotherapy works. Beta blockers and blood-pressure drugs given preventively protect the ejection fraction by a point or two during treatment, and in the one trial that followed patients for two years that difference had gone.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/anthracycline-cardioprotection/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-her2-positive breast-hr-positive dlbcl sarcoma all-leukemia"},{"id":"cipn-recovery-and-treatment","kind":"technology","name":"Nerve damage from chemotherapy: what recovers, and what helps","aka":"","tldr":"Numbness, tingling and pain in the hands and feet are common on platinum, taxane, vinca and proteasome-inhibitor treatment, and most of it fades. In a meta-analysis of 4,179 patients it was present in 68 per cent in the first month, 60 per cent at three months and 30 per cent at six months or later. Only duloxetine has evidence for the pain, and no drug prevents it.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/cipn-recovery-and-treatment/","status":"established","cancers":"colorectal breast-hr-positive multiple-myeloma ovarian nsclc testicular"},{"id":"scrambler-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Scrambler therapy (Calmare) for chemotherapy nerve pain","aka":"","tldr":"A surface electrical device that is said to replace pain signals with signals the brain reads as normal. People treated with it often feel better, but in the only trial that compared it with a dummy device there was no difference between the two, so what is being felt may be the attention and the expectation rather than the machine.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:insufficient","route":"/technologies/scrambler-therapy/","status":"emerging","cancers":"colorectal breast-hr-positive multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"hearing-after-platinum-chemotherapy","kind":"technology","name":"Hearing and tinnitus after platinum chemotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Cisplatin kills the hair cells of the inner ear, starting at the high frequencies, and the loss does not come back. In children, sodium thiosulfate given six hours after each dose cut hearing loss from 63 to 33 per cent in one randomised trial and from 56.4 to 28.6 per cent in another. Nothing equivalent is licensed for adults.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:strong","route":"/technologies/hearing-after-platinum-chemotherapy/","status":"established","cancers":"testicular head-and-neck nsclc ovarian neuroblastoma osteosarcoma"},{"id":"dry-mouth-teeth-after-head-neck-radiotherapy","kind":"technology","name":"Dry mouth, teeth and taste after head and neck radiotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Radiotherapy to the head and neck damages the salivary glands and, through the dry mouth that follows, the teeth. Planning that steers dose away from the parotid glands roughly halves lasting dryness and lets saliva recover over a year or two. Teeth need a dental assessment before treatment starts, because extractions afterwards risk the jawbone failing to heal.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:strong","route":"/technologies/dry-mouth-teeth-after-head-neck-radiotherapy/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"head-and-neck thyroid"},{"id":"bowel-after-pelvic-radiotherapy","kind":"technology","name":"Bowel function after pelvic radiotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"New bowel symptoms after radiotherapy to the prostate, cervix, womb, bladder or rectum are common and are often treated as something to live with. They usually have several separate and treatable causes, and a trial showed that working through them with a written algorithm, delivered by a nurse or a gastroenterologist, improved symptoms more than a self-help booklet.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/bowel-after-pelvic-radiotherapy/","status":"established","cancers":"prostate cervical endometrial colorectal urothelial"},{"id":"radiation-skin-recovery","kind":"technology","name":"Skin during and after radiotherapy: dressings, steroids and what lasts","aka":"","tldr":"Skin reactions in the treated area peak around the end of radiotherapy and heal. A thin silicone film applied from the first day cut moderate or severe reactions from 45.6 to 15.5 per cent in a randomised trial in breast cancer, and an international guideline recommends it. Permanent changes, such as fine broken veins and firmness, come later and do not reverse.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:strong","route":"/technologies/radiation-skin-recovery/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc head-and-neck skin-cancer"},{"id":"nail-changes-after-chemotherapy","kind":"technology","name":"Nails after chemotherapy: lifting, ridges and discolouration","aka":"","tldr":"Taxanes lift the nail from its bed, leave transverse ridges that mark each cycle, and discolour it. Reported rates across studies range from none to forty-four per cent. Cooling the hands during the infusion reduced nail damage in a pooled analysis, but the one properly randomised trial was negative and six in ten participants stopped because the cold was too uncomfortable.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/nail-changes-after-chemotherapy/","status":"emerging","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc prostate ovarian"},{"id":"lymphoedema-surgery-and-early-detection","kind":"technology","name":"Lymphoedema: catching it early, and the operations for it","aka":"","tldr":"Two things have changed. Measuring the limb regularly after surgery, so that a month of compression can start before swelling is obvious, cut progression to full decongestive treatment from 19.2 to 7.9 per cent in a randomised trial. And joining lymphatics to small veins during the node operation cut new lymphoedema from 32 to 9.5 per cent, in a trial not yet finally reported.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/lymphoedema-surgery-and-early-detection/","status":"emerging","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc melanoma cervical endometrial"},{"id":"ovarian-function-after-chemotherapy","kind":"technology","name":"Ovarian function after chemotherapy: who recovers, and when","aka":"","tldr":"Whether periods return after chemotherapy depends mostly on age and on which drugs were given. In the one study that recorded bleeding daily, about two thirds of women who stopped bleeding for six months after an anthracycline regimen started again, usually within a year. Of those who went two years without a period, one in ten bled again and none regained regular cycles.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/ovarian-function-after-chemotherapy/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc hodgkin-lymphoma all-leukemia cervical"},{"id":"menopause-after-cancer-treatment","kind":"technology","name":"Menopause brought on by cancer treatment, and the options for it","aka":"","tldr":"Treatment can bring on menopause in a week rather than a decade, and the usual answer, hormone replacement, is often unavailable. The non-hormonal options now have real trial evidence: elinzanetant cut moderate to severe hot flushes by three and a half episodes a day more than placebo in women on endocrine therapy, and venlafaxine and oxybutynin also beat placebo.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:strong","route":"/technologies/menopause-after-cancer-treatment/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc ovarian endometrial cervical"},{"id":"vaginal-oestrogen-after-breast-cancer","kind":"technology","name":"Vaginal oestrogen after breast cancer: what the evidence says, and where it disagrees","aka":"","tldr":"Vaginal dryness and painful sex after cancer treatment are common, lasting and under-treated. Low-dose vaginal oestrogen is the usual answer outside cancer, and for women on an aromatase inhibitor the guidance disagrees: American and British bodies read the same cohort studies differently. A reader deserves to be told that rather than given one confident answer.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/vaginal-oestrogen-after-breast-cancer/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc endometrial cervical ovarian"},{"id":"testosterone-after-cancer-treatment","kind":"technology","name":"Testosterone after cancer treatment in men","aka":"","tldr":"Low testosterone is common after cancer treatment and is rarely looked for: it was present in 38.5 per cent of 491 men treated for testicular cancer, in about half of a separate cohort whether or not they had chemotherapy, and in a third of adults given cranial radiotherapy. Replacement is straightforward where it is indicated; men with a prostate cancer history are the uncertain group.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/testosterone-after-cancer-treatment/","status":"established","cancers":"testicular prostate hodgkin-lymphoma glioblastoma all-leukemia"},{"id":"sexual-function-after-cancer","kind":"technology","name":"Sexual function and intimacy after cancer, for both sexes","aka":"","tldr":"Sexual difficulty is among the losses people report most after cancer treatment and among the least often asked about. The guideline says a member of the care team should raise it, and that counselling should be offered to everyone. The treatments are real but modest, and the clearest finding is that a tablet taken only when needed does not restore erections after prostate surgery.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/sexual-function-after-cancer/","status":"established","cancers":"prostate breast-hr-positive colorectal cervical endometrial testicular urothelial"},{"id":"cognitive-impairment-after-cancer-treatment","kind":"technology","name":"Thinking and memory after cancer treatment: what is measurable, and what helps","aka":"","tldr":"Trouble with memory, concentration and word-finding after chemotherapy is real and measurable, and what a person reports and what a test shows often do not match. Cognitive rehabilitation is the approach with the best trial evidence, exercise helps on some measures and not others, and every drug tried so far has failed, including a large trial of donepezil.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/cognitive-impairment-after-cancer-treatment/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc colorectal testicular dlbcl"},{"id":"cancer-related-fatigue-management","kind":"technology","name":"Fatigue after cancer treatment: what actually works","aka":"","tldr":"Fatigue is the commonest thing left behind by cancer treatment and the least treated: about a third of women in two large breast cancer cohorts still had severe fatigue years after diagnosis. What works is exercise, cognitive behavioural therapy and mindfulness programmes. What does not is the stimulant tablet people most often ask for, and the 2024 guideline says so.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:strong","route":"/technologies/cancer-related-fatigue-management/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal prostate dlbcl nsclc"},{"id":"rejuv-age-epigenetic-clocks","kind":"technology","name":"Epigenetic age after cancer treatment","aka":"","tldr":"An epigenetic clock reads chemical marks on DNA and estimates how old the body looks, which is not always the age on a birth certificate. In survivors of childhood cancer the clock runs ahead of chronological age, and the gap is larger after radiotherapy and after certain chemotherapy drugs. What the gap means for any one person is not yet known, and the clocks do not agree with each other.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship biological-ageing epigenetics biomarker","route":"/technologies/rejuv-age-epigenetic-clocks/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"rejuv-age-clonal-haematopoiesis-after-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Clonal haematopoiesis after cancer treatment","aka":"","tldr":"Chemotherapy and radiotherapy do not select blood stem cells at random. They favour the ones carrying mutations in DNA-damage genes, which then expand. Most people with such a clone never develop a blood cancer, but the clone is a measurable mark of what treatment did, and in a minority it is the seed of a later leukaemia.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship biological-ageing blood second-cancers","route":"/technologies/rejuv-age-clonal-haematopoiesis-after-therapy/","status":"established"},{"id":"rejuv-age-senescent-cells-after-treatment","kind":"technology","name":"Senescent cells and p16 after chemotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Chemotherapy pushes cells into senescence: they stop dividing but stay alive and keep releasing inflammatory signals. The usual marker, p16INK4a in blood T cells, rises sharply during treatment and is still raised a year later. In one study the rise matched about fifteen years of ordinary ageing, in another the gap in survivors was larger still.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship biological-ageing senescence biomarker","route":"/technologies/rejuv-age-senescent-cells-after-treatment/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"rejuv-age-frailty-and-late-effects","kind":"technology","name":"Frailty and late effects in survivors","aka":"","tldr":"The clearest evidence that treatment ages people is not a laboratory marker, it is what happens to survivors decades later. In the St Jude Lifetime Cohort, one in eight women who had cancer as a child met the clinical definition of frailty at a mean age of 33, a rate usually seen after 65. Frailty predicted new chronic conditions and death.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship biological-ageing late-effects childhood-cancer","route":"/technologies/rejuv-age-frailty-and-late-effects/","status":"established"},{"id":"rejuv-age-telomere-length","kind":"technology","name":"Telomere length after treatment","aka":"","tldr":"Telomeres are the caps on chromosomes that shorten each time a cell divides. They are the oldest and best known measure of cellular ageing, and the one with the least to show for itself in cancer survivors so far: the measurements exist, the associations are inconsistent, and nothing follows from a result.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship biological-ageing biomarker","route":"/technologies/rejuv-age-telomere-length/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"rejuv-frontier-senolytics","kind":"technology","name":"Senolytics after cancer treatment","aka":"","tldr":"Senolytics are drugs meant to kill the worn-out cells that chemotherapy leaves behind. The idea is good and the animal work is striking. The human evidence is four small trials in other diseases, none in cancer survivors, and the one properly randomised trial missed its main target. Nobody should be buying these.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:insufficient senescence","route":"/technologies/rejuv-frontier-senolytics/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"rejuv-frontier-metformin-ageing","kind":"technology","name":"Metformin as an anti-ageing drug after cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Metformin is cheap, old and safe enough that it is the obvious candidate for a drug that slows ageing. The largest cancer trial ever run on it, in 3,649 women with breast cancer, found nothing. The trial designed to test whether it slows ageing itself has not been run.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:insufficient repurposing","route":"/technologies/rejuv-frontier-metformin-ageing/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"rejuv-frontier-rapamycin-ageing","kind":"technology","name":"Rapamycin and mTOR inhibition for ageing","aka":"","tldr":"Rapamycin extends life in every species it has been properly tested in, which is why people take it off-label. In humans there are two randomised results worth knowing: a related drug improved the flu vaccine response in older people by about a fifth, and a year of low-dose rapamycin in healthy adults did not change its primary endpoint. That is the whole of it.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:insufficient repurposing","route":"/technologies/rejuv-frontier-rapamycin-ageing/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"rejuv-frontier-nad-precursors","kind":"technology","name":"NAD+ precursors taken by mouth","aka":"","tldr":"NAD+ falls with age, and swallowing a precursor raises it in the blood. That much is established. Whether raising it does anything for a person who has had cancer is not. The one B3 compound with a real cancer result is plain nicotinamide, for preventing skin cancers in people who keep getting them, which is a different claim entirely.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:insufficient supplement","route":"/technologies/rejuv-frontier-nad-precursors/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"rejuv-frontier-immune-reconstitution","kind":"technology","name":"Rebuilding the immune system after treatment","aka":"","tldr":"Chemotherapy, a transplant and CAR-T empty out the immune system, and rebuilding it takes months to years. Blood counts come back before protection does: the antibodies built up over a lifetime, from childhood jabs and from infections, are largely lost after a transplant. Re-vaccination puts them back, on a published schedule.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:strong infection vaccination","route":"/technologies/rejuv-frontier-immune-reconstitution/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"rejuv-frontier-mesenchymal-stromal-cells","kind":"technology","name":"Mesenchymal stromal cells for tissue damage","aka":"","tldr":"There is one licensed mesenchymal cell product in oncology and it is for one narrow use: children whose graft-versus-host disease has not responded to steroids. Everything else sold as a mesenchymal or stromal cell infusion for repair or rejuvenation is unlicensed and untested, and it is worth knowing the difference because the clinics rely on it being blurred.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:moderate cell-therapy","route":"/technologies/rejuv-frontier-mesenchymal-stromal-cells/","status":"approved"},{"id":"rejuv-frontier-fat-grafting","kind":"technology","name":"Fat grafting after cancer surgery","aka":"","tldr":"Taking fat from one part of the body and injecting it to fill a defect left by surgery is routine reconstructive practice. The question survivors ask is whether it wakes anything up. Matched studies have not found higher recurrence, but they are not randomised trials, and the grafted area can produce changes on a mammogram that need to be told apart from a recurrence.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:moderate surgery reconstruction","route":"/technologies/rejuv-frontier-fat-grafting/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"rejuv-frontier-platelet-rich-plasma","kind":"technology","name":"Platelet-rich plasma for survivors","aka":"","tldr":"Platelet-rich plasma is the person's own blood, spun down and injected back. It is sold for hair, skin and vaginal dryness after treatment. The two trials that have actually been run in cancer survivors are small, and the better designed of the two found no difference between the treated and untreated side of the same scalp.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:insufficient aesthetic","route":"/technologies/rejuv-frontier-platelet-rich-plasma/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"rejuv-frontier-hyperbaric-oxygen-claims","kind":"technology","name":"Hyperbaric oxygen sold as rejuvenation","aka":"","tldr":"Hyperbaric oxygen has real randomised evidence for a short list of late radiation injuries, and none at all for the general claims made for it in wellness clinics. The distinction is worth holding, because the clinics use the real indications to sell the invented ones.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:insufficient radiation-injury","route":"/technologies/rejuv-frontier-hyperbaric-oxygen-claims/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"rejuv-frontier-stem-cell-tourism","kind":"technology","name":"Stem cell clinics and stem cell tourism","aka":"","tldr":"Clinics at home and abroad sell stem cell infusions and injections to people finishing cancer treatment. The FDA has recorded blindness, tumour formation and infections from these products, and says plainly that if you are being charged for one outside a clinical trial you are likely being deceived. Two of the harms are written up in the New England Journal of Medicine.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:harm unproven regulator-warning","route":"/technologies/rejuv-frontier-stem-cell-tourism/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"rejuv-frontier-exosome-injections","kind":"technology","name":"Exosome injections","aka":"","tldr":"Exosomes are real biology and a serious research field. Exosome injections sold in clinics are neither. There are no approved exosome products anywhere, and the FDA issued a public safety notification after patients in Nebraska were seriously harmed by them.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:harm unproven regulator-warning","route":"/technologies/rejuv-frontier-exosome-injections/","status":"preclinical"},{"id":"rejuv-frontier-unlicensed-peptides","kind":"technology","name":"Unlicensed peptides sold for recovery","aka":"","tldr":"BPC-157, ipamorelin, thymosin, CJC-1295 and the rest are sold online and by clinics for healing, energy and recovery after treatment. The FDA has placed several of them on the list of substances that may present significant safety risks in compounding, and names immunogenicity, impurities and, for some, deaths in studies.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:harm unproven regulator-warning","route":"/technologies/rejuv-frontier-unlicensed-peptides/","status":"preclinical"},{"id":"rejuv-frontier-nad-infusions","kind":"technology","name":"Intravenous NAD+ drips","aka":"","tldr":"An NAD+ drip takes several hours, is sold in courses, and has never been tested against placebo for anything a cancer survivor would recognise. The published human literature on intravenous NAD+ amounts to retrospective series and narrative reviews.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:insufficient unproven supplement","route":"/technologies/rejuv-frontier-nad-infusions/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"rejuv-frontier-ozone-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Ozone therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Ozone is sold to survivors as an infusion of ozonated blood, a rectal insufflation or an injection, for immunity, energy and detoxification. The United States regulation on the subject opens with a sentence worth reading in full: \"Ozone is a toxic gas with no known useful medical application in specific, adjunctive, or preventive therapy.\"","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:harm unproven regulator-warning","route":"/technologies/rejuv-frontier-ozone-therapy/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"rejuv-frontier-hormone-pellets","kind":"technology","name":"Compounded hormone pellets","aka":"","tldr":"Pellets of compounded oestrogen and testosterone are implanted under the skin and sold as a way to feel young again. The National Academies reviewed the evidence and told prescribers to restrict their use: the claim that compounded preparations are safer or more effective than approved hormone products is not supported, and nobody checks what is in them.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:insufficient unproven hormones","route":"/technologies/rejuv-frontier-hormone-pellets/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"rejuv-frontier-what-works","kind":"technology","name":"What actually works after treatment","aka":"","tldr":"Exercise, sleep, not smoking, treating what is treatable and keeping up surveillance outperform everything currently sold as rejuvenation, by a wide margin and with randomised trials behind them. The measurable ageing that treatment causes is real and is a reason for research, not a reason to buy something.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:strong exercise sleep survivorship","route":"/technologies/rejuv-frontier-what-works/","status":"established"},{"id":"sjlife","kind":"collection","name":"St Jude Lifetime Cohort Study (SJLIFE)","aka":"SJLIFE\nSt. Jude Lifetime Cohort","tldr":"The study that brought survivors back to a hospital and tested them, rather than asking them what was wrong. It found that most of what it found had not been diagnosed: by age 45, on clinical testing, 95.5 per cent of survivors had a chronic health condition and 80.5 per cent had a serious, disabling or life-threatening one.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship paediatric late-effects cohort","route":"/collections/sjlife/"},{"id":"bccss","kind":"collection","name":"British Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (BCCSS)","aka":"BCCSS","tldr":"Britain's own survivor cohort, built on national registration rather than on hospital volunteers, which is why it can follow people for half a century and count deaths that nobody reported. Its central finding is that what kills survivors changes with time: recurrence early, second cancers and heart disease late.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship paediatric late-effects cohort uk","route":"/collections/bccss/"},{"id":"pancaresurfup","kind":"collection","name":"PanCareSurFup and the European survivor cohorts","aka":"PanCareSurFup\nPanCare\nPanCareLIFE\nPanCareFollowUp","tldr":"Europe's answer to the American cohorts: thirteen data providers in twelve countries pooled their records to build what its own authors call the largest cohort of children with cancer to date, 83,333 five-year survivors, so that second cancers and heart disease could be counted on a continent that keeps its data in national pieces.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship paediatric late-effects cohort europe","route":"/collections/pancaresurfup/"},{"id":"ighg","kind":"collection","name":"International Guideline Harmonization Group for late effects of childhood cancer","aka":"IGHG\nInternational Late Effects of Childhood Cancer Guideline Harmonization Group","tldr":"Three countries wrote three different sets of follow-up rules for the same survivors, and the rules disagreed about who to screen, how and how often. Since 2010 this group has been settling those disagreements one organ at a time, in public, with the evidence graded and the disagreement named.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship paediatric late-effects guideline","route":"/collections/ighg/"},{"id":"rejuv-paed-chronic-disease-burden","kind":"technology","name":"How much illness childhood cancer survivors carry, and at what age","aka":"","tldr":"The figures, with the cohort and the age attached, because they are misquoted more than any others. On self-report at a mean age of 26, 62.3 per cent of survivors had a chronic condition. On clinical testing, the cumulative prevalence of any chronic condition by age 45 was 95.5 per cent, and by age 50 a survivor had 17.1 conditions against 9.2 in matched controls.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship paediatric late-effects evidence:strong","route":"/technologies/rejuv-paed-chronic-disease-burden/","status":"established","cancers":"childhood-cancers all-leukemia hodgkin-lymphoma neuroblastoma wilms-tumor medulloblastoma osteosarcoma ewing-sarcoma"},{"id":"rejuv-paed-late-mortality","kind":"technology","name":"Late deaths after childhood cancer, what causes them, and the proof that gentler treatment worked","aka":"","tldr":"Five-year survivors still die earlier than their peers, but much less than they did. Fifteen-year mortality among American five-year survivors fell from 12.4 per cent for children treated in the early 1970s to 6.0 per cent for those treated in the 1990s, and the fall tracks the radiotherapy and anthracycline that were taken out of the protocols.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship paediatric late-effects evidence:strong","route":"/technologies/rejuv-paed-late-mortality/","status":"established","cancers":"childhood-cancers all-leukemia hodgkin-lymphoma wilms-tumor medulloblastoma"},{"id":"rejuv-paed-growth-and-height","kind":"technology","name":"Growth and final height after treatment in childhood, and growth hormone","aka":"","tldr":"Radiotherapy that reaches the pituitary stops the growth hormone signal, and radiotherapy to the spine stops the spine growing. In a Dutch cohort of 573 survivors, 8.9 per cent ended up more than two standard deviations below mean adult height, the largest losses after total body irradiation and craniospinal radiotherapy. Replacement restores some height.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship paediatric late-effects evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/rejuv-paed-growth-and-height/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"childhood-cancers medulloblastoma all-leukemia paediatric-low-grade-glioma paediatric-high-grade-glioma"},{"id":"rejuv-paed-pituitary-and-puberty","kind":"technology","name":"The pituitary, puberty and the hypothalamic axis after cranial radiotherapy in childhood","aka":"","tldr":"Radiotherapy near the base of the brain damages the gland that runs growth, puberty, the thyroid and the stress response, in that order of sensitivity. In 748 survivors treated with cranial radiotherapy, 46.5 per cent had growth hormone deficiency, 10.8 per cent sex hormone deficiency, 7.5 per cent thyroid deficiency and 4 per cent adrenal deficiency, and most of it had not been treated.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship paediatric late-effects evidence:strong","route":"/technologies/rejuv-paed-pituitary-and-puberty/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"childhood-cancers medulloblastoma paediatric-low-grade-glioma paediatric-high-grade-glioma all-leukemia nasopharyngeal"},{"id":"rejuv-paed-neurocognitive","kind":"technology","name":"Memory, attention and learning after treatment of a childhood cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The commonest pattern after cranial radiotherapy in a young child is not forgetting what was learned but learning more slowly than other children, so the gap widens with every year at school. In 44 children treated for medulloblastoma the measured loss was 2.55 IQ points a year, and raw scores were still rising: they were gaining skills, just more slowly than the test expected for their age.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship paediatric late-effects evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/rejuv-paed-neurocognitive/","status":"established","cancers":"childhood-cancers medulloblastoma all-leukemia paediatric-low-grade-glioma paediatric-high-grade-glioma aml-paediatric"},{"id":"rejuv-paed-hearing","kind":"technology","name":"Hearing after platinum and cranial radiotherapy in a developing child","aka":"","tldr":"Hearing loss in a child still learning to speak and read costs more than the same loss in an adult. In the St Jude Lifetime Cohort, severe hearing impairment affected 34.9 per cent of platinum-treated survivors and 38.3 per cent of those irradiated at the cochlea, against 8.8 per cent of unexposed survivors, and tracked deficits in reasoning, fluency and mathematics.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship paediatric late-effects evidence:strong","route":"/technologies/rejuv-paed-hearing/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"neuroblastoma medulloblastoma osteosarcoma hepatoblastoma paediatric-germ-cell-tumours childhood-cancers"},{"id":"rejuv-paed-heart","kind":"technology","name":"The heart after anthracyclines and chest radiotherapy in childhood","aka":"","tldr":"Heart damage from childhood treatment appears quietly and decades later. When 1,853 adult survivors were examined rather than asked, 7.4 per cent had cardiomyopathy and 28 per cent had valve disease, and most of it was new at that visit: nearly all of them had no symptoms. High blood pressure multiplied the risk of heart failure nineteenfold, which makes it the most treatable thing on the page.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship paediatric late-effects evidence:strong","route":"/technologies/rejuv-paed-heart/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"childhood-cancers all-leukemia aml-paediatric hodgkin-lymphoma osteosarcoma ewing-sarcoma wilms-tumor neuroblastoma"},{"id":"rejuv-paed-fertility-female","kind":"technology","name":"Fertility in girls and young women treated for cancer, including ovarian tissue freezing","aka":"","tldr":"Most female survivors treated with chemotherapy and no radiotherapy to the pelvis or brain can become pregnant: the large cohort that asked found chemotherapy-specific effects were few. The exceptions are busulfan, high-dose lomustine, pelvic and cranial radiotherapy and transplant conditioning. Before puberty, freezing ovarian tissue is the only option.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship paediatric late-effects evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/rejuv-paed-fertility-female/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"childhood-cancers all-leukemia hodgkin-lymphoma ewing-sarcoma osteosarcoma paediatric-germ-cell-tumours"},{"id":"rejuv-paed-fertility-male","kind":"technology","name":"Fertility in boys and young men treated for cancer, including testicular tissue banking","aka":"","tldr":"Male survivors were about half as likely as their brothers to father a child, and the causes are specific: testicular radiotherapy above 7.5 gray, and high cumulative cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, procarbazine or cisplatin. A young man with none of those was no less likely than his brother. Sperm banking works; tissue banking before puberty has produced no births.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship paediatric late-effects evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/rejuv-paed-fertility-male/","status":"established","cancers":"childhood-cancers all-leukemia hodgkin-lymphoma ewing-sarcoma paediatric-germ-cell-tumours testicular"},{"id":"rejuv-paed-bone","kind":"technology","name":"Bone after childhood cancer: peak bone mass, osteonecrosis and what rebuilds","aka":"","tldr":"A child treated during the years in which bone is laid down may never reach the peak bone mass they would have had, which is a different problem from an adult losing bone already built. Thirty per cent of adult survivors of childhood leukaemia had low bone density, most strongly associated with growth hormone deficiency and smoking, both treatable.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship paediatric late-effects evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/rejuv-paed-bone/","status":"established","cancers":"all-leukemia all-paediatric-standard-risk all-paediatric-high-risk childhood-cancers hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"rejuv-paed-teeth-and-face","kind":"technology","name":"Teeth, jaws and facial growth after treatment in childhood","aka":"","tldr":"Treatment given while the teeth are forming can stop them forming. In the largest survey, survivors were three times more likely than siblings to report small teeth, three times more likely to report abnormal roots and nearly ten times more likely to report a dry mouth, and the risk was concentrated in children treated with alkylating drugs before the age of five.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship paediatric late-effects evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/rejuv-paed-teeth-and-face/","status":"established","cancers":"childhood-cancers all-leukemia neuroblastoma rhabdomyosarcoma retinoblastoma medulloblastoma"},{"id":"rejuv-paed-kidneys","kind":"technology","name":"Kidneys after cisplatin, ifosfamide, radiotherapy and nephrectomy in childhood","aka":"","tldr":"A Cochrane review of 61 studies found reported rates of kidney damage after childhood cancer treatment ranging from nought to 84 per cent, which is a statement about the literature rather than about kidneys. On systematic clinical testing of one large cohort, kidney dysfunction was present in 5 per cent, among the least common of the organ problems measured.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship paediatric late-effects evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/rejuv-paed-kidneys/","status":"established","cancers":"wilms-tumor neuroblastoma osteosarcoma ewing-sarcoma paediatric-germ-cell-tumours childhood-cancers"},{"id":"rejuv-paed-second-cancers","kind":"technology","name":"Second cancers after childhood cancer: the risk by treatment, and why it is falling","aka":"","tldr":"The largest late risk a childhood cancer survivor carries. Thirty years after diagnosis, 20.5 per cent of survivors treated in the 1970s and early 1980s had developed a subsequent neoplasm. The fifteen-year risk of a second malignancy has since fallen from 2.1 to 1.3 per cent across treatment decades, and the fall tracks the radiotherapy taken out.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship paediatric late-effects evidence:strong","route":"/technologies/rejuv-paed-second-cancers/","status":"established","cancers":"childhood-cancers hodgkin-lymphoma ewing-sarcoma retinoblastoma all-leukemia wilms-tumor medulloblastoma thyroid"},{"id":"rejuv-paed-breast-after-chest-radiotherapy","kind":"technology","name":"Breast cancer after chest radiotherapy in childhood, and the screening that follows","aka":"","tldr":"A girl who had radiotherapy to the chest carries a risk of breast cancer by age 50 of about 30 per cent. It is not only about dose: a low dose to the whole lung gave a higher standardised incidence than a high dose to a smaller field, because volume matters. Surveillance is recommended from early adulthood, decades before ordinary screening starts.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship paediatric late-effects evidence:strong","route":"/technologies/rejuv-paed-breast-after-chest-radiotherapy/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma childhood-cancers breast-cancer ewing-sarcoma wilms-tumor"},{"id":"rejuv-paed-cog-ltfu-guidelines","kind":"technology","name":"The Children's Oncology Group Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines","aka":"","tldr":"The most widely used rulebook in childhood cancer survivorship, and the one that made follow-up exposure-based rather than diagnosis-based: what you were given decides what you are screened for. It comes with Health Links, plain-language sheets written for the survivor rather than the doctor, and it is free to download.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship paediatric late-effects evidence:strong","route":"/technologies/rejuv-paed-cog-ltfu-guidelines/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"childhood-cancers all-leukemia hodgkin-lymphoma neuroblastoma wilms-tumor medulloblastoma"},{"id":"rejuv-paed-uk-long-term-follow-up","kind":"technology","name":"Long-term follow-up in the United Kingdom: what a survivor is actually offered","aka":"","tldr":"Britain sorts survivors into three levels of follow-up by how intensive their treatment was: a postal or telephone review at one end, a specialist late-effects clinic at the other. A Scottish cohort applied the levels retrospectively and found they worked: late effects affected 11.6 per cent of level one survivors and 65.2 per cent of level three.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship paediatric late-effects evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/rejuv-paed-uk-long-term-follow-up/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"childhood-cancers all-leukemia hodgkin-lymphoma medulloblastoma wilms-tumor"},{"id":"rejuv-paed-transition-to-adult-care","kind":"technology","name":"The handover from children's to adult services, where follow-up falls away","aka":"","tldr":"This is where survivorship care is lost. Of 8,522 adult survivors asked, 88.8 per cent had seen a doctor in the previous two years but only 17.8 per cent had received care that addressed their cancer history with risk advice or screening. Among those who should have had an echocardiogram, 28.2 per cent had; among those due a mammogram, 40.8 per cent had.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship paediatric late-effects evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/rejuv-paed-transition-to-adult-care/","status":"emerging","cancers":"childhood-cancers all-leukemia hodgkin-lymphoma medulloblastoma neuroblastoma"},{"id":"rejuv-ayac-distinct-group","kind":"technology","name":"Adolescents and young adults: a group with its own cancers, its own gap and its own needs","aka":"","tldr":"People diagnosed between 15 and 39 get different cancers from children and from older adults, and for years their survival improved more slowly than either. Since 2000 that has changed: five-year survival gains for this group have paralleled those of childhood cancers. The obstacles that remain are trial enrolment, access and insurance, and support that fits the age.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship paediatric late-effects evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/rejuv-ayac-distinct-group/","status":"established","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma testicular thyroid melanoma ewing-sarcoma osteosarcoma all-leukemia childhood-cancers"},{"id":"rejuv-ayac-diagnostic-delay","kind":"technology","name":"How long it takes to diagnose cancer in a young person, and what the evidence actually says","aka":"","tldr":"Young people often say their cancer took a long time to diagnose, and the research agrees that time to diagnosis varies widely by tumour type and age. What the research does not support is a single number: a systematic review found the studies used different definitions and skewed data that could not be combined, so no meta-analysis was possible.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship paediatric late-effects evidence:insufficient","route":"/technologies/rejuv-ayac-diagnostic-delay/","status":"established","cancers":"ewing-sarcoma osteosarcoma hodgkin-lymphoma paediatric-high-grade-glioma testicular childhood-cancers"},{"id":"rejuv-ayac-education-and-work","kind":"technology","name":"Education, work and the years that were interrupted","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer in the years when education and first jobs happen costs more than the time taken. In the largest cohort, 23 per cent of childhood cancer survivors had used special education services against 8 per cent of siblings, and survivors of several cancers were less likely to finish high school. The important finding is that where the educational support was given, the gap closed.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship paediatric late-effects evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/rejuv-ayac-education-and-work/","status":"established","cancers":"all-leukemia childhood-cancers medulloblastoma paediatric-low-grade-glioma hodgkin-lymphoma neuroblastoma"},{"id":"rejuv-ayac-services","kind":"technology","name":"Services built for teenagers and young adults, and what the national evaluation found","aka":"","tldr":"England built specialist units for 13 to 24 year olds and then evaluated them nationally, which almost no health system does. The results were mixed enough that young people were asked to interpret them, and they pointed out that three years of follow-up was too short and that the study had defined specialist care by how many admissions a person had rather than how long they spent there.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship paediatric late-effects evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/rejuv-ayac-services/","status":"established","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma all-leukemia osteosarcoma ewing-sarcoma testicular childhood-cancers"},{"id":"rejuv-second-cancers-overview","kind":"term","name":"Second cancers after treatment: what the risk is, and what is done about it","aka":"Second primary cancer\nSubsequent malignant neoplasm\nSecond primary malignancy\nSPM","tldr":"A second cancer is a brand new cancer, not the first one coming back. Most are found by the ordinary routes, and some have a screening programme attached, which is the part worth asking about by name. The risk comes from three things that add together: the treatment, the thing that caused the first cancer and has not gone away, and simply having lived longer.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship second-cancers late-effects","route":"/terms/rejuv-second-cancers-overview/"},{"id":"rejuv-second-alkylating-agents-and-myeloid-neoplasms","kind":"term","name":"Alkylating agents and therapy-related myeloid neoplasms","aka":"t-MDS\nt-AML\nTherapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome\nSecondary leukaemia after chemotherapy","tldr":"Alkylating chemotherapy can damage a blood stem cell in a way that shows up years later as myelodysplastic syndrome or acute myeloid leukaemia. It is uncommon, it depends on the total dose, and the risk falls away after about ten years. Knowing the cumulative dose you were given is the single most useful thing on your treatment summary.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship second-cancers blood chemotherapy","route":"/terms/rejuv-second-alkylating-agents-and-myeloid-neoplasms/","cancers":"aml mds aml-secondary breast-cancer ovarian multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"rejuv-second-topoisomerase-inhibitors-short-latency","kind":"term","name":"Topoisomerase II inhibitors and the shorter latency","aka":"Etoposide-related leukaemia\n11q23 therapy-related leukaemia\nKMT2A-rearranged secondary AML","tldr":"Etoposide and the anthracyclines can cause a leukaemia too, but a different one: it arrives after about two years rather than six, it starts as acute leukaemia without a myelodysplastic phase, and it carries a balanced break in a chromosome rather than a missing piece. So the first two or three years after this chemotherapy are when a blood count matters most.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship second-cancers blood chemotherapy","route":"/terms/rejuv-second-topoisomerase-inhibitors-short-latency/","cancers":"aml aml-secondary mds testicular sclc non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"rejuv-second-platinum-and-parp-inhibitors","kind":"term","name":"Platinum drugs and PARP inhibitors: the newer leukaemia risk","aka":"PARP inhibitor MDS risk\nPlatinum-related myeloid neoplasm\nLenalidomide second primary malignancy","tldr":"The leukaemia risk after chemotherapy was described in the era of mustards and etoposide, and it did not stay there. Platinum drugs carry it, PARP inhibitors raise it about two and a half times against placebo, and lenalidomide with oral melphalan raises it nearly fivefold against melphalan alone. The absolute numbers are small, but the choice of partner drug is sometimes a real decision.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship second-cancers blood targeted-therapy","route":"/terms/rejuv-second-platinum-and-parp-inhibitors/","cancers":"ovarian multiple-myeloma aml mds colorectal esophageal"},{"id":"rejuv-second-radiotherapy-dose-field-and-age","kind":"term","name":"Radiotherapy and second cancers: field, dose and age at exposure","aka":"Radiation-induced cancer\nSecond malignancy in the radiotherapy field\nOut-of-field second cancer","tldr":"A radiation-induced cancer appears in or at the edge of the treated area, usually more than ten years later, and the risk rises with the dose the organ received and falls with the age at which the person was treated. Which organs sat in the field is therefore the question that decides everything that follows, and it is answerable from the radiotherapy record.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship second-cancers radiotherapy","route":"/terms/rejuv-second-radiotherapy-dose-field-and-age/","cancers":"breast-cancer prostate hodgkin-lymphoma urothelial colorectal lung-cancer sarcoma"},{"id":"rejuv-second-age-smoking-and-inherited-risk","kind":"term","name":"Age, smoking and inherited predisposition: what the treatment risk is added to","aka":"Smoking after cancer treatment\nFamily history and second cancers\nGenetic predisposition to second cancers","tldr":"Treatment is rarely the only cause of a second cancer, and in adults it is usually not the main one. Smoking is the clearest example: after chest radiotherapy for Hodgkin lymphoma, the risks from tobacco and from treatment appeared to multiply rather than add, which makes stopping smoking the largest single lever a survivor has over this particular risk.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship second-cancers prevention smoking","route":"/terms/rejuv-second-age-smoking-and-inherited-risk/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma lung-cancer nsclc non-hodgkin-lymphoma cll"},{"id":"second-primary-breast-after-chest-radiotherapy","kind":"term","name":"Breast cancer after chest radiotherapy given young","aka":"Breast cancer after Hodgkin lymphoma\nBreast cancer after mantle radiotherapy\nRadiation-related breast cancer","tldr":"This is the second cancer with a real screening programme attached, and the one most worth asking about by name. A woman who had radiotherapy to breast tissue between the ages of 10 and 35, most often for Hodgkin lymphoma, is eligible in England for annual magnetic resonance imaging from age 25 or 30, and being missed from that list has happened often enough that asking is reasonable.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship second-cancers breast radiotherapy screening","route":"/terms/second-primary-breast-after-chest-radiotherapy/","cancers":"breast-cancer hodgkin-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"second-primary-lung-after-chest-radiotherapy","kind":"term","name":"Lung cancer after chest radiotherapy and after alkylating chemotherapy","aka":"Second primary lung cancer\nLung cancer after Hodgkin lymphoma\nLung cancer after breast radiotherapy","tldr":"Lung cancer is the commonest cause of death among people who develop a second cancer, and chest radiotherapy raises the risk of it for more than twenty years. There is no screening programme aimed at survivors anywhere, although some survivor groups have a measured rate above the threshold at which lung screening was shown to save lives, so this is a gap rather than a settled answer.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship second-cancers lung radiotherapy smoking","route":"/terms/second-primary-lung-after-chest-radiotherapy/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc hodgkin-lymphoma breast-cancer head-and-neck oropharyngeal-cancer urothelial esophageal"},{"id":"second-primary-thyroid-after-neck-radiotherapy","kind":"term","name":"Thyroid cancer after neck radiotherapy, and whether to look for it","aka":"Radiation-induced thyroid cancer\nThyroid surveillance after radiotherapy\nDifferentiated thyroid cancer in survivors","tldr":"The thyroid is among the most radiation-sensitive tissues there is, and neck or upper chest radiotherapy raises the risk of thyroid cancer for decades. Whether to look for it is genuinely unsettled: the international guideline panel compared ultrasound against feeling the neck, found neither better, and wrote a decision aid instead of a recommendation.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship second-cancers thyroid radiotherapy screening","route":"/terms/second-primary-thyroid-after-neck-radiotherapy/","cancers":"thyroid hodgkin-lymphoma breast-cancer head-and-neck"},{"id":"second-primary-sarcoma-in-the-treated-field","kind":"term","name":"Sarcoma in the radiotherapy field, and angiosarcoma of the treated breast","aka":"Radiation-associated sarcoma\nRadiation-induced sarcoma\nAngiosarcoma after breast radiotherapy\nCahan criteria","tldr":"A sarcoma arising in tissue that was irradiated is uncommon, appears after about seven years or more, and is recognised by where it is rather than by any test. In the treated breast it most often takes the form of angiosarcoma, and because it can look like a bruise or a cluster of reddish-blue nodules it is the one second cancer a person might reasonably mistake for something harmless.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship second-cancers sarcoma radiotherapy","route":"/terms/second-primary-sarcoma-in-the-treated-field/","cancers":"sarcoma angiosarcoma breast-cancer"},{"id":"second-primary-bowel-after-abdominal-radiotherapy","kind":"term","name":"Bowel cancer after abdominal and pelvic radiotherapy","aka":"Rectal cancer after prostate radiotherapy\nColorectal cancer after pelvic radiotherapy\nBowel surveillance after abdominal radiotherapy","tldr":"Radiotherapy to the abdomen or pelvis raises the risk of cancer in the bowel that sat in the field, and the risk is confined to the irradiated segment. For adults no country runs an organised colonoscopy programme afterwards, so bleeding or a change in bowel habit years later should be investigated rather than put down to the old treatment.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship second-cancers colorectal radiotherapy screening","route":"/terms/second-primary-bowel-after-abdominal-radiotherapy/","cancers":"colorectal prostate testicular seminoma cervical endometrial"},{"id":"second-primary-bladder-after-cyclophosphamide","kind":"term","name":"Bladder cancer after cyclophosphamide","aka":"Cyclophosphamide bladder cancer\nHaemorrhagic cystitis and bladder cancer\nAcrolein bladder injury","tldr":"Cyclophosphamide is one of the few cancer drugs that has been shown to cause a specific solid cancer, in the bladder, and the risk depends steeply on the total dose given. Blood in the urine years after treatment with it is a reason to be investigated rather than reassured, and the cumulative dose on your treatment summary is what tells you where you sit.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship second-cancers bladder chemotherapy","route":"/terms/second-primary-bladder-after-cyclophosphamide/","cancers":"urothelial non-hodgkin-lymphoma breast-cancer"},{"id":"second-primary-skin-cancer-after-cancer-treatment","kind":"term","name":"Skin cancer after cancer treatment","aka":"Basal cell carcinoma after radiotherapy\nSkin cancer in survivors\nKeratinocyte cancer after treatment","tldr":"Skin cancer is the commonest second cancer after almost any treatment, and the commonest one left out of the counts, because registries record non-melanoma skin cancers inconsistently or not at all. Most are basal cell carcinomas, most are curable when treated, and the practical answer is to look at irradiated skin and to have anything that bleeds, crusts or does not heal in six weeks examined.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship second-cancers skin radiotherapy screening","route":"/terms/second-primary-skin-cancer-after-cancer-treatment/","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma cutaneous-scc melanoma hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"rejuv-second-uk-very-high-risk-breast-screening","kind":"term","name":"The UK very high risk breast screening protocol after chest radiotherapy","aka":"NHS very high risk breast screening\nVHR breast screening\nBARD\nBreast screening after radiotherapy","tldr":"England runs a named screening programme for women who had radiotherapy to breast tissue when young, with exact ages and tests set out in its own documents. Surveillance begins at 25 or 30 depending on your age when irradiated, or eight years after the radiotherapy, whichever is later, and referral runs through a national dataset.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship second-cancers breast screening uk","route":"/terms/rejuv-second-uk-very-high-risk-breast-screening/","cancers":"breast-cancer hodgkin-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"rejuv-second-screening-after-treatment-compared","kind":"term","name":"Screening survivors: where the UK, American and European answers differ","aka":"Survivorship screening guidelines\nLate effects surveillance\nBETER consortium\nRisk-based survivorship care","tldr":"Three systems have built screening for survivors and they do not agree. England runs an organised programme with fixed ages and automatic referral; the United States issues a guideline and leaves the arranging to the patient; the Netherlands runs a national survivorship clinic network. They differ on when to start and whom to include.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship second-cancers screening survivorship","route":"/terms/rejuv-second-screening-after-treatment-compared/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma breast-cancer thyroid colorectal lung-cancer"},{"id":"rejuv-second-from-clone-to-disease","kind":"term","name":"From a clone in the blood to a leukaemia: what is known, and what is done","aka":"CHIP progression\nClonal haematopoiesis and therapy-related myeloid neoplasm\nClonal haematopoiesis risk score","tldr":"Chemotherapy and radiotherapy select for blood stem cells carrying particular mutations, and in a small minority one of those clones becomes a leukaemia. The useful question is not whether a clone is there but whether it will progress: most never do, and nothing has been shown to stop one that does.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship second-cancers blood biomarker","route":"/terms/rejuv-second-from-clone-to-disease/","cancers":"aml mds aml-secondary non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"rejuv-second-what-is-not-a-second-cancer","kind":"term","name":"What is not a second cancer: recurrence, metastasis and field cancerisation","aka":"Second cancer versus recurrence\nNew primary or metastasis\nContralateral cancer","tldr":"Four different things get called the same thing in conversation and in the news, and the difference changes what the news means. A second cancer is a new disease with its own stage and its own chance of cure. A recurrence is the first one back. A metastasis is the first one somewhere else. Field cancerisation is a whole area of tissue that was already changed before any of them.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship second-cancers late-effects","route":"/terms/rejuv-second-what-is-not-a-second-cancer/","cancers":"testicular seminoma head-and-neck breast-cancer"},{"id":"rejuv-second-choices-made-at-treatment","kind":"term","name":"Choices made at the time of treatment that change the second cancer risk","aka":"De-escalation and late effects\nTreatment choice and second cancers\nOmitting radiotherapy","tldr":"Some of this risk is a decision rather than a fate. Where two treatments cure equally well and one carries less late risk, that is a conversation to have before treatment starts. Trials have settled several: a different partner drug in myeloma, a lower cyclophosphamide dose in breast cancer, brachytherapy rather than external beam.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship second-cancers radiotherapy chemotherapy","route":"/terms/rejuv-second-choices-made-at-treatment/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma breast-cancer prostate hodgkin-lymphoma testicular seminoma endometrial"},{"id":"rejuv-mind-fear-of-recurrence","kind":"technology","name":"Fear that the cancer will come back: how common it is, and when it stops being ordinary worry","aka":"","tldr":"Almost everyone who finishes cancer treatment thinks about it coming back, and for about one in five the thought is severe enough to be worth treating. Pooling 9,311 people from 46 studies in 13 countries, 58.8 per cent scored 13 or more on a 36-point questionnaire, 45.1 per cent scored 16 or more and 19.2 per cent reached 22, the clinical threshold.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:moderate psychosocial","route":"/technologies/rejuv-mind-fear-of-recurrence/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal prostate melanoma hodgkin-lymphoma testicular"},{"id":"rejuv-mind-fear-of-recurrence-treatment","kind":"technology","name":"Treating fear of recurrence: the randomised trials, their effect sizes, and where the treatment is available","aka":"","tldr":"Treatment aimed specifically at fear of recurrence works, and the effect is small: across 23 controlled trials the pooled difference was 0.33 of a standard deviation afterwards and 0.28 at follow-up. The two largest randomised trials, ConquerFear with 222 people and SWORD with 88, each beat their comparator, and SWORD cost 466 euros a person.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:moderate psychosocial","route":"/technologies/rejuv-mind-fear-of-recurrence-treatment/","status":"emerging","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal prostate melanoma"},{"id":"rejuv-mind-scan-anxiety","kind":"technology","name":"Anxiety around scans, and what the evidence says about how often to scan","aka":"","tldr":"Anxiety around a scan has been measured in 57 studies using 81 different instruments, which is why reported rates run from 13 to 83 per cent; moderate to severe anxiety was reported by 4 to 28 per cent. Scanning more often does not lengthen life in breast cancer or in one common lymphoma, and in bowel cancer it found more curable recurrences but no fewer deaths.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:moderate psychosocial","route":"/technologies/rejuv-mind-scan-anxiety/","status":"established","cancers":"colorectal breast-hr-positive dlbcl hodgkin-lymphoma melanoma"},{"id":"rejuv-mind-depression-after-cancer","kind":"technology","name":"Depression during and after cancer: the interview-based prevalence, and the care model that works","aka":"","tldr":"Diagnosed by psychiatric interview rather than questionnaire, depression affects about one in six people being treated for cancer: 16.3 per cent across 70 studies and 10,071 people. Years later the rate is no higher than in people who have not had cancer. The treatment with the largest trial behind it is nurse-delivered collaborative care, which tripled the response rate.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:strong psychosocial","route":"/technologies/rejuv-mind-depression-after-cancer/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"nsclc breast-hr-positive colorectal pancreatic glioblastoma"},{"id":"rejuv-mind-anxiety-after-cancer","kind":"technology","name":"Anxiety after cancer, in survivors and in their partners","aka":"","tldr":"Two or more years after diagnosis, anxiety is the mood problem that stays raised: 17.9 per cent of 48,964 people against 13.9 per cent of 226,467 who had not had cancer, a relative risk of 1.27. Depression at that distance is not raised. Where both members of a couple were measured, spouses reported anxiety at 40.1 per cent against 28.0 per cent.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:moderate psychosocial","route":"/technologies/rejuv-mind-anxiety-after-cancer/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal prostate hodgkin-lymphoma testicular melanoma"},{"id":"rejuv-mind-traumatic-stress-after-cancer","kind":"technology","name":"Post-traumatic stress after cancer: what is measured, and how much of it is measurement","aka":"","tldr":"Post-traumatic stress disorder is commoner after cancer than in matched controls, with a pooled odds ratio of 1.66 across 11 studies, and the meta-analysis authors say some of that may come from publication bias. How much is reported depends on whether a clinician interviewed the person, and on whether the paper's own title mentions post-traumatic stress.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:insufficient psychosocial","route":"/technologies/rejuv-mind-traumatic-stress-after-cancer/","status":"emerging","cancers":"all-leukemia dlbcl breast-hr-positive sarcoma glioblastoma"},{"id":"rejuv-mind-distress-screening","kind":"technology","name":"Screening for distress: what the thermometer can and cannot do","aka":"","tldr":"The one-question distress thermometer is good at ruling depression out and poor at ruling it in: pooled across 38 analyses of 6,414 patients, sensitivity 78.4 per cent, specificity 66.8 per cent, and only 34.2 per cent who screened positive were depressed. Tested as a way of improving outcomes rather than finding cases, the one randomised trial found no improvement.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:moderate psychosocial","route":"/technologies/rejuv-mind-distress-screening/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal nsclc prostate pancreatic"},{"id":"rejuv-mind-post-traumatic-growth","kind":"technology","name":"Post-traumatic growth: what people report, and what the measurement actually captures","aka":"","tldr":"Many people say cancer changed them for the better, and that report is real. What the standard questionnaire measures is less clear: when researchers compared what people said had changed with what had actually changed on the same measures taken before and after the event, the two were largely unrelated, and perceived growth went with more distress while measured growth went with less.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:insufficient psychosocial","route":"/technologies/rejuv-mind-post-traumatic-growth/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hodgkin-lymphoma testicular melanoma"},{"id":"rejuv-mind-access-to-psychological-care","kind":"technology","name":"Getting psychological help after cancer: the stepped-care model, and what is actually commissioned","aka":"","tldr":"The guideline answer is stepped care: education for everyone, named talking therapies for moderate symptoms, more intensive therapy for severe ones, and medication after those rather than before. The English four-level model that cancer services were built around, published by NICE in 2004, has been retired and nothing has replaced it in the same form.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:moderate psychosocial","route":"/technologies/rejuv-mind-access-to-psychological-care/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal prostate nsclc hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"rejuv-mind-body-image-after-cancer","kind":"technology","name":"Body image after cancer treatment: how it is measured, what drives it, and what helps","aka":"","tldr":"Body image has a validated ten-item questionnaire built for cancer trials and tested in 682 women with breast cancer. It discriminates reliably between people who had a mastectomy and those who had breast-conserving surgery, and the scores do not track age or time since diagnosis, which is the finding most at odds with what people are told.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:moderate psychosocial","route":"/technologies/rejuv-mind-body-image-after-cancer/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc colorectal head-and-neck sarcoma rectal-cancer"},{"id":"rejuv-mind-visible-difference-head-and-neck","kind":"technology","name":"A changed face and voice: body image after head and neck cancer treatment","aka":"","tldr":"Head and neck cancer treatment changes the part of the body a person cannot cover, and the functions, speech and eating, that social life is built on. There is no pooled prevalence figure for body image distress in this group: the first systematic review of the factors behind it was still a published protocol in 2025, which makes this the clearest measurement gap in this part of the corpus.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:insufficient psychosocial","route":"/technologies/rejuv-mind-visible-difference-head-and-neck/","status":"emerging","cancers":"head-and-neck thyroid"},{"id":"rejuv-mind-body-after-stoma-and-limb-loss","kind":"technology","name":"Living with a stoma, and living after an amputation","aka":"","tldr":"A stoma changes how the body works in public, and the comparisons of quality of life after a stoma against a restored bowel are small and mixed. After bone sarcoma of an arm or leg the finding is the one people least expect: most studies comparing amputation with limb-saving surgery reported no significant difference in quality of life.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:moderate psychosocial","route":"/technologies/rejuv-mind-body-after-stoma-and-limb-loss/","status":"established","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer sarcoma osteosarcoma"},{"id":"rejuv-mind-the-word-survivor","kind":"technology","name":"The word survivor, and why the vocabulary is not a detail","aka":"","tldr":"In the one in-depth British study to ask, most of 40 people interviewed at least five years after a diagnosis of breast, bowel or prostate cancer rejected the word survivor, and the authors recommended descriptive terms instead. A wider review of eight cancer studies found the opposite in five of them, which is the point: there is no single right word.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship psychosocial","route":"/technologies/rejuv-mind-the-word-survivor/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal prostate"},{"id":"rejuv-life-partners-and-intimacy","kind":"technology","name":"Partners and relationships after cancer: what the divorce data actually show","aka":"","tldr":"The widely repeated claim that a marriage is six times more likely to end when the woman is the patient comes from one prospective cohort of 515 people. The largest study of the question, 134,435 married Finnish women followed for a median of 17 married years, found no increase in marital breakdown after early breast cancer, with a hazard ratio of 0.96.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:moderate psychosocial","route":"/technologies/rejuv-life-partners-and-intimacy/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc glioblastoma prostate colorectal"},{"id":"rejuv-life-carers","kind":"technology","name":"The carer's own recovery: what is known about the person who is not the patient","aka":"","tldr":"In studies that measured both halves of a couple, anxiety was reported by 40.1 per cent of spouses against 28.0 per cent of the people they cared for, and the review of fear of recurrence found carers reported more fear than patients. Across 29 randomised trials, interventions aimed at carers reduced burden and improved coping, with small to medium effects.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:moderate psychosocial","route":"/technologies/rejuv-life-carers/","status":"established","cancers":"glioblastoma pancreatic nsclc breast-hr-positive colorectal"},{"id":"rejuv-life-children-of-a-parent-with-cancer","kind":"technology","name":"Children of a parent treated for cancer","aka":"","tldr":"An estimated 1.58 million people in the United States living after a cancer diagnosis have a child under 18 at home, about 2.85 million children, and roughly 562,000 of them live with a parent in early treatment. The systematic review found no general excess of serious difficulty against reference groups, a slightly raised risk of internalising problems, and adolescent daughters most affected.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:moderate psychosocial","route":"/technologies/rejuv-life-children-of-a-parent-with-cancer/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc colorectal cervical melanoma"},{"id":"rejuv-life-return-to-work","kind":"technology","name":"Going back to work after cancer: the rates, and the programmes that change them","aka":"","tldr":"Pooled across 36 studies, 20,366 people who had had cancer and 157,603 controls, 33.8 per cent of those who had had cancer were unemployed against 15.2 per cent, a relative risk of 1.37. Of four kinds of return-to-work programme tested in trials, exercise and multidisciplinary ones each raised the proportion returning by about a quarter; education alone did not.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:moderate psychosocial","route":"/technologies/rejuv-life-return-to-work/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate colorectal testicular hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl"},{"id":"rejuv-life-employment-rights-uk","kind":"technology","name":"Employment rights with cancer in the United Kingdom","aka":"","tldr":"Schedule 1 of the Equality Act 2010 says in one sentence that \"Cancer, HIV infection and multiple sclerosis are each a disability\", so protection applies from the moment of diagnosis rather than when the illness starts to limit anything. That brings the employer's duty to make reasonable adjustments, and Statutory Sick Pay of £123.25 a week for up to 28 weeks.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship psychosocial policy","route":"/technologies/rejuv-life-employment-rights-uk/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal prostate nsclc dlbcl"},{"id":"rejuv-life-employment-rights-us","kind":"technology","name":"Employment rights with cancer in the United States","aka":"","tldr":"Federal regulation states that \"cancer substantially limits normal cell growth\", and the statute counts an impairment in remission if it would substantially limit a major life activity when active. The Americans with Disabilities Act reaches employers with 15 or more employees; unpaid job-protected leave under the Family and Medical Leave Act is 12 workweeks a year.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship psychosocial policy","route":"/technologies/rejuv-life-employment-rights-us/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal prostate nsclc multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"rejuv-life-insurance-loans-and-the-right-to-be-forgotten","kind":"technology","name":"Insurance, mortgages and the right to be forgotten","aka":"","tldr":"Nine European Union countries have passed laws giving people who have had cancer the right not to declare it when applying for a loan or insurance after a set period, commonly five to ten years for adults and five for a cancer diagnosed young. Where the laws have been in force longest, acceptance rates are high and the strain on insurers is reported as minimal.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship psychosocial policy","route":"/technologies/rejuv-life-insurance-loans-and-the-right-to-be-forgotten/","status":"emerging","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma testicular melanoma thyroid all-leukemia breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"rejuv-life-money-after-treatment","kind":"technology","name":"Money after treatment: what the cost of cancer does once the treatment has finished","aka":"","tldr":"In a United States cohort covering 231,596 people diagnosed between 1995 and 2009, those who filed for bankruptcy after a cancer diagnosis had a mortality hazard ratio of 1.79 against propensity-matched people who did not. In a national survey of people over 50, 42.4 per cent had depleted their entire assets two years after diagnosis, losing an average of 92,098 dollars.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:moderate psychosocial equity","route":"/technologies/rejuv-life-money-after-treatment/","status":"established","cancers":"colorectal prostate thyroid breast-hr-positive multiple-myeloma nsclc"},{"id":"rejuv-mind-sleep-after-cancer","kind":"technology","name":"Sleep after cancer: how common insomnia is, how long it lasts, and the treatment that works","aka":"","tldr":"In 962 people interviewed six times over 18 months after surgery for a first non-metastatic cancer, 59 per cent had insomnia symptoms at the start, 28 per cent met criteria for an insomnia syndrome, and 36 per cent still had symptoms at 18 months. A short course of talking therapy for insomnia improved sleep efficiency by 15.5 per cent against 6.1 per cent in controls.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:strong psychosocial","route":"/technologies/rejuv-mind-sleep-after-cancer/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate endometrial ovarian colorectal hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"rejuv-mind-sleeping-tablets-after-cancer","kind":"technology","name":"Sleeping tablets after cancer: what they do and what they do not","aka":"","tldr":"The American Academy of Sleep Medicine's guideline on drugs for chronic insomnia rates every one of its recommendations as weak, suggests eight drugs and suggests against six more, including melatonin, trazodone, diphenhydramine and valerian. In cancer specifically, the only placebo-controlled trial of temazepam and prolonged-release melatonin randomised 21 people.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:insufficient psychosocial","route":"/technologies/rejuv-mind-sleeping-tablets-after-cancer/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate nsclc pancreatic multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"gvhd-chronic-overview","kind":"technology","name":"Chronic graft-versus-host disease","aka":"chronic GvHD\nchronic GVHD\ncGVHD\ncGvHD\nchronic graft versus host disease","tldr":"After a donor transplant the new immune system can treat the body it has landed in as foreign. When that goes on past the first few months it is called chronic graft-versus-host disease, and it affects roughly four in ten adults. It is treatable and often improves, and the same donor immunity also keeps the leukaemia away, so the aim is to control it rather than abolish it.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship transplant gvhd immune","route":"/technologies/gvhd-chronic-overview/","status":"established"},{"id":"gvhd-nih-consensus-criteria","kind":"technology","name":"How chronic GvHD is diagnosed and scored: the NIH consensus criteria","aka":"NIH consensus criteria\nNIH global severity score\nchronic GVHD scoring\n2014 NIH criteria","tldr":"There is an agreed way to say how bad chronic GvHD is, and every trial, drug label and treatment decision uses it. Each affected organ scores 0 to 3, and the pattern gives an overall verdict of mild, moderate or severe. Worth asking: which organs are scored, what each score is, and what the global severity is.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship transplant gvhd grading","route":"/technologies/gvhd-nih-consensus-criteria/","status":"established"},{"id":"gvhd-organ-by-organ","kind":"technology","name":"Chronic GvHD organ by organ: skin, mouth, eyes, gut, liver, joints and genital tract","aka":"sclerotic GvHD\nocular GvHD\noral GvHD\ngenital GvHD\nGvHD organ involvement","tldr":"Chronic GvHD is a pattern of injuries that can appear in several places at once: skin that thickens, a dry sore mouth, dry painful eyes, difficulty swallowing, abnormal liver tests, stiff joints, genital narrowing. Several of the best treatments are local rather than systemic. The eye and genital problems are the ones least often raised.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship transplant gvhd organ","route":"/technologies/gvhd-organ-by-organ/","status":"established"},{"id":"gvhd-lung-bronchiolitis-obliterans","kind":"technology","name":"The lungs after transplant: bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome","aka":"bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome\nBOS\npulmonary GvHD\nobliterative bronchiolitis after transplant","tldr":"The smallest airways in the lung can scar shut after a donor transplant. It is the form of chronic GvHD that changes the outlook most, and it is usually silent until a lot of lung function has gone. It is found by breathing tests on a schedule rather than by waiting for breathlessness, so asking for spirometry is worth doing.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship transplant gvhd lung","route":"/technologies/gvhd-lung-bronchiolitis-obliterans/","status":"established"},{"id":"gvhd-prophylaxis","kind":"technology","name":"Preventing graft-versus-host disease, and what prevention costs","aka":"GvHD prophylaxis\npost-transplant cyclophosphamide\nPTCy\ncalcineurin inhibitor prophylaxis","tldr":"Every donor transplant includes drugs to stop the new immune system attacking the body. A randomised trial in 2023 changed the usual choice: cyclophosphamide after the transplant, with tacrolimus and mycophenolate, worked better than the older combination. Prevention is not free, because the same drugs hold back the response to infection.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship transplant evidence:strong gvhd prevention","route":"/technologies/gvhd-prophylaxis/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"gvhd-ruxolitinib-steroid-refractory","kind":"technology","name":"When steroids fail: ruxolitinib for steroid-refractory GvHD","aka":"REACH2\nREACH3\nsteroid-refractory GvHD\nglucocorticoid-refractory GVHD\nJAK inhibitor for GvHD","tldr":"First treatment for graft-versus-host disease is steroids, and in about half of people with chronic disease they do not work or cannot be reduced. Ruxolitinib is the only drug that has beaten the alternatives in a randomised trial here, and it has done so twice. About half of people respond; the common problems are low platelets and low haemoglobin.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship transplant evidence:strong gvhd treatment","route":"/technologies/gvhd-ruxolitinib-steroid-refractory/","status":"approved"},{"id":"gvhd-belumosudil-axatilimab-ibrutinib","kind":"technology","name":"After ruxolitinib: belumosudil, axatilimab and ibrutinib in chronic GvHD","aka":"Rezurock\nNiktimvo\nROCKstar\nAGAVE-201\niNTEGRATE\nROCK2 inhibitor\nCSF1R blockade in GvHD","tldr":"Three more drugs are licensed for chronic GvHD that has not responded to earlier treatment. Their response rates look high, between half and three quarters, but they come from trials with no comparison group. Ibrutinib is the cautionary case: it looked good in a single-arm study and then did not beat prednisone alone when tested against placebo.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship transplant evidence:moderate gvhd treatment","route":"/technologies/gvhd-belumosudil-axatilimab-ibrutinib/","status":"approved"},{"id":"gvhd-photopheresis","kind":"technology","name":"Extracorporeal photopheresis for graft-versus-host disease","aka":"ECP\nphotopheresis\nextracorporeal photochemotherapy","tldr":"Blood is taken out through a machine, the white cells are treated with a light-sensitive drug and ultraviolet light, and given back. It is used for GvHD that steroids have not controlled, mainly skin and mouth, and it spares people more immunosuppression. Improvement builds over months, so it means two sessions a week for a long time.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship transplant evidence:moderate gvhd treatment apheresis","route":"/technologies/gvhd-photopheresis/","status":"established"},{"id":"rejuv-tx-late-effects-overview","kind":"technology","name":"Late effects after a stem cell transplant","aka":"transplant late effects\npost-transplant survivorship\nlong-term complications of HSCT","tldr":"There are now around half a million people alive worldwide who have had a blood or marrow transplant. Most of them have at least one lasting health problem from it, and many have several. The list is long and reads heavily, but almost every item on it is either preventable or detectable early, which is the reason to know what is on it rather than to avoid knowing.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship transplant late-effects","route":"/technologies/rejuv-tx-late-effects-overview/","status":"established"},{"id":"rejuv-tx-survival-after-transplant","kind":"technology","name":"Survival after transplant, and why the curve never quite rejoins the population","aka":"late mortality after HSCT\nlong-term survival after transplant\nexcess mortality after transplant","tldr":"If you are alive and free of disease two years after a donor transplant, around nine in ten are alive five years later and 85 per cent at ten years. The death rate among transplant survivors stays higher than in people of the same age who never had one, for many years. The two things that matter most are age and chronic graft-versus-host disease.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship transplant late-effects survival","route":"/technologies/rejuv-tx-survival-after-transplant/","status":"established"},{"id":"rejuv-tx-second-cancers","kind":"technology","name":"Second cancers after allogeneic transplant","aka":"solid cancers after HCT\nsecond primary malignancy after transplant\npost-transplant malignancy","tldr":"People who have had a donor transplant develop new, unrelated cancers about twice as often as people of the same age, and by fifteen years about three times as often. Radiation in the conditioning matters most for those irradiated young, and chronic GvHD raises squamous cancers of skin and mouth. Both point at lifelong screening.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship transplant late-effects second-cancer","route":"/technologies/rejuv-tx-second-cancers/","status":"established"},{"id":"rejuv-tx-iron-overload","kind":"technology","name":"Iron overload after transplant","aka":"transfusional iron overload\ntransfusional haemosiderosis after HSCT\npost-transplant iron overload","tldr":"Every unit of red cells carries iron the body cannot excrete, and someone who has been through leukaemia treatment may have had dozens. It settles in the liver and sometimes the heart. A blood test finds it and an MRI confirms it, and it can be removed either by a chelating drug or by taking blood off once the marrow is working again.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship transplant evidence:moderate late-effects iron","route":"/technologies/rejuv-tx-iron-overload/","status":"established"},{"id":"rejuv-tx-bone-eyes-kidneys-lungs","kind":"technology","name":"Bone, eyes, kidneys and lungs after transplant","aka":"avascular necrosis after transplant\nosteonecrosis after HSCT\ncataract after total body irradiation\nchronic kidney disease after HSCT\nrestrictive lung disease after transplant","tldr":"Four problems that turn up years later and are easy to miss because each belongs to a different specialty: bone that thins or, less often, dies at the hip; cataract, which is common after total body irradiation and is fixed by an operation; kidney function that drifts down; and lungs that stiffen rather than obstruct. Each has a cheap test.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship transplant late-effects organ","route":"/technologies/rejuv-tx-bone-eyes-kidneys-lungs/","status":"established"},{"id":"rejuv-tx-endocrine-and-cardiometabolic","kind":"technology","name":"Hormones, metabolism and the heart after transplant","aka":"endocrine late effects after HSCT\nmetabolic syndrome after transplant\ncardiovascular disease after HCT\nsarcopenic obesity after transplant","tldr":"Transplant conditioning can leave the thyroid underactive, the ovaries or testes not working, and the handling of sugar and fat altered in a way that raises heart risk years later. Much of this is treatable with ordinary medicine, and the familiar things about weight, exercise and smoking matter more here than usual, not less.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship transplant late-effects endocrine heart","route":"/technologies/rejuv-tx-endocrine-and-cardiometabolic/","status":"established"},{"id":"rejuv-tx-immune-reconstitution-timeline","kind":"technology","name":"Rebuilding an immune system: the timeline, lineage by lineage","aka":"immune reconstitution after transplant\nT cell recovery after HSCT\nlymphocyte recovery after CAR-T\nthymic function after transplant","tldr":"After a transplant the immune system comes back in a fixed order, and the order explains most of what follows. Neutrophils in two to four weeks, natural killer cells within a month, B cells over several months to a year, and T cells last and slowest. Adults rebuild a narrower repertoire, because the thymus shrinks with age.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship transplant immune reconstitution","route":"/technologies/rejuv-tx-immune-reconstitution-timeline/","status":"established"},{"id":"rejuv-tx-b-cell-aplasia-and-immunoglobulin","kind":"technology","name":"B-cell aplasia and low antibodies after CAR-T and bispecifics, and immunoglobulin replacement","aka":"B-cell aplasia\nhypogammaglobulinaemia after CAR-T\nIVIg after CAR-T\nimmunoglobulin replacement after bispecifics","tldr":"Treatments aimed at a protein on B cells cannot tell a cancerous B cell from a healthy one, so they remove both, antibody levels fall and infections become more frequent. The fix is to give the antibodies back every few weeks. In one myeloma study, serious infections were ten times less frequent while people were receiving immunoglobulin.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship transplant evidence:moderate immune antibody","route":"/technologies/rejuv-tx-b-cell-aplasia-and-immunoglobulin/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"rejuv-tx-infection-by-phase","kind":"technology","name":"Infection risk after transplant and cell therapy, phase by phase, and the prophylaxis that follows it","aka":"infection after HSCT\npost-transplant prophylaxis\nCMV prophylaxis\nPJP prophylaxis\ninfection after CAR-T","tldr":"Which infections threaten someone after a transplant depends almost entirely on how long it has been, because the immune system returns in a known order: bacteria and fungi first, viruses such as cytomegalovirus in the middle months, encapsulated bacteria later. The preventive medicines are matched to those phases.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship transplant evidence:strong immune infection","route":"/technologies/rejuv-tx-infection-by-phase/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"rejuv-tx-revaccination","kind":"technology","name":"Revaccination after transplant: the schedules, and where the UK and the US differ","aka":"re-immunisation after HSCT\npost-transplant vaccination schedule\nECIL-7 vaccination\nGreen Book chapter 7","tldr":"A transplant erases the protection built up by a lifetime of vaccinations, including childhood ones, and it has to be rebuilt. Published schedules exist, the vaccines are free at the point of use in the NHS, and the usual failure is that nobody writes the plan down. If you have had a transplant and have no written schedule, ask for one.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship transplant evidence:strong immune vaccination","route":"/technologies/rejuv-tx-revaccination/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"rejuv-tx-prolonged-cytopenias","kind":"technology","name":"Blood counts that do not come back after CAR-T: ICAHT","aka":"ICAHT\nimmune effector cell-associated haematotoxicity\nprolonged cytopenia after CAR-T\nCAR-HEMATOTOX","tldr":"After CAR-T the blood counts often take much longer to recover than after ordinary chemotherapy, and in some people they dip again weeks later after appearing to have recovered. Since 2023 this has had a name, ICAHT, and an agreed grading system, which matters because it means it is measured and reported rather than described loosely.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship transplant cell-therapy cytopenias","route":"/technologies/rejuv-tx-prolonged-cytopenias/","status":"established"},{"id":"rejuv-tx-icans-and-neurocognition","kind":"technology","name":"ICANS, and whether thinking recovers after CAR-T","aka":"neurotoxicity after CAR-T\nimmune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome\ncognitive recovery after CAR-T\nlate neurocognitive effects of CAR-T","tldr":"CAR-T can cause a short-lived brain disturbance in the first weeks: confusion, trouble finding words, tremor, sometimes seizures. It almost always resolves. Afterwards, measured outcomes for most people are close to the general population, while a substantial minority report trouble with memory or concentration.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship transplant cell-therapy cognition","route":"/technologies/rejuv-tx-icans-and-neurocognition/","status":"established"},{"id":"rejuv-tx-secondary-t-cell-malignancy","kind":"technology","name":"Secondary T-cell malignancy after CAR-T, and what the FDA's 2024 action actually says","aka":"boxed warning CAR-T\nT cell lymphoma after CAR-T\nsecondary primary malignancy after CAR T\nCAR-positive lymphoma","tldr":"In 2024 the US regulator added a warning to every approved CAR-T product about T-cell cancers after treatment. It says the risk applies to the class, that these can appear within weeks, and that patients should be monitored for life. It does not say CAR-T causes most of them, and published series find them very rare.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship transplant cell-therapy second-cancer","route":"/technologies/rejuv-tx-secondary-t-cell-malignancy/","status":"established"},{"id":"rejuv-tx-gene-modified-follow-up","kind":"technology","name":"Long-term follow-up for gene-modified cell products: fifteen years, and why","aka":"LTFU gene therapy\n15-year follow-up CAR-T\ngene therapy long term follow-up guidance","tldr":"If you were given a treatment in which your own cells were genetically modified, you are expected to be followed up for fifteen years. Not because something is known to go wrong, but because the gene is inserted permanently and the only honest way to find out what happens over a lifetime is to look.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship transplant evidence:strong cell-therapy regulation","route":"/technologies/rejuv-tx-gene-modified-follow-up/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"rejuv-tx-long-term-follow-up-frameworks","kind":"technology","name":"Who is supposed to be watching: EBMT, CIBMTR, FACT-JACIE, and what a survivor is actually offered","aka":"long-term follow-up after transplant\nEBMT recommendations\nCIBMTR screening recommendations\nJACIE accreditation\nFACT standards","tldr":"There is an agreed international list of what should be checked in someone who has had a transplant, and how often, and an accreditation system that centres are inspected against. What there is much less of is a guarantee that any individual survivor is receiving the checks. Knowing the list exists lets a person ask for it.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship transplant evidence:moderate follow-up standards","route":"/technologies/rejuv-tx-long-term-follow-up-frameworks/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"rejuv-tx-fertility-and-growth","kind":"technology","name":"Fertility, growth and what total body irradiation costs","aka":"infertility after transplant\npremature ovarian insufficiency after HSCT\ngrowth after total body irradiation\nTBI late effects","tldr":"Transplant conditioning, and total body irradiation in particular, usually ends natural fertility and in children slows growth. The decisions that preserve the most are made before conditioning starts. A randomised trial in children with leukaemia tested replacing the radiation with chemotherapy and found the radiation worked better.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship transplant fertility late-effects radiation","route":"/technologies/rejuv-tx-fertility-and-growth/","status":"established"},{"id":"rejuv-tx-quality-of-life","kind":"technology","name":"Quality of life after transplant and cell therapy","aka":"QoL after HSCT\nreturn to work after transplant\npsychosocial outcomes after cell therapy","tldr":"Most people who come through a transplant or CAR-T report, years later, a quality of life close to that of people who never had one. Underneath that, a substantial minority live with fatigue, anxiety, low mood or trouble concentrating, and the strongest predictor is having had anxiety or depression before treatment, which is treatable.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship transplant quality-of-life psychosocial","route":"/technologies/rejuv-tx-quality-of-life/","status":"established"},{"id":"rejuv-tx-what-to-ask-for","kind":"technology","name":"After a transplant or cell therapy: what to ask for","aka":"transplant survivorship checklist\nquestions after transplant\npost-transplant follow-up checklist","tldr":"The things worth asking a transplant team for, in one place: who follows you up and for how long, which screens are due at which year, what immunisations you need and when, and who to ring when something changes.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship transplant evidence:strong follow-up summary","route":"/technologies/rejuv-tx-what-to-ask-for/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"rejuv-rehab-cancer-rehabilitation","kind":"technology","name":"Cancer rehabilitation: the discipline that puts function back","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer rehabilitation is the medical speciality that treats what treatment leaves behind: weakness, a stiff shoulder, a swallow that no longer works, a bladder that leaks, a limb that swells. It is delivered by a named set of professions, it has randomised evidence behind several of its parts, and in the largest study to measure it only three in ten of the impairments that needed it were treated.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship rehabilitation evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/rejuv-rehab-cancer-rehabilitation/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive head-and-neck colorectal nsclc prostate sarcoma"},{"id":"rejuv-rehab-prospective-surveillance","kind":"technology","name":"Prospective surveillance: looking for the problem before it becomes a disability","aka":"","tldr":"The usual model waits for a patient to complain, by which time an arm has been swollen for a year. The prospective surveillance model measures function before treatment starts and again at set points afterwards, so a small problem is found while it is still small. One costing study put the price of managing early arm swelling at 636 dollars a year against 3,125 dollars for late swelling.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship rehabilitation evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/rejuv-rehab-prospective-surveillance/","status":"emerging","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal head-and-neck dlbcl"},{"id":"rejuv-rehab-provision-gap","kind":"technology","name":"The gap between the rehabilitation people need and the rehabilitation they are offered","aka":"","tldr":"This is the measured part. Among 163 women with advanced breast cancer, 92 per cent had at least one physical impairment and 530 impairments were found; 30 per cent of those needing rehabilitation got it. In an Irish cancer centre in 2025, 71 per cent of 660 patients reported at least one specialist rehabilitation need and 36 per cent of those with a need had seen the relevant professional.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship rehabilitation evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/rejuv-rehab-provision-gap/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal head-and-neck nsclc dlbcl"},{"id":"rejuv-rehab-prehabilitation-evidence","kind":"technology","name":"What the randomised trials of prehabilitation found, operation by operation","aka":"","tldr":"Training before an operation reliably makes people fitter for it. Whether it cuts complications depends on the operation and on who was recruited: a trial in high-risk abdominal surgery halved the proportion with complications, the largest colorectal trial cut severe complications from 29.7 to 17.1 per cent, and pooled home-based programmes improved the walking test and nothing else.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship rehabilitation evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/rejuv-rehab-prehabilitation-evidence/","status":"established","cancers":"colorectal nsclc esophageal pancreatic prostate gastric"},{"id":"rejuv-rehab-prehabilitation-programme","kind":"technology","name":"What a prehabilitation programme actually contains, and how long it needs","aka":"","tldr":"The programme behind the best colorectal result was four weeks long, supervised in hospital, and had four parts: high-intensity exercise three times a week, a nutritional intervention, psychological support, and smoking cessation where it applied. Supervision is the ingredient the trials keep separating out, and the window is what the pathway leaves.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship rehabilitation evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/rejuv-rehab-prehabilitation-programme/","status":"established","cancers":"colorectal nsclc esophageal pancreatic gastric"},{"id":"rejuv-recon-breast","kind":"technology","name":"Breast reconstruction: implant and autologous, immediate and delayed, and what women report afterwards","aka":"","tldr":"Two years after surgery, women reconstructed from their own tissue reported more satisfaction with their breasts than women with implants, by about 8 points on a 100-point scale. After radiotherapy the gap widens and so does the complication rate: 38.9 per cent of irradiated implant reconstructions had a complication within two years against 25.6 per cent of tissue ones.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship rehabilitation evidence:strong","route":"/technologies/rejuv-recon-breast/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"rejuv-recon-head-neck","kind":"technology","name":"Head and neck reconstruction: the free flap, and what it gives back","aka":"","tldr":"Removing a tongue, a jaw or a pharynx leaves a hole that will not close, so tissue is moved from the forearm, thigh or lower leg with its own artery and vein and joined under a microscope. In a series of 843 flaps the overall failure rate was 4.0 per cent, and in an older series of 1,000 flaps 7.6 per cent failed wholly or partly. Donor site disability measured years later is small.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship rehabilitation evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/rejuv-recon-head-neck/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"head-and-neck oral-cavity-cancer oropharyngeal-cancer laryngeal-cancer"},{"id":"rejuv-recon-voice-after-laryngectomy","kind":"technology","name":"Voice after the larynx is removed","aka":"","tldr":"Removing the larynx removes the voice and separates the airway from the mouth permanently. Speech is restored in most people by a one-way valve set in a small hole between the windpipe and the gullet, which lets breath out through the throat so the throat can vibrate. The valve is a consumable that needs replacing, and people who lose contact with the service stop using it.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship rehabilitation evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/rejuv-recon-voice-after-laryngectomy/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"laryngeal-cancer head-and-neck hypopharyngeal-cancer"},{"id":"rejuv-recon-stoma-reversal","kind":"technology","name":"Stoma reversal after rectal cancer surgery: who gets the bowel joined up again","aka":"","tldr":"Most temporary stomas made to protect a join in the bowel are reversed, and a meaningful minority are not. In a series of 639 patients having sphincter-sparing surgery, 11.9 per cent still had a stoma two years later; the main reasons were the cancer progressing (52.4 per cent) and the patient deciding against it (19.0 per cent).","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship rehabilitation evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/rejuv-recon-stoma-reversal/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer anal"},{"id":"rejuv-recon-limb","kind":"technology","name":"Limb salvage, amputation, and the rehabilitation that follows either","aka":"","tldr":"Saving a limb with a metal endoprosthesis gives better walking efficiency and better return to normal living than an above-knee amputation, and studies that asked patients about overall quality of life found the two closer than expected. On the Toronto Extremity Salvage Score, lower limb amputees scored 72.2 against 85.5 after extended resection.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship rehabilitation evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/rejuv-recon-limb/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"sarcoma osteosarcoma ewing-sarcoma"},{"id":"rejuv-recon-facial-prosthetics","kind":"technology","name":"Facial reconstruction and facial prostheses: ears, orbits and noses","aka":"","tldr":"Where an ear, an eye socket or a nose cannot be rebuilt from the patient's own tissue, a silicone prosthesis is made and held by adhesive or by titanium implants in bone. Implant failure differs sharply by site: across 3,630 implants, 3.5 per cent failed at the ear, 8.8 per cent at the nose and 18.7 per cent at the orbit.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship rehabilitation evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/rejuv-recon-facial-prosthetics/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"head-and-neck melanoma basal-cell-carcinoma cutaneous-scc"},{"id":"rejuv-recon-pelvic-exenteration","kind":"technology","name":"Recovery after pelvic exenteration","aka":"","tldr":"Removing the pelvic organs together can cure a recurrence that nothing else will, at the cost of one or two stomas and a long recovery. About half of patients have a major complication within 90 days. Overall quality of life scores recover by six to twelve months in most published series, while sexual function, body image and distress do not, and there are no randomised trials of any of it.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship rehabilitation evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/rejuv-recon-pelvic-exenteration/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"cervical colorectal rectal-cancer hpv-associated-vulvar-cancer urothelial anal"},{"id":"rejuv-rehab-swallowing","kind":"technology","name":"Swallowing therapy around head and neck radiotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Keeping food going down the throat during radiotherapy, and doing swallowing exercises through it, both independently predict being back on a normal diet afterwards. In 595 patients, those who kept eating were twice as likely to be on solid food at three to six months and those who exercised were 2.9 times as likely.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship rehabilitation evidence:moderate use-it-or-lose-it","route":"/technologies/rejuv-rehab-swallowing/","status":"established","cancers":"head-and-neck oropharyngeal-cancer laryngeal-cancer hypopharyngeal-cancer nasopharyngeal esophageal"},{"id":"rejuv-rehab-pelvic-floor","kind":"technology","name":"Pelvic floor rehabilitation after prostate and rectal surgery and after pelvic radiotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Pelvic floor exercises are offered to almost every man after prostate surgery, and the largest randomised trial found formal one-to-one training made no difference at twelve months: 76 per cent of treated men were still leaking against 77 per cent of controls. Training before the operation does speed early recovery.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship rehabilitation evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/rejuv-rehab-pelvic-floor/","status":"established","cancers":"prostate colorectal rectal-cancer cervical endometrial urothelial"},{"id":"rejuv-rehab-respiratory","kind":"technology","name":"Breathing and exercise capacity after lung resection","aka":"","tldr":"Taking out a lobe takes away lung, and breathlessness on stairs is what people notice. Across 18 randomised trials and 1,795 patients, pulmonary rehabilitation after lung resection improved lung function, six-minute walk distance and physical quality of life, with bigger gains from programmes of twelve weeks or more.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship rehabilitation evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/rejuv-rehab-respiratory/","status":"established","cancers":"nsclc sclc mesothelioma esophageal"},{"id":"rejuv-rehab-balance-vestibular","kind":"technology","name":"Balance, dizziness and falls after cancer treatment","aka":"","tldr":"Surgery for a vestibular schwannoma removes the balance nerve on one side, and the brain has to learn to work without it. Vestibular rehabilitation is the physiotherapy that teaches it, and a systematic review of 23 studies graded every outcome as very low certainty. Referral is also the problem: in one centre 42 per cent of patients were referred and 36 per cent of those completed the programme.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship rehabilitation evidence:insufficient","route":"/technologies/rejuv-rehab-balance-vestibular/","status":"emerging","cancers":"vestibular-schwannoma head-and-neck colorectal multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"rejuv-rehab-scar-contracture","kind":"technology","name":"Scars, stiffness and contracture: shoulders, necks and jaws","aka":"","tldr":"Scar tissue shortens as it matures, and across a joint that means lost movement: a shoulder that will not reach a shelf, a neck that will not turn, a mouth that will not open. Silicone gel flattens and softens the scar itself in randomised trials, and stretching is what holds the joint.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship rehabilitation evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/rejuv-rehab-scar-contracture/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive head-and-neck nasopharyngeal sarcoma melanoma"},{"id":"rejuv-rehab-driving-and-exercise-return","kind":"technology","name":"Going back to driving, lifting and exercise","aka":"","tldr":"These are the two questions people ask most often after an operation and the two with the least evidence behind the answers. No trial establishes when it is safe to drive after cancer surgery, and in the United Kingdom the licence holder must notify the DVLA of an illness affecting safe driving. For exercise the dose is published.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship rehabilitation evidence:insufficient","route":"/technologies/rejuv-rehab-driving-and-exercise-return/","status":"established","cancers":"colorectal breast-hr-positive nsclc prostate glioblastoma"},{"id":"rejuv-rehab-assistive-devices","kind":"technology","name":"The devices that do the restoring, and who pays for them","aka":"","tldr":"A breast prosthesis, a limb prosthesis, a compression garment, a voice valve, a dental implant and a hearing aid are each the difference between a function working and not working, and each is funded differently. In the United States a federal law requires plans that cover mastectomy to cover prostheses and lymphoedema treatment.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship rehabilitation evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/rejuv-rehab-assistive-devices/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"breast-hr-positive head-and-neck laryngeal-cancer sarcoma osteosarcoma"},{"id":"rejuv-rehab-commissioning-inequity","kind":"technology","name":"Where rehabilitation is commissioned, and who misses out","aka":"","tldr":"Whether a person gets rehabilitation after cancer depends on where the problem was noticed, how far they live from the service, how much money they have and what they were treated for. In the benchmark study a problem found in hospital was 88 times more likely to be treated than the same problem found in clinic.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship rehabilitation evidence:moderate","route":"/technologies/rejuv-rehab-commissioning-inequity/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive head-and-neck colorectal nsclc dlbcl multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"rejuv-recovery-matrix","kind":"technology","name":"What comes back after treatment, treatment by treatment","aka":"","tldr":"For each treatment and each lasting effect, whether recovery is usual, partial or unlikely, how long it takes and in what proportion of people, with the source for every answer. The grid is mostly empty, because for most pairs nobody has published a recovery figure, and the page says how empty it is rather than hiding it.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:strong late-effects","route":"/technologies/rejuv-recovery-matrix/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal prostate testicular nsclc hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"rejuv-recovery-endocrine-permanence","kind":"technology","name":"Immune endocrine damage is usually permanent, and almost nobody is told","aka":"","tldr":"Most immune side effects of checkpoint inhibitors settle. The hormone glands are the exception: a pituitary, thyroid, adrenal or insulin-making gland destroyed by the immune system does not grow back, and the replacement treatment that follows is usually for life. In the follow-up cohorts 83 per cent of hormone problems were still present three months after the drug stopped.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:strong late-effects irae","route":"/technologies/rejuv-recovery-endocrine-permanence/","status":"established","cancers":"melanoma nsclc rcc urothelial"},{"id":"rejuv-recovery-cumulative-dose","kind":"technology","name":"The cumulative dose that decides whether it comes back","aka":"","tldr":"For several treatments there is a published number above which lasting damage becomes much likelier: the total anthracycline dose and heart failure, the total cisplatin dose and hearing, the radiation dose to the parotid gland and dry mouth. Twenty-three thresholds are listed with their sources, because the total you have had is a question your team can answer.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:strong late-effects","route":"/technologies/rejuv-recovery-cumulative-dose/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-her2-positive testicular head-and-neck hodgkin-lymphoma sarcoma"},{"id":"rejuv-history-cure-is-not-enough","kind":"term","name":"Cure is not enough: when late effects stopped being an afterthought","aka":"Cure is not enough\nHistory of late effects research\nD'Angio cure is not enough","tldr":"Children started surviving cancer in the 1960s, and within a decade the doctors who had cured them began writing down what the cure had cost. The phrase that stuck, from a 1975 paper by Giulio D'Angio, is that cure is not enough.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship history late-effects paediatric","route":"/terms/rejuv-history-cure-is-not-enough/"},{"id":"rejuv-history-seasons-of-survival","kind":"term","name":"Seasons of Survival: the 1985 essay that named the problem","aka":"Seasons of Survival\nMullan 1985\nAcute, extended and permanent survival","tldr":"A physician who had been treated for cancer wrote four pages in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1985 saying that the time after treatment was unmapped territory with hazards of its own. It is the paper the whole field dates itself from.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship history","route":"/terms/rejuv-history-seasons-of-survival/"},{"id":"rejuv-history-survivorship-movement","kind":"term","name":"The founding of the National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship, and the word survivor","aka":"National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship\nNCCS\nCancer Nation\nHistory of the survivorship movement","tldr":"Twenty-three people met in Albuquerque in October 1986 and set out to replace the phrase \"cancer victim\" with \"cancer survivor\". The definition they chose, a survivor from the day of diagnosis for the rest of life, is the one the National Cancer Institute uses today.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship history advocacy","route":"/terms/rejuv-history-survivorship-movement/"},{"id":"rejuv-history-lost-in-transition","kind":"term","name":"Lost in Transition: the 2006 report that defined survivorship care, and the care plan it invented","aka":"From Cancer Patient to Cancer Survivor\nLost in Transition\nIOM 2006 survivorship report","tldr":"The 2006 Institute of Medicine report defined survivorship care, made ten recommendations, and invented the survivorship care plan. The plan became an accreditation standard, and then the randomised trials of it were negative.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship history care-plan","route":"/terms/rejuv-history-lost-in-transition/"},{"id":"rejuv-history-ncsi-england","kind":"term","name":"The National Cancer Survivorship Initiative in England, and the Recovery Package","aka":"National Cancer Survivorship Initiative\nNCSI\nRecovery Package\nLiving With and Beyond Cancer","tldr":"England ran a national programme on life after cancer from 2007. It produced a named bundle of four things every patient should get at the end of treatment, and a 2013 report that measured how rarely they got them.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship history uk nhs","route":"/terms/rejuv-history-ncsi-england/"},{"id":"rejuv-history-counting-survivors","kind":"term","name":"Counting the people who live after cancer, and why the number is not a detail","aka":"Cancer survivor prevalence\nHow many cancer survivors\nSurvivorship statistics","tldr":"The United States counts its cancer survivors each year and publishes the figure: 18.6 million in May 2025, projected to reach 22.4 million by 2035. Europe cannot produce an equivalent number, and that is a service-planning problem rather than a statistical one.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship history epidemiology","route":"/terms/rejuv-history-counting-survivors/"},{"id":"rejuv-agenda-screening-without-a-trial","kind":"bottleneck","name":"No randomised trial shows that any survivorship screening programme reduces death","aka":"","tldr":"Survivors are screened for second cancers on the strength of how large their risk is, not on the strength of a trial showing that screening them saves lives. For most organs there is no programme at all.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship open-problem screening second-cancers","route":"/bottlenecks/rejuv-agenda-screening-without-a-trial/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma breast-cancer"},{"id":"rejuv-agenda-nothing-restores-cognition","kind":"bottleneck","name":"No treatment restores the thinking that cancer treatment takes","aka":"","tldr":"The memory and concentration problems after chemotherapy and cranial radiotherapy are real and measurable. Every drug tested against them has failed, including one tested properly in 276 people, and nothing restores lost processing speed.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship open-problem cognition","route":"/bottlenecks/rejuv-agenda-nothing-restores-cognition/"},{"id":"rejuv-agenda-thymus-does-not-regrow","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Nothing in routine use rebuilds an adult's thymus","aka":"","tldr":"After a transplant or intensive chemotherapy, the part of the immune system that makes new kinds of T cell recovers slowly in adults and sometimes not at all. The deficit is well described, well measured and currently not correctable.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship open-problem immune","route":"/bottlenecks/rejuv-agenda-thymus-does-not-regrow/"},{"id":"rejuv-agenda-biological-age-as-an-untested-target","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Nobody has tested whether reversing measured biological ageing changes anything","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer treatment measurably accelerates several markers of biological ageing. No trial has ever asked whether moving one of those markers makes any difference to a person, and an entire retail industry rests on the assumption that it would.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship open-problem biological-ageing","route":"/bottlenecks/rejuv-agenda-biological-age-as-an-untested-target/"},{"id":"rejuv-agenda-rehabilitation-not-commissioned","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Rehabilitation is recommended everywhere and commissioned almost nowhere","aka":"","tldr":"The interventions with the best evidence after cancer are supervised exercise, psychological therapy and specialist rehabilitation. The commonest finding across this whole front is that the evidence exists and the service does not.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship open-problem rehabilitation commissioning","route":"/bottlenecks/rejuv-agenda-rehabilitation-not-commissioned/"},{"id":"rejuv-agenda-nobody-owns-the-follow-up","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Nobody owns the follow-up once the oncology clinic lets go","aka":"","tldr":"There are guidelines saying what a survivor should have checked and when. There is usually no mechanism that tells an individual survivor, ten years out, which checks they are due this year, or anyone whose job it is to notice they were missed.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship open-problem follow-up handover","route":"/bottlenecks/rejuv-agenda-nobody-owns-the-follow-up/"},{"id":"rejuv-agenda-late-effects-are-not-counted","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Registries count diagnoses and deaths, and not what treatment left behind","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer registries are good at incidence and mortality and record almost nothing about late effects, so the scale of the problem is estimated from a handful of cohorts rather than counted. Europe cannot say how many survivors it has.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship open-problem registries data","route":"/bottlenecks/rejuv-agenda-late-effects-are-not-counted/"},{"id":"rejuv-agenda-no-agreed-outcome-measures","kind":"bottleneck","name":"The field cannot pool its own studies, because it has not agreed what to measure","aka":"","tldr":"On subject after subject here, the studies exist and cannot be combined, because each used a different definition, a different questionnaire or a different threshold. A prevalence that ranges from 0 to 84 per cent is a measurement problem, not a biological one.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship open-problem outcomes methods","route":"/bottlenecks/rejuv-agenda-no-agreed-outcome-measures/"},{"id":"rejuv-agenda-latency-outruns-the-evidence","kind":"bottleneck","name":"The newest treatments have not existed long enough for their late effects to appear","aka":"","tldr":"A second cancer after radiotherapy can take forty years to appear. Immunotherapy and antibody-drug conjugates have been in first-line use for a few. Being told a new drug has no late effects usually means nobody has been followed long enough to see one.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship open-problem second-cancers latency","route":"/bottlenecks/rejuv-agenda-latency-outruns-the-evidence/"},{"id":"rejuvenation-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Recovery and rejuvenation roadmap: cure is not enough → survivorship gets a name → the cohorts that measured the cost → exercise proven as treatment → biological ageing measured and sold → repair, if anyone funds it","aka":"Survivorship research roadmap\nRecovery roadmap\nRejuvenation roadmap\nHistory of survivorship research","tldr":"Recovery became a research subject because children started surviving cancer and someone wrote down what the cure had cost. Sixty years later the damage is well measured, exercise is the only thing proven to change a hard outcome, and the next decade turns on whether anyone funds the trials and the services the evidence already justifies.","tags":"","route":"/roadmaps/rejuvenation-roadmap/"},{"id":"idea-rejuv-registry-randomised-screening-in-survivors","kind":"idea","name":"Ask whether survivorship screening saves lives, using registry-based randomisation","aka":"","tldr":"No randomised trial has shown that screening survivors for a second cancer reduces death from it. A registry-based randomised trial, which invites rather than enrols, is the only design that could answer this at an affordable cost.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship open-problem screening","route":"/ideas/idea-rejuv-registry-randomised-screening-in-survivors/"},{"id":"idea-rejuv-biological-age-as-a-randomised-endpoint","kind":"idea","name":"Put a biological-age marker in a trial that also measures something a person would notice","aka":"","tldr":"Epigenetic clocks and senescence markers run fast after cancer treatment, and nobody has shown that moving one matters. The way to find out is to make the clock a secondary endpoint in a trial whose primary endpoint is physical function.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship open-problem biological-ageing","route":"/ideas/idea-rejuv-biological-age-as-a-randomised-endpoint/"},{"id":"idea-rejuv-thymic-regeneration-in-adults","kind":"idea","name":"Find out whether an adult thymus can be made to work again, with an endpoint a clinician would act on","aka":"","tldr":"Several agents have been tried for thymic recovery after transplant and none is in routine use. The blocker is as much the missing endpoint as the missing drug.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship open-problem immune","route":"/ideas/idea-rejuv-thymic-regeneration-in-adults/"},{"id":"idea-rejuv-core-outcome-set-for-late-effects","kind":"idea","name":"Agree what to measure, so the next systematic review can pool rather than narrate","aka":"","tldr":"A reported prevalence of 0 to 84 per cent for the same late effect is a measurement failure. Core outcome sets are cheap, need no new biology, and would unlock the studies the field has already paid for.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship open-problem outcomes methods","route":"/ideas/idea-rejuv-core-outcome-set-for-late-effects/"},{"id":"idea-rejuv-rehabilitation-prescription-at-discharge","kind":"idea","name":"Write a rehabilitation prescription at the end of treatment, and fund it like a drug","aka":"","tldr":"Exercise after colon cancer has a hazard ratio a drug would be licensed on. It is in the guidelines and in almost no budgets, because it is a staffed service rather than a product.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship open-problem rehabilitation commissioning","route":"/ideas/idea-rejuv-rehabilitation-prescription-at-discharge/"},{"id":"idea-rejuv-second-cancer-latency-cohort-for-new-drugs","kind":"idea","name":"Enrol every new systemic therapy into a registry linkage that will still report in thirty years","aka":"","tldr":"A second cancer after radiotherapy can take forty years to appear. Checkpoint inhibitors and antibody-drug conjugates have been in first-line use for a few, so nobody can say anything about their late effects, and nobody is building the thing that could.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship open-problem second-cancers latency","route":"/ideas/idea-rejuv-second-cancer-latency-cohort-for-new-drugs/"},{"id":"idea-rejuv-survivorship-platform-trial","kind":"idea","name":"Give survivorship interventions a shared control arm","aka":"","tldr":"Every survivorship intervention currently raises its own small trial with its own control arm and its own endpoint. A platform trial with a shared control and a common outcome set would test several at the cost of one and a half.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship open-problem trials","route":"/ideas/idea-rejuv-survivorship-platform-trial/"},{"id":"idea-rejuv-exposure-record-a-machine-can-read","kind":"idea","name":"Make the treatment exposure record machine-readable, so surveillance can be computed","aka":"","tldr":"Risk-based follow-up guidelines key surveillance to cumulative dose and radiotherapy field. Survivors frequently cannot obtain either, so the guidelines are unusable even where someone is willing to follow them.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship open-problem data follow-up","route":"/ideas/idea-rejuv-exposure-record-a-machine-can-read/"},{"id":"rejuv-trial-proffi","kind":"trial","name":"PROFFi: fisetin and exercise to prevent frailty in breast cancer survivors","aka":"PROFFi\nNCT06113016","tldr":"The first randomised trial to test a senolytic in people who have had cancer. Four arms crossing fisetin against placebo with tailored supervised exercise against a physical activity handout, and the primary endpoint is how far someone can walk in six minutes.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship open-problem biological-ageing senolytics exercise","route":"/trials/rejuv-trial-proffi/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"rejuv-trial-ex-cipn","kind":"trial","name":"EX-CIPN: virtual exercise-based rehabilitation for persistent chemotherapy nerve damage","aka":"EX-CIPN\nNCT07481149","tldr":"Nothing prevents chemotherapy nerve damage and the only drug with guideline support for the established painful form has a benefit the guideline itself calls limited. This pragmatic trial tests ten weeks of individualised remote exercise against usual care.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship open-problem neuropathy rehabilitation exercise","route":"/trials/rejuv-trial-ex-cipn/","status":"recruiting"},{"id":"rejuv-trial-amico","kind":"trial","name":"AMICO: aerobic or resistance exercise to improve outcome in metastatic colorectal cancer","aka":"AMICO\nNCT04754672","tldr":"CHALLENGE showed exercise improves survival after curative treatment for colon cancer. AMICO asks the next question, in advanced disease, with chemotherapy dose modification and progression-free survival as its primary endpoints, and uses an adaptive design to drop an ineffective exercise prescription early.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship open-problem exercise trial-design","route":"/trials/rejuv-trial-amico/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"rejuv-trial-allocare","kind":"trial","name":"AlloCare: a stepped-care late-effects service after allogeneic transplant","aka":"AlloCare\nNCT06281496","tldr":"The gap after a transplant is not that nobody knows what should be checked, it is that no mechanism tells an individual survivor what is due. This trial tests an organised four-step late-effects service against usual care.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship open-problem transplant follow-up services","route":"/trials/rejuv-trial-allocare/","status":"recruiting"},{"id":"rejuv-trial-canwork","kind":"trial","name":"CanWork: an occupational therapy programme to help women return to work after breast cancer","aka":"CanWork\nNCT06723899","tldr":"Return to work is one of the outcomes most affected by cancer treatment and least provided for. This cluster-randomised trial tests a five-module occupational therapy programme and costs it, so that a commissioner could act on the result.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship open-problem return-to-work rehabilitation","route":"/trials/rejuv-trial-canwork/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"fitzhugh-mullan","kind":"person","name":"Fitzhugh Mullan","aka":"","tldr":"Wrote the 1985 essay that gave cancer survivorship its name and its first framework, then co-founded the organisation that changed what people treated for cancer are called.","tags":"survivorship history advocacy","route":"/people/fitzhugh-mullan/"},{"id":"ellen-stovall","kind":"person","name":"Ellen L. Stovall","aka":"","tldr":"Led the survivorship movement's organisation for sixteen years and co-edited the Institute of Medicine report that defined what survivorship care is.","tags":"survivorship history advocacy","route":"/people/ellen-stovall/"},{"id":"rejuv-measure-patient-reported-outcomes","kind":"technology","name":"How recovery is measured: the questionnaires behind the numbers","aka":"","tldr":"Nearly every figure about recovery after cancer, for fatigue, for quality of life, for how a body works after treatment, comes from a questionnaire somebody filled in about themselves. That is a strength, because nobody else can report how a person feels, and a limit, because a questionnaire only measures what it asks about and only from the people who answered it.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship measurement instruments","route":"/technologies/rejuv-measure-patient-reported-outcomes/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal nsclc prostate multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"rejuv-measure-eortc-qlq-c30","kind":"technology","name":"EORTC QLQ-C30: the questionnaire most cancer trials use","aka":"","tldr":"Thirty questions, answered about the past week, that produce separate scores out of 100 for how the body works, how the mind is, and for fatigue, pain and sickness. It is the questionnaire behind most European cancer trial results about quality of life, and there are add-on modules for individual cancers.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship measurement instruments","route":"/technologies/rejuv-measure-eortc-qlq-c30/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"nsclc breast-hr-positive colorectal prostate head-and-neck mesothelioma"},{"id":"rejuv-measure-fact-and-facit","kind":"technology","name":"FACT-G and the FACIT family: the other main questionnaire","aka":"","tldr":"Twenty-seven questions about the past week, in four areas: the body, family and friends, feelings, and being able to do ordinary things. Dozens of add-ons exist for particular cancers and particular symptoms, including the fatigue scale used in most anaemia and fatigue trials.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship measurement instruments","route":"/technologies/rejuv-measure-fact-and-facit/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal nsclc prostate multiple-myeloma dlbcl"},{"id":"rejuv-measure-promis","kind":"technology","name":"PROMIS: the item banks that let a short questionnaire be precise","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of a fixed questionnaire, PROMIS is a library of calibrated questions for things like fatigue, pain, anxiety, depression and physical function, built so that a computer can pick the next question based on the last answer and reach a precise score in a handful of items. Scores are set against the general population, not against other cancer patients.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship measurement instruments","route":"/technologies/rejuv-measure-promis/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate colorectal nsclc"},{"id":"rejuv-measure-pro-ctcae","kind":"technology","name":"PRO-CTCAE: side effects graded by the person having them","aka":"","tldr":"Clinicians have always graded side effects themselves, and they systematically under-record them. PRO-CTCAE is the matching set of questions asked of the patient instead, in plain language, about how often a symptom happened, how bad it was and how much it got in the way.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship measurement instruments","route":"/technologies/rejuv-measure-pro-ctcae/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal nsclc multiple-myeloma ovarian"},{"id":"rejuv-measure-eq-5d","kind":"technology","name":"EQ-5D: health reduced to one number, and what that number is for","aka":"","tldr":"Five questions and a thermometer-style scale from worst to best imaginable health. The five answers are converted into a single index value using a country-specific value set, and that index is what health systems use to decide whether a treatment is worth paying for.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship measurement instruments","route":"/technologies/rejuv-measure-eq-5d/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"prostate breast-hr-positive colorectal nsclc"},{"id":"rejuv-measure-breast-q","kind":"technology","name":"BREAST-Q and the Q-portfolio: measuring what an operation left behind","aka":"","tldr":"A questionnaire built from what women actually said matters after breast surgery: satisfaction with how the breasts look and feel, and psychological, physical and sexual well-being, each scored separately. It is the reason reconstruction techniques can be compared on something other than complication rates.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship measurement instruments","route":"/technologies/rejuv-measure-breast-q/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive head-and-neck"},{"id":"rejuv-measure-cognitive-function","kind":"technology","name":"Measuring memory and concentration after treatment","aka":"","tldr":"What a person notices about their own memory and what a formal test measures are two different things, and they agree only weakly. The questionnaire most used for the first is FACT-Cog; the tests used for the second were standardised by an international task force so that studies could be compared.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship measurement instruments cognition","route":"/technologies/rejuv-measure-cognitive-function/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive all-leukemia dlbcl glioblastoma"},{"id":"rejuv-measure-fear-of-recurrence-inventory","kind":"technology","name":"Measuring fear of recurrence: the FCRI and its cut-off","aka":"","tldr":"The most commonly reported unmet need after cancer treatment has a questionnaire of its own. The full version has 42 questions across seven components; the nine-question short form is the one used to screen, and a score of 22 or more marks a level of fear that merits help.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship measurement instruments mind","route":"/technologies/rejuv-measure-fear-of-recurrence-inventory/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate colorectal nsclc"},{"id":"rejuv-measure-lymphoedema","kind":"technology","name":"Measuring lymphoedema: tape, bioimpedance and the quality of life scales","aka":"","tldr":"There are two separate questions, how big the limb is and how much it affects the person, and they need different instruments. Limb volume is measured by tape, by water displacement or by a device that passes a small current through the tissue; the effect on living is measured by a questionnaire such as LYMQOL.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship measurement instruments","route":"/technologies/rejuv-measure-lymphoedema/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive melanoma cervical endometrial head-and-neck"},{"id":"rejuv-measure-minimally-important-difference","kind":"technology","name":"What a difference has to be before a person would notice it","aka":"","tldr":"A trial can report a statistically significant change in a quality of life score that no person would notice. The minimally important difference is the attempt to say how much a score has to move to correspond to something a patient would call a change, and it differs by questionnaire, by scale, by cancer and by direction.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship measurement instruments","route":"/technologies/rejuv-measure-minimally-important-difference/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive nsclc prostate mesothelioma"},{"id":"rejuv-measure-missing-data-and-who-is-not-asked","kind":"technology","name":"The questionnaires that were never returned, and the people never asked","aka":"","tldr":"In a trial measuring how people feel, the forms go missing exactly when people are most unwell. That makes the remaining scores look better than the truth. The same thing happens on a larger scale when whole groups are not asked at all.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship measurement instruments","route":"/technologies/rejuv-measure-missing-data-and-who-is-not-asked/","status":"established","cancers":"nsclc colorectal breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"rejuv-measure-epro-as-treatment","kind":"technology","name":"Asking people how they are, every week, as a treatment in its own right","aka":"","tldr":"Several randomised trials tested asking patients to report symptoms every week, with a nurse alerted when something is bad or getting worse. It reliably improves how people feel and function and cuts emergency visits. Whether it lengthens life did not hold up: two trials found a survival benefit and the largest trial, designed to test exactly that, found none.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:strong instruments","route":"/technologies/rejuv-measure-epro-as-treatment/","status":"established","cancers":"nsclc colorectal breast-hr-positive ovarian pancreatic"},{"id":"rejuv-measure-epro-implementation","kind":"technology","name":"What has actually been implemented since those trials, and what has not","aka":"","tldr":"The trials finished years ago and most people being treated for cancer are still not asked their symptoms between appointments. The clearest thing that changed is a United States payment model that now requires practices to collect them.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship measurement instruments policy","route":"/technologies/rejuv-measure-epro-implementation/","status":"emerging","cancers":"nsclc colorectal breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"rejuv-measure-functional-tests","kind":"technology","name":"Walking, gripping and standing up: the tests that take five minutes","aka":"","tldr":"How far somebody walks in six minutes, how hard they can squeeze a handle, and how fast they can stand up from a chair five times. These need almost no equipment, they predict what happens to people, and they measure something a questionnaire cannot.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship measurement objective","route":"/technologies/rejuv-measure-functional-tests/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"colorectal nsclc pancreatic multiple-myeloma esophageal"},{"id":"rejuv-measure-cardiopulmonary-exercise-testing","kind":"technology","name":"Cardiopulmonary exercise testing: the hardest number in recovery","aka":"","tldr":"A bike or treadmill test to exhaustion with a mask measuring the air breathed in and out, giving peak oxygen uptake. It is the most objective measure of what a body can do, and in breast cancer it showed that survivors sit around a quarter below healthy women of the same age across the whole survivorship continuum.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship measurement objective","route":"/technologies/rejuv-measure-cardiopulmonary-exercise-testing/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive esophageal colorectal nsclc"},{"id":"rejuv-measure-body-composition","kind":"technology","name":"Measuring muscle and fat on scans the patient already had","aka":"","tldr":"A single slice of a CT scan at the third lumbar vertebra measures how much skeletal muscle a person has, and the scan has usually already been taken for staging. Low muscle predicts worse outcomes and more chemotherapy toxicity, including in people whose weight looks normal or high.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship measurement objective","route":"/technologies/rejuv-measure-body-composition/","status":"established","cancers":"pancreatic nsclc gastric colorectal esophageal"},{"id":"rejuv-measure-wearables-and-step-counts","kind":"technology","name":"Wearables and step counts: measuring what someone actually does","aka":"","tldr":"A wrist or hip device records steps, activity and sleep continuously, at home, without anyone being asked a question. It measures behaviour rather than capacity, which is the gap a corridor test leaves, and it is the one measurement of recovery that does not stop when the person leaves the hospital.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship measurement objective","route":"/technologies/rejuv-measure-wearables-and-step-counts/","status":"emerging","cancers":"colorectal nsclc breast-hr-positive multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"rejuv-measure-consumer-biological-age-tests","kind":"technology","name":"The biological age test you can buy, and whether to buy one","aka":"","tldr":"You can send saliva or blood to a company and be told your biological age. The underlying science is real and is described in the records on biological ageing after treatment; the test you can buy is not that science. Repeat measurements of the same sample can differ by years, no result changes any treatment, and nothing you can do in response has been shown to change what happens to you.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:insufficient objective biological-ageing","route":"/technologies/rejuv-measure-consumer-biological-age-tests/","status":"emerging","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hodgkin-lymphoma all-leukemia"},{"id":"rejuv-access-survivorship-care-uk","kind":"technology","name":"After treatment in the UK: personalised care, and follow-up you lead yourself","aka":"","tldr":"In England the offer has four named parts: an assessment of what you need and a plan written with you, information and support about living well, a summary of your treatment sent to you and your GP, and a review with your GP. Follow-up is increasingly not a routine clinic appointment but a pathway you manage yourself, with tests at set intervals and a route back in.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship measurement access uk","route":"/technologies/rejuv-access-survivorship-care-uk/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate colorectal nsclc"},{"id":"rejuv-access-survivorship-care-us","kind":"technology","name":"After treatment in the United States: the survivorship care plan, and what the trial found","aka":"","tldr":"The United States answer to life after treatment was a written survivorship care plan, made an accreditation requirement for cancer centres. The randomised trial of it found no benefit on any patient-reported outcome, and the requirement was later replaced with a broader survivorship programme standard.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship evidence:no-benefit access us","route":"/technologies/rejuv-access-survivorship-care-us/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal prostate hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"rejuv-access-survivorship-care-germany","kind":"technology","name":"After treatment in Germany: a rehabilitation entitlement, not a leaflet","aka":"","tldr":"Germany does something no English-speaking country does: it funds a three-week structured rehabilitation stay after cancer treatment as an entitlement, inpatient or full-day outpatient, through the pension insurance system. Retired people and some non-insured relatives can have it too.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship measurement access germany","route":"/technologies/rejuv-access-survivorship-care-germany/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal prostate nsclc"},{"id":"rejuv-access-survivorship-care-nordic","kind":"technology","name":"After treatment in the Nordic countries: rehabilitation written into the pathway","aka":"","tldr":"Denmark, Norway and Sweden build rehabilitation and a named contact person into the national cancer pathway rather than leaving them to be requested afterwards. Even in tax-funded systems designed around need, the published work finds that socially disadvantaged people take up less of it.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship measurement access nordic","route":"/technologies/rejuv-access-survivorship-care-nordic/","status":"established","cancers":"colorectal breast-hr-positive gastric esophageal"},{"id":"rejuv-access-survivorship-care-australia","kind":"technology","name":"After treatment in Australia: a stated model of survivorship care","aka":"","tldr":"Australia published a national model setting out what survivorship care should contain: stratified pathways by need, a treatment summary and care plan, a focus on wellness and prevention as well as surveillance, and timely access without unnecessary appointments. Exercise is recommended as part of routine cancer care by the same body.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship measurement access australia","route":"/technologies/rejuv-access-survivorship-care-australia/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal prostate melanoma"},{"id":"rejuv-access-survivorship-care-lmic","kind":"technology","name":"After treatment in low and middle income countries: mostly nothing","aka":"","tldr":"Most people in the world who survive cancer are offered no survivorship care at all. Specialist centres are rare, follow-up is limited, late effects are poorly documented, and the household pays. This is the largest gap in recovery care anywhere, and the one with the thinnest evidence base.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship measurement access global","route":"/technologies/rejuv-access-survivorship-care-lmic/","status":"emerging","cancers":"cervical breast-hr-positive all-leukemia hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"rejuv-access-who-misses-out","kind":"technology","name":"Who misses out on recovery care, measured","aka":"","tldr":"Every part of recovery care is unevenly distributed, and the pattern repeats: people with less money, less education, more disability, who live further away or whose cancer is less common get less of it. These are measured gaps with sources, not an impression.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship measurement access equity","route":"/technologies/rejuv-access-who-misses-out/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive all-leukemia dlbcl cervical colorectal"},{"id":"rejuv-access-rehabilitation-referral","kind":"technology","name":"Referral to rehabilitation: the service most people who need it never see","aka":"","tldr":"Physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech and swallowing therapy and lymphoedema services are the treatments for most of what cancer treatment leaves behind. The measured use of them after cancer treatment is a small fraction of the measured need, and the people delivering them say they were not trained for it.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship measurement access equity","route":"/technologies/rejuv-access-rehabilitation-referral/","status":"established","cancers":"head-and-neck breast-hr-positive all-leukemia sarcoma colorectal"},{"id":"rejuv-access-fertility-preservation","kind":"technology","name":"Who gets told about fertility before treatment, and who does not","aka":"","tldr":"Fertility preservation has to happen before treatment starts, which makes it the most time-critical part of recovery care and the easiest to miss. Published United States rates of even having the conversation range from 9 per cent to 75 per cent depending on where a young woman is treated.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship measurement access equity","route":"/technologies/rejuv-access-fertility-preservation/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hodgkin-lymphoma all-leukemia cervical testicular"},{"id":"rejuv-access-exercise-programmes","kind":"technology","name":"Exercise is the best-evidenced thing on this front, and most survivors are not doing it","aka":"","tldr":"Structured exercise has the strongest evidence of any recovery intervention, including a randomised survival benefit in colon cancer. In a population survey of blood cancer survivors, 46 per cent met neither the aerobic nor the strength guideline and 22 per cent met both, and meeting both was associated with having been to university.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship measurement access equity","route":"/technologies/rejuv-access-exercise-programmes/","status":"established","cancers":"colorectal breast-hr-positive prostate multiple-myeloma dlbcl"},{"id":"rejuv-access-what-it-costs-uk","kind":"technology","name":"What recovery costs in the UK, and what it does not","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer treatment makes prescriptions free in England for five years, but a wig is not a prescription and is charged for unless you qualify for help. A third of UK survivors in one survey still reported financial difficulty, which is lower than the United States and a long way from zero.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship measurement access cost uk","route":"/technologies/rejuv-access-what-it-costs-uk/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal prostate hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"rejuv-access-what-it-costs-us","kind":"technology","name":"What recovery costs in the United States","aka":"","tldr":"More than half of United States survivors in a comparative survey reported financial difficulty, against a third in the UK. What a person pays for rehabilitation, psychological care, fertility preservation and a wig depends on their insurance, their state and their employer rather than on their cancer.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship measurement access cost us","route":"/technologies/rejuv-access-what-it-costs-us/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal multiple-myeloma nsclc"},{"id":"rejuv-access-what-it-costs-elsewhere","kind":"technology","name":"What recovery costs in the rest of the world","aka":"","tldr":"In Germany rehabilitation is an entitlement with the outpatient version free to the patient. In most of the world there is no survivorship service to be charged for, and the household pays for whatever follow-up happens. Reliable comparative figures do not exist.","tags":"rejuvenation survivorship measurement access cost global","route":"/technologies/rejuv-access-what-it-costs-elsewhere/","status":"emerging","cancers":"breast-hr-positive cervical colorectal all-leukemia"},{"id":"guardant360-cdx","kind":"drug","name":"Guardant360 CDx","aka":"","tldr":"A blood test that reads a tumour's mutations without a tissue biopsy and is the FDA-approved gateway to several targeted drugs.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/guardant360-cdx/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc breast-hr-positive pancreatic colorectal"},{"id":"oncomine-dx-target-test","kind":"drug","name":"Oncomine Dx Target Test","aka":"","tldr":"The first FDA-approved gene panel that could match one biopsy to several different lung cancer drugs at once.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/oncomine-dx-target-test/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"cobas-egfr-mutation-test","kind":"drug","name":"cobas EGFR Mutation Test v2","aka":"","tldr":"The lung cancer gene test that became the first blood-based companion diagnostic the FDA ever approved.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/cobas-egfr-mutation-test/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"therascreen-cdx","kind":"drug","name":"therascreen companion diagnostic kits (KRAS, EGFR, PIK3CA, FGFR, BRAF)","aka":"","tldr":"A family of quick single-gene tests that decide who can have several bowel, lung, breast and bladder cancer drugs.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/therascreen-cdx/","status":"approved","cancers":"colorectal nsclc breast-hr-positive urothelial"},{"id":"ventana-pd-l1-sp142","kind":"drug","name":"VENTANA PD-L1 (SP142) Assay","aka":"","tldr":"The PD-L1 stain that decides who can have atezolizumab, scored on immune cells rather than tumour cells in breast cancer.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/ventana-pd-l1-sp142/","status":"approved","cancers":"urothelial nsclc tnbc tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"ventana-pd-l1-sp263","kind":"drug","name":"VENTANA PD-L1 (SP263) Assay","aka":"","tldr":"The VENTANA SP263 assay is an immunohistochemistry stain that measures PD-L1 on tumour cells. Approved in 2017 alongside durvalumab in bladder cancer, it became the companion test in 2021 for adjuvant atezolizumab in resected lung cancer with PD-L1 on at least 1% of tumour cells, and it agrees closely with 22C3, so laboratories often validate it as a single platform.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/ventana-pd-l1-sp263/","status":"approved","cancers":"urothelial nsclc tnbc"},{"id":"dako-pd-l1-22c3-pharmdx","kind":"drug","name":"PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx","aka":"","tldr":"The 22C3 pharmDx assay is the PD-L1 stain tied to pembrolizumab since 2015 and the source of the combined positive score (CPS). The cut-off differs by cancer: 1% of tumour cells in lung cancer, CPS 1 in gastric, cervical and head and neck cancer, CPS 10 in oesophageal and triple-negative breast cancer, so one stain is read differently per disease.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/dako-pd-l1-22c3-pharmdx/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc gastric cervical head-and-neck esophageal tnbc tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"her2-testing-assays","kind":"drug","name":"HER2 IHC and ISH companion assays (HercepTest, PATHWAY 4B5, HER2 Dual ISH)","aka":"","tldr":"The tests that grade a breast or stomach cancer's HER2 level, from the original trastuzumab test in 1998 to the new 'HER2-low' and 'ultralow' cut-offs.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/her2-testing-assays/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-her2-positive breast-hr-positive gastric tnbc"},{"id":"ventana-mmr-rxdx","kind":"drug","name":"VENTANA MMR RxDx Panel","aka":"","tldr":"A four-stain test that shows whether a womb cancer has lost its DNA spell-checker, which makes immunotherapy likely to work.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/ventana-mmr-rxdx/","status":"approved","cancers":"endometrial colorectal pancreatic"},{"id":"bracanalysis-cdx","kind":"drug","name":"BRACAnalysis CDx","aka":"","tldr":"The inherited BRCA test that decides who can have PARP inhibitor pills for ovarian, breast, pancreatic and prostate cancer.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/bracanalysis-cdx/","status":"approved","cancers":"ovarian breast-hr-positive tnbc pancreatic prostate"},{"id":"mychoice-cdx","kind":"drug","name":"myChoice CDx","aka":"","tldr":"A tumour test that measures DNA-repair scarring so that women with ovarian cancer beyond BRCA carriers can benefit from PARP inhibitors.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/mychoice-cdx/","status":"approved","cancers":"ovarian tnbc"},{"id":"trusight-oncology-comprehensive","kind":"drug","name":"TruSight Oncology Comprehensive","aka":"","tldr":"A large gene panel hospitals can run themselves, approved by the FDA in 2024 as a companion diagnostic for the tumour-agnostic drug larotrectinib.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/trusight-oncology-comprehensive/","status":"approved","cancers":"pancreatic colorectal"},{"id":"tempus-xt-cdx","kind":"drug","name":"Tempus xT CDx","aka":"","tldr":"Tempus's tumour-and-normal gene panel, FDA-approved in 2023 as a companion test for EGFR antibodies in bowel cancer.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/tempus-xt-cdx/","status":"approved","cancers":"colorectal pancreatic"},{"id":"caris-mi-cancer-seek","kind":"drug","name":"MI Cancer Seek","aka":"","tldr":"The first FDA-approved test that sequences all of a tumour's genes and gene activity at once, used to match patients to several targeted drugs.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/caris-mi-cancer-seek/","status":"approved","cancers":"colorectal nsclc melanoma breast-hr-positive pancreatic"},{"id":"resolution-ctdx-first","kind":"drug","name":"Resolution ctDx FIRST","aka":"","tldr":"A blood test approved with adagrasib to find the KRAS G12C mutation in lung cancer when a tissue biopsy is not possible.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/resolution-ctdx-first/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"cologuard","kind":"drug","name":"Cologuard","aka":"","tldr":"A home stool test done every three years that looks for cancer DNA and hidden blood; a positive result means you need a colonoscopy.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/cologuard/","status":"approved","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"cologuard-plus","kind":"drug","name":"Cologuard Plus","aka":"","tldr":"The updated Cologuard, approved in 2024, which keeps the high cancer detection rate while causing fewer false alarms.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/cologuard-plus/","status":"approved","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"simplescreen-crc","kind":"drug","name":"SimpleScreen CRC","aka":"","tldr":"The second FDA-approved blood test for bowel cancer screening, from Freenome, sold by Abbott from late 2026.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/simplescreen-crc/","status":"approved","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"cancerguard","kind":"drug","name":"Cancerguard","aka":"","tldr":"Exact Sciences' multi-cancer blood test, sold since 2025 as a lab test that has not been through FDA approval.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/cancerguard/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"clonoseq","kind":"drug","name":"clonoSEQ","aka":"","tldr":"A DNA test that counts leftover leukaemia, myeloma or lymphoma cells down to one in a million, used to decide whether treatment has really worked.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/clonoseq/","status":"approved","cancers":"all-leukemia multiple-myeloma cll dlbcl mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"guardant-reveal","kind":"drug","name":"Guardant Reveal","aka":"","tldr":"A blood test for leftover cancer after surgery that needs no tumour sample, so results come faster than tumour-informed tests.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/guardant-reveal/","status":"established","cancers":"colorectal breast-hr-positive nsclc"},{"id":"radar-mrd","kind":"drug","name":"RaDaR","aka":"","tldr":"NeoGenomics' personalised blood test for tiny amounts of leftover cancer, tracking up to 48 mutations from the patient's own tumour.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/radar-mrd/","status":"established","cancers":"head-and-neck nsclc breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"oncodetect","kind":"drug","name":"Oncodetect","aka":"","tldr":"Exact Sciences' entry into the leftover-cancer blood test market, launched in 2025 for bowel cancer follow-up.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/oncodetect/","status":"emerging","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"prosigna","kind":"drug","name":"Prosigna (PAM50)","aka":"","tldr":"A 50-gene test run in local hospital laboratories that estimates the ten-year risk of a hormone-positive breast cancer coming back.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/prosigna/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"endopredict","kind":"drug","name":"EndoPredict","aka":"","tldr":"A 12-gene test that combines gene activity with tumour size and lymph nodes to say whether hormone therapy alone is enough, and whether to continue it beyond five years.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/endopredict/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"breast-cancer-index","kind":"drug","name":"Breast Cancer Index","aka":"","tldr":"The only test designed to tell a woman who has finished five years of hormone therapy whether another five years is worth the side effects.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/breast-cancer-index/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"prolaris","kind":"drug","name":"Prolaris","aka":"","tldr":"A gene test on a prostate biopsy that estimates how aggressive the cancer is, to help decide between active surveillance and treatment.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/prolaris/","status":"established","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"oncotype-dx-gps","kind":"drug","name":"Oncotype DX Genomic Prostate Score","aka":"","tldr":"A 17-gene biopsy test that helps men with newly diagnosed low-risk prostate cancer decide whether to watch or treat.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/oncotype-dx-gps/","status":"established","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"afirma","kind":"drug","name":"Afirma Genomic Sequencing Classifier","aka":"","tldr":"A gene test on the needle sample from a thyroid lump that can safely call an 'uncertain' result benign and spare an operation.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/afirma/","status":"established","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"cxbladder","kind":"drug","name":"Cxbladder","aka":"","tldr":"A urine test that can rule out bladder cancer in people with blood in their urine, so fewer need a camera examination of the bladder.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/cxbladder/","status":"established","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"urovysion","kind":"drug","name":"UroVysion Bladder Cancer Kit","aka":"","tldr":"A urine test that looks for chromosome changes in shed bladder cells, approved for people with blood in the urine and for follow-up after bladder cancer.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/urovysion/","status":"approved","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"illuccix","kind":"drug","name":"Illuccix (kit for Ga-68 gozetotide)","aka":"","tldr":"Telix's ready-to-label kit that lets any nuclear medicine department make the gallium PSMA scan for prostate cancer.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/illuccix/","status":"approved","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"locametz","kind":"drug","name":"Locametz (kit for Ga-68 gozetotide)","aka":"","tldr":"Novartis' gallium PSMA scan kit, approved the same day as Pluvicto as the test that qualifies men for that radioactive drug.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/locametz/","status":"approved","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"fludeoxyglucose-f18","kind":"drug","name":"Fludeoxyglucose F-18 (FDG)","aka":"","tldr":"The radioactive sugar used in almost every cancer PET scan, approved in the 1990s and made fresh each day by regional cyclotrons.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/fludeoxyglucose-f18/","status":"approved"},{"id":"paige-prostate","kind":"drug","name":"Paige Prostate Detect","aka":"","tldr":"The first AI for reading biopsy slides authorised by the FDA, which points pathologists to prostate cancer they might otherwise miss.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/paige-prostate/","status":"approved","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"transpara","kind":"drug","name":"Transpara","aka":"","tldr":"The breast screening AI tested in Sweden's MASAI trial, where AI-supported reading found more cancers and nearly halved the radiologists' workload.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/transpara/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"lunit-insight-mmg","kind":"drug","name":"Lunit INSIGHT MMG","aka":"","tldr":"A Korean AI mammography reader used in screening programmes in Sweden and Australia and cleared in the US and Europe.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/lunit-insight-mmg/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"optellum-virtual-nodule-clinic","kind":"drug","name":"Optellum Virtual Nodule Clinic","aka":"","tldr":"The first AI cleared to estimate how likely a lung nodule on a CT scan is to be cancer, helping doctors decide who needs a biopsy and who can wait.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/optellum-virtual-nodule-clinic/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"icad-profound-ai","kind":"drug","name":"ProFound AI (iCAD)","aka":"","tldr":"The first AI cleared for 3D mammography in the US, now part of RadNet's imaging network.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/icad-profound-ai/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"kheiron-mia","kind":"drug","name":"Mia (Mammography Intelligent Assessment)","aka":"","tldr":"A London-built breast screening AI trialled across NHS sites as a second reader, now folded into RadNet's DeepHealth after a 2024 acquisition.","tags":"test","route":"/drugs/kheiron-mia/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"msi-mmr-testing","kind":"technology","name":"MSI and mismatch-repair testing","aka":"","tldr":"Tests that show whether a tumour has lost its DNA spell-checker; if so, immunotherapy works unusually well and an inherited syndrome may be present.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/msi-mmr-testing/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"colorectal endometrial gastric"},{"id":"tmb-testing","kind":"technology","name":"Tumour mutational burden testing","aka":"","tldr":"Counting how many mutations a tumour carries per stretch of DNA; heavily mutated tumours are more likely to respond to immunotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/tmb-testing/","status":"established","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"nhs-targeted-lung-health-check","kind":"technology","name":"NHS Targeted Lung Health Check (lung cancer screening programme)","aka":"","tldr":"England's lung screening programme: people aged 55 to 74 who have ever smoked are invited for a risk assessment and, if high risk, a low-dose CT scan, often in a mobile unit in a supermarket car park.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/nhs-targeted-lung-health-check/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"nsclc sclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"prostate-screening-psa-mri","kind":"technology","name":"PSA and MRI-first prostate cancer screening","aka":"","tldr":"Whether men should be screened for prostate cancer is still debated; the modern approach uses a PSA blood test followed by an MRI scan, which finds the cancers that matter while leaving harmless ones alone.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/prostate-screening-psa-mri/","status":"emerging","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"skin-cancer-screening","kind":"technology","name":"Skin cancer screening (visual skin examination)","aka":"","tldr":"Checking the whole skin for suspicious moles finds melanomas earlier, but no trial has yet shown that screening everyone saves lives, so most countries target people at high risk.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/skin-cancer-screening/","status":"emerging","cancers":"melanoma basal-cell-carcinoma cutaneous-scc"},{"id":"oral-visual-screening","kind":"technology","name":"Oral cancer visual screening","aka":"","tldr":"A trained health worker looking inside the mouth with a light can find mouth cancer early; in India this cut deaths by a third among people who use tobacco or alcohol.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/oral-visual-screening/","status":"established","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"gastric-endoscopic-screening","kind":"technology","name":"Gastric cancer endoscopic screening (East Asia)","aka":"","tldr":"In Korea and Japan, where stomach cancer is common, adults have a camera examination of the stomach every two years, so most cancers are found early enough to remove through the endoscope.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/gastric-endoscopic-screening/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"gastric esophageal"},{"id":"polygenic-risk-scores","kind":"technology","name":"Polygenic risk scores for cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A score built from hundreds of common gene variants that says whether your inherited risk of a cancer is higher or lower than average, now being tested as a way to decide who is screened and how often.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/polygenic-risk-scores/","status":"emerging","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate colorectal"},{"id":"mindact","kind":"trial","name":"MINDACT","aka":"","tldr":"MINDACT showed that women whose early breast cancer looked high-risk to doctors but low-risk on the 70-gene MammaPrint test could skip chemotherapy: those who did met the trial's prespecified safety threshold, and about 46% of clinically high-risk women could avoid chemotherapy. Women aged 50 or under may still gain from it.","tags":"","route":"/trials/mindact/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-early-high-risk"},{"id":"nordicc","kind":"trial","name":"NordICC (Nordic-European Initiative on Colorectal Cancer)","aka":"","tldr":"The first randomised trial of colonoscopy screening: being invited cut the risk of bowel cancer by about a fifth, but fewer than half of those invited attended, so the effect on deaths was small.","tags":"","route":"/trials/nordicc/","status":"mixed","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"tmist","kind":"trial","name":"TMIST (Tomosynthesis Mammographic Imaging Screening Trial)","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that will settle whether 3D mammograms prevent more dangerous cancers than standard 2D ones, or just find more small ones.","tags":"","route":"/trials/tmist/","status":"active","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"masai","kind":"trial","name":"MASAI (Mammography Screening with Artificial Intelligence)","aka":"","tldr":"The first randomised trial of AI in breast screening found more cancers and cut radiologists' reading work almost in half without more false alarms.","tags":"","route":"/trials/masai/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"blue-c","kind":"trial","name":"BLUE-C","aka":"","tldr":"The study behind Cologuard Plus: the new stool test caught 94% of bowel cancers and produced fewer false alarms than the original.","tags":"","route":"/trials/blue-c/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"deep-c","kind":"trial","name":"DeeP-C","aka":"","tldr":"The pivotal study for the first stool DNA test, showing it found more cancers than the standard stool blood test at the cost of more false positives.","tags":"","route":"/trials/deep-c/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"eclipse-shield","kind":"trial","name":"ECLIPSE (Shield blood test)","aka":"","tldr":"The study behind the first approved blood test for bowel cancer screening: it found 83% of cancers but only 13% of advanced polyps.","tags":"","route":"/trials/eclipse-shield/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"goteborg-2","kind":"trial","name":"GÖTEBORG-2 (MRI-based prostate cancer screening)","aka":"","tldr":"In GÖTEBORG-2, 17,980 men were screened with PSA, then MRI; biopsying only what the MRI showed halved the detection of harmless prostate cancers (0.6% versus 1.2% of men) while the detection of dangerous cancers barely changed (0.9% versus 1.1%). It is the strongest evidence that MRI-first screening cuts overdiagnosis.","tags":"","route":"/trials/goteborg-2/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"myriad-genetics","kind":"company","name":"Myriad Genetics","aka":"","tldr":"The company that made BRCA testing a business, now selling hereditary panels and the myChoice, EndoPredict and Prolaris tumour tests.","tags":"","route":"/companies/myriad-genetics/","cancers":"ovarian breast-hr-positive prostate"},{"id":"agendia","kind":"company","name":"Agendia","aka":"","tldr":"Dutch maker of MammaPrint, the 70-gene breast cancer test validated in the MINDACT trial.","tags":"","route":"/companies/agendia/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"hologic","kind":"company","name":"Hologic","aka":"","tldr":"The women's health company behind most 3D mammography machines, HPV and cytology testing, and the Breast Cancer Index.","tags":"","route":"/companies/hologic/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive cervical"},{"id":"screenpoint-medical","kind":"company","name":"ScreenPoint Medical","aka":"","tldr":"Radboud University spin-out whose Transpara software is the AI reader tested in the MASAI screening trial.","tags":"","route":"/companies/screenpoint-medical/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"optellum","kind":"company","name":"Optellum","aka":"","tldr":"Oxford company with the first FDA-cleared AI for judging whether a lung nodule on CT is likely to be cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/optellum/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"icad","kind":"company","name":"iCAD (RadNet)","aka":"","tldr":"Long-standing mammography computer-aided detection company whose ProFound AI was the first cleared for 3D mammography; acquired by RadNet in 2025.","tags":"","route":"/companies/icad/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"advanced-accelerator-applications","kind":"company","name":"Advanced Accelerator Applications (Novartis)","aka":"","tldr":"The CERN spin-out that Novartis bought in 2018 for Lutathera, which now makes Pluvicto and the Locametz and Netspot imaging kits.","tags":"","route":"/companies/advanced-accelerator-applications/","cancers":"prostate neuroendocrine"},{"id":"abbott","kind":"company","name":"Abbott Laboratories","aka":"","tldr":"Diagnostics giant that makes the UroVysion bladder test, sells Freenome's blood test for bowel cancer, and is acquiring Exact Sciences.","tags":"","route":"/companies/abbott/","cancers":"urothelial colorectal"},{"id":"pacific-edge","kind":"company","name":"Pacific Edge","aka":"","tldr":"New Zealand company behind the Cxbladder urine tests for bladder cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/pacific-edge/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"mdxhealth","kind":"company","name":"MDxHealth","aka":"","tldr":"Prostate diagnostics company that bought Oncotype DX GPS from Exact Sciences and sells the Select mdx and Confirm mdx tests.","tags":"","route":"/companies/mdxhealth/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"on-target-laboratories","kind":"company","name":"On Target Laboratories","aka":"","tldr":"Purdue spin-out that developed Cytalux, the glowing dye that shows ovarian and lung cancer deposits during surgery.","tags":"","route":"/companies/on-target-laboratories/","cancers":"ovarian nsclc"},{"id":"lumicell","kind":"company","name":"Lumicell","aka":"","tldr":"MIT spin-out whose Lumisight dye and imaging system show leftover breast cancer in the lumpectomy cavity before the operation ends.","tags":"","route":"/companies/lumicell/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"fda-ldt-rule","kind":"term","name":"FDA laboratory-developed test (LDT) rule","aka":"","tldr":"Most cancer tests in the US, including Galleri, Signatera and Oncotype DX, are 'lab-developed tests' overseen through lab standards rather than FDA approval; the FDA's 2024 attempt to change that was struck down in court in 2025.","tags":"","route":"/terms/fda-ldt-rule/"},{"id":"ivdr","kind":"term","name":"IVDR (EU In Vitro Diagnostic Regulation 2017/746)","aka":"","tldr":"Europe's rules for diagnostic tests, which since 2022 require most cancer tests to be certified by an independent body before they carry a CE mark, with deadlines for older tests running to 2029.","tags":"","route":"/terms/ivdr/"},{"id":"sensitivity-specificity","kind":"term","name":"Sensitivity and specificity","aka":"","tldr":"Sensitivity is the share of people with the disease a test catches; specificity is the share of healthy people it correctly clears. No test scores 100% on both, and for screening the trade-off decides how many false alarms you get.","tags":"","route":"/terms/sensitivity-specificity/"},{"id":"overdiagnosis","kind":"term","name":"Overdiagnosis","aka":"","tldr":"Finding a cancer that would never have caused symptoms or death in a person's lifetime, so that the diagnosis and treatment bring harm without benefit. It is the main downside of screening.","tags":"","route":"/terms/overdiagnosis/"},{"id":"paediatric-low-grade-glioma","kind":"cancer","name":"Paediatric low-grade glioma","aka":"Childhood astrocytoma\npLGG\nPilocytic astrocytoma\nOptic pathway glioma\nChildhood glioma (low grade)","tldr":"Paediatric low-grade gliomas are slow-growing brain tumours driven almost always by a single overactive signal, the MAPK pathway, most often through a BRAF gene change. Because the switch is known, pills that block it (dabrafenib with trametinib, and tovorafenib) now shrink tumours far more often than chemotherapy, and children are increasingly spared radiation to the developing brain.","tags":"nci-coverage paediatric cns","route":"/cancers/paediatric-low-grade-glioma/","parent":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"dipg-dmg","kind":"cancer","name":"Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered (including DIPG)","aka":"DIPG\nDiffuse intrinsic pontine glioma\nDMG\nH3 K27M glioma\nPaediatric high-grade glioma","tldr":"Diffuse midline glioma grows through the brainstem and cannot be removed surgically. A single change in a histone protein (H3 K27M) rewires how the tumour reads its DNA. Radiotherapy was long the only help; in 2025 the first drug aimed at this tumour, dordaviprone (ONC201), was approved after durable shrinkage in some patients, and GD2 CAR-T cells have produced striking early responses.","tags":"nci-coverage paediatric cns","route":"/cancers/dipg-dmg/","parent":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"atrt","kind":"cancer","name":"Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour (ATRT)","aka":"AT/RT\nRhabdoid tumour of the CNS\nRhabdoid tumour predisposition syndrome","tldr":"ATRT is an aggressive brain tumour of babies and toddlers caused by loss of a single gene, SMARCB1, part of the machinery that opens and closes DNA. Intensive chemotherapy with stem-cell rescue, and radiotherapy where age allows, now cure a meaningful share of children who once had little chance, and drugs aimed at the epigenetic consequence of SMARCB1 loss (EZH2 inhibitors) are in trials.","tags":"nci-coverage paediatric cns","route":"/cancers/atrt/","parent":"brain-tumours"},{"id":"ependymoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Ependymoma","aka":"Childhood ependymoma\nPosterior fossa ependymoma\nSupratentorial ZFTA fusion ependymoma\nMyxopapillary ependymoma","tldr":"Ependymomas grow from the cells lining the fluid spaces of the brain and spinal cord, mostly in children under five. Removing the whole tumour followed by focused radiotherapy controls most cases; molecular groups defined in 2021 behave differently, with posterior fossa group A relapsing often, and there is no approved drug.","tags":"nci-coverage paediatric cns","route":"/cancers/ependymoma/","parent":"brain-tumours"},{"id":"craniopharyngioma","kind":"cancer","name":"Craniopharyngioma","aka":"Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma\nPapillary craniopharyngioma\nChildhood craniopharyngioma","tldr":"Craniopharyngioma is a benign but destructive brain tumour growing from embryonic remnants beside the pituitary gland and hypothalamus. Surgery, or limited surgery plus radiotherapy, cures most people, but the price can be lifelong hormone deficiency and severe obesity. The adult (papillary) form carries a BRAF mutation and shrinks markedly with BRAF and MEK inhibitors, its first drug treatment.","tags":"nci-coverage paediatric cns","route":"/cancers/craniopharyngioma/","parent":"brain-tumours"},{"id":"pleuropulmonary-blastoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Childhood lung and airway tumours (pleuropulmonary blastoma, tracheobronchial tumours)","aka":"PPB\nDICER1 syndrome\nBronchial tumours (childhood)\nTracheobronchial tumours\nChildhood bronchial carcinoid\nPleuropulmonary blastoma (childhood)","tldr":"Primary lung tumours in children are rare and unlike adult lung cancer. Pleuropulmonary blastoma starts as a lung cyst in infants and results from a faulty DICER1 gene that also predisposes to thyroid, ovarian and kidney tumours; removing cysts early, guided by an international registry and family gene testing, prevents progression to the aggressive solid forms.","tags":"nci-coverage paediatric thoracic","route":"/cancers/pleuropulmonary-blastoma/","parent":"childhood-cancers"},{"id":"paediatric-germ-cell-tumours","kind":"cancer","name":"Germ cell tumours of childhood and adolescence (extracranial and CNS)","aka":"Childhood extracranial germ cell tumour\nCNS germ cell tumour\nGerminoma\nOvarian germ cell tumour\nSacrococcygeal teratoma\nMalignant germ cell tumour (children and adolescents)","tldr":"Germ cell tumours arise from the cells meant to become eggs or sperm and can appear in the gonads, lower back, chest or brain. They are among the most curable childhood cancers because they respond to cisplatin chemotherapy and release blood markers that make monitoring easy. The work now is to cure with less: surgery alone for low-risk tumours, gentler platinum drugs, and protecting hearing.","tags":"nci-coverage paediatric germ-cell","route":"/cancers/paediatric-germ-cell-tumours/","parent":"childhood-cancers"},{"id":"langerhans-cell-histiocytosis","kind":"cancer","name":"Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH)","aka":"LCH\nHistiocytosis X\nEosinophilic granuloma\nHand-Schuller-Christian disease\nLetterer-Siwe disease","tldr":"Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a disorder in which a small group of immune cells with a faulty growth signal (most often a BRAF mutation) pile up in bone, skin, pituitary or organs. It ranges from a single bone lesion that heals after biopsy to a life-threatening disease of infants. A year of gentle chemotherapy cures most children, and BRAF or MEK inhibitors rescue those with resistant disease.","tags":"nci-coverage paediatric haematologic","route":"/cancers/langerhans-cell-histiocytosis/"},{"id":"burkitt-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Burkitt lymphoma","aka":"Burkitt lymphoma/leukaemia\nEndemic Burkitt lymphoma\nSporadic Burkitt lymphoma\nImmunodeficiency-associated Burkitt lymphoma","tldr":"Burkitt lymphoma is the fastest-growing human tumour, driven by a single rearrangement that switches on the MYC gene. That speed makes it exquisitely sensitive to chemotherapy: short, intense courses, now with the antibody rituximab, cure the great majority of children in well-resourced settings. The remaining task is to bring the same cure to the African children who make up most cases.","tags":"nci-coverage paediatric haematologic global-health","route":"/cancers/burkitt-lymphoma/","parent":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"rare-childhood-cancers","kind":"cancer","name":"Rare cancers of childhood (NCI PDQ umbrella)","aka":"Childhood cardiac tumours\nLaryngeal papillomatosis\nRecurrent respiratory papillomatosis\nChildhood melanoma\nChildhood carcinomas\nVery rare tumours of childhood","tldr":"Some childhood cancers are so rare that no single hospital sees enough to learn from. The NCI groups them together: heart tumours, airway papillomas, cancers of the thyroid, adrenal, nose and throat, melanoma and carcinomas more typical of adults. The answer has been international registries and expert networks that pool every case, so treatment guidance exists even without trials.","tags":"nci-coverage paediatric umbrella","route":"/cancers/rare-childhood-cancers/","parent":"childhood-cancers"},{"id":"chordoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Chordoma","aka":"Childhood chordoma\nClival chordoma\nSacral chordoma","tldr":"Chordoma is a slow-growing bone cancer (a sarcoma) of the skull base and spine that arises from leftover embryonic notochord cells. Complete surgery followed by high-dose proton or carbon-ion radiotherapy controls most tumours, and the whole disease depends on a single transcription factor, brachyury, which vaccines and degraders are now trying to hit.","tags":"nci-coverage rare sarcoma paediatric","route":"/cancers/chordoma/","parent":"sarcoma"},{"id":"desmoid-tumour","kind":"cancer","name":"Desmoid tumour","aka":"Aggressive fibromatosis\nDesmoid-type fibromatosis","tldr":"Desmoid tumours are locally aggressive growths of fibroblast-like cells, classed with soft-tissue sarcomas, driven by WNT mutations, that never spread to distant organs but can invade nerves, bowel and muscle. Many stop growing or shrink on their own, so watching first is standard; if they progress, the gamma-secretase inhibitor nirogacestat, approved in 2023, shrinks tumours and relieves pain.","tags":"nci-coverage rare sarcoma","route":"/cancers/desmoid-tumour/","parent":"sarcoma"},{"id":"tenosynovial-giant-cell-tumour","kind":"cancer","name":"Tenosynovial giant cell tumour (TGCT)","aka":"TGCT\nPigmented villonodular synovitis\nPVNS\nGiant cell tumour of the tendon sheath","tldr":"TGCT is a benign but destructive tumour of the joint lining, classed with soft-tissue sarcomas, in which a few cells carrying a CSF1 gene fusion recruit a crowd of normal immune cells that eat away at the joint. Surgery cures most localised cases, and for diffuse or recurrent disease two pills that block the CSF1 receptor, pexidartinib and vimseltinib, shrink tumours and restore joint function.","tags":"nci-coverage rare sarcoma","route":"/cancers/tenosynovial-giant-cell-tumour/","parent":"sarcoma"},{"id":"epithelioid-sarcoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Epithelioid sarcoma","aka":"","tldr":"Epithelioid sarcoma is a rare soft tissue cancer that has lost a gene brake called SMARCB1, leaving it dependent on the enzyme EZH2. Surgery cures localised tumours. The EZH2 inhibitor tazemetostat was approved in 2020 and withdrawn worldwide in March 2026 after secondary blood cancers in a lymphoma trial; the dependency it proved is still a target in development, and chemotherapy remains in use.","tags":"nci-coverage rare sarcoma","route":"/cancers/epithelioid-sarcoma/","parent":"sarcoma"},{"id":"inflammatory-myofibroblastic-tumour","kind":"cancer","name":"Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (IMT)","aka":"IMT\nPulmonary inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour\nInflammatory pseudotumour\nEpithelioid inflammatory myofibroblastic sarcoma","tldr":"IMT is a rare tumour, grouped with the sarcomas, of spindle cells mixed with inflammatory cells, most often in the lung or abdomen of children and young adults. Surgery cures most, and about half carry an ALK gene fusion, so the ALK-blocking pill crizotinib is approved for those that cannot be removed, one of the first targeted approvals for a childhood solid tumour.","tags":"nci-coverage rare sarcoma paediatric","route":"/cancers/inflammatory-myofibroblastic-tumour/","parent":"sarcoma"},{"id":"vascular-tumours","kind":"cancer","name":"Vascular tumours (angiosarcoma, epithelioid haemangioendothelioma, kaposiform haemangioendothelioma)","aka":"Childhood vascular tumours\nAngiosarcoma\nEHE\nKHE\nEpithelioid haemangioendothelioma\nKaposiform haemangioendothelioma","tldr":"Vascular tumours range from angiosarcoma, an aggressive cancer of blood vessel lining cells, to the slow-growing EHE and the infant tumour KHE. Angiosarcoma responds to paclitaxel and, in the sun-damaged scalp form, to immunotherapy; EHE and KHE depend on growth signals that the mTOR blocker sirolimus quiets, and EHE without symptoms is watched.","tags":"nci-coverage rare sarcoma paediatric","route":"/cancers/vascular-tumours/","parent":"sarcoma"},{"id":"uterine-sarcoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Uterine sarcoma","aka":"Leiomyosarcoma of the uterus\nEndometrial stromal sarcoma\nUndifferentiated uterine sarcoma\nUterine LMS\nESS","tldr":"Uterine sarcomas are rare cancers of the muscle and supporting tissue of the womb, distinct from the far commoner endometrial cancer. Removing the uterus intact is the main treatment and is followed by observation for stage I disease; low-grade stromal sarcomas respond to hormone-blocking pills, while advanced leiomyosarcoma is treated with doxorubicin and trabectedin.","tags":"nci-coverage rare gynaecologic sarcoma","route":"/cancers/uterine-sarcoma/","parent":"sarcoma"},{"id":"nut-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"NUT carcinoma (midline carcinoma with NUTM1 rearrangement)","aka":"NUT midline carcinoma\nMidline tract carcinoma with NUT gene changes\nNMC","tldr":"NUT carcinoma is a fast-growing cancer of the midline of the body driven by a single fused gene, BRD4-NUTM1, that locks cells in an immature state. Chemotherapy and surgery rarely control it for long, but drugs that block the BET proteins the fusion depends on have produced responses and are the focus of trials.","tags":"nci-coverage rare head-and-neck paediatric","route":"/cancers/nut-carcinoma/"},{"id":"sinonasal","kind":"cancer","name":"Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers (including esthesioneuroblastoma)","aka":"Sinonasal cancer\nEsthesioneuroblastoma\nOlfactory neuroblastoma\nSinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma\nSNUC\nParanasal sinus cancer","tldr":"Cancers of the nose and sinuses are a mixed group, from squamous carcinoma to the nerve-derived esthesioneuroblastoma and the aggressive undifferentiated carcinoma SNUC. Surgery through the nose with an endoscope followed by precise radiotherapy has replaced disfiguring open operations, and giving chemotherapy first to see who responds now guides how SNUC is treated.","tags":"nci-coverage rare head-and-neck","route":"/cancers/sinonasal/"},{"id":"pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma","kind":"cancer","name":"Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL)","aka":"Pheochromocytoma\nParaganglioma\nPPGL\nPhaeochromocytoma","tldr":"Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas are tumours of adrenaline-producing tissue that cause dangerous blood pressure surges. Surgery after careful blood-pressure blockade cures most, genetic testing finds an inherited cause in nearly half, and for the minority that spread there are now radioactive drugs that home to the tumour and, since 2025, the first oral targeted pill, belzutifan.","tags":"nci-coverage rare endocrine","route":"/cancers/pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma/"},{"id":"parathyroid-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Parathyroid carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Parathyroid carcinoma is a cancer of the glands that control blood calcium, seen in a few people per ten million a year; most of its harm comes from dangerously high calcium rather than spread. Removing the tumour intact at the first operation gives the best chance of cure, and cinacalcet and bone-protecting drugs control calcium when it cannot be removed.","tags":"nci-coverage rare endocrine","route":"/cancers/parathyroid-carcinoma/"},{"id":"pituitary-tumours","kind":"cancer","name":"Pituitary tumours (pituitary neuroendocrine tumours) and pituitary carcinoma","aka":"Pituitary adenoma\nPitNET\nProlactinoma\nAcromegaly\nCushing disease\nPituitary carcinoma","tldr":"Pituitary tumours are usually benign growths of the hormone gland at the base of the brain that cause trouble by overproducing hormones or pressing on the optic nerves. Prolactin-producing tumours melt away with a tablet, most others are cured by surgery through the nose, and the rare aggressive ones respond to the chemotherapy drug temozolomide.","tags":"nci-coverage rare endocrine cns","route":"/cancers/pituitary-tumours/","parent":"brain-tumours"},{"id":"multiple-endocrine-neoplasia","kind":"cancer","name":"Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes (MEN1, MEN2, MEN4)","aka":"MEN1\nMEN2A\nMEN2B\nMEN4\nWermer syndrome\nSipple syndrome","tldr":"The MEN syndromes are inherited faults in a single gene that cause tumours in several hormone glands over a lifetime. Because the gene can be found in childhood, at-risk relatives can be tested, watched and in MEN2 have the thyroid removed before cancer develops; and for MEN2 thyroid cancer that does spread there is now a precise pill, selpercatinib, that blocks the faulty RET protein.","tags":"nci-coverage rare endocrine hereditary","route":"/cancers/multiple-endocrine-neoplasia/"},{"id":"ampullary","kind":"cancer","name":"Ampullary cancer (ampulla of Vater)","aka":"Ampulla of Vater carcinoma\nPeriampullary cancer\nAmpullary adenocarcinoma","tldr":"Ampullary cancer, a biliary tract cancer, starts where the bile and pancreatic ducts empty into the small bowel. Because it blocks bile flow early it is often caught while still removable, and the Whipple operation cures a good share of patients. Tumours come in two flavours, intestinal-like and pancreas-like, and chemotherapy is increasingly chosen by which one the pathologist sees.","tags":"nci-coverage rare gastrointestinal","route":"/cancers/ampullary/","parent":"biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"small-bowel","kind":"cancer","name":"Small intestine cancer (small bowel adenocarcinoma)","aka":"Small bowel adenocarcinoma\nDuodenal cancer\nJejunal and ileal cancer\nSBA","tldr":"Cancers of the small intestine are rare and often found late because the small bowel is hard to see and symptoms are vague. Surgery cures early disease, chemotherapy borrowed from bowel cancer helps after surgery and in advanced disease, and a large minority of tumours have a repair defect that makes them respond well to immunotherapy.","tags":"nci-coverage rare gastrointestinal","route":"/cancers/small-bowel/"},{"id":"penile","kind":"cancer","name":"Penile cancer","aka":"Penile squamous cell carcinoma\nCarcinoma of the penis","tldr":"Penile cancer is a squamous skin-type cancer, about half of it caused by HPV. Caught early it is usually cured with organ-sparing surgery that has replaced amputation, and HPV vaccination and circumcision prevent it; the hard cases are those with lymph-node spread, where cisplatin-based chemotherapy plus surgery and now immunotherapy are being tested in the InPACT trial.","tags":"nci-coverage rare genitourinary hpv","route":"/cancers/penile/"},{"id":"urethral","kind":"cancer","name":"Urethral cancer","aka":"Primary urethral carcinoma\nCarcinoma of the urethra","tldr":"Urethral cancer grows in the tube that carries urine out of the body, with fewer than one case per million people a year. With no randomised trials, it is treated by borrowing from bladder, anal or vulvar cancer depending on cell type and location; chemotherapy with radiotherapy before or instead of surgery lets more patients keep their organs.","tags":"nci-coverage rare genitourinary","route":"/cancers/urethral/"},{"id":"vaginal","kind":"cancer","name":"Vaginal cancer","aka":"Vaginal squamous cell carcinoma\nPrimary vaginal carcinoma\nVAIN (vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia; precursor)","tldr":"Primary vaginal cancer is rare and mostly caused by HPV, the virus behind cervical cancer. It is treated like cervical cancer, with weekly cisplatin alongside external and internal radiotherapy, which controls most tumours while preserving the organ; HPV vaccination and cervical screening, which also detects vaginal precursors, are steadily reducing it.","tags":"nci-coverage rare gynaecologic hpv","route":"/cancers/vaginal/"},{"id":"male-breast-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Male breast cancer","aka":"Breast cancer in men","tldr":"Men get breast cancer too, usually a hormone-sensitive kind found as a lump near the nipple. It is treated much as in women, with surgery, radiotherapy and tamoxifen, and inherited BRCA2 mutations are found often enough that every man diagnosed is offered genetic testing. The main fix under way is including men in trials so their care stops being borrowed from women.","tags":"nci-coverage rare breast","route":"/cancers/male-breast-cancer/","parent":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"ductal-carcinoma-in-situ","kind":"cancer","name":"Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)","aka":"DCIS\nStage 0 breast cancer\nPre-invasive breast cancer\nIntraductal carcinoma\nstage 0 breast cancer\nTis (DCIS)\nnon-invasive breast cancer\nin situ breast cancer\npre-invasive breast cancer\nintraductal carcinoma of the breast","tldr":"DCIS is abnormal cells confined to the milk ducts of the breast; it is not yet invasive cancer and cannot spread, but some would become invasive if left. Lumpectomy with radiotherapy, or mastectomy, halves local recurrence, so the live question is which low-risk DCIS can safely be watched: the COMET trial (2024) found active monitoring no worse at two years.","tags":"nci-coverage breast overdiagnosis","route":"/cancers/ductal-carcinoma-in-situ/","parent":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"hiv-associated-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"HIV-associated (AIDS-related) lymphomas","aka":"AIDS-related lymphoma\nARL\nPrimary effusion lymphoma\nPlasmablastic lymphoma\nHIV-associated Hodgkin lymphoma","tldr":"People living with HIV have a raised risk of aggressive lymphomas, driven by immune suppression and viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus. The transformation of the last two decades is that, with antiretroviral therapy continued through treatment, these lymphomas are treated with the same full-dose chemotherapy and antibody regimens as in anyone else, with similar chances of cure.","tags":"nci-coverage rare haematologic virus-associated","route":"/cancers/hiv-associated-lymphoma/","parent":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"cmml","kind":"cancer","name":"Chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia and MDS/MPN overlap neoplasms","aka":"CMML\nMDS/MPN\nMyelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms\nAtypical CML (BCR-ABL1-negative)\nMDS/MPN with ring sideroblasts and thrombocytosis\nMDS/MPN with SF3B1 mutation and thrombocytosis\nJuvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia (JMML)","tldr":"Chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia and its relatives are bone-marrow cancers that behave partly like myelodysplasia (poorly made blood cells) and partly like a proliferative disease (an excess of monocytes or platelets). Hypomethylating agents produce responses in a minority and stabilise counts in more, transplant can cure the fit, and RAS-pathway and JAK inhibitors are in trials.","tags":"nci-coverage rare haematologic","route":"/cancers/cmml/","parent":"leukaemia"},{"id":"systemic-mastocytosis","kind":"cancer","name":"Systemic mastocytosis","aka":"SM\nAdvanced systemic mastocytosis (AdvSM)\nIndolent systemic mastocytosis (ISM)\nSmouldering systemic mastocytosis\nAggressive systemic mastocytosis\nMast cell leukaemia\nSM with an associated haematological neoplasm (SM-AHN)","tldr":"Systemic mastocytosis is a clonal disease of mast cells, the immune cells that release histamine; almost every case is driven by a single mutation in the KIT gene. Precise KIT-blocking pills now shrink the mast cell burden, ease symptoms and, in the aggressive forms, prolong life. Most patients have the indolent form, where the goal is controlling symptoms and preventing anaphylaxis.","tags":"nci-coverage rare haematologic","route":"/cancers/systemic-mastocytosis/"},{"id":"histiocytoses","kind":"cancer","name":"Erdheim-Chester disease, Rosai-Dorfman disease and other histiocytic neoplasms","aka":"ECD\nErdheim-Chester disease\nRosai-Dorfman disease\nRDD\nRosai-Dorfman-Destombes disease\nHistiocytic sarcoma\nJuvenile xanthogranuloma\nMixed ECD-LCH\nL-group and R-group histiocytoses","tldr":"Histiocytoses are diseases in which immune scavenger cells build up in bone, heart, brain, kidneys and skin. They used to be treated as inflammatory conditions with steroids and interferon. The discovery that most carry mutations in the same growth pathway as melanoma turned them into targetable cancers: BRAF and MEK inhibitor pills now produce responses in nearly every treated patient.","tags":"nci-coverage rare haematologic histiocytosis","route":"/cancers/histiocytoses/"},{"id":"post-transplant-lymphoproliferative-disorder","kind":"cancer","name":"Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD)","aka":"PTLD\nEBV-positive PTLD\nImmunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorder","tldr":"After an organ or stem cell transplant, the drugs that stop rejection also stop the immune system from policing Epstein-Barr virus, and infected B cells can grow into a lymphoma. The first move is to ease the immunosuppression; then the antibody rituximab, chemotherapy if needed, and, newest of all, off-the-shelf virus-specific T cells that restore the missing immune control.","tags":"nci-coverage rare haematologic virus-associated","route":"/cancers/post-transplant-lymphoproliferative-disorder/","parent":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"firefly-1","kind":"trial","name":"FIREFLY-1","aka":"","tldr":"FIREFLY-1 showed that a once-weekly pill, tovorafenib, shrinks most relapsed childhood low-grade gliomas driven by BRAF changes, including the common KIAA1549-BRAF fusion that older BRAF drugs could not treat safely. It led to the first approval of a drug for this disease.","tags":"nci-coverage paediatric cns","route":"/trials/firefly-1/","status":"positive","cancers":"paediatric-low-grade-glioma"},{"id":"tadpole","kind":"trial","name":"TADPOLE (CDRB436G2201)","aka":"","tldr":"The first randomised trial to show that a targeted drug pair beats chemotherapy in children with a brain tumour. Children whose low-grade glioma carries a BRAF V600 mutation had far more tumour shrinkage and a much longer time before progression on dabrafenib plus trametinib than on standard carboplatin and vincristine.","tags":"nci-coverage paediatric cns","route":"/trials/tadpole/","status":"positive","cancers":"paediatric-low-grade-glioma"},{"id":"action-dmg","kind":"trial","name":"ACTION","aka":"","tldr":"ACTION is the first placebo-controlled phase 3 trial ever run in diffuse midline glioma, the childhood brain-stem tumour that radiotherapy alone has never cured. It asks whether taking dordaviprone after radiotherapy lengthens life.","tags":"nci-coverage paediatric cns","route":"/trials/action-dmg/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"dipg-dmg"},{"id":"pediatric-match","kind":"trial","name":"NCI-COG Pediatric MATCH (APEC1621)","aka":"","tldr":"Pediatric MATCH was the first nationwide precision-medicine trial for children: every child with a relapsed solid tumour could have their tumour sequenced and, if a matching drug existed, join a trial arm for it. It proved the plumbing works, even though most single drugs given alone did little.","tags":"nci-coverage paediatric precision-medicine","route":"/trials/pediatric-match/","status":"active"},{"id":"acns0331","kind":"trial","name":"COG ACNS0331","aka":"","tldr":"This trial asked whether children with average-risk medulloblastoma could safely receive less radiation. Shrinking the boost to the tumour bed was safe; cutting the dose to the whole brain and spine in young children was not, so 23.4 Gy remains the floor for most.","tags":"nci-coverage paediatric cns de-escalation","route":"/trials/acns0331/","status":"mixed","cancers":"medulloblastoma medulloblastoma-wnt medulloblastoma-group-3-4"},{"id":"aren0533","kind":"trial","name":"COG AREN0533","aka":"","tldr":"A risk-adapted Wilms tumour trial: children whose lung metastases vanished after six weeks of chemotherapy were spared lung radiation, while those with stubborn nodules or a high-risk chromosome pattern got stronger chemotherapy and did better than in the past.","tags":"nci-coverage paediatric kidney","route":"/trials/aren0533/","status":"positive","cancers":"wilms-tumor"},{"id":"euramos-1","kind":"trial","name":"EURAMOS-1","aka":"","tldr":"The largest osteosarcoma trial ever run, across four cooperative groups on two continents. Neither adding interferon for good responders nor adding ifosfamide and etoposide for poor responders improved outcomes, so three-drug MAP chemotherapy remained the standard and the field turned to new biology.","tags":"nci-coverage paediatric bone lesson:intensification-without-benefit","route":"/trials/euramos-1/","status":"negative","cancers":"osteosarcoma"},{"id":"aaml0531","kind":"trial","name":"COG AAML0531","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the antibody-drug conjugate gemtuzumab ozogamicin to chemotherapy lowered the chance of relapse in children with acute myeloid leukaemia. Years after the drug had been withdrawn from the US market, this trial helped bring it back for children.","tags":"nci-coverage paediatric haematologic","route":"/trials/aaml0531/","status":"positive","cancers":"aml aml-paediatric"},{"id":"inter-b-nhl-ritux-2010","kind":"trial","name":"Inter-B-NHL Ritux 2010","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the antibody rituximab to intensive chemotherapy in children with high-risk Burkitt and related lymphomas cut treatment failures by about two-thirds, making an already curable disease more so. It is the model of a joint European-North American children's cancer trial.","tags":"nci-coverage paediatric haematologic","route":"/trials/inter-b-nhl-ritux-2010/","status":"positive","cancers":"burkitt-lymphoma dlbcl"},{"id":"lch-iii","kind":"trial","name":"LCH-III","aka":"","tldr":"The Histiocyte Society's third international trial showed that treating multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis for a full year, rather than six months, roughly halves the chance of the disease coming back, while adding methotrexate added nothing but toxicity.","tags":"nci-coverage paediatric histiocytosis","route":"/trials/lch-iii/","status":"positive","cancers":"langerhans-cell-histiocytosis lch-multisystem lch-single-system"},{"id":"ccss","kind":"trial","name":"Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS)","aka":"","tldr":"The largest study of what happens to children after cancer is cured. Following tens of thousands of survivors for decades, it showed that heart damage, second cancers and other late effects were common after older treatments, and that gentler modern protocols have already halved late deaths.","tags":"nci-coverage paediatric survivorship","route":"/trials/ccss/","status":"active","cancers":"all-leukemia hodgkin-lymphoma medulloblastoma wilms-tumor neuroblastoma rhabdomyosarcoma osteosarcoma ewing-sarcoma"},{"id":"accelerate-platform","kind":"institution","name":"ACCELERATE","aka":"ACCELERATE platform\nACCELERATE Paediatric Oncology Platform","tldr":"ACCELERATE is a Brussels-based forum where children's cancer doctors, drug companies, the EMA and FDA and parents agree which new cancer drugs should be tested in children and how, so that medicines developed for adults are not left untested in childhood cancers.","tags":"nci-coverage paediatric","route":"/institutions/accelerate-platform/","cancers":"neuroblastoma dipg-dmg paediatric-low-grade-glioma all-leukemia"},{"id":"histiocyte-society","kind":"institution","name":"Histiocyte Society","aka":"","tldr":"The international society of doctors and scientists who study histiocytic disorders; its LCH trials, run since the 1990s, set the worldwide standard for treating Langerhans cell histiocytosis in children.","tags":"nci-coverage paediatric","route":"/institutions/histiocyte-society/","cancers":"langerhans-cell-histiocytosis histiocytoses"},{"id":"race-for-children-act","kind":"term","name":"RACE for Children Act","aka":"Research to Accelerate Cures and Equity for Children Act\nFDARA Title V section 504\nPREA molecular target amendment","tldr":"A US law that makes drug companies test new targeted cancer drugs in children whenever the drug's target matters in a childhood cancer, instead of letting them skip children because their cancers are rare.","tags":"nci-coverage paediatric regulatory","route":"/terms/race-for-children-act/","cancers":"paediatric-low-grade-glioma dipg-dmg neuroblastoma"},{"id":"dktk","kind":"institution","name":"German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)","aka":"Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung\nDKTK","tldr":"Germany's national translational cancer research network: the DKFZ in Heidelberg as core centre plus university hospitals and institutes at seven other sites, so that laboratory findings reach patients across the country rather than in one city.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/dktk/"},{"id":"jeffrey-bluestone","kind":"person","name":"Jeffrey A. Bluestone","aka":"","tldr":"The immunologist who ran the Parker Institute from its launch in 2016, building a shared research network across leading US cancer centres; he came from UCSF and now leads a regulatory T cell company.","tags":"leadership immunotherapy","route":"/people/jeffrey-bluestone/"},{"id":"karen-knudsen","kind":"person","name":"Karen E. Knudsen","aka":"","tldr":"The cancer biologist and former American Cancer Society chief executive who now runs the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy.","tags":"leadership immunotherapy","route":"/people/karen-knudsen/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"santosh-kesari","kind":"person","name":"Santosh Kesari","aka":"","tldr":"The neuro-oncologist who founded Asthra Health in Santa Monica, a practice giving outside opinions on complex cancers.","tags":"leadership","route":"/people/santosh-kesari/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"richard-baum","kind":"person","name":"Richard P. Baum","aka":"","tldr":"One of the pioneers of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy for neuroendocrine tumours, now practising at the Curanosticum theranostics centre in Wiesbaden.","tags":"leadership","route":"/people/richard-baum/","cancers":"neuroendocrine prostate"},{"id":"ebrahim-delpassand","kind":"person","name":"Ebrahim S. Delpassand","aka":"","tldr":"The nuclear medicine physician who founded and leads Excel Diagnostics in Houston, a radiopharmaceutical therapy centre that also runs early trials of new radioligands.","tags":"leadership","route":"/people/ebrahim-delpassand/"},{"id":"sant-chawla","kind":"person","name":"Sant P. Chawla","aka":"","tldr":"The Santa Monica medical oncologist whose sarcoma practice has run many of the field's early and late phase drug trials, including the aldoxorubicin programme.","tags":"leadership trialist","route":"/people/sant-chawla/","cancers":"sarcoma osteosarcoma"},{"id":"charles-simone","kind":"person","name":"Charles B. Simone II","aka":"","tldr":"The radiation oncologist who is chief medical officer of the New York Proton Center, the proton therapy centre founded by Memorial Sloan Kettering, Montefiore and Mount Sinai.","tags":"leadership","route":"/people/charles-simone/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"national-cancer-grid","kind":"institution","name":"National Cancer Grid of India","aka":"NCG\nNCG India","tldr":"A network of more than 360 Indian cancer centres, run from Tata Memorial, that agrees common treatment guidelines, buys cancer drugs together at a fraction of list price and runs shared tumour boards and trials.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/national-cancer-grid/"},{"id":"homi-bhabha-cancer-hospital-varanasi","kind":"institution","name":"Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital and Mahamana Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Cancer Centre, Varanasi","aka":"HBCH Varanasi\nMPMMCC\nTata Memorial Centre Varanasi","tldr":"Tata Memorial Centre's two hospitals in Varanasi bring comprehensive cancer care to the Gangetic plain, one of the most under-served and highest-burden regions in India for oral, cervical and gallbladder cancer.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/homi-bhabha-cancer-hospital-varanasi/","cancers":"head-and-neck cervical cholangiocarcinoma esophageal"},{"id":"aiims-network","kind":"institution","name":"The new AIIMS network (PMSSY)","aka":"AIIMS\nPradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana\nPMSSY","tldr":"India has multiplied its flagship AIIMS medical institutes from one to more than twenty, each with an oncology department, to bring specialist cancer care and training to states that had none.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/aiims-network/"},{"id":"icmr","kind":"institution","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","aka":"ICMR","tldr":"India's apex medical research council, which runs the National Cancer Registry Programme, a cancer prevention institute and a network of research institutes, and sets national research and ethics policy.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/icmr/"},{"id":"icmr-ncrp","kind":"institution","name":"National Cancer Registry Programme (ICMR-NINE, Bengaluru)","aka":"NCRP\nICMR-NCDIR\nNational Centre for Disease Informatics and Research\nICMR-National Institute of Noncommunicable Disease Epidemiology","tldr":"The programme that counts cancer in India: population and hospital registries whose reports give the country its official estimates of new cases, leading cancers and stage at diagnosis.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/icmr-ncrp/","cancers":"head-and-neck cervical breast-hr-positive nsclc gallbladder"},{"id":"icmr-nicpr","kind":"institution","name":"ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research","aka":"NICPR\nInstitute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology\nICPO","tldr":"ICMR's cancer prevention institute near Delhi, focused on the cancers India can prevent: cervical cancer through HPV screening and vaccination, and oral cancer through tobacco control.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/icmr-nicpr/","cancers":"cervical head-and-neck"},{"id":"dbt-india","kind":"institution","name":"Department of Biotechnology, Government of India","aka":"DBT\nBIRAC\nBiotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council","tldr":"The government department that funds India's life-science institutes and, through BIRAC, the start-ups behind the country's indigenous CAR-T therapies and HPV vaccine.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/dbt-india/"},{"id":"nha-pmjay","kind":"institution","name":"National Health Authority (Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY)","aka":"NHA\nPM-JAY\nAyushman Bharat\nPradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana","tldr":"The agency that runs India's public health insurance for the poorest 40% of the population, which pays for cancer surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy up to a yearly limit per family.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/nha-pmjay/"},{"id":"iit-bombay","kind":"institution","name":"Indian Institute of Technology Bombay","aka":"IIT Bombay\nIITB","tldr":"The engineering institute whose bioscience department, with Tata Memorial, built India's first home-grown CAR-T cell therapy and spun it out as ImmunoACT.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/iit-bombay/"},{"id":"iisc","kind":"institution","name":"Indian Institute of Science","aka":"IISc\nIISc Bengaluru","tldr":"India's top-ranked research university, with cancer biology groups in genetics, biochemistry and bioengineering, and a new medical school and hospital funded by the largest gift in its history.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/iisc/"},{"id":"ncbs","kind":"institution","name":"National Centre for Biological Sciences","aka":"NCBS\nNCBS-TIFR\nBangalore Life Science Cluster","tldr":"A basic biology institute of the Department of Atomic Energy in Bengaluru whose cell signalling, genetics and imaging groups underpin Indian cancer research, on a shared campus with inStem and C-CAMP.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/ncbs/"},{"id":"instem","kind":"institution","name":"Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine","aka":"inStem","tldr":"A Department of Biotechnology institute in Bengaluru that develops stem cell and gene editing approaches to cancer and blood disorders, and shares a campus with NCBS.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/instem/"},{"id":"max-healthcare","kind":"institution","name":"Max Healthcare (Max Institute of Cancer Care)","aka":"Max Hospitals\nMax Cancer Centre\nMax Super Speciality Hospital Saket","tldr":"One of north India's largest private hospital groups, with a network of cancer units, a standalone cancer centre in Delhi and a large share of India's private-sector oncology trials.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/max-healthcare/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive head-and-neck dlbcl nsclc"},{"id":"narayana-health","kind":"institution","name":"Narayana Health (Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre)","aka":"Narayana Hrudayalaya\nMazumdar Shaw Medical Center\nNarayana Health City","tldr":"Devi Shetty's low-cost hospital network, whose Mazumdar Shaw cancer centre in Bengaluru applies high-volume, low-price surgery and transplant to cancer and hosts India's second CAR-T developer.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/narayana-health/","cancers":"all-leukemia dlbcl head-and-neck breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"bfarm","kind":"institution","name":"Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte","aka":"BfArM\nFederal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices","tldr":"Germany's medicines and medical devices agency, the default national regulator for every cancer drug that is not a biological product, and the operator of the national genome sequencing data platform.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/bfarm/"},{"id":"paul-ehrlich-institut","kind":"institution","name":"Paul-Ehrlich-Institut","aka":"PEI\nFederal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines\nBundesinstitut für Impfstoffe und biomedizinische Arzneimittel","tldr":"The German federal agency for vaccines and biomedicines, which regulates every CAR-T, gene therapy and cancer vaccine in Germany, often leads their assessment for the whole EU, and grants the hospital-exemption permissions that let a university hospital supply its own cell therapy.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/paul-ehrlich-institut/"},{"id":"zfkd-rki","kind":"institution","name":"Zentrum für Krebsregisterdaten am Robert Koch-Institut","aka":"ZfKD\nGerman Centre for Cancer Registry Data\nRobert Koch-Institut\nRKI\nkrebsdaten.de","tldr":"The federal centre at the Robert Koch Institute that pools what Germany's sixteen state cancer registries record, checks how complete it is, and publishes the national figures in Krebs in Deutschland.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/zfkd-rki/"},{"id":"deutsche-krebsgesellschaft","kind":"institution","name":"Deutsche Krebsgesellschaft","aka":"DKG\nGerman Cancer Society\nOnkoZert\nNationales Zertifizierungsprogramm Krebs","tldr":"The German Cancer Society, which with Deutsche Krebshilfe writes the published criteria that a German cancer centre must meet, has them audited on site every year by OnkoZert, and publishes every centre's numbers against them.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/deutsche-krebsgesellschaft/"},{"id":"nngm","kind":"institution","name":"nationales Netzwerk Genomische Medizin Lungenkrebs","aka":"nNGM\nNetwork Genomic Medicine\nNGM Cologne","tldr":"The German network that gets comprehensive molecular testing to lung cancer patients anywhere in the country, paid for by selective contracts with 66 sickness funds rather than by waiting for the national benefits catalogue.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/nngm/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"dnpm","kind":"institution","name":"Deutsches Netzwerk für Personalisierte Medizin","aka":"DNPM\nZentren für Personalisierte Medizin\nZPM","tldr":"The network of German university centres for personalised medicine, which gives patients one route into a molecular tumour board wherever they live and is now named in the social code as a route into the national genome sequencing project.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/dnpm/"},{"id":"technion","kind":"institution","name":"Technion, Israel Institute of Technology","aka":"Technion\nTechnion Israel Institute of Technology\nRappaport Faculty of Medicine\nRappaport-Technion Integrated Cancer Center\nR-TICC","tldr":"Israel's engineering and science university in Haifa, where Aaron Ciechanover and Avram Hershko worked out how cells tag proteins for destruction, the discovery behind proteasome inhibitors and today's targeted protein degraders.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/technion/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"hebrew-university-of-jerusalem","kind":"institution","name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","aka":"HUJI\nHebrew University\nHebrew University-Hadassah Medical School\nYissum","tldr":"Jerusalem's research university, whose Hadassah medical school produced Doxil, the first nanomedicine any regulator approved, and whose technology transfer company Yissum licensed it.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/hebrew-university-of-jerusalem/","cancers":"ovarian kaposi-sarcoma"},{"id":"israel-cancer-association","kind":"institution","name":"Israel Cancer Association","aka":"ICA\nהאגודה למלחמה בסרטן\nIsraeli Cancer Association","tldr":"A charity, founded in 1952 and funded by public donations alone, that started both of Israel's national cancer screening programmes and still helps monitor one of them.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/israel-cancer-association/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal melanoma"},{"id":"iscort","kind":"institution","name":"Israel Society of Clinical Oncology and Radiation Therapy","aka":"ISCORT\nהאיגוד הישראלי לאונקולוגיה קלינית ורדיותרפיה\nIsraeli Society of Clinical Oncology and Radiation Therapy","tldr":"The professional society of the doctors who treat cancer without operating. It is small, about a hundred specialists, and it does something no other national society does: it ranks every new cancer drug for the committee that decides what the state will pay for.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/iscort/"},{"id":"israel-national-cancer-registry","kind":"institution","name":"Israel National Cancer Registry","aka":"INCR\nIsrael Center for Disease Control\nICDC\nNational Cancer Registry, Ministry of Health Israel","tldr":"Israel's cancer count, kept since 1960 and compulsory since 1982, run from the Israel Center for Disease Control on the Sheba hospital campus. It audited itself and found it was holding about 94 of every 100 reportable cancers.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/israel-national-cancer-registry/"},{"id":"tel-aviv-university","kind":"institution","name":"Tel Aviv University","aka":"TAU\nGray Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences\nSackler Faculty of Medicine\nRamot","tldr":"Israel's largest university and the academic parent of the Sheba, Sourasky and Rabin hospitals, so most Israeli oncology papers carry its name; its physics department is where the alpha-emitter radiotherapy behind Alpha Tau began.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/tel-aviv-university/"},{"id":"krankenhaus-nordwest","kind":"institution","name":"Krankenhaus Nordwest / Institute of Clinical Cancer Research (IKF)","aka":"Institut für Klinisch-Onkologische Forschung\nIKF Frankfurt\nUCT Frankfurt partner hospital","tldr":"Frankfurt teaching hospital whose Institute of Clinical Cancer Research ran FLOT4, the trial that made FLOT chemotherapy the standard before and after surgery for stomach cancer.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/krankenhaus-nordwest/","cancers":"gastric esophageal"},{"id":"kliniken-essen-mitte","kind":"institution","name":"Kliniken Essen-Mitte","aka":"KEM\nEvang. Kliniken Essen-Mitte\nEvangelische Huyssens-Stiftung","tldr":"Essen hospital whose gynaecological oncology department runs the German AGO ovarian cancer trials and whose medical oncologists led RAINBOW in stomach cancer.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/kliniken-essen-mitte/","cancers":"ovarian gastric"},{"id":"lungenclinic-grosshansdorf","kind":"institution","name":"LungenClinic Grosshansdorf","aka":"Lung Clinic Grosshansdorf\nAirway Research Center North (ARCN)","tldr":"Specialist lung hospital near Hamburg whose thoracic oncology department, under Martin Reck, has led many of the pivotal immunotherapy trials in lung cancer, including KEYNOTE-024.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/lungenclinic-grosshansdorf/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc pdl1-high-nsclc"},{"id":"university-hospital-leipzig","kind":"institution","name":"Leipzig University Hospital / University Cancer Center Leipzig (UCCL)","aka":"Universitätsklinikum Leipzig\nUCCL\nUniversitäres Krebszentrum Leipzig","tldr":"Saxony's university hospital, whose cancer centre is led by gastro-oesophageal oncologist Florian Lordick and whose haematology department, under Uwe Platzbecker, leads European trials in myelodysplastic syndromes.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/university-hospital-leipzig/","cancers":"gastric esophageal mds"},{"id":"klinikum-stuttgart-olgahospital","kind":"institution","name":"Klinikum Stuttgart / Olgahospital","aka":"Olgahospital\nStuttgart Cancer Center\nZentrum für Kinder-, Jugend- und Frauenmedizin","tldr":"Stuttgart's municipal hospital, whose children's hospital is the home of the Cooperative Osteosarcoma Study Group that ran EURAMOS-1, the largest trial ever in bone cancer.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/klinikum-stuttgart-olgahospital/","cancers":"osteosarcoma"},{"id":"ulm-university-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Ulm University Hospital / Comprehensive Cancer Center Ulm","aka":"Universitätsklinikum Ulm\nCCCU","tldr":"German university hospital whose Department of Internal Medicine III, under Hartmut Döhner, coordinates the AML Study Group and shaped the genetic classification of acute myeloid leukaemia used worldwide.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/ulm-university-hospital/","cancers":"aml cll"},{"id":"st-anna-ccri-vienna","kind":"institution","name":"St. Anna Children's Hospital and Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI)","aka":"St. Anna Kinderspital\nSt. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung\nCCRI Vienna","tldr":"Vienna's children's cancer hospital and its research institute, the coordinating centre of the European SIOPEN neuroblastoma trials led by Ruth Ladenstein.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/st-anna-ccri-vienna/","cancers":"neuroblastoma"},{"id":"iosi-bellinzona","kind":"institution","name":"Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI)","aka":"Istituto Oncologico della Svizzera Italiana\nIOSI\nEnte Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC) oncology","tldr":"The cancer institute of the Italian-speaking Swiss canton of Ticino, led by prostate cancer trialist Silke Gillessen and home to the lymphoma group that co-founded the IELSG.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/iosi-bellinzona/","cancers":"prostate dlbcl"},{"id":"ap-hm-timone","kind":"institution","name":"Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille","aka":"AP-HM\nLa Timone\nCHU de Marseille\nAix-Marseille University Hospital","tldr":"Marseille's university hospital, where Jean-Jacques Grob's dermatology department, Olivier Chinot's neuro-oncology unit and Florence Duffaud's sarcoma group have each led international trials.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/ap-hm-timone/","cancers":"melanoma advanced-cutaneous-scc glioblastoma osteosarcoma"},{"id":"chu-nantes","kind":"institution","name":"Nantes University Hospital (CHU de Nantes)","aka":"Hôtel-Dieu de Nantes\nCHU Nantes\nUniversity Hospital Hôtel-Dieu","tldr":"The university hospital of Nantes, whose haematology department under Philippe Moreau is one of the two French centres that lead the Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome trials.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/chu-nantes/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"chu-lille","kind":"institution","name":"Lille University Hospital (CHU de Lille)","aka":"CHU Lille\nHôpital Claude Huriez\nService des Maladies du Sang","tldr":"The university hospital of Lille, whose blood diseases department under Thierry Facon led MAIA, the trial that made daratumumab-based treatment the standard for older people with myeloma.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/chu-lille/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"antwerp-university-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Antwerp University Hospital (UZA)","aka":"UZA\nUniversitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen","tldr":"Belgium's Antwerp university hospital, where Jan Vermorken led EXTREME, the trial that made cetuximab plus chemotherapy the first-line standard for recurrent head and neck cancer for a decade.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/antwerp-university-hospital/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"niguarda-cancer-center","kind":"institution","name":"Niguarda Cancer Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda","aka":"Ospedale Niguarda\nNiguarda Ca' Granda Hospital\nFalck Division of Medical Oncology","tldr":"Milan's largest public hospital, whose cancer centre under Salvatore Siena and Andrea Sartore-Bianchi ran HERACLES, the trial that proved HER2 is a target in bowel cancer.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/niguarda-cancer-center/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"fondazione-michelangelo","kind":"institution","name":"Fondazione Michelangelo","aka":"Michelangelo Foundation for the Advancement of the Study and Treatment of Cancer","tldr":"Milan research foundation, led by Luca Gianni, that designs and runs academic breast cancer trials such as NeoSphere and the neoadjuvant HER2 studies.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/fondazione-michelangelo/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"ospedali-galliera","kind":"institution","name":"E.O. Ospedali Galliera","aka":"Galliera Hospital\nOspedale Galliera Genova","tldr":"Genoa hospital whose medical oncology division, under Andrea DeCensi, ran TAM-01, the trial that showed low-dose tamoxifen prevents breast cancer recurrence after non-invasive disease.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/ospedali-galliera/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"university-of-pisa","kind":"institution","name":"University of Pisa / Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana","aka":"Università di Pisa\nAOUP\nPisa University Hospital","tldr":"Italian university and hospital whose endocrinology department, under Rossella Elisei, is one of Europe's largest thyroid cancer centres and led the EXAM trial of cabozantinib.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/university-of-pisa/","cancers":"medullary-thyroid-cancer thyroid"},{"id":"hospital-universitario-salamanca","kind":"institution","name":"University Hospital of Salamanca / IBSAL","aka":"Hospital Universitario de Salamanca\nComplejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca\nInstituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca","tldr":"Spanish university hospital whose haematology department, home of María-Victoria Mateos and the Spanish Myeloma Group, led the trials that defined treatment of smouldering and newly diagnosed myeloma.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/hospital-universitario-salamanca/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"nkua-athens","kind":"institution","name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine","aka":"NKUA\nUniversity of Athens\nAlexandra Hospital\nAndreas Sygros Hospital","tldr":"Greece's oldest university, whose medical school hosts Meletios Dimopoulos's myeloma department at Alexandra Hospital and Alexander Stratigos's dermatology department at Andreas Sygros Hospital.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/nkua-athens/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"royal-free-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Royal Free Hospital, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust","aka":"Royal Free London\nRoyal Free","tldr":"North London teaching hospital that is a European Centre of Excellence for neuroendocrine tumours, where Martyn Caplin led the CLARINET trial of lanreotide.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/royal-free-hospital/","cancers":"neuroendocrine pancreatic"},{"id":"weill-cornell-meyer-cancer-center","kind":"institution","name":"Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine","aka":"Weill Cornell Medicine\nWeill Cornell Medical College\nMeyer Cancer Center\nNewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell","tldr":"Cornell's medical school and cancer centre in Manhattan, led by immunotherapy pioneer Jedd Wolchok, with major programmes in lymphoma, gastrointestinal and breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/weill-cornell-meyer-cancer-center/","cancers":"melanoma follicular-lymphoma gastric breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"seattle-childrens","kind":"institution","name":"Seattle Children's Hospital","aka":"Seattle Children's\nBen Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research","tldr":"Children's hospital in Seattle whose Cancer and Blood Disorders Center runs one of the largest paediatric CAR-T programmes and leads Children's Oncology Group brain tumour trials.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/seattle-childrens/","cancers":"medulloblastoma childhood-cancers"},{"id":"carilion-clinic","kind":"institution","name":"Carilion Clinic / Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine","aka":"Carilion Children's\nCarilion Roanoke Memorial Hospital","tldr":"Health system in south-west Virginia whose children's hospital is the home base of Kimberly Dunsmore, chair of the Children's Oncology Group T-cell leukaemia trial AALL0434.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/carilion-clinic/","cancers":"all-paediatric-high-risk childhood-cancers"},{"id":"tennessee-oncology","kind":"institution","name":"Tennessee Oncology / Greco-Hainsworth Centers for Research","aka":"Tennessee Oncology PLLC\nGreco-Hainsworth Centers for Research","tldr":"Large community oncology practice in Nashville, the founding clinical partner of Sarah Cannon Research Institute, whose myeloma research under Jesús Berdeja led early CAR-T trials.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/tennessee-oncology/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"us-oncology-network","kind":"institution","name":"The US Oncology Network / US Oncology Research","aka":"US Oncology\nTexas Oncology\nMcKesson US Oncology","tldr":"McKesson-owned network of community oncology practices, including Texas Oncology, whose research arm has enrolled tens of thousands of patients in trials and is led scientifically by gynaecological oncologist Robert Coleman.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/us-oncology-network/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"orlando-health-cancer-institute","kind":"institution","name":"Orlando Health Cancer Institute","aka":"UF Health Cancer Center - Orlando Health\nOrlando Health","tldr":"Cancer centre of the Orlando Health system in central Florida, where Eleftherios Mamounas directs the breast programme and chairs the NRG Oncology breast committee.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/orlando-health-cancer-institute/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"baylor-sammons-dallas","kind":"institution","name":"Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center","aka":"Baylor Scott & White Sammons Cancer Center\nBaylor Dallas","tldr":"Dallas cancer centre of the Baylor Scott & White system, directed by Ronan Kelly, who led CheckMate 577 in oesophageal cancer; not to be confused with Baylor College of Medicine in Houston.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/baylor-sammons-dallas/","cancers":"esophageal"},{"id":"tgen","kind":"institution","name":"Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen)","aka":"TGen\nCity of Hope TGen\nHonorHealth Research Institute","tldr":"Arizona genomics institute, part of City of Hope, whose pancreatic cancer programme under Daniel Von Hoff produced the MPACT trial that established nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/tgen/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"houston-methodist-neal-cancer-center","kind":"institution","name":"Houston Methodist Dr. Mary and Ron Neal Cancer Center","aka":"Houston Methodist Cancer Center\nHouston Methodist Hospital","tldr":"Cancer centre of Houston Methodist Hospital in the Texas Medical Center, where Pedro Ramirez, who led the LACC trial that changed cervical cancer surgery, chairs obstetrics and gynaecology.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/houston-methodist-neal-cancer-center/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"childrens-national-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Children's National Hospital","aka":"Children's National\nChildren's National Medical Center","tldr":"Washington's children's hospital, whose Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders is led by Jeffrey Dome, the paediatric oncologist who chaired the Children's Oncology Group renal tumour trials.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/childrens-national-hospital/","cancers":"wilms-tumor"},{"id":"cincinnati-cancer-center","kind":"institution","name":"University of Cincinnati Cancer Center","aka":"UC Cancer Center\nUC Health\nUniversity of Cincinnati College of Medicine","tldr":"Cancer centre of the University of Cincinnati and UC Health, where John Byrd, who led the ibrutinib trials in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, chairs the Department of Internal Medicine.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/cincinnati-cancer-center/","cancers":"cll"},{"id":"mcw-cancer-center","kind":"institution","name":"Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center","aka":"MCW Cancer Center\nFroedtert & the Medical College of Wisconsin\nFroedtert Hospital","tldr":"Milwaukee academic cancer centre run by the Medical College of Wisconsin and Froedtert Hospital, where precision oncology pioneer Razelle Kurzrock holds an endowed chair.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/mcw-cancer-center/","cancers":"cancer-of-unknown-primary"},{"id":"university-of-alberta","kind":"institution","name":"University of Alberta","aka":"UAlberta\nFaculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation","tldr":"Edmonton university whose exercise oncology group under Kerry Courneya led the CHALLENGE trial, the first to show that a structured exercise programme lengthens survival after colon cancer.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/university-of-alberta/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"queens-university-kingston","kind":"institution","name":"Queen's University / Kingston Health Sciences Centre","aka":"Queen's University Department of Oncology\nCancer Centre of Southeastern Ontario\nKingston General Hospital","tldr":"Ontario university and hospital that host the Canadian Cancer Trials Group and Christopher Booth's programme on the real-world value of cancer treatments.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/queens-university-kingston/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"osaka-university","kind":"institution","name":"Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine / Osaka University Hospital","aka":"Osaka University\n大阪大学\nImmunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC)\nWPI-IFReC","tldr":"Japanese national university whose medical school led CheckMate 648 in oesophageal cancer and whose Immunology Frontier Research Center is home to Shimon Sakaguchi, discoverer of regulatory T cells.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/osaka-university/","cancers":"oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma esophageal"},{"id":"kindai-university-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Kindai University Faculty of Medicine and Hospital","aka":"Kindai University\nKinki University\n近畿大学医学部","tldr":"Osaka-area university hospital whose gastroenterology and hepatology department, under Masatoshi Kudo, has led many of the global trials of liver cancer drugs, including REFLECT of lenvatinib.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/kindai-university-hospital/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"snu-bundang-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Seoul National University Bundang Hospital","aka":"SNUBH\n분당서울대학교병원","tldr":"Seoul National University's hospital south of Seoul, a leading centre of laparoscopic stomach cancer surgery where Hyung-Ho Kim led the KLASS-01 trial.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/snu-bundang-hospital/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"melanoma-institute-australia","kind":"institution","name":"Melanoma Institute Australia","aka":"MIA\nSydney Melanoma Unit","tldr":"Sydney institute treating and studying more melanoma patients than any other centre in the world, whose co-directors Georgina Long and Richard Scolyer led the trials that established combination immunotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/melanoma-institute-australia/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"saigenci-adelaide","kind":"institution","name":"South Australian immunoGENomics Cancer Institute (SAiGENCI), University of Adelaide","aka":"SAiGENCI\nUniversity of Adelaide cancer institute","tldr":"Cancer research institute founded at the University of Adelaide in 2021 and directed by Christopher Sweeney, who led the CHAARTED trial that brought docetaxel into first-line treatment of metastatic prostate cancer.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/saigenci-adelaide/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"alfred-health-monash","kind":"institution","name":"Alfred Health / Monash University","aka":"The Alfred\nAlfred Hospital\nMonash University Central Clinical School","tldr":"Melbourne teaching hospital and university whose haematology and lymphoma services, including Constantine Tam's group, led the trials that established BTK inhibitors and venetoclax in lymphoma and leukaemia.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/alfred-health-monash/","cancers":"cll mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"university-of-western-australia","kind":"institution","name":"University of Western Australia","aka":"UWA\nNational Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases (NCARD)","tldr":"Perth university whose medical school and National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, led by Anna Nowak, run the world's largest clinical research programme in mesothelioma.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/university-of-western-australia/","cancers":"mesothelioma"},{"id":"uq-frazer-institute","kind":"institution","name":"The University of Queensland Frazer Institute","aka":"Frazer Institute\nUQ Diamantina Institute\nTranslational Research Institute Brisbane","tldr":"Brisbane research institute, renamed in 2022 for Ian Frazer, who with Jian Zhou invented the virus-like particle technology behind the HPV vaccines while at the University of Queensland.","tags":"","route":"/institutions/uq-frazer-institute/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"biocon","kind":"company","name":"Biocon","aka":"","tldr":"India's largest biopharmaceutical company, founded by Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw in 1978, and the parent of Biocon Biologics, which makes low-cost copies of the antibodies trastuzumab and bevacizumab.","tags":"","route":"/companies/biocon/"},{"id":"biocon-biologics","kind":"company","name":"Biocon Biologics","aka":"","tldr":"Biocon's biosimilars arm, one of the few companies outside the US and Europe with FDA- and EMA-approved cancer antibody biosimilars, and since 2022 the owner of Viatris's biosimilars business.","tags":"","route":"/companies/biocon-biologics/"},{"id":"syngene","kind":"company","name":"Syngene International","aka":"","tldr":"Biocon's listed contract research and manufacturing arm, which runs discovery chemistry, biology and biologics manufacturing for eight of the ten largest pharma companies.","tags":"","route":"/companies/syngene/"},{"id":"dr-reddys","kind":"company","name":"Dr. Reddy's Laboratories","aka":"","tldr":"The Hyderabad generics maker that launched the world's first rituximab biosimilar in 2007 and now sells oncology generics and biosimilars in India, the US and Europe.","tags":"","route":"/companies/dr-reddys/"},{"id":"aurigene","kind":"company","name":"Aurigene Oncology","aka":"","tldr":"Dr. Reddy's oncology discovery company, with more than 20 programmes in clinical development worldwide through partners and its own small-molecule and cell therapy pipeline.","tags":"","route":"/companies/aurigene/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"sun-pharma","kind":"company","name":"Sun Pharmaceutical Industries","aka":"DUSA Pharmaceuticals, Inc.\nDUSA Pharmaceuticals","tldr":"India's largest drug company, which owns the branded cancer drugs Odomzo and Yonsa in the US and bought the PD-L1 antibody maker Checkpoint Therapeutics in 2025.","tags":"","route":"/companies/sun-pharma/"},{"id":"natco","kind":"company","name":"Natco Pharma","aka":"","tldr":"The oncology generics company at the centre of India's two landmark patent fights: the first compulsory licence, for sorafenib in 2012, and the Supreme Court's 2013 refusal of Novartis's imatinib patent.","tags":"","route":"/companies/natco/"},{"id":"cipla","kind":"company","name":"Cipla","aka":"","tldr":"The Mumbai generics maker famous for a one-dollar-a-day HIV regimen, which sells oncology generics across India and Africa and in 2026 partnered with ImmunoACT to take Indian CAR-T therapy to Africa.","tags":"","route":"/companies/cipla/"},{"id":"zydus","kind":"company","name":"Zydus Lifesciences","aka":"","tldr":"Zydus Lifesciences, a large Ahmedabad drug maker founded in 1952, sells oncology generics and biosimilars in India and won US approval in October 2024 for generic enzalutamide, a hormone-blocking pill for prostate cancer. Its US generics pipeline is the route by which Indian manufacturing pressure reaches cancer drug prices.","tags":"","route":"/companies/zydus/"},{"id":"lupin","kind":"company","name":"Lupin","aka":"","tldr":"A Mumbai generics and biosimilars company, founded in 1968, for which oncology is a growing segment of its Indian formulations business.","tags":"","route":"/companies/lupin/"},{"id":"intas","kind":"company","name":"Intas Pharmaceuticals (Accord Healthcare)","aka":"","tldr":"A privately held Ahmedabad company whose European arm, Accord Healthcare, is one of the largest suppliers of generic chemotherapy and supportive-care biosimilars to European hospitals.","tags":"","route":"/companies/intas/"},{"id":"glenmark","kind":"company","name":"Glenmark Pharmaceuticals (Ichnos Glenmark Innovation)","aka":"","tldr":"The Indian company whose trispecific antibody ISB 2001 for multiple myeloma was licensed to AbbVie in 2025 for 700 million dollars upfront, the largest deal for an Indian-discovered cancer drug.","tags":"","route":"/companies/glenmark/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"immunoact","kind":"company","name":"ImmunoACT","aka":"","tldr":"The IIT Bombay spin-off that won India's first CAR-T approval in 2023 with NexCAR19 and has treated more than 600 patients at a tenth of Western prices.","tags":"","route":"/companies/immunoact/","cancers":"dlbcl all-leukemia"},{"id":"immuneel","kind":"company","name":"Immuneel Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"A Bengaluru cell therapy company that brought Barcelona's academic CD19 CAR-T to India as Qartemi, the country's second approved CAR-T, after the IMAGINE trial.","tags":"","route":"/companies/immuneel/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"cellogen","kind":"company","name":"Cellogen Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"A Delhi start-up developing bispecific CD19 and CD20 CAR-T cells and gene therapies for thalassaemia, aiming to cut treatment costs by up to 90%; still before its first trial.","tags":"","route":"/companies/cellogen/","status":"preclinical","cancers":"dlbcl all-leukemia"},{"id":"hetero","kind":"company","name":"Hetero Drugs","aka":"","tldr":"A privately held Hyderabad generics group, the world's largest maker of HIV antiretrovirals, which launched Indian biosimilars of rituximab in 2015 and bevacizumab in 2016.","tags":"","route":"/companies/hetero/"},{"id":"serum-institute-of-india","kind":"company","name":"Serum Institute of India","aka":"","tldr":"The world's largest vaccine maker by doses, which developed CERVAVAC, India's first home-made HPV vaccine, so that cervical cancer prevention no longer depends on imported shots.","tags":"","route":"/companies/serum-institute-of-india/","cancers":"cervical head-and-neck"},{"id":"talicabtagene-autoleucel","kind":"drug","name":"Talicabtagene autoleucel","aka":"tali-cel\nactalycabtagene autoleucel (earlier name)\nHCAR19","tldr":"India's first home-grown CAR-T cell therapy, approved in 2023 for relapsed leukaemia and lymphoma, made in Mumbai for roughly a tenth of what the same kind of treatment costs in the US.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/talicabtagene-autoleucel/","status":"approved","cancers":"dlbcl all-leukemia"},{"id":"varnimcabtagene-autoleucel","kind":"drug","name":"Varnimcabtagene autoleucel","aka":"var-cel\nIMN-003A\nARI-0001","tldr":"India's second approved CAR-T therapy, a Bengaluru-made version of a Spanish hospital's academic CD19 cell therapy, for lymphoma that has come back after other treatments.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/varnimcabtagene-autoleucel/","status":"approved","cancers":"dlbcl all-leukemia"},{"id":"cervavac","kind":"drug","name":"CERVAVAC (quadrivalent HPV vaccine, India)","aka":"qHPV vaccine (Serum Institute)\nCervavac","tldr":"India's first home-made HPV vaccine, protecting against the two virus types that cause most cervical cancers and the two that cause genital warts, at a price meant for a national programme.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/cervavac/","status":"approved","cancers":"cervical head-and-neck"},{"id":"isb-2001","kind":"drug","name":"ISB 2001","aka":"","tldr":"An Indian-discovered antibody that grips two targets on myeloma cells at once while pulling in T cells to kill them, licensed to AbbVie in 2025 in the biggest deal yet for an Indian cancer drug.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/isb-2001/","status":"phase-1","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"low-dose-nivolumab-tmh","kind":"trial","name":"Low-dose nivolumab plus metronomic chemotherapy (Tata Memorial)","aka":"","tldr":"A Mumbai trial that added about one-twentieth of the usual dose of the immunotherapy nivolumab to cheap oral chemotherapy and nearly tripled the share of patients alive at one year.","tags":"","route":"/trials/low-dose-nivolumab-tmh/","status":"positive","cancers":"head-and-neck recurrent-metastatic-hnscc buccal-mucosa-cancer"},{"id":"metronomic-vs-cisplatin-tmh","kind":"trial","name":"Oral metronomic chemotherapy vs intravenous cisplatin (Tata Memorial)","aka":"","tldr":"Two cheap tablets taken at home matched, and in fact beat, intravenous cisplatin for advanced head and neck cancer in a 422-patient Indian trial, with fewer side effects.","tags":"","route":"/trials/metronomic-vs-cisplatin-tmh/","status":"positive","cancers":"head-and-neck oral-cavity-cancer recurrent-metastatic-hnscc buccal-mucosa-cancer"},{"id":"metro-plus-varanasi","kind":"trial","name":"METRO PLUS (Tata Memorial Centre, Varanasi)","aka":"","tldr":"Adding low-cost oral metronomic tablets to standard paclitaxel-carboplatin doubled median survival from 5 to 10 months in a randomised trial run in Varanasi.","tags":"","route":"/trials/metro-plus-varanasi/","status":"positive","cancers":"head-and-neck recurrent-metastatic-hnscc buccal-mucosa-cancer"},{"id":"gefitinib-chemo-tmh","kind":"trial","name":"Gefitinib vs gefitinib plus pemetrexed-carboplatin in EGFR-mutant lung cancer (Tata Memorial)","aka":"","tldr":"An Indian trial showed that adding standard chemotherapy to the cheap first-generation pill gefitinib doubled the time lung cancer stayed controlled and cut deaths by more than half.","tags":"","route":"/trials/gefitinib-chemo-tmh/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"progesterone-preop-tmh","kind":"trial","name":"Single-injection depot progesterone before breast surgery (Tata Memorial)","aka":"","tldr":"A single cheap hormone injection before breast surgery did not help every woman, but in those whose cancer had reached the lymph nodes it improved survival at five years, a finding still being tested.","tags":"","route":"/trials/progesterone-preop-tmh/","status":"mixed","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"lidocaine-peritumoral-tmh","kind":"trial","name":"Peritumoral lidocaine before breast cancer surgery (Tata Memorial)","aka":"","tldr":"Injecting a common local anaesthetic around the tumour minutes before surgery cut the risk of recurrence and death in a 1,583-woman Indian trial, at almost no cost.","tags":"","route":"/trials/lidocaine-peritumoral-tmh/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"elective-neck-dissection-tmh","kind":"trial","name":"Elective vs therapeutic neck dissection in node-negative oral cancer (Tata Memorial)","aka":"","tldr":"A Tata Memorial trial ended a 50-year debate by showing that removing the neck lymph nodes at the first operation for early mouth cancer raises three-year survival from about two-thirds to four-fifths.","tags":"","route":"/trials/elective-neck-dissection-tmh/","status":"positive","cancers":"head-and-neck oral-cavity-cancer oral-tongue-cancer buccal-mucosa-cancer"},{"id":"osmanabad-hpv-screening","kind":"trial","name":"Osmanabad cervical screening trial (HPV testing vs cytology vs VIA)","aka":"","tldr":"One round of HPV testing in rural Indian villages halved deaths from cervical cancer within eight years, while a Pap smear or a visual check did not, which is why HPV tests are now the world's preferred screen.","tags":"","route":"/trials/osmanabad-hpv-screening/","status":"positive","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"kerala-oral-screening","kind":"trial","name":"Kerala oral cancer visual screening trial (Trivandrum)","aka":"","tldr":"Trained health workers looking inside the mouths of tobacco and alcohol users in Kerala cut oral cancer deaths by a third, and by four-fifths in those who came to every screening round.","tags":"","route":"/trials/kerala-oral-screening/","status":"positive","cancers":"head-and-neck oral-cavity-cancer buccal-mucosa-cancer"},{"id":"mumbai-via-screening","kind":"trial","name":"Mumbai VIA cervical screening trial (Tata Memorial)","aka":"","tldr":"Health workers with a torch and vinegar, screening women in Mumbai's slums every two years, cut cervical cancer deaths by 31% in a trial of more than 150,000 women.","tags":"","route":"/trials/mumbai-via-screening/","status":"positive","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"iarc-india-hpv-dose-study","kind":"trial","name":"IARC India HPV vaccine dose study (one, two or three doses)","aka":"","tldr":"When an Indian vaccine trial was halted midway, thousands of girls had had only one shot; following them for ten years showed one dose protected as well as three, changing the world's vaccination policy.","tags":"","route":"/trials/iarc-india-hpv-dose-study/","status":"positive","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"talicel-phase-1-2","kind":"trial","name":"Talicabtagene autoleucel (NexCAR19) phase 1/2","aka":"","tldr":"The trial behind India's first CAR-T approval: about three in four heavily pretreated patients with lymphoma or leukaemia responded to a therapy made in Mumbai.","tags":"","route":"/trials/talicel-phase-1-2/","status":"positive","cancers":"dlbcl all-leukemia"},{"id":"imagine-varnimcabtagene","kind":"trial","name":"IMAGINE (varnimcabtagene autoleucel, Immuneel)","aka":"","tldr":"The first industry-run CAR-T trial in India, testing a Bengaluru-made version of a Barcelona hospital's cell therapy in relapsed lymphoma and leukaemia; it led to the approval of Qartemi.","tags":"","route":"/trials/imagine-varnimcabtagene/","status":"positive","cancers":"dlbcl all-leukemia"},{"id":"paper-patil-low-dose-nivolumab-jco-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Low-dose immunotherapy in head and neck cancer: a randomised study (Tata Memorial)","aka":"","tldr":"Giving about one-twentieth of the standard dose of nivolumab alongside cheap oral chemotherapy nearly tripled one-year survival in advanced head and neck cancer, showing that immunotherapy can be made affordable without losing its effect.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-patil-low-dose-nivolumab-jco-2023/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"paper-sankaranarayanan-hpv-screening-nejm-2009","kind":"paper","name":"HPV screening for cervical cancer in rural India (Osmanabad)","aka":"","tldr":"In 131,746 rural Indian women, a single round of HPV testing roughly halved deaths from cervical cancer within eight years, while Pap smears and visual inspection did not.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-sankaranarayanan-hpv-screening-nejm-2009/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"paper-sankaranarayanan-oral-screening-lancet-2005","kind":"paper","name":"Effect of screening on oral cancer mortality in Kerala, India","aka":"","tldr":"Visual examination of the mouth by trained health workers reduced oral cancer deaths by a third among tobacco and alcohol users in Kerala, the only randomised evidence that oral cancer screening works.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-sankaranarayanan-oral-screening-lancet-2005/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"paper-basu-single-dose-hpv-lancet-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Vaccine efficacy against persistent HPV 16/18 infection at 10 years after one, two and three doses of quadrivalent HPV vaccine in girls in India","aka":"","tldr":"Ten years after vaccination, Indian girls who had received a single dose of HPV vaccine were as well protected against the cancer-causing HPV types as those who had two or three doses, which let the world switch to one-dose programmes.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-basu-single-dose-hpv-lancet-oncol-2021/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"paper-badwe-progesterone-jco-2011","kind":"paper","name":"Single-injection depot progesterone before surgery and survival in operable breast cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A single cheap hormone injection given days before breast surgery did not help every patient, but among women whose cancer had spread to lymph nodes it improved five-year survival, a result that seeded twenty years of low-cost perioperative trials in India.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-badwe-progesterone-jco-2011/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"paper-dcruz-elective-neck-dissection-nejm-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Elective versus therapeutic neck dissection in node-negative oral cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Removing the neck lymph nodes at the first operation for early mouth cancer, rather than waiting to see if they become involved, raised three-year survival from 67.5% to 80%.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-dcruz-elective-neck-dissection-nejm-2015/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"paper-jain-talicabtagene-lancet-haem-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Talicabtagene autoleucel for relapsed or refractory B-cell malignancies: an open-label, multicentre, phase 1/2 study","aka":"","tldr":"The trial report behind India's first CAR-T therapy: about three in four heavily pretreated patients with lymphoma or leukaemia responded to cells engineered and made in Mumbai.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-jain-talicabtagene-lancet-haem-2025/","cancers":"dlbcl all-leukemia"},{"id":"paper-mathur-ncrp-cancer-statistics-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Cancer Statistics, 2020: Report from National Cancer Registry Programme, India","aka":"","tldr":"India's official cancer count: about 1.39 million new cancers in 2020, led by breast, lung, mouth, cervix and tongue, with most breast, cervical and head and neck cancers found only once locally advanced.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-mathur-ncrp-cancer-statistics-2020/","cancers":"head-and-neck cervical breast-hr-positive nsclc gastric"},{"id":"paper-pramesh-ncg-pooled-procurement-2023","kind":"paper","name":"A National Cancer Grid pooled procurement initiative, India","aka":"","tldr":"When 23 Indian cancer centres bought 40 cancer drugs together instead of separately, prices fell by a median of 82%, saving about 13 billion rupees against list prices.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-pramesh-ncg-pooled-procurement-2023/"},{"id":"paper-gross-eshhar-chimeric-receptor-pnas-1989","kind":"paper","name":"Expression of immunoglobulin-T-cell receptor chimeric molecules as functional receptors with antibody-type specificity","aka":"","tldr":"The paper that invented the CAR. A T cell was given the business end of an antibody, and it killed what the antibody recognised without needing the immune system's usual permission step.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-gross-eshhar-chimeric-receptor-pnas-1989/"},{"id":"paper-gabai-kapara-population-brca-screening-pnas-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Population-based screening for breast and ovarian cancer risk due to BRCA1 and BRCA2","aka":"","tldr":"The study that made population-wide BRCA testing defensible. Instead of measuring risk in families already known to cancer clinics, it found carriers among healthy men and then followed their female relatives, and the risk turned out to be just as high.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-gabai-kapara-population-brca-screening-pnas-2014/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive ovarian"},{"id":"paper-besser-til-melanoma-intent-to-treat-ccr-2013","kind":"paper","name":"Adoptive transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in patients with metastatic melanoma: intent-to-treat analysis and efficacy after failure to prior immunotherapies","aka":"","tldr":"Sheba's decade of growing melanoma patients' own tumour-fighting cells and giving them back, reported honestly: counting everyone who enrolled, not only those who made it to treatment.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-besser-til-melanoma-intent-to-treat-ccr-2013/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"paper-moore-israel-cancer-registry-completeness-imaj-2021","kind":"paper","name":"An assessment of the completeness and timeliness of the Israel National Cancer Registry","aka":"","tldr":"The registry checked its own work by sending people to 39 hospitals and laboratories to count the cancers by hand, then seeing how many were in the database. About one in sixteen was not.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-moore-israel-cancer-registry-completeness-imaj-2021/"},{"id":"sintilimab","kind":"drug","name":"Sintilimab","aka":"","tldr":"Sintilimab is Innovent's PD-1 antibody, approved in China since 2018 for Hodgkin lymphoma and then, on the ORIENT trials, for first-line lung, liver, oesophageal and stomach cancer. In 2022 the FDA rejected its lung cancer application because a China-only trial against chemotherapy did not fit US practice, defining the agency's stance on single-country data.","tags":"china","route":"/drugs/sintilimab/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc hcc esophageal gastric hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"sugemalimab","kind":"drug","name":"Sugemalimab","aka":"","tldr":"Sugemalimab is CStone's PD-L1 antibody, approved in China for first-line lung cancer with chemotherapy and after chemoradiotherapy in stage III disease, and the first China-developed PD-L1 antibody to win European approval.","tags":"china","route":"/drugs/sugemalimab/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma lung-cancer stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc"},{"id":"adebrelimab","kind":"drug","name":"Adebrelimab","aka":"","tldr":"Adebrelimab is Hengrui's PD-L1 antibody, approved in China for first-line extensive-stage small cell lung cancer on the CAPSTONE-1 trial.","tags":"china","route":"/drugs/adebrelimab/","status":"approved","cancers":"sclc extensive-stage-sclc"},{"id":"envafolimab","kind":"drug","name":"Envafolimab","aka":"","tldr":"Envafolimab is the first PD-L1 antibody given as a quick injection under the skin rather than an infusion, approved in China for advanced tumours with mismatch-repair deficiency.","tags":"china","route":"/drugs/envafolimab/","status":"approved","cancers":"colorectal cancer-of-unknown-primary"},{"id":"relmacabtagene-autoleucel","kind":"drug","name":"Relmacabtagene autoleucel","aka":"","tldr":"Relma-cel was the first CAR-T therapy developed and made in China to be approved, for large B-cell lymphoma that has come back after two treatments.","tags":"china","route":"/drugs/relmacabtagene-autoleucel/","status":"approved","cancers":"dlbcl follicular-lymphoma"},{"id":"equecabtagene-autoleucel","kind":"drug","name":"Equecabtagene autoleucel","aka":"","tldr":"Equecabtagene autoleucel is a BCMA CAR-T from IASO Bio and Innovent, approved in China in June 2023 for multiple myeloma that has returned after at least three lines of treatment. In the FUMANBA-1 trial about 96% of infused patients responded, most with deep minimal-residual-disease-negative remissions and few severe cytokine release reactions; it competes with cilta-cel and zevor-cel in China.","tags":"china","route":"/drugs/equecabtagene-autoleucel/","status":"approved","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"zevorcabtagene-autoleucel","kind":"drug","name":"Zevorcabtagene autoleucel","aka":"","tldr":"Zevor-cel is CARsgen's myeloma CAR-T, approved in China in 2024 for patients whose disease has come back after three or more treatments.","tags":"china","route":"/drugs/zevorcabtagene-autoleucel/","status":"approved","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"inaticabtagene-autoleucel","kind":"drug","name":"Inaticabtagene autoleucel","aka":"","tldr":"Inati-cel is a Chinese CAR-T for adults with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia that has come back or stopped responding, approved in 2023.","tags":"china","route":"/drugs/inaticabtagene-autoleucel/","status":"approved","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"fulzerasib","kind":"drug","name":"Fulzerasib","aka":"","tldr":"Fulzerasib was the first KRAS G12C-blocking pill approved in China, for lung cancers carrying that mutation after earlier treatment.","tags":"china","route":"/drugs/fulzerasib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"garsorasib","kind":"drug","name":"Garsorasib","aka":"","tldr":"Garsorasib is InventisBio's KRAS G12C-blocking pill, approved in China in 2024 for previously treated lung cancer with that mutation.","tags":"china","route":"/drugs/garsorasib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc kras-g12c-nsclc"},{"id":"furmonertinib","kind":"drug","name":"Furmonertinib","aka":"","tldr":"Furmonertinib is a Chinese lung cancer pill of the same class as osimertinib, which more than doubled the time before cancer grew compared with gefitinib in the FURLONG trial.","tags":"china","route":"/drugs/furmonertinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"aumolertinib","kind":"drug","name":"Aumolertinib","aka":"Aumseqa\nAlmonertinib","tldr":"Aumolertinib is Hansoh's third-generation lung cancer pill, the first China-developed drug of its class, approved for first-line EGFR-mutant lung cancer on the AENEAS trial.","tags":"china","route":"/drugs/aumolertinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"icotinib","kind":"drug","name":"Icotinib","aka":"","tldr":"Icotinib, approved in 2011, was the first cancer drug invented and developed in China, and it showed that a domestic lung cancer pill could match a Western one head to head.","tags":"china","route":"/drugs/icotinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"savolitinib","kind":"drug","name":"Savolitinib","aka":"","tldr":"Savolitinib is a Chinese-discovered pill that blocks the MET growth signal, approved in China for lung cancers with a MET exon 14 mutation and being tested worldwide with osimertinib.","tags":"china","route":"/drugs/savolitinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc rcc gastric papillary-rcc met-altered-nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"anlotinib","kind":"drug","name":"Anlotinib","aka":"Catequentinib\nQezzaqar","tldr":"Anlotinib is one of the most used cancer pills in China, first approved for lung cancer after other treatments have failed and then for several rarer tumours.","tags":"china","route":"/drugs/anlotinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc sclc sarcoma alveolar-soft-part-sarcoma thyroid"},{"id":"rivoceranib","kind":"drug","name":"Rivoceranib (apatinib)","aka":"Apatinib","tldr":"Apatinib, sold as rivoceranib outside China, was the first pill of its kind approved for stomach cancer and is now the partner of camrelizumab in first-line liver cancer.","tags":"china","route":"/drugs/rivoceranib/","status":"approved","cancers":"gastric hcc"},{"id":"donafenib","kind":"drug","name":"Donafenib","aka":"","tldr":"Donafenib is a Chinese redesign of sorafenib that lived longer than the original in a head-to-head liver cancer trial and is approved in China as a first-line option.","tags":"china","route":"/drugs/donafenib/","status":"approved","cancers":"hcc thyroid"},{"id":"orelabrutinib","kind":"drug","name":"Orelabrutinib","aka":"","tldr":"Orelabrutinib is InnoCare's BTK-blocking pill for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and mantle cell lymphoma, approved in China in 2020.","tags":"china","route":"/drugs/orelabrutinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"cll mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"dalpiciclib","kind":"drug","name":"Dalpiciclib","aka":"","tldr":"Dalpiciclib is Hengrui's CDK4/6 inhibitor, the first China-developed drug of the class, approved for hormone-driven advanced breast cancer on the DAWNA trials.","tags":"china","route":"/drugs/dalpiciclib/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"tucidinostat","kind":"drug","name":"Tucidinostat (chidamide)","aka":"Chidamide","tldr":"Chidamide, approved in 2014, was the first epigenetic cancer drug invented in China and the first oral drug of its kind anywhere, used for T-cell lymphoma and, with hormone therapy, for breast cancer.","tags":"china","route":"/drugs/tucidinostat/","status":"approved","cancers":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"innovent","kind":"company","name":"Innovent Biologics","aka":"信达生物\nInnovent Biologics (Suzhou)\nInnovent Biopharmaceutical Technology (Hangzhou)\nInnovent Biologics","tldr":"Innovent makes sintilimab, China's best-selling PD-1 antibody, and has become a source of next-generation assets for Roche and Takeda.","tags":"china","route":"/companies/innovent/"},{"id":"junshi","kind":"company","name":"Shanghai Junshi Biosciences","aka":"Junshi\n君实生物","tldr":"Junshi developed toripalimab, the first Chinese PD-1 antibody approved in China (2018) and the first approved by the FDA (2023, nasopharyngeal cancer).","tags":"china","route":"/companies/junshi/"},{"id":"zai-lab","kind":"company","name":"Zai Lab","aka":"再鼎医药","tldr":"Zai Lab is the in-licensing pioneer that brings Western cancer drugs to China (niraparib, zanidatamab, repotrectinib, Tumour Treating Fields) and now exports its own bispecific and ADC assets.","tags":"china","route":"/companies/zai-lab/"},{"id":"hutchmed","kind":"company","name":"Hutchmed","aka":"HUTCHMED (China)\nHutchison China MediTech\nChi-Med\n和黄医药\nHutchison Medipharma\nHUTCHMED","tldr":"Hutchmed discovered fruquintinib, the first Chinese cancer drug approved by the FDA for a common cancer, and savolitinib, its MET inhibitor partnered with AstraZeneca.","tags":"china","route":"/companies/hutchmed/"},{"id":"cspc","kind":"company","name":"CSPC Pharmaceutical Group","aka":"CSPC\n石药集团\nCSPC Ouyi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.\nCSPC Zhongnuo Pharmaceutical (Shijiazhuang) Co., Ltd.","tldr":"CSPC is a large Chinese pharma whose cancer business rests on albumin-bound paclitaxel and liposomal doxorubicin generics, an ADC pipeline and a growing list of licences to Western companies.","tags":"china","route":"/companies/cspc/"},{"id":"sino-biopharm","kind":"company","name":"Sino Biopharmaceutical (Chia Tai Tianqing)","aka":"Sino Biopharm\n中国生物制药\nChia Tai Tianqing\nCTTQ\nChia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical\nNanjing Shunxin Pharmaceutical\nChia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Nanjing Shunxin Pharmaceutical","tldr":"Sino Biopharm, through Chia Tai Tianqing, sells anlotinib, one of China's biggest cancer drugs, and acquired LaNova Medicines to add bispecific antibodies and ADCs.","tags":"china","route":"/companies/sino-biopharm/"},{"id":"wuxi-apptec","kind":"company","name":"WuXi AppTec","aka":"药明康德","tldr":"WuXi AppTec is the contract research and manufacturing giant that makes small molecules, including ADC payloads and linkers, for much of the global cancer pipeline, and the target of the US BIOSECURE Act.","tags":"china","route":"/companies/wuxi-apptec/"},{"id":"wuxi-biologics","kind":"company","name":"WuXi Biologics","aka":"药明生物\nWuXi XDC","tldr":"WuXi Biologics develops and manufactures antibodies for hundreds of clients worldwide, and its WuXi XDC unit is the largest contract maker of antibody-drug conjugates.","tags":"china","route":"/companies/wuxi-biologics/"},{"id":"jw-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"JW Therapeutics","aka":"药明巨诺\nJW (Cayman) Therapeutics","tldr":"JW Therapeutics, a Juno and WuXi AppTec joint venture, made relma-cel, the first CAR-T developed and manufactured in China to be approved.","tags":"china","route":"/companies/jw-therapeutics/"},{"id":"iaso-bio","kind":"company","name":"IASO Biotherapeutics","aka":"驯鹿生物\nIASO Bio","tldr":"IASO Bio developed eque-cel, the fully human BCMA CAR-T for myeloma approved in China in 2023 and partnered with Innovent.","tags":"china","route":"/companies/iaso-bio/"},{"id":"cstone","kind":"company","name":"CStone Pharmaceuticals","aka":"基石药业\nCStone\ncstone-pharmaceuticals","tldr":"CStone developed sugemalimab, the first Chinese PD-L1 antibody approved in Europe, and brought pralsetinib, avapritinib and ivosidenib to China.","tags":"china","route":"/companies/cstone/"},{"id":"allist","kind":"company","name":"Shanghai Allist Pharmaceuticals","aka":"Allist\n艾力斯","tldr":"Allist is the single-product lung cancer company behind furmonertinib, China's other third-generation EGFR pill, partnered with ArriVent for the rest of the world.","tags":"china","route":"/companies/allist/"},{"id":"genfleet","kind":"company","name":"GenFleet Therapeutics","aka":"劢维医药\nGenfleet Therapeutics (Shanghai)\nGenFleet Therapeutics","tldr":"GenFleet discovered fulzerasib, the first KRAS G12C inhibitor approved in China, and licensed it to Innovent for the Chinese market.","tags":"china","route":"/companies/genfleet/"},{"id":"inventisbio","kind":"company","name":"InventisBio","aka":"益方生物","tldr":"InventisBio developed garsorasib, one of the two KRAS G12C pills approved in China in 2024, and the third-generation EGFR inhibitor befotertinib.","tags":"china","route":"/companies/inventisbio/"},{"id":"alphamab","kind":"company","name":"Alphamab Oncology","aka":"康宁杰瑞\nJiangsu Alphamab Biopharmaceuticals\nAlphamab Oncology","tldr":"Alphamab developed envafolimab, the first subcutaneous PD-L1 antibody approved anywhere, and the HER2 bispecific ADC JSKN003.","tags":"china","route":"/companies/alphamab/"},{"id":"zelgen","kind":"company","name":"Suzhou Zelgen Biopharmaceuticals","aka":"Zelgen\n泽璟制药","tldr":"Zelgen developed donafenib, the deuterated sorafenib that beat the original in first-line liver cancer and was approved in China in 2021.","tags":"china","route":"/companies/zelgen/"},{"id":"innocare","kind":"company","name":"InnoCare Pharma","aka":"诺诚健华","tldr":"InnoCare developed orelabrutinib, a selective BTK-blocking pill approved in China for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and mantle cell and marginal zone lymphomas.","tags":"china","route":"/companies/innocare/"},{"id":"betta","kind":"company","name":"Betta Pharmaceuticals","aka":"贝达药业","tldr":"Betta made icotinib, the first cancer drug invented in China, and later ensartinib, the first Chinese ALK inhibitor to win FDA approval.","tags":"china","route":"/companies/betta/"},{"id":"chipscreen","kind":"company","name":"Chipscreen Biosciences","aka":"微芯生物","tldr":"Chipscreen discovered chidamide (tucidinostat), the first original epigenetic cancer drug from China, approved in 2014 and later in Japan.","tags":"china","route":"/companies/chipscreen/"},{"id":"ncc-china","kind":"institution","name":"National Cancer Center of China","aka":"NCC China\n国家癌症中心\nNational Central Cancer Registry of China","tldr":"The National Cancer Center is the body that counts China's cancers, sets national screening and quality programmes and publishes the country's official cancer statistics.","tags":"china","route":"/institutions/ncc-china/"},{"id":"nhsa","kind":"institution","name":"National Healthcare Security Administration","aka":"NHSA\n国家医疗保障局","tldr":"The NHSA runs China's public health insurance and negotiates once a year which new cancer drugs are reimbursed, and at what price, through the National Reimbursement Drug List.","tags":"china","route":"/institutions/nhsa/"},{"id":"caca","kind":"institution","name":"China Anti-Cancer Association","aka":"CACA\n中国抗癌协会","tldr":"The China Anti-Cancer Association is the country's largest cancer society, publishing the CACA guidelines that aim to reflect Chinese patients and Chinese drugs rather than imported recommendations.","tags":"china","route":"/institutions/caca/"},{"id":"pku-peoples-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Peking University People's Hospital","aka":"PKUPH\nPeking University Institute of Hematology\n北京大学人民医院","tldr":"Peking University People's Hospital is the world's largest haploidentical stem cell transplant centre and the home of the Beijing Protocol that lets almost any patient find a donor.","tags":"china","route":"/institutions/pku-peoples-hospital/","cancers":"aml all-leukemia"},{"id":"cams-hematology","kind":"institution","name":"Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","aka":"Blood Diseases Hospital CAMS\n中国医学科学院血液病医院\nIH-CAMS","tldr":"China's national blood disease hospital in Tianjin is where the CD19 binder behind the CAR-T inati-cel was made; it runs large leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndrome registries and early-phase trials of domestic bispecifics and cell therapies.","tags":"china","route":"/institutions/cams-hematology/","cancers":"all-leukemia aml mds"},{"id":"renji-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","aka":"Renji Hospital\n仁济医院\nShanghai Cancer Institute","tldr":"Renji Hospital and the Shanghai Cancer Institute on its campus are where CARsgen's solid-tumour CAR-T work began, including the Claudin 18.2 CAR-T satri-cel for stomach cancer.","tags":"china","route":"/institutions/renji-hospital/","cancers":"gastric hcc"},{"id":"jilin-cancer-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Jilin Cancer Hospital","aka":"吉林省肿瘤医院","tldr":"Jilin Cancer Hospital in Changchun is the centre that led China's small cell lung cancer immunotherapy trials, including ASTRUM-005 and CAPSTONE-1.","tags":"china","route":"/institutions/jilin-cancer-hospital/","cancers":"sclc"},{"id":"jiangsu-cancer-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Jiangsu Cancer Hospital","aka":"Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research\nAffiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University\n江苏省肿瘤医院","tldr":"Jiangsu Cancer Hospital in Nanjing is a large provincial cancer centre and a frequent lead site for Chinese oesophageal, lung and gastric cancer trials.","tags":"china","route":"/institutions/jiangsu-cancer-hospital/","cancers":"esophageal nsclc gastric"},{"id":"chongqing-university-cancer-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Chongqing University Cancer Hospital","aka":"Chongqing Cancer Hospital\n重庆大学附属肿瘤医院","tldr":"Chongqing University Cancer Hospital is the main cancer centre for south-west China's largest city and a growing site for domestic trials.","tags":"china","route":"/institutions/chongqing-university-cancer-hospital/"},{"id":"sichuan-cancer-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Sichuan Cancer Hospital","aka":"Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute\n四川省肿瘤医院","tldr":"Sichuan Cancer Hospital in Chengdu is a large provincial cancer centre known for oesophageal and head and neck cancer radiotherapy and a partner of the city's ADC companies.","tags":"china","route":"/institutions/sichuan-cancer-hospital/","cancers":"esophageal head-and-neck"},{"id":"orient-11","kind":"trial","name":"ORIENT-11","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that made sintilimab a first-line lung cancer treatment in China, and the one the FDA later refused to accept as evidence for US patients.","tags":"china","route":"/trials/orient-11/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"orient-32","kind":"trial","name":"ORIENT-32","aka":"","tldr":"A Chinese trial showing that a PD-1 antibody plus a bevacizumab copy extends life in liver cancer, mirroring the global IMbrave150 result in a hepatitis B population.","tags":"china","route":"/trials/orient-32/","status":"positive","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"orient-16","kind":"trial","name":"ORIENT-16","aka":"","tldr":"The Chinese stomach cancer trial that showed adding sintilimab to chemotherapy helps patients live longer, especially when the tumour expresses PD-L1.","tags":"china","route":"/trials/orient-16/","status":"positive","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"rationale-302","kind":"trial","name":"RATIONALE-302","aka":"","tldr":"The global trial in which tislelizumab beat chemotherapy for oesophageal cancer that had progressed after first treatment, which carried it to approval in the US, Europe and Japan.","tags":"china","route":"/trials/rationale-302/","status":"positive","cancers":"esophageal"},{"id":"camel","kind":"trial","name":"CameL","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that made camrelizumab a first-line lung cancer option in China, one of several domestic PD-1 antibodies to reproduce the KEYNOTE-189 result.","tags":"china","route":"/trials/camel/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"jupiter-06","kind":"trial","name":"JUPITER-06","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that added toripalimab to chemotherapy for oesophageal cancer in China and showed a survival gain regardless of PD-L1 level.","tags":"china","route":"/trials/jupiter-06/","status":"positive","cancers":"esophageal"},{"id":"harmoni-a","kind":"trial","name":"HARMONi-A","aka":"","tldr":"The first phase 3 win for ivonescimab, in lung cancer that has stopped responding to EGFR pills, and the basis of its first approval in China.","tags":"china","route":"/trials/harmoni-a/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"capstone-1","kind":"trial","name":"CAPSTONE-1","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that added Hengrui's PD-L1 antibody adebrelimab to chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer, with one of the larger survival gains seen in that disease.","tags":"china","route":"/trials/capstone-1/","status":"positive","cancers":"sclc"},{"id":"gemstone-302","kind":"trial","name":"GEMSTONE-302","aka":"","tldr":"The trial behind sugemalimab's approval in China and later Europe, showing a PD-L1 antibody plus chemotherapy delays progression in both main types of lung cancer.","tags":"china","route":"/trials/gemstone-302/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"furlong","kind":"trial","name":"FURLONG","aka":"","tldr":"The head-to-head trial in which furmonertinib nearly doubled the time before lung cancer grew compared with gefitinib, mirroring FLAURA with a Chinese drug.","tags":"china","route":"/trials/furlong/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"aeneas","kind":"trial","name":"AENEAS","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that showed Hansoh's aumolertinib roughly doubles progression-free survival compared with gefitinib in EGFR-mutant lung cancer.","tags":"china","route":"/trials/aeneas/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"alter-0303","kind":"trial","name":"ALTER 0303","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that showed anlotinib helps patients with lung cancer live longer after other treatments have failed, the basis of one of China's most used cancer pills.","tags":"china","route":"/trials/alter-0303/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"legend-2","kind":"trial","name":"LEGEND-2","aka":"","tldr":"The small Chinese trial whose startling response rates at ASCO 2017 drew Johnson and Johnson to Legend Biotech and became the myeloma CAR-T Carvykti.","tags":"china","route":"/trials/legend-2/","status":"positive","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"fumanba-1","kind":"trial","name":"FUMANBA-1","aka":"","tldr":"The single-arm trial that won eque-cel its approval in China, with almost every patient responding and most reaching deep remissions.","tags":"china","route":"/trials/fumanba-1/","status":"positive","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"lummicar-1","kind":"trial","name":"LUMMICAR STUDY 1","aka":"","tldr":"The Chinese trial behind zevor-cel's approval for multiple myeloma, showing deep and lasting responses with a fully human BCMA CAR-T.","tags":"china","route":"/trials/lummicar-1/","status":"positive","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"reliance","kind":"trial","name":"RELIANCE","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that made relma-cel the first CAR-T developed and manufactured in China to be approved, with three quarters of patients responding.","tags":"china","route":"/trials/reliance/","status":"positive","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"dawna-1","kind":"trial","name":"DAWNA-1","aka":"","tldr":"The trial that made dalpiciclib the first Chinese CDK4/6 inhibitor approved, more than doubling the time before breast cancer grew when added to fulvestrant.","tags":"china","route":"/trials/dawna-1/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"zgdh3","kind":"trial","name":"ZGDH3 (donafenib vs sorafenib)","aka":"","tldr":"The first trial in which a new pill beat sorafenib on survival in liver cancer, with a Chinese deuterated redesign of sorafenib itself.","tags":"china","route":"/trials/zgdh3/","status":"positive","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"alemtuzumab","kind":"drug","name":"Alemtuzumab","aka":"MabCampath\nLemtrada (multiple sclerosis formulation)","tldr":"Alemtuzumab (Campath) is an antibody that wipes out lymphocytes carrying the CD52 marker. It is approved for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and is supplied in the US through a restricted distribution programme.","tags":"nci-list","route":"/drugs/alemtuzumab/","status":"approved","cancers":"cll peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"bexarotene","kind":"drug","name":"Bexarotene","aka":"","tldr":"Bexarotene (Targretin) is a vitamin A-like capsule and gel for the skin disease of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma when other treatments have stopped working.","tags":"nci-list","route":"/drugs/bexarotene/","status":"approved"},{"id":"busulfan","kind":"drug","name":"Busulfan","aka":"Busilvex","tldr":"Busulfan is one of the oldest cancer drugs. As a tablet it controlled chronic myeloid leukaemia before imatinib; as an infusion it is used to clear the bone marrow before a stem cell transplant.","tags":"nci-list","route":"/drugs/busulfan/","status":"approved","cancers":"cml"},{"id":"capecitabine","kind":"drug","name":"Capecitabine","aka":"","tldr":"Capecitabine (Xeloda) is a tablet form of the chemotherapy fluorouracil. It is a backbone of treatment for bowel cancer and a standard option in advanced breast cancer.","tags":"nci-list generic","route":"/drugs/capecitabine/","status":"approved","cancers":"colorectal breast-hr-positive tnbc breast-her2-positive gastric pancreatic her2-positive-breast-brain-metastases tnbc-early"},{"id":"carmustine","kind":"drug","name":"Carmustine","aka":"BCNU\nCarmustine implant","tldr":"Carmustine is a chemotherapy that reaches the brain. It is given by infusion for brain tumours, lymphoma and myeloma, and as a slow-release wafer left in the cavity after a brain tumour is removed.","tags":"nci-list generic","route":"/drugs/carmustine/","status":"approved","cancers":"glioblastoma medulloblastoma multiple-myeloma hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl"},{"id":"chlorambucil","kind":"drug","name":"Chlorambucil","aka":"","tldr":"Chlorambucil (Leukeran) is a gentle oral chemotherapy tablet used for decades in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and low-grade lymphomas, mainly in older patients.","tags":"nci-list generic","route":"/drugs/chlorambucil/","status":"approved","cancers":"cll hodgkin-lymphoma follicular-lymphoma cll-treatment-naive"},{"id":"clofarabine","kind":"drug","name":"Clofarabine","aka":"Evoltra","tldr":"Clofarabine (Clolar) is an infusion for children and young adults whose acute lymphoblastic leukaemia has come back after at least two other treatments.","tags":"nci-list","route":"/drugs/clofarabine/","status":"approved","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"cytarabine","kind":"drug","name":"Cytarabine","aka":"Ara-C\nCytosine arabinoside\nDepoCyt (liposomal, discontinued)","tldr":"Cytarabine is the core chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukaemia, given with an anthracycline as the classic 7+3 induction and at high doses for consolidation; it is also injected into the spinal fluid to treat or prevent leukaemia in the brain.","tags":"nci-list generic","route":"/drugs/cytarabine/","status":"approved","cancers":"aml all-leukemia cml"},{"id":"dabrafenib","kind":"drug","name":"Dabrafenib","aka":"","tldr":"Dabrafenib (Tafinlar) is a capsule that switches off the faulty BRAF protein driving some melanomas, lung, thyroid and other cancers. It is almost always paired with trametinib.","tags":"nci-list","route":"/drugs/dabrafenib/","status":"approved","cancers":"melanoma nsclc thyroid anaplastic-thyroid-cancer papillary-thyroid-cancer paediatric-low-grade-glioma paediatric-high-grade-glioma braf-v600e-nsclc braf-v600-melanoma stage-iii-melanoma"},{"id":"dacarbazine","kind":"drug","name":"Dacarbazine","aka":"DTIC","tldr":"Dacarbazine is an older chemotherapy infusion. It was the standard treatment for advanced melanoma for decades and is the D in the ABVD regimen that cures most Hodgkin lymphoma.","tags":"nci-list generic","route":"/drugs/dacarbazine/","status":"approved","cancers":"melanoma hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"daunorubicin","kind":"drug","name":"Daunorubicin","aka":"Daunomycin\nRubidomycin","tldr":"Daunorubicin is the anthracycline most often combined with cytarabine to bring acute myeloid leukaemia into remission; it is also part of induction for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.","tags":"nci-list generic","route":"/drugs/daunorubicin/","status":"approved","cancers":"aml all-leukemia"},{"id":"decitabine","kind":"drug","name":"Decitabine","aka":"5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine","tldr":"Decitabine (Dacogen) is an infusion that loosens the chemical silencing of genes in myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukaemia, helping the bone marrow work again. An oral version combined with cedazuridine has its own record.","tags":"nci-list","route":"/drugs/decitabine/","status":"approved","cancers":"mds aml mds-higher-risk"},{"id":"epirubicin","kind":"drug","name":"Epirubicin","aka":"Pharmorubicin","tldr":"Epirubicin (Ellence) is a close relative of doxorubicin used mainly after breast cancer surgery when lymph nodes are involved, and in stomach cancer regimens; it is a little kinder to the heart.","tags":"nci-list generic","route":"/drugs/epirubicin/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc gastric"},{"id":"fludarabine","kind":"drug","name":"Fludarabine","aka":"","tldr":"Fludarabine is a chemotherapy infusion for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. It anchored the FCR regimen that was the first to give long remissions, and today it is used above all to prepare patients for CAR-T cells and transplants.","tags":"nci-list generic","route":"/drugs/fludarabine/","status":"approved","cancers":"cll"},{"id":"flutamide","kind":"drug","name":"Flutamide","aka":"","tldr":"Flutamide was the first tablet to block testosterone at the prostate cancer cell. It is taken with an injection that stops testosterone production, but newer drugs have largely replaced it.","tags":"nci-list generic","route":"/drugs/flutamide/","status":"approved","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"idarubicin","kind":"drug","name":"Idarubicin","aka":"","tldr":"Idarubicin is an anthracycline chemotherapy approved in 1990 for adult acute myeloid leukaemia, given with cytarabine in 3+7 induction and FLAG-Ida salvage and in acute promyelocytic leukaemia protocols. Randomised trials showed more complete remissions than with daunorubicin, which is why centres prefer it; heart damage, marrow suppression and extravasation injury are the class risks.","tags":"nci-list generic","route":"/drugs/idarubicin/","status":"approved","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"ixabepilone","kind":"drug","name":"Ixabepilone","aka":"","tldr":"Ixabepilone (Ixempra) is a chemotherapy infusion for breast cancer that has stopped responding to anthracyclines, taxanes and capecitabine.","tags":"nci-list","route":"/drugs/ixabepilone/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"mechlorethamine","kind":"drug","name":"Mechlorethamine (chlormethine)","aka":"Nitrogen mustard\nChlormethine\nLedaga","tldr":"Mechlorethamine, or nitrogen mustard, was the first chemotherapy ever used, in 1940s Hodgkin lymphoma. Today its main use is as a skin gel (Valchlor in the US, Ledaga in Europe) for early cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.","tags":"nci-list historic","route":"/drugs/mechlorethamine/","status":"approved","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"megestrol","kind":"drug","name":"Megestrol acetate","aka":"","tldr":"Megestrol acetate is a hormone tablet used to ease advanced breast and womb cancer, and as a liquid to improve appetite and weight in people with cancer or AIDS-related wasting.","tags":"nci-list generic supportive","route":"/drugs/megestrol/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive endometrial"},{"id":"mercaptopurine","kind":"drug","name":"Mercaptopurine","aka":"6-MP\nXaluprine","tldr":"Mercaptopurine is a daily tablet, or a liquid for children, that keeps acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in remission during the long maintenance phase of treatment.","tags":"nci-list generic","route":"/drugs/mercaptopurine/","status":"approved","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"mitoxantrone","kind":"drug","name":"Mitoxantrone","aka":"","tldr":"Mitoxantrone is a blue chemotherapy infusion used with cytarabine for acute myeloid leukaemia and, historically, to relieve pain in advanced prostate cancer; it is also licensed for multiple sclerosis.","tags":"nci-list generic","route":"/drugs/mitoxantrone/","status":"approved","cancers":"aml prostate"},{"id":"nelarabine","kind":"drug","name":"Nelarabine","aka":"Atriance","tldr":"Nelarabine (Arranon) is an infusion for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and lymphoma that has come back after at least two other treatments; it is now also added to first-line therapy for children with T-cell leukaemia.","tags":"nci-list","route":"/drugs/nelarabine/","status":"approved","cancers":"all-leukemia all-paediatric-high-risk all-paediatric-relapsed"},{"id":"omacetaxine","kind":"drug","name":"Omacetaxine mepesuccinate","aka":"Homoharringtonine","tldr":"Omacetaxine (Synribo) is a twice-daily injection under the skin for chronic myeloid leukaemia that has stopped responding to at least two tyrosine kinase inhibitor pills.","tags":"nci-list","route":"/drugs/omacetaxine/","status":"approved","cancers":"cml"},{"id":"procarbazine","kind":"drug","name":"Procarbazine","aka":"Natulan","tldr":"Procarbazine (Matulane) is an old chemotherapy capsule from the MOPP regimen for Hodgkin lymphoma; it is now used mainly in the PCV combination for certain brain tumours.","tags":"nci-list","route":"/drugs/procarbazine/","status":"approved","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma glioblastoma oligodendroglioma idh-mutant-astrocytoma"},{"id":"thioguanine","kind":"drug","name":"Thioguanine","aka":"6-TG\nTioguanine","tldr":"Thioguanine (Tabloid) is an oral chemotherapy tablet used in some regimens to induce and consolidate remission in acute myeloid leukaemia; long-term use is avoided because it damages the liver.","tags":"nci-list generic","route":"/drugs/thioguanine/","status":"approved","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"thiotepa","kind":"drug","name":"Thiotepa","aka":"Thioplex (historic)\nTriethylenethiophosphoramide","tldr":"Thiotepa is an old chemotherapy with a modern job: at high doses it prepares patients for stem cell transplants, and it is still instilled into the bladder or body cavities for superficial bladder cancer and malignant effusions.","tags":"nci-list","route":"/drugs/thiotepa/","status":"approved","cancers":"urothelial breast-hr-positive ovarian primary-cns-lymphoma"},{"id":"trametinib","kind":"drug","name":"Trametinib","aka":"","tldr":"Trametinib (Mekinist) blocks MEK, the protein one step below BRAF in the growth-signal chain. Paired with dabrafenib it treats BRAF-mutant melanoma, lung, thyroid and other cancers, including brain tumours in children.","tags":"nci-list","route":"/drugs/trametinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"melanoma nsclc thyroid anaplastic-thyroid-cancer low-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer paediatric-low-grade-glioma paediatric-high-grade-glioma braf-v600e-nsclc braf-v600-melanoma stage-iii-melanoma"},{"id":"valrubicin","kind":"drug","name":"Valrubicin","aka":"","tldr":"Valrubicin (Valstar) is a chemotherapy washed into the bladder for carcinoma in situ that has not responded to BCG, in patients who cannot yet have their bladder removed.","tags":"nci-list","route":"/drugs/valrubicin/","status":"approved","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"vorinostat","kind":"drug","name":"Vorinostat","aka":"SAHA\nSuberoylanilide hydroxamic acid","tldr":"Vorinostat (Zolinza) was the first drug of its kind, a capsule that loosens the chemical packaging of DNA. It treats the skin disease of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma after two other treatments have failed.","tags":"nci-list","route":"/drugs/vorinostat/","status":"approved"},{"id":"nilutamide","kind":"drug","name":"Nilutamide","aka":"Anandron","tldr":"Nilutamide (Nilandron) is an older antiandrogen tablet started on the day of surgical castration for metastatic prostate cancer; it is rarely used now because of lung and eye side effects.","tags":"nci-list generic","route":"/drugs/nilutamide/","status":"approved","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"toremifene","kind":"drug","name":"Toremifene","aka":"","tldr":"Toremifene (Fareston) is a tamoxifen-like tablet for postmenopausal women with hormone-sensitive breast cancer that has spread.","tags":"nci-list","route":"/drugs/toremifene/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"raloxifene","kind":"drug","name":"Raloxifene","aka":"","tldr":"Raloxifene (Evista) is an osteoporosis tablet that also lowers the chance of developing invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women at higher risk, with fewer womb-cancer problems than tamoxifen.","tags":"nci-list prevention","route":"/drugs/raloxifene/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"triptorelin","kind":"drug","name":"Triptorelin","aka":"Decapeptyl\nTriptodur (paediatric)","tldr":"Triptorelin (Trelstar) is a one-, three- or six-monthly injection that switches off testosterone production for men with advanced prostate cancer.","tags":"nci-list","route":"/drugs/triptorelin/","status":"approved","cancers":"prostate breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"dexamethasone","kind":"drug","name":"Dexamethasone","aka":"","tldr":"Dexamethasone is a long-acting glucocorticoid steroid that kills lymphoid cancer cells directly, which is why it sits in nearly every myeloma regimen and in childhood leukaemia and lymphoma protocols. It is also the standard drug for preventing chemotherapy sickness and for brain swelling and spinal cord compression; high blood sugar, insomnia, muscle wasting and infection follow prolonged use.","tags":"nci-list generic supportive","route":"/drugs/dexamethasone/","status":"approved","cancers":"multiple-myeloma all-leukemia dlbcl hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"prednisone","kind":"drug","name":"Prednisone","aka":"Prednisolone (active metabolite, used in the UK and Europe)","tldr":"Prednisone is the everyday steroid tablet in cancer care. It is the P in CHOP and MOPP for lymphoma, part of childhood leukaemia treatment, and taken with abiraterone in prostate cancer.","tags":"nci-list generic supportive","route":"/drugs/prednisone/","status":"approved","cancers":"dlbcl hodgkin-lymphoma all-leukemia cll prostate"},{"id":"imiquimod","kind":"drug","name":"Imiquimod","aka":"","tldr":"Imiquimod (Aldara) is a cream that provokes the skin's own immune system to clear superficial basal cell carcinomas and the sun-damage patches (actinic keratoses) that can turn into skin cancer.","tags":"nci-list","route":"/drugs/imiquimod/","status":"approved","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma cutaneous-scc skin-cancer"},{"id":"aminolevulinic-acid","kind":"drug","name":"Aminolevulinic acid (topical, for photodynamic therapy)","aka":"5-ALA\nALA HCl","tldr":"Aminolevulinic acid is painted on sun-damaged skin and then activated with a lamp, destroying actinic keratoses before they can become skin cancer; in Europe the gel is also approved for superficial basal cell carcinoma.","tags":"nci-list prevention","route":"/drugs/aminolevulinic-acid/","status":"approved","cancers":"cutaneous-scc basal-cell-carcinoma skin-cancer"},{"id":"denileukin-diftitox","kind":"drug","name":"Denileukin diftitox","aka":"Ontak (1999 to 2014)\nE7777","tldr":"Denileukin diftitox (Lymphir) is an infusion that uses the interleukin-2 signal as a homing device to deliver a bacterial toxin into cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells. It was withdrawn in 2014 and returned in an improved form in 2024.","tags":"nci-list","route":"/drugs/denileukin-diftitox/","status":"approved"},{"id":"ibritumomab-tiuxetan","kind":"drug","name":"Ibritumomab tiuxetan","aka":"Y-90 ibritumomab\nZevalin therapeutic regimen","tldr":"Zevalin is an antibody carrying a radioactive isotope that seeks out CD20 on lymphoma cells. It treats follicular lymphoma that has relapsed and is given as a one-off consolidation after chemotherapy.","tags":"nci-list","route":"/drugs/ibritumomab-tiuxetan/","status":"approved","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma"},{"id":"necitumumab","kind":"drug","name":"Necitumumab","aka":"","tldr":"Necitumumab (Portrazza) is an antibody added to gemcitabine and cisplatin as first treatment for squamous non-small cell lung cancer that has spread; the benefit is modest and it is little used.","tags":"nci-list","route":"/drugs/necitumumab/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"ofatumumab","kind":"drug","name":"Ofatumumab","aka":"Kesimpta (multiple sclerosis formulation)","tldr":"Ofatumumab (Arzerra) is a fully human anti-CD20 antibody for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, used with chlorambucil in untreated patients or alone after other drugs have failed; the same molecule is sold as Kesimpta for multiple sclerosis.","tags":"nci-list","route":"/drugs/ofatumumab/","status":"approved","cancers":"cll"},{"id":"ziv-aflibercept","kind":"drug","name":"Ziv-aflibercept","aka":"Aflibercept (oncology formulation)\nVEGF Trap","tldr":"Ziv-aflibercept (Zaltrap) is a decoy receptor that soaks up the blood-vessel growth signal VEGF. It is added to the FOLFIRI chemotherapy combination for bowel cancer that has spread and progressed after oxaliplatin.","tags":"nci-list","route":"/drugs/ziv-aflibercept/","status":"approved","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"selumetinib","kind":"drug","name":"Selumetinib","aka":"","tldr":"Selumetinib (Koselugo) is the first medicine for children and adults with neurofibromatosis type 1 whose plexiform neurofibromas, benign but disfiguring and painful nerve tumours, cannot be removed by surgery.","tags":"nci-list","route":"/drugs/selumetinib/","status":"approved"},{"id":"siltuximab","kind":"drug","name":"Siltuximab","aka":"","tldr":"Siltuximab (Sylvant) is an antibody that neutralises the inflammatory messenger interleukin-6. It is the only approved treatment for multicentric Castleman disease, a rare lymph node disorder, in people without HIV or HHV-8 infection.","tags":"nci-list","route":"/drugs/siltuximab/","status":"approved"},{"id":"sirolimus-albumin-bound","kind":"drug","name":"Sirolimus protein-bound particles","aka":"nab-sirolimus\nABI-009\nNanoparticle albumin-bound rapamycin","tldr":"Fyarro is an infusion of the transplant drug sirolimus packaged in albumin particles. It is the first approved treatment for malignant PEComa, a rare soft-tissue tumour driven by loss of the TSC genes.","tags":"nci-list","route":"/drugs/sirolimus-albumin-bound/","status":"approved","cancers":"sarcoma pecoma"},{"id":"denosumab","kind":"drug","name":"Denosumab","aka":"Wyost\nJubbonti\nOsenvelt\nStoboclo","tldr":"Denosumab is an injection under the skin that blocks the signal driving bone breakdown. As Xgeva it prevents fractures and other bone complications in people whose cancer has spread to bone or who have myeloma; as Prolia it treats osteoporosis, including bone loss caused by hormone therapy for breast and prostate cancer.","tags":"nci-list supportive","route":"/drugs/denosumab/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate multiple-myeloma nsclc osteosarcoma"},{"id":"zoledronic-acid","kind":"drug","name":"Zoledronic acid","aka":"Reclast / Aclasta (osteoporosis formulation)\nZoledronate","tldr":"Zoledronic acid (Zometa) is a fifteen-minute infusion given every few weeks or months to strengthen bone and prevent fractures, spinal cord compression and the need for radiotherapy in people with myeloma or cancer that has spread to bone; it also treats dangerously high calcium caused by cancer.","tags":"nci-list generic supportive","route":"/drugs/zoledronic-acid/","status":"approved","cancers":"multiple-myeloma breast-hr-positive prostate nsclc rcc"},{"id":"pamidronate","kind":"drug","name":"Pamidronate","aka":"","tldr":"Pamidronate (Aredia) is a bisphosphonate infusion approved in 1991 for dangerously high blood calcium in cancer and later for bone damage from myeloma and breast cancer, where it roughly halved skeletal complications. Its two-hour infusion, against fifteen minutes for zoledronic acid, pushed most centres to switch, though it is cheaper and may cause less jaw osteonecrosis.","tags":"nci-list generic supportive","route":"/drugs/pamidronate/","status":"approved","cancers":"multiple-myeloma breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"tocilizumab","kind":"drug","name":"Tocilizumab","aka":"RoActemra\nTofidence\nTyenne","tldr":"Tocilizumab (Actemra) is a rheumatoid arthritis antibody that has become the rescue drug for cytokine release syndrome, the fever and blood-pressure crash that CAR-T cells and bispecific antibodies can trigger. Every CAR-T centre must have it on hand.","tags":"nci-list supportive","route":"/drugs/tocilizumab/","status":"approved"},{"id":"amifostine","kind":"drug","name":"Amifostine","aka":"WR-2721","tldr":"Amifostine (Ethyol) is an infusion given just before chemotherapy or radiotherapy to shield the kidneys from cisplatin and the salivary glands from radiation, reducing dry mouth after head and neck treatment.","tags":"nci-list supportive","route":"/drugs/amifostine/","status":"approved","cancers":"ovarian head-and-neck"},{"id":"aprepitant","kind":"drug","name":"Aprepitant (and fosaprepitant)","aka":"Fosaprepitant\nIvemend\nEmend IV\nAponvie","tldr":"Aprepitant (Emend) was the first of a new class of anti-sickness drugs. Taken with a 5-HT3 blocker and dexamethasone, it prevents the delayed nausea and vomiting that follow strongly emetogenic chemotherapy such as cisplatin.","tags":"nci-list supportive","route":"/drugs/aprepitant/","status":"approved"},{"id":"granisetron","kind":"drug","name":"Granisetron","aka":"Granisetron hydrochloride\nGranisetron transdermal system\nGranisetron extended-release injection","tldr":"Granisetron is an anti-sickness medicine for chemotherapy given as a tablet, an injection, a week-long skin patch (Sancuso) or a slow-release injection that lasts several days (Sustol).","tags":"nci-list supportive generic","route":"/drugs/granisetron/","status":"approved"},{"id":"ondansetron","kind":"drug","name":"Ondansetron","aka":"Zuplenz (oral film)","tldr":"Ondansetron (Zofran) was the drug that made cisplatin-type chemotherapy bearable. It blocks the serotonin signal that triggers vomiting and is now a cheap generic tablet, dissolving wafer or injection used across cancer care.","tags":"nci-list supportive generic","route":"/drugs/ondansetron/","status":"approved"},{"id":"palonosetron","kind":"drug","name":"Palonosetron","aka":"Posfrea","tldr":"Palonosetron (Aloxi) is a long-acting anti-sickness injection given once before chemotherapy; a single dose covers both the first day and the delayed nausea that follows.","tags":"nci-list supportive","route":"/drugs/palonosetron/","status":"approved"},{"id":"netupitant-palonosetron","kind":"drug","name":"Netupitant and palonosetron","aka":"NEPA\nFosnetupitant and palonosetron (intravenous)","tldr":"Akynzeo combines two anti-sickness drugs in one capsule or infusion taken once before chemotherapy, so a single dose plus dexamethasone protects against both immediate and delayed vomiting.","tags":"nci-list supportive","route":"/drugs/netupitant-palonosetron/","status":"approved"},{"id":"rolapitant","kind":"drug","name":"Rolapitant","aka":"Varuby","tldr":"Rolapitant (Varubi) is a long-lasting anti-sickness tablet taken once before chemotherapy, alongside a 5-HT3 blocker and dexamethasone, to prevent nausea and vomiting in the days after treatment.","tags":"nci-list supportive","route":"/drugs/rolapitant/","status":"approved"},{"id":"dexrazoxane","kind":"drug","name":"Dexrazoxane","aka":"Cardioxane\nSavene","tldr":"Dexrazoxane protects the heart from the cumulative damage of doxorubicin in women with metastatic breast cancer who need to keep receiving it, and, as Totect, limits tissue destruction when an anthracycline leaks out of a vein.","tags":"nci-list supportive","route":"/drugs/dexrazoxane/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive all-leukemia"},{"id":"mesna","kind":"drug","name":"Mesna","aka":"Uromitexan\nSodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate","tldr":"Mesna is given with the chemotherapy ifosfamide (and high-dose cyclophosphamide) to stop its breakdown products from burning the bladder lining and causing bleeding.","tags":"nci-list supportive generic","route":"/drugs/mesna/","status":"approved"},{"id":"glucarpidase","kind":"drug","name":"Glucarpidase","aka":"Carboxypeptidase G2","tldr":"Glucarpidase (Voraxaze) is a single emergency injection that chops up methotrexate in the blood when a patient's kidneys have failed to clear a high dose, preventing potentially fatal toxicity.","tags":"nci-list supportive","route":"/drugs/glucarpidase/","status":"approved"},{"id":"uridine-triacetate","kind":"drug","name":"Uridine triacetate","aka":"Xuriden (hereditary orotic aciduria formulation)","tldr":"Uridine triacetate (Vistogard) is an oral antidote for fluorouracil or capecitabine overdose, or for dangerously early severe toxicity from these drugs, and must be started within four days of the chemotherapy.","tags":"nci-list supportive","route":"/drugs/uridine-triacetate/","status":"approved"},{"id":"palifermin","kind":"drug","name":"Palifermin","aka":"Recombinant keratinocyte growth factor\nrHuKGF","tldr":"Palifermin (Kepivance) is a growth factor injected for three days before and after high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell rescue to reduce the severe mouth ulcers (mucositis) that this treatment causes in people with blood cancers.","tags":"nci-list supportive","route":"/drugs/palifermin/","status":"approved","cancers":"multiple-myeloma dlbcl hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"rasburicase","kind":"drug","name":"Rasburicase","aka":"Fasturtec\nRecombinant urate oxidase","tldr":"Rasburicase (Elitek) is an enzyme infusion that rapidly dissolves the uric acid released when large numbers of leukaemia or lymphoma cells die at the start of treatment, protecting the kidneys from tumour lysis syndrome.","tags":"nci-list supportive","route":"/drugs/rasburicase/","status":"approved","cancers":"all-leukemia aml dlbcl cll"},{"id":"plerixafor","kind":"drug","name":"Plerixafor","aka":"AMD3100","tldr":"Plerixafor (Mozobil) is an injection given with G-CSF to flush stem cells out of the bone marrow into the blood so that enough can be collected for an autologous transplant in myeloma or lymphoma.","tags":"nci-list supportive","route":"/drugs/plerixafor/","status":"approved","cancers":"multiple-myeloma dlbcl follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"filgrastim","kind":"drug","name":"Filgrastim (G-CSF)","aka":"Zarxio (filgrastim-sndz)\nNivestym (filgrastim-aafi)\nReleuko (filgrastim-ayow)\nGranix (tbo-filgrastim)\nNypozi\nZarzio\nTevagrastim\nRatiograstim\nAccofil\nGrastofil","tldr":"Filgrastim (Neupogen and its biosimilars) is a daily injection that speeds the recovery of infection-fighting white cells after chemotherapy, lets doctors give chemotherapy on schedule and mobilises stem cells for transplant.","tags":"nci-list supportive","route":"/drugs/filgrastim/","status":"approved"},{"id":"pegfilgrastim","kind":"drug","name":"Pegfilgrastim","aka":"Fulphila (pegfilgrastim-jmdb)\nUdenyca (pegfilgrastim-cbqv)\nZiextenzo (pegfilgrastim-bmez)\nNyvepria (pegfilgrastim-apgf)\nFylnetra\nStimufend\nUndencyca\nNeulasta Onpro on-body injector","tldr":"Pegfilgrastim (Neulasta) is a long-acting form of the growth factor G-CSF, given once per chemotherapy cycle to speed white cell recovery and prevent febrile neutropenia; one dose replaces about eleven daily filgrastim injections. Biosimilars have been sold since 2018 and the Onpro on-body injector delivers it automatically the day after chemotherapy; bone pain is the main side effect.","tags":"nci-list supportive","route":"/drugs/pegfilgrastim/","status":"approved"},{"id":"epoetin-alfa","kind":"drug","name":"Epoetin alfa","aka":"Retacrit (epoetin alfa-epbx)\nEprex\nBinocrit\nAbseamed\nErythropoietin\nErythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA)","tldr":"Epoetin alfa is a manufactured version of the kidney hormone that tells the bone marrow to make red blood cells. In cancer it treats anaemia caused by chemotherapy and reduces the need for transfusions, but it is used cautiously because it can shorten survival and cause clots.","tags":"nci-list supportive","route":"/drugs/epoetin-alfa/","status":"approved","cancers":"mds-lower-risk"},{"id":"darbepoetin-alfa","kind":"drug","name":"Darbepoetin alfa","aka":"","tldr":"Darbepoetin alfa (Aranesp) is a longer-acting version of erythropoietin given every one to three weeks to treat anaemia caused by chemotherapy, reducing transfusions but with the same warnings about clots and tumour growth as epoetin.","tags":"nci-list supportive","route":"/drugs/darbepoetin-alfa/","status":"approved"},{"id":"defibrotide","kind":"drug","name":"Defibrotide","aka":"","tldr":"Defibrotide (Defitelio) is the only approved treatment for hepatic veno-occlusive disease, a life-threatening liver complication of high-dose chemotherapy before stem cell transplant, in patients whose kidneys or lungs are also failing.","tags":"nci-list supportive","route":"/drugs/defibrotide/","status":"approved"},{"id":"methylnaltrexone","kind":"drug","name":"Methylnaltrexone","aka":"","tldr":"Methylnaltrexone (Relistor) is an injection or tablet that relieves the severe constipation caused by strong painkillers in people with advanced cancer, without blocking the pain relief itself.","tags":"nci-list supportive","route":"/drugs/methylnaltrexone/","status":"approved"},{"id":"talc-sclerosant","kind":"drug","name":"Talc (intrapleural)","aka":"Talc slurry\nTalc poudrage","tldr":"Sterile talc is puffed or instilled into the chest cavity after fluid is drained to make the lung stick to the chest wall, stopping cancer-related fluid (malignant pleural effusion) from building up again.","tags":"nci-list supportive","route":"/drugs/talc-sclerosant/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc breast-hr-positive mesothelioma ovarian"},{"id":"hpv-bivalent-vaccine","kind":"drug","name":"HPV bivalent vaccine (types 16 and 18)","aka":"","tldr":"Cervarix is a vaccine against HPV types 16 and 18, the two types that cause most cervical cancers, authorised in the EU in 2007 and the US in 2009 after the 18,000-woman PATRICIA trial showed near-complete protection against type-specific precancer. GSK withdrew it from the US in 2016, but it remains WHO-prequalified and used in national programmes, including single-dose schedules.","tags":"nci-list prevention","route":"/drugs/hpv-bivalent-vaccine/","status":"approved","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"hpv-quadrivalent-vaccine","kind":"drug","name":"HPV quadrivalent vaccine (types 6, 11, 16 and 18)","aka":"Silgard","tldr":"Gardasil was the first HPV vaccine, licensed in 2006 to prevent cervical and other genital cancers and genital warts. It has been replaced in most countries by the nine-type version, Gardasil 9.","tags":"nci-list prevention","route":"/drugs/hpv-quadrivalent-vaccine/","status":"approved","cancers":"cervical vulvar anal"},{"id":"mirdametinib","kind":"drug","name":"Mirdametinib","aka":"PD0325901\nPD 0325901\nPD-0325901","tldr":"Mirdametinib (Gomekli in the US, Ezmekly in Europe) is a MEK-blocking capsule or dispersible tablet for adults and children with neurofibromatosis type 1 whose plexiform neurofibromas cannot be removed surgically; it is the first such drug approved for adults.","tags":"ema-list","route":"/drugs/mirdametinib/","status":"approved"},{"id":"catumaxomab","kind":"drug","name":"Catumaxomab","aka":"Removab (2009 to 2017)","tldr":"Catumaxomab (Korjuny) is an antibody infused into the abdominal cavity to control malignant ascites, the build-up of fluid caused by cancers such as ovarian and stomach cancer, in people whose other treatments have stopped working.","tags":"ema-list supportive","route":"/drugs/catumaxomab/","status":"approved","cancers":"ovarian gastric pancreatic colorectal"},{"id":"efbemalenograstim-alfa","kind":"drug","name":"Efbemalenograstim alfa","aka":"F-627","tldr":"Efbemalenograstim alfa (Ryzneuta) is a once-per-cycle white cell booster, an alternative to pegfilgrastim, that reduces the risk of febrile infections after chemotherapy.","tags":"ema-list supportive","route":"/drugs/efbemalenograstim-alfa/","status":"approved"},{"id":"padeliporfin","kind":"drug","name":"Padeliporfin","aka":"WST11\nPadeliporfin di-potassium\nVascular-targeted photodynamic therapy (VTP)","tldr":"Tookad is a light-activated drug for men with low-risk prostate cancer in one side of the prostate. It is infused and then switched on with laser fibres placed in the gland, destroying the cancer-bearing tissue as an alternative to watchful waiting.","tags":"ema-list","route":"/drugs/padeliporfin/","status":"approved","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"telotristat-ethyl","kind":"drug","name":"Telotristat ethyl","aka":"LX1032\nTelotristat etiprate","tldr":"Telotristat ethyl (Xermelo) is a tablet that cuts the serotonin that neuroendocrine tumours pour out, easing the constant diarrhoea of carcinoid syndrome when somatostatin analogue injections are not enough.","tags":"ema-list supportive","route":"/drugs/telotristat-ethyl/","status":"approved","cancers":"neuroendocrine small-intestinal-net"},{"id":"lipegfilgrastim","kind":"drug","name":"Lipegfilgrastim","aka":"","tldr":"Lipegfilgrastim (Lonquex) is a once-per-chemotherapy-cycle white cell booster used in Europe, similar to pegfilgrastim, for adults and children from two years old.","tags":"ema-list supportive","route":"/drugs/lipegfilgrastim/","status":"approved"},{"id":"tegafur-gimeracil-oteracil","kind":"drug","name":"Tegafur, gimeracil and oteracil (S-1)","aka":"S-1\nTS-1","tldr":"Teysuno (S-1) is an oral chemotherapy combining a fluorouracil pro-drug with two protectors. It is a standard in Japan and approved in Europe for stomach cancer with cisplatin and for bowel cancer when other fluoropyrimidines cause hand-foot syndrome or heart problems.","tags":"ema-list","route":"/drugs/tegafur-gimeracil-oteracil/","status":"approved","cancers":"gastric colorectal pancreatic resectable-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"vinflunine","kind":"drug","name":"Vinflunine","aka":"","tldr":"Vinflunine (Javlor) is a chemotherapy infusion used in Europe as a second treatment for advanced bladder cancer after platinum chemotherapy has stopped working.","tags":"ema-list","route":"/drugs/vinflunine/","status":"approved","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"histamine-dihydrochloride","kind":"drug","name":"Histamine dihydrochloride","aka":"","tldr":"Ceplene is a twice-daily injection of histamine given alongside low-dose interleukin-2 as maintenance treatment for adults with acute myeloid leukaemia in first remission, to help immune cells prevent relapse. It is authorised in Europe only.","tags":"ema-list","route":"/drugs/histamine-dihydrochloride/","status":"approved","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"anagrelide","kind":"drug","name":"Anagrelide","aka":"","tldr":"Anagrelide (Agrylin) is a capsule that lowers dangerously high platelet counts in essential thrombocythaemia and other myeloproliferative neoplasms, reducing the risk of clots and bleeding.","tags":"ema-list","route":"/drugs/anagrelide/","status":"approved","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms essential-thrombocythaemia"},{"id":"temoporfin","kind":"drug","name":"Temoporfin","aka":"mTHPC\nmeta-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin","tldr":"Foscan is a light-activated drug used in Europe to shrink advanced head and neck cancers that have failed other treatments and cannot be operated on, irradiated or given chemotherapy, to relieve symptoms.","tags":"ema-list","route":"/drugs/temoporfin/","status":"approved","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"thyrotropin-alfa","kind":"drug","name":"Thyrotropin alfa","aka":"Recombinant human TSH\nrhTSH","tldr":"Thyrogen is an injected version of thyroid-stimulating hormone that lets people with thyroid cancer have radioiodine treatment and follow-up blood tests without stopping their thyroid hormone tablets and suffering weeks of hypothyroidism.","tags":"ema-list supportive","route":"/drugs/thyrotropin-alfa/","status":"approved","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"tasonermin","kind":"drug","name":"Tasonermin","aka":"Recombinant TNF-alpha-1a\nrTNF-alpha","tldr":"Beromun is a recombinant form of the immune protein TNF-alpha, pumped with the chemotherapy melphalan through the isolated blood supply of an arm or leg to shrink soft-tissue sarcomas so that the limb can be saved rather than amputated.","tags":"ema-list","route":"/drugs/tasonermin/","status":"approved","cancers":"sarcoma melanoma"},{"id":"samarium-153-lexidronam","kind":"drug","name":"Samarium-153 lexidronam","aka":"153Sm-EDTMP\nSamarium Sm 153 lexidronam pentasodium","tldr":"Quadramet (samarium-153 lexidronam) is a radioactive bone-seeking injection that lodges in bone metastases and irradiates them from inside, approved in 1997 to relieve pain from prostate, breast and other cancers spread to bone. Most patients get relief within one to two weeks, but marrow suppression follows at three to five weeks, and radium-223 and PSMA radioligands have largely replaced it.","tags":"ema-list supportive","route":"/drugs/samarium-153-lexidronam/","status":"approved","cancers":"prostate breast-hr-positive nsclc"},{"id":"ibandronic-acid","kind":"drug","name":"Ibandronic acid","aka":"Ibandronate\nBoniva (osteoporosis formulation)\nBonviva","tldr":"Ibandronic acid (Bondronat) is a bisphosphonate available in Europe as a monthly infusion or daily tablet to prevent fractures and other bone complications in women with breast cancer that has spread to bone, and to treat cancer-related high calcium.","tags":"ema-list supportive","route":"/drugs/ibandronic-acid/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"dorocubicel","kind":"drug","name":"Dorocubicel (UM171-expanded cord blood)","aka":"UM171 cell therapy\nECT-001","tldr":"Zemcelpro is a laboratory-expanded umbilical cord blood transplant for adults with blood cancers who need a donor stem cell transplant but have no suitable matched donor; expanding the cells lets a single small cord blood unit be enough.","tags":"ema-list","route":"/drugs/dorocubicel/","status":"approved","cancers":"aml all-leukemia mds"},{"id":"mek","kind":"target","name":"MEK1/2","aka":"","tldr":"MEK is the relay in the growth-signal chain that sits just below RAS and RAF. Blocking it starves BRAF- and RAS-driven tumours of their go signal.","tags":"kinase","route":"/targets/mek/","cancers":"melanoma nsclc thyroid colorectal"},{"id":"hdac","kind":"target","name":"Histone deacetylases (HDAC)","aka":"","tldr":"Histone deacetylases tighten the packaging of DNA so that genes are switched off. Drugs that block them loosen the packaging and can wake up genes that make lymphoma cells stop growing or die.","tags":"epigenetic","route":"/targets/hdac/","cancers":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"rxr","kind":"target","name":"Retinoid X receptor (RXR)","aka":"","tldr":"The retinoid X receptor is a switch inside cells that vitamin A-like molecules turn on to change which genes are active; bexarotene uses it to make lymphoma cells in the skin mature and die.","tags":"nuclear-receptor","route":"/targets/rxr/"},{"id":"rankl","kind":"target","name":"RANK ligand (RANKL)","aka":"","tldr":"RANK ligand is the signal that tells bone-dissolving cells to get to work. Cancers in the bone hijack it; denosumab blocks it to prevent fractures and other bone complications.","tags":"bone","route":"/targets/rankl/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"il6","kind":"target","name":"Interleukin-6 and IL-6 receptor","aka":"","tldr":"Interleukin-6 is an inflammation messenger. Blocking it treats Castleman disease, a lymph node disorder, and calms the dangerous immune storm that CAR-T cell therapy can trigger.","tags":"cytokine","route":"/targets/il6/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"cd25","kind":"target","name":"CD25 (IL-2 receptor alpha)","aka":"","tldr":"CD25 is the part of the interleukin-2 receptor found on activated T cells and on some lymphoma cells; denileukin diftitox uses it as a doorway to deliver a toxin.","tags":"surface-antigen","route":"/targets/cd25/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"mtor","kind":"target","name":"mTOR","aka":"","tldr":"mTOR is the cell's master growth controller, deciding whether to build proteins and divide. Rapamycin-like drugs clamp it down in kidney, breast and neuroendocrine cancers and in rare tumours driven by TSC gene loss.","tags":"kinase","route":"/targets/mtor/","cancers":"rcc breast-hr-positive neuroendocrine sarcoma"},{"id":"mki67","kind":"target","name":"Ki-67 (MKI67)","aka":"Ki67\nMIB-1\nmarker of proliferation Ki-67","tldr":"Ki-67 is a protein present only in cells that are dividing, so the share of tumour cells that stain for it is a direct read of how fast the cancer is growing.","tags":"biomarker-parent","route":"/targets/mki67/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive neuroendocrine"},{"id":"mgmt-protein","kind":"target","name":"MGMT (O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase)","aka":"O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase\nAGT\nO6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase","tldr":"MGMT is a DNA repair enzyme that removes the damage temozolomide causes; when the gene is switched off by methylation the tumour cannot repair itself and the drug works better.","tags":"biomarker-parent","route":"/targets/mgmt-protein/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"mycn","kind":"target","name":"MYCN (N-myc)","aka":"N-myc\nNMYC\nbHLHe37","tldr":"MYCN is a growth-driving gene that some neuroblastomas copy many times over; that amplification is one of the strongest signs the tumour is aggressive and sets the intensity of treatment.","tags":"biomarker-parent","route":"/targets/mycn/","cancers":"neuroblastoma neuroblastoma-high-risk"},{"id":"h3-3a","kind":"target","name":"Histone H3.3 (H3-3A)","aka":"H3F3A\nH3.3 histone A\nhistone H3.3","tldr":"H3.3 is one of the histone proteins DNA wraps around; a single change at position 27 (K27M) locks brain-stem and midline gliomas in an immature state and defines the diagnosis.","tags":"biomarker-parent","route":"/targets/h3-3a/","cancers":"dipg-dmg paediatric-high-grade-glioma"},{"id":"fcrh5","kind":"target","name":"FcRH5 (FCRL5)","aka":"FcRH5\nFCRH5\nIRTA2\nCD307e\nFc receptor-like 5","tldr":"FcRH5 is a surface protein found almost only on B cells and myeloma plasma cells, which makes it a target for T-cell engaging antibodies in multiple myeloma.","tags":"biomarker-parent surface-antigen","route":"/targets/fcrh5/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-relapsed-refractory"},{"id":"pten","kind":"target","name":"PTEN","aka":"phosphatase and tensin homolog\nMMAC1\nTEP1","tldr":"PTEN is the brake on the PI3K growth pathway; when a tumour loses it the pathway runs unchecked, which is why PTEN loss now selects patients for the AKT inhibitor capivasertib.","tags":"biomarker-parent tumor-suppressor","route":"/targets/pten/","cancers":"prostate-mhspc breast-hr-positive endometrial glioblastoma tnbc colorectal prostate"},{"id":"mmr","kind":"target","name":"Mismatch repair proteins (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2)","aka":"MMR proteins\nmismatch repair\nMLH1\nMSH2\nMSH6\nPMS2\nLynch syndrome genes","tldr":"The four mismatch repair proteins proofread newly copied DNA; when a tumour loses one of them its DNA fills with small errors, and that state (dMMR or MSI-high) is what lets immunotherapy work across many cancers.","tags":"biomarker-parent","route":"/targets/mmr/","cancers":"colorectal endometrial endometrial-mmr-deficient gastric-msi-high tnbc pancreatic gallbladder"},{"id":"pd-l1-cps","kind":"biomarker","name":"PD-L1 CPS (combined positive score)","aka":"PD-L1 CPS\nCPS\ncombined positive score\nPD-L1 combined positive score\nCPS >= 1\nCPS >= 10\nPD-L1 CPS 1\nPD-L1 CPS 10\nCPS≥1\nCPS≥10","tldr":"CPS counts every PD-L1-stained cell in the tumour, immune cells included, and divides by the number of tumour cells. Pembrolizumab labels use CPS 1 or CPS 10 as the gate in head and neck, stomach, oesophageal, cervical, ovarian and triple-negative breast cancer.","tags":"biomarker pd-l1","route":"/biomarkers/pd-l1-cps/","cancers":"head-and-neck gastric gastric-her2-positive gastric-pdl1-high esophageal oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma cervical tnbc tnbc-metastatic ovarian platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer gallbladder"},{"id":"pd-l1-tps","kind":"biomarker","name":"PD-L1 TPS (tumour proportion score)","aka":"PD-L1 TPS\nTPS\ntumor proportion score\ntumour proportion score\nTPS >= 1%\nTPS >= 50%\nPD-L1 TPS 50\nPD-L1 high\nPD-L1 ≥50%\nTPS≥50%\nTPS≥1%","tldr":"TPS is the share of tumour cells whose membrane stains for PD-L1, ignoring immune cells. In lung cancer it decides whether pembrolizumab or cemiplimab can be given alone: 1 percent opens the door, 50 percent is where single-agent treatment is strongest.","tags":"biomarker pd-l1","route":"/biomarkers/pd-l1-tps/","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer gallbladder"},{"id":"pd-l1-ic-score","kind":"biomarker","name":"PD-L1 IC score (immune-cell score, SP142)","aka":"PD-L1 IC\nIC score\nimmune cell score\ntumor-infiltrating immune cell score\nSP142 IC\nIC >= 1%\nIC >= 5%\nIC >= 10%\nIC≥1%\nIC2/3","tldr":"The IC score measures how much of the tumour area is covered by PD-L1-stained immune cells rather than tumour cells. It belongs to the SP142 assay used with atezolizumab and is read differently from every other PD-L1 score.","tags":"biomarker pd-l1","route":"/biomarkers/pd-l1-ic-score/","cancers":"nsclc urothelial tnbc-metastatic tnbc"},{"id":"pd-l1-tc-score","kind":"biomarker","name":"PD-L1 TC score (tumour-cell score, SP263 and 28-8)","aka":"PD-L1 TC\nTC score\ntumor cell score\ntumour cell score\nTC >= 1%\nTC >= 50%\nPD-L1 >= 1% tumor cells\nSP263 TC\n28-8 TC\nTC≥1%\nTC≥50%","tldr":"The TC score is the percentage of tumour cells staining for PD-L1 on the SP263 or 28-8 assays. Atezolizumab uses 1 percent after lung surgery and 50 percent for first-line treatment alone; nivolumab with ipilimumab uses 1 percent in first-line lung cancer.","tags":"biomarker pd-l1","route":"/biomarkers/pd-l1-tc-score/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"her2-ihc-3-plus","kind":"biomarker","name":"HER2 IHC 3+ (HER2-positive by immunohistochemistry)","aka":"HER2 IHC 3+\nHER2 3+\nIHC 3+\nHER2 overexpression\nHER2-positive IHC\nHER2 protein overexpression","tldr":"IHC 3+ means strong, complete membrane staining for HER2 in more than 10 percent of tumour cells. It is HER2-positive without needing a gene test and is the gate for trastuzumab, its combinations and antibody-drug conjugates in breast, stomach, biliary and, since 2024, any solid tumour.","tags":"biomarker her2","route":"/biomarkers/her2-ihc-3-plus/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive her2-positive-early-breast-cancer gastric-her2-positive biliary-tract-cancer metastatic-cancer colorectal gallbladder"},{"id":"her2-ihc-2-plus","kind":"biomarker","name":"HER2 IHC 2+ (equivocal, reflex to ISH)","aka":"HER2 IHC 2+\nHER2 2+\nIHC 2+\nHER2 equivocal\n2+/ISH\nIHC 2+/ISH-negative\nIHC 2+/ISH+","tldr":"IHC 2+ is the in-between HER2 result: moderate staining that cannot be called positive or negative by eye, so the laboratory runs an ISH gene test. 2+ with amplification is HER2-positive; 2+ without it is HER2-low.","tags":"biomarker her2","route":"/biomarkers/her2-ihc-2-plus/","cancers":"breast-cancer her2-low-metastatic-breast-cancer gastric-her2-positive gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"her2-ihc-1-plus","kind":"biomarker","name":"HER2 IHC 1+","aka":"HER2 IHC 1+\nHER2 1+\nIHC 1+\nHER2 1+ breast cancer","tldr":"IHC 1+ is faint, incomplete HER2 staining. It was called HER2-negative for twenty years; since 2022 it is the larger half of HER2-low, which trastuzumab deruxtecan treats in breast cancer.","tags":"biomarker her2","route":"/biomarkers/her2-ihc-1-plus/","cancers":"breast-cancer her2-low-metastatic-breast-cancer breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"her2-ihc-0","kind":"biomarker","name":"HER2 IHC 0 (HER2-negative, including ultralow)","aka":"HER2 IHC 0\nHER2 0\nIHC 0\nHER2-negative IHC\nHER2 null\nIHC 0 with membrane staining","tldr":"IHC 0 is no HER2 staining, or faint staining in 10 percent or fewer cells. It is HER2-negative, but the label now separates true zero from 'IHC 0 with membrane staining', the ultralow group that trastuzumab deruxtecan can treat in hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer.","tags":"biomarker her2","route":"/biomarkers/her2-ihc-0/","cancers":"breast-cancer her2-low-metastatic-breast-cancer breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"her2-low-ihc","kind":"biomarker","name":"HER2-low (IHC 1+ or IHC 2+/ISH-negative)","aka":"HER2-low breast cancer\nHER2-low readout\nIHC 1+ or 2+/ISH-\nHER2 low expression\nHER2-low (IHC 1+ or IHC 2+/ISH-)","tldr":"HER2-low is not a new stain but a new reading of the old one: 1+ or 2+ without gene amplification. It covers about half of breast cancers and makes them eligible for trastuzumab deruxtecan.","tags":"biomarker her2","route":"/biomarkers/her2-low-ihc/","cancers":"her2-low-metastatic-breast-cancer breast-hr-positive tnbc-metastatic breast-cancer tnbc"},{"id":"her2-ultralow","kind":"biomarker","name":"HER2-ultralow (IHC 0 with membrane staining)","aka":"HER2-ultralow\nHER2 ultralow\nultralow\nIHC 0 with faint staining\nIHC >0 <1+","tldr":"HER2-ultralow is an IHC 0 result with a trace of membrane staining in a few cells. Since 2025, in hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer that has stopped responding to hormone therapy, it is enough for trastuzumab deruxtecan.","tags":"biomarker her2","route":"/biomarkers/her2-ultralow/","cancers":"her2-low-metastatic-breast-cancer breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"her2-ish-amplified","kind":"biomarker","name":"HER2 ISH amplified (ERBB2 gene amplification)","aka":"HER2 ISH+\nHER2 FISH positive\nERBB2 amplification\nHER2 amplified\nHER2/CEP17 ratio >= 2.0\nHER2 gene amplification\nHER2 Dual ISH","tldr":"ISH counts copies of the HER2 gene in each tumour cell. A ratio of 2 or more against the chromosome 17 control, or 6 or more copies per cell, is amplified and HER2-positive whatever the protein stain showed.","tags":"biomarker her2","route":"/biomarkers/her2-ish-amplified/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive gastric-her2-positive her2-positive-early-breast-cancer colorectal gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"her2-mutation","kind":"biomarker","name":"HER2 (ERBB2) activating mutation","aka":"HER2 mutation\nERBB2 mutation\nHER2-mutant NSCLC\nERBB2 exon 20 insertion\nHER2 tyrosine kinase domain mutation\nHER2 YVMA insertion\nHER2 TKD mutation","tldr":"A HER2 mutation is a change in the gene's kinase domain, most often an exon 20 insertion, found in about 2 to 3 percent of lung adenocarcinomas. It is a different thing from HER2 amplification or overexpression, and it selects trastuzumab deruxtecan and, since 2025, zongertinib in lung cancer.","tags":"biomarker her2","route":"/biomarkers/her2-mutation/","cancers":"nsclc gallbladder"},{"id":"er-status","kind":"biomarker","name":"ER status (oestrogen receptor by IHC)","aka":"ER status\nER-positive\nER positive\nER+\nER-negative\nestrogen receptor status\noestrogen receptor status\nER low positive\nER >= 1%\nER 1-10%","tldr":"ER status is whether the tumour's cells carry the oestrogen receptor, read by staining nuclei. One percent or more of stained nuclei is positive and means hormone-blocking treatment can work; 1 to 10 percent is 'low positive' and behaves more like negative.","tags":"biomarker hormone-receptor","route":"/biomarkers/er-status/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-cancer hr-positive-early-high-risk hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46 endometrial"},{"id":"pr-status","kind":"biomarker","name":"PR status (progesterone receptor by IHC)","aka":"PR status\nPR-positive\nPR positive\nPR+\nPgR\nprogesterone receptor status\nPR-negative\nPR >= 1%","tldr":"PR status is read the same way as ER: 1 percent or more of nuclei staining is positive. It is measured alongside ER, adds to prognosis, and a tumour positive for either receptor counts as hormone-receptor-positive.","tags":"biomarker hormone-receptor","route":"/biomarkers/pr-status/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-cancer endometrial"},{"id":"ki-67-index","kind":"biomarker","name":"Ki-67 index (proliferation by IHC)","aka":"Ki-67\nKi67\nKi-67 index\nKi-67 labelling index\nKi-67 score\nMIB-1 index\nKi-67 >= 20%\nKi-67 ≥20%\nproliferation index","tldr":"Ki-67 is the percentage of tumour cells that are dividing. In neuroendocrine tumours it sets the grade; in breast cancer a 20 percent cut-off was briefly a condition of adjuvant abemaciclib, then dropped from the label in 2023.","tags":"biomarker proliferation","route":"/biomarkers/ki-67-index/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-early-high-risk neuroendocrine pancreatic-net lung-net"},{"id":"dmmr-ihc","kind":"biomarker","name":"dMMR (mismatch repair deficiency by IHC)","aka":"dMMR\nMMR-deficient\nmismatch repair deficient\nMMRd\nloss of MLH1\nloss of MSH2\nloss of MSH6\nloss of PMS2\nMMR IHC\nMMR protein loss","tldr":"dMMR means one of the four mismatch repair proteins is missing from the tumour cell nuclei on a stain. It is the tissue-level twin of MSI-high and opens checkpoint immunotherapy in endometrial, bowel and many other cancers.","tags":"biomarker mmr","route":"/biomarkers/dmmr-ihc/","cancers":"endometrial endometrial-mmr-deficient colorectal gastric-msi-high metastatic-cancer tnbc pancreatic msi-high-pdac gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma prostate"},{"id":"msi-high","kind":"biomarker","name":"MSI-high (microsatellite instability by PCR or sequencing)","aka":"MSI-H\nMSI-high\nMSI high\nmicrosatellite instability-high\nmicrosatellite unstable\nMSI status\nMSI-H/dMMR\nMSS\nmicrosatellite stable","tldr":"MSI-high means the tumour's DNA has unstable repeat sequences, the footprint of failed mismatch repair. It is measured by PCR or sequencing, gives the same answer as dMMR in most tumours, and unlocks the same immunotherapies.","tags":"biomarker mmr","route":"/biomarkers/msi-high/","cancers":"colorectal endometrial endometrial-mmr-deficient gastric-msi-high metastatic-cancer tnbc pancreatic msi-high-pdac gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"tmb-high","kind":"biomarker","name":"TMB-high (tumour mutational burden >= 10 mutations per megabase)","aka":"TMB-H\nTMB-high\nTMB high\ntumor mutational burden\ntumour mutational burden\nTMB >= 10 mut/Mb\nTMB ≥10\nTMB-H solid tumors\nbTMB\nblood TMB","tldr":"TMB counts how many mutations a tumour carries per million DNA letters. Ten or more, measured by FoundationOne CDx, allows pembrolizumab for almost any solid tumour after other treatment has failed.","tags":"biomarker genome-wide","route":"/biomarkers/tmb-high/","cancers":"metastatic-cancer nsclc melanoma urothelial tnbc tnbc-metastatic pancreatic colorectal gallbladder"},{"id":"brca-germline","kind":"biomarker","name":"Germline BRCA1/2 pathogenic variant (gBRCAm)","aka":"gBRCA\ngBRCAm\ngermline BRCA\ngermline BRCA1\ngermline BRCA2\nBRCA carrier\ninherited BRCA mutation\ndeleterious germline BRCA mutation","tldr":"A germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 variant is inherited and present in every cell, found by a blood test. It selects PARP inhibitors in breast, ovarian, pancreatic and prostate cancer and tells relatives they may carry it too.","tags":"biomarker brca","route":"/biomarkers/brca-germline/","cancers":"breast-cancer tnbc breast-hr-positive ovarian high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer pancreatic prostate-mcrpc tnbc-early tnbc-metastatic brca-palb2-pdac metastatic-pdac prostate"},{"id":"brca-somatic","kind":"biomarker","name":"Tumour (somatic or germline) BRCA1/2 mutation and HRR gene alterations","aka":"somatic BRCA\nsBRCA\ntumor BRCA\ntBRCA\nBRCAm\nBRCA-mutated\nHRR gene mutation\nHRRm\nhomologous recombination repair gene alteration\nATM mutation\nPALB2 mutation","tldr":"Tumour BRCA testing finds BRCA1/2 mutations in the cancer itself, whether inherited or acquired; wider panels add other repair genes such as ATM and PALB2. Ovarian and prostate cancer labels accept the tumour result for PARP inhibitors.","tags":"biomarker brca","route":"/biomarkers/brca-somatic/","cancers":"ovarian high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer platinum-sensitive-ovarian-cancer prostate-mcrpc tnbc pancreatic brca-palb2-pdac prostate"},{"id":"hrd-positive","kind":"biomarker","name":"HRD-positive (genomic instability score)","aka":"HRD\nHRD-positive\nHRD positive\nhomologous recombination deficiency\ngenomic instability score\nGIS\nGIS >= 42\nmyChoice HRD\nHRD score\ngenomic scar","tldr":"HRD-positive means the tumour's genome carries the scars of failed double-strand break repair (or a BRCA mutation), measured as a genomic instability score. In ovarian cancer it selects niraparib, and olaparib with bevacizumab, as first-line maintenance.","tags":"biomarker brca genome-wide","route":"/biomarkers/hrd-positive/","cancers":"ovarian high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer tnbc tnbc-early pancreatic brca-palb2-pdac"},{"id":"egfr-exon-19-deletion","kind":"biomarker","name":"EGFR exon 19 deletion","aka":"EGFR ex19del\nexon 19 deletion\nEGFR del19\nE746_A750del\nEGFR exon 19 del\nclassical EGFR mutation","tldr":"An exon 19 deletion removes a few amino acids from the EGFR kinase and leaves it switched on. With L858R it makes up about 85 percent of EGFR-mutant lung cancer and is the classic gate for osimertinib and the other EGFR inhibitors.","tags":"biomarker egfr","route":"/biomarkers/egfr-exon-19-deletion/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"egfr-l858r","kind":"biomarker","name":"EGFR L858R","aka":"L858R\nEGFR exon 21 L858R\nexon 21 substitution\nEGFR L858R mutation\np.L858R","tldr":"L858R is a single letter change in exon 21 of EGFR that keeps the kinase active. It is the second commonest sensitising mutation and shares every EGFR inhibitor label with the exon 19 deletion.","tags":"biomarker egfr","route":"/biomarkers/egfr-l858r/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"egfr-t790m","kind":"biomarker","name":"EGFR T790M","aka":"T790M\nEGFR T790M mutation\ngatekeeper mutation EGFR\nEGFR exon 20 T790M","tldr":"T790M is the gatekeeper mutation that lung cancers acquire to escape first- and second-generation EGFR inhibitors. Finding it, in tissue or blood, is the historic gate for osimertinib after an earlier EGFR drug.","tags":"biomarker egfr resistance","route":"/biomarkers/egfr-t790m/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"egfr-exon-20-insertion","kind":"biomarker","name":"EGFR exon 20 insertion","aka":"EGFR ex20ins\nexon 20 insertion\nEGFR exon 20 insertion mutation\nEGFR ex20ins NSCLC","tldr":"Exon 20 insertions add amino acids after the C-helix of EGFR and make the kinase resistant to the usual EGFR tablets. They account for about a tenth of EGFR mutations and have their own drugs: amivantamab with chemotherapy and sunvozertinib.","tags":"biomarker egfr","route":"/biomarkers/egfr-exon-20-insertion/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"kras-g12c","kind":"biomarker","name":"KRAS G12C","aka":"KRAS G12C\nG12C\nKRAS p.G12C\nKRAS c.34G>T\nKRAS G12C-mutated","tldr":"KRAS G12C swaps glycine 12 for cysteine and was the first KRAS mutation a drug could grip. Sotorasib and adagrasib are approved for it in lung cancer, and with an EGFR antibody in bowel cancer.","tags":"biomarker kras","route":"/biomarkers/kras-g12c/","cancers":"nsclc colorectal pancreatic kras-g12c-pdac metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"ras-wild-type","kind":"biomarker","name":"RAS wild-type (extended KRAS and NRAS testing)","aka":"RAS wild-type\nRAS wild type\nKRAS wild-type\nKRAS wild type\nwild-type RAS\nextended RAS\nextended RAS testing\nRAS/BRAF wild-type\npan-RAS wild-type\nRAS-WT","tldr":"RAS wild-type is the absence of a mutation, and it is the result that decides whether the EGFR antibodies cetuximab and panitumumab can be given in bowel cancer. Extended testing means KRAS and NRAS exons 2, 3 and 4, not just codons 12 and 13.","tags":"biomarker kras negative-selector","route":"/biomarkers/ras-wild-type/","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer colon-cancer her2-amplified-colorectal braf-v600e-colorectal"},{"id":"kras-g12d","kind":"biomarker","name":"KRAS G12D (and other non-G12C KRAS mutations)","aka":"KRAS G12D\nG12D\nKRAS G12V\nKRAS G13D\nKRAS mutant\nKRAS codon 12 mutation","tldr":"G12D is the commonest KRAS mutation, especially in pancreatic cancer, and has no approved drug yet. In bowel cancer any KRAS or NRAS mutation is a reason not to give EGFR antibodies, which is where the approvals sit.","tags":"biomarker kras","route":"/biomarkers/kras-g12d/","cancers":"pancreatic colorectal nsclc metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"braf-v600e","kind":"biomarker","name":"BRAF V600E (and V600K)","aka":"BRAF V600E\nV600E\nBRAF V600\nBRAF V600K\nBRAF-mutant\nBRAF class I mutation\nBRAF V600E-mutant","tldr":"V600E is the BRAF change that drives half of melanomas and many thyroid, bowel, lung and brain tumours. BRAF plus MEK inhibitors are approved for it in melanoma, lung, thyroid and, tumour-agnostically, any solid tumour; in bowel cancer it is treated with encorafenib and cetuximab.","tags":"biomarker braf","route":"/biomarkers/braf-v600e/","cancers":"melanoma advanced-melanoma colorectal nsclc thyroid anaplastic-thyroid-cancer paediatric-low-grade-glioma metastatic-cancer gallbladder"},{"id":"braf-class-ii-iii","kind":"biomarker","name":"BRAF class II and class III mutations (non-V600)","aka":"BRAF class II\nBRAF class III\nnon-V600 BRAF\nBRAF K601E\nBRAF G469A\nBRAF D594G\natypical BRAF mutation\nBRAF non-V600E","tldr":"Class II and III BRAF mutations sit outside codon 600 and signal as pairs (class II) or by leaning on RAS (class III). Approved BRAF inhibitors do not work on them, and no drug is yet approved for them; pan-RAF inhibitors are in trials.","tags":"biomarker braf no-approval","route":"/biomarkers/braf-class-ii-iii/","cancers":"melanoma nsclc colorectal thyroid"},{"id":"braf-fusion","kind":"biomarker","name":"BRAF fusion or rearrangement","aka":"BRAF fusion\nKIAA1549-BRAF\nKIAA1549::BRAF\nBRAF rearrangement\nBRAF-fused glioma","tldr":"A BRAF fusion joins another gene to the BRAF kinase, most often KIAA1549 in paediatric low-grade glioma. Tovorafenib is approved for children whose relapsed low-grade glioma carries a BRAF fusion or V600 mutation.","tags":"biomarker braf","route":"/biomarkers/braf-fusion/","cancers":"paediatric-low-grade-glioma melanoma"},{"id":"alk-fusion","kind":"biomarker","name":"ALK fusion (ALK-positive)","aka":"ALK fusion\nALK rearrangement\nALK-positive\nALK+\nEML4-ALK\nEML4::ALK\nALK translocation\nALK gene rearrangement","tldr":"An ALK fusion, usually EML4::ALK, is a swapped piece of chromosome 2 that turns the ALK kinase on permanently in about 4 percent of lung adenocarcinomas. Seven ALK inhibitors are approved for it, including alectinib after surgery.","tags":"biomarker fusion","route":"/biomarkers/alk-fusion/","cancers":"nsclc pancreatic kras-wild-type-pdac"},{"id":"ros1-fusion","kind":"biomarker","name":"ROS1 fusion (ROS1-positive)","aka":"ROS1 fusion\nROS1 rearrangement\nROS1-positive\nROS1+\nCD74-ROS1\nCD74::ROS1","tldr":"A ROS1 fusion drives about 1 to 2 percent of lung adenocarcinomas and behaves much like ALK. Crizotinib, entrectinib, repotrectinib and taletrectinib are approved for it.","tags":"biomarker fusion","route":"/biomarkers/ros1-fusion/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"ret-fusion","kind":"biomarker","name":"RET fusion and RET mutation","aka":"RET fusion\nRET rearrangement\nRET fusion-positive\nKIF5B-RET\nKIF5B::RET\nCCDC6-RET\nRET mutation\nRET M918T\nRET-mutant medullary thyroid cancer\nRET-altered","tldr":"RET fusions drive 1 to 2 percent of lung cancers and some thyroid cancers; RET point mutations drive medullary thyroid cancer. Selpercatinib is approved for RET fusions in any solid tumour and for RET-mutant medullary thyroid cancer; pralsetinib for RET fusion lung cancer.","tags":"biomarker fusion","route":"/biomarkers/ret-fusion/","cancers":"nsclc thyroid medullary-thyroid-cancer papillary-thyroid-cancer metastatic-cancer colorectal"},{"id":"ntrk-fusion","kind":"biomarker","name":"NTRK1/2/3 gene fusion","aka":"NTRK fusion\nNTRK gene fusion\nTRK fusion\nNTRK1 fusion\nNTRK2 fusion\nNTRK3 fusion\nETV6-NTRK3\nETV6::NTRK3\nTRK fusion cancer\nNTRK","tldr":"An NTRK fusion joins one of three TRK kinase genes to a partner and drives cancers from infant fibrosarcoma to salivary and thyroid tumours, rare in common cancers but near-universal in a few rare ones. Larotrectinib, entrectinib and repotrectinib are approved for it regardless of tumour type.","tags":"biomarker fusion","route":"/biomarkers/ntrk-fusion/","cancers":"metastatic-cancer sarcoma thyroid salivary-gland colorectal nsclc pancreatic kras-wild-type-pdac gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"nrg1-fusion","kind":"biomarker","name":"NRG1 gene fusion","aka":"NRG1 fusion\nneuregulin 1 fusion\nNRG1 gene rearrangement\nCD74-NRG1\nCD74::NRG1\nSLC3A2-NRG1\nNRG1-rearranged\nNRG1+","tldr":"A rare fusion that joins the neuregulin 1 gene to a partner, leaving the HER3 ligand stuck on the cell surface where it switches HER3 on continuously. It is found in a small percentage of lung adenocarcinomas, particularly invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma in people who have never smoked, and in pancreatic and biliary cancers, and zenocutuzumab is approved for it.","tags":"biomarker fusion","route":"/biomarkers/nrg1-fusion/","cancers":"nsclc pancreatic cholangiocarcinoma invasive-mucinous-adenocarcinoma-lung lung-cancer"},{"id":"met-ex14","kind":"biomarker","name":"MET exon 14 skipping mutation","aka":"METex14\nMET exon 14 skipping\nMET ex14\nMETΔex14\nMET exon 14 alteration\nMET splice site mutation","tldr":"MET exon 14 skipping is a splice-site change that lets the MET receptor escape degradation and keep signalling. It is found in 3 to 4 percent of lung cancers and is treated with capmatinib or tepotinib.","tags":"biomarker met","route":"/biomarkers/met-ex14/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"met-amplification-readout","kind":"biomarker","name":"MET amplification (gene copy number)","aka":"MET amplification\nMET amp\nMET copy number gain\nMET/CEP7 ratio\nhigh-level MET amplification\nMET GCN >= 10","tldr":"MET amplification means extra copies of the MET gene, either as a primary driver in a few lung cancers or as the escape route after EGFR inhibitors. No label yet selects on it; trials define it by FISH ratio or copy number.","tags":"biomarker met no-approval","route":"/biomarkers/met-amplification-readout/","cancers":"nsclc gastric"},{"id":"met-overexpression","kind":"biomarker","name":"c-Met protein overexpression (IHC 3+ in >= 50% of tumour cells)","aka":"c-Met overexpression\nMET overexpression\nc-Met high\nMET IHC 3+\nc-Met protein overexpression\nMET SP44\nc-Met-high NSCLC","tldr":"c-Met overexpression is a stain, not a gene change: strong (3+) membrane staining in at least half of tumour cells. It selects telisotuzumab vedotin, an antibody-drug conjugate, in previously treated non-squamous lung cancer.","tags":"biomarker met","route":"/biomarkers/met-overexpression/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"fgfr2-fusion-rearrangement","kind":"biomarker","name":"FGFR2 fusion or rearrangement","aka":"FGFR2 fusion\nFGFR2 rearrangement\nFGFR2-BICC1\nFGFR2::BICC1\nFGFR2 fusion-positive cholangiocarcinoma\nFGFR2 alteration","tldr":"FGFR2 fusions occur in 10 to 15 percent of intrahepatic bile duct cancers and almost nowhere else. Pemigatinib and futibatinib are approved for them after a first chemotherapy.","tags":"biomarker fgfr","route":"/biomarkers/fgfr2-fusion-rearrangement/","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"fgfr3-alteration","kind":"biomarker","name":"FGFR3 alteration (mutation or fusion)","aka":"FGFR3 mutation\nFGFR3 fusion\nFGFR3-TACC3\nFGFR3::TACC3\nFGFR3 S249C\nFGFR3 R248C\nFGFR3 Y373C\nsusceptible FGFR3 genetic alterations\nFGFR alteration bladder","tldr":"FGFR3 point mutations and TACC3 fusions drive about 15 to 20 percent of advanced bladder cancers. Erdafitinib is approved for tumours with these 'susceptible' alterations after one prior treatment.","tags":"biomarker fgfr","route":"/biomarkers/fgfr3-alteration/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"idh1-r132","kind":"biomarker","name":"IDH1 R132 mutation","aka":"IDH1 R132H\nIDH1 R132C\nIDH1 mutation\nIDH1-mutant\nIDH1 R132\nmIDH1\nsusceptible IDH1 mutation","tldr":"IDH1 R132 mutations turn a metabolic enzyme into a producer of the oncometabolite 2-HG. They define lower-grade gliomas and occur in acute myeloid leukaemia and bile duct cancer, each with an approved IDH1 inhibitor.","tags":"biomarker idh","route":"/biomarkers/idh1-r132/","cancers":"aml aml-idh cholangiocarcinoma glioblastoma idh-mutant-astrocytoma oligodendroglioma mds"},{"id":"idh2-mutation","kind":"biomarker","name":"IDH2 mutation (R140 and R172)","aka":"IDH2 R140Q\nIDH2 R172K\nIDH2 mutation\nIDH2-mutant\nmIDH2","tldr":"IDH2 mutations at codons 140 and 172 do the same job as IDH1 R132, producing 2-HG. Enasidenib is approved for relapsed AML with them, and vorasidenib for grade 2 gliomas with either IDH gene mutated.","tags":"biomarker idh","route":"/biomarkers/idh2-mutation/","cancers":"aml aml-idh idh-mutant-astrocytoma oligodendroglioma"},{"id":"flt3-itd","kind":"biomarker","name":"FLT3-ITD (internal tandem duplication)","aka":"FLT3-ITD\nFLT3 ITD\nFLT3 internal tandem duplication\nFLT3-ITD positive\nFLT3-ITD allelic ratio\nITD-positive AML","tldr":"FLT3-ITD is a duplicated stretch of the FLT3 receptor gene found in about a quarter of acute myeloid leukaemias; it makes relapse more likely and is treated with midostaurin, quizartinib or gilteritinib.","tags":"biomarker flt3","route":"/biomarkers/flt3-itd/","cancers":"aml aml-flt3"},{"id":"flt3-tkd","kind":"biomarker","name":"FLT3-TKD (D835 and I836 tyrosine kinase domain mutations)","aka":"FLT3-TKD\nFLT3 TKD\nFLT3 D835\nFLT3 D835Y\nFLT3 I836\nFLT3 tyrosine kinase domain mutation","tldr":"FLT3-TKD mutations are point changes in the kinase's activation loop, found in about 7 percent of acute myeloid leukaemias. Midostaurin and gilteritinib labels cover them; quizartinib's does not.","tags":"biomarker flt3","route":"/biomarkers/flt3-tkd/","cancers":"aml aml-flt3"},{"id":"npm1-mutation","kind":"biomarker","name":"NPM1 mutation","aka":"NPM1 mutation\nNPM1-mutated AML\nNPM1c\nmutated NPM1\nNPM1 type A\nNPM1mut","tldr":"NPM1 mutations, found in about a third of adult acute myeloid leukaemias, misplace the nucleophosmin protein into the cytoplasm. They mean a better outlook without FLT3-ITD, a sensitive MRD marker, and since 2025 a targeted menin inhibitor.","tags":"biomarker aml","route":"/biomarkers/npm1-mutation/","cancers":"aml aml-npm1-kmt2a"},{"id":"kit-d816v","kind":"biomarker","name":"KIT D816V","aka":"KIT D816V\nD816V\nc-KIT D816V\nKIT exon 17 mutation\nKIT D816V mastocytosis","tldr":"KIT D816V is the mutation behind almost every case of systemic mastocytosis. It makes the disease resistant to imatinib, and it is detected by a highly sensitive blood PCR; avapritinib treats the disease whether or not the mutation is confirmed.","tags":"biomarker kit","route":"/biomarkers/kit-d816v/","cancers":"systemic-mastocytosis aml gist"},{"id":"pdgfra-exon-18-d842v","kind":"biomarker","name":"PDGFRA exon 18 mutation (D842V)","aka":"PDGFRA D842V\nD842V\nPDGFRA exon 18\nPDGFRA exon 18 mutation\nPDGFRA-mutant GIST","tldr":"PDGFRA D842V drives about 5 percent of gastrointestinal stromal tumours and is resistant to imatinib. Avapritinib is the approved drug for GISTs with PDGFRA exon 18 mutations including D842V.","tags":"biomarker gist","route":"/biomarkers/pdgfra-exon-18-d842v/","cancers":"gist gist-pdgfra-d842v"},{"id":"bcr-abl1-transcript","kind":"biomarker","name":"BCR::ABL1 transcript (Philadelphia chromosome, quantitative PCR)","aka":"BCR-ABL1\nBCR::ABL1\nBCR-ABL\nPhiladelphia chromosome positive\nPh+\nPh-positive\nBCR-ABL1 IS\nBCR-ABL1 international scale\nMMR\nMR4\nMR4.5\nmajor molecular response","tldr":"The BCR::ABL1 fusion is the Philadelphia chromosome that defines chronic myeloid leukaemia and some acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Its transcript level in blood, on the international scale, is how response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors is measured and when treatment can be stopped.","tags":"biomarker cml","route":"/biomarkers/bcr-abl1-transcript/","cancers":"cml cml-chronic-phase cml-advanced-phase all-leukemia all-paediatric-ph-positive"},{"id":"bcr-abl1-t315i","kind":"biomarker","name":"BCR::ABL1 T315I","aka":"T315I\nBCR-ABL T315I\nABL1 T315I\nT315I mutation\ngatekeeper mutation CML","tldr":"T315I is the gatekeeper mutation in the ABL1 kinase that defeats imatinib, dasatinib, nilotinib and bosutinib. Ponatinib and asciminib are the two drugs approved for it.","tags":"biomarker cml resistance","route":"/biomarkers/bcr-abl1-t315i/","cancers":"cml cml-chronic-phase cml-advanced-phase all-leukemia"},{"id":"pik3ca-hotspot-mutation","kind":"biomarker","name":"PIK3CA mutation","aka":"PIK3CA mutation\nPIK3CA-mutated\nPIK3CA H1047R\nPIK3CA E545K\nPIK3CA E542K\nPIK3CA hotspot\nPI3K mutation breast cancer","tldr":"PIK3CA mutations in the helical and kinase domains are found in about 40 percent of hormone-receptor-positive breast cancers. Alpelisib, inavolisib and capivasertib are approved for tumours that carry them.","tags":"biomarker pi3k","route":"/biomarkers/pik3ca-hotspot-mutation/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46 endometrial tnbc colorectal nsclc"},{"id":"akt1-e17k","kind":"biomarker","name":"AKT1 E17K mutation","aka":"AKT1 E17K\nAKT1 mutation\nE17K\nAKT1-mutant","tldr":"AKT1 E17K is a single hotspot mutation, in about 3 to 5 percent of hormone-receptor-positive breast cancers, that switches on the AKT kinase directly. It is one of the three alterations that qualify a patient for capivasertib.","tags":"biomarker pi3k","route":"/biomarkers/akt1-e17k/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive endometrial tnbc"},{"id":"pten-alteration","kind":"biomarker","name":"PTEN alteration (sequencing) and PTEN loss (IHC)","aka":"PTEN loss\nPTEN deficiency\nPTEN-deficient\nPTEN alteration\nPTEN deletion\nPTEN mutation\nPTEN IHC loss\nPTEN null","tldr":"PTEN can be lost by mutation or deletion (read by sequencing) or as absent protein on a stain. Both readouts select capivasertib: alterations in breast cancer, and protein deficiency in metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer.","tags":"biomarker pi3k","route":"/biomarkers/pten-alteration/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate-mhspc prostate endometrial glioblastoma tnbc tnbc-metastatic prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"esr1-mutation-ctdna","kind":"biomarker","name":"ESR1 mutation (ligand-binding domain, usually in ctDNA)","aka":"ESR1 mutation\nESR1-mutated\nESR1 Y537S\nESR1 D538G\nESR1m\nESR1 mutant breast cancer\nacquired ESR1 mutation","tldr":"ESR1 mutations arise in the oestrogen receptor's ligand-binding domain after aromatase inhibitor treatment, letting the receptor work without oestrogen. They are usually found in a blood test and select the oral SERDs elacestrant and imlunestrant.","tags":"biomarker hormone-receptor resistance","route":"/biomarkers/esr1-mutation-ctdna/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46"},{"id":"ar-v7-splice-variant","kind":"biomarker","name":"AR-V7 splice variant","aka":"AR-V7\nAR-V7 positive\nandrogen receptor splice variant 7\nAR-V7 CTC\nnuclear AR-V7","tldr":"AR-V7 is a shortened androgen receptor that lacks the part hormone drugs bind, so it stays active without testosterone. Found in circulating tumour cells, it predicts poor response to abiraterone and enzalutamide, but no label uses it yet.","tags":"biomarker prostate no-approval","route":"/biomarkers/ar-v7-splice-variant/","cancers":"prostate-mcrpc prostate"},{"id":"psma-pet-expression","kind":"biomarker","name":"PSMA expression by PET (PSMA-positive)","aka":"PSMA PET positive\nPSMA-positive\nPSMA expression\nPSMA PET\nGa-68 PSMA-11 uptake\npiflufolastat PET\nPSMA-avid\nPSMA uptake greater than liver","tldr":"PSMA-positive means prostate cancer deposits light up on a PSMA PET scan more than the liver does. It is the entry ticket for lutetium-177 PSMA therapy and the basis of the imaging that now stages most advanced prostate cancer.","tags":"biomarker pet","route":"/biomarkers/psma-pet-expression/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc prostate-mhspc prostate-bcr"},{"id":"sstr-pet-expression","kind":"biomarker","name":"Somatostatin receptor expression by PET (SSTR-positive)","aka":"SSTR PET positive\nsomatostatin receptor-positive\nSSTR-positive\nDOTATATE PET positive\nKrenning score\nSSTR2 expression\noctreoscan positive","tldr":"Somatostatin receptor-positive means a neuroendocrine tumour takes up a DOTATATE tracer on PET. It is the requirement for lutetium-177 dotatate and the marker that predicts response to octreotide and lanreotide.","tags":"biomarker pet","route":"/biomarkers/sstr-pet-expression/","cancers":"neuroendocrine pancreatic-net lung-net"},{"id":"cd19-expression","kind":"biomarker","name":"CD19 expression (CD19-positive)","aka":"CD19-positive\nCD19+\nCD19 expression\nCD19 positive B-ALL\nCD19 loss\nCD19-negative relapse","tldr":"CD19 is the B-cell surface protein that blinatumomab, CAR-T cells and several antibodies aim at. Blinatumomab's label requires CD19-positive leukaemia; the CAR-T labels assume it, and losing CD19 is the commonest way the disease escapes.","tags":"biomarker surface-antigen","route":"/biomarkers/cd19-expression/","cancers":"all-leukemia all-paediatric-relapsed dlbcl follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"cd20-expression","kind":"biomarker","name":"CD20 expression (CD20-positive)","aka":"CD20-positive\nCD20+\nCD20 expression\nCD20 positive lymphoma\nCD20 loss","tldr":"CD20 is the B-cell antigen rituximab made famous. Rituximab and obinutuzumab labels are written for CD20-positive lymphoma and leukaemia; the newer CD20 x CD3 bispecifics assume it.","tags":"biomarker surface-antigen","route":"/biomarkers/cd20-expression/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl follicular-lymphoma cll mantle-cell-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma"},{"id":"cd22-expression","kind":"biomarker","name":"CD22 expression (CD22-positive)","aka":"CD22-positive\nCD22+\nCD22 expression\nCD22 positive ALL","tldr":"CD22 is a second B-cell antigen, kept even when CD19 is lost. Inotuzumab ozogamicin is labelled for CD22-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.","tags":"biomarker surface-antigen","route":"/biomarkers/cd22-expression/","cancers":"all-leukemia all-paediatric-relapsed non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl"},{"id":"cd30-expression","kind":"biomarker","name":"CD30 expression (CD30-positive)","aka":"CD30-positive\nCD30+\nCD30 expression\nCD30-expressing\nCD30 IHC","tldr":"CD30 is the antigen of Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cells and anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Brentuximab vedotin is labelled for Hodgkin lymphoma without a CD30 test and for peripheral T-cell lymphomas that express it.","tags":"biomarker surface-antigen","route":"/biomarkers/cd30-expression/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"cd33-expression","kind":"biomarker","name":"CD33 expression (CD33-positive)","aka":"CD33-positive\nCD33+\nCD33 expression\nCD33 positive AML","tldr":"CD33 is a myeloid antigen on the blasts of about 90 percent of acute myeloid leukaemias. Gemtuzumab ozogamicin's label requires CD33-positive disease.","tags":"biomarker surface-antigen","route":"/biomarkers/cd33-expression/","cancers":"aml aml-paediatric"},{"id":"cd38-expression","kind":"biomarker","name":"CD38 expression","aka":"CD38\nCD38-positive\nCD38 expression myeloma","tldr":"CD38 is on almost every myeloma cell, so daratumumab and isatuximab are given without testing for it. The stain matters afterwards: CD38 falls after treatment and can confuse flow cytometry and blood typing.","tags":"biomarker surface-antigen no-threshold","route":"/biomarkers/cd38-expression/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-transplant-eligible myeloma-transplant-ineligible myeloma-relapsed-refractory non-hodgkin-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"bcma-expression","kind":"biomarker","name":"BCMA expression","aka":"BCMA\nBCMA-positive\nB-cell maturation antigen expression\nTNFRSF17 expression\nsoluble BCMA","tldr":"BCMA is the plasma-cell antigen behind the myeloma bispecifics and CAR-T cells. None of their labels requires a BCMA test; expression is near-universal, and loss through BCMA gene deletion is a documented escape route.","tags":"biomarker surface-antigen no-threshold","route":"/biomarkers/bcma-expression/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-relapsed-refractory"},{"id":"gprc5d-expression","kind":"biomarker","name":"GPRC5D expression","aka":"GPRC5D\nGPRC5D-positive\nGPRC5D expression myeloma","tldr":"GPRC5D is a receptor on myeloma cells and in hair follicles, nails and taste buds. Talquetamab targets it without any test, and the side effects on skin, nails and taste follow from where it is expressed.","tags":"biomarker surface-antigen no-threshold","route":"/biomarkers/gprc5d-expression/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-relapsed-refractory"},{"id":"fcrh5-expression","kind":"biomarker","name":"FcRH5 expression","aka":"FcRH5\nFCRL5 expression\nFcRH5-positive","tldr":"FcRH5 is a third myeloma surface target after BCMA and GPRC5D. Cevostamab, the FcRH5 x CD3 bispecific, is in phase 3; no approval or threshold exists yet.","tags":"biomarker surface-antigen no-threshold","route":"/biomarkers/fcrh5-expression/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-relapsed-refractory"},{"id":"cldn18-2-expression","kind":"biomarker","name":"Claudin 18.2 expression (>= 75% of tumour cells, moderate to strong)","aka":"CLDN18.2\nClaudin 18.2 positive\nCLDN18.2-positive\nclaudin 18.2 expression\nCLDN18 IHC\nCLDN18.2 >= 75%","tldr":"Claudin 18.2 is a tight-junction protein exposed on stomach cancer cells. Zolbetuximab requires at least 75 percent of tumour cells to stain moderately or strongly, the strictest expression threshold in any current label.","tags":"biomarker surface-antigen","route":"/biomarkers/cldn18-2-expression/","cancers":"gastric gastric-cldn18-2-positive pancreatic"},{"id":"folr1-expression","kind":"biomarker","name":"Folate receptor alpha expression (FRα-positive, PS2+ >= 75%)","aka":"FRα\nFRa\nfolate receptor alpha positive\nFOLR1 expression\nFRα-positive\nPS2+ >= 75%\nFOLR1 IHC","tldr":"Folate receptor alpha is a surface protein on most high-grade serous ovarian cancers. Mirvetuximab soravtansine requires FRα-positive disease, scored as at least 75 percent of cells with moderate or strong staining on the Ventana FOLR1 assay.","tags":"biomarker surface-antigen","route":"/biomarkers/folr1-expression/","cancers":"ovarian platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer endometrial"},{"id":"trop2-expression","kind":"biomarker","name":"TROP2 expression","aka":"TROP2\nTROP-2\nTrop-2 expression\nTACSTD2 expression\nTROP2 QCS\nTROP2 normalised membrane ratio","tldr":"TROP2 is on the surface of most breast and lung cancers. Sacituzumab govitecan and datopotamab deruxtecan are given without measuring it; a computational TROP2 score is being tested as a selector in lung cancer.","tags":"biomarker surface-antigen no-threshold","route":"/biomarkers/trop2-expression/","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-metastatic breast-hr-positive urothelial nsclc"},{"id":"nectin-4-expression","kind":"biomarker","name":"Nectin-4 expression","aka":"Nectin-4\nNECTIN4 expression\nNectin-4 positive\nNectin-4 H-score","tldr":"Nectin-4 is expressed by almost every urothelial cancer, so enfortumab vedotin is given without a test. Nectin-4 amplification is being studied as a marker of especially strong response.","tags":"biomarker surface-antigen no-threshold","route":"/biomarkers/nectin-4-expression/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"her3-expression","kind":"biomarker","name":"HER3 expression","aka":"HER3\nERBB3 expression\nHER3-positive\nHER3 IHC","tldr":"HER3 is a signalling partner of EGFR and HER2 present on most lung and breast cancers. Patritumab deruxtecan was studied in EGFR-mutant lung cancer without a HER3 threshold, and no approval exists.","tags":"biomarker surface-antigen no-threshold","route":"/biomarkers/her3-expression/","cancers":"nsclc breast-cancer"},{"id":"b7-h3-expression","kind":"biomarker","name":"B7-H3 (CD276) expression","aka":"B7-H3\nCD276 expression\nB7-H3 positive","tldr":"B7-H3 is an immune checkpoint protein overexpressed on small-cell lung, prostate and many solid tumours. Ifinatamab deruxtecan is in phase 3 for small-cell lung cancer without an expression cut-off; nothing is approved.","tags":"biomarker surface-antigen no-threshold","route":"/biomarkers/b7-h3-expression/","cancers":"sclc extensive-stage-sclc prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"dll3-expression","kind":"biomarker","name":"DLL3 expression","aka":"DLL3\nDLL3-positive\ndelta-like ligand 3 expression\nDLL3 IHC","tldr":"DLL3 sits on the surface of about 85 percent of small-cell lung cancers and almost no normal adult tissue. Tarlatamab is given without a DLL3 test.","tags":"biomarker surface-antigen no-threshold","route":"/biomarkers/dll3-expression/","cancers":"sclc extensive-stage-sclc prostate-nepc"},{"id":"tissue-factor-expression","kind":"biomarker","name":"Tissue factor expression","aka":"tissue factor\nTF expression\nF3 expression\ntissue factor positive","tldr":"Tissue factor, the clotting trigger, is overexpressed on cervical and several other cancers. Tisotumab vedotin is labelled for cervical cancer without a tissue factor test.","tags":"biomarker surface-antigen no-threshold","route":"/biomarkers/tissue-factor-expression/","cancers":"cervical recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer"},{"id":"ceacam5-expression","kind":"biomarker","name":"CEACAM5 expression","aka":"CEACAM5\nCEACAM5-positive\nCEACAM5 high\nCEA cell adhesion molecule 5 expression","tldr":"CEACAM5 is the cell-surface form of the tumour marker CEA, high on many lung and bowel cancers. Tusamitamab ravtansine was tested in CEACAM5-high lung cancer but failed its phase 3 and no approval exists.","tags":"biomarker surface-antigen no-threshold","route":"/biomarkers/ceacam5-expression/","cancers":"nsclc colorectal"},{"id":"tp53-del17p","kind":"biomarker","name":"TP53 mutation and del(17p)","aka":"TP53 mutation\nTP53-mutated\ndel(17p)\n17p deletion\n17p-\nTP53 aberration\np53 abnormal\nTP53 disruption\nTP53mut","tldr":"TP53 mutation, or deletion of the 17p arm that carries the gene, is the single most common change in cancer and carries a worse outlook almost everywhere. In chronic lymphocytic leukaemia it decides treatment: chemotherapy is avoided and venetoclax's first approval was for del(17p) disease.","tags":"biomarker tp53","route":"/biomarkers/tp53-del17p/","cancers":"cll cll-relapsed aml mds endometrial endometrial-p53-abnormal tnbc ovarian mantle-cell-lymphoma richter-transformation-cll dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"mycn-amp","kind":"biomarker","name":"MYCN amplification","aka":"MYCN amplification\nMYCN-amplified\nMYCN amp\nN-myc amplification\nMYCN-amplified neuroblastoma\nMYCN FISH","tldr":"MYCN amplification, more than four times the normal copy number of the gene on FISH, marks the most aggressive fifth of neuroblastomas and puts a child in the high-risk group whatever their age or stage. No drug targets it; it decides how much treatment is given.","tags":"biomarker paediatric no-approval","route":"/biomarkers/mycn-amp/","cancers":"neuroblastoma neuroblastoma-high-risk neuroblastoma-intermediate-risk"},{"id":"mgmt-promoter-methylation","kind":"biomarker","name":"MGMT promoter methylation","aka":"MGMT methylation\nMGMT methylated\nMGMT promoter methylated\nMGMT unmethylated\nmethylated MGMT\nMGMT status","tldr":"Methylation of the MGMT promoter switches off the repair enzyme that undoes temozolomide's damage. Methylated glioblastomas live longer on temozolomide; unmethylated ones gain little, and trials now use the result to spare or intensify chemotherapy.","tags":"biomarker methylation no-approval","route":"/biomarkers/mgmt-promoter-methylation/","cancers":"glioblastoma idh-mutant-astrocytoma"},{"id":"1p19q-codeletion-readout","kind":"biomarker","name":"1p/19q codeletion","aka":"1p/19q codeletion\n1p19q codeleted\n1p/19q co-deletion\n1p19q\nwhole-arm 1p/19q loss\noligodendroglioma marker","tldr":"Loss of one copy each of chromosome arms 1p and 19q, together with an IDH mutation, defines oligodendroglioma in the WHO 2021 classification. It predicts a slower course and a good response to chemotherapy, and separates oligodendroglioma from astrocytoma.","tags":"biomarker glioma no-approval","route":"/biomarkers/1p19q-codeletion-readout/","cancers":"oligodendroglioma glioblastoma idh-mutant-astrocytoma"},{"id":"h3-k27m","kind":"biomarker","name":"H3 K27M mutation","aka":"H3 K27M\nH3K27M\nH3F3A K27M\nH3-3A K27M\nK27M\nH3 K27-altered\nH3 K27M-mutant diffuse midline glioma","tldr":"H3 K27M is a single change in a histone that defines diffuse midline glioma, including the brain-stem tumour DIPG. In 2025 dordaviprone became the first drug approved for tumours carrying it.","tags":"biomarker glioma paediatric","route":"/biomarkers/h3-k27m/","cancers":"dipg-dmg paediatric-high-grade-glioma"},{"id":"ctdna-mrd-positive","kind":"biomarker","name":"ctDNA MRD positivity (molecular residual disease after curative treatment)","aka":"ctDNA MRD\nctDNA positive\nctDNA-positive\nmolecular residual disease\nMRD-positive ctDNA\nSignatera positive\nctDNA detected after surgery","tldr":"A ctDNA MRD test looks for the tumour's own mutations in blood after surgery. Detection predicts relapse months before scans, and in 2026 the FDA approved Signatera as the companion test selecting bladder cancer patients for adjuvant atezolizumab.","tags":"biomarker genome-wide ctdna","route":"/biomarkers/ctdna-mrd-positive/","cancers":"urothelial colorectal tnbc nsclc breast-cancer tnbc-early pancreatic resectable-pdac dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"hla-a-02-01","kind":"biomarker","name":"HLA-A*02:01 (HLA typing for TCR therapies)","aka":"HLA-A*02:01\nHLA-A2\nHLA-A*02:01-positive\nHLA-A0201\nHLA typing\nHLA-A*02","tldr":"HLA-A*02:01 is the commonest tissue-type molecule in people of European descent and the one the first T-cell receptor therapies were built for. Tebentafusp and afamitresgene autoleucel work only in patients who carry it, so a blood HLA test comes before the tumour test.","tags":"biomarker hla","route":"/biomarkers/hla-a-02-01/","cancers":"uveal-melanoma synovial-sarcoma melanoma"},{"id":"bausch-health","kind":"company","name":"Bausch Health","aka":"","tldr":"Bausch Health (formerly Valeant) is a diversified pharmaceutical company whose oncology-adjacent products include the retinoid bexarotene (Targretin) and imiquimod (Zyclara) for actinic keratosis.","tags":"","route":"/companies/bausch-health/"},{"id":"otsuka","kind":"company","name":"Otsuka Pharmaceutical","aka":"Astex Pharmaceuticals\nGraceway Pharmaceuticals, LLC\nGraceway Pharmaceuticals","tldr":"Otsuka is a Japanese pharmaceutical group whose oncology portfolio centres on haematology: intravenous busulfan (Busulfex) and decitabine (Dacogen).","tags":"","route":"/companies/otsuka/","cancers":"mds aml"},{"id":"helsinn","kind":"company","name":"Helsinn","aka":"","tldr":"Helsinn is a Swiss family-owned company focused on supportive cancer care: the antiemetics Aloxi and Akynzeo, and the topical nitrogen mustard Valchlor for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.","tags":"","route":"/companies/helsinn/"},{"id":"recordati","kind":"company","name":"Recordati","aka":"","tldr":"Recordati is an Italian pharmaceutical group whose rare-disease arm markets oncology and haematology products in Europe, including siltuximab (Sylvant), chlormethine gel (Ledaga) and dinutuximab beta (Qarziba).","tags":"","route":"/companies/recordati/"},{"id":"sandoz","kind":"company","name":"Sandoz","aka":"","tldr":"Sandoz, spun out of Novartis in 2023, is the world's largest generics and biosimilars company; in oncology it sells biosimilar filgrastim (Zarxio), pegfilgrastim (Ziextenzo) and rituximab, and holds the US application for nelarabine (Arranon).","tags":"","route":"/companies/sandoz/"},{"id":"teva","kind":"company","name":"Teva Pharmaceuticals","aka":"Cephalon\nActavis Inc.\nActavis\nTeva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D, Inc.\nBarr Laboratories\nWatson Pharmaceuticals","tldr":"Teva is the world's largest generic medicines company; its branded oncology products include omacetaxine (Synribo) for resistant chronic myeloid leukaemia, arsenic trioxide (Trisenox), bendamustine (Bendeka) and the G-CSF products Granix and Lonquex.","tags":"","route":"/companies/teva/"},{"id":"leadiant","kind":"company","name":"Leadiant Biosciences","aka":"","tldr":"Leadiant Biosciences (formerly Sigma-Tau) is an Italian rare-disease company that holds the US application for procarbazine (Matulane).","tags":"","route":"/companies/leadiant/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"adienne","kind":"company","name":"Adienne Pharma & Biotech","aka":"","tldr":"Adienne is a Swiss company specialising in haematology and transplantation medicines; it holds the US and EU authorisations for thiotepa (Tepadina).","tags":"","route":"/companies/adienne/"},{"id":"kyowa-kirin","kind":"company","name":"Kyowa Kirin","aka":"","tldr":"Kyowa Kirin is a Japanese biopharmaceutical company whose oncology products include mogamulizumab (Poteligeo) for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and toremifene (Fareston) for metastatic breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/kyowa-kirin/"},{"id":"verity-pharma","kind":"company","name":"Verity Pharmaceuticals","aka":"","tldr":"Verity Pharmaceuticals is a Canadian specialty company that holds the US application for triptorelin (Trelstar) for advanced prostate cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/verity-pharma/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"biofrontera","kind":"company","name":"Biofrontera","aka":"","tldr":"Biofrontera is a German dermatology company whose photodynamic therapy product Ameluz (aminolevulinic acid gel) with its RhodoLED lamp treats actinic keratosis and, in Europe, superficial basal cell carcinoma.","tags":"","route":"/companies/biofrontera/"},{"id":"heron-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Heron Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Heron Therapeutics makes long-acting supportive-care injectables: the antiemetics Sustol (extended-release granisetron) and Cinvanti (aprepitant emulsion), plus the post-surgical analgesic Zynrelef.","tags":"","route":"/companies/heron-therapeutics/"},{"id":"acrotech-biopharma","kind":"company","name":"Acrotech Biopharma","aka":"","tldr":"Acrotech Biopharma, part of Aurobindo, owns the former Spectrum Pharmaceuticals haematology portfolio: the radioimmunotherapy Zevalin, pralatrexate (Folotyn), belinostat (Beleodaq) and vincristine liposome (Marqibo).","tags":"","route":"/companies/acrotech-biopharma/","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"citius-pharmaceuticals","kind":"company","name":"Citius Pharmaceuticals","aka":"","tldr":"Citius Pharmaceuticals brought denileukin diftitox back to market as Lymphir, approved in 2024 for relapsed cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, through its Citius Oncology subsidiary.","tags":"","route":"/companies/citius-pharmaceuticals/"},{"id":"serb-pharmaceuticals","kind":"company","name":"SERB Pharmaceuticals","aka":"","tldr":"SERB is a European specialty company focused on emergency and rescue medicines; in oncology it markets glucarpidase (Voraxaze) for toxic methotrexate levels and uridine triacetate (Vistogard) for fluorouracil overdose in Europe.","tags":"","route":"/companies/serb-pharmaceuticals/"},{"id":"tersera-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"TerSera Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"TerSera is a US specialty company whose oncology and supportive-care products include goserelin (Zoladex), rolapitant (Varubi) and telotristat ethyl (Xermelo) in the US.","tags":"","route":"/companies/tersera-therapeutics/"},{"id":"sobi","kind":"company","name":"Sobi (Swedish Orphan Biovitrum)","aka":"CTI BioPharma","tldr":"Sobi is a Swedish rare-disease company whose haematology and oncology supportive products include palifermin (Kepivance) for severe oral mucositis, avatrombopag (Doptelet) and emapalumab (Gamifant).","tags":"","route":"/companies/sobi/"},{"id":"hansoh-pharma","kind":"company","name":"Hansoh Pharmaceutical","aka":"Hansoh\nHansoh Pharma\nHansoh Pharmaceutical Group\n翰森制药\nhansoh","tldr":"Hansoh is a Chinese pharmaceutical group whose EGFR inhibitor aumolertinib (Ameile in China, Aumseqa in the EU) became the first China-originated lung cancer pill authorised by the European Commission in 2026.","tags":"china","route":"/companies/hansoh-pharma/"},{"id":"evive-biotech","kind":"company","name":"Evive Biotech","aka":"","tldr":"Evive Biotech developed efbemalenograstim alfa (Ryzneuta), a long-acting G-CSF fusion protein for chemotherapy-induced neutropenia approved in the US in 2023 and the EU in 2024.","tags":"","route":"/companies/evive-biotech/"},{"id":"pierre-fabre","kind":"company","name":"Pierre Fabre","aka":"","tldr":"Pierre Fabre is a French pharmaceutical and dermo-cosmetics group whose oncology franchise includes vinorelbine (Navelbine), vinflunine (Javlor) and the BRAF/MEK pair encorafenib and binimetinib in Europe.","tags":"","route":"/companies/pierre-fabre/"},{"id":"biolitec","kind":"company","name":"biolitec","aka":"","tldr":"biolitec is a German medical laser company that holds the EU authorisation for temoporfin (Foscan), a photosensitiser for palliative photodynamic therapy of advanced head and neck cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/biolitec/"},{"id":"bikanta","kind":"company","name":"Bikanta","aka":"","tldr":"Bikanta tried to use tiny fluorescent diamonds as imaging probes to spot cancer earlier. It went through Y Combinator in 2014 and is no longer operating.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/bikanta/"},{"id":"notable-labs","kind":"company","name":"Notable Labs","aka":"","tldr":"Notable Labs ran an automated laboratory in Foster City that exposed a patient's own leukaemia or lymphoma cells to combinations of approved drugs and measured which killed them, to predict which treatment would work. It listed on Nasdaq in 2023, but its website was offline in September 2026, so it is recorded as wound down.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/notable-labs/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"x-zell","kind":"company","name":"X-Zell","aka":"","tldr":"X-Zell isolates rare abnormal cells from a blood sample and stains and images them so a pathologist can look for signs of cancer without a tissue biopsy.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/x-zell/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"shasqi","kind":"company","name":"Shasqi","aka":"","tldr":"Shasqi puts an inert form of a chemotherapy drug into the bloodstream and switches it on only inside the tumour, using a chemical reaction called click chemistry, so the rest of the body sees far less of the drug.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/shasqi/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"zpredicta","kind":"company","name":"zPREDICTA","aka":"","tldr":"zPREDICTA grew patient-derived tumour tissue in three-dimensional cultures that reproduce the tumour's surroundings, so drug companies could test cancer drugs on something closer to a real tumour. It was later acquired.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/zpredicta/"},{"id":"cofactor-genomics","kind":"company","name":"Cofactor Genomics","aka":"","tldr":"Cofactor Genomics reads the RNA of a tumour sample to model the immune cells inside it, and uses that to predict who will respond to immunotherapy.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/cofactor-genomics/","cancers":"head-and-neck nsclc"},{"id":"isono-health","kind":"company","name":"iSono Health","aka":"","tldr":"iSono Health makes a wearable ultrasound scanner that images the whole breast automatically in about two minutes, with software to flag suspicious masses, for use outside specialist imaging centres.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/isono-health/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"histowiz","kind":"company","name":"HistoWiz","aka":"","tldr":"HistoWiz is a mail-in pathology laboratory for cancer researchers: send tissue, get scanned digital slides and expert readings online within days.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/histowiz/"},{"id":"billiontoone","kind":"company","name":"BillionToOne","aka":"","tldr":"BillionToOne counts DNA molecules in blood far more precisely than standard sequencing. Known first for prenatal testing, it now sells liquid biopsy tests that read a tumour's mutations and track treatment from a blood draw.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/billiontoone/"},{"id":"mednet","kind":"company","name":"Mednet (theMednet)","aka":"","tldr":"theMednet is an online question-and-answer network where oncologists ask hard clinical questions and get answers from named experts, with AI now helping to search the archive.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/mednet/"},{"id":"delee","kind":"company","name":"Delee","aka":"","tldr":"Delee, from Mexico, built a blood-testing device that catches circulating tumour cells to help diagnose cancer earlier and follow treatment.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/delee/"},{"id":"oncobox","kind":"company","name":"Oncobox","aka":"","tldr":"Oncobox profiles a tumour's genes and the activity of its signalling pathways, then ranks approved targeted drugs by how likely they are to work for that patient.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/oncobox/"},{"id":"cambridge-cancer-genomics","kind":"company","name":"Cambridge Cancer Genomics (CCG.ai)","aka":"","tldr":"CCG.ai built software to combine genomic and clinical data so oncologists could choose and adjust treatment sooner. The company is no longer active.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/cambridge-cancer-genomics/"},{"id":"tradewind-bioscience","kind":"company","name":"Tradewind BioScience","aka":"","tldr":"Tradewind is developing a single antibody for ovarian cancer that both attacks the tumour cells directly and helps the immune system attack them too.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/tradewind-bioscience/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"persephone-biosciences","kind":"company","name":"Persephone Biosciences","aka":"","tldr":"Persephone studies the gut bacteria of cancer patients and designs live bacterial medicines meant to make immunotherapy work for more people.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/persephone-biosciences/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"reverie-labs","kind":"company","name":"Reverie Labs","aka":"","tldr":"Reverie Labs used machine learning to design cancer drugs that could cross into the brain. It is no longer operating.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/reverie-labs/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"fidocure","kind":"company","name":"FidoCure","aka":"","tldr":"FidoCure sequences the tumours of dogs with cancer and matches them to targeted drugs, bringing precision medicine to veterinary oncology and building a dataset that also informs human cancer research.","tags":"veterinary comparative-oncology","route":"/companies/fidocure/"},{"id":"data-driven-bioscience","kind":"company","name":"Data Driven Bioscience (Duoseq)","aka":"","tldr":"Data Driven Bioscience is building a faster, cheaper sequencing-based way to diagnose and subtype cancers, starting with lymphoma.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/data-driven-bioscience/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"clear-gene","kind":"company","name":"Clear Gene","aka":"","tldr":"Clear Gene is developing tests that tell a surgeon, quickly, whether all of the cancer was removed during an operation.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/clear-gene/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"leah-labs","kind":"company","name":"LEAH Labs","aka":"","tldr":"LEAH Labs makes CAR-T cell therapy for dogs with lymphoma, using virus-free gene editing to bring the cost of a dose down to hundreds of dollars.","tags":"veterinary comparative-oncology","route":"/companies/leah-labs/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"resistancebio","kind":"company","name":"ResistanceBio (Viosera Therapeutics)","aka":"","tldr":"ResistanceBio set out to design drugs that stop cancers becoming resistant to treatment. The company is no longer active.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/resistancebio/"},{"id":"atomic-alchemy","kind":"company","name":"Atomic Alchemy","aka":"","tldr":"Atomic Alchemy set out to build small reactors dedicated to making the radioactive isotopes used in cancer scans and treatments, so hospitals no longer depend on a handful of ageing government reactors. It was bought by the nuclear company Oklo.","tags":"isotope-supply","route":"/companies/atomic-alchemy/"},{"id":"arpeggio-bio","kind":"company","name":"Arpeggio Bio","aka":"","tldr":"Arpeggio Bio uses AI on large RNA-sequencing datasets to find drugs against transcription factors, the hard-to-hit proteins that switch cancer genes on, with a first programme in immunotherapy-resistant melanoma.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/arpeggio-bio/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"asher-bio","kind":"company","name":"Asher Biotherapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Asher Bio engineers immune-stimulating molecules that switch on only one type of immune cell, such as killer T cells, so the drug is more potent against tumours and causes fewer side effects.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/asher-bio/","cancers":"rcc melanoma"},{"id":"altay-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Altay Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Altay Therapeutics is developing small-molecule drugs for chronic liver disease, including the scarring that leads to liver cancer and liver cancer itself.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/altay-therapeutics/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"isabl","kind":"company","name":"Isabl","aka":"","tldr":"Isabl reads a tumour's whole genome and transcriptome instead of a small gene panel, and its software turns that into a report clinicians can use.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/isabl/"},{"id":"algen-biotechnologies","kind":"company","name":"Algen Biotechnologies","aka":"","tldr":"Algen uses CRISPR screens read out at the single-cell level, plus machine learning, to find which RNA messages drive cancer and inflammation, and then designs drugs against them.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/algen-biotechnologies/"},{"id":"known-medicine","kind":"company","name":"Known Medicine","aka":"","tldr":"Known Medicine breaks a patient's tumour into thousands of tiny three-dimensional tumours, treats each with a different drug, and uses AI to predict which drugs will work. It has been acquired.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/known-medicine/"},{"id":"kernal-biologics","kind":"company","name":"Kernal Biologics","aka":"","tldr":"Kernal Bio designs mRNA medicines that switch on only in the intended cell type, for example programming a patient's T cells against cancer inside the body without taking them out first.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/kernal-biologics/"},{"id":"liyfe","kind":"company","name":"Liyfe","aka":"","tldr":"Liyfe built a digital nurse that checks in with cancer patients between visits, scores their symptoms and flags who needs a call, to cut emergency visits.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/liyfe/"},{"id":"valink-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Valink Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Valink designs antibody-drug conjugates that grab two targets at once, aimed at solid tumours that immunotherapy does not reach.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/valink-therapeutics/"},{"id":"triomics","kind":"company","name":"Triomics","aka":"","tldr":"Triomics builds AI agents that read the unstructured parts of a cancer patient's records, such as pathology reports and scanned faxes, to match patients to trials and prepare visits automatically.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/triomics/"},{"id":"aoa-dx","kind":"company","name":"AOA Dx","aka":"","tldr":"AOA Dx is developing a blood test to detect ovarian cancer early, based on fat-sugar molecules called glycolipids that tumours shed.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/aoa-dx/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"ananya-health","kind":"company","name":"Ananya Health","aka":"","tldr":"Ananya Health makes a portable freezing device that lets a nurse in any clinic treat abnormal cervical cells before they turn into cancer, at a tenth of the usual cost.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/ananya-health/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"reprosent","kind":"company","name":"REPROSENT","aka":"","tldr":"REPROSENT is a patient app that helps people with cancer and their families track symptoms and treatment, and turns what they record into alerts for their care team.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/reprosent/"},{"id":"yemaachi-biotech","kind":"company","name":"Yemaachi Biotech","aka":"","tldr":"Yemaachi collects and sequences cancer samples from across Africa, the most genetically diverse population on earth, so that cancer tests and drugs work for African patients too.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/yemaachi-biotech/"},{"id":"digistain","kind":"company","name":"Digistain","aka":"","tldr":"Digistain shines infrared light through a breast tumour slide and reads its chemical fingerprint to score how likely the cancer is to return, giving a result in a day rather than weeks and at a fraction of the cost of genomic tests.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/digistain/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"harmonic-discovery","kind":"company","name":"Harmonic Discovery","aka":"","tldr":"Harmonic Discovery designs single drugs that hit several disease-driving proteins at once, arguing that cancer is rarely caused by one broken protein.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/harmonic-discovery/"},{"id":"humane-genomics","kind":"company","name":"Humane Genomics","aka":"","tldr":"Humane Genomics builds artificial cancer-killing viruses that only infect and only multiply inside tumour cells, starting with a rare liver cancer in children.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/humane-genomics/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"luminate-medical","kind":"company","name":"Luminate Medical","aka":"","tldr":"Luminate makes a wearable device that presses gently on the scalp during chemotherapy to stop the drug reaching the hair follicles, so patients keep their hair. It is in trials and no regulator has cleared it.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/luminate-medical/"},{"id":"alixia","kind":"company","name":"Alixia","aka":"","tldr":"Alixia is developing drugs that act on the supporting cells and inflammation around a tumour as well as the cancer cells, to stop cancers from becoming resistant.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/alixia/"},{"id":"nearwave","kind":"company","name":"NearWave","aka":"","tldr":"NearWave makes a handheld near-infrared scanner that shows within days whether a breast cancer is responding to chemotherapy before surgery, so patients are not left on a treatment that is failing.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/nearwave/","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"serinus-biosciences","kind":"company","name":"Serinus Biosciences","aka":"","tldr":"Serinus uses an explainable AI model of cancer cell biology to work out how tumours evade a drug, and to design combinations that block the escape routes.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/serinus-biosciences/"},{"id":"signatur-biosciences","kind":"company","name":"Signatur Biosciences","aka":"","tldr":"Signatur turns complex gene-expression tests, starting with breast cancer prognosis, into simple PCR tests that a local hospital lab can run in days.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/signatur-biosciences/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"guardian-bio","kind":"company","name":"Guardian Bio","aka":"","tldr":"Guardian Bio turns a patient's stem cells into dendritic cells, the immune system's teachers, trains them against that patient's tumour and gives them back to restart the immune attack.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/guardian-bio/"},{"id":"adventris-pharmaceuticals","kind":"company","name":"Adventris Pharmaceuticals","aka":"","tldr":"Adventris Pharmaceuticals, a Johns Hopkins spin-out, develops off-the-shelf cancer vaccines designed to raise immune responses against mutant KRAS, the driver mutation shared by pancreatic, colorectal and lung cancers, with the long-term aim of a yearly vaccine that prevents those cancers before they form. Its programmes are preclinical or early clinical.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/adventris-pharmaceuticals/","cancers":"pancreatic colorectal nsclc"},{"id":"modulari-t","kind":"company","name":"Modulari-T","aka":"","tldr":"Modulari-T designs synthetic genes that let engineered immune cells sense their surroundings and change behaviour, so cell therapies can find and kill cancer more reliably.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/modulari-t/"},{"id":"numen","kind":"company","name":"Numen","aka":"","tldr":"Numen is working on earlier cancer detection, with the stated goal of a future without cancer deaths.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/numen/"},{"id":"synsorybio","kind":"company","name":"SynsoryBio","aka":"","tldr":"SynsoryBio builds protein drugs with built-in if-then logic: they stay switched off until they sense they are in diseased tissue, a way to make immune-activating and cell-killing biologics usable at doses that would otherwise harm healthy tissue. It is preclinical, with a small team and no recorded financing.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/synsorybio/"},{"id":"velorum-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Velorum Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Velorum is developing cancer drugs that exploit heme, the iron-carrying molecule tumours depend on in unusual ways.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/velorum-therapeutics/"},{"id":"eris-biotech","kind":"company","name":"Eris Biotech","aka":"","tldr":"Eris Biotech is making small-molecule pills that release the brakes on the immune system inside tumours, starting with mesothelioma.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/eris-biotech/","cancers":"mesothelioma"},{"id":"granza-bio","kind":"company","name":"Granza Bio","aka":"","tldr":"Granza Bio is turning the natural attack particles that killer immune cells fire at their targets into programmable medicines that can re-arm exhausted immune cells against cancer.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/granza-bio/"},{"id":"kopra-bio","kind":"company","name":"Kopra Bio","aka":"","tldr":"Kopra Bio engineers viruses that teach the immune system to kill cancer, starting with glioblastoma, the most aggressive brain cancer.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/kopra-bio/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"aluna","kind":"company","name":"Aluna","aka":"","tldr":"Aluna works with hospitals to build carefully curated cancer datasets and evaluation sets so that medical AI models can be trained and tested properly.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/aluna/"},{"id":"blank-bio","kind":"company","name":"Blank Bio","aka":"","tldr":"Blank Bio trains AI models on tumour RNA to predict how a disease will progress and which patients will respond, so drug companies can run smarter cancer trials.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/blank-bio/"},{"id":"nucleo-research","kind":"company","name":"Nucleo","aka":"","tldr":"Nucleo builds AI agents that help oncologists and radiologists pull measurements and insights out of CT scans to characterise tumours and guide treatment.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/nucleo-research/"},{"id":"origin-bio","kind":"company","name":"Origin Bio","aka":"","tldr":"Origin is building the largest dataset of how individual cancer cells from real patients respond to drugs and genetic medicines, to license to pharma and AI companies.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/origin-bio/"},{"id":"strand-ai","kind":"company","name":"Strand AI","aka":"","tldr":"Strand AI's first model, Lattice, predicts which proteins sit where across a tumour from the ordinary stained slide a hospital already has, so a whole archive can be profiled without spending tissue on extra laboratory staining.","tags":"foundation-model pathology","route":"/companies/strand-ai/"},{"id":"adialante","kind":"company","name":"Adialante","aka":"","tldr":"Adialante has redesigned MRI so it fits in a mobile clinic and is paid per scan, aiming to bring MRI cancer screening to any medical site, starting with prostate cancer.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/adialante/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"tarebio","kind":"company","name":"TareBio","aka":"","tldr":"TareBio reads the immune cells already fighting a cancer in a patient's body and works backwards to design a vaccine that makes more of them, in weeks rather than years.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/tarebio/"},{"id":"omanta","kind":"company","name":"Omanta","aka":"","tldr":"Omanta runs a personal research programme for one patient at a time, for people with cancer who have exhausted standard options, coordinating tissue, testing, multi-omic analysis and a treatment strategy with their doctors.","tags":"yc","route":"/companies/omanta/"},{"id":"gamgee","kind":"company","name":"Gamgee","aka":"","tldr":"Gamgee sequences a dog's tumour and designs a personalised mRNA vaccine that teaches its immune system what to attack, and is running trials in Australia with the aim of improving the approach with every case.","tags":"veterinary comparative-oncology","route":"/companies/gamgee/"},{"id":"abdera-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Abdera Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Abdera Therapeutics engineered antibodies that carry a radioactive isotope to cancer cells, tuning how long they circulate so more radiation reaches the tumour and less reaches healthy tissue. Its first medicine targets a protein on small cell lung cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/abdera-therapeutics/","cancers":"sclc"},{"id":"actinium-pharmaceuticals","kind":"company","name":"Actinium Pharmaceuticals","aka":"","tldr":"Actinium Pharmaceuticals attaches the alpha-emitting isotope actinium-225 to antibodies to treat acute myeloid leukaemia and, more recently, solid tumours such as prostate and lung cancer. It is a small listed company whose lead programme is approaching new clinical milestones.","tags":"","route":"/companies/actinium-pharmaceuticals/","cancers":"aml prostate nsclc"},{"id":"adcendo","kind":"company","name":"Adcendo","aka":"","tldr":"Adcendo is a Danish company developing antibody-drug conjugates, antibodies that deliver a cell-killing drug straight to cancer cells, against targets few others are pursuing. Its first medicines are in early human trials, including one for soft tissue sarcoma.","tags":"","route":"/companies/adcendo/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"alentis-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Alentis Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Alentis Therapeutics targets Claudin-1, a protein exposed on squamous cancers and scarred organs, with antibodies that either carry a cancer-killing drug or block disease signalling. Its first cancer medicine entered human trials in 2025.","tags":"","route":"/companies/alentis-therapeutics/"},{"id":"alpha-tau-medical","kind":"company","name":"Alpha Tau Medical","aka":"","tldr":"Alpha Tau Medical places tiny radioactive seeds directly inside tumours so that short-range alpha radiation destroys the cancer from within. It is testing the approach in pancreatic, skin, head and neck, brain and prostate cancers.","tags":"","route":"/companies/alpha-tau-medical/","cancers":"pancreatic head-and-neck glioblastoma prostate"},{"id":"alpha-9-oncology","kind":"company","name":"Alpha-9 Oncology","aka":"","tldr":"Alpha-9 Oncology designs bespoke molecules that deliver radioactive isotopes to cancer cells, with early human trials under way in melanoma and in breast and other solid tumours.","tags":"","route":"/companies/alpha-9-oncology/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"ariceum-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Ariceum Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Ariceum Therapeutics is a Berlin company developing a treatment that carries the alpha-emitting isotope actinium-225 to small cell lung cancer and Merkel cell skin cancer. Its first human trial began in late 2025.","tags":"","route":"/companies/ariceum-therapeutics/","cancers":"sclc"},{"id":"artbio","kind":"company","name":"ARTBIO","aka":"","tldr":"ARTBIO makes cancer treatments that deliver short-range alpha radiation from lead-212 directly to tumour cells, starting with prostate cancer. Its first medicine is in early human trials, currently paused by the company while it reviews data.","tags":"","route":"/companies/artbio/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"callio-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Callio Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Callio Therapeutics makes antibodies that carry two different cancer-killing drugs at once to HER2-positive tumours, to stop cancers escaping treatment. Its first medicine entered human trials in 2026.","tags":"","route":"/companies/callio-therapeutics/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"convergent-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Convergent Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Convergent Therapeutics attaches an alpha-emitting isotope to an antibody that homes in on prostate cancer cells, for men whose disease has progressed after standard radioligand treatment. Its lead medicine has reported mid-stage trial results.","tags":"","route":"/companies/convergent-therapeutics/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"cytomx-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"CytomX Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"CytomX Therapeutics makes 'masked' antibody medicines: a peptide covers the antibody's binding site until tumour enzymes cut it off, so the drug switches on mainly inside tumours and can hit targets that healthy tissue also carries. Its lead, an EpCAM-directed topoisomerase inhibitor conjugate for advanced bowel cancer, is in phase 1 with Fast Track status.","tags":"","route":"/companies/cytomx-therapeutics/","cancers":"colorectal melanoma"},{"id":"dantari","kind":"company","name":"Dantari","aka":"","tldr":"Dantari built polymer-based drug carriers that let an antibody deliver far more chemotherapy to a tumour than standard antibody-drug conjugates, while sparing the bone marrow. Its first medicine was tested in breast cancer before the company sold off its assets in 2025.","tags":"","route":"/companies/dantari/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"emergence-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Emergence Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Emergence Therapeutics was a German start-up making an antibody that carries a cancer-killing drug to a protein called Nectin-4, which is found on most bladder cancers. Eli Lilly bought the company in 2023.","tags":"","route":"/companies/emergence-therapeutics/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"enlaza-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Enlaza Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Enlaza Therapeutics engineers protein drugs that lock permanently onto their target once they find it, which could let antibody-based cancer medicines work at lower doses with fewer side effects. Its programmes are still in laboratory development.","tags":"","route":"/companies/enlaza-therapeutics/"},{"id":"evergreen-theragnostics","kind":"company","name":"Evergreen Theragnostics","aka":"","tldr":"Evergreen Theragnostics manufactures radioactive cancer medicines for other companies and develops its own imaging agent for neuroendocrine tumours and a treatment for small cell lung cancer. Lantheus agreed to buy it in 2025.","tags":"","route":"/companies/evergreen-theragnostics/","cancers":"neuroendocrine sclc"},{"id":"firefly-bio","kind":"company","name":"Firefly Bio","aka":"","tldr":"Firefly Bio attaches protein-destroying molecules to antibodies so they are delivered only into cancer cells, a new twist on antibody-drug conjugates. Johnson & Johnson bought the company for about 1 billion dollars in 2026.","tags":"","route":"/companies/firefly-bio/"},{"id":"iksuda-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Iksuda Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Iksuda Therapeutics, based in Newcastle, designs antibody-drug conjugates, antibodies that release a cancer-killing drug only once inside the tumour. Its HER2-targeting medicine is in early human trials, with encouraging results in oesophageal cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/iksuda-therapeutics/","cancers":"esophageal"},{"id":"mablink-bioscience","kind":"company","name":"Mablink Bioscience","aka":"","tldr":"Mablink Bioscience, from Lyon, invented PSARlink, a water-soluble polysarcosine linker that hides the greasy cell-killing payload so an antibody can carry a higher load of drug molecules and still stay stable in the blood. Eli Lilly bought the company in 2023, before any of its medicines had reached patients.","tags":"","route":"/companies/mablink-bioscience/"},{"id":"mariana-oncology","kind":"company","name":"Mariana Oncology","aka":"","tldr":"Mariana Oncology designs small protein fragments that carry a radioactive isotope to tumours, starting with small cell lung cancer. Novartis bought the company in 2024 for 1 billion dollars up front.","tags":"","route":"/companies/mariana-oncology/","cancers":"sclc"},{"id":"myricx-bio","kind":"company","name":"Myricx Bio","aka":"","tldr":"Myricx Bio invented a new kind of cancer-killing payload, which blocks an enzyme tumour cells need to survive, and attaches it to antibodies that carry it into tumours. Novartis bought the London company in 2026 for 1.1 billion dollars up front.","tags":"","route":"/companies/myricx-bio/"},{"id":"mythic-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Mythic Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Mythic Therapeutics designed antibody-drug conjugates, antibodies that carry a cell-killing drug into tumours, with an engineering trick to get more drug inside cancer cells. Its lead lung cancer medicine reached mid-stage trials before the company wound down in late 2025.","tags":"","route":"/companies/mythic-therapeutics/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"nbe-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"NBE-Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"NBE-Therapeutics, founded in Basel in 2012 and owned by Boehringer Ingelheim since 2020, builds antibody-drug conjugates that pair its own conjugation chemistry with a PNU-derived anthracycline payload, designed to kill tumour cells directly and to trigger a lasting immune response against the tumour. Its candidates are still moving towards the clinic.","tags":"","route":"/companies/nbe-therapeutics/"},{"id":"nucleus-radiopharma","kind":"company","name":"Nucleus RadioPharma","aka":"","tldr":"Nucleus RadioPharma does not make its own cancer drugs; it manufactures and ships radioactive cancer medicines for other companies, which is hard because the drugs decay within days. It is expanding its plants in Minnesota and Pennsylvania.","tags":"","route":"/companies/nucleus-radiopharma/"},{"id":"orum-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Orum Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Orum Therapeutics attaches protein-destroying drugs to antibodies so they are delivered only into cancer cells. Its lead medicine for acute myeloid leukaemia is entering human trials, and the company is listed on the Korean stock market.","tags":"","route":"/companies/orum-therapeutics/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"pheon-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Pheon Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Pheon Therapeutics, of London, designs antibody-drug conjugates against an undisclosed target overexpressed across a wide range of solid tumours; its lead carries eight topoisomerase 1 inhibitor molecules per antibody and showed a wide therapeutic index preclinically. It raised a 120 million dollar Series B in 2024 and has entered early human trials.","tags":"","route":"/companies/pheon-therapeutics/"},{"id":"point-biopharma","kind":"company","name":"POINT Biopharma","aka":"","tldr":"POINT Biopharma developed radioactive medicines that home in on prostate cancer and neuroendocrine tumours, and built a large manufacturing campus in Indianapolis. Eli Lilly bought the company at the end of 2023.","tags":"","route":"/companies/point-biopharma/","cancers":"prostate neuroendocrine"},{"id":"precirix","kind":"company","name":"Precirix","aka":"","tldr":"Precirix, of Brussels, develops radiopharmaceuticals built on small single-domain antibody fragments that carry a radioactive isotope to HER2-positive cancers. Its lead, CAM-H2, is in a phase 1/2 trial in HER2-positive breast, gastric and gastro-oesophageal cancer, including patients with brain metastases, with an imaging dose given first to confirm HER2 in the lesions.","tags":"","route":"/companies/precirix/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive gastric"},{"id":"profoundbio","kind":"company","name":"ProfoundBio","aka":"","tldr":"ProfoundBio developed antibodies that deliver a chemotherapy drug to ovarian cancer cells carrying a protein called folate receptor alpha. Genmab bought the company for 1.8 billion dollars in 2024.","tags":"","route":"/companies/profoundbio/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"radionetics-oncology","kind":"company","name":"Radionetics Oncology","aka":"","tldr":"Radionetics Oncology makes small-molecule drugs that carry a radioactive isotope to receptors on the surface of cancer cells that have rarely been targeted before. Eli Lilly paid 140 million dollars in 2024 for the right to buy the company for 1 billion dollars.","tags":"","route":"/companies/radionetics-oncology/"},{"id":"ratio-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Ratio Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Ratio Therapeutics, of Boston, designs small molecules that carry a radioactive isotope to fibroblast activation protein, a protein on the supporting tissue of sarcomas and other solid tumours, so radiation is delivered from inside the body. Its lead, an actinium-225 radioligand, is in the ATLAS phase 1/2 trial in advanced sarcomas.","tags":"","route":"/companies/ratio-therapeutics/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"tallac-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Tallac Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Tallac Therapeutics builds antibodies that carry an immune-activating molecule into tumours, so the body's own defences attack the cancer. Its lead medicine is in early human trials and has a fast-track review status in bile duct cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/tallac-therapeutics/","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"adicet-bio","kind":"company","name":"Adicet Bio","aka":"","tldr":"Adicet makes off-the-shelf immune cell therapies from donor gamma delta T cells, a rarer type of T cell. Its lead programme is now aimed at lupus and other autoimmune diseases, with a prostate cancer candidate expected to enter the clinic in late 2026.","tags":"","route":"/companies/adicet-bio/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"affini-t-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Affini-T Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Affini-T engineers a patient's T cells with receptors that recognise mutated cancer driver proteins such as KRAS, and uses gene editing to make the cells more effective. It is an early clinical-stage company based near Boston.","tags":"","route":"/companies/affini-t-therapeutics/"},{"id":"allotera-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Allotera Therapeutics (formerly Wugen)","aka":"","tldr":"Allotera, formerly Wugen, makes off-the-shelf CAR T-cell therapies from healthy donor cells for T-cell leukaemias and lymphomas, which are hard to treat with conventional CAR T because the cancer cells look like the therapy cells. Its lead product is in a global pivotal trial.","tags":"","route":"/companies/allotera-therapeutics/","cancers":"all-leukemia aml"},{"id":"amunix-pharmaceuticals","kind":"company","name":"Amunix Pharmaceuticals","aka":"","tldr":"Amunix developed T-cell engager and cytokine cancer drugs with a protective mask that is clipped off by enzymes found in tumours, so the drugs become active mainly at the cancer. Sanofi agreed to buy the company in December 2021 for about $1 billion upfront.","tags":"","route":"/companies/amunix-pharmaceuticals/"},{"id":"arcellx","kind":"company","name":"Arcellx","aka":"","tldr":"Arcellx developed anito-cel, a CAR T-cell therapy for multiple myeloma that reprogrammes a patient's own immune cells to attack a marker called BCMA. Gilead bought the company in 2026 for about $7.8 billion ahead of a possible US approval.","tags":"","route":"/companies/arcellx/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"bicara-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Bicara Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Bicara's lead drug, ficerafusp alfa, is a two-in-one antibody that blocks the EGFR growth signal on head and neck cancer cells while also soaking up TGF-beta, a molecule tumours use to suppress immune attack. It is in a pivotal trial with pembrolizumab in head and neck cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/bicara-therapeutics/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"candel-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Candel Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Candel makes viral immunotherapies injected into tumours to trigger an immune attack. Its lead product, aglatimagene, improved disease-free survival when added to radiotherapy in localised prostate cancer in a phase 3 trial, and a US approval filing is planned for late 2026.","tags":"","route":"/companies/candel-therapeutics/","cancers":"prostate nsclc glioblastoma"},{"id":"capstan-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Capstan Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Capstan built a way to create CAR T cells inside the patient's body by delivering messenger RNA in targeted lipid nanoparticles, avoiding the need to manufacture cells outside the body. AbbVie bought it in 2025 for $2.1 billion.","tags":"","route":"/companies/capstan-therapeutics/"},{"id":"cargo-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"CARGO Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"CARGO developed a CAR T-cell therapy aimed at a protein called CD22 for patients with large B-cell lymphoma whose cancer had come back after CD19 CAR T treatment. It went public in 2023 and was bought by Concentra Biosciences in 2025 after winding down development.","tags":"","route":"/companies/cargo-therapeutics/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"century-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Century Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Century makes off-the-shelf cell therapies from induced pluripotent stem cells that are engineered to hide from the patient's immune system. Its main focus is now type 1 diabetes, with a CD19 CAR T-like product for cancer and autoimmune disease due to enter the clinic in 2026.","tags":"","route":"/companies/century-therapeutics/"},{"id":"compass-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Compass Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Compass makes antibodies that hit two targets at once to reshape the blood supply and immune environment of tumours. Its lead drug, tovecimig, blocks two blood-vessel growth signals and is heading for a possible US approval filing in bile duct cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/compass-therapeutics/","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma tnbc hodgkin-lymphoma nsclc"},{"id":"cullinan-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Cullinan Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Cullinan develops T-cell engager antibodies, which pull a patient's T cells onto target cells, for both cancer and autoimmune disease. Its cancer lead, CLN-049, targets FLT3 on acute myeloid leukaemia cells and is entering a potentially registrational trial.","tags":"","route":"/companies/cullinan-therapeutics/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"harpoon-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Harpoon Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Harpoon built small T-cell engager proteins that link a patient's T cells to tumour cells, including HPN328, which targets DLL3 on small cell lung cancer and neuroendocrine tumours. Merck bought the company in early 2024 for about $680 million.","tags":"","route":"/companies/harpoon-therapeutics/","cancers":"sclc neuroendocrine"},{"id":"igm-biosciences","kind":"company","name":"IGM Biosciences","aka":"","tldr":"IGM Biosciences engineered antibodies of the IgM class, which have ten binding arms instead of two, originally as T-cell engagers for blood cancers and later for autoimmune disease. It ended development and was bought by Concentra Biosciences in 2025.","tags":"","route":"/companies/igm-biosciences/"},{"id":"indapta-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Indapta Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Indapta Therapeutics, of Houston, makes IDP-023, an off-the-shelf natural killer cell therapy from donor g-NK cells, a subset that lacks the FcR gamma chain, and tests it alongside antibody drugs in myeloma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma and in progressive multiple sclerosis. The FDA granted Fast Track status in 2024, and efficacy data are still early.","tags":"","route":"/companies/indapta-therapeutics/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma dlbcl"},{"id":"janux-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Janux Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Janux makes 'masked' T-cell engager antibodies that stay inactive in the bloodstream and switch on only inside tumours, aiming to cut the side effects that limit this drug class. Its lead programmes target PSMA in advanced prostate cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/janux-therapeutics/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"kelonia-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Kelonia Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Kelonia developed a way to create CAR T cells directly inside the body using a targeted gene delivery particle, so patients do not need their cells removed and manufactured. Its lead programme is for multiple myeloma and Eli Lilly agreed to buy the company in 2026 for up to $7 billion.","tags":"","route":"/companies/kelonia-therapeutics/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"lyell-immunopharma","kind":"company","name":"Lyell Immunopharma","aka":"","tldr":"Lyell makes next-generation CAR T-cell therapies designed to last longer in the body and resist exhaustion. Its lead product, ronde-cel, targets two proteins on lymphoma cells at once and is in pivotal trials for large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"","route":"/companies/lyell-immunopharma/","cancers":"dlbcl colorectal"},{"id":"marengo-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Marengo Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Marengo Therapeutics, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, makes antibodies that bind part of the T-cell receptor to activate selected subsets of a patient's T cells. Its lead, invikafusp alfa, is in trials in tumours with a high mutational burden that have stopped responding to checkpoint drugs, and with an antibody-drug conjugate in breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/marengo-therapeutics/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"marker-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Marker Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Marker grows a patient's own T cells that naturally recognise several tumour proteins at once, without genetic engineering, and gives them back as a treatment. Its lead product has shown responses in relapsed lymphoma and is moving into pancreatic cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/marker-therapeutics/","cancers":"dlbcl pancreatic"},{"id":"neogene-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Neogene Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Neogene developed T-cell receptor therapies that can recognise cancer-specific mutations hidden inside tumour cells, an approach aimed at solid tumours. AstraZeneca bought the company in January 2023 for up to $320 million.","tags":"","route":"/companies/neogene-therapeutics/"},{"id":"obsidian-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Obsidian Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Obsidian grows a patient's own tumour-fighting immune cells and engineers them with a switch that lets doctors control a growth signal (IL-15) with an oral drug, aiming to make TIL therapy safer and more effective for melanoma and lung cancer. It listed on Nasdaq in August 2026 after raising $350 million.","tags":"","route":"/companies/obsidian-therapeutics/","cancers":"melanoma nsclc"},{"id":"onk-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"ONK Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"ONK Therapeutics, based in Galway, Ireland, is developing off-the-shelf natural killer cell therapies that are gene-edited and given two ways to kill cancer cells at once. It is a private, preclinical-stage company spun out of University of Galway research.","tags":"","route":"/companies/onk-therapeutics/"},{"id":"orca-bio","kind":"company","name":"Orca Bio","aka":"Orca Biosystems\nOrca Biosystems, Inc.\norca-biosystems","tldr":"Orca Bio makes precision-engineered versions of donor stem cell transplants for blood cancers, sorting the donor cells so that patients get the cells that fight cancer and rebuild the immune system with fewer of the cells that cause graft versus host disease. Its first product, TREGZI, was approved in the US in June 2026.","tags":"","route":"/companies/orca-bio/","cancers":"aml all-leukemia mds"},{"id":"poseida-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Poseida Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Poseida developed off-the-shelf CAR T-cell therapies made from healthy donor cells rather than from each patient, for multiple myeloma and B-cell cancers. Roche bought the company in early 2025 for up to about $1.5 billion.","tags":"","route":"/companies/poseida-therapeutics/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma dlbcl"},{"id":"tmunity-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Tmunity Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Tmunity was a Philadelphia company spun out of University of Pennsylvania research that built CAR T-cell therapies with extra features to help them fight solid tumours. Gilead's cell therapy unit Kite bought it in early 2023.","tags":"","route":"/companies/tmunity-therapeutics/"},{"id":"turnstone-biologics","kind":"company","name":"Turnstone Biologics","aka":"","tldr":"Turnstone developed 'selected' tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte therapy, enriching the most cancer-reactive immune cells from a patient's tumour. It stopped its clinical programme in January 2025 and was bought by XOMA Royalty later that year.","tags":"","route":"/companies/turnstone-biologics/"},{"id":"werewolf-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Werewolf Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Werewolf makes conditionally activated cytokines (immune signalling proteins such as interleukin-2 and interleukin-12) that are switched on inside tumours. After selling a partnered programme to Jazz, the company agreed in August 2026 to merge with a pain-drug developer, which would end its independent cancer work.","tags":"","route":"/companies/werewolf-therapeutics/"},{"id":"xilio-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Xilio Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Xilio designs immune-stimulating drugs, such as interleukin-2 and checkpoint antibodies, with a molecular mask that is removed only inside tumours, so they act where the cancer is and spare the rest of the body. Its newest drug combines a PD-1 antibody with masked IL-2 and has just been cleared to start trials.","tags":"","route":"/companies/xilio-therapeutics/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"belong-life","kind":"company","name":"Belong.Life","aka":"","tldr":"Belong.Life runs a large free social app where people with cancer share experiences and ask questions, plus Dave, an artificial intelligence mentor that answers cancer questions around the clock.","tags":"","route":"/companies/belong-life/"},{"id":"canopy","kind":"company","name":"Canopy","aka":"","tldr":"Canopy is software for cancer clinics that lets patients report symptoms from home between visits, sorts the reports by urgency for nurses, and automates the paperwork that lets clinics bill for that monitoring.","tags":"","route":"/companies/canopy/"},{"id":"careology","kind":"company","name":"Careology","aka":"","tldr":"Careology is an app that helps people going through cancer treatment log symptoms, medicines and appointments, and a dashboard that lets their hospital team see problems early.","tags":"","route":"/companies/careology/"},{"id":"carevive-systems","kind":"company","name":"Carevive Systems","aka":"","tldr":"Carevive built software that cancer clinics use to give each patient a personalised care plan and to collect symptom reports from home so nurses can act early. It is now part of Health Catalyst.","tags":"","route":"/companies/carevive-systems/"},{"id":"carrum-health","kind":"company","name":"Carrum Health","aka":"","tldr":"Carrum Health lets employers send workers with cancer to top cancer centres for a single upfront price, with travel and care coordination included and usually no bills for the patient.","tags":"","route":"/companies/carrum-health/","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"color-health","kind":"company","name":"Color Health","aka":"","tldr":"Color Health runs a cancer programme for employers and health plans that gets people screened, follows up abnormal results, and gives those diagnosed access to an online clinic staffed by oncologists.","tags":"","route":"/companies/color-health/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"deep-6-ai","kind":"company","name":"Deep 6 AI","aka":"","tldr":"Deep 6 AI made software that reads hospital records, including free text notes, to find patients who match clinical trial criteria in minutes. It was bought by the genomics and data company Tempus in 2025.","tags":"","route":"/companies/deep-6-ai/"},{"id":"jasper-health","kind":"company","name":"Jasper Health","aka":"","tldr":"Jasper Health is an app and coaching service that helps people with cancer and their carers keep track of treatment, symptoms and appointments, with counsellors available for emotional support.","tags":"","route":"/companies/jasper-health/"},{"id":"massive-bio","kind":"company","name":"Massive Bio","aka":"","tldr":"Massive Bio uses artificial intelligence to read a cancer patient's medical records and match them to clinical trials they may be eligible for, anywhere in the world, with doctors checking the results.","tags":"","route":"/companies/massive-bio/"},{"id":"onc-ai","kind":"company","name":"Onc.AI","aka":"","tldr":"Onc.AI trains artificial intelligence on routine CT scans to predict early whether a lung cancer patient's immunotherapy is working, so doctors and drug developers can change course sooner.","tags":"","route":"/companies/onc-ai/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"oncohealth","kind":"company","name":"OncoHealth","aka":"","tldr":"OncoHealth works for health insurers to check that proposed cancer treatments follow the evidence, and runs Iris, a service giving patients round the clock access to cancer nurses, therapists and dietitians by phone or app.","tags":"","route":"/companies/oncohealth/"},{"id":"osara-health","kind":"company","name":"Osara Health","aka":"","tldr":"Osara Health pairs people with cancer with a personal health coach by phone, text and app to help with fatigue, sleep, exercise and returning to work. Insurers and employers pay for it.","tags":"","route":"/companies/osara-health/"},{"id":"outcomes4me","kind":"company","name":"Outcomes4Me","aka":"","tldr":"Outcomes4Me is a free app that turns official cancer treatment guidelines into plain language options for each patient, and also tracks symptoms, explains genetic tests and finds clinical trials.","tags":"","route":"/companies/outcomes4me/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc nsclc prostate colorectal urothelial cll endometrial ovarian rcc multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"perci-health","kind":"company","name":"Perci Health","aka":"","tldr":"Perci Health is an online clinic where people affected by cancer can book video appointments with specialist cancer nurses, physiotherapists, dietitians, psychologists and other experts, usually paid for by their employer or insurer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/perci-health/"},{"id":"radformation","kind":"company","name":"Radformation","aka":"","tldr":"Radformation makes software that automates the repetitive parts of planning radiotherapy, such as outlining organs on scans, checking plans for errors and verifying doses, so cancer patients can start treatment faster and more safely.","tags":"","route":"/companies/radformation/"},{"id":"reimagine-care","kind":"company","name":"Reimagine Care","aka":"","tldr":"Reimagine Care gives cancer patients a text based assistant and oncology trained nurses available around the clock, so side effects can be handled at home instead of in an emergency department. It was bought by the French company Cureety in 2026.","tags":"","route":"/companies/reimagine-care/"},{"id":"tailormed","kind":"company","name":"TailorMed","aka":"","tldr":"TailorMed is software that finds and enrols patients in financial assistance programmes so they can afford expensive medicines, used by hospitals, cancer clinics and pharmacies.","tags":"","route":"/companies/tailormed/"},{"id":"thyme-care","kind":"company","name":"Thyme Care","aka":"","tldr":"Thyme Care gives people with cancer a 24 hour phone and app based support team of oncology nurses and social workers, paid for by their health insurer. It aims to keep people out of hospital and lower the cost of cancer care.","tags":"","route":"/companies/thyme-care/"},{"id":"trial-library","kind":"company","name":"Trial Library","aka":"","tldr":"Trial Library is software that helps everyday cancer clinics spot which patients might qualify for a clinical trial, refer them, and remove practical barriers like transport so more people, especially in under served communities, can join trials.","tags":"","route":"/companies/trial-library/"},{"id":"adela","kind":"company","name":"Adela","aka":"","tldr":"Adela, of Toronto, develops blood tests that profile methylation marks across all cell-free DNA fragments without sequencing the tumour itself, first to detect residual disease and immunotherapy response in advanced solid tumours and later to screen for multiple cancers with one test. The screening programme is still in study.","tags":"","route":"/companies/adela/"},{"id":"ataraxis-ai","kind":"company","name":"Ataraxis AI","aka":"","tldr":"Ataraxis AI analyses digitised breast tumour slides with artificial intelligence to estimate how likely a cancer is to return and whether chemotherapy is likely to help, returning results in a day without using up tissue.","tags":"","route":"/companies/ataraxis-ai/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"biodesix","kind":"company","name":"Biodesix","aka":"","tldr":"Biodesix sells blood tests that help doctors judge whether a lung nodule seen on a scan is likely to be cancer, and tests that guide treatment once lung cancer is diagnosed.","tags":"","route":"/companies/biodesix/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"c2i-genomics","kind":"company","name":"C2i Genomics","aka":"","tldr":"C2i Genomics built a blood test that reads the whole genome of tumour DNA fragments to detect leftover cancer after treatment; Veracyte bought the company in 2024 and now sells the approach as TrueMRD.","tags":"","route":"/companies/c2i-genomics/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"clearnote-health","kind":"company","name":"ClearNote Health","aka":"","tldr":"ClearNote Health sells blood tests that look for chemical marks on DNA fragments in the blood to catch pancreatic and ovarian cancer early in people at high risk.","tags":"","route":"/companies/clearnote-health/","cancers":"pancreatic ovarian"},{"id":"cyted-health","kind":"company","name":"Cyted Health","aka":"","tldr":"Cyted Health offers a swallowable capsule on a string that collects cells from the whole food pipe in a nurse-led appointment, so people with heartburn can be checked for Barrett's oesophagus and early oesophageal cancer without an endoscopy.","tags":"","route":"/companies/cyted-health/","cancers":"esophageal"},{"id":"elypta","kind":"company","name":"Elypta","aka":"","tldr":"Elypta, of Stockholm, measures glycosaminoglycans, sugar molecules in blood and urine, and scores them with machine learning to detect kidney cancer returning after surgery; a second programme tests whether the same signature can flag any cancer early in symptom-free adults. Only interim data support the screening use.","tags":"","route":"/companies/elypta/","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"exai-bio","kind":"company","name":"Exai Bio","aka":"","tldr":"Exai Bio is building blood tests that look for small pieces of RNA made only by tumours, rather than tumour DNA, and uses artificial intelligence to find cancer early from a routine blood draw.","tags":"","route":"/companies/exai-bio/"},{"id":"haystack-oncology","kind":"company","name":"Haystack Oncology","aka":"","tldr":"Haystack Oncology, now owned by Quest Diagnostics, makes a blood test that looks for tiny traces of tumour DNA after cancer surgery to tell whether any cancer is left behind or coming back.","tags":"","route":"/companies/haystack-oncology/","cancers":"colorectal tnbc nsclc"},{"id":"helio-genomics","kind":"company","name":"Helio Genomics","aka":"","tldr":"Helio Genomics sells HelioLiver, a blood test that combines DNA chemistry, protein markers and patient details to find liver cancer earlier than the ultrasound scans usually used for surveillance.","tags":"","route":"/companies/helio-genomics/","cancers":"hcc colorectal"},{"id":"ibex-medical-analytics","kind":"company","name":"Ibex Medical Analytics","aka":"","tldr":"Ibex makes artificial intelligence that examines digitised biopsy slides to help pathologists detect and grade prostate, breast and stomach cancer, and to score biomarkers such as HER2. Its prostate tool is FDA cleared and its systems are used in hundreds of laboratories.","tags":"","route":"/companies/ibex-medical-analytics/","cancers":"prostate breast-her2-positive gastric"},{"id":"imagene-ai","kind":"company","name":"Imagene AI","aka":"","tldr":"Imagene AI trains large artificial intelligence models on ordinary stained biopsy images so that, within minutes, a slide can predict which gene changes a lung tumour carries, helping doctors decide on targeted drugs before slower genetic tests return.","tags":"","route":"/companies/imagene-ai/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"inivata","kind":"company","name":"Inivata","aka":"","tldr":"Inivata was a Cambridge, UK liquid biopsy company whose blood tests find traces of tumour DNA; it was bought by the US laboratory group NeoGenomics in 2021 and its RaDaR test is now sold by NeoGenomics.","tags":"","route":"/companies/inivata/","cancers":"nsclc breast-hr-positive head-and-neck"},{"id":"insight-molecular-diagnostics","kind":"company","name":"Insight Molecular Diagnostics (formerly Oncocyte)","aka":"","tldr":"Insight Molecular Diagnostics, the renamed Oncocyte, is a small listed company whose cancer tests read gene activity in tumours to predict who will respond to immunotherapy, alongside a larger business in transplant rejection blood tests.","tags":"","route":"/companies/insight-molecular-diagnostics/"},{"id":"kheiron-medical-technologies","kind":"company","name":"Kheiron Medical Technologies","aka":"Kheiron\nDeepHealth Kheiron","tldr":"Kheiron built Mia, an artificial intelligence system that reads screening mammograms so that one radiologist plus the software can match the quality of two human readers. RadNet's DeepHealth unit bought the London company in 2024.","tags":"","route":"/companies/kheiron-medical-technologies/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"lucence","kind":"company","name":"Lucence","aka":"","tldr":"Lucence offers blood tests that read both tumour DNA and tumour RNA from a single sample to help doctors choose targeted treatments, and is developing a multi-cancer screening test.","tags":"","route":"/companies/lucence/","cancers":"nsclc colorectal breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"naveris","kind":"company","name":"Naveris","aka":"","tldr":"Naveris makes NavDx, a blood test that tracks DNA from the HPV virus shed by tumours, so doctors can confirm HPV-related throat and anal cancers and catch them coming back after treatment. It was bought by CareDx in 2026.","tags":"","route":"/companies/naveris/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"nonagen-bioscience","kind":"company","name":"Nonagen Bioscience","aka":"","tldr":"Nonagen Bioscience makes Oncuria, a urine test that measures a panel of proteins to detect bladder cancer, watch for it returning, and predict whether BCG immunotherapy will work.","tags":"","route":"/companies/nonagen-bioscience/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"nucleai","kind":"company","name":"Nucleai","aka":"","tldr":"Nucleai uses artificial intelligence to map where different cells sit within tumour tissue samples, helping drug companies understand who responds to a treatment and why.","tags":"","route":"/companies/nucleai/"},{"id":"nucleix","kind":"company","name":"Nucleix","aka":"","tldr":"Nucleix makes urine and blood tests that read chemical marks on DNA to spot bladder cancer coming back and, in development, to find lung cancer early.","tags":"","route":"/companies/nucleix/","cancers":"urothelial nsclc"},{"id":"owlstone-medical","kind":"company","name":"Owlstone Medical","aka":"","tldr":"Owlstone Medical, of Cambridge, UK, develops breath tests: a person breathes into its ReCIVA collector and the volatile chemicals are analysed to look for early lung cancer and liver disease. A 49 million dollar ARPA-H award funds a home breath and urine test for more than 30 solid tumours at stage I, still in development.","tags":"","route":"/companies/owlstone-medical/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"pathos-ai","kind":"company","name":"Pathos AI","aka":"","tldr":"Pathos AI trains multimodal artificial intelligence models on millions of cancer patients' genomic, imaging, text and outcome records to choose which experimental drugs to develop and which patients to test them in. It has licensed a TROP2/HER3 bispecific antibody-drug conjugate and an oestrogen receptor degrader, and raised a 365 million dollar Series D in 2025.","tags":"","route":"/companies/pathos-ai/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive nsclc"},{"id":"therapixel","kind":"company","name":"Therapixel","aka":"","tldr":"Therapixel's MammoScreen software uses artificial intelligence to point out suspicious areas on mammograms and score how likely they are to be cancer, helping radiologists in the US and Europe read screening exams.","tags":"","route":"/companies/therapixel/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"universal-dx","kind":"company","name":"Universal DX","aka":"","tldr":"Universal DX is developing Signal-C, a blood test to screen for bowel cancer and pre-cancerous growths, and has partnered with Quest Diagnostics to offer it in the US once regulators approve it.","tags":"","route":"/companies/universal-dx/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"valar-labs","kind":"company","name":"Valar Labs","aka":"","tldr":"Valar Labs uses artificial intelligence on routine bladder cancer biopsy slides to predict whether a patient's tumour will respond to BCG immunotherapy, helping doctors decide between BCG and other options such as surgery.","tags":"","route":"/companies/valar-labs/","cancers":"urothelial prostate pancreatic"},{"id":"vara","kind":"company","name":"Vara","aka":"","tldr":"Vara makes artificial intelligence software that reads screening mammograms in Germany's national breast screening programme, flagging normal scans and highlighting suspicious ones so radiologists find more cancers with less work.","tags":"","route":"/companies/vara/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"volitionrx","kind":"company","name":"VolitionRx","aka":"","tldr":"VolitionRx develops low-cost blood tests that measure nucleosomes, the packaging units of DNA released by dying cells, to detect and monitor cancer and sepsis.","tags":"","route":"/companies/volitionrx/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"volpara-health","kind":"company","name":"Volpara Health","aka":"","tldr":"Volpara Health made software that measures breast density from mammograms and helps clinics manage breast cancer risk and screening quality. The New Zealand company was acquired by Korean AI firm Lunit in 2024 and now operates under the Lunit brand.","tags":"","route":"/companies/volpara-health/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"empyrean-medical-systems","kind":"company","name":"Empyrean Medical Systems","aka":"","tldr":"Empyrean Medical Systems, of Florida, develops radiotherapy machines that use magnetic fields to shape high-energy electron beams, an MD Anderson approach designed for both conventional and FLASH dose rates, plus Vektra, a robotic arm for delivering radiation during surgery. None of its patient-treatment devices is yet cleared for sale.","tags":"","route":"/companies/empyrean-medical-systems/"},{"id":"gt-medical-technologies","kind":"company","name":"GT Medical Technologies","aka":"","tldr":"GT Medical Technologies makes GammaTile, small dissolvable collagen tiles containing radioactive caesium seeds that a neurosurgeon places in the cavity left after removing a brain tumour, so radiation starts immediately and the patient avoids weeks of daily radiotherapy visits.","tags":"","route":"/companies/gt-medical-technologies/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"intraop-medical","kind":"company","name":"IntraOp Medical","aka":"","tldr":"IntraOp makes the Mobetron, a mobile electron-beam machine that can be wheeled into an operating theatre to give a single, targeted dose of radiation to the tumour bed during cancer surgery, and it is also being used in the first human trials of ultra-fast FLASH radiotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/companies/intraop-medical/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"leo-cancer-care","kind":"company","name":"Leo Cancer Care","aka":"","tldr":"Leo Cancer Care builds radiotherapy equipment that treats patients sitting upright instead of lying down, so the beam can stay fixed and the room, machine and building can be far smaller and cheaper.","tags":"","route":"/companies/leo-cancer-care/"},{"id":"monteris-medical","kind":"company","name":"Monteris Medical","aka":"","tldr":"Monteris makes NeuroBlate, a system that lets a neurosurgeon destroy a brain tumour from the inside with a laser fibre inserted through a small hole in the skull while watching the heat spread on a live MRI scan, avoiding open brain surgery.","tags":"","route":"/companies/monteris-medical/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"neutron-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Neutron Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Neutron Therapeutics makes a compact particle accelerator that produces the neutron beam needed for boron neutron capture therapy, a form of radiotherapy that targets cancer cells one at a time, so hospitals no longer need a nuclear reactor to offer it.","tags":"","route":"/companies/neutron-therapeutics/","cancers":"glioblastoma head-and-neck"},{"id":"p-cure","kind":"company","name":"P-Cure","aka":"","tldr":"P-Cure makes a compact proton therapy system in which the patient sits upright in a rotating chair in front of a fixed beam, so the treatment fits inside an ordinary radiotherapy room instead of a purpose-built multi-storey building.","tags":"","route":"/companies/p-cure/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"perimeter-medical-imaging-ai","kind":"company","name":"Perimeter Medical Imaging AI","aka":"","tldr":"Perimeter makes a scanner that gives surgeons a microscope-level 3D look at the edges of tissue they have just removed during breast cancer surgery, with artificial intelligence flagging suspicious areas, so they can take more tissue immediately rather than bringing the patient back for a second operation.","tags":"","route":"/companies/perimeter-medical-imaging-ai/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"quantum-surgical","kind":"company","name":"Quantum Surgical","aka":"","tldr":"Quantum Surgical builds Epione, a robot that helps doctors guide needles through the skin to destroy liver and other tumours with heat or cold, making a minimally invasive treatment more precise and easier for less experienced operators.","tags":"","route":"/companies/quantum-surgical/","cancers":"hcc colorectal rcc"},{"id":"sonalasense","kind":"company","name":"SonALAsense","aka":"","tldr":"SonALAsense is testing sonodynamic therapy, in which patients receive a drug that cancer cells turn into a light-sensitive chemical and then focused ultrasound is beamed through the skull to activate it, killing brain tumour cells without surgery.","tags":"","route":"/companies/sonalasense/","cancers":"glioblastoma aml multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"tae-life-sciences","kind":"company","name":"TAE Life Sciences","aka":"","tldr":"TAE Life Sciences is developing boron neutron capture therapy, in which a boron drug collects in cancer cells and a hospital-based neutron beam then triggers a tiny nuclear reaction inside those cells to destroy them while sparing nearby healthy tissue.","tags":"","route":"/companies/tae-life-sciences/","cancers":"head-and-neck glioblastoma"},{"id":"theryq","kind":"company","name":"THERYQ","aka":"","tldr":"THERYQ, part of the French industrial group ALCEN, builds linear accelerators for FLASH radiotherapy, which delivers a whole radiation dose in under 100 milliseconds; its FLASHDEEP produces 100 to 200 MeV electron beams that reach tumours about 20 cm deep. It is still preclinical, with a 38 million euro France 2030 programme to reach a CE mark.","tags":"","route":"/companies/theryq/"},{"id":"vergent-bioscience","kind":"company","name":"Vergent Bioscience","aka":"","tldr":"Vergent Bioscience is testing an injectable dye that makes lung tumours glow during keyhole and robotic surgery, so surgeons can find small or hidden tumours and check that all of the cancer has been removed.","tags":"","route":"/companies/vergent-bioscience/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"xact-robotics","kind":"company","name":"XACT Robotics","aka":"","tldr":"XACT Robotics makes a small robot that attaches to the patient and, using CT scan guidance, inserts and steers a needle to a precise spot inside the body for tumour biopsies and heat-based tumour destruction, adjusting its path as the target moves.","tags":"","route":"/companies/xact-robotics/","cancers":"nsclc hcc rcc"},{"id":"xcision-medical-systems","kind":"company","name":"Xcision Medical Systems","aka":"","tldr":"Xcision Medical Systems makes GammaPod, a radiotherapy machine built only for early breast cancer: the patient lies face down with the breast held in a vacuum cup while rotating cobalt-60 sources focus dose on part of the breast, allowing five sessions or fewer instead of four to six weeks. It is FDA-cleared and CE-marked but used at two listed sites.","tags":"","route":"/companies/xcision-medical-systems/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"zap-surgical-systems","kind":"company","name":"ZAP Surgical Systems","aka":"","tldr":"ZAP Surgical makes ZAP-X, a self-shielded radiosurgery machine that aims beams from thousands of angles at brain tumours, treating brain metastases and meningiomas in one to five outpatient sessions without the concrete bunker or cobalt-60 source that older systems need. It is cleared in the US, Japan and Europe, with installations including Gustave Roussy.","tags":"","route":"/companies/zap-surgical-systems/"},{"id":"aqemia","kind":"company","name":"Aqemia","aka":"","tldr":"Aqemia combines physics-based calculations with generative artificial intelligence to invent new drug molecules, working both on its own projects and with large drug companies such as Sanofi.","tags":"","route":"/companies/aqemia/"},{"id":"bighat-biosciences","kind":"company","name":"BigHat Biosciences","aka":"","tldr":"BigHat uses machine learning and a fast automated lab to design antibodies. Its first cancer drug, an antibody carrying a chemotherapy payload to stomach and bowel tumours, entered human trials in 2026.","tags":"","route":"/companies/bighat-biosciences/","cancers":"gastric esophageal colorectal"},{"id":"certis-oncology-solutions","kind":"company","name":"Certis Oncology Solutions","aka":"","tldr":"Certis grows pieces of a patient's tumour in mice and in the lab to test which drugs work, serving both drug developers and oncologists looking for treatment options for an individual patient.","tags":"","route":"/companies/certis-oncology-solutions/"},{"id":"curevac","kind":"company","name":"CureVac","aka":"","tldr":"CureVac was one of the pioneers of messenger RNA medicines and developed mRNA cancer vaccines for brain and head and neck cancer. It is now part of BioNTech, which bought the company.","tags":"","route":"/companies/curevac/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"cytoreason","kind":"company","name":"CytoReason","aka":"","tldr":"CytoReason builds computer models of human diseases from molecular and clinical data so drug companies can predict which targets and drugs are most likely to work, including in cancer immunotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/companies/cytoreason/"},{"id":"evaxion","kind":"company","name":"Evaxion","aka":"","tldr":"Evaxion uses artificial intelligence to design vaccines against cancer and infections. Its lead cancer vaccine is personalised to each melanoma patient's tumour, and a newer off-the-shelf vaccine targets brain cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/evaxion/","cancers":"melanoma glioblastoma"},{"id":"exscientia","kind":"company","name":"Exscientia","aka":"","tldr":"Exscientia was a British pioneer in designing drugs with artificial intelligence, including cancer drugs that reached early clinical trials. It has been folded into the US company Recursion.","tags":"","route":"/companies/exscientia/"},{"id":"geneos-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Geneos Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Geneos builds a personalised DNA vaccine for each patient from the mutations in their own tumour, injected into the skin with a small electrical pulse so the immune system learns to attack the cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/geneos-therapeutics/","cancers":"hcc glioblastoma"},{"id":"iktos","kind":"company","name":"Iktos","aka":"","tldr":"Iktos sells artificial intelligence software that designs new drug molecules and plans how to make them, and runs robotic labs that build and test the molecules automatically.","tags":"","route":"/companies/iktos/"},{"id":"immunai","kind":"company","name":"Immunai","aka":"","tldr":"Immunai maps the human immune system cell by cell and uses machine learning on that map to help drug companies pick targets and design trials, including for cancer immunotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/companies/immunai/"},{"id":"imugene","kind":"company","name":"Imugene","aka":"","tldr":"Imugene is an Australian company now focused on an off-the-shelf CAR-T cell therapy made from donor cells for people with blood cancers that have come back after other treatments.","tags":"","route":"/companies/imugene/","cancers":"all-leukemia dlbcl"},{"id":"io-biotech","kind":"company","name":"IO Biotech","aka":"","tldr":"IO Biotech makes an off-the-shelf cancer vaccine that trains T cells to attack both tumour cells and the immune-suppressing cells around them. Its large melanoma trial narrowly missed its main goal in 2025 and the company is now reviewing its options.","tags":"","route":"/companies/io-biotech/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"kanvas-biosciences","kind":"company","name":"Kanvas Biosciences","aka":"","tldr":"Kanvas maps which bacteria live in the gut and turns that knowledge into bacterial medicines that help cancer immunotherapy work better and treat its gut side effects.","tags":"","route":"/companies/kanvas-biosciences/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"maat-pharma","kind":"company","name":"MaaT Pharma","aka":"","tldr":"MaaT Pharma makes gut microbiome treatments for people with blood cancer. Its lead product restores gut bacteria to treat a severe complication of stem cell transplants when standard drugs fail.","tags":"","route":"/companies/maat-pharma/"},{"id":"mendus","kind":"company","name":"Mendus","aka":"","tldr":"Mendus makes an off-the-shelf cell-based cancer vaccine, given as a skin injection after standard treatment, to stop leukaemia and ovarian cancer from coming back.","tags":"","route":"/companies/mendus/","cancers":"aml ovarian"},{"id":"microbiotica","kind":"company","name":"Microbiotica","aka":"","tldr":"Microbiotica makes precisely defined mixtures of gut bacteria as medicines. Its lead product is given alongside immunotherapy to help more melanoma patients respond.","tags":"","route":"/companies/microbiotica/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"mission-bio","kind":"company","name":"Mission Bio","aka":"","tldr":"Mission Bio sells an instrument that reads DNA mutations and proteins from thousands of individual cancer cells at once, helping researchers see how leukaemia and myeloma evolve and resist treatment.","tags":"","route":"/companies/mission-bio/","cancers":"aml multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"noetik","kind":"company","name":"Noetik","aka":"","tldr":"Noetik builds artificial intelligence models of tumours from huge sets of tissue images and molecular data, to predict which patients will respond to a cancer drug and to find new targets.","tags":"","route":"/companies/noetik/"},{"id":"nykode-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Nykode Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Nykode makes cancer vaccines that teach the immune system to attack tumours. One is built from each patient's own tumour mutations; another targets cancers caused by the HPV16 virus, such as cervical cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/nykode-therapeutics/","cancers":"cervical head-and-neck"},{"id":"oncohost","kind":"company","name":"OncoHost","aka":"","tldr":"OncoHost sells a blood test that measures hundreds of proteins before treatment starts to predict whether a lung cancer patient will benefit from immunotherapy drugs.","tags":"","route":"/companies/oncohost/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"ose-immunotherapeutics","kind":"company","name":"OSE Immunotherapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"OSE Immunotherapeutics develops immune treatments for cancer and inflammatory disease. Its lead cancer product is an off-the-shelf vaccine for lung cancer patients whose immunotherapy has stopped working, now in a late-stage trial.","tags":"","route":"/companies/ose-immunotherapeutics/","cancers":"nsclc ovarian"},{"id":"strand-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Strand Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Strand makes programmable messenger RNA medicines that switch on only inside tumours. Its first drug is injected into a tumour and makes cells there produce an immune-boosting signal.","tags":"","route":"/companies/strand-therapeutics/"},{"id":"transgene","kind":"company","name":"Transgene","aka":"","tldr":"Transgene uses modified viruses to make cancer immunotherapies. Its lead product is a personalised vaccine built from each patient's tumour mutations, given after surgery to stop head and neck cancer coming back.","tags":"","route":"/companies/transgene/","cancers":"head-and-neck nsclc"},{"id":"turbine","kind":"company","name":"Turbine","aka":"","tldr":"Turbine builds computer simulations of cancer cells so drug developers can run millions of virtual experiments before doing them in the lab, for example to pick targets for antibody-drug conjugates.","tags":"","route":"/companies/turbine/"},{"id":"valo-health","kind":"company","name":"Valo Health","aka":"","tldr":"Valo Health uses large collections of patient health records and artificial intelligence to work out which biological targets cause disease, then designs small-molecule drugs against them.","tags":"","route":"/companies/valo-health/"},{"id":"acrivon-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Acrivon Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Acrivon Therapeutics uses a protein-activity test to pick the patients most likely to respond to its cancer drugs. Its lead drug blocks DNA damage checkpoint proteins and is being tested in womb and ovarian cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/acrivon-therapeutics/","cancers":"endometrial ovarian"},{"id":"ambagon-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Ambagon Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Ambagon Therapeutics designs small molecules that act like glue, locking a hub protein called 14-3-3 onto its partner proteins to switch them on or off. It is an early-stage company with cancer and brain disease programmes.","tags":"","route":"/companies/ambagon-therapeutics/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"amphista-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Amphista Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Amphista Therapeutics, based near Cambridge in the UK, designs small molecules that make cancer cells destroy specific proteins using a less common disposal enzyme called DCAF16. Its first drug, for acute myeloid leukaemia, was cleared to start human trials in 2026.","tags":"","route":"/companies/amphista-therapeutics/","cancers":"aml nsclc mesothelioma"},{"id":"black-diamond-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Black Diamond Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Black Diamond Therapeutics designs cancer pills that hit whole families of mutations in a growth protein at once. Its lead drug, silevertinib, targets mutated EGFR in lung cancer and brain tumours.","tags":"","route":"/companies/black-diamond-therapeutics/","cancers":"nsclc glioblastoma"},{"id":"blueprint-medicines","kind":"company","name":"Blueprint Medicines","aka":"","tldr":"Blueprint Medicines invented Ayvakit, a pill approved for systemic mastocytosis and for a rare gut tumour called GIST that carries a specific mutation. The French drug maker Sanofi bought the company in 2025.","tags":"","route":"/companies/blueprint-medicines/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"boundless-bio","kind":"company","name":"Boundless Bio","aka":"","tldr":"Boundless Bio tried to treat cancers driven by extra loops of DNA outside the chromosomes, called ecDNA. Its lead drug did not show enough benefit in early trials, and in 2026 the company agreed to merge with a gene-editing company and leave cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/boundless-bio/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"bridgebio-oncology-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"BridgeBio Oncology Therapeutics","aka":"QED Therapeutics, a BridgeBio company\nQED Therapeutics","tldr":"BridgeBio Oncology Therapeutics (BBOT) makes pills against the KRAS cancer protein and a drug that stops KRAS from switching on a second growth signal called PI3K-alpha. All three drugs are in early human trials.","tags":"","route":"/companies/bridgebio-oncology-therapeutics/","cancers":"nsclc colorectal breast-her2-positive breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"captor-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Captor Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Captor Therapeutics, a Polish company listed in Warsaw, designs small molecules that make cells destroy disease-causing proteins. Its lead cancer programme degrades three proteins at once and is aimed at liver and lung cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/captor-therapeutics/","cancers":"hcc neuroendocrine neuroblastoma"},{"id":"cogent-biosciences","kind":"company","name":"Cogent Biosciences","aka":"","tldr":"Cogent Biosciences makes bezuclastinib, a pill that blocks a mutated protein called KIT. It is being tested in a rare gut tumour called GIST and in systemic mastocytosis, a disease of overactive immune cells.","tags":"","route":"/companies/cogent-biosciences/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"cullgen","kind":"company","name":"Cullgen","aka":"","tldr":"Cullgen designs drugs that tag disease-causing proteins for destruction by the cell's own recycling system, and links such drugs to antibodies. In May 2026 it became part of Gyre Therapeutics, a US and China company focused on fibrosis.","tags":"","route":"/companies/cullgen/"},{"id":"enliven-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Enliven Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Enliven Therapeutics designs cleaner versions of cancer pills that already work. Its lead drug targets the BCR-ABL protein in chronic myeloid leukaemia and a second drug targets mutated HER2 in lung cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/enliven-therapeutics/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"erasca","kind":"company","name":"Erasca","aka":"","tldr":"Erasca develops pills that shut down the RAS signalling pathway, one of the most common drivers of cancer. Its two lead drugs aim to block all forms of RAS or KRAS rather than a single mutation.","tags":"","route":"/companies/erasca/","cancers":"colorectal glioblastoma"},{"id":"foghorn-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Foghorn Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Foghorn Therapeutics makes drugs that act on the machinery that packages DNA and controls which genes are switched on. Its lead drug, partnered with Lilly, targets lung cancers that have lost a gene called SMARCA4.","tags":"","route":"/companies/foghorn-therapeutics/","cancers":"nsclc multiple-myeloma dlbcl prostate breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"halda-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Halda Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Halda Therapeutics invented a new kind of oral cancer drug that links a protein found only in tumour cells to a protein cells need to survive, killing the cancer cell. Johnson & Johnson bought the company for 3.05 billion US dollars in 2025.","tags":"","route":"/companies/halda-therapeutics/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"ideaya-biosciences","kind":"company","name":"IDEAYA Biosciences","aka":"","tldr":"IDEAYA Biosciences develops cancer drugs matched to the genetic make-up of a patient's tumour. Its most advanced drug, darovasertib, is in late-stage trials for a rare eye cancer called uveal melanoma.","tags":"","route":"/companies/ideaya-biosciences/","cancers":"melanoma sclc pancreatic"},{"id":"inhibrx","kind":"company","name":"Inhibrx Biosciences","aka":"","tldr":"Inhibrx Biosciences is a San Diego antibody company testing two cancer drugs: ozekibart, which triggers a self-destruct receptor on tumour cells in bone cancers such as Ewing sarcoma, and an OX40 antibody that boosts immune cells. Sanofi bought its sister lung disease drug in 2024.","tags":"","route":"/companies/inhibrx/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"k36-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"K36 Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"K36 Therapeutics makes pills that block an enzyme called NSD2 (also known as MMSET), which is overactive in about one in five multiple myeloma cases because of a chromosome swap. It is also testing the approach in prostate cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/k36-therapeutics/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma prostate"},{"id":"kumquat-biosciences","kind":"company","name":"Kumquat Biosciences","aka":"","tldr":"Kumquat Biosciences is a San Diego company founded by KRAS pioneers that makes pills against the KRAS cancer protein and immune-boosting small molecules. Its KRAS G12D drug entered human trials with Bayer in 2025.","tags":"","route":"/companies/kumquat-biosciences/","cancers":"pancreatic colorectal nsclc"},{"id":"neomorph","kind":"company","name":"Neomorph","aka":"","tldr":"Neomorph makes small molecules called molecular glues that stick a disease protein to the cell's disposal machinery so it is destroyed. Its first drug is in an early trial for clear cell kidney cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/neomorph/","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"nested-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Nested Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Nested Therapeutics hunts for hidden cancer-driving mutations and designs drugs to fit them. Its first drug, NST-628, sticks two signalling proteins (RAF and MEK) together to switch off a common cancer growth pathway.","tags":"","route":"/companies/nested-therapeutics/"},{"id":"nimbus-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Nimbus Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Nimbus Therapeutics is a Boston company that uses computer-aided chemistry to design pills against hard drug targets. Its cancer drug blocks an enzyme called WRN that some bowel and womb cancers with faulty DNA repair depend on.","tags":"","route":"/companies/nimbus-therapeutics/"},{"id":"oric-pharmaceuticals","kind":"company","name":"ORIC Pharmaceuticals","aka":"","tldr":"ORIC Pharmaceuticals develops pills designed to beat the ways cancers resist treatment. One blocks a gene-silencing complex in prostate cancer; the other targets mutated EGFR and HER2 in lung cancer and can reach the brain.","tags":"","route":"/companies/oric-pharmaceuticals/","cancers":"prostate nsclc"},{"id":"photys-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Photys Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Photys Therapeutics builds two-headed molecules that bring a target protein next to an enzyme that modifies or destroys it. Its first clinical drug is for autoimmune disease; its cancer work, aimed at a mutant form of the p53 protein, is still in the laboratory.","tags":"","route":"/companies/photys-therapeutics/"},{"id":"plexium","kind":"company","name":"Plexium","aka":"","tldr":"Plexium makes single-piece pills that make cancer cells destroy specific proteins. Its lead drug removes a protein called SMARCA2 in tumours that have lost its partner SMARCA4, and is in an early human trial.","tags":"","route":"/companies/plexium/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"prelude-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Prelude Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Prelude Therapeutics develops precision cancer medicines. Its current focus is a pill for blood cancers driven by a JAK2 mutation and drugs that destroy a protein called KAT6A in hormone-driven breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/prelude-therapeutics/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"proxygen","kind":"company","name":"Proxygen","aka":"","tldr":"Proxygen is a Vienna company that hunts for molecular glues, small molecules that make cells destroy cancer-driving proteins. Its two lead programmes, against p300 and CDK12, are still in the laboratory.","tags":"","route":"/companies/proxygen/","cancers":"prostate nsclc urothelial breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"relay-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Relay Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Relay Therapeutics uses computer simulations of how proteins move to design precise cancer pills. Its lead drug, zovegalisib, targets a mutated growth protein called PI3K-alpha in breast cancer while sparing the normal version.","tags":"","route":"/companies/relay-therapeutics/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive melanoma cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"repare-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Repare Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Repare Therapeutics was a Montreal cancer drug developer working on drugs that stop tumours repairing their own DNA. In January 2026 it was bought by a non-profit called XenoTherapeutics and its shares stopped trading.","tags":"","route":"/companies/repare-therapeutics/"},{"id":"scorpion-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Scorpion Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Scorpion Therapeutics was a Boston start-up that designed a cancer pill, STX-478, aimed only at the mutated form of a growth protein called PI3K-alpha, sparing the normal form. Eli Lilly bought the programme in 2025.","tags":"","route":"/companies/scorpion-therapeutics/"},{"id":"stablix","kind":"company","name":"Stablix","aka":"","tldr":"Stablix does the opposite of protein degradation: its molecules recruit enzymes that strip the 'destroy me' tag off useful proteins so cells keep them. Cancer is one of its target areas, but all its work is still preclinical.","tags":"","route":"/companies/stablix/"},{"id":"tango-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Tango Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Tango Therapeutics makes cancer pills that exploit a weakness created when a tumour loses a particular gene. Its lead drug targets cancers that have lost a gene called MTAP, common in pancreatic and lung cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/tango-therapeutics/","cancers":"pancreatic nsclc glioblastoma"},{"id":"treeline-biosciences","kind":"company","name":"Treeline Biosciences","aka":"","tldr":"Treeline Biosciences is a well-funded private company building cancer drugs of several kinds, including a pill that blocks all forms of the KRAS cancer protein and drugs for lymphoma.","tags":"","route":"/companies/treeline-biosciences/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"triana-biomedicines","kind":"company","name":"Triana Biomedicines","aka":"","tldr":"Triana Biomedicines designs molecular glues that make cancer cells destroy their own faulty proteins. Its first drug, TRI-611, removes the ALK fusion protein that drives a subset of lung cancers and has entered human trials.","tags":"","route":"/companies/triana-biomedicines/","cancers":"nsclc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"tyra-biosciences","kind":"company","name":"Tyra Biosciences","aka":"","tldr":"Tyra Biosciences designs precise pills against a family of growth-signal proteins called FGFRs, which are faulty in some bladder, liver and bile duct cancers and in a bone growth disorder.","tags":"","route":"/companies/tyra-biosciences/","cancers":"urothelial hcc cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"zentalis-pharmaceuticals","kind":"company","name":"Zentalis Pharmaceuticals","aka":"","tldr":"Zentalis Pharmaceuticals is developing azenosertib, a pill that blocks a cell-cycle checkpoint protein called WEE1, for ovarian cancer that no longer responds to platinum chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/companies/zentalis-pharmaceuticals/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"arden-bio","kind":"company","name":"Arden Bio","aka":"","tldr":"Arden Bio is an Even One Ventures company outside cancer: it profiles the immune system of people with complex immune-mediated conditions to match them to biology-based treatments.","tags":"startup evenone-portfolio immunology non-oncology","route":"/companies/arden-bio/"},{"id":"echo-immune","kind":"company","name":"Echo Immune","aka":"","tldr":"Echo Immune is developing personalised mRNA cancer vaccines designed from a patient's own tumour to stop cancer coming back after treatment.","tags":"startup evenone-portfolio oncology","route":"/companies/echo-immune/"},{"id":"ignitus-bio","kind":"company","name":"Ignitus Bio","aka":"","tldr":"Ignitus Bio is an Even One Ventures company outside cancer: it aims to measure a patient's mitochondrial function and use healthy mitochondria to restore energy in failing heart and brain tissue.","tags":"startup evenone-portfolio longevity non-oncology","route":"/companies/ignitus-bio/"},{"id":"invocata","kind":"company","name":"Invocata","aka":"","tldr":"Invocata is building personalised T-cell receptor therapies, choosing the right TCR for the individual patient at the right time; its site says only that it is coming soon.","tags":"startup evenone-portfolio oncology","route":"/companies/invocata/"},{"id":"kernis-health","kind":"company","name":"Kernis Health","aka":"","tldr":"Kernis Health helps cancer patients keep their own living tumour tissue after surgery, instead of letting it be discarded, so it can be used later for functional drug testing, diagnostics and trial access.","tags":"startup evenone-portfolio oncology","route":"/companies/kernis-health/"},{"id":"minuteman-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Minuteman Therapeutics","aka":"Minuteman Tx","tldr":"Minuteman Therapeutics develops oncolytic viruses engineered against an individual patient's tumour, matching the virus to the biology of that person's cancer.","tags":"startup evenone-portfolio oncology","route":"/companies/minuteman-therapeutics/"},{"id":"palitra-bio","kind":"company","name":"Palitra Bio","aka":"","tldr":"Palitra Bio tests candidate treatments directly against a patient's own tumour cells, with a PhD data team and an MD tumour board turning the results into a personalised treatment plan.","tags":"startup evenone-portfolio oncology","route":"/companies/palitra-bio/"},{"id":"perita-bio","kind":"company","name":"Perita Bio","aka":"","tldr":"Perita Bio is an Even One Ventures company outside cancer: precision molecular profiling of endometriosis to explore non-hormonal treatment options.","tags":"startup evenone-portfolio womens-health non-oncology","route":"/companies/perita-bio/"},{"id":"ranata-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Ranata Therapeutics","aka":"Ranata Tx","tldr":"Ranata Therapeutics builds antibodies and bispecific antibodies against the unique features of an individual patient's cancer cells.","tags":"startup evenone-portfolio oncology","route":"/companies/ranata-therapeutics/"},{"id":"rarivive","kind":"company","name":"Rarivive","aka":"","tldr":"Rarivive is an Even One Ventures company outside cancer: custom gene therapies designed around a single person's mutation for rare genetic diseases.","tags":"startup evenone-portfolio rare-disease non-oncology","route":"/companies/rarivive/"},{"id":"relit-biosciences","kind":"company","name":"Relit Biosciences","aka":"","tldr":"Relit Biosciences gives patients access to biomarker-based imaging and radioligand therapy, the pairing of a diagnostic scan with a matched radioactive drug.","tags":"startup evenone-portfolio oncology","route":"/companies/relit-biosciences/"},{"id":"stitchpoint-bio","kind":"company","name":"Stitchpoint Bio","aka":"","tldr":"Stitchpoint Bio is an Even One Ventures company outside cancer: antisense oligonucleotide medicines designed for a single rare disease patient's mutation, aiming to cut development from decades to months.","tags":"startup evenone-portfolio rare-disease non-oncology","route":"/companies/stitchpoint-bio/"},{"id":"yuga-bio","kind":"company","name":"Yuga Bio","aka":"","tldr":"Yuga Bio is an AI workspace for personalised cancer care: a patient's case wiki, agentic research on their tumour and their care team in one place, from diagnosis to treatment options.","tags":"startup evenone-portfolio oncology","route":"/companies/yuga-bio/"},{"id":"y-combinator","kind":"company","name":"Y Combinator","aka":"","tldr":"Y Combinator is the start-up accelerator that funds hundreds of new companies a year in return for a small stake. Since 2014 it has backed a steady stream of companies going after cancer, from blood tests to engineered viruses.","tags":"accelerator","route":"/companies/y-combinator/"},{"id":"third-rock-ventures","kind":"company","name":"Third Rock Ventures","aka":"","tldr":"Third Rock Ventures builds biotech companies from scratch around a scientific idea, then funds and staffs them. Several of the best-known precision oncology companies of the last fifteen years started in its offices.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/third-rock-ventures/"},{"id":"amgen-ventures","kind":"company","name":"Amgen Ventures","aka":"","tldr":"Amgen Ventures is the venture arm of the biotech company Amgen. It takes minority stakes in early companies whose science could matter to Amgen, including cancer drug and platform start-ups.","tags":"corporate-venture","route":"/companies/amgen-ventures/"},{"id":"a16z-bio-health","kind":"company","name":"Andreessen Horowitz Bio + Health","aka":"","tldr":"The life sciences and healthcare arm of the Silicon Valley venture firm Andreessen Horowitz (a16z). It backs founders who mix biology, software and care delivery, including a small number of cancer drug and diagnostics start-ups.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/a16z-bio-health/"},{"id":"arch-venture-partners","kind":"company","name":"ARCH Venture Partners","aka":"","tldr":"A Chicago venture firm that starts and funds science-heavy biotech companies. Several of its companies work on cancer drugs, cancer cell therapies and cancer diagnostics.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/arch-venture-partners/"},{"id":"flagship-pioneering","kind":"company","name":"Flagship Pioneering","aka":"","tldr":"A Cambridge, Massachusetts firm that invents and builds its own biotech companies rather than backing outside founders. Its cancer-focused companies include Foghorn Therapeutics and Repertoire Immune Medicines.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/flagship-pioneering/"},{"id":"atlas-venture","kind":"company","name":"Atlas Venture","aka":"","tldr":"A Cambridge, Massachusetts biotech-only venture firm that seeds and incubates new drug companies. Cancer companies it has built include Bicycle Therapeutics, Day One Biopharmaceuticals and Antares Therapeutics.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/atlas-venture/"},{"id":"versant-ventures","kind":"company","name":"Versant Ventures","aka":"","tldr":"A San Francisco life sciences venture firm that builds biotech companies in its own laboratories in North America and Europe. It created the radiopharmaceutical company RayzeBio and backed Gritstone, Repare and Abdera.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/versant-ventures/"},{"id":"orbimed","kind":"company","name":"OrbiMed","aka":"","tldr":"OrbiMed is a New York healthcare investment firm managing about 20 billion dollars across venture, private equity, public equity and royalty strategies, with teams in North America, Europe and Asia. Its cancer portfolio includes Adcendo (antibody-drug conjugates), Adela (blood-based cancer detection), Adicet Bio (immune-cell therapies) and Alterome (alteration-specific drugs).","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/orbimed/"},{"id":"ra-capital","kind":"company","name":"RA Capital Management","aka":"","tldr":"A Boston investment firm that funds biotech companies both privately and on the stock market, and incubates its own. Its cancer bets include Aktis Oncology, CG Oncology and Bicara Therapeutics.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/ra-capital/"},{"id":"casdin-capital","kind":"company","name":"Casdin Capital","aka":"","tldr":"A New York investment firm founded by Eli Casdin that invests in life sciences companies on both public and private markets. Its venture list includes cancer companies such as Black Diamond Therapeutics and Function Oncology.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/casdin-capital/"},{"id":"polaris-partners","kind":"company","name":"Polaris Partners","aka":"","tldr":"A Boston venture firm with a long record of co-founding biotech companies with academic scientists such as Bob Langer. Its cancer companies include Syros Pharmaceuticals, Kronos Bio and the blood-test company Freenome.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/polaris-partners/"},{"id":"5am-ventures","kind":"company","name":"5AM Ventures","aka":"","tldr":"A venture firm with offices in San Francisco and Boston that funds early-stage drug companies and also runs a public-market fund. Its cancer investments include the cell therapy company Artiva, the protein degrader pioneer Arvinas and Enliven Therapeutics.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/5am-ventures/"},{"id":"sofinnova-partners","kind":"company","name":"Sofinnova Partners","aka":"","tldr":"One of Europe's oldest life sciences venture firms, based in Paris. It has backed cancer companies such as Innate Pharma, Crescendo Biologics and Hookipa, and its portfolio company Myricx was bought by Novartis.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/sofinnova-partners/"},{"id":"medicxi","kind":"company","name":"Medicxi","aka":"","tldr":"A London and Geneva venture firm that funds single-asset drug companies run by experienced drug hunters. Its cancer companies have included ProfoundBio (bought by Genmab), Kurome Therapeutics and Gadeta.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/medicxi/"},{"id":"syncona","kind":"company","name":"Syncona","aka":"","tldr":"A London-listed investment company that founds and funds UK life science companies and holds them for the long term. Its cancer companies include the CAR-T company Autolus and the precision oncology firms iOnctura and Mosaic Therapeutics.","tags":"public-fund","route":"/companies/syncona/"},{"id":"forbion","kind":"company","name":"Forbion","aka":"","tldr":"A Dutch venture firm that funds European and North American biotech companies from formation to late-stage growth. Its homepage says it manages around EUR 5 billion across 11 funds.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/forbion/"},{"id":"frazier-life-sciences","kind":"company","name":"Frazier Life Sciences","aka":"","tldr":"A life sciences venture firm that grew out of Frazier Healthcare Partners in Seattle and now operates independently, backing private and public biotech companies.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/frazier-life-sciences/"},{"id":"bain-capital-life-sciences","kind":"company","name":"Bain Capital Life Sciences","aka":"","tldr":"The life sciences investing arm of Bain Capital in Boston. It funds later-stage private and public biotech companies, including cancer drug developers such as Olema Oncology, Nuvalent, Revolution Medicines and Mersana.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/bain-capital-life-sciences/"},{"id":"deerfield-management","kind":"company","name":"Deerfield Management","aka":"","tldr":"A New York healthcare investment firm that funds companies, runs its own drug discovery labs and a philanthropy arm. It founded and seeded Nuvalent, a lung cancer drug company that GSK agreed to buy for $10.6 billion.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/deerfield-management/"},{"id":"foresite-capital","kind":"company","name":"Foresite Capital","aka":"","tldr":"A San Francisco investment firm that funds healthcare companies at every stage with a data-science approach. Its cancer investments include CG Oncology, ALX Oncology, Kura Oncology and the blood-test company Delfi Diagnostics.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/foresite-capital/"},{"id":"lux-capital","kind":"company","name":"Lux Capital","aka":"","tldr":"A New York venture firm that backs deep technology companies, from defence and AI to biology. Its biotech holdings include the AI drug discovery company Recursion and the imaging-based drug hunter Eikon Therapeutics.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/lux-capital/"},{"id":"khosla-ventures","kind":"company","name":"Khosla Ventures","aka":"","tldr":"Vinod Khosla's Menlo Park venture firm, which backs bold early-stage technology companies including health and biology start-ups. Cancer-related bets include the blood-test company Guardant Health and the AI oncology start-up Radical Health.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/khosla-ventures/"},{"id":"founders-fund","kind":"company","name":"Founders Fund","aka":"","tldr":"Peter Thiel's San Francisco venture firm, best known for SpaceX, Palantir and Anduril. Its public portfolio page does not name any cancer companies, so its relevance to oncology is limited.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/founders-fund/"},{"id":"general-catalyst","kind":"company","name":"General Catalyst","aka":"","tldr":"A large venture firm founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts, that now spans seed to growth and even owns a hospital system. Its health portfolio includes the radiopharmaceutical company Alpha-9 Oncology and the radiology AI firm Aidoc.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/general-catalyst/"},{"id":"cancer-research-horizons","kind":"company","name":"Cancer Research Horizons","aka":"","tldr":"The innovation and commercial arm of the charity Cancer Research UK. It turns charity-funded discoveries into start-ups and licences, and runs a seed fund; its alumni include Autolus, KuDOS and Myricx Bio.","tags":"foundation","route":"/companies/cancer-research-horizons/"},{"id":"mpm-bioimpact","kind":"company","name":"MPM BioImpact","aka":"","tldr":"A Boston biotech investor, formerly MPM Capital, that builds and funds companies and runs an Oncology Impact Fund that donates part of its profits to cancer research. It built Aktis Oncology and backs Cullinan Oncology and Tizona.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/mpm-bioimpact/"},{"id":"vida-ventures","kind":"company","name":"Vida Ventures","aka":"","tldr":"Vida Ventures is a life sciences venture firm founded by scientists, physicians and investors that creates and funds biotech companies, often with partners such as MPM. Oncology dominates its portfolio: Aktis Oncology (radiopharmaceuticals), Adcendo (antibody-drug conjugates), Allogene (off-the-shelf CAR-T) and Halda Therapeutics, sold to Johnson & Johnson.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/vida-ventures/"},{"id":"omega-funds","kind":"company","name":"Omega Funds","aka":"","tldr":"A Boston and Geneva venture firm that invests in medicines across oncology, immunology and rare disease. Its impact page lists cancer products it helped bring to patients, including the lung cancer drug Ibtrozi and the colorectal screening test Epi proColon.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/omega-funds/"},{"id":"samsara-biocapital","kind":"company","name":"Samsara BioCapital","aka":"","tldr":"A Palo Alto life sciences investment firm founded by Srinivas Akkaraju that invests in private and public biotech companies. Its website could not be read at the time of research.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/samsara-biocapital/"},{"id":"cormorant-asset-management","kind":"company","name":"Cormorant Asset Management","aka":"","tldr":"A Boston biotech investment firm led by Bihua Chen that invests in private and public life sciences companies and is a frequent name in crossover rounds. Its website could not be reached at the time of research.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/cormorant-asset-management/"},{"id":"perceptive-advisors","kind":"company","name":"Perceptive Advisors","aka":"","tldr":"Perceptive Advisors is a New York healthcare investment firm founded by Joseph Edelman in 1999 that runs a public-market fund, a credit fund and, through Xontogeny, a venture fund backing seed and Series A biotech companies from preclinical work to clinical proof of concept. It is one of the most frequent crossover investors in oncology IPOs.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/perceptive-advisors/"},{"id":"boxer-capital","kind":"company","name":"Boxer Capital","aka":"","tldr":"A San Diego biotech investment firm that backs precision medicine companies from private rounds through public listing. Its venture highlights include cancer drug developers Mirati, G1 Therapeutics, Tango and Elevation Oncology.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/boxer-capital/"},{"id":"gv","kind":"company","name":"GV (Google Ventures)","aka":"","tldr":"Alphabet's venture arm, established in 2009. It has backed some of the best-known cancer diagnostics companies, including Foundation Medicine, Grail, Freenome and Flatiron Health, as well as cancer drug developers such as Forty Seven and Gritstone.","tags":"corporate-venture","route":"/companies/gv/"},{"id":"novo-holdings","kind":"company","name":"Novo Holdings","aka":"","tldr":"The investment company of the Novo Nordisk Foundation, based near Copenhagen. It is one of the largest life science investors in the world and its venture portfolio includes cancer companies such as Myricx Bio, which Novartis agreed to buy.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/novo-holdings/"},{"id":"sr-one","kind":"company","name":"SR One","aka":"","tldr":"SR One is a transatlantic biotech venture firm that began as GSK's corporate venture arm and now invests independently from London and the US West Coast. Oncology accounts for a large share of its portfolio, including Akamis Bio (gene-based immunotherapy), Avenzo Therapeutics, Charm Therapeutics (menin inhibitors for acute myeloid leukaemia) and Biotheryx (protein degradation).","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/sr-one/"},{"id":"pfizer-ventures","kind":"company","name":"Pfizer Ventures","aka":"","tldr":"Pfizer's corporate venture arm, which invests in early biotech companies in the areas Pfizer cares about, including cancer. Its oncology portfolio includes Artios Pharma, Crossbow Therapeutics and Strata Oncology.","tags":"corporate-venture","route":"/companies/pfizer-ventures/"},{"id":"novartis-venture-fund","kind":"company","name":"Novartis Venture Fund","aka":"","tldr":"The Novartis Venture Fund is Novartis's corporate venture arm, run from Basel and Cambridge, Massachusetts, making seed and Series A investments of 5 to 10 million dollars in biotech companies, including the cancer drug developers Artios Pharma, CatalYm and Epsilogen. It manages over 750 million dollars across more than 40 companies.","tags":"corporate-venture","route":"/companies/novartis-venture-fund/"},{"id":"jjdc","kind":"company","name":"Johnson & Johnson Innovation - JJDC","aka":"","tldr":"Johnson & Johnson's venture capital arm, one of the oldest corporate venture groups in healthcare. It invests alongside J&J's innovation centres and JLABS incubators, including in cancer companies.","tags":"corporate-venture","route":"/companies/jjdc/"},{"id":"roche-venture-fund","kind":"company","name":"Roche Venture Fund","aka":"","tldr":"Roche's corporate venture fund, based in Basel, which takes minority stakes in early biotech and diagnostics companies. Its web pages could not be located at the time of research.","tags":"corporate-venture","route":"/companies/roche-venture-fund/"},{"id":"msd-global-health-innovation-fund","kind":"company","name":"MSD Global Health Innovation Fund (Merck GHI)","aka":"","tldr":"Merck & Co's corporate venture fund for digital health and healthcare services companies, known as MSD GHI outside North America. Its website is a JavaScript application whose content could not be read.","tags":"corporate-venture","route":"/companies/msd-global-health-innovation-fund/"},{"id":"lilly-ventures","kind":"company","name":"Lilly Ventures","aka":"","tldr":"Eli Lilly's investment arm, part of its Lilly Catalyze360 programme for early biotech companies. It co-invests with venture syndicates across all disease areas, including cancer.","tags":"corporate-venture","route":"/companies/lilly-ventures/"},{"id":"abbvie-ventures","kind":"company","name":"AbbVie Ventures","aka":"","tldr":"AbbVie's corporate venture arm, which invests in early-stage biotech companies in AbbVie's therapeutic areas including cancer. Its web pages blocked automated access at the time of research.","tags":"corporate-venture","route":"/companies/abbvie-ventures/"},{"id":"leaps-by-bayer","kind":"company","name":"Leaps by Bayer","aka":"","tldr":"Bayer's impact investing unit, which funds companies tackling ten 'leaps' in health and agriculture, including curing cancer. Its website blocked automated access at the time of research.","tags":"corporate-venture","route":"/companies/leaps-by-bayer/"},{"id":"sanofi-ventures","kind":"company","name":"Sanofi Ventures","aka":"","tldr":"Sanofi's strategic venture fund, which invests in early biotech and digital health companies before they are ready to partner with or be bought by Sanofi. Cancer-related holdings include the radiopharmaceutical company AdvanCell and the immune checkpoint company Abcuro.","tags":"corporate-venture","route":"/companies/sanofi-ventures/"},{"id":"takeda-ventures","kind":"company","name":"Takeda Ventures","aka":"","tldr":"Takeda Ventures, founded in 2001, is Takeda's corporate venture group, investing in preclinical, platform-based drug companies whose programmes complement Takeda's pipeline in oncology, rare genetics and haematology, neuroscience and gastrointestinal disease. Its page lists no portfolio companies, so no cancer examples are recorded here.","tags":"corporate-venture","route":"/companies/takeda-ventures/"},{"id":"lls-therapy-acceleration-program","kind":"company","name":"Leukemia & Lymphoma Society Therapy Acceleration Program","aka":"","tldr":"The venture philanthropy arm of the blood cancer charity now called Blood Cancer United (formerly the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society). It invests charity money directly in companies developing blood cancer treatments.","tags":"foundation","route":"/companies/lls-therapy-acceleration-program/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"mmrf-myeloma-investment-fund","kind":"company","name":"Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation and Myeloma Investment Fund","aka":"","tldr":"A patient-founded charity for the blood cancer multiple myeloma that also runs a venture philanthropy fund investing in companies developing myeloma treatments. Fund investments include Reverb Therapeutics, Abcuro, Coding Bio and CytoImmune.","tags":"foundation","route":"/companies/mmrf-myeloma-investment-fund/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"break-through-cancer","kind":"company","name":"Break Through Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A Cambridge, Massachusetts foundation, founded in 2021 and led by Tyler Jacks, that funds teams across several cancer centres to work together on the deadliest cancers. It funds research projects rather than companies.","tags":"foundation","route":"/companies/break-through-cancer/"},{"id":"venrock","kind":"company","name":"Venrock","aka":"","tldr":"The Rockefeller family's venture firm, formed in 1969, which invests in technology and healthcare companies from its Palo Alto and New York offices. Its website could not be read without JavaScript.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/venrock/"},{"id":"sv-health-investors","kind":"company","name":"SV Health Investors","aka":"","tldr":"A London and Boston healthcare investor with 30 years of history that runs biotech, medtech and growth funds, including a dementia fund. Its biotech portfolio includes cancer companies such as Bicycle Therapeutics and Xilio Therapeutics.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/sv-health-investors/"},{"id":"eqt-life-sciences","kind":"company","name":"EQT Life Sciences","aka":"","tldr":"The life sciences venture arm of the Swedish investment group EQT, formerly the Amsterdam firm LSP (Life Sciences Partners). It funds European and US biotech and medtech companies, including in cancer.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/eqt-life-sciences/"},{"id":"andera-partners","kind":"company","name":"Andera Partners","aka":"","tldr":"A Paris private equity firm whose life sciences team, through its BioDiscovery funds, invests in European and US drug and medtech companies. Its life sciences portfolio includes the cancer T-cell therapy company T-Knife.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/andera-partners/"},{"id":"illumina-ventures","kind":"company","name":"Illumina Ventures","aka":"","tldr":"An independently managed venture firm with a strategic tie to the sequencing company Illumina. It backs genomics and precision health start-ups, including cancer companies such as Delfi Diagnostics, Actym Therapeutics and Oncko.","tags":"corporate-venture","route":"/companies/illumina-ventures/"},{"id":"alexandria-venture-investments","kind":"company","name":"Alexandria Venture Investments","aka":"","tldr":"Alexandria Venture Investments is the venture arm of Alexandria Real Estate Equities, the life science property company, and takes small, non-lead stakes across a large number of biotech start-ups, often tenants of its campuses, in oncology and other areas. Its web pages blocked automated access, so its own strategy and named cancer companies are unconfirmed.","tags":"corporate-venture","route":"/companies/alexandria-venture-investments/"},{"id":"logos-capital","kind":"company","name":"Logos Capital","aka":"","tldr":"Logos Capital is a San Francisco healthcare investment firm that backs biotech companies from private rounds through their public life, and turns up repeatedly in cancer drug financings.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/logos-capital/"},{"id":"jeito-capital","kind":"company","name":"Jeito Capital","aka":"","tldr":"Jeito Capital is a Paris fund that writes large cheques for European biotech companies so they can take drugs through late-stage trials without selling early. Cancer medicines are a recurring theme.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/jeito-capital/"},{"id":"tcgx","kind":"company","name":"TCGX (TCG Crossover)","aka":"","tldr":"TCGX is a crossover fund: it invests in private biotech companies in the round or two before they list, then keeps holding the shares as public investors. Several cancer drug developers in OnCo raised from it.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/tcgx/"},{"id":"ecor1-capital","kind":"company","name":"EcoR1 Capital","aka":"","tldr":"EcoR1 Capital is a San Francisco investment fund that only invests in biotech, from private rounds to listed companies, and often leads the crossover financings of cancer drug developers.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/ecor1-capital/"},{"id":"gilde-healthcare","kind":"company","name":"Gilde Healthcare","aka":"","tldr":"Gilde Healthcare is a Dutch investor with separate funds for venture-stage health companies and for established healthcare businesses, backing diagnostics, medical technology and therapeutics across Europe and the United States.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/gilde-healthcare/"},{"id":"lightspeed-venture-partners","kind":"company","name":"Lightspeed Venture Partners","aka":"","tldr":"Lightspeed is a large Silicon Valley venture firm best known for software, whose health practice backs cancer diagnostics, AI drug discovery and digital oncology companies.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/lightspeed-venture-partners/"},{"id":"bpifrance","kind":"company","name":"Bpifrance","aka":"","tldr":"Bpifrance is the French state investment bank, created in 2012, which combines loans, guarantees, innovation grants and equity investment. Through its biotech funds and the France 2030 programme it co-invests, usually alongside private venture funds, in French oncology drug, diagnostics and radiotherapy hardware developers, which is why it appears in French oncology financing rounds.","tags":"public-fund","route":"/companies/bpifrance/"},{"id":"f-prime-capital","kind":"company","name":"F-Prime Capital","aka":"","tldr":"F-Prime Capital is the venture firm that grew out of Fidelity's own money. It invests in healthcare and technology companies, including cancer diagnostics and therapeutics, from seed to growth.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/f-prime-capital/"},{"id":"section-32","kind":"company","name":"Section 32 (S32)","aka":"","tldr":"Section 32 is a venture firm founded by the former head of Google Ventures that invests across biology, healthcare and computing, including AI-native cancer diagnostics and therapeutics companies.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/section-32/"},{"id":"dcvc","kind":"company","name":"DCVC","aka":"","tldr":"DCVC, once Data Collective, is a deep-tech venture firm whose DCVC Bio arm backs computational biology and cancer diagnostics companies.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/dcvc/"},{"id":"longwood-fund","kind":"company","name":"Longwood Fund","aka":"","tldr":"Longwood Fund is a Boston venture firm that founds and funds early biotech companies, several of them in cancer.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/longwood-fund/"},{"id":"mckesson-ventures","kind":"company","name":"McKesson Ventures","aka":"","tldr":"McKesson Ventures is the venture arm of the drug distributor McKesson, which also owns the largest US community oncology network, so it backs companies that change how cancer care is delivered and paid for.","tags":"corporate-venture","route":"/companies/mckesson-ventures/"},{"id":"acs-brightedge","kind":"company","name":"ACS BrightEdge (American Cancer Society)","aka":"","tldr":"BrightEdge is the American Cancer Society's own venture fund. It invests donated money in start-ups working on cancer and returns any gains to the charity's mission.","tags":"foundation","route":"/companies/acs-brightedge/"},{"id":"sante-ventures","kind":"company","name":"Sante Ventures","aka":"","tldr":"Sante Ventures is an Austin, Texas healthcare venture firm that invests early in medical devices, diagnostics, biotech and health technology, including cancer companies.","tags":"vc","route":"/companies/sante-ventures/"},{"id":"evenone-ventures","kind":"company","name":"Even One Ventures","aka":"EvenOne Ventures\nEOV","tldr":"Even One Ventures is a venture studio that builds companies in the image of one patient's playbook: Sid Sijbrandij, the GitLab co-founder who, told in 2024 that he had run out of options for recurrent osteosarcoma, assembled a team, pursued every diagnostic and built individualised treatments in parallel.","tags":"vc patient-first venture-studio","route":"/companies/evenone-ventures/"},{"id":"diagnostics-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Diagnostics roadmap: stains → gene panels → blood tests that decide treatment","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer diagnosis moved from what a tumour looks like under a microscope to what is driving it, and now to reading it from a blood sample. The next step is tests that tell the doctor what to do, not only what is there.","tags":"","route":"/roadmaps/diagnostics-roadmap/"},{"id":"surgery-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Surgery roadmap: radical operations → less surgery → no surgery when a drug has done the work","aka":"","tldr":"Surgery cures more cancers than any other treatment. Its story for a century has been learning how much can safely be left in, and now whether the operation is needed at all once drugs and radiation have cleared the tumour.","tags":"","route":"/roadmaps/surgery-roadmap/"},{"id":"chemotherapy-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Chemotherapy roadmap: mustard gas → curative combinations → the warhead inside smarter drugs","aka":"","tldr":"Chemotherapy went from a poison that sometimes worked to the backbone of most cures, and is now being given more precisely: to fewer people, at better doses, and increasingly delivered inside an antibody so that it reaches the tumour and not the whole body.","tags":"","route":"/roadmaps/chemotherapy-roadmap/"},{"id":"hormonal-therapy-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Hormonal therapy roadmap: removing the ovaries → tamoxifen → oral degraders switched by a blood test","aka":"","tldr":"Cutting off the hormones that breast and prostate cancers feed on has kept people alive for decades. The therapy is now moving from blocking the hormone to destroying its receptor, and from waiting for a scan to switching drugs when a blood test sees resistance coming.","tags":"","route":"/roadmaps/hormonal-therapy-roadmap/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"epigenetics-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Epigenetic therapy roadmap: loosening silenced genes → mutation-specific enzymes → editing the epigenome","aka":"","tldr":"Epigenetic drugs change how genes are read rather than the genes themselves. They started as gentle chemotherapy for blood cancers and are becoming precise drugs against the enzymes and scaffolds that particular cancers depend on.","tags":"","route":"/roadmaps/epigenetics-roadmap/"},{"id":"survivorship-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Supportive care and survivorship roadmap: making treatment bearable → proving it extends life → caring for tens of millions afterwards","aka":"","tldr":"Supportive care began as the drugs that let people get through chemotherapy. It is now a discipline with randomised proof that exercise, early palliative care and symptom monitoring lengthen life, and its next task is organised lifelong care for the growing population of people living after cancer.","tags":"","route":"/roadmaps/survivorship-roadmap/"},{"id":"ai-oncology-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"AI in oncology roadmap: pattern readers → foundation models → agents in the workflow","aka":"","tldr":"Artificial intelligence in cancer started as software that flagged spots on a mammogram. It now designs molecules, reads slides better than any single pathologist for some tasks, and is beginning to match patients to trials and draft the tumour board summary; the question is which of it will be proven to help.","tags":"","route":"/roadmaps/ai-oncology-roadmap/"},{"id":"nutrition-lifestyle-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Diet, exercise and lifestyle roadmap: causes established → interventions that disappointed → exercise proven as treatment","aka":"","tldr":"What people eat, weigh and do shapes who gets cancer and how treatment goes. Decades of trials separated what is established (obesity, alcohol and inactivity cause cancer; exercise after treatment reduces recurrence) from what is hype, and the next questions are being asked with the rigour of a drug trial.","tags":"","route":"/roadmaps/nutrition-lifestyle-roadmap/"},{"id":"devices-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Devices and physical therapies roadmap: heat and light → electric fields and focused sound → drug-releasing implants","aka":"","tldr":"Devices treat cancer with physics rather than chemistry: heat, cold, light, electric fields and sound. After decades at the margins, several now have randomised proof and approvals, and the next generation aims to prime the immune system as it destroys the tumour.","tags":"","route":"/roadmaps/devices-roadmap/"},{"id":"radiation-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Radiotherapy roadmap: X-rays → shaped beams → fewer fractions, particles and FLASH","aka":"","tldr":"Radiotherapy cures more people than any drug and has reinvented itself every decade: from crude X-ray fields to beams shaped by computer, delivered in days instead of weeks, and now in fractions of a second. Its future is precision, fewer visits, and combination with drugs that make radiation work better.","tags":"","route":"/roadmaps/radiation-roadmap/"},{"id":"targeted-therapy-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Targeted therapy roadmap: imatinib → designed for resistance → the undruggable drivers fall","aka":"","tldr":"Targeted drugs switch off the specific broken protein a cancer depends on. The first ones turned a leukaemia into a chronic condition; the field then learned that resistance is the rule, designed drugs around it, and has now reached the drivers that were called impossible to target.","tags":"","route":"/roadmaps/targeted-therapy-roadmap/"},{"id":"drug-discovery-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Drug discovery roadmap: screening in mice → maps of dependency → designing in silico","aka":"","tldr":"Finding the next cancer drug used to mean testing compounds on mice and cell lines and hoping. It now means mapping which genes each cancer cannot live without, growing a patient's tumour in a dish, and designing molecules on a computer; the job is making those tools predict what happens in people.","tags":"","route":"/roadmaps/drug-discovery-roadmap/"},{"id":"prevention-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Cancer prevention roadmap: tobacco control and vaccines → biomarker-guided chemoprevention → interception in carriers","aka":"","tldr":"About four in ten cancers could be prevented with tools that already exist: vaccines against the viruses that cause them, tobacco and alcohol control, weight, aspirin for the right people, and finding the families who carry a high-risk gene. The roadmap is mostly about deployment, with interception vaccines as the long-range bet.","tags":"","route":"/roadmaps/prevention-roadmap/","cancers":"lung-cancer"},{"id":"paediatric-oncology-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Paediatric oncology roadmap: cooperative-group cures → engineered immunity → drugs developed for children first","aka":"","tldr":"Children's cancers were made curable by decades of cooperative trials that refined chemotherapy dose by dose. The next gains come from immunotherapy and targeted drugs built for children's cancers, from laws that stop companies skipping children, and from protecting the child who is cured from the cost of the cure.","tags":"","route":"/roadmaps/paediatric-oncology-roadmap/","cancers":"neuroblastoma dipg-dmg paediatric-low-grade-glioma all-leukemia"},{"id":"global-access-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Global access and affordability roadmap: essential medicines and generics → biosimilars and frugal trials → reliance, pooling and homegrown innovation","aka":"","tldr":"Seven in ten cancer deaths happen in countries with almost no cancer care, and even rich systems cannot afford every new drug. The roadmap is the set of levers that already work, from generics and biosimilars to trials that cut the dose, and the ones being built: regulators trusting each other's reviews, pooled purchasing, and drugs and cell therapies made where patients live.","tags":"","route":"/roadmaps/global-access-roadmap/"},{"id":"trial-modernisation-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Trial modernisation roadmap: the randomised trial → platforms and adaptive designs → decentralised, pragmatic and always-on","aka":"","tldr":"The randomised trial is how oncology knows what works, and it is slow, expensive and enrols fewer than one in ten patients. The roadmap is the set of designs and tools that keep the rigour while cutting the time, cost and exclusions: platform trials that never close, blood-test endpoints, remote consent, real-world data used honestly, and doses chosen by evidence.","tags":"","route":"/roadmaps/trial-modernisation-roadmap/"},{"id":"micrornas-in-cancer","kind":"pathway","name":"MicroRNAs in cancer","aka":"KEGG hsa05206\nMicroRNAs in cancer","tldr":"This KEGG map collects the small RNA molecules (microRNAs) that are switched up or down in nine common cancers and shows which oncogenes and tumour suppressors they silence. It matters because a single microRNA can dial down dozens of genes at once, so losing or gaining one reshapes whole signalling routes.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/micrornas-in-cancer/"},{"id":"proteoglycans-in-cancer","kind":"pathway","name":"Proteoglycans in cancer","aka":"KEGG hsa05205\nProteoglycans in cancer","tldr":"This KEGG map shows how sugar-coated proteins on the cell surface and in the surrounding matrix (proteoglycans such as syndecans, glypicans, CD44 and decorin) catch growth factors and hand signals to receptors. It matters because these molecules set how loudly growth signals reach the tumour cell and how easily it invades.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/proteoglycans-in-cancer/"},{"id":"chemical-carcinogenesis-receptor-activation","kind":"pathway","name":"Chemical carcinogenesis - receptor activation","aka":"KEGG hsa05207\nChemical carcinogenesis - receptor activation","tldr":"This KEGG map shows how chemicals in tobacco smoke, industrial pollutants, plastics and hormones cause cancer without directly damaging DNA: they switch on receptors that drive growth signalling. It matters because these routes explain part of the cancer burden from smoking, dioxins and hormone exposure, and several of the receptors are druggable.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/chemical-carcinogenesis-receptor-activation/"},{"id":"choline-metabolism-in-cancer","kind":"pathway","name":"Choline metabolism in cancer","aka":"KEGG hsa05231\nCholine metabolism in cancer","tldr":"This KEGG map shows how cancer cells rewire the handling of choline, a nutrient used to build cell membranes, so that growth signals and membrane building feed each other. It matters because the resulting build-up of phosphocholine is visible on MR spectroscopy and PET scans and is one of the metabolic hallmarks of cancer.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/choline-metabolism-in-cancer/"},{"id":"colorectal-cancer-signalling","kind":"pathway","name":"Colorectal cancer (KEGG map)","aka":"KEGG hsa05210\nColorectal cancer","tldr":"This KEGG map traces the step-by-step genetic route from normal bowel lining to colorectal cancer: APC loss unleashes Wnt, KRAS mutation drives growth, then TP53 and TGF-beta/SMAD4 loss remove the last brakes, or alternatively mismatch repair fails and mutations pile up. Knowing which route a tumour took decides which drugs work.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/colorectal-cancer-signalling/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"pancreatic-cancer-signalling","kind":"pathway","name":"Pancreatic cancer (KEGG map)","aka":"KEGG hsa05212\nPancreatic cancer","tldr":"This KEGG map shows the order of genetic hits that turn normal pancreatic duct cells into ductal adenocarcinoma: KRAS mutation first, then loss of the p16 brake, then loss of TP53, SMAD4 and BRCA2. It matters because nearly every pancreatic cancer is driven by KRAS, which until recently had no drug.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/pancreatic-cancer-signalling/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"hepatocellular-carcinoma-signalling","kind":"pathway","name":"Hepatocellular carcinoma (KEGG map)","aka":"KEGG hsa05225\nHepatocellular carcinoma","tldr":"This KEGG map shows how hepatitis viruses, alcohol and aflatoxin leave the liver with mutations in telomerase, TP53, Wnt/beta-catenin, PI3K/AKT/mTOR and the oxidative stress sensor NRF2, which together drive liver cancer. It matters because the map explains why liver cancer is treated mainly with angiogenesis blockers and immunotherapy rather than a single targeted drug.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/hepatocellular-carcinoma-signalling/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"gastric-cancer-signalling","kind":"pathway","name":"Gastric cancer (KEGG map)","aka":"KEGG hsa05226\nGastric cancer","tldr":"This KEGG map splits stomach cancer into two routes: the intestinal type that accumulates TP53, APC and HER2 changes step by step, and the diffuse type driven by loss of the cell glue E-cadherin plus MET or FGFR2 amplification. It matters because HER2, FGFR2, claudin 18.2 and PD-1 status now decide first-line treatment.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/gastric-cancer-signalling/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"glioma-signalling","kind":"pathway","name":"Glioma (KEGG map)","aka":"KEGG hsa05214\nGlioma","tldr":"This KEGG map shows the two genetic roads to glioblastoma: primary tumours amplify EGFR and lose PTEN and p16, secondary tumours from lower-grade astrocytomas over-express PDGF and CDK4 and lose TP53 and RB. It explains why growth-factor and cell-cycle drugs are the main targeted options in brain tumours, and why paediatric low-grade gliomas with BRAF changes respond to MAPK inhibitors.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/glioma-signalling/","cancers":"glioblastoma paediatric-low-grade-glioma"},{"id":"thyroid-cancer-signalling","kind":"pathway","name":"Thyroid cancer (KEGG map)","aka":"KEGG hsa05216\nThyroid cancer","tldr":"This KEGG map shows thyroid cancers driven by one relay, the MAPK pathway: RET or NTRK fusions and BRAF mutations in papillary tumours, RAS mutations or PAX8-PPARG fusion in follicular tumours, and TP53 loss marking anaplastic cancer. It matters because RET, NTRK and BRAF alterations each have their own drug, and MAPK blockade can restore iodine uptake.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/thyroid-cancer-signalling/","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"aml-signalling","kind":"pathway","name":"Acute myeloid leukaemia (KEGG map)","aka":"KEGG hsa05221\nAcute myeloid leukemia","tldr":"KEGG's AML map shows the two hits that turn a normal blood stem cell into a leukaemia: a growth signal jammed on (FLT3, KIT or RAS) plus a broken maturation switch (fusion proteins such as PML-RARA or AML1-ETO, or mutated CEBPA and RUNX1). Drugs now exist for both halves.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/aml-signalling/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"cml-signalling","kind":"pathway","name":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia (KEGG map)","aka":"KEGG hsa05220\nChronic myeloid leukemia","tldr":"KEGG's CML map is built around one fusion protein, BCR-ABL1, a kinase that never switches off and drives RAS, PI3K and STAT5 signalling. Because a single enzyme causes the disease, a single class of pill (imatinib and its successors) controls it in most patients.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/cml-signalling/","cancers":"cml"},{"id":"basal-cell-carcinoma-signalling","kind":"pathway","name":"Basal cell carcinoma (KEGG map)","aka":"KEGG hsa05217\nBasal cell carcinoma","tldr":"KEGG's basal cell carcinoma map is the Hedgehog pathway: loss of the brake PTCH1 or activation of SMO leaves GLI transcription factors permanently on. Hedgehog inhibitors (vismodegib, sonidegib) shut this down in advanced disease.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/basal-cell-carcinoma-signalling/","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"melanoma-signalling","kind":"pathway","name":"Melanoma (KEGG map)","aka":"KEGG hsa05218\nMelanoma","tldr":"KEGG's melanoma map shows BRAF or NRAS mutations driving the MAPK growth relay, PTEN loss driving PI3K/AKT, and loss of the CDKN2A brakes (p16 and p14ARF) on CDK4/6 and p53. BRAF plus MEK inhibitors and immune checkpoint antibodies have transformed treatment.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/melanoma-signalling/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"renal-cell-carcinoma-signalling","kind":"pathway","name":"Renal cell carcinoma (KEGG map)","aka":"KEGG hsa05211\nRenal cell carcinoma","tldr":"KEGG's kidney cancer map shows how losing VHL lets the oxygen sensor HIF pile up and order new blood vessels (VEGF, PDGF), while MET and PI3K drive growth in other subtypes. Anti-VEGF drugs, HIF-2a inhibitors and immunotherapy all act on this circuit.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/renal-cell-carcinoma-signalling/","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"bladder-cancer-signalling","kind":"pathway","name":"Bladder cancer (KEGG map)","aka":"KEGG hsa05219\nBladder cancer\nUrothelial carcinoma (KEGG)","tldr":"KEGG's bladder cancer map shows two routes: low-grade papillary tumours driven by FGFR3 or HRAS activating the MAPK relay, and high-grade invasive tumours that lose TP53 and RB1. Erdafitinib targets the first route; antibody-drug conjugates and PD-1 antibodies now anchor treatment of the second.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/bladder-cancer-signalling/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"prostate-cancer-signalling","kind":"pathway","name":"Prostate cancer (KEGG map)","aka":"KEGG hsa05215\nProstate cancer","tldr":"KEGG's prostate cancer map centres on the androgen receptor, the hormone switch that prostate cells depend on, plus loss of PTEN and NKX3.1 that lets PI3K/AKT growth signalling run free. Hormone therapy, AR antagonists and now AKT inhibitors act on these two arms.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/prostate-cancer-signalling/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"endometrial-cancer-signalling","kind":"pathway","name":"Endometrial cancer (KEGG map)","aka":"KEGG hsa05213\nEndometrial cancer","tldr":"KEGG's endometrial cancer map shows oestrogen-related type I tumours with PTEN loss, KRAS and beta-catenin mutations and faulty mismatch repair, and type II tumours with TP53 mutation and HER2 amplification. Immunotherapy for mismatch-repair-deficient tumours and HER2-directed therapy follow directly from this split.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/endometrial-cancer-signalling/","cancers":"endometrial"},{"id":"breast-cancer-signalling","kind":"pathway","name":"Breast cancer (KEGG map)","aka":"KEGG hsa05224\nBreast cancer","tldr":"KEGG's breast cancer map lays out the three clinical subtypes as signalling routes: oestrogen receptor driving cyclin D and CDK4/6 in hormone-receptor-positive disease, HER2 driving PI3K/AKT and MAPK in HER2-positive disease, and EGFR, Notch, Wnt and BRCA defects in triple-negative disease. Each route has its own drug class.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/breast-cancer-signalling/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"sclc-signalling","kind":"pathway","name":"Small cell lung cancer (KEGG map)","aka":"KEGG hsa05222\nSmall cell lung cancer","tldr":"KEGG's small cell lung cancer map shows a tumour with both master brakes removed, RB1 and TP53, plus amplified MYC pushing the cell cycle and PTEN loss and BCL2 keeping cells alive. Chemotherapy with PD-L1 antibodies and the DLL3 T-cell engager tarlatamab are the current answers.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/sclc-signalling/","cancers":"sclc nsclc"},{"id":"nsclc-signalling","kind":"pathway","name":"Non-small cell lung cancer (KEGG map)","aka":"KEGG hsa05223\nNon-small cell lung cancer","tldr":"KEGG's non-small cell lung cancer map shows a set of alternative on-switches (EGFR mutation, KRAS mutation, EML4-ALK, RET and MET alterations) that all feed the same RAS/ERK, PI3K/AKT and STAT relays, plus loss of the p16 and p53 brakes. Each on-switch now has its own targeted pill, which is why molecular testing comes before treatment.","tags":"","route":"/pathways/nsclc-signalling/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"acta-oncologica","kind":"journal","name":"Acta oncologica","aka":"Acta Oncologica\nActa Oncol","tldr":"Acta Oncologica is a Nordic clinical oncology journal, now fully open access, read by medical and radiation oncologists and cancer epidemiologists, especially in Scandinavia.","tags":"","route":"/journals/acta-oncologica/"},{"id":"advances-in-cancer-research","kind":"journal","name":"Advances in cancer research","aka":"Advances in Cancer Research\nAdv Cancer Res","tldr":"Advances in Cancer Research is a long-running review series of invited, in-depth chapters on cancer biology, read by laboratory scientists and trainees who want an authoritative overview of a topic.","tags":"","route":"/journals/advances-in-cancer-research/"},{"id":"american-journal-of-clinical-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"American journal of clinical oncology","aka":"American Journal of Clinical Oncology\nAm J Clin Oncol\nAJCO","tldr":"The American Journal of Clinical Oncology is a general clinical cancer journal from Wolters Kluwer covering medical and radiation oncology, read by practising oncologists.","tags":"","route":"/journals/american-journal-of-clinical-oncology/"},{"id":"asco-educational-book","kind":"journal","name":"American Society of Clinical Oncology educational book","aka":"American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book\nASCO Educational Book\nAm Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book","tldr":"The ASCO Educational Book is the American Society of Clinical Oncology's annual educational publication tied to its Annual Meeting, giving clinicians readable summaries of each year's main topics.","tags":"","route":"/journals/asco-educational-book/"},{"id":"analytical-cellular-pathology","kind":"journal","name":"Analytical cellular pathology (Amsterdam)","aka":"Analytical Cellular Pathology\nAnal Cell Pathol (Amst)\nAnal Cell Pathol","tldr":"Analytical Cellular Pathology is an open access pathology journal on cytology, biomarkers and diagnostic and immunopathology, read by pathologists and laboratory researchers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/analytical-cellular-pathology/"},{"id":"annals-of-surgical-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Annals of surgical oncology","aka":"Annals of Surgical Oncology\nAnn Surg Oncol","tldr":"Annals of Surgical Oncology is the main journal of the Society of Surgical Oncology and the leading venue for surgical cancer research, read by surgical oncologists worldwide.","tags":"","route":"/journals/annals-of-surgical-oncology/"},{"id":"anticancer-research","kind":"journal","name":"Anticancer research","aka":"Anticancer Research\nAnticancer Res","tldr":"Anticancer Research is a monthly journal from the International Institute of Anticancer Research in Greece that has published experimental and clinical cancer papers with fast turnaround since 1981. It is indexed in MEDLINE, but its access model is mixed and it is not listed in DOAJ, so check individual articles.","tags":"","route":"/journals/anticancer-research/"},{"id":"asia-pacific-journal-of-clinical-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Asia-Pacific journal of clinical oncology","aka":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology\nAsia Pac J Clin Oncol","tldr":"The Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology is a Wiley clinical oncology journal focused on cancer treatment and care across the Asia-Pacific region, read by oncologists, surgeons, radiation oncologists and nurses there.","tags":"","route":"/journals/asia-pacific-journal-of-clinical-oncology/"},{"id":"asian-pacific-journal-of-cancer-prevention","kind":"journal","name":"Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention","aka":"Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP\nAsian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention\nAPJCP\nAsian Pac J Cancer Prev","tldr":"APJCP is a monthly open access journal on cancer prevention and epidemiology in Asia and the Pacific, read by public health researchers and clinicians across the region.","tags":"","route":"/journals/asian-pacific-journal-of-cancer-prevention/"},{"id":"bba-reviews-on-cancer","kind":"journal","name":"Biochimica et biophysica acta. Reviews on cancer","aka":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer\nBBA Reviews on Cancer\nBiochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer","tldr":"BBA Reviews on Cancer is the cancer review section of the Biochimica et Biophysica Acta family, publishing in-depth reviews on the molecular and cellular biology of cancer for laboratory scientists.","tags":"","route":"/journals/bba-reviews-on-cancer/"},{"id":"blood-cancer-discovery","kind":"journal","name":"Blood cancer discovery","aka":"Blood Cancer Discovery\nBlood Cancer Discov","tldr":"Blood Cancer Discovery is the American Association for Cancer Research's journal, launched in 2020, for basic, translational and clinical research in leukaemia, lymphoma and myeloma. Authors pay publication charges and can pay extra to make articles open access; haematologists and cancer biologists working on blood cancers read it.","tags":"","route":"/journals/blood-cancer-discovery/"},{"id":"blood-cancer-journal","kind":"journal","name":"Blood cancer journal","aka":"Blood Cancer Journal\nBlood Cancer J","tldr":"Blood Cancer Journal is a fully open access Nature Portfolio journal on leukaemia, lymphoma, myeloma and related disorders, read by clinical and laboratory haematologists.","tags":"","route":"/journals/blood-cancer-journal/"},{"id":"bmc-cancer","kind":"journal","name":"BMC cancer","aka":"BMC Cancer","tldr":"BMC Cancer is a large open access journal that takes sound research on any aspect of cancer, including study protocols, and is read by clinicians and researchers worldwide.","tags":"","route":"/journals/bmc-cancer/"},{"id":"brain-tumor-pathology","kind":"journal","name":"Brain tumor pathology","aka":"Brain Tumor Pathology\nBrain Tumor Pathol","tldr":"A Japanese neuropathology journal covering the diagnosis, classification and biology of brain and spinal cord tumours, read by neuropathologists and neuro-oncologists.","tags":"","route":"/journals/brain-tumor-pathology/","cancers":"glioblastoma medulloblastoma ependymoma dipg-dmg paediatric-low-grade-glioma primary-cns-lymphoma atrt craniopharyngioma pituitary-tumours"},{"id":"breast-cancer-jbcs","kind":"journal","name":"Breast cancer","aka":"Breast cancer : the journal of the Japanese Breast Cancer Society\nBreast Cancer (Tokyo)\nBreast Cancer","tldr":"Breast Cancer is the official journal of the Japanese Breast Cancer Society, publishing clinical and translational breast cancer research for surgeons, oncologists and pathologists.","tags":"","route":"/journals/breast-cancer-jbcs/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc ductal-carcinoma-in-situ male-breast-cancer"},{"id":"breast-cancer-research","kind":"journal","name":"Breast cancer research","aka":"Breast cancer research : BCR\nBreast Cancer Research\nBCR\nBreast Cancer Res","tldr":"Breast Cancer Research is an open access journal for laboratory, translational and clinical breast cancer science, read by breast cancer researchers and specialist clinicians.","tags":"","route":"/journals/breast-cancer-research/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc ductal-carcinoma-in-situ male-breast-cancer"},{"id":"breast-cancer-research-and-treatment","kind":"journal","name":"Breast cancer research and treatment","aka":"Breast Cancer Research and Treatment\nBreast Cancer Res Treat","tldr":"Breast Cancer Research and Treatment is a long-established Springer journal spanning breast cancer biology, epidemiology and clinical management, read by breast oncologists and researchers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/breast-cancer-research-and-treatment/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc ductal-carcinoma-in-situ male-breast-cancer"},{"id":"bulletin-du-cancer","kind":"journal","name":"Bulletin du cancer","aka":"Bulletin du Cancer\nBull Cancer","tldr":"Bulletin du Cancer is the French-language journal of the Société Française du Cancer, publishing original and review articles across oncology for French-speaking clinicians and researchers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/bulletin-du-cancer/"},{"id":"cancer-biology-and-medicine","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer biology & medicine","aka":"Cancer Biology & Medicine\nCancer Biology and Medicine\nCancer Biol Med\nCBM","tldr":"Cancer Biology & Medicine is a monthly open access journal from the China Anti-Cancer Association covering cancer biology through clinical research, read by Chinese and international oncology researchers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-biology-and-medicine/"},{"id":"cancer-biology-and-therapy","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer biology & therapy","aka":"Cancer Biology & Therapy\nCancer Biology and Therapy\nCancer Biol Ther","tldr":"Cancer Biology & Therapy is an open access journal on the molecular basis of cancer and its translation into diagnosis and treatment, read by translational cancer researchers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-biology-and-therapy/"},{"id":"cancer-biomarkers","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer biomarkers","aka":"Cancer biomarkers : section A of Disease markers\nCancer Biomarkers\nCancer Biomark","tldr":"Cancer Biomarkers publishes research on molecular markers for cancer detection, prognosis and treatment response, read by laboratory medicine and translational oncology researchers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-biomarkers/"},{"id":"cancer-biotherapy-and-radiopharmaceuticals","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer biotherapy & radiopharmaceuticals","aka":"Cancer Biotherapy & Radiopharmaceuticals\nCancer Biotherapy and Radiopharmaceuticals\nCancer Biother Radiopharm","tldr":"Cancer Biotherapy and Radiopharmaceuticals covers immunotherapy, targeted biological agents and radiolabelled drugs for cancer imaging and treatment, read by nuclear medicine and biotherapy researchers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-biotherapy-and-radiopharmaceuticals/"},{"id":"cancer-causes-and-control","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer causes & control","aka":"Cancer causes & control : CCC\nCancer Causes & Control\nCancer Causes and Control\nCancer Causes Control","tldr":"Cancer Causes & Control is a Springer journal of cancer epidemiology, publishing studies of cancer risk factors, screening and prevention for epidemiologists and public health researchers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-causes-and-control/"},{"id":"cancer-chemotherapy-and-pharmacology","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology","aka":"Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology\nCancer Chemother Pharmacol","tldr":"Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology publishes the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, dosing and early clinical evaluation of anticancer drugs, read by clinical pharmacologists and medical oncologists.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-chemotherapy-and-pharmacology/"},{"id":"cancer-communications","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer communications","aka":"Cancer Commun (Lond)\nCancer Communications\nChinese Journal of Cancer","tldr":"Cancer Communications is the open-access English-language journal of the Chinese Anti-Cancer Association, covering basic, translational and clinical cancer research. Read by oncologists and cancer researchers, particularly those following work from China.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-communications/"},{"id":"cancer-control","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer control","aka":"Cancer control : journal of the Moffitt Cancer Center\nCancer Control","tldr":"Cancer Control is the open-access journal of the Moffitt Cancer Center in Florida, covering cancer prevention, detection, treatment, survivorship and palliative care. Read by clinicians and cancer-control researchers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-control/"},{"id":"cancer-cytopathology","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer cytopathology","aka":"Cancer Cytopathol\nCancer Cytopathology","tldr":"Cancer Cytopathology is the American Cancer Society's journal for cytopathology, the diagnosis of cancer from cells rather than tissue blocks. Read by cytopathologists, cytotechnologists and pathologists.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-cytopathology/"},{"id":"cancer-epidemiology","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer epidemiology","aka":"Cancer Epidemiol\nCancer Epidemiology\nCancer Detection and Prevention","tldr":"Cancer Epidemiology is an Elsevier journal about what causes cancer, how it can be prevented and how outcomes vary across populations. Read by epidemiologists, public-health researchers and cancer registries.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-epidemiology/"},{"id":"cancer-gene-therapy","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer gene therapy","aka":"Cancer Gene Ther\nCancer Gene Therapy","tldr":"Cancer Gene Therapy covers gene and cell therapies for cancer, from CAR-T cells to oncolytic viruses and gene editing. Read by translational researchers and clinicians developing these treatments.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-gene-therapy/"},{"id":"cancer-genetics","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer genetics","aka":"Cancer Genet\nCancer Genetics\nCancer Genetics and Cytogenetics","tldr":"Cancer Genetics is an Elsevier journal on the genetic and genomic changes that drive cancer, in both tumours and inherited predisposition. Read by cancer geneticists, cytogeneticists and molecular pathologists.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-genetics/"},{"id":"cancer-genomics-and-proteomics","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer genomics & proteomics","aka":"Cancer Genomics Proteomics\nCancer Genomics & Proteomics\nCGP","tldr":"Cancer Genomics & Proteomics is a Greek-published journal on the genes, transcripts and proteins that mark and drive cancers. Read by molecular oncology researchers, especially those working on prognostic markers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-genomics-and-proteomics/"},{"id":"cancer-imaging","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer imaging","aka":"Cancer imaging : the official publication of the International Cancer Imaging Society\nCancer Imaging","tldr":"Cancer Imaging is the open-access journal of the International Cancer Imaging Society, covering CT, MRI, PET and other imaging of cancer. Read by radiologists and nuclear medicine specialists working in oncology.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-imaging/"},{"id":"cancer-immunology-immunotherapy","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer immunology, immunotherapy","aka":"Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII\nCancer Immunol Immunother\nCII\nCancer Immunology, Immunotherapy","tldr":"Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy (CII) is a long-running Springer journal on how the immune system recognises cancer and how that can be turned into treatment. Read by tumour immunologists and immunotherapy clinicians.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-immunology-immunotherapy/"},{"id":"cancer-investigation","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer investigation","aka":"Cancer Invest\nCancer Investigation","tldr":"Cancer Investigation is a Taylor & Francis journal of translational and clinical oncology with fast publication. Read by medical oncologists and clinical researchers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-investigation/"},{"id":"cancer-letters","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer letters","aka":"Cancer Lett\nCancer Letters","tldr":"Cancer Letters is a high-volume Elsevier journal for basic and translational cancer biology, with an emphasis on experimental targeted therapies. Read by laboratory cancer researchers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-letters/"},{"id":"cancer-medicine","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer medicine","aka":"Cancer Med\nCancer Medicine","tldr":"Cancer Medicine is a large open-access Wiley journal, launched in 2012, that takes research from every part of oncology, from laboratory biology to clinical trials and prevention, and also accepts papers referred from other Wiley journals. All articles are CC BY, with an article processing charge.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-medicine/"},{"id":"cancer-metastasis-reviews","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer metastasis reviews","aka":"Cancer Metastasis Rev\nCancer and Metastasis Reviews\nCancer Metastasis Reviews","tldr":"Cancer and Metastasis Reviews is a Springer review journal on how cancers grow, spread and resist treatment, and on the biology behind new therapies. Read by researchers who want authoritative overviews rather than primary data.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-metastasis-reviews/"},{"id":"cancer-nursing","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer nursing","aka":"Cancer Nurs\nCancer Nursing","tldr":"Cancer Nursing is the international journal for research on nursing care of people with cancer, from symptom management to survivorship and end-of-life care. Read by oncology nurses, nurse researchers and educators.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-nursing/"},{"id":"cancer-prevention-research","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer prevention research","aka":"Cancer Prev Res (Phila)\nCancer Prevention Research","tldr":"Cancer Prevention Research is the AACR's journal for stopping cancer before it starts or catching it early: chemoprevention, risk factors, screening and interception. Read by prevention scientists, epidemiologists and clinicians running early-detection studies.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-prevention-research/"},{"id":"cancer-radiotherapie","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer radiothérapie","aka":"Cancer radiothérapie : journal de la Société française de radiothérapie oncologique\nCancer Radiother\nCancer/Radiothérapie\nBulletin du cancer. Radiothérapie","tldr":"Cancer/Radiothérapie is the journal of the French society of radiation oncologists, published mostly in French with English abstracts. Read by radiation oncologists and medical physicists in France and francophone countries.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-radiotherapie/"},{"id":"cancer-reports","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer reports","aka":"Cancer Rep (Hoboken)\nCancer Reports","tldr":"Cancer Reports is a broad open-access Wiley journal for basic, translational and clinical cancer research, including sound studies that are not headline results. Read by researchers across oncology.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-reports/"},{"id":"cancer-research-and-treatment","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer research and treatment","aka":"Cancer Res Treat\nCancer Research and Treatment\nCRT\nTaehan Am Hakhoe chi","tldr":"Cancer Research and Treatment is the open-access journal of the Korean Cancer Association, publishing experimental and clinical cancer research. Read by oncologists in Korea and internationally, and it is a common home for Korean clinical trial reports.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-research-and-treatment/"},{"id":"cancer-research-communications","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer research communications","aka":"Cancer Res Commun\nCancer Research Communications","tldr":"Cancer Research Communications is the AACR's fully open-access journal for rapid publication across all of cancer research, including confirmatory and null results. Read by researchers who want AACR peer review without a paywall.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-research-communications/"},{"id":"cancer-science","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer science","aka":"Cancer Sci\nCancer Science\nJapanese Journal of Cancer Research","tldr":"Cancer Science is the open-access journal of the Japanese Cancer Association, publishing basic, translational and clinical cancer research. Read by oncologists and cancer biologists, and a principal outlet for Japanese cancer research.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-science/"},{"id":"cancer-treatment-and-research","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer treatment and research","aka":"Cancer Treat Res\nCancer Treatment and Research","tldr":"Cancer Treatment and Research is a Springer book series, not a conventional journal, in which each volume reviews current treatment of one cancer or one area of oncology, from basic science to safety and efficacy. Its chapters are indexed in MEDLINE, which is why it appears among journals.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-treatment-and-research/"},{"id":"cancer-treatment-and-research-communications","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer treatment and research communications","aka":"Cancer Treat Res Commun\nCancer Treatment and Research Communications\nCancer Treatment Communications","tldr":"Cancer Treatment and Research Communications is an open-access Elsevier journal for clinical and translational oncology papers, including smaller studies and case series. Read by practising oncologists and clinical researchers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-treatment-and-research-communications/"},{"id":"cancer-treatment-reviews","kind":"journal","name":"Cancer treatment reviews","aka":"Cancer Treat Rev\nCancer Treatment Reviews","tldr":"Cancer Treatment Reviews is an Elsevier review journal, published six times a year since 1974, that gives oncologists overviews of drugs, combinations and treatment strategies across systemic therapy, radiotherapy, surgery and supportive care. It is read by clinicians rather than laboratory scientists.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cancer-treatment-reviews/"},{"id":"carcinogenesis","kind":"journal","name":"Carcinogenesis","aka":"Carcinogenesis","tldr":"Carcinogenesis is an Oxford University Press journal on how cancers arise: chemical and environmental carcinogens, DNA damage, genetics and epigenetics, inflammation and prevention. Read by cancer biologists, toxicologists and molecular epidemiologists.","tags":"","route":"/journals/carcinogenesis/"},{"id":"cellular-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Cellular oncology","aka":"Cell Oncol (Dordr)\nCellular Oncology","tldr":"Cellular Oncology is an online-only, open access Springer journal for basic and translational cancer research at the level of the cell and the tissue. Its readers are molecular biologists, geneticists, pathologists and oncologists working on how cell biology translates into the clinic.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cellular-oncology/"},{"id":"chinese-clinical-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Chinese clinical oncology","aka":"Chin Clin Oncol\nCCO\nChinese Clinical Oncology","tldr":"Chinese Clinical Oncology is an open access, peer-reviewed bimonthly journal from AME Publishing in Hong Kong, the official journal of the Society for Translational Medicine, publishing diagnosis, prevention and treatment studies with a large share of authors from China and Asia. It is indexed in MEDLINE but not listed in DOAJ.","tags":"","route":"/journals/chinese-clinical-oncology/"},{"id":"clinical-and-experimental-metastasis","kind":"journal","name":"Clinical & experimental metastasis","aka":"Clin Exp Metastasis\nClinical and Experimental Metastasis\nClinical & Experimental Metastasis","tldr":"Clinical & Experimental Metastasis is the official journal of the Metastasis Research Society and the main specialist venue for laboratory and clinical research on how cancer spreads. It is read by metastasis biologists and by clinicians who treat advanced disease.","tags":"","route":"/journals/clinical-and-experimental-metastasis/"},{"id":"clinical-and-translational-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Clinical & translational oncology","aka":"Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico\nClin Transl Oncol\nClinical and Translational Oncology","tldr":"Clinical and Translational Oncology is the official journal of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies, bridging laboratory cancer biology and clinical practice. It is read by Spanish and international medical oncologists and translational researchers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/clinical-and-translational-oncology/"},{"id":"clinical-advances-in-hematology-and-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Clinical advances in hematology & oncology","aka":"Clinical advances in hematology & oncology : H&O\nClin Adv Hematol Oncol\nH&O\nCAH&O","tldr":"Clinical Advances in Hematology & Oncology is a monthly US clinical review magazine that reaches practising haematologists and oncologists with expert interviews, review articles and case commentary rather than original trials.","tags":"","route":"/journals/clinical-advances-in-hematology-and-oncology/"},{"id":"clinical-breast-cancer","kind":"journal","name":"Clinical breast cancer","aka":"Clin Breast Cancer\nClinical Breast Cancer","tldr":"Clinical Breast Cancer is an Elsevier specialty journal for clinical and translational breast cancer research, from detection and prevention to treatment. Breast oncologists, surgeons and translational researchers read it.","tags":"","route":"/journals/clinical-breast-cancer/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc ductal-carcinoma-in-situ male-breast-cancer"},{"id":"clinical-colorectal-cancer","kind":"journal","name":"Clinical colorectal cancer","aka":"Clin Colorectal Cancer\nClinical Colorectal Cancer","tldr":"Clinical Colorectal Cancer is an Elsevier journal for clinical and translational research in colorectal and other gastrointestinal cancers. Gastrointestinal oncologists and trialists read it for original reports tied to clinical practice.","tags":"","route":"/journals/clinical-colorectal-cancer/","cancers":"colorectal anal pancreatic gastric esophageal hcc cholangiocarcinoma gallbladder"},{"id":"clinical-genitourinary-cancer","kind":"journal","name":"Clinical genitourinary cancer","aka":"Clin Genitourin Cancer\nClinical Genitourinary Cancer\nClinical prostate cancer","tldr":"Clinical Genitourinary Cancer is an Elsevier journal for clinical and translational research in prostate, kidney, bladder and other genitourinary cancers. Urologic oncologists and medical oncologists treating these tumours read it.","tags":"","route":"/journals/clinical-genitourinary-cancer/","cancers":"prostate rcc urothelial testicular penile"},{"id":"clinical-journal-of-oncology-nursing","kind":"journal","name":"Clinical journal of oncology nursing","aka":"Clin J Oncol Nurs\nCJON\nClinical Journal of Oncology Nursing","tldr":"The Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing is the Oncology Nursing Society's practice-focused journal, giving cancer nurses evidence-based articles, case reports and continuing education on day-to-day patient care.","tags":"","route":"/journals/clinical-journal-of-oncology-nursing/"},{"id":"clinical-lung-cancer","kind":"journal","name":"Clinical lung cancer","aka":"Clin Lung Cancer\nClinical Lung Cancer","tldr":"Clinical Lung Cancer is an Elsevier journal for clinical and translational lung cancer research, from screening and diagnosis to drug resistance and multimodality treatment. Thoracic oncologists and lung cancer researchers read it.","tags":"","route":"/journals/clinical-lung-cancer/","cancers":"nsclc sclc"},{"id":"clinical-lymphoma-myeloma-and-leukemia","kind":"journal","name":"Clinical lymphoma, myeloma & leukemia","aka":"Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk\nClinical Lymphoma, Myeloma & Leukemia\nClinical Lymphoma Myeloma and Leukemia\nClinical lymphoma and myeloma","tldr":"This Elsevier journal covers clinical and translational research in lymphoma, myeloma, leukaemia and related plasma cell disorders. Haematologist-oncologists read it for treatment, biomarker and resistance studies.","tags":"","route":"/journals/clinical-lymphoma-myeloma-and-leukemia/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma waldenstrom dlbcl follicular-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma cll cml aml all-leukemia mds"},{"id":"clinical-oncology-rcr","kind":"journal","name":"Clinical oncology","aka":"Clinical oncology : a journal of the Royal College of Radiologists\nClin Oncol (R Coll Radiol)\nClinical Oncology (Royal College of Radiologists)","tldr":"Clinical Oncology is the Royal College of Radiologists' journal, with a strong radiotherapy and multidisciplinary cancer management focus. UK and international clinical oncologists read it for original research, editorials and reviews.","tags":"","route":"/journals/clinical-oncology-rcr/"},{"id":"cns-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"CNS oncology","aka":"CNS Oncol\nCNS Oncology","tldr":"CNS Oncology is a fully open access neuro-oncology journal, now published by Taylor & Francis, covering diagnosis, staging and treatment of brain and spinal tumours in practice-oriented formats for oncologists and other clinicians.","tags":"","route":"/journals/cns-oncology/","cancers":"glioblastoma medulloblastoma ependymoma primary-cns-lymphoma dipg-dmg paediatric-low-grade-glioma craniopharyngioma pituitary-tumours atrt"},{"id":"critical-reviews-in-oncogenesis","kind":"journal","name":"Critical reviews in oncogenesis","aka":"Crit Rev Oncog\nCRO\nCritical Reviews in Oncogenesis","tldr":"Critical Reviews in Oncogenesis is a quarterly review journal from Begell House covering the mechanisms by which cancers arise. Cancer biologists read it for thematic review issues rather than original data.","tags":"","route":"/journals/critical-reviews-in-oncogenesis/"},{"id":"critical-reviews-in-oncology-hematology","kind":"journal","name":"Critical reviews in oncology/hematology","aka":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol\nCritical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology","tldr":"This Elsevier journal publishes expert critical reviews across all of oncology and haematology and is the official journal of the European School of Oncology. Clinicians and trainees read it for structured overviews of a field.","tags":"","route":"/journals/critical-reviews-in-oncology-hematology/"},{"id":"current-cancer-drug-targets","kind":"journal","name":"Current cancer drug targets","aka":"Curr Cancer Drug Targets\nCurrent Cancer Drug Targets","tldr":"Current Cancer Drug Targets is a Bentham Science journal on molecular targets for cancer drugs and the agents aimed at them. Pharmacologists and translational cancer researchers read it for reviews and research on targeted therapy.","tags":"","route":"/journals/current-cancer-drug-targets/"},{"id":"current-hematologic-malignancy-reports","kind":"journal","name":"Current hematologic malignancy reports","aka":"Curr Hematol Malig Rep\nCurrent Hematologic Malignancy Reports","tldr":"Current Hematologic Malignancy Reports is a Springer review journal in which invited experts summarise recent papers on leukaemias, lymphomas, myeloma and related blood cancers, with annotated reference lists. Haematologist-oncologists and trainees use it to keep up; it is online only with hybrid access.","tags":"","route":"/journals/current-hematologic-malignancy-reports/","cancers":"aml all-leukemia cll cml cmml mds myeloproliferative-neoplasms multiple-myeloma dlbcl hodgkin-lymphoma follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"current-oncology-mdpi","kind":"journal","name":"Current oncology","aka":"Curr Oncol\nCurrent Oncology","tldr":"Current Oncology is a Canadian-rooted, open access clinical oncology journal now published by MDPI, with several Canadian oncology associations affiliated. Clinical oncologists read it for original research, reviews and practice guidance.","tags":"","route":"/journals/current-oncology-mdpi/"},{"id":"current-oncology-reports","kind":"journal","name":"Current oncology reports","aka":"Curr Oncol Rep\nCurrent Oncology Reports","tldr":"Current Oncology Reports is a Springer review journal in which section editors commission experts to review recent clinical findings across oncology, with annotated reference lists that mark which papers change practice. Busy clinicians read it for summaries rather than primary data.","tags":"","route":"/journals/current-oncology-reports/"},{"id":"current-opinion-in-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Current opinion in oncology","aka":"Curr Opin Oncol\nCurrent Opinion in Oncology","tldr":"Current Opinion in Oncology is a bimonthly Wolters Kluwer review journal whose structured reviews (purpose of review, recent findings, summary) survey each area of oncology in turn. Clinicians read it to catch up on a topic quickly.","tags":"","route":"/journals/current-opinion-in-oncology/"},{"id":"current-problems-in-cancer","kind":"journal","name":"Current problems in cancer","aka":"Curr Probl Cancer\nCPCa\nCurrent Problems in Cancer","tldr":"Current Problems in Cancer is an Elsevier journal for patient-oriented cancer research that changes or challenges practice, with occasional curated topic overviews. Clinical oncologists and trialists read it.","tags":"","route":"/journals/current-problems-in-cancer/"},{"id":"current-treatment-options-in-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Current treatment options in oncology","aka":"Curr Treat Options Oncol\nCurrent Treatment Options in Oncology","tldr":"Current Treatment Options in Oncology is a Springer review journal in which experts set out current and emerging approaches to treating each cancer. Practising oncologists read it for treatment-focused overviews.","tags":"","route":"/journals/current-treatment-options-in-oncology/"},{"id":"endocrine-related-cancer","kind":"journal","name":"Endocrine-related cancer","aka":"Endocr Relat Cancer\nERC\nEndocrine-Related Cancer","tldr":"Endocrine-Related Cancer is the Society for Endocrinology's cancer journal, covering endocrine tumours and hormone-dependent cancers such as breast, prostate, thyroid and neuroendocrine tumours. Endocrinologists and cancer biologists read it.","tags":"","route":"/journals/endocrine-related-cancer/","cancers":"thyroid adrenocortical pituitary-tumours neuroendocrine breast-hr-positive prostate"},{"id":"esophagus-journal","kind":"journal","name":"Esophagus","aka":"Esophagus : official journal of the Japan Esophageal Society\nEsophagus (Tokyo)","tldr":"Esophagus is the official journal of the Japan Esophageal Society, publishing studies of benign and malignant oesophageal disease. Oesophageal surgeons, gastroenterologists and oncologists read it, especially for squamous cell carcinoma research from Japan and Asia.","tags":"","route":"/journals/esophagus-journal/","cancers":"esophageal"},{"id":"european-journal-of-cancer-prevention","kind":"journal","name":"European journal of cancer prevention","aka":"European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (ECP)\nEur J Cancer Prev","tldr":"The official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation, publishing epidemiology, screening and risk-factor research. Read by epidemiologists, public-health specialists and clinicians working on cancer prevention.","tags":"","route":"/journals/european-journal-of-cancer-prevention/"},{"id":"european-journal-of-oncology-nursing","kind":"journal","name":"European journal of oncology nursing","aka":"European journal of oncology nursing : the official journal of European Oncology Nursing Society\nEur J Oncol Nurs\nEJON","tldr":"The official journal of the European Oncology Nursing Society. It publishes nursing research on patient care, education, management and policy, and is read mainly by cancer nurses and allied health researchers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/european-journal-of-oncology-nursing/"},{"id":"european-journal-of-surgical-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"European journal of surgical oncology","aka":"European journal of surgical oncology : the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology\nEur J Surg Oncol\nEJSO","tldr":"EJSO is the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and of BASO. It publishes clinical and translational research on cancer surgery and is read by surgical oncologists across Europe and beyond.","tags":"","route":"/journals/european-journal-of-surgical-oncology/"},{"id":"european-thyroid-journal","kind":"journal","name":"European thyroid journal","aka":"Eur Thyroid J\nETJ","tldr":"The European Thyroid Association's open-access journal covering all thyroid disorders, including thyroid cancer. Read by endocrinologists, thyroid surgeons and nuclear medicine specialists.","tags":"","route":"/journals/european-thyroid-journal/","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"experimental-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Experimental oncology","aka":"Exp Oncol","tldr":"A Ukrainian English-language quarterly of experimental and clinical cancer research, published for the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the Kavetsky Institute. Read by laboratory cancer researchers, particularly in Eastern Europe.","tags":"","route":"/journals/experimental-oncology/"},{"id":"expert-review-of-anticancer-therapy","kind":"journal","name":"Expert review of anticancer therapy","aka":"Expert Rev Anticancer Ther","tldr":"A monthly review journal on cancer treatment, part of the Expert Review series. It is read by oncologists and pharmacologists wanting commissioned overviews of drugs, regimens and treatment strategies.","tags":"","route":"/journals/expert-review-of-anticancer-therapy/"},{"id":"familial-cancer","kind":"journal","name":"Familial cancer","aka":"Fam Cancer","tldr":"A Springer journal devoted to inherited cancer risk: hereditary cancer syndromes, genetic testing, counselling and prevention. Read by clinical geneticists, genetic counsellors and oncologists running family cancer clinics.","tags":"","route":"/journals/familial-cancer/"},{"id":"future-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Future oncology","aka":"Future Oncol","tldr":"A high-frequency clinical oncology journal formerly from Future Medicine and now published by Taylor & Francis. It carries trial protocols, reviews and original research and is read by clinical oncologists and industry researchers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/future-oncology/"},{"id":"gan-to-kagaku-ryoho","kind":"journal","name":"Gan to kagaku ryoho. Cancer & chemotherapy","aka":"Gan To Kagaku Ryoho\nJapanese Journal of Cancer and Chemotherapy","tldr":"Gan to Kagaku Ryoho is a Japanese-language journal of cancer treatment and chemotherapy, published sixteen times a year with English summaries and indexed in MEDLINE since 1982. Japanese oncologists and surgeons read it, and it carries a large share of case reports and proceedings of Japanese meetings.","tags":"","route":"/journals/gan-to-kagaku-ryoho/"},{"id":"gastric-cancer","kind":"journal","name":"Gastric cancer","aka":"Gastric cancer : official journal of the International Gastric Cancer Association and the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association\nGastric Cancer","tldr":"The joint official journal of the International and Japanese Gastric Cancer Associations, devoted to stomach cancer. Read by gastrointestinal surgeons, oncologists and pathologists, particularly in East Asia where the disease is common.","tags":"","route":"/journals/gastric-cancer/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"genes-chromosomes-and-cancer","kind":"journal","name":"Genes, chromosomes & cancer","aka":"Genes Chromosomes Cancer\nGenes, Chromosomes and Cancer","tldr":"A Wiley journal on the genetic and chromosomal changes that drive cancer, from cytogenetics to genomic profiling. Read by cancer geneticists, molecular pathologists and cytogeneticists.","tags":"","route":"/journals/genes-chromosomes-and-cancer/"},{"id":"head-and-neck-journal","kind":"journal","name":"Head & neck","aka":"Head Neck\nHead & Neck\nHead and Neck","tldr":"A Wiley journal for head and neck surgery and oncology, covering cancers of the mouth, throat, larynx, salivary glands and thyroid. Read by head and neck surgeons, radiation and medical oncologists.","tags":"","route":"/journals/head-and-neck-journal/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"head-and-neck-pathology","kind":"journal","name":"Head and neck pathology","aka":"Head Neck Pathol","tldr":"A Springer journal for pathologists who diagnose tumours and other disease of the mouth, sinuses, larynx, salivary glands, ear and neck. Read by surgical pathologists, cytologists and head and neck surgeons.","tags":"","route":"/journals/head-and-neck-pathology/","cancers":"head-and-neck salivary-gland"},{"id":"hematological-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Hematological oncology","aka":"Hematol Oncol","tldr":"A Wiley journal on blood cancers such as lymphoma, leukaemia and myeloma. Read by haematologists and haemato-oncologists; it also publishes the abstracts of the International Conference on Malignant Lymphoma in supplement form.","tags":"","route":"/journals/hematological-oncology/"},{"id":"hematology-oncology-and-stem-cell-therapy","kind":"journal","name":"Hematology/oncology and stem cell therapy","aka":"Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther\nHOSCT","tldr":"An open-access journal from King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre in Riyadh covering blood disorders, cancer and stem cell transplantation, with no author fees. Read by haematologists and transplant physicians, particularly in the Middle East.","tags":"","route":"/journals/hematology-oncology-and-stem-cell-therapy/"},{"id":"hematology-oncology-clinics-of-north-america","kind":"journal","name":"Hematology/oncology clinics of North America","aka":"Hematol Oncol Clin North Am\nHematology/Oncology Clinics","tldr":"One of Elsevier's Clinics series: each issue is a guest-edited set of review articles on a single topic in blood disease or cancer. Read by clinicians and trainees wanting an up-to-date overview rather than primary research.","tags":"","route":"/journals/hematology-oncology-clinics-of-north-america/"},{"id":"in-vivo","kind":"journal","name":"In vivo","aka":"In Vivo","tldr":"A Greek-published bimonthly of experimental and clinical research from the International Institute of Anticancer Research, sister to Anticancer Research. Much of its content is cancer biology, animal models and clinical prognostic studies.","tags":"","route":"/journals/in-vivo/"},{"id":"indian-journal-of-cancer","kind":"journal","name":"Indian journal of cancer","aka":"Indian J Cancer","tldr":"India's longest-running cancer journal, publishing clinical studies, case series and health-system papers from Indian centres. Read by oncologists and cancer-care planners in India and other low- and middle-income settings.","tags":"","route":"/journals/indian-journal-of-cancer/"},{"id":"integrative-cancer-therapies","kind":"journal","name":"Integrative cancer therapies","aka":"Integr Cancer Ther\nICT","tldr":"An open-access SAGE journal on integrative and complementary approaches in cancer care, such as exercise, nutrition, mind-body therapies and acupuncture alongside standard treatment. Read by integrative oncology clinicians, nurses and supportive-care researchers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/integrative-cancer-therapies/"},{"id":"international-journal-of-cancer","kind":"journal","name":"International journal of cancer","aka":"Int J Cancer\nIJC","tldr":"A long-established general cancer research journal founded by the International Union Against Cancer, spanning cancer biology, epidemiology and clinical research. Read by cancer researchers worldwide.","tags":"","route":"/journals/international-journal-of-cancer/"},{"id":"international-journal-of-clinical-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"International journal of clinical oncology","aka":"Int J Clin Oncol\nIJCO","tldr":"The official journal of the Japan Society of Clinical Oncology, publishing clinical trials and other clinical cancer research in English. Read by oncologists in Japan and internationally.","tags":"","route":"/journals/international-journal-of-clinical-oncology/"},{"id":"international-journal-of-gynecological-cancer","kind":"journal","name":"International journal of gynecological cancer","aka":"International journal of gynecological cancer : official journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society\nInt J Gynecol Cancer\nIJGC","tldr":"The official journal of the International Gynecologic Cancer Society and ESGO, covering cancers of the ovary, uterus, cervix, vulva and vagina. Read by gynaecological oncologists, medical and radiation oncologists and pathologists.","tags":"","route":"/journals/international-journal-of-gynecological-cancer/","cancers":"ovarian endometrial cervical vulvar vaginal uterine-sarcoma gestational-trophoblastic"},{"id":"international-journal-of-hyperthermia","kind":"journal","name":"International journal of hyperthermia","aka":"International journal of hyperthermia : the official journal of European Society for Hyperthermic Oncology, North American Hyperthermia Group\nInt J Hyperthermia","tldr":"An open-access journal on the use of heat in medicine, especially hyperthermia and thermal ablation for cancer. Read by radiation oncologists, interventional radiologists, medical physicists and engineers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/international-journal-of-hyperthermia/"},{"id":"international-journal-of-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"International journal of oncology","aka":"Int J Oncol","tldr":"A monthly cancer research journal from the Athens-based publisher Spandidos, covering laboratory oncology and cancer treatment. Read by molecular and cellular cancer biologists, with a large share of authors from East Asia.","tags":"","route":"/journals/international-journal-of-oncology/"},{"id":"japanese-journal-of-clinical-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Japanese journal of clinical oncology","aka":"Jpn J Clin Oncol\nJJCO","tldr":"Japan's English-language clinical cancer journal, covering trials, surgery, radiology, epidemiology and palliative care with a focus on Asia. Read by clinical oncologists in Japan and across the region.","tags":"","route":"/journals/japanese-journal-of-clinical-oncology/"},{"id":"jco-clinical-cancer-informatics","kind":"journal","name":"JCO clinical cancer informatics","aka":"JCO Clin Cancer Inform\nJCO CCI","tldr":"ASCO's journal for the data side of cancer care: electronic health records, real-world data, machine learning, clinical decision support and data sharing. Read by oncologists, informaticians and health-data scientists.","tags":"","route":"/journals/jco-clinical-cancer-informatics/"},{"id":"jco-global-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"JCO global oncology","aka":"JCO Glob Oncol\nJCO GO\nJournal of Global Oncology","tldr":"ASCO's open access journal for cancer care and research in low- and middle-income countries and other resource-limited settings. Read by oncologists and public-health researchers working on cancer worldwide.","tags":"","route":"/journals/jco-global-oncology/"},{"id":"jmir-cancer","kind":"journal","name":"JMIR cancer","aka":"JMIR Cancer\nJC","tldr":"An open access journal about technology, apps, online tools and patient-centred innovation in cancer care and survivorship. Read by digital-health researchers, oncology clinicians and patient advocates.","tags":"","route":"/journals/jmir-cancer/"},{"id":"jnci-cancer-spectrum","kind":"journal","name":"JNCI cancer spectrum","aka":"JNCI Cancer Spectr\nJNCICS","tldr":"The open access sister journal of JNCI, publishing clinical, translational, epidemiological and policy research across the whole of cancer. Read by cancer researchers and clinicians who want peer-reviewed findings without a paywall.","tags":"","route":"/journals/jnci-cancer-spectrum/"},{"id":"journal-of-adolescent-and-young-adult-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Journal of adolescent and young adult oncology","aka":"J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol\nJAYAO","tldr":"The journal devoted to cancer in teenagers and young adults, a group whose tumours, treatment needs and life circumstances differ from both children and older adults. Read by paediatric and adult oncologists, nurses and psycho-oncology researchers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/journal-of-adolescent-and-young-adult-oncology/"},{"id":"journal-of-breast-imaging","kind":"journal","name":"Journal of breast imaging","aka":"J Breast Imaging\nJBI","tldr":"The Society of Breast Imaging's journal on mammography, ultrasound, MRI and image-guided procedures for finding and managing breast cancer. Read by breast radiologists, technologists and screening researchers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/journal-of-breast-imaging/","cancers":"ductal-carcinoma-in-situ breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"journal-of-cachexia-sarcopenia-and-muscle","kind":"journal","name":"Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle","aka":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle\nJCSM","tldr":"The open access journal for wasting syndromes: the muscle and weight loss that accompanies advanced cancer and other chronic diseases. Read by oncologists, geriatricians, nutrition scientists and muscle biologists.","tags":"","route":"/journals/journal-of-cachexia-sarcopenia-and-muscle/"},{"id":"journal-of-cancer-education","kind":"journal","name":"Journal of cancer education","aka":"Journal of cancer education : the official journal of the American Association for Cancer Education\nJ Cancer Educ","tldr":"The journal about teaching cancer: how to train clinicians, students and the public about prevention, screening and care. Read by medical educators, public-health workers and oncology training leads.","tags":"","route":"/journals/journal-of-cancer-education/"},{"id":"journal-of-cancer-policy","kind":"journal","name":"Journal of cancer policy","aka":"J Cancer Policy","tldr":"A journal about the politics and economics of cancer: national cancer plans, drug pricing, access to care and health-system decisions. Read by policy makers, health economists and cancer-control researchers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/journal-of-cancer-policy/"},{"id":"journal-of-cancer-research-and-clinical-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology","aka":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol\nJCRCO","tldr":"The German Cancer Society's long-running journal covering both laboratory cancer research and clinical oncology. Read by oncologists and cancer researchers, especially in Europe.","tags":"","route":"/journals/journal-of-cancer-research-and-clinical-oncology/"},{"id":"journal-of-cancer-research-and-therapeutics","kind":"journal","name":"Journal of cancer research and therapeutics","aka":"J Cancer Res Ther\nJCRT","tldr":"An Indian clinical oncology journal, edited from AIIMS in New Delhi, that publishes research and case reports on cancer treatment with a strong radiotherapy presence. Read by oncologists in India and other Asian countries.","tags":"","route":"/journals/journal-of-cancer-research-and-therapeutics/"},{"id":"journal-of-cancer-survivorship","kind":"journal","name":"Journal of cancer survivorship","aka":"Journal of cancer survivorship : research and practice\nJ Cancer Surviv","tldr":"The journal about life after a cancer diagnosis: late effects, quality of life, follow-up care and health policy for people living with and beyond cancer. Read by survivorship clinicians, nurses, psychologists and health-services researchers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/journal-of-cancer-survivorship/"},{"id":"journal-of-environmental-pathology-toxicology-and-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Journal of environmental pathology, toxicology and oncology","aka":"Journal of environmental pathology, toxicology and oncology : official organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer\nJ Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol\nJEPTO","tldr":"A journal on how chemicals, pollutants and other environmental exposures damage tissues and cause cancer. Read by toxicologists, pathologists and experimental cancer researchers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/journal-of-environmental-pathology-toxicology-and-oncology/"},{"id":"journal-of-experimental-and-clinical-cancer-research","kind":"journal","name":"Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research","aka":"Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR\nJ Exp Clin Cancer Res\nJECCR","tldr":"An Italian-rooted open access journal for bench-to-bedside cancer research, from tumour models to early clinical studies. Read by translational cancer biologists and clinician scientists.","tags":"","route":"/journals/journal-of-experimental-and-clinical-cancer-research/"},{"id":"journal-of-gastric-cancer","kind":"journal","name":"Journal of gastric cancer","aka":"J Gastric Cancer\nJGC","tldr":"The Korean Gastric Cancer Association's open access journal on stomach cancer, from prevention and screening to surgery and drug treatment. Read by gastric surgeons, gastroenterologists and oncologists, especially in East Asia.","tags":"","route":"/journals/journal-of-gastric-cancer/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"journal-of-gastrointestinal-cancer","kind":"journal","name":"Journal of gastrointestinal cancer","aka":"J Gastrointest Cancer","tldr":"A clinical journal for cancers of the digestive tract: oesophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, bowel and rectum. Read by GI oncologists, surgeons and gastroenterologists.","tags":"","route":"/journals/journal-of-gastrointestinal-cancer/","cancers":"esophageal gastric hcc cholangiocarcinoma gallbladder pancreatic colorectal anal small-bowel gist"},{"id":"journal-of-geriatric-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Journal of geriatric oncology","aka":"J Geriatr Oncol\nJGO","tldr":"The journal for cancer in older people: frailty assessment, treatment tolerance, care of patients with several conditions and clinical trials in the over-65s. Read by geriatric oncologists, geriatricians and oncology nurses.","tags":"","route":"/journals/journal-of-geriatric-oncology/"},{"id":"journal-of-gynecologic-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Journal of gynecologic oncology","aka":"J Gynecol Oncol\nJGO","tldr":"An open access Asian journal on cancers of the cervix, womb, ovaries, vulva and vagina, run by the Asian Society of Gynecologic Oncology with its Korean and Japanese partner societies. Read by gynaecological oncologists and surgeons, especially in Asia.","tags":"","route":"/journals/journal-of-gynecologic-oncology/","cancers":"cervical endometrial ovarian vulvar vaginal uterine-sarcoma gestational-trophoblastic"},{"id":"journal-of-hematology-and-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Journal of hematology & oncology","aka":"J Hematol Oncol\nJHO","tldr":"A large open access journal spanning blood cancers and solid tumours, from laboratory mechanisms to clinical trials. Read by haematologists, oncologists and translational researchers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/journal-of-hematology-and-oncology/"},{"id":"journal-of-immunotherapy","kind":"journal","name":"Journal of immunotherapy","aka":"J Immunother\nJournal of Immunotherapy with Emphasis on Tumor Immunology","tldr":"A long-established journal on using the immune system against cancer, edited by Steven Rosenberg of the US National Cancer Institute. Read by tumour immunologists and clinicians working on checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines and cell therapies.","tags":"","route":"/journals/journal-of-immunotherapy/"},{"id":"journal-of-mammary-gland-biology-and-neoplasia","kind":"journal","name":"Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia","aka":"J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia\nJMGBN","tldr":"A specialist journal on how the breast develops, lactates and turns cancerous, bringing together mammary gland biology and breast cancer research. Read by developmental biologists, breast cancer researchers and lactation scientists.","tags":"","route":"/journals/journal-of-mammary-gland-biology-and-neoplasia/","cancers":"ductal-carcinoma-in-situ breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"journal-of-medical-imaging-and-radiation-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Journal of medical imaging and radiation oncology","aka":"J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol\nJMIRO","tldr":"The journal of the Australian and New Zealand college for radiologists and radiation oncologists, covering diagnostic imaging, nuclear medicine and radiotherapy. Read by radiologists and radiation oncologists in Australasia and beyond.","tags":"","route":"/journals/journal-of-medical-imaging-and-radiation-oncology/"},{"id":"journal-of-neuro-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Journal of neuro-oncology","aka":"J Neurooncol\nJ Neuro-Oncol","tldr":"A high-volume journal on brain and spinal cord tumours, from glioma biology to surgery, radiotherapy and drug trials. Read by neuro-oncologists, neurosurgeons and brain tumour researchers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/journal-of-neuro-oncology/","cancers":"glioblastoma medulloblastoma ependymoma dipg-dmg primary-cns-lymphoma paediatric-low-grade-glioma craniopharyngioma pituitary-tumours atrt"},{"id":"journal-of-oncology-pharmacy-practice","kind":"journal","name":"Journal of oncology pharmacy practice","aka":"Journal of oncology pharmacy practice : official publication of the International Society of Oncology Pharmacy Practitioners\nJ Oncol Pharm Pract\nJOPP","tldr":"The official journal of the International Society of Oncology Pharmacy Practitioners, covering how cancer medicines are prepared, dosed, handled and used safely. Read by oncology pharmacists and pharmacy technicians.","tags":"","route":"/journals/journal-of-oncology-pharmacy-practice/"},{"id":"journal-of-pediatric-hematology-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology","aka":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol\nJPHO","tldr":"A clinical journal for doctors and nurses who treat children with cancer and blood disorders, carrying case reports, cohort studies and treatment series.","tags":"","route":"/journals/journal-of-pediatric-hematology-oncology/"},{"id":"journal-of-pediatric-hematology-oncology-nursing","kind":"journal","name":"Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology nursing","aka":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol Nurs\nJOPHON\nJournal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing","tldr":"The nursing journal of the Association of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Nurses, publishing research and reviews on caring for children with cancer and blood disorders. Read by paediatric oncology nurses, social workers and child life specialists.","tags":"","route":"/journals/journal-of-pediatric-hematology-oncology-nursing/"},{"id":"journal-of-psychosocial-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Journal of psychosocial oncology","aka":"J Psychosoc Oncol","tldr":"A journal about the emotional, social and practical side of cancer: counselling, family support, coping and survivorship. Read by oncology social workers, psychologists and nurses.","tags":"","route":"/journals/journal-of-psychosocial-oncology/"},{"id":"journal-of-radiation-research","kind":"journal","name":"Journal of radiation research","aka":"J Radiat Res\nJRR","tldr":"A fully open access Japanese journal on radiation science, from radiobiology and physics to radiotherapy for cancer. Read by radiation oncologists, medical physicists and radiation biologists.","tags":"","route":"/journals/journal-of-radiation-research/"},{"id":"journal-of-registry-management","kind":"journal","name":"Journal of registry management","aka":"J Registry Manag\nJRM","tldr":"The journal of the US cancer registrars' association, about how cancer and other health registries collect, manage and use their data. Read by registrars, epidemiologists and public health staff.","tags":"","route":"/journals/journal-of-registry-management/"},{"id":"journal-of-surgical-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Journal of surgical oncology","aka":"J Surg Oncol\nJSO","tldr":"A long-running surgical journal for cancer surgeons, covering operations, multimodality treatment and the laboratory science behind them, with themed Seminars issues.","tags":"","route":"/journals/journal-of-surgical-oncology/"},{"id":"journal-of-the-egyptian-national-cancer-institute","kind":"journal","name":"Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute","aka":"J Egypt Natl Canc Inst\nJENCI","tldr":"The open access journal of Egypt's National Cancer Institute in Cairo, publishing cancer research with a focus on applied work from developing countries. No fee to publish.","tags":"","route":"/journals/journal-of-the-egyptian-national-cancer-institute/"},{"id":"jnci-monographs","kind":"journal","name":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs","aka":"JNCI Monographs\nJ Natl Cancer Inst Monogr","tldr":"The monograph series of the JNCI family: each issue is a set of papers on one cancer topic or from one conference, such as cervical screening in HPV-vaccinated populations.","tags":"","route":"/journals/jnci-monographs/"},{"id":"klinicka-onkologie","kind":"journal","name":"Klinická onkologie","aka":"Klinická onkologie : casopis Ceské a Slovenské onkologické spolecnosti\nKlin Onkol\nKlinicka onkologie","tldr":"The journal of the Czech and Slovak oncology societies, publishing clinical research, reviews and case reports in Czech, Slovak and English. Read by oncologists and radiotherapists in central Europe.","tags":"","route":"/journals/klinicka-onkologie/"},{"id":"leukemia-and-lymphoma","kind":"journal","name":"Leukemia & lymphoma","aka":"Leuk Lymphoma\nLeukemia and Lymphoma","tldr":"A journal for haematologists and scientists working on blood cancers, from leukaemia and lymphoma biology to new drugs and clinical outcomes.","tags":"","route":"/journals/leukemia-and-lymphoma/","cancers":"all-leukemia aml cll cml mds myeloproliferative-neoplasms dlbcl follicular-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"leukemia-research","kind":"journal","name":"Leukemia research","aka":"Leuk Res","tldr":"An Elsevier journal on leukaemia and related blood cancers, and the official journal of the Myelodysplastic Syndromes Foundation. Read by haematologists and laboratory researchers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/leukemia-research/","cancers":"all-leukemia aml cll cml cmml mds myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"lung-cancer-journal","kind":"journal","name":"Lung cancer","aka":"Lung cancer : journal of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer\nLung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","tldr":"The main specialist journal for lung cancer and other chest tumours, publishing trials, translational studies and reviews. Read by thoracic oncologists, surgeons and pulmonologists.","tags":"","route":"/journals/lung-cancer-journal/","cancers":"nsclc sclc mesothelioma thymic-epithelial"},{"id":"magyar-onkologia","kind":"journal","name":"Magyar onkologia","aka":"Magyar Onkológia\nMagy Onkol\nHungarian Oncology","tldr":"The official journal of the Hungarian Society of Oncologists, publishing reviews, recommendations, original papers and case reports in Hungarian and English, plus Hungarian congress abstracts.","tags":"","route":"/journals/magyar-onkologia/"},{"id":"medical-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Medical oncology","aka":"Med Oncol","tldr":"A broad Springer journal reporting clinical and preclinical research in cancer and blood disorders, with reviews and perspective pieces. Read by medical oncologists and translational researchers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/medical-oncology/"},{"id":"melanoma-research","kind":"journal","name":"Melanoma research","aka":"Melanoma Res","tldr":"A specialist journal devoted to melanoma, from tumour genetics and immunology to case reports and clinical studies of targeted and immune therapies.","tags":"","route":"/journals/melanoma-research/","cancers":"melanoma uveal-melanoma"},{"id":"molecular-cancer","kind":"journal","name":"Molecular cancer","aka":"Mol Cancer","tldr":"A large open access journal for laboratory cancer research, from tumour signalling and the microenvironment to biomarkers and new therapeutic approaches.","tags":"","route":"/journals/molecular-cancer/"},{"id":"molecular-cancer-research","kind":"journal","name":"Molecular cancer research","aka":"Molecular cancer research : MCR\nMol Cancer Res\nMCR","tldr":"The AACR's basic-science journal for discoveries about how cancer cells work: cell cycle, DNA repair, gene regulation, oncogenes and signalling.","tags":"","route":"/journals/molecular-cancer-research/"},{"id":"molecular-carcinogenesis","kind":"journal","name":"Molecular carcinogenesis","aka":"Mol Carcinog","tldr":"A Wiley laboratory journal on the molecular mechanisms by which cancers arise and progress. Read by cancer biologists and toxicologists.","tags":"","route":"/journals/molecular-carcinogenesis/"},{"id":"molecular-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Molecular oncology","aka":"Mol Oncol","tldr":"An open access FEBS journal spanning basic, translational and clinical cancer research plus policy pieces on prevention and care. Read by cancer researchers across Europe and beyond.","tags":"","route":"/journals/molecular-oncology/"},{"id":"nar-cancer","kind":"journal","name":"NAR cancer","aka":"NAR Cancer","tldr":"The cancer sister journal of Nucleic Acids Research: fully open access papers on DNA, RNA and genomics in cancer, including data resource articles.","tags":"","route":"/journals/nar-cancer/"},{"id":"neoplasia","kind":"journal","name":"Neoplasia","aka":"Neoplasia : an international journal for oncology research\nNeoplasia (New York, N.Y.)","tldr":"An open access Elsevier journal for laboratory and translational cancer research across all tumour types, with a policy of sharing the cell lines and reagents it describes.","tags":"","route":"/journals/neoplasia/"},{"id":"neoplasma","kind":"journal","name":"Neoplasma","aka":"","tldr":"A Slovak English-language cancer journal, edited by the Cancer Research Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, covering experimental oncology, clinical oncology and epidemiology.","tags":"","route":"/journals/neoplasma/"},{"id":"nutrition-and-cancer","kind":"journal","name":"Nutrition and cancer","aka":"Nutr Cancer","tldr":"A journal on how diet and nutrients affect cancer risk, treatment and prevention, from laboratory carcinogenesis studies to dietetics and food policy.","tags":"","route":"/journals/nutrition-and-cancer/"},{"id":"oncogene-journal","kind":"journal","name":"Oncogene","aka":"Oncogene\nOncogene reviews","tldr":"Oncogene is a long-running cancer biology journal from the Nature stable. It publishes molecular and cellular research on how cancers arise, spread and resist treatment, and is read mainly by laboratory cancer researchers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/oncogene-journal/"},{"id":"oncoimmunology","kind":"journal","name":"Oncoimmunology","aka":"OncoImmunology\nOncoimmunology","tldr":"OncoImmunology is an open access journal devoted to the immune system's role in cancer and to immunotherapy. It is read by tumour immunologists and by clinicians developing immune-based treatments.","tags":"","route":"/journals/oncoimmunology/"},{"id":"oncology-williston-park","kind":"journal","name":"Oncology (Williston Park)","aka":"Oncology\nONCOLOGY\nOncology (Williston Park)","tldr":"ONCOLOGY, known in PubMed as Oncology (Williston Park), is an American clinical review journal for practising cancer doctors. It is now part of the CancerNetwork site run by MJH Life Sciences.","tags":"","route":"/journals/oncology-williston-park/"},{"id":"oncology-karger","kind":"journal","name":"Oncology","aka":"Oncology (Basel)\nOncology (Karger)\nOncologia","tldr":"Oncology is a Swiss clinical cancer journal from Karger that has been running since 1967. It carries clinical studies, translational research and short trial reports for oncologists.","tags":"","route":"/journals/oncology-karger/"},{"id":"oncology-nursing-forum","kind":"journal","name":"Oncology nursing forum","aka":"Oncol Nurs Forum\nONF\nOncology Nursing Forum","tldr":"The Oncology Nursing Forum is the research journal of the Oncology Nursing Society in the United States. Cancer nurses read it for studies on symptom management, care delivery and health equity.","tags":"","route":"/journals/oncology-nursing-forum/"},{"id":"oncology-reports","kind":"journal","name":"Oncology reports","aka":"Oncol Rep\nOncology Reports","tldr":"Oncology Reports is a Greek-based monthly journal of basic and applied cancer research, with a focus on how cancers start and spread. It is read by laboratory cancer researchers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/oncology-reports/"},{"id":"oncology-research","kind":"journal","name":"Oncology research","aka":"Oncol Res\nOncology Research Featuring Preclinical and Clinical Cancer Therapeutics\nOncology Research","tldr":"Oncology Research is a monthly journal of basic, translational and clinical cancer research with a particular interest in new treatments. It is now published by Tech Science Press.","tags":"","route":"/journals/oncology-research/"},{"id":"oncology-research-and-treatment","kind":"journal","name":"Oncology research and treatment","aka":"Oncol Res Treat\nOnkologie\nOncology Research and Treatment","tldr":"Oncology Research and Treatment is the German-speaking haematology and oncology societies' journal, published in English by Karger. Clinicians read it for clinical and translational studies across the cancer specialties.","tags":"","route":"/journals/oncology-research-and-treatment/"},{"id":"oncotarget","kind":"journal","name":"Oncotarget","aka":"Oncotarget","tldr":"Oncotarget is a large online cancer research journal that publishes on anything that can be viewed as a target relevant to cancer, from molecules and pathways to cell types. It is read by basic and translational cancer researchers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/oncotarget/"},{"id":"oral-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Oral oncology","aka":"Oral Oncol\nOral Oncology\nEuropean journal of cancer. Part B, Oral oncology","tldr":"Oral Oncology is Elsevier's monthly journal on cancers of the mouth, throat and head and neck region. It is read by head and neck surgeons, oncologists and oral pathologists.","tags":"","route":"/journals/oral-oncology/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"pathology-and-oncology-research","kind":"journal","name":"Pathology oncology research","aka":"Pathology oncology research : POR\nPathology & Oncology Research\nPathology and Oncology Research\nPOR\nPathol Oncol Res","tldr":"Pathology and Oncology Research (POR) is a Hungarian-founded, fully open access journal spanning tumour pathology, molecular diagnostics and clinical oncology. It is read by pathologists and experimental and clinical oncologists.","tags":"","route":"/journals/pathology-and-oncology-research/"},{"id":"pediatric-hematology-and-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Pediatric hematology and oncology","aka":"Pediatr Hematol Oncol\nPediatric hematology-oncology\nPediatric Hematology and Oncology","tldr":"Pediatric Hematology and Oncology is a Taylor & Francis journal on blood disorders and cancers in children. It is read by paediatric oncologists and haematologists.","tags":"","route":"/journals/pediatric-hematology-and-oncology/"},{"id":"pigment-cell-and-melanoma-research","kind":"journal","name":"Pigment cell & melanoma research","aka":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res\nPigment Cell & Melanoma Research\nPigment Cell and Melanoma Research\nPigment cell research","tldr":"Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research is a Wiley journal covering the biology of pigment cells and melanoma. Its readers are melanoma researchers, dermatologists and pigment cell biologists.","tags":"","route":"/journals/pigment-cell-and-melanoma-research/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"practical-radiation-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Practical radiation oncology","aka":"Pract Radiat Oncol\nPRO\nPractical Radiation Oncology","tldr":"Practical Radiation Oncology is a clinically oriented radiotherapy journal published by Elsevier. Radiation oncologists read it for guidance on day-to-day treatment practice and quality.","tags":"","route":"/journals/practical-radiation-oncology/"},{"id":"prostate-cancer-and-prostatic-diseases","kind":"journal","name":"Prostate cancer and prostatic diseases","aka":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis\nProstate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases","tldr":"Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases is a Nature-family journal covering prostate cancer together with benign prostate conditions. Urologists, oncologists and prostate researchers read it.","tags":"","route":"/journals/prostate-cancer-and-prostatic-diseases/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"psycho-oncology-journal","kind":"journal","name":"Psycho-oncology","aka":"Psychooncology\nPsycho-Oncology","tldr":"Psycho-Oncology is the main journal for research on the psychological, social and behavioural side of cancer. Psychologists, nurses, social workers and oncologists read it.","tags":"","route":"/journals/psycho-oncology-journal/"},{"id":"radiation-and-environmental-biophysics","kind":"journal","name":"Radiation and environmental biophysics","aka":"Radiat Environ Biophys\nBiophysik\nRadiation and Environmental Biophysics","tldr":"Radiation and Environmental Biophysics is a German-based Springer journal on the biological effects of radiation and environmental agents. Radiation biologists, dosimetrists and epidemiologists of radiation-induced cancer read it.","tags":"","route":"/journals/radiation-and-environmental-biophysics/"},{"id":"radiation-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Radiation oncology","aka":"Radiat Oncol\nRadiation Oncology (London)\nRadiation Oncology","tldr":"Radiation Oncology is a fully open access radiotherapy journal from BMC. Radiation oncologists and medical physicists read it for clinical and technical studies on radiation treatment.","tags":"","route":"/journals/radiation-oncology/"},{"id":"radiology-and-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Radiology and oncology","aka":"Radiol Oncol\nRadiology and Oncology\nRadiologia Iugoslavica","tldr":"Radiology and Oncology is a Slovenian open access journal covering cancer imaging, interventional radiology, nuclear medicine, radiotherapy and clinical and experimental oncology. It is read by radiologists and oncologists, particularly in central and south-east Europe.","tags":"","route":"/journals/radiology-and-oncology/"},{"id":"radiology-imaging-cancer","kind":"journal","name":"Radiology. Imaging cancer","aka":"Radiology: Imaging Cancer\nRadiol Imaging Cancer","tldr":"Radiology: Imaging Cancer is the Radiological Society of North America's journal dedicated to imaging in cancer. Radiologists and oncologists read it for work on detection, staging and response assessment.","tags":"","route":"/journals/radiology-imaging-cancer/"},{"id":"recent-patents-on-anti-cancer-drug-discovery","kind":"journal","name":"Recent patents on anti-cancer drug discovery","aka":"Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov\nRecent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery","tldr":"Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery is a Bentham Science review journal that tracks patented advances in cancer drug development. It is read by medicinal chemists and pharmacologists working on new cancer treatments.","tags":"","route":"/journals/recent-patents-on-anti-cancer-drug-discovery/"},{"id":"recent-results-in-cancer-research","kind":"journal","name":"Recent results in cancer research","aka":"Recent results in cancer research. Fortschritte der Krebsforschung. Progrès dans les recherches sur le cancer\nRecent Results Cancer Res\nFortschritte der Krebsforschung\nRecent Results in Cancer Research","tldr":"Recent Results in Cancer Research is a Springer book series, indexed like a journal, in which each volume is a monograph or edited collection on one cancer topic. Clinicians and researchers use it for in-depth reviews.","tags":"","route":"/journals/recent-results-in-cancer-research/"},{"id":"seminars-in-cancer-biology","kind":"journal","name":"Seminars in cancer biology","aka":"Semin Cancer Biol\nSeminars in Cancer Biology","tldr":"Seminars in Cancer Biology is an Elsevier review journal in which each issue is a themed collection of expert reviews on one area of cancer biology. Cancer researchers use it to get up to speed on a field.","tags":"","route":"/journals/seminars-in-cancer-biology/"},{"id":"seminars-in-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Seminars in oncology","aka":"Semin Oncol\nSeminars in Oncology","tldr":"Seminars in Oncology is a long-established American review journal that publishes themed issues on clinical cancer topics. Oncologists read it for expert overviews of treatment areas.","tags":"","route":"/journals/seminars-in-oncology/"},{"id":"seminars-in-oncology-nursing","kind":"journal","name":"Seminars in oncology nursing","aka":"Semin Oncol Nurs\nSeminars in Oncology Nursing","tldr":"Seminars in Oncology Nursing is an Elsevier review journal for cancer nurses. Each issue gathers articles on one theme in the nursing care of people with cancer.","tags":"","route":"/journals/seminars-in-oncology-nursing/"},{"id":"seminars-in-radiation-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Seminars in radiation oncology","aka":"Semin Radiat Oncol\nSeminars in Radiation Oncology","tldr":"Seminars in Radiation Oncology is a quarterly Elsevier review journal for radiation oncologists, medical physicists and radiobiologists. Every issue is devoted to a single topic.","tags":"","route":"/journals/seminars-in-radiation-oncology/"},{"id":"strahlentherapie-und-onkologie","kind":"journal","name":"Strahlentherapie und Onkologie","aka":"Strahlentherapie und Onkologie : Organ der Deutschen Röntgengesellschaft ... [et al]\nStrahlenther Onkol\nJournal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics","tldr":"Strahlentherapie und Onkologie is the German radiation oncology journal, now published in English by Springer. It carries original research, reviews and society communications for radiation oncologists, radiobiologists and physicists.","tags":"","route":"/journals/strahlentherapie-und-onkologie/"},{"id":"supportive-care-in-cancer","kind":"journal","name":"Supportive care in cancer","aka":"Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer\nSupport Care Cancer\nSupportive Care in Cancer\nSCC","tldr":"Supportive Care in Cancer is the MASCC journal on managing symptoms and side effects across the cancer journey. It is read by oncologists, nurses, palliative care teams and researchers.","tags":"","route":"/journals/supportive-care-in-cancer/"},{"id":"surgical-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Surgical oncology","aka":"Surg Oncol\nSurgical Oncology","tldr":"Surgical Oncology is an Elsevier journal of cancer surgery research, read by surgical oncologists and the multidisciplinary teams they work with.","tags":"","route":"/journals/surgical-oncology/"},{"id":"surgical-oncology-clinics-of-north-america","kind":"journal","name":"Surgical oncology clinics of North America","aka":"Surg Oncol Clin N Am\nSurgical Oncology Clinics of North America\nSurgical oncology clinics","tldr":"Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America is one of Elsevier's Clinics review series. Each quarterly issue is a guest-edited set of reviews on one surgical oncology topic.","tags":"","route":"/journals/surgical-oncology-clinics-of-north-america/"},{"id":"targeted-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Targeted oncology","aka":"Target Oncol\nTargeted Oncology","tldr":"Targeted Oncology is a Springer (Adis) journal about drugs aimed at specific molecular targets, including checkpoint inhibitors. It is read by oncologists and pharmacologists following new agents and pathways.","tags":"","route":"/journals/targeted-oncology/"},{"id":"technology-in-cancer-research-and-treatment","kind":"journal","name":"Technology in cancer research & treatment","aka":"Technol Cancer Res Treat\nTechnology in Cancer Research & Treatment\nTechnology in cancer research and treatment\nTCRT","tldr":"Technology in Cancer Research and Treatment is an open access SAGE journal on technologies used to diagnose and treat cancer, from imaging and radiotherapy physics to computational methods.","tags":"","route":"/journals/technology-in-cancer-research-and-treatment/"},{"id":"the-breast","kind":"journal","name":"The Breast","aka":"The Breast : official journal of the European Society of Mastology\nBreast\nBreast (Edinburgh, Scotland)","tldr":"The Breast is the European Society of Mastology's open access journal on breast disease and breast cancer, covering surgery, oncology, screening and survivorship.","tags":"","route":"/journals/the-breast/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc ductal-carcinoma-in-situ male-breast-cancer"},{"id":"the-breast-journal","kind":"journal","name":"The breast journal","aka":"Breast J\nThe Breast Journal","tldr":"The Breast Journal is a US-founded journal on breast disease and breast cancer, now a fully open access Wiley title, read by breast surgeons, oncologists, radiologists and pathologists.","tags":"","route":"/journals/the-breast-journal/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc ductal-carcinoma-in-situ male-breast-cancer"},{"id":"the-cancer-journal","kind":"journal","name":"The cancer journal","aka":"Cancer J\nThe Cancer Journal\nCancer journal (Sudbury, Mass.)\nCancer journal from Scientific American","tldr":"The Cancer Journal is a bimonthly review journal from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, edited by Vincent DeVita, Theodore Lawrence and Steven Rosenberg, with each issue focused on one clinical theme.","tags":"","route":"/journals/the-cancer-journal/"},{"id":"gulf-journal-of-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"The Gulf journal of oncology","aka":"Gulf J Oncolog\nGulf Journal of Oncology\nGJO","tldr":"The Gulf Journal of Oncology is the journal of the Gulf Federation for Cancer Control in Kuwait, publishing cancer research and news from the Gulf and wider Arab region three times a year.","tags":"","route":"/journals/gulf-journal-of-oncology/"},{"id":"international-journal-of-biological-markers","kind":"journal","name":"The International journal of biological markers","aka":"Int J Biol Markers\nThe International Journal of Biological Markers\nInternational Journal of Biological Markers\nJBM","tldr":"The International Journal of Biological Markers is an open access SAGE journal on tumour markers and other biomarkers used in cancer diagnosis, prognosis and treatment monitoring.","tags":"","route":"/journals/international-journal-of-biological-markers/"},{"id":"the-oncologist","kind":"journal","name":"The oncologist","aka":"Oncologist\nThe Oncologist\nThe oncologist (Dayton, Ohio)","tldr":"The Oncologist is a fully open access monthly journal from Oxford University Press and the Society for Translational Oncology, aimed at translating research into better multidimensional care for cancer patients.","tags":"","route":"/journals/the-oncologist/"},{"id":"thoracic-cancer","kind":"journal","name":"Thoracic cancer","aka":"Thorac Cancer\nThoracic Cancer","tldr":"Thoracic Cancer is an open access Wiley journal on lung and other chest cancers, produced with the Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute and the China Lung Oncology Group since 2010. It is indexed in MEDLINE, online only since 2014, and its authors and readers are mainly Chinese and Asia-Pacific thoracic oncologists.","tags":"","route":"/journals/thoracic-cancer/","cancers":"nsclc sclc mesothelioma thymic-epithelial esophageal"},{"id":"trends-in-cancer","kind":"journal","name":"Trends in cancer","aka":"Trends Cancer\nTrends in Cancer","tldr":"Trends in Cancer is the Cell Press Trends-series title for cancer, a monthly online journal read by cancer biologists and translational researchers who want an overview of where the field is moving.","tags":"","route":"/journals/trends-in-cancer/"},{"id":"tumori","kind":"journal","name":"Tumori","aka":"Tumori Journal\nTUMORI\nTumori, Milano","tldr":"Tumori Journal is Italy's long-running oncology journal, founded in 1911 in Milan and now published in English by SAGE for the Italian cancer research community.","tags":"","route":"/journals/tumori/"},{"id":"tumour-biology","kind":"journal","name":"Tumour biology","aka":"Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine\nTumour Biol\nTumor Biology\nTumour Biology","tldr":"Tumour Biology is the open access journal of the International Society of Oncology and Biomarkers, covering tumour markers, cancer biology and their clinical use.","tags":"","route":"/journals/tumour-biology/"},{"id":"tumour-virus-research","kind":"journal","name":"Tumour virus research","aka":"Tumour Virus Res\nTumour Virus Research\nTumor virus research\nPapillomavirus Research","tldr":"Tumour Virus Research is an open access Elsevier journal on viruses that cause cancer, such as HPV, EBV, hepatitis viruses and KSHV. It grew out of Papillomavirus Research in 2021.","tags":"","route":"/journals/tumour-virus-research/","cancers":"cervical head-and-neck nasopharyngeal hcc kaposi-sarcoma merkel-cell-carcinoma burkitt-lymphoma"},{"id":"urologic-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Urologic oncology","aka":"Urol Oncol\nUrologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations\nUrologic Oncology\nSeminars in urologic oncology","tldr":"Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations is an Elsevier journal on prostate, bladder, kidney, testicular and penile cancers, mixing topical seminar sections with original research.","tags":"","route":"/journals/urologic-oncology/","cancers":"prostate urothelial rcc testicular penile"},{"id":"veterinary-and-comparative-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Veterinary and comparative oncology","aka":"Vet Comp Oncol\nVeterinary and Comparative Oncology","tldr":"Veterinary and Comparative Oncology is the Wiley journal of the veterinary cancer societies, covering cancer in companion animals and what it can teach about human disease.","tags":"","route":"/journals/veterinary-and-comparative-oncology/"},{"id":"world-journal-of-surgical-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"World journal of surgical oncology","aka":"World J Surg Oncol\nWorld Journal of Surgical Oncology\nWJSO","tldr":"World Journal of Surgical Oncology is a fully open access BMC journal for surgical oncologists, publishing original research, case reports and reviews across the whole continuum of cancer care.","tags":"","route":"/journals/world-journal-of-surgical-oncology/"},{"id":"chinese-journal-of-lung-cancer","kind":"journal","name":"Zhongguo fei ai za zhi","aka":"Zhongguo fei ai za zhi = Chinese journal of lung cancer\nChinese Journal of Lung Cancer\nZhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi\nZhongguo feiai zazhi\nCJLC\n中国肺癌杂志","tldr":"The Chinese Journal of Lung Cancer is a monthly open access journal from Tianjin publishing Chinese and English research on lung cancer, from basic biology to surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and nursing.","tags":"","route":"/journals/chinese-journal-of-lung-cancer/","cancers":"nsclc sclc"},{"id":"chinese-journal-of-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"Zhonghua zhong liu za zhi","aka":"Zhonghua zhong liu za zhi [Chinese journal of oncology]\nChinese Journal of Oncology\nZhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi\n中华肿瘤杂志","tldr":"The Chinese Journal of Oncology is the Chinese Medical Association's oncology journal, published in Chinese from Beijing since 1979 and indexed in MEDLINE.","tags":"","route":"/journals/chinese-journal-of-oncology/"},{"id":"qilu-pharmaceutical","kind":"company","name":"Qilu Pharmaceutical","aka":"Qilu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.","tldr":"Qilu Pharmaceutical is a China-based pharmaceutical company running 20 late-stage cancer trials of QL1706, QLC5508 and QL2107 in non-small-cell lung cancer, oesophageal cancer and triple-negative breast cancer.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/qilu-pharmaceutical/","cancers":"nsclc esophageal tnbc multiple-myeloma breast-hr-positive prostate colorectal pancreatic"},{"id":"mabwell-shanghai-bioscience","kind":"company","name":"Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience","aka":"Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd.","tldr":"Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience is a China-based biotechnology company running 11 late-stage cancer trials of Toripalimab (JS001 ) and JS207 in bladder & urothelial cancer, cervical cancer and colorectal cancer.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/mabwell-shanghai-bioscience/","cancers":"urothelial cervical colorectal tnbc"},{"id":"lanova-medicines","kind":"company","name":"LaNova Medicines","aka":"LaNova Medicines Limited","tldr":"LaNova Medicines is a China-based biotechnology company running 10 late-stage cancer trials of LM-168, LM-108 and LM-299 in gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/lanova-medicines/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"lepu-biopharma","kind":"company","name":"Lepu Biopharma","aka":"Lepu Biopharma 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Onfekafusp alfa and onfekafusp alfa in melanoma, glioma & glioblastoma and basal cell carcinoma.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/philogen-s-p-a/","cancers":"melanoma glioblastoma basal-cell-carcinoma sarcoma"},{"id":"sinocelltech","kind":"company","name":"Sinocelltech","aka":"Sinocelltech Ltd.","tldr":"Sinocelltech is a China-based biotechnology company running 8 late-stage cancer trials of SCTB41, SCTB35 and SCTC21C in multiple myeloma, non-small-cell lung cancer and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/sinocelltech/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma nsclc dlbcl follicular-lymphoma"},{"id":"eikon-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Eikon Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"Eikon Therapeutics is a United States-based biotechnology company running 6 late-stage cancer trials of EIK1001, EIK1004-001 (IMP1707-001) and IMP1734 in melanoma, non-small-cell lung cancer and gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/eikon-therapeutics/","cancers":"melanoma nsclc gastric colorectal endometrial"},{"id":"evopoint-biosciences","kind":"company","name":"Evopoint Biosciences","aka":"Evopoint Biosciences Inc.","tldr":"Evopoint Biosciences is a China-based biotechnology company running 6 late-stage cancer trials of XNW29016, XNW5004 and XNW28012 in peripheral T-cell lymphomas, follicular lymphoma and prostate cancer.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/evopoint-biosciences/","cancers":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma follicular-lymphoma prostate hodgkin-lymphoma pancreatic ovarian cervical"},{"id":"nuvation-bio","kind":"company","name":"Nuvation Bio","aka":"Nuvation Bio Inc.","tldr":"Nuvation Bio is a United States-based biotechnology company running 6 late-stage cancer trials of Taletrectinib, AB-106 and NUV-1511 in non-small-cell lung cancer, HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer and prostate cancer.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/nuvation-bio/","cancers":"nsclc breast-hr-positive prostate pancreatic ovarian glioblastoma"},{"id":"avistone-biotechnology","kind":"company","name":"Avistone Biotechnology","aka":"Avistone Biotechnology Co., Ltd.","tldr":"Avistone Biotechnology is a China-based biotechnology company running 5 late-stage cancer trials of PLB1004, Vebreltinib and ANS02 in non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/avistone-biotechnology/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"catalym","kind":"company","name":"CatalYm","aka":"CatalYm GmbH","tldr":"CatalYm is a Germany-based biotechnology company running 5 late-stage cancer trials of Visugromab (CTL-002), Visugromab and visugromab (CTL-002) in non-small-cell lung cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/catalym/","cancers":"nsclc hcc"},{"id":"miltenyi-biomedicine","kind":"company","name":"Miltenyi Biomedicine","aka":"Miltenyi Biomedicine 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2022.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/veru/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate"},{"id":"cellectar","kind":"company","name":"Cellectar Biosciences","aka":"Cellectar Biosciences, Inc.\nCellectar","tldr":"Cellectar is a New Jersey radiopharmaceutical company whose iodine-131 phospholipid drug conjugate iopofosine targets the lipid rafts of cancer cells, with a pivotal trial (CLOVER-WaM) in relapsed Waldenström macroglobulinaemia.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/cellectar/","cancers":"waldenstrom multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"gc-cell","kind":"company","name":"GC Cell","aka":"GC Cell Corporation\nGreen Cross Cell\nGC Cell Corp.","tldr":"GC Cell is a South Korean cell therapy company whose autologous cytokine-induced killer cell product Immuncell-LC has been approved in Korea since 2007 as adjuvant treatment after liver cancer surgery.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/gc-cell/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"alaunos","kind":"company","name":"Alaunos Therapeutics 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2024.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/apollomics/","cancers":"nsclc aml"},{"id":"aprea-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Aprea Therapeutics","aka":"Aprea Therapeutics, Inc.\nAprea","tldr":"Aprea developed eprenetapopt, a drug meant to restore the function of mutant p53, which failed its phase 3 trial in TP53-mutant myelodysplastic syndromes in 2020; the company now works on ATR and WEE1 inhibitors.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/aprea-therapeutics/","cancers":"mds aml"},{"id":"aptose","kind":"company","name":"Aptose Biosciences","aka":"Aptose Biosciences Inc.\nAptose","tldr":"Aptose is a San Diego and Toronto company developing tuspetinib, an oral kinase inhibitor acting on FLT3, SYK, JAK and other targets, for acute myeloid leukaemia in combination with venetoclax and azacitidine.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/aptose/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"bavarian-nordic","kind":"company","name":"Bavarian Nordic","aka":"Bavarian Nordic 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pembrolizumab in pancreatic cancer.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/biolinerx/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma pancreatic"},{"id":"sotio","kind":"company","name":"SOTIO Biotech","aka":"SOTIO a.s.\nSOTIO","tldr":"SOTIO is a Prague biotechnology company owned by the PPF group whose dendritic cell vaccine for prostate cancer failed its phase 3 trial in 2020, and which now develops an IL-15 superagonist and antibody-drug conjugates.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/sotio/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"tolmar","kind":"company","name":"Tolmar","aka":"Tolmar Inc.\nTolmar Pharmaceuticals","tldr":"Tolmar is a privately held Colorado company that makes Eligard, the subcutaneous depot of the hormone therapy leuprolide used to suppress testosterone in advanced prostate cancer.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/tolmar/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"partner-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Partner Therapeutics","aka":"Partner Therapeutics, 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disease.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/neovii/","cancers":"aml all-leukemia"},{"id":"abx-advanced-biochemical-compounds","kind":"company","name":"ABX advanced biochemical compounds","aka":"ABX advanced biochemical compounds GmbH\nABX GmbH\nABX","tldr":"ABX is a German maker of the precursors and kits behind PET imaging tracers, including PSMA agents for prostate cancer, and sponsors the trials that register them.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/abx-advanced-biochemical-compounds/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"lees-pharmaceutical","kind":"company","name":"Lee's Pharmaceutical","aka":"Lee's Pharmaceutical Limited\nLee's Pharmaceutical Holdings\nLee's Pharm","tldr":"Lee's Pharmaceutical is a Hong Kong-listed company that licenses and develops medicines for Greater China, including cancer drugs it takes through phase 3 trials as lead sponsor.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/lees-pharmaceutical/"},{"id":"biogen","kind":"company","name":"Biogen","aka":"Biogen Inc.\nBiogen Idec\nIDEC Pharmaceuticals","tldr":"Biogen is the Massachusetts biotech that, as Biogen Idec, co-developed rituximab, the first antibody approved for cancer; it now concentrates on neurology.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/biogen/","cancers":"dlbcl follicular-lymphoma"},{"id":"norgine","kind":"company","name":"Norgine","aka":"Norgine B.V.\nNorgine Ltd\nNorgine Pharmaceuticals","tldr":"Norgine is a European specialty pharmaceutical company, founded in 1906 and based in Amsterdam, best known in cancer care for bowel preparations used before colonoscopy and for in-licensed cancer medicines.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/norgine/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"foresee-pharmaceuticals","kind":"company","name":"Foresee Pharmaceuticals","aka":"Foresee Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.\nForesee","tldr":"Foresee is a Taipei biotech whose long-acting leuprolide depot, Camcevi, is an injection for advanced prostate cancer, and which runs phase 3 trials as lead sponsor.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/foresee-pharmaceuticals/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"nobelpharma","kind":"company","name":"Nobelpharma","aka":"Nobelpharma Co., Ltd.\nノーベルファーマ","tldr":"Nobelpharma is a Tokyo company founded in 2003 to develop medicines for rare diseases and unmet needs in Japan, including cancer treatments it takes through phase 3 trials.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/nobelpharma/","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"eurofarma","kind":"company","name":"Eurofarma","aka":"Eurofarma Laboratorios S.A.\nEurofarma Laboratórios","tldr":"Eurofarma is a São Paulo pharmaceutical group founded in 1972, one of the largest Brazilian-owned drug makers, with an oncology portfolio and phase 3 trials it leads in Latin America.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/eurofarma/","cancers":"prostate 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generics arm spun off as Par Health.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/endo/","cancers":"urothelial prostate"},{"id":"aeterna-zentaris","kind":"company","name":"Aeterna Zentaris","aka":"AEterna Zentaris\nAeterna Zentaris Inc.\nZentaris GmbH","tldr":"Aeterna Zentaris is a Frankfurt-based biotech whose oncology programmes, including the alkylphospholipid perifosine and the LHRH antagonist ozarelix, went through phase 3 trials it led; its approved product is a growth hormone deficiency test.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/aeterna-zentaris/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma colorectal"},{"id":"preglem","kind":"company","name":"PregLem","aka":"PregLem SA\nPregLem S.A.","tldr":"PregLem is a Geneva biotech, part of Gedeon Richter, whose ulipristal acetate (Esmya) for uterine fibroids went through phase 3 trials it led; it is listed among industry sponsors of cancer-tagged trials.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/preglem/"},{"id":"telik","kind":"company","name":"Telik","aka":"Telik, Inc.","tldr":"Telik was a Palo Alto biotech whose glutathione analogue canfosfamide (Telcyta) failed its phase 3 trials in ovarian and lung cancer in the 2000s, a reminder that late-stage failure is the norm in oncology.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/telik/","cancers":"ovarian nsclc"},{"id":"agennix","kind":"company","name":"Agennix","aka":"Agennix AG\nAgennix Incorporated","tldr":"Agennix was a German-American biotech whose oral talactoferrin, a recombinant form of the milk protein lactoferrin, failed a phase 3 trial in non-small cell lung cancer.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/agennix/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"gtx","kind":"company","name":"GTx","aka":"GTx Incorporated\nGTx, Inc.","tldr":"GTx was a Memphis biotech that developed selective androgen receptor modulators, including enobosarm for cancer-related muscle wasting and breast 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phosphatidylserine antibody bavituximab failed a phase 3 lung cancer trial; the company kept its contract manufacturing arm and became Avid Bioservices.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/peregrine-avid/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"sorrento-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Sorrento Therapeutics","aka":"Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc.\nSorrento","tldr":"Sorrento was a San Diego biotech with a sprawling pipeline of antibodies, cell therapies and a resiniferatoxin pain programme for cancer pain; it filed for bankruptcy in 2023.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/sorrento-therapeutics/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma pancreatic prostate"},{"id":"dong-a-st","kind":"company","name":"Dong-A ST","aka":"Dong-A ST Co., Ltd.\nDong-A Socio Holdings","tldr":"Dong-A ST is a Seoul pharmaceutical company, the prescription-medicine arm of one of Korea's oldest drug groups, which sponsors phase 3 cancer trials including biosimilars and supportive-care products.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/dong-a-st/"},{"id":"harbour-biomed","kind":"company","name":"Harbour BioMed","aka":"Harbour BioMed (Guangzhou) Co. 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it now develops CDK and PLK inhibitors.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/cyclacel/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"galera-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Galera Therapeutics","aka":"Galera Therapeutics, Inc.\nGalera","tldr":"Galera developed avasopasem, a synthetic enzyme mimic meant to prevent the severe mouth ulcers of head and neck radiotherapy; the FDA declined approval in 2023 despite a positive phase 3 trial.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/galera-therapeutics/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"idera-pharmaceuticals","kind":"company","name":"Idera Pharmaceuticals","aka":"Idera Pharmaceuticals, Inc.\nIdera\nAceragen","tldr":"Idera was a Cambridge biotech whose injected TLR9 agonist tilsotolimod, given into tumours with ipilimumab, failed a phase 3 trial in anti-PD-1-refractory melanoma in 2021.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/idera-pharmaceuticals/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"infinity-pharmaceuticals","kind":"company","name":"Infinity Pharmaceuticals","aka":"Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc.\nInfinity","tldr":"Infinity was the Cambridge biotech that discovered duvelisib, the PI3K-delta/gamma inhibitor later approved for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, before licensing it out and turning to eganelisib; it filed for bankruptcy in 2023.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/infinity-pharmaceuticals/","cancers":"cll"},{"id":"halozyme","kind":"company","name":"Halozyme Therapeutics","aka":"Halozyme Therapeutics, Inc.\nHalozyme","tldr":"Halozyme's recombinant hyaluronidase (ENHANZE) is what lets antibodies such as rituximab, trastuzumab and daratumumab be given as quick under-the-skin injections instead of long infusions; its own tumour-targeting version failed in pancreatic cancer.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/halozyme/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"bellicum","kind":"company","name":"Bellicum Pharmaceuticals","aka":"Bellicum Pharmaceuticals, Inc.\nBellicum","tldr":"Bellicum was a Houston cell-therapy company known for its rimiducid safety switch, which let doctors switch off infused T cells; its lead product for transplant failed to reach approval and the company wound down.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/bellicum/","cancers":"all-leukemia aml"},{"id":"can-fite","kind":"company","name":"Can-Fite BioPharma","aka":"Can-Fite BioPharma Ltd\nCan Fite Biopharma","tldr":"Can-Fite is an Israeli company developing adenosine A3 receptor agonists; namodenoson is in phase 3 as a second-line treatment for liver cancer in patients with poor liver function.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/can-fite/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"cartesian-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Cartesian Therapeutics","aka":"Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc.\nCartesian","tldr":"Cartesian makes CAR-T cells from messenger RNA rather than permanent gene insertion, so the cells work for days and then fade; it began in myeloma and now leads phase 3 trials in autoimmune disease.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/cartesian-therapeutics/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"atossa-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Atossa Therapeutics","aka":"Atossa Therapeutics, Inc.\nAtossa Genetics","tldr":"Atossa is a Seattle company developing oral endoxifen, the active metabolite of tamoxifen, for breast cancer prevention and treatment and for reducing dense breast tissue.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/atossa-therapeutics/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"argos-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Argos Therapeutics","aka":"Argos Therapeutics, Inc.\nArgos","tldr":"Argos was a North Carolina company whose personalised dendritic-cell vaccine rocapuldencel-T, made from each patient's own tumour RNA, failed the phase 3 ADAPT trial in kidney cancer and the company closed in 2019.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/argos-therapeutics/","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"ascletis","kind":"company","name":"Ascletis Pharma","aka":"Ascletis Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.\nAscletis Pharma Inc.\n歌礼制药","tldr":"Ascletis is a Hangzhou biotech listed in Hong Kong, first known for hepatitis C antivirals, which sponsors phase 3 cancer trials among its liver-disease and metabolic programmes.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/ascletis/","cancers":"hcc glioblastoma"},{"id":"delta-fly-pharma","kind":"company","name":"Delta-Fly Pharma","aka":"Delta-Fly Pharma, Inc.\nデルタフライファーマ","tldr":"Delta-Fly is a small Japanese company from Tokushima that improves existing chemotherapy drugs; its continuous-infusion cytarabine analogue DFP-10917 is in phase 3 for relapsed acute myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/delta-fly-pharma/","cancers":"aml nsclc"},{"id":"diffusion-pharmaceuticals","kind":"company","name":"Diffusion Pharmaceuticals","aka":"Diffusion Pharmaceuticals Inc\nDiffusion Pharmaceuticals LLC","tldr":"Diffusion developed trans sodium crocetinate, a small molecule meant to carry more oxygen into tumours so radiotherapy works better; its phase 3 trial in glioblastoma was cut short and the company merged into another biotech in 2023.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/diffusion-pharmaceuticals/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"galena-biopharma","kind":"company","name":"Galena Biopharma","aka":"Galena Biopharma, Inc.\nRXi Pharmaceuticals\nSELLAS Life Sciences","tldr":"Galena was the company behind NeuVax, a HER2 peptide vaccine meant to stop early breast cancer returning; the phase 3 PRESENT trial was stopped for futility in 2016 and Galena merged into SELLAS.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/galena-biopharma/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"hibercell","kind":"company","name":"HiberCell","aka":"HiberCell, Inc.\nBiothera Pharmaceuticals","tldr":"HiberCell is a New York biotech working on the biology of dormant, disseminated cancer cells; its yeast beta-glucan immunotherapy imprime PGG, inherited from Biothera, reached late-stage trials with checkpoint inhibitors.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/hibercell/","cancers":"tnbc melanoma"},{"id":"isarna-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Isarna Therapeutics","aka":"Isarna Therapeutics GmbH\nAntisense Pharma","tldr":"Isarna, formerly Antisense Pharma, is a Munich company whose TGF-beta2 antisense drug trabedersen was tested directly into brain tumours in phase 3 for high-grade glioma before the programme moved to eye disease.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/isarna-therapeutics/","cancers":"glioblastoma pancreatic"},{"id":"medigene","kind":"company","name":"Medigene","aka":"MediGene AG\nMedigene AG","tldr":"Medigene is a Munich-area biotech that develops T-cell receptor therapies and once sold a dendritic-cell vaccine programme; its earlier oncology products included the drug Veregen and phase 3 trials that carry its name.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/medigene/","cancers":"pancreatic aml"},{"id":"mundipharma","kind":"company","name":"Mundipharma","aka":"Mundipharma Research GmbH & Co KG\nMundipharma Research\nMundipharma International\nNapp Pharmaceuticals","tldr":"Mundipharma is the privately held network of companies associated with the Sackler family outside the United States, known for opioid pain medicines used in cancer care and, in Europe, for oncology products such as the antifungal and haematology lines it licenses.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/mundipharma/","cancers":"cll follicular-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"abbisko","kind":"company","name":"Abbisko Therapeutics","aka":"Abbisko Therapeutics Co, Ltd\n和誉生物","tldr":"Abbisko is a Shanghai biotech listed in Hong Kong whose CSF-1R inhibitor pimicotinib met its phase 3 endpoint in tenosynovial giant cell tumour, a rare joint tumour, and is licensed to Merck KGaA.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/abbisko/","cancers":"tenosynovial-giant-cell-tumour hcc"},{"id":"acacia-pharma","kind":"company","name":"Acacia Pharma","aka":"Acacia Pharma Ltd\nAcacia Pharma Group","tldr":"Acacia Pharma was a Cambridge company that repurposed the old antipsychotic amisulpride, at low dose, to prevent and treat nausea and vomiting after surgery and chemotherapy; it was bought by Eagle Pharmaceuticals in 2022.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/acacia-pharma/"},{"id":"ionis","kind":"company","name":"Ionis Pharmaceuticals","aka":"Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.\nIsis Pharmaceuticals","tldr":"Ionis is the Carlsbad company that made antisense oligonucleotides into medicines; its cancer programmes, including the clusterin antisense custirsen developed with OncoGenex and the STAT3 antisense danvatirsen, reached late trials without approval.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/ionis/","cancers":"prostate nsclc"},{"id":"emergent-biosolutions","kind":"company","name":"Emergent BioSolutions","aka":"Emergent BioSolutions Inc.\nTrubion Pharmaceuticals","tldr":"Emergent is a Maryland vaccines and biodefence company whose brief oncology venture, the anti-CD37 protein otlertuzumab inherited from Trubion, reached late trials in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia before being shelved.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/emergent-biosolutions/","cancers":"cll"},{"id":"grifols","kind":"company","name":"Grifols","aka":"Grifols Therapeutics LLC\nGrifols Biologicals, LLC\nGrifols S.A.","tldr":"Grifols is the Catalan plasma-medicines group founded in 1909, whose immunoglobulins, albumin and clotting factors are used in supportive cancer care, and which has led phase 3 trials in cancer-related settings.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/grifols/"},{"id":"mabion","kind":"company","name":"Mabion","aka":"Mabion SA\nMabion S.A.","tldr":"Mabion is a Polish biotech near Łódź that developed a rituximab biosimilar, MabionCD20, through phase 3 trials in lymphoma and rheumatoid arthritis, and now also manufactures biologics for partners.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/mabion/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"impact-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"IMPACT Therapeutics","aka":"Impact Therapeutics, Inc.\nIMPACT Therapeutics (Shanghai)","tldr":"IMPACT is a Shanghai biotech built around DNA damage response drugs; its PARP inhibitor senaparib met its phase 3 endpoint as maintenance in ovarian cancer and is approved in China.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/impact-therapeutics/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"blaze-bioscience","kind":"company","name":"Blaze Bioscience","aka":"Blaze Bioscience Inc.\nBlaze Bioscience, Inc.","tldr":"Blaze Bioscience is a Seattle company whose 'Tumor Paint', tozuleristide, is a scorpion-toxin peptide linked to a dye that lights up tumour tissue during surgery; it reached phase 3 in children's brain tumours.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/blaze-bioscience/","cancers":"childhood-cancers brain-tumours"},{"id":"jw-pharmaceutical","kind":"company","name":"JW Pharmaceutical","aka":"JW Pharmaceutical Corporation\nJW중외제약","tldr":"JW Pharmaceutical is a Seoul drug maker founded in 1945, known for intravenous fluids and nutrition, which sponsors phase 3 cancer trials among its hospital products.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/jw-pharmaceutical/","cancers":"aml multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"ptc-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"PTC Therapeutics","aka":"PTC Therapeutics, Inc.\nPTC","tldr":"PTC is a New Jersey rare-disease company, known for Duchenne and spinal muscular atrophy medicines, whose tubulin-binding drug unesbulin went into a phase 3 trial in leiomyosarcoma.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/ptc-therapeutics/","cancers":"sarcoma uterine-sarcoma"},{"id":"sunesis","kind":"company","name":"Sunesis Pharmaceuticals","aka":"Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.\nViracta Therapeutics","tldr":"Sunesis developed vosaroxin, a quinolone-derived cytotoxic that narrowly missed its survival endpoint in the phase 3 VALOR trial in relapsed acute myeloid leukaemia; the company later merged into Viracta.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/sunesis/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"symbio-pharmaceuticals","kind":"company","name":"SymBio Pharmaceuticals","aka":"SymBio Pharmaceuticals Limited\nシンバイオ製薬","tldr":"SymBio is a Tokyo company that brought bendamustine (Treakisym) to Japan for lymphoma and myeloma through the local trials it led, and now develops the antiviral brincidofovir for transplant complications.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/symbio-pharmaceuticals/","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"takara-bio","kind":"company","name":"Takara Bio","aka":"Takara Bio Inc.\nタカラバイオ","tldr":"Takara Bio is a Japanese life-science tools company that also develops gene and cell therapies for cancer, including an oncolytic herpes virus and engineered T cells, and manufactures viral vectors for others.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/takara-bio/","cancers":"pancreatic melanoma"},{"id":"tracon","kind":"company","name":"Tracon Pharmaceuticals","aka":"Tracon Pharmaceuticals Inc.\nTRACON","tldr":"Tracon was a San Diego biotech whose endoglin antibody carotuximab failed a phase 3 trial in angiosarcoma and whose subcutaneous PD-L1 antibody envafolimab missed in sarcoma; it wound down in 2024.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/tracon/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"united-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"United Therapeutics","aka":"United Therapeutics Corporation\nUnither Pharmaceuticals","tldr":"United Therapeutics is a Maryland company known for pulmonary hypertension medicines that also makes dinutuximab (Unituxin), the anti-GD2 antibody that became standard for high-risk neuroblastoma in children.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/united-therapeutics/","cancers":"neuroblastoma"},{"id":"vion-pharmaceuticals","kind":"company","name":"Vion Pharmaceuticals","aka":"Vion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.\nVion","tldr":"Vion was a Yale spin-out whose alkylating agent laromustine reached phase 3 in older patients with acute myeloid leukaemia but was not approved; the company filed for bankruptcy in 2009.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/vion-pharmaceuticals/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"vor-biopharma","kind":"company","name":"Vor Biopharma","aka":"Vor Biopharma Inc.\nVOR BIOPHARMA INC.","tldr":"Vor is a Cambridge cell-therapy company that edits the CD33 gene out of donor stem cells so that leukaemia patients can receive CD33-targeting therapy after transplant without harming their new marrow.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/vor-biopharma/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"zhejiang-hisun","kind":"company","name":"Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical","aka":"Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co. 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cancer trials in OnCo, testing the ARTEMIS T-cell therapies ECT204 and ET140203 in hepatoblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/eureka-therapeutics/","cancers":"hepatoblastoma hcc"},{"id":"velavigo","kind":"company","name":"VelaVigo","aka":"VelaVigo Bio\n橙帆医药","tldr":"VelaVigo is a China-based biotechnology company that leads 3 cancer trials in OnCo, testing the bispecific antibody-drug conjugates VBC101, VBC103 and VBC108 in advanced solid tumours.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/velavigo/"},{"id":"vironexis-biotherapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Vironexis Biotherapeutics","aka":"Vironexis Biotherapeutics Inc.","tldr":"Vironexis Biotherapeutics is a US-based biotechnology company that leads 2 cancer trials in OnCo, testing the AAV-delivered T-cell engager gene therapies VNX-101 and VNX-202 in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and advanced solid tumours.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/vironexis-biotherapeutics/","cancers":"all-leukemia dlbcl cll non-hodgkin-lymphoma follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"precigen","kind":"company","name":"Precigen","aka":"Intrexon","tldr":"Precigen is a US-based biotechnology company that leads 2 cancer trials in OnCo, testing the adenoviral immunotherapies PRGN-2012 (Papzimeos) and PRGN-2009 in rare cancers of childhood and cervical cancer.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/precigen/","cancers":"rare-childhood-cancers cervical"},{"id":"guangzhou-virotech","kind":"company","name":"Guangzhou Virotech Pharmaceutical","aka":"Guangzhou Virotech Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.","tldr":"Guangzhou Virotech Pharmaceutical is a China-based biotechnology company that leads 2 cancer trials in OnCo, testing the M1 alphavirus-based oncolytic virus VRT106 in glioma & glioblastoma and diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/guangzhou-virotech/","cancers":"glioblastoma dipg-dmg"},{"id":"tairx","kind":"company","name":"TaiRx","aka":"台睿生物科技","tldr":"TaiRx is a Taiwan-based biotechnology company that leads 3 cancer trials in OnCo, testing the oral anti-cancer agent CVM-1118 (foslinanib) in hepatocellular carcinoma, neuroendocrine tumours, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and advanced solid tumours.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/tairx/","cancers":"hcc neuroendocrine pancreatic"},{"id":"tyk-medicines","kind":"company","name":"TYK Medicines","aka":"Zhejiang Tongyuankang Pharmaceutical\n同源康医药","tldr":"TYK Medicines is a China-based biotechnology company that leads 3 cancer trials in OnCo, testing the EGFR inhibitor asandeutertinib (TY-9591) and TYK-00540 in non-small-cell lung cancer, HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer and brain and spinal cord tumours.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/tyk-medicines/","cancers":"nsclc breast-hr-positive brain-tumours"},{"id":"il-yang-pharmaceutical","kind":"company","name":"Il-Yang Pharmaceutical","aka":"Il-Yang Pharm\nIlyang\n일양약품","tldr":"Il-Yang Pharmaceutical is a South Korea-based pharmaceutical company that leads 2 cancer trials in OnCo, testing the BCR-ABL inhibitor radotinib (Supect) in chronic myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/il-yang-pharmaceutical/","cancers":"cml"},{"id":"gv20-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"GV20 Therapeutics","aka":"GV20 Therapeutics","tldr":"GV20 Therapeutics is a US-based biotechnology company that leads 2 cancer trials in OnCo, testing the anti-IGSF8 antibody GV20-0251 in endometrial cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma and non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/gv20-therapeutics/","cancers":"endometrial head-and-neck melanoma nsclc hcc sclc"},{"id":"shanghai-jiatan-pharmatech","kind":"company","name":"Shanghai Jiatan Pharmatech","aka":"Shanghai Jiatan Pharmatech Co., Ltd","tldr":"Shanghai Jiatan Pharmatech is a China-based biotechnology company that leads 2 cancer trials in OnCo, testing the dual PI3K and mTOR inhibitor WX390 in advanced solid tumours.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/shanghai-jiatan-pharmatech/"},{"id":"shanghai-bovax-biotechnology","kind":"company","name":"Shanghai Bovax Biotechnology","aka":"Bovax\n上海博唯生物","tldr":"Shanghai Bovax Biotechnology is a China-based biotechnology company that leads 4 cancer trials in OnCo, testing quadrivalent, 9-valent and 15-valent HPV vaccines in penile cancer, cervical cancer, vulvar cancer, vaginal cancer and advanced solid tumours.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/shanghai-bovax-biotechnology/","cancers":"penile cervical vulvar vaginal"},{"id":"aosaikang-pharmaceutical","kind":"company","name":"Aosaikang Pharmaceutical","aka":"Jiangsu Aosaikang Pharmaceutical\nASK Pharm\n奥赛康药业","tldr":"Aosaikang Pharmaceutical is a China-based pharmaceutical company that leads 3 cancer trials in OnCo, testing the anti-CLDN18.2 antibody ASKB589 and the MET inhibitor ASKC202 in non-small-cell lung cancer and advanced solid tumours.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/aosaikang-pharmaceutical/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"salubris-biotherapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Salubris Biotherapeutics","aka":"SalubrisBio","tldr":"Salubris Biotherapeutics is a US-based biotechnology company that leads 2 cancer trials in OnCo, testing the biologics JK06 and JK08 in melanoma, colorectal cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer, small-cell lung cancer and advanced solid tumours.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/salubris-biotherapeutics/","cancers":"melanoma colorectal nsclc sclc"},{"id":"suzhou-bluehorse-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Suzhou BlueHorse Therapeutics","aka":"Suzhou Lanma Biotechnology","tldr":"Suzhou BlueHorse Therapeutics is a China-based cell therapy company that leads 2 cancer trials in OnCo, testing the tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte product LM103 in non-small-cell lung cancer and melanoma.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/suzhou-bluehorse-therapeutics/","cancers":"nsclc melanoma"},{"id":"frantz-viral-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Frantz Viral Therapeutics","aka":"Frantz Viral Therapeutics, LLC","tldr":"Frantz Viral Therapeutics is a US-based biotechnology company that leads 2 cancer trials in OnCo, testing self-administered artesunate inserts and ointment for HPV-related pre-cancers in vaginal cancer and vulvar cancer.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/frantz-viral-therapeutics/","cancers":"vaginal vulvar"},{"id":"radiopharm-theranostics","kind":"company","name":"Radiopharm Theranostics","aka":"Radiopharm Theranostics, Ltd","tldr":"Radiopharm Theranostics is an Australia-based radiopharmaceutical company that leads 3 cancer trials in OnCo, testing the radiopharmaceuticals 161Tb-RAD402, 177Lu-BetaBart and the PET tracer RAD101 in prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer and ovarian cancer.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/radiopharm-theranostics/","cancers":"prostate colorectal nsclc ovarian cervical endometrial brain-tumours"},{"id":"torl-biotherapeutics","kind":"company","name":"TORL BioTherapeutics","aka":"TORL Biotherapeutics, LLC","tldr":"TORL BioTherapeutics is a US-based biotechnology company that leads 3 cancer trials in OnCo, testing the antibody-drug conjugates TORL-1-23 (ixotatug vedotin) and TORL-5-700 in non-Hodgkin lymphoma and ovarian cancer.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/torl-biotherapeutics/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma ovarian"},{"id":"lupeng-pharmaceuticals","kind":"company","name":"Lupeng Pharmaceuticals","aka":"Guangzhou Lupeng Pharmaceutical\n鲁鹏医药","tldr":"Lupeng Pharmaceuticals is a China-based biotechnology company that leads 4 cancer trials in OnCo, testing the Bcl-2 inhibitor lacutoclax (LP-108) and the BTK inhibitor rocbrutinib (LP-168) in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, mantle cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor","route":"/companies/lupeng-pharmaceuticals/","cancers":"cll mantle-cell-lymphoma dlbcl follicular-lymphoma"},{"id":"gortec","kind":"company","name":"GORTEC","aka":"Groupe Oncologie Radiotherapie Tete et Cou\nGroupe d'Oncologie Radiothérapie Tête Et Cou\nGORTEC (Groupe Oncologie Radiotherapie Tete et Cou)","tldr":"GORTEC is the French head and neck radiotherapy and oncology group, an association founded in 1999 that runs the academic trials behind much of the standard of care in head and neck cancer, including TPExtreme and NIVOPOSTOP in OnCo.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor cooperative-group","route":"/companies/gortec/","cancers":"head-and-neck recurrent-metastatic-hnscc hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer"},{"id":"german-cll-study-group","kind":"company","name":"German CLL Study Group","aka":"Deutsche CLL Studiengruppe\nDCLLSG\nGCLLSG","tldr":"The German CLL Study Group, founded in 1996 at the University of Cologne, runs the numbered CLL trials that set first-line treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, including CLL12, CLL13 (GAIA) and CLL14 in OnCo.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor cooperative-group","route":"/companies/german-cll-study-group/","cancers":"cll cll-treatment-naive leukaemia"},{"id":"french-sarcoma-group","kind":"company","name":"French Sarcoma Group","aka":"Groupe Sarcome Français\nGSF-GETO\nFrench Sarcoma Group (GSF-GETO)","tldr":"The French Sarcoma Group is the national cooperative group for soft tissue and bone sarcoma trials in France; in OnCo it is the sponsor of ANGIOTAX and the group behind LMS-04 and CABONE.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor cooperative-group","route":"/companies/french-sarcoma-group/","cancers":"sarcoma angiosarcoma vascular-tumours leiomyosarcoma uterine-sarcoma extremity-soft-tissue-sarcoma retroperitoneal-sarcoma osteosarcoma ewing-sarcoma"},{"id":"ago-study-group","kind":"company","name":"AGO Study Group","aka":"AGO Studiengruppe\nAGO Research GmbH\nAGO Studiengruppe Ovarialkarzinom\nAGO-OVAR\nAGO","tldr":"The AGO Study Group is the German gynaecological oncology trials group, founded in 1993 as AGO-OVAR to improve ovarian cancer treatment; it sponsors DESKTOP III and four other ovarian and vulvar cancer trials in OnCo.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor cooperative-group","route":"/companies/ago-study-group/","cancers":"ovarian high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer platinum-sensitive-ovarian-cancer vulvar hpv-associated-vulvar-cancer hpv-independent-vulvar-cancer"},{"id":"aio","kind":"company","name":"AIO (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie)","aka":"AIO-Studien-gGmbH\nAIO Studien gGmbH\nArbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie\nAIO (Germany)\nAIO","tldr":"AIO is the medical oncology working group of the German Cancer Society, founded in 1976 with about 1,500 members; its trials company AIO-Studien-gGmbH sponsors the NALIRICC, NIFE and FLOT4 trials in OnCo and co-ran FIRE-3 and SSG XVIII.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor cooperative-group","route":"/companies/aio/","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer gastric esophageal oesophageal-adenocarcinoma colorectal sarcoma"},{"id":"mrc-ctu","kind":"company","name":"MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL","aka":"Medical Research Council\nMRC\nMRC CTU\nMRC CTU at UCL\nUCL Innovative Clinical Trials Unit\nMRC Clinical Trials Unit","tldr":"The MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL is the UK public trials unit that designed and ran STAMPEDE, FOCUS4, ICON7 and UKCTOCS; it marked 25 years in 2024 and became the UCL Innovative Clinical Trials Unit in April 2026.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor cooperative-group","route":"/companies/mrc-ctu/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mhspc prostate-high-risk colorectal ovarian"},{"id":"horg","kind":"company","name":"Hellenic Oncology Research Group","aka":"HORG","tldr":"The Hellenic Oncology Research Group is a Greek non-profit of oncologists and scientists that runs its own cancer trials; in OnCo it leads three phase 3 adjuvant breast cancer trials.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor cooperative-group","route":"/companies/horg/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"dpcg","kind":"company","name":"Dutch Pancreatic Cancer Group","aka":"DPCG","tldr":"The Dutch Pancreatic Cancer Group is the national Dutch collaboration of pancreatic cancer surgeons, oncologists and researchers that ran PREOPANC, the trial that established neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for resectable pancreatic cancer.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor cooperative-group","route":"/companies/dpcg/","cancers":"pancreatic resectable-pdac borderline-resectable-pdac"},{"id":"dbcg","kind":"company","name":"Danish Breast Cancer Group","aka":"Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group\nDBCG","tldr":"The Danish Breast Cancer Group, established by the Danish Surgical Society in 1976, writes Denmark's national breast cancer guidelines, keeps the national database and ran the DBCG 82b and 82c postmastectomy radiotherapy trials in OnCo.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor cooperative-group","route":"/companies/dbcg/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"dahanca","kind":"company","name":"DAHANCA","aka":"Danish Head and Neck Cancer Group\nDanish Head and Neck Cancer Study Group","tldr":"DAHANCA, the Danish Head and Neck Cancer Group established in September 1976, writes Denmark's head and neck cancer guidelines and ran the numbered DAHANCA radiotherapy trials, including DAHANCA 5 on the radiosensitiser nimorazole in OnCo.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor cooperative-group","route":"/companies/dahanca/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"gercor","kind":"company","name":"GERCOR","aka":"GERCOR - Multidisciplinary Oncology Cooperative Group\nGroupe Coopérateur Multidisciplinaire en Oncologie","tldr":"GERCOR is a French non-profit cooperative group created in 1997 that sponsors its own phase 2 and 3 solid tumour trials through a network of about 300 investigators; in OnCo it leads LAP07 in locally advanced pancreatic cancer.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor cooperative-group","route":"/companies/gercor/","cancers":"pancreatic locally-advanced-pdac"},{"id":"italian-sarcoma-group","kind":"company","name":"Italian Sarcoma Group","aka":"ISG","tldr":"The Italian Sarcoma Group is the Italian non-profit collaborative group for soft tissue, GIST and bone sarcoma research, constituted in June 1997; in OnCo it leads ISG-STS 1001, the histology-tailored neoadjuvant chemotherapy trial.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor cooperative-group","route":"/companies/italian-sarcoma-group/","cancers":"sarcoma extremity-soft-tissue-sarcoma undifferentiated-pleomorphic-sarcoma"},{"id":"scandinavian-sarcoma-group","kind":"company","name":"Scandinavian Sarcoma Group","aka":"SSG","tldr":"The Scandinavian Sarcoma Group, formed in 1979 by Nordic sarcoma physicians and scientists, writes shared treatment protocols and ran SSG XVIII, the trial that set three years of adjuvant imatinib for high-risk GIST.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor cooperative-group","route":"/companies/scandinavian-sarcoma-group/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"european-myeloma-network","kind":"company","name":"European Myeloma Network","aka":"EMN\nStichting European Myeloma Network\nEuropean Myeloma Network B.V.","tldr":"The European Myeloma Network is the non-profit network of European myeloma haematologists created from 2005 to run shared research and trials; its Dutch foundation is the registry sponsor of CARTITUDE-6 in OnCo.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor cooperative-group","route":"/companies/european-myeloma-network/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-transplant-eligible"},{"id":"ifm","kind":"company","name":"Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome (IFM)","aka":"Intergroupe Francophone du Myelome\nIFM","tldr":"The IFM is the French-speaking myeloma cooperative group created in 1994, with 140 French and 33 Belgian centres, whose trials set melphalan-autograft intensification, bortezomib induction and lenalidomide maintenance; in OnCo it leads CASSIOPEIA and IFM 2009.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor cooperative-group","route":"/companies/ifm/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-transplant-eligible"},{"id":"alfa","kind":"company","name":"ALFA (Acute Leukemia French Association)","aka":"Acute Leukemia French Association\nALFA group\nALFA group (France)","tldr":"ALFA is the French adult acute myeloid leukaemia cooperative group, an association founded in 1998 of clinicians, biologists and research assistants across 33 centres; in OnCo it leads ALFA-0701, the trial that brought gemtuzumab ozogamicin back.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor cooperative-group","route":"/companies/alfa/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"aids-malignancy-consortium","kind":"company","name":"AIDS Malignancy Consortium","aka":"AMC\nConsortium for Advancing Management and Prevention of Cancer in People with HIV","tldr":"The AIDS Malignancy Consortium is the US National Cancer Institute-supported trials group for cancers in people with HIV, founded in 1995 with 38 sites worldwide; in OnCo it leads ANCHOR, the trial showing that treating anal precancer prevents anal cancer.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor cooperative-group","route":"/companies/aids-malignancy-consortium/","cancers":"anal anal-hsil-precursor"},{"id":"ocog","kind":"company","name":"Ontario Clinical Oncology Group","aka":"OCOG\nOntario Clinical Oncology Group (OCOG)","tldr":"The Ontario Clinical Oncology Group is a Canadian academic trials group based at the Juravinski Hospital in Hamilton that designs and runs investigator-led cancer trials; in OnCo it leads LUMINA, the radiotherapy-omission study in low-risk luminal A breast cancer.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor cooperative-group","route":"/companies/ocog/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"kgog","kind":"company","name":"Korean Gynecologic Oncology Group","aka":"KGOG\n대한부인종양연구회","tldr":"The Korean Gynecologic Oncology Group is the Korean incorporated association that runs gynaecological cancer trials; in OnCo it leads a phase 2 study of progestin with a levonorgestrel intrauterine system for fertility-sparing treatment of early endometrial cancer.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor cooperative-group","route":"/companies/kgog/","cancers":"endometrial"},{"id":"sarc","kind":"company","name":"SARC (Sarcoma Alliance for Research through Collaboration)","aka":"Sarcoma Alliance for Research through Collaboration\nSARC","tldr":"SARC is a US non-profit sarcoma research organisation founded in 2003 by sarcoma physicians at five medical centres to run collaborative trials; in OnCo it leads SARC028, the pembrolizumab study across sarcoma subtypes.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor cooperative-group","route":"/companies/sarc/","cancers":"sarcoma undifferentiated-pleomorphic-sarcoma liposarcoma osteosarcoma ewing-sarcoma"},{"id":"fondazione-italiana-linfomi","kind":"company","name":"Fondazione Italiana Linfomi","aka":"FIL\nFondazione Italiana Linfomi - ETS\nIntergruppo Italiano Linfomi\nIIL","tldr":"The Fondazione Italiana Linfomi is Italy's non-profit lymphoma trials foundation, constituted in 2010 out of the Intergruppo Italiano Linfomi of 1994 and working with more than 150 Italian centres; in OnCo it leads two lymphoma trials.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor cooperative-group","route":"/companies/fondazione-italiana-linfomi/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma follicular-lymphoma"},{"id":"filo","kind":"company","name":"FILO (French Innovative Leukemia Organisation)","aka":"French Innovative Leukemia Organisation\nFILO","tldr":"FILO is the French cooperative group for leukaemia trials, with its registered office in the haematology department of the Tours university hospital; in OnCo it leads a phase 2 trial of eltrombopag in older patients with acute myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor cooperative-group","route":"/companies/filo/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"swog","kind":"company","name":"SWOG Cancer Research Network","aka":"SWOG\nSouthwest Oncology Group","tldr":"SWOG is one of the US National Cancer Institute's cooperative groups: thousands of community and academic sites running practice-changing trials, including the 2026 first-line Hodgkin lymphoma result.","tags":"cooperative-group","route":"/companies/swog/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma tnbc"},{"id":"nrg-oncology","kind":"company","name":"NRG Oncology","aka":"NRG\nRadiation Therapy Oncology Group\nRTOG","tldr":"The US cooperative group formed from the radiation, gynaecologic, and breast trial groups; it co-led OlympiA, the trial that put a PARP inhibitor after surgery for BRCA carriers.","tags":"cooperative-group","route":"/companies/nrg-oncology/","cancers":"tnbc prostate cervical endometrial"},{"id":"alliance-oncology","kind":"company","name":"Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology","aka":"Alliance\nCancer and Leukemia Group B\nCALGB\nAlliance Foundation Trials\nACOSOG\nNCCTG","tldr":"US cooperative group formed from CALGB, ACOSOG, and NCCTG; running OptimICE-pCR, which asks whether TNBC patients with a complete response still need a year of immunotherapy.","tags":"cooperative-group","route":"/companies/alliance-oncology/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"ecog-acrin","kind":"company","name":"ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group","aka":"ECOG-ACRIN\nEastern Cooperative Oncology Group\nECOG\nAmerican College of Radiology Imaging Network\nACRIN","tldr":"US cooperative group that pairs a therapy group with an imaging group; its E1910 trial moved blinatumomab into frontline leukaemia treatment.","tags":"cooperative-group","route":"/companies/ecog-acrin/","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"childrens-oncology-group","kind":"company","name":"Children's Oncology Group (COG)","aka":"Children's Oncology Group\nCOG","tldr":"The Children's Oncology Group is the world's largest paediatric cancer trials organisation; most children with cancer in North America are treated on or according to a COG protocol.","tags":"cooperative-group","route":"/companies/childrens-oncology-group/","cancers":"all-leukemia neuroblastoma"},{"id":"cctg","kind":"company","name":"Canadian Cancer Trials Group (CCTG)","aka":"Canadian Cancer Trials Group\nCCTG\nNCIC Clinical Trials Group\nNCIC CTG","tldr":"Canada's national academic trials group, which ran the CHALLENGE exercise trial and co-led the SABR-COMET oligometastasis trial.","tags":"cooperative-group","route":"/companies/cctg/","cancers":"colorectal breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"big","kind":"company","name":"Breast International Group (BIG)","aka":"Breast International Group\nBIG","tldr":"The Breast International Group is the umbrella for 50+ academic breast cancer groups worldwide and co-sponsor of OlympiA, APHINITY, and HERA.","tags":"cooperative-group","route":"/companies/big/","cancers":"tnbc breast-her2-positive breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"gbg","kind":"company","name":"German Breast Group (GBG)","aka":"German Breast Group\nGBG\nGBG Forschungs GmbH","tldr":"The German academic group whose GeparX trials established carboplatin and neoadjuvant strategies in triple-negative breast cancer.","tags":"cooperative-group","route":"/companies/gbg/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"jcog","kind":"company","name":"Japan Clinical Oncology Group (JCOG)","aka":"Japan Clinical Oncology Group\nJCOG","tldr":"JCOG is Japan's national cooperative group and defines surgical and perioperative standards in gastric and oesophageal cancer.","tags":"cooperative-group","route":"/companies/jcog/","cancers":"gastric esophageal nsclc"},{"id":"unicancer","kind":"company","name":"UNICANCER","aka":"Unicancer\nFédération Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre le Cancer\nFNCLCC","tldr":"UNICANCER is the network of France's comprehensive cancer centres and its academic trials sponsor.","tags":"cooperative-group","route":"/companies/unicancer/","cancers":"colorectal tnbc"},{"id":"curie-nki-eortc","kind":"company","name":"EORTC","aka":"European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer\nEuropean Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer - EORTC","tldr":"EORTC is Europe's academic cancer trials organisation and has run practice-changing trials since 1962.","tags":"cooperative-group","route":"/companies/curie-nki-eortc/"},{"id":"abcsg","kind":"company","name":"Austrian Breast & Colorectal Cancer Study Group","aka":"ABCSG","tldr":"Austria's academic breast and colorectal trials group, whose bone-targeted and extended endocrine therapy trials changed breast cancer practice.","tags":"cooperative-group","route":"/companies/abcsg/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive colorectal"},{"id":"wjog","kind":"company","name":"West Japan Oncology Group","aka":"WJOG\nWest Japan Thoracic Oncology Group\nWJTOG","tldr":"Japan's second national cooperative group, born in thoracic oncology; its WJTOG3405 trial helped establish EGFR inhibitors as first-line lung cancer therapy.","tags":"cooperative-group","route":"/companies/wjog/","cancers":"nsclc sclc gastric colorectal breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"kcsg","kind":"company","name":"Korean Cancer Study Group","aka":"KCSG","tldr":"South Korea's multicentre cooperative trials group, linking the Seoul mega-hospitals and regional centres in investigator-initiated trials in gastric, lung, liver and breast cancer.","tags":"cooperative-group","route":"/companies/kcsg/","cancers":"gastric nsclc hcc breast-her2-positive colorectal"},{"id":"trog","kind":"company","name":"TROG Cancer Research","aka":"Trans Tasman Radiation Oncology Group\nTROG","tldr":"The Australian and New Zealand radiation oncology trials group, which has run practice-changing trials of hypofractionation, stereotactic radiotherapy and radiation-drug combinations.","tags":"cooperative-group","route":"/companies/trog/","cancers":"prostate nsclc head-and-neck endometrial"},{"id":"anzup","kind":"company","name":"ANZUP Cancer Trials Group","aka":"Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate Cancer Trials Group\nANZUP","tldr":"The Australian genitourinary trials group behind TheraP and proPSMA, the trials that put PSMA imaging and lutetium-PSMA therapy on the map.","tags":"cooperative-group","route":"/companies/anzup/","cancers":"prostate urothelial rcc"},{"id":"agitg","kind":"company","name":"Australasian Gastro-Intestinal Trials Group","aka":"AGITG\nGI Cancer Institute","tldr":"Australia and New Zealand's gastrointestinal cancer trials group, running practice-informing trials in gastric, oesophageal, colorectal and pancreatic cancer, including ctDNA-guided adjuvant studies.","tags":"cooperative-group","route":"/companies/agitg/","cancers":"colorectal gastric esophageal pancreatic hcc neuroendocrine"},{"id":"breast-cancer-trials","kind":"company","name":"Breast Cancer Trials","aka":"BCT\nAustralia and New Zealand Breast Cancer Trials Group\nANZBCTG","tldr":"The Australian and New Zealand breast cancer trials group, a Breast International Group partner in SOFT/TEXT, APHINITY, OlympiA and POSITIVE.","tags":"cooperative-group","route":"/companies/breast-cancer-trials/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"geicam","kind":"company","name":"GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group","aka":"GEICAM\nGrupo Español de Investigación en Cáncer de Mama","tldr":"Spain's national breast cancer research group, running adjuvant chemotherapy, endocrine and CDK4/6 inhibitor trials across more than 200 hospitals.","tags":"cooperative-group","route":"/companies/geicam/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"solti","kind":"company","name":"SOLTI Cancer Research Group","aka":"SOLTI","tldr":"A Barcelona-based academic breast cancer group known for biomarker-driven trials that use PAM50 intrinsic subtypes to pick therapy.","tags":"cooperative-group","route":"/companies/solti/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"hovon","kind":"company","name":"HOVON","aka":"Haemato Oncology Foundation for Adults in the Netherlands\nStichting Hemato-Oncologie voor Volwassenen Nederland","tldr":"The Dutch-Belgian adult haematology trials group, one of Europe's largest engines of leukaemia, myeloma and lymphoma phase 3 trials.","tags":"cooperative-group","route":"/companies/hovon/","cancers":"aml multiple-myeloma dlbcl cll hodgkin-lymphoma all-leukemia"},{"id":"gimema","kind":"company","name":"GIMEMA","aka":"Gruppo Italiano Malattie EMatologiche dell'Adulto\nItalian Group for Adult Hematologic Diseases","tldr":"Italy's adult haematology trials group, famous for making acute promyelocytic leukaemia curable without chemotherapy and for chemotherapy-free Philadelphia-positive ALL.","tags":"cooperative-group","route":"/companies/gimema/","cancers":"aml all-leukemia cll multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"ielsg","kind":"company","name":"International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group","aka":"IELSG","tldr":"A Swiss-based international group that runs the trials defining treatment of rare extranodal lymphomas, including primary CNS lymphoma and gastric MALT lymphoma.","tags":"cooperative-group","route":"/companies/ielsg/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"lysa","kind":"company","name":"LYSA (The Lymphoma Study Association)","aka":"LYSA\nGELA\nGroupe d'Etude des Lymphomes de l'Adulte\nGOELAMS\nLYSARC","tldr":"The French-Belgian lymphoma group, successor to GELA, whose LNH-98.5 trial made R-CHOP the standard for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cooperative-group","route":"/companies/lysa/","cancers":"dlbcl hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"german-lymphoma-alliance","kind":"company","name":"German Lymphoma Alliance","aka":"GLA\nDSHNHL\nDeutsche Studiengruppe Hochmaligne Non-Hodgkin-Lymphome","tldr":"Germany's aggressive lymphoma trials group, formerly DSHNHL, whose MInT, RICOVER-60 and FLYER trials set how many cycles of R-CHOP patients need.","tags":"cooperative-group","route":"/companies/german-lymphoma-alliance/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"ghsg","kind":"company","name":"German Hodgkin Study Group","aka":"GHSG\nDeutsche Hodgkin Studiengruppe","tldr":"The Cologne-based group whose HD trials, from BEACOPP to BrECADD in HD21, have set the standard for treating Hodgkin lymphoma for four decades.","tags":"cooperative-group","route":"/companies/ghsg/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"nordic-lymphoma-group","kind":"company","name":"Nordic Lymphoma Group","aka":"NLG","tldr":"The Danish, Finnish, Norwegian, Swedish and Icelandic lymphoma trials network, best known for the Nordic mantle cell lymphoma regimen.","tags":"cooperative-group","route":"/companies/nordic-lymphoma-group/","cancers":"dlbcl hodgkin-lymphoma cll"},{"id":"cclg","kind":"company","name":"Children's Cancer and Leukaemia Group","aka":"CCLG\nUKCCSG\nUK Children's Cancer Study Group","tldr":"The UK and Ireland's professional body and trials network for children's cancer; nearly every child treated for cancer in the UK is cared for by a CCLG centre.","tags":"cooperative-group","route":"/companies/cclg/","cancers":"all-leukemia neuroblastoma sarcoma glioblastoma"},{"id":"etop-ibcsg","kind":"company","name":"ETOP IBCSG Partners Foundation","aka":"ETOP\nEuropean Thoracic Oncology Platform\nIBCSG\nInternational Breast Cancer Study Group\nLudwig Breast Cancer Study Group","tldr":"The Bern-based foundation that unites the International Breast Cancer Study Group (SOFT, TEXT, POSITIVE) and the European Thoracic Oncology Platform.","tags":"cooperative-group","route":"/companies/etop-ibcsg/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive nsclc mesothelioma"},{"id":"ifct","kind":"company","name":"Intergroupe Francophone de Cancérologie Thoracique","aka":"IFCT","tldr":"The French thoracic oncology intergroup, which ran the national Biomarkers France programme showing that routine molecular testing of lung cancer improves survival.","tags":"cooperative-group","route":"/companies/ifct/","cancers":"nsclc sclc mesothelioma"},{"id":"arcagy-gineco","kind":"company","name":"ARCAGY-GINECO","aka":"GINECO\nGroupe d'Investigateurs Nationaux pour l'Etude des Cancers Ovariens\nARCAGY","tldr":"The French gynaecologic cancer trials group that led PAOLA-1, the trial adding olaparib to bevacizumab maintenance in ovarian cancer.","tags":"cooperative-group","route":"/companies/arcagy-gineco/","cancers":"ovarian endometrial cervical"},{"id":"gog-foundation","kind":"company","name":"GOG Foundation","aka":"Gynecologic Oncology Group\nGOG\nGOG Partners","tldr":"The US gynaecologic oncology trials organisation whose GOG-3000-series trials with industry brought immunotherapy into endometrial and cervical cancer.","tags":"cooperative-group","route":"/companies/gog-foundation/","cancers":"ovarian endometrial cervical"},{"id":"nsabp-foundation","kind":"company","name":"NSABP Foundation","aka":"National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project\nNSABP","tldr":"The legacy US surgical adjuvant trials group that proved lumpectomy equals mastectomy, tamoxifen prevents breast cancer and trastuzumab cures more HER2-positive disease.","tags":"cooperative-group","route":"/companies/nsabp-foundation/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive colorectal"},{"id":"ctong","kind":"company","name":"Chinese Thoracic Oncology Group","aka":"CTONG\n中国胸部肿瘤研究协作组","tldr":"CTONG is the cooperative group of Chinese lung cancer trialists, founded by Yi-Long Wu, whose trials on EGFR-targeted pills before and after surgery changed practice worldwide.","tags":"cooperative-group china","route":"/companies/ctong/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"itcc","kind":"company","name":"Innovative Therapies for Children with Cancer (ITCC)","aka":"ITCC\nITCC consortium","tldr":"Europe's network of children's hospitals that run the first trials of new cancer drugs in children, so that European children can access experimental medicines close to home.","tags":"cooperative-group nci-coverage paediatric","route":"/companies/itcc/","cancers":"neuroblastoma dipg-dmg paediatric-low-grade-glioma rhabdomyosarcoma"},{"id":"xynomic-pharmaceuticals","kind":"company","name":"Xynomic Pharmaceuticals","aka":"Xynomic Pharmaceuticals Holdings\nXynomic Pharma","tldr":"Xynomic Pharmaceuticals is a Chinese-American biotech that licensed the histone deacetylase inhibitor abexinostat from Pharmacyclics and is testing it with pazopanib in kidney cancer and alone in lymphoma.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/xynomic-pharmaceuticals/"},{"id":"obi-pharma","kind":"company","name":"OBI Pharma","aka":"OBI Pharma, Inc.\n台灣浩鼎\nTPEx:4174","tldr":"OBI Pharma is a Taiwanese biotech that turns the tumour sugar Globo H into cancer vaccines and antibody-drug conjugates, best known for the breast cancer vaccine adagloxad simolenin.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/obi-pharma/"},{"id":"aulos-bioscience","kind":"company","name":"Aulos Bioscience","aka":"","tldr":"Aulos Bioscience is a Californian biotech whose antibody AU-007 binds interleukin-2 so that the body's own cytokine expands cancer-killing cells without feeding the regulatory cells that dampen immunity.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/aulos-bioscience/"},{"id":"bioatla","kind":"company","name":"BioAtla","aka":"BioAtla, Inc.\nNASDAQ:BCAB","tldr":"BioAtla is a San Diego biotech whose conditionally active antibodies switch on in the acidic surroundings of a tumour and stay quiet in healthy tissue, the basis of its drug conjugates and the CTLA-4 antibody BA3071.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/bioatla/"},{"id":"bolt-biotherapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Bolt Biotherapeutics","aka":"Bolt Bio\nNASDAQ:BOLT","tldr":"Bolt Biotherapeutics builds antibodies that carry an immune-stimulating payload into tumours so the body's own myeloid cells attack the cancer; BDC-4182 aims this at Claudin 18.2.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/bolt-biotherapeutics/"},{"id":"faron-pharmaceuticals","kind":"company","name":"Faron Pharmaceuticals","aka":"Faron\nAIM:FARN","tldr":"Faron Pharmaceuticals is a Finnish biotech whose antibody bexmarilimab re-programmes immunosuppressive macrophages, with early activity in myelodysplastic syndromes and leukaemia.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/faron-pharmaceuticals/"},{"id":"camurus","kind":"company","name":"Camurus","aka":"Camurus AB\nSTO:CAMX","tldr":"Camurus is a Swedish drug-delivery company whose FluidCrystal depot turns injections into long-acting formulations; CAM2029 is its monthly octreotide depot for acromegaly and neuroendocrine tumours.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/camurus/"},{"id":"lindis-biotech","kind":"company","name":"Lindis Biotech","aka":"LINDIS Biotech GmbH","tldr":"Lindis Biotech is the German company that took over catumaxomab, the trifunctional antibody once sold as Removab for malignant ascites, and brought it back to regulators after its earlier withdrawal.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/lindis-biotech/"},{"id":"pieris-pharmaceuticals","kind":"company","name":"Pieris Pharmaceuticals","aka":"Pieris AG\nNASDAQ:PIRS","tldr":"Pieris Pharmaceuticals engineered small lipocalin proteins called Anticalins into cancer immunotherapies, including the HER2-targeted 4-1BB agonist cinrebafusp alfa, before merging into Palvella Therapeutics in 2024.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/pieris-pharmaceuticals/"},{"id":"crispr-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"CRISPR Therapeutics","aka":"CRISPR Therapeutics AG\nNASDAQ:CRSP","tldr":"CRISPR Therapeutics is the gene-editing company co-founded by Emmanuelle Charpentier that shares Casgevy with Vertex and is building off-the-shelf CAR-T cells such as CTX112 for lymphoma and autoimmune disease.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/crispr-therapeutics/"},{"id":"excellthera","kind":"company","name":"ExCellThera","aka":"ExCellThera Inc.","tldr":"ExCellThera is a Montreal cell-therapy company that uses the small molecule UM171 to multiply blood stem cells from cord blood, making transplants possible for patients who would otherwise lack a donor.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/excellthera/"},{"id":"dren-bio","kind":"company","name":"Dren Bio","aka":"Dren Bio, Inc.","tldr":"Dren Bio is a Californian biotech whose bispecific antibodies recruit macrophages to engulf diseased cells; DR-01 directs this against CD94 to clear the cancerous cells of T-cell and natural killer cell lymphomas.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/dren-bio/"},{"id":"engeneic","kind":"company","name":"EnGeneIC","aka":"EnGeneIC Ltd","tldr":"EnGeneIC is an Australian biotech that loads bacterially derived nanocells with chemotherapy and steers them to tumours with antibodies; E-EDV-D682 carries a super-cytotoxic payload to EGFR-expressing cancers.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/engeneic/"},{"id":"keros-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Keros Therapeutics","aka":"Keros Therapeutics, Inc.\nNASDAQ:KROS","tldr":"Keros Therapeutics is a Massachusetts biotech that works on the TGF-beta family signals controlling blood cell production; its activin ligand trap elritercept treats anaemia in myelodysplastic syndromes and myelofibrosis and was licensed to Takeda.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/keros-therapeutics/"},{"id":"enb-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"ENB Therapeutics","aka":"ENB Therapeutics, Inc.","tldr":"ENB Therapeutics is a New York biotech that blocks the endothelin B receptor, a switch tumours use to shut out immune cells, so that checkpoint inhibitors work in melanoma and other cancers that had stopped responding.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/enb-therapeutics/"},{"id":"guerbet","kind":"company","name":"Guerbet","aka":"Guerbet SA\nEPA:GBT","tldr":"Guerbet is the French contrast-agent company behind Lipiodol, the iodised poppy-seed oil that radiologists use to deliver and image chemotherapy in liver tumours.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/guerbet/"},{"id":"syndevrx","kind":"company","name":"SynDevRx","aka":"SynDevRx, Inc.","tldr":"SynDevRx is a Massachusetts biotech whose polymer-drug conjugate evexomostat targets the metabolic side of cancer, blocking MetAP2 to counter the weight gain and insulin surge that undermine PI3K inhibitors and hormone therapy.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/syndevrx/"},{"id":"everest-medicines","kind":"company","name":"Everest Medicines","aka":"Everest Medicines Limited\n云顶新耀\nHKEX:1952","tldr":"Everest Medicines is a Shanghai company that brings in medicines for Asia and is building an mRNA platform, including the personalised cancer vaccine EVM16 and the off-the-shelf tumour vaccine EVM14.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/everest-medicines/"},{"id":"gracell-biotechnologies","kind":"company","name":"Gracell Biotechnologies","aka":"Gracell\n亘喆生物\nNASDAQ:GRCL","tldr":"Gracell Biotechnologies is the Chinese cell-therapy company that made CAR-T cells overnight with its FasTCAR process and built the BCMA and CD19 dual-targeting CAR-T GC012F, bought by AstraZeneca in 2024.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/gracell-biotechnologies/"},{"id":"globeimmune","kind":"company","name":"GlobeImmune","aka":"GlobeImmune, Inc.","tldr":"GlobeImmune is a Colorado biotech that used whole heat-killed yeast to deliver tumour antigens to the immune system; GI-6301 carried the transcription factor brachyury for chordoma and other cancers.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/globeimmune/"},{"id":"greenwich-lifesciences","kind":"company","name":"Greenwich LifeSciences","aka":"Greenwich LifeSciences, Inc.\nNASDAQ:GLSI","tldr":"Greenwich LifeSciences is a Texas biotech running a phase 3 trial of GLSI-100, a HER2 peptide vaccine given after standard treatment to stop breast cancer coming back.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/greenwich-lifesciences/"},{"id":"genrix-bio","kind":"company","name":"Genrix Bio","aka":"Genrix (Shanghai) Biopharmaceutical\n智翔金泰\nSSE:688443","tldr":"Genrix Bio is a Shanghai antibody company, listed on the Shanghai STAR market, whose oncology lead GR1803 is a BCMA and CD3 bispecific T-cell engager for multiple myeloma.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/genrix-bio/"},{"id":"hookipa-pharma","kind":"company","name":"Hookipa Pharma","aka":"HOOKIPA Pharma Inc.\nHookipa Biotech\nNASDAQ:HOOK","tldr":"Hookipa Pharma is a Vienna biotech that engineers arenaviruses into vaccines that drive unusually strong killer T-cell responses; HB-200 targets the HPV16 proteins that cause many head and neck cancers.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/hookipa-pharma/"},{"id":"huabo-biopharm","kind":"company","name":"Huabo Biopharm","aka":"Shanghai Huaota Biopharmaceutical\nHuaota Biopharm\n华奥泰生物","tldr":"Huabo Biopharm is a Shanghai antibody company whose bispecific HB0036 blocks PD-L1 and TIGIT at once so that exhausted T cells can attack the tumour.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/huabo-biopharm/"},{"id":"hummingbird-bioscience","kind":"company","name":"Hummingbird Bioscience","aka":"Hummingbird Bioscience Pte Ltd","tldr":"Hummingbird Bioscience is a Singapore biotech that uses computational biology to pick hard-to-reach antibody epitopes; its HER3 antibody HMBD-001 was developed with Cancer Research UK.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/hummingbird-bioscience/"},{"id":"hotspot-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"HotSpot Therapeutics","aka":"HotSpot Therapeutics, Inc.","tldr":"HotSpot Therapeutics is a Boston biotech that drugs the regulatory pockets of proteins rather than their active sites; its oral CBL-B inhibitor HST-1011 releases a brake on T cells.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/hotspot-therapeutics/"},{"id":"intensity-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Intensity Therapeutics","aka":"Intensity Therapeutics, Inc.\nNASDAQ:INTS","tldr":"Intensity Therapeutics is a Connecticut biotech whose INT230-6 is injected straight into tumours with a penetration enhancer that spreads chemotherapy through the whole mass and triggers an immune response.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/intensity-therapeutics/"},{"id":"panbela-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Panbela Therapeutics","aka":"Sun BioPharma\nNASDAQ:PBLA","tldr":"Panbela Therapeutics is a Minnesota biotech whose drug ivospemin starves pancreatic cancer of polyamines, molecules the tumour needs to grow, and is being tested with gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel in first-line treatment.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/panbela-therapeutics/"},{"id":"jubilant-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Jubilant Therapeutics","aka":"Jubilant Therapeutics Inc.","tldr":"Jubilant Therapeutics, part of India's Jubilant group, designs small molecules that hit two epigenetic targets at once; JBI-802 inhibits both LSD1 and HDAC6 for myeloproliferative neoplasms and small cell lung cancer.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/jubilant-therapeutics/"},{"id":"humanigen","kind":"company","name":"Humanigen","aka":"KaloBios Pharmaceuticals\nHumanigen, Inc.\nNASDAQ:HGEN","tldr":"Humanigen, formerly KaloBios, made lenzilumab, an antibody that neutralises GM-CSF to blunt the cytokine storms of CAR-T therapy and COVID-19, before filing for bankruptcy in 2024.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/humanigen/"},{"id":"linnaeus-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Linnaeus Therapeutics","aka":"Linnaeus Therapeutics, Inc.","tldr":"Linnaeus Therapeutics is a New Jersey biotech whose oral drug LNS8801 activates the oestrogen receptor GPER, a pathway that pushes melanoma cells to stop dividing and become visible to the immune system.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/linnaeus-therapeutics/"},{"id":"nextsource-biotechnology","kind":"company","name":"NextSource Biotechnology","aka":"NextSource Biotechnology, LLC\nNextSource Pharma","tldr":"NextSource Biotechnology is the Florida specialty pharma that sells lomustine in the United States as Gleostine, the nitrosourea chemotherapy used in brain tumours and Hodgkin lymphoma.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/nextsource-biotechnology/"},{"id":"lantern-pharma","kind":"company","name":"Lantern Pharma","aka":"Lantern Pharma Inc.\nNASDAQ:LTRN","tldr":"Lantern Pharma is a Texas company that uses its RADR machine-learning platform to revive shelved cancer drugs; LP-184 is a DNA-damaging agent activated in tumours with DNA repair defects, including glioblastoma.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/lantern-pharma/"},{"id":"lyvgen-biopharma","kind":"company","name":"Lyvgen Biopharma","aka":"Lyvgen Biopharma Holdings\n礼进生物","tldr":"Lyvgen Biopharma is a Shanghai antibody company that builds agonists of immune-activating receptors such as CD137 and CD40; its CD137 antibody LVGN6051 is being tested with PD-1 blockade.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/lyvgen-biopharma/"},{"id":"x4-pharmaceuticals","kind":"company","name":"X4 Pharmaceuticals","aka":"X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc.\nNASDAQ:XFOR","tldr":"X4 Pharmaceuticals is a Boston biotech whose oral CXCR4 blocker mavorixafor won approval as Xolremdi for WHIM syndrome and is being tested to free neutrophils in chronic neutropenia and to open tumours to immune attack.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/x4-pharmaceuticals/"},{"id":"phanes-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Phanes Therapeutics","aka":"Phanes Therapeutics, Inc.","tldr":"Phanes Therapeutics is a San Diego biotech whose bispecific antibodies pair a tumour antigen with an immune signal; peluntamig hits DLL3 and CD47 in small cell lung cancer and spevatamig hits Claudin 18.2 and CD47 in stomach and pancreatic cancer.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/phanes-therapeutics/"},{"id":"alligator-bioscience","kind":"company","name":"Alligator Bioscience","aka":"Alligator Bioscience AB\nSTO:ATORX","tldr":"Alligator Bioscience is a Swedish biotech that makes antibodies to switch on the immune system inside tumours; its CD40 agonist mitazalimab improved survival with chemotherapy in a pancreatic cancer trial.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/alligator-bioscience/"},{"id":"shanghai-miracogen","kind":"company","name":"Shanghai Miracogen","aka":"Miracogen\nShanghai Miracogen Inc.\n美雅珂生物","tldr":"Shanghai Miracogen is a Chinese antibody-drug conjugate developer whose HER2 conjugate MRG002 has been tested across breast, stomach, bladder and biliary cancers and whose EGFR conjugate MRG003 targets head and neck and nasopharyngeal cancer.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/shanghai-miracogen/"},{"id":"shionogi","kind":"company","name":"Shionogi","aka":"Shionogi & Co., Ltd.\n塩野義製薬\nTSE:4507","tldr":"Shionogi is a long-established Osaka pharmaceutical company, best known for antibiotics and antivirals, that developed the platinum chemotherapy nedaplatin sold in Japan as Aqupla.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/shionogi/"},{"id":"cimab","kind":"company","name":"CIMAB","aka":"CIMAB S.A.\nCenter of Molecular Immunology\nCentro de Inmunología Molecular\nCIM","tldr":"CIMAB is the commercial arm of Havana's Center of Molecular Immunology, the Cuban institute that created the EGFR antibody nimotuzumab and the lung cancer vaccine CIMAvax-EGF.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/cimab/"},{"id":"netris-pharma","kind":"company","name":"Netris Pharma","aka":"NETRIS Pharma SAS","tldr":"Netris Pharma is a Lyon biotech built on Patrick Mehlen's discovery that tumours use the guidance protein netrin-1 to survive; its antibody NP137 blocks netrin-1 and has shown activity in endometrial cancer.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/netris-pharma/"},{"id":"immix-biopharma","kind":"company","name":"Immix Biopharma","aka":"Immix Biopharma, Inc.\nNexcella\nNASDAQ:IMMX","tldr":"Immix Biopharma is a Los Angeles cell-therapy company whose BCMA CAR-T NXC-201 is the first CAR-T to show deep responses in AL amyloidosis, the disease in which misfolded antibody fragments damage the heart and kidneys.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/immix-biopharma/"},{"id":"hanmi-pharmaceutical","kind":"company","name":"Hanmi Pharmaceutical","aka":"Hanmi Pharm\n한미약품\nKRX:128940","tldr":"Hanmi Pharmaceutical is one of South Korea's largest drug companies, known for its long-acting protein platform and for olmutinib, the third-generation EGFR inhibitor approved in Korea as Olita in 2016.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/hanmi-pharmaceutical/"},{"id":"cardiff-oncology","kind":"company","name":"Cardiff Oncology","aka":"Trovagene\nCardiff Oncology, Inc.\nNASDAQ:CRDF","tldr":"Cardiff Oncology is a San Diego biotech developing onvansertib, an oral PLK1 inhibitor that is being tested with chemotherapy and bevacizumab as first-line treatment for RAS-mutant colorectal cancer.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/cardiff-oncology/"},{"id":"oncoresponse","kind":"company","name":"OncoResponse","aka":"OncoResponse, Inc.","tldr":"OncoResponse is a Seattle biotech that mines the antibodies of patients who responded exceptionally well to immunotherapy; OR502 blocks LILRB2 to re-educate the suppressive myeloid cells in tumours.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/oncoresponse/"},{"id":"canariabio","kind":"company","name":"CanariaBio","aka":"OncoQuest\nOncoQuest Pharmaceuticals\n카나리아바이오","tldr":"CanariaBio is a South Korean biotech that took over oregovomab, an antibody against the ovarian cancer marker CA-125 that is given with chemotherapy to prime an immune response against the tumour.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/canariabio/"},{"id":"steba-biotech","kind":"company","name":"Steba Biotech","aka":"STEBA Biotech S.A.","tldr":"Steba Biotech developed padeliporfin, a light-activated drug injected into the bloodstream and switched on by laser fibres in the prostate to destroy low-risk prostate cancer, approved in Europe as Tookad.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/steba-biotech/"},{"id":"pellepharm","kind":"company","name":"PellePharm","aka":"PellePharm, Inc.","tldr":"PellePharm is a Californian company, an affiliate of BridgeBio, that reformulated the Hedgehog inhibitor patidegib as a skin gel to prevent basal cell carcinomas in people with Gorlin syndrome.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/pellepharm/"},{"id":"prestige-biopharma","kind":"company","name":"Prestige Biopharma","aka":"Prestige BioPharma Limited\nKRX:950210","tldr":"Prestige Biopharma is a Singapore-based antibody company, listed in Korea, that makes biosimilars and is developing PBP1510, a first-in-class antibody against the pancreatic cancer protein PAUF.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/prestige-biopharma/"},{"id":"pinnacle-biologics","kind":"company","name":"Pinnacle Biologics","aka":"Pinnacle Biologics, Inc.","tldr":"Pinnacle Biologics is the Illinois company that markets Photofrin, the porfimer sodium photosensitiser used in photodynamic therapy for oesophageal cancer, Barrett's oesophagus and lung cancer.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/pinnacle-biologics/"},{"id":"primmune-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Primmune Therapeutics","aka":"Primmune Therapeutics, Inc.","tldr":"Primmune Therapeutics is a San Diego biotech whose oral TLR7 agonist PRTX007 activates the innate immune system in short daily pulses to fight solid tumours and viral infections.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/primmune-therapeutics/"},{"id":"remix-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Remix Therapeutics","aka":"Remix Therapeutics, Inc.","tldr":"Remix Therapeutics is a Massachusetts biotech that makes small molecules to change how RNA is processed; REM-422 destroys the messenger RNA for the transcription factor MYB, a driver of adenoid cystic carcinoma and acute myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/remix-therapeutics/"},{"id":"rhovac","kind":"company","name":"RhoVac","aka":"RhoVac AB\nChosa Oncology","tldr":"RhoVac was a Swedish biotech whose peptide vaccine RV001 trained T cells against RhoC, a protein of spreading cancer cells, but its phase 2b trial in prostate cancer failed in 2022.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/rhovac/"},{"id":"rhythm-pharmaceuticals","kind":"company","name":"Rhythm Pharmaceuticals","aka":"Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Inc.\nNASDAQ:RYTM","tldr":"Rhythm Pharmaceuticals is a Boston company whose MC4R agonist setmelanotide, sold as Imcivree, treats the uncontrolled hunger and obesity of rare genetic disorders and of damage to the hypothalamus, including after treatment for craniopharyngioma and other brain tumours.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/rhythm-pharmaceuticals/"},{"id":"surgimab","kind":"company","name":"Surgimab","aka":"SurgiMab SAS","tldr":"Surgimab is a French company whose fluorescent antibody SGM-101 lights up carcinoembryonic antigen so surgeons can see colorectal and pancreatic tumours in the operating theatre.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/surgimab/"},{"id":"aadi-bioscience","kind":"company","name":"Aadi Bioscience","aka":"Whitehawk Therapeutics\nAadi Bioscience, Inc.\nNASDAQ:AADI","tldr":"Aadi Bioscience won approval for Fyarro, the albumin-bound sirolimus that treats the rare sarcoma PEComa, then sold it and renamed itself Whitehawk Therapeutics to develop antibody-drug conjugates.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/aadi-bioscience/"},{"id":"fennec-pharmaceuticals","kind":"company","name":"Fennec Pharmaceuticals","aka":"Adherex Technologies\nFennec Pharmaceuticals Inc.\nNASDAQ:FENC","tldr":"Fennec Pharmaceuticals is the North Carolina company behind Pedmark, the sodium thiosulfate infusion given after cisplatin to protect children's hearing from the chemotherapy.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/fennec-pharmaceuticals/"},{"id":"corvus-pharmaceuticals","kind":"company","name":"Corvus Pharmaceuticals","aka":"Corvus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.\nNASDAQ:CRVS","tldr":"Corvus Pharmaceuticals is a Californian biotech whose oral ITK inhibitor soquelitinib rebalances T cells, with a registrational trial in relapsed T-cell lymphoma and studies in atopic dermatitis.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/corvus-pharmaceuticals/"},{"id":"alethia-biotherapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Alethia Biotherapeutics","aka":"Alethia Biotherapeutics Inc.","tldr":"Alethia Biotherapeutics is a Montreal biotech whose antibody sotevtamab (AB-16B5) blocks secreted clusterin, a protein that lets lung and other cancers change shape, spread and resist treatment.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/alethia-biotherapeutics/"},{"id":"shanghai-pharmaceuticals","kind":"company","name":"Shanghai Pharmaceuticals","aka":"Shanghai Pharmaceuticals Holding\nSPH\n上海医药\nHKEX:2607\nSSE:601607","tldr":"Shanghai Pharmaceuticals is one of China's largest drug makers and distributors; its research arm is developing SPH4336, an oral CDK4/6 inhibitor for breast cancer.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/shanghai-pharmaceuticals/"},{"id":"step-pharma","kind":"company","name":"Step Pharma","aka":"Step Pharma SAS","tldr":"Step Pharma is a French biotech whose oral drug STP938 blocks CTPS1, an enzyme that dividing lymphocytes depend on, to treat T-cell and B-cell lymphomas.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/step-pharma/"},{"id":"atara-biotherapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Atara Biotherapeutics","aka":"Atara Biotherapeutics, Inc.\nNASDAQ:ATRA","tldr":"Atara Biotherapeutics is the Californian company behind Ebvallo, the first approved off-the-shelf T-cell therapy, which treats Epstein-Barr virus lymphoma after transplant using T cells from healthy donors.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/atara-biotherapeutics/"},{"id":"triumvira-immunologics","kind":"company","name":"Triumvira Immunologics","aka":"Triumvira Immunologics, Inc.","tldr":"Triumvira Immunologics is a Texas and Ontario cell-therapy company whose T-cell antigen coupler (TAC) engages the natural T-cell receptor rather than a CAR; TAC01-CLDN18.2 targets stomach and pancreatic cancers.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/triumvira-immunologics/"},{"id":"rhizen-pharmaceuticals","kind":"company","name":"Rhizen Pharmaceuticals","aka":"Rhizen Pharmaceuticals AG\nRhizen Pharmaceuticals SA","tldr":"Rhizen Pharmaceuticals is a Swiss biotech, part of India's Incozen group, whose dual PI3K delta and gamma inhibitor tenalisib is being tested in T-cell lymphoma and breast cancer.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/rhizen-pharmaceuticals/"},{"id":"theolytics","kind":"company","name":"Theolytics","aka":"Theolytics Ltd","tldr":"Theolytics is an Oxford biotech that screens huge libraries of adenoviruses to find ones that kill particular cancers; THEO-260 is its lead for ovarian cancer.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/theolytics/"},{"id":"tilt-biotherapeutics","kind":"company","name":"TILT Biotherapeutics","aka":"TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd","tldr":"TILT Biotherapeutics is a Finnish biotech founded by Akseli Hemminki whose oncolytic adenovirus TILT-123 produces TNF-alpha and IL-2 in the tumour to help checkpoint inhibitors and TIL therapy work.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/tilt-biotherapeutics/"},{"id":"oncternal-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Oncternal Therapeutics","aka":"Oncternal Therapeutics, Inc.\nGTx\nNASDAQ:ONCT","tldr":"Oncternal Therapeutics is a San Diego biotech that developed the ROR1 antibody zilovertamab, licensed to Merck as an antibody-drug conjugate, and TK216, a small molecule against the EWS-FLI1 fusion that drives Ewing sarcoma.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/oncternal-therapeutics/"},{"id":"byondis","kind":"company","name":"Byondis","aka":"Synthon Biopharmaceuticals\nByondis B.V.","tldr":"Byondis is a Dutch antibody-drug conjugate company, formerly Synthon Biopharmaceuticals, whose HER2 conjugate trastuzumab duocarmazine improved progression-free survival in the TULIP trial but did not win US approval.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/byondis/"},{"id":"toray-industries","kind":"company","name":"Toray Industries","aka":"Toray\n東レ\nTSE:3402","tldr":"Toray Industries is the Japanese materials group, known for carbon fibre and synthetic fibres, whose pharmaceutical division created the antibody TRK-950 against CAPRIN-1, a protein found on many solid tumours.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/toray-industries/"},{"id":"transcenta","kind":"company","name":"Transcenta","aka":"Transcenta Holding\nSuzhou Transcenta Therapeutics\n创胜集团\nHKEX:6628","tldr":"Transcenta is a Suzhou antibody company whose Claudin 18.2 antibody osemitamab (TST001) is being tested with nivolumab and chemotherapy as first-line treatment for stomach cancer.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/transcenta/"},{"id":"i-mab","kind":"company","name":"I-Mab","aka":"I-Mab Biopharma\n天境生物\nNASDAQ:IMAB","tldr":"I-Mab is a biotech, founded in Shanghai and now based in Maryland, whose Claudin 18.2 and 4-1BB bispecific givastomig and CD73 antibody uliledlimab are in trials for stomach and lung cancer.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/i-mab/"},{"id":"medpacto","kind":"company","name":"MedPacto","aka":"MedPacto Inc.\n메드팩토\nKOSDAQ:235980","tldr":"MedPacto is a South Korean biotech whose oral TGF-beta receptor inhibitor vactosertib is being tested with chemotherapy and checkpoint inhibitors in colorectal, stomach and bone-marrow cancers.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/medpacto/"},{"id":"zenith-epigenetics","kind":"company","name":"Zenith Epigenetics","aka":"Zenith Epigenetics Ltd.","tldr":"Zenith Epigenetics is a Calgary biotech whose oral BET inhibitor ZEN-3694 is being tested with enzalutamide in castration-resistant prostate cancer and with PARP inhibitors and immunotherapy in other tumours.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/zenith-epigenetics/"},{"id":"abclon","kind":"company","name":"AbClon","aka":"AbClon Inc.\n앱클론\nKOSDAQ:174900","tldr":"AbClon is a South Korean antibody and cell-therapy company whose CD19 CAR-T AT101 uses a newly discovered antibody binder and has shown high response rates in relapsed B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"drug-maker","route":"/companies/abclon/"},{"id":"nras","kind":"target","name":"NRAS","aka":"N-ras\nNRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase","tldr":"NRAS is one of the three RAS switch proteins that pass growth signals into the cell. When a mutation jams it on, as in a share of melanomas, the cell keeps dividing; today's drugs reach it indirectly through MEK or RAF, and pan-RAS inhibitors that bind the active form are in trials.","tags":"wave5-target","route":"/targets/nras/","cancers":"melanoma colorectal cmml"},{"id":"cd28","kind":"target","name":"CD28","aka":"CD28 molecule\nCD28 costimulatory receptor","tldr":"CD28 is the second signal a T cell needs before it attacks. Many CAR-T cells carry a piece of CD28 inside them to fire harder, ipilimumab works by stopping CTLA-4 from hogging CD28's partners, and a new bispecific antibody presses CD28 directly on T cells that are already bound to prostate cancer cells.","tags":"wave5-target","route":"/targets/cd28/","cancers":"prostate dlbcl"},{"id":"hla-a","kind":"target","name":"HLA-A","aka":"HLA-A*02\nHLA-A*02:01\nmajor histocompatibility complex, class I, A","tldr":"HLA-A is the molecule that holds up short pieces of a cell's proteins for T cells to inspect. Engineered T-cell receptor therapies such as tebentafusp and afami-cel only work in people with the HLA-A*02 variant, because the receptor recognises the tumour peptide sitting in that particular groove.","tags":"wave5-target","route":"/targets/hla-a/","cancers":"uveal-melanoma melanoma synovial-sarcoma sarcoma"},{"id":"mpl","kind":"target","name":"MPL (thrombopoietin receptor)","aka":"TPO receptor\nTPOR\nTHPOR\nCD110\nMPL proto-oncogene, thrombopoietin receptor","tldr":"MPL is the receptor that tells the bone marrow to make platelets. Romiplostim and eltrombopag switch it on to raise platelet counts; in some myeloproliferative neoplasms a mutant partner protein, calreticulin, grips it and keeps it on.","tags":"wave5-target","route":"/targets/mpl/","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms essential-thrombocythaemia aml mds"},{"id":"shp2","kind":"target","name":"SHP2 (PTPN11)","aka":"SHP-2\nPTP2C\nSH-PTP2\nprotein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 11","tldr":"SHP2 is an enzyme that sits between growth-factor receptors and RAS and keeps the RAS signal flowing. Blocking it removes the route by which KRAS-driven tumours bounce back from a KRAS inhibitor, which is why SHP2 inhibitors are being paired with KRAS G12C drugs.","tags":"wave5-target","route":"/targets/shp2/","cancers":"nsclc colorectal pancreatic"},{"id":"stat5","kind":"target","name":"STAT5 (STAT5A, STAT5B)","aka":"STAT5A\nSTAT5B\nsignal transducer and activator of transcription 5","tldr":"STAT5 is the messenger that carries growth signals from FLT3, JAK2 and BCR::ABL1 into the nucleus and switches on survival genes in leukaemia cells. No drug hits STAT5 directly yet; the FLT3 and ABL inhibitors work by cutting off the signal above it.","tags":"wave5-target","route":"/targets/stat5/","cancers":"aml aml-flt3 all-leukemia cml-advanced-phase non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"ikzf1","kind":"target","name":"IKZF1 (Ikaros)","aka":"Ikaros\nIKAROS\nZNFN1A1\nIKAROS family zinc finger 1","tldr":"Ikaros is a transcription factor that myeloma cells depend on. Lenalidomide, pomalidomide and the newer CELMoDs work by gluing Ikaros to the cell's disposal machinery so it is destroyed, which kills the plasma cell and wakes up T cells.","tags":"wave5-target","route":"/targets/ikzf1/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma dlbcl"},{"id":"jak1","kind":"target","name":"JAK1","aka":"Janus kinase 1\nJAK1A\nJTK3","tldr":"JAK1 is one of the kinases that pass cytokine and interferon signals inside immune and blood cells. Ruxolitinib and momelotinib block JAK1 together with JAK2 to calm the inflammation of myelofibrosis; golidocitinib is the first JAK1-only inhibitor approved for a cancer, in peripheral T-cell lymphoma.","tags":"wave5-target","route":"/targets/jak1/","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms primary-myelofibrosis peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"cd80","kind":"target","name":"CD80 (B7-1)","aka":"B7-1\nB7.1\nCD28LG\nCD80 molecule","tldr":"B7-1 is a molecule on antigen-presenting cells that gives T cells their go signal through CD28, but it also feeds the CTLA-4 brake and can pair with PD-L1. Anti-PD-L1 antibodies such as sugemalimab and adebrelimab are built to stop PD-L1 binding both PD-1 and B7-1.","tags":"wave5-target","route":"/targets/cd80/","cancers":"sclc nsclc peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"abl1","kind":"target","name":"ABL1","aka":"c-ABL\nABL\nJTK7\nABL proto-oncogene 1, non-receptor tyrosine kinase","tldr":"ABL1 is the kinase half of the BCR::ABL1 fusion that causes chronic myeloid leukaemia. The CML drugs bind the ABL1 kinase domain, most in its ATP pocket and asciminib in a separate pocket that locks it shut.","tags":"wave5-target","route":"/targets/abl1/","cancers":"cml-chronic-phase cml-advanced-phase all-leukemia"},{"id":"fak","kind":"target","name":"FAK (PTK2)","aka":"FAK\nFAK1\nFADK\nfocal adhesion kinase\nprotein tyrosine kinase 2","tldr":"FAK is the kinase that tells a cell it is anchored to its surroundings, letting it survive, move and resist drugs. Defactinib, given with the RAF/MEK inhibitor avutometinib, removes that escape route in low-grade serous ovarian cancer; other FAK inhibitors are in trials in meningioma and solid tumours.","tags":"wave5-target","route":"/targets/fak/","cancers":"ovarian low-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer meningioma pancreatic nsclc"},{"id":"ikzf3","kind":"target","name":"IKZF3 (Aiolos)","aka":"Aiolos\nZNFN1A3\nIKAROS family zinc finger 3","tldr":"Aiolos is Ikaros' partner transcription factor in B cells and plasma cells. The myeloma drugs lenalidomide, pomalidomide and golcadomide destroy Aiolos and Ikaros together by rerouting them to the cell's protein-disposal system.","tags":"wave5-target","route":"/targets/ikzf3/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-relapsed-refractory dlbcl"},{"id":"ptch1","kind":"target","name":"PTCH1 (Patched 1)","aka":"Patched 1\nPTCH\nNBCCS\npatched 1","tldr":"PTCH1 is the brake on the hedgehog growth pathway. When it is lost, as in nearly all basal cell carcinomas and in Gorlin syndrome, the pathway runs unchecked; vismodegib and sonidegib put the brake back one step down, at smoothened.","tags":"wave5-target","route":"/targets/ptch1/","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma locally-advanced-bcc medulloblastoma-shh"},{"id":"cd137","kind":"target","name":"CD137 (4-1BB, TNFRSF9)","aka":"4-1BB\nCD137\nILA\nTNF receptor superfamily member 9","tldr":"4-1BB is a switch on activated T cells that makes them live longer and kill better. Rather than press it everywhere, new bispecific antibodies press it only on T cells that are already touching a tumour cell marked by PD-L1 or HER2.","tags":"wave5-target","route":"/targets/cd137/","cancers":"nsclc gastric"},{"id":"hif1a","kind":"target","name":"HIF-1α (HIF1A)","aka":"HIF-1\nHIF-1 alpha\nHIF1\nMOP1\nhypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha","tldr":"HIF-1α is the sensor that lets a tumour cope with low oxygen by switching on blood-vessel growth and sugar burning. It has no direct drug yet; belzutifan hits its sibling HIF-2α, and the mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus lowers HIF-1α levels indirectly.","tags":"wave5-target","route":"/targets/hif1a/","cancers":"rcc clear-cell-rcc"},{"id":"ido1","kind":"target","name":"IDO1","aka":"IDO\nINDO\nindoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1","tldr":"IDO1 is an enzyme tumours use to burn up tryptophan, starving T cells and producing by-products that switch them off. Epacadostat blocked it but its programme ended in failure; the IO102-IO103 vaccine instead teaches T cells to attack the IDO1-expressing cells themselves.","tags":"wave5-target","route":"/targets/ido1/","cancers":"melanoma head-and-neck"},{"id":"brd4","kind":"target","name":"BRD4","aka":"BET\nBET bromodomain proteins (BRD2, BRD3, BRD4, BRDT)\nbromodomain containing 4\nMCAP\nHUNK1","tldr":"BRD4 is a reader protein that docks on acetylated DNA packaging and pulls in the machinery that switches growth genes such as MYC on. BET inhibitors such as pelabresib and ZEN-3694 block that docking; in NUT carcinoma the cancer's own driver is a BRD4 fusion.","tags":"wave5-target","route":"/targets/brd4/","cancers":"nut-carcinoma primary-myelofibrosis prostate tnbc"},{"id":"irf4","kind":"target","name":"IRF4","aka":"MUM1\nLSIRF\ninterferon regulatory factor 4","tldr":"IRF4 is a master transcription factor of plasma cells and a protein myeloma cells cannot do without. Lenalidomide and its successors lower IRF4 by destroying the two factors, Ikaros and Aiolos, that keep it switched on.","tags":"wave5-target","route":"/targets/irf4/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"b7h4","kind":"target","name":"B7-H4 (VTCN1)","aka":"B7-H4\nB7H4\nB7x\nB7S1\nV-set domain containing T cell activation inhibitor 1","tldr":"B7-H4 is a checkpoint-like protein that many breast, ovarian and endometrial tumours carry on their surface. Antibody-drug conjugates such as puxitatug samrotecan and HS-20089 use it as a docking site to deliver a chemotherapy payload.","tags":"wave5-target","route":"/targets/b7h4/","cancers":"tnbc ovarian endometrial"},{"id":"tet2","kind":"target","name":"TET2","aka":"KIAA1546\ntet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2","tldr":"TET2 is an enzyme that helps erase methyl marks from DNA so genes can be switched back on. Losing it is one of the commonest first steps toward blood cancer; mutant IDH blocks it indirectly, which is part of how ivosidenib works when it restores normal maturation.","tags":"wave5-target","route":"/targets/tet2/","cancers":"aml aml-idh peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"nf1","kind":"target","name":"NF1 (neurofibromin)","aka":"neurofibromin\nneurofibromin 1","tldr":"NF1 makes neurofibromin, the protein that switches RAS off. People born with one faulty copy develop neurofibromatosis type 1, whose plexiform neurofibromas are now treated with the MEK inhibitors selumetinib and mirdametinib, which cut the RAS signal one step down.","tags":"wave5-target","route":"/targets/nf1/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"acvr1","kind":"target","name":"ACVR1 (ALK2)","aka":"ALK2","tldr":"ACVR1 (ALK2) is the receptor that raises hepcidin, the hormone that hides iron from the bone marrow. Momelotinib and pacritinib block it as well as JAK2, which is why they improve, rather than worsen, the low red-cell counts of myelofibrosis.","tags":"wave5-target","route":"/targets/acvr1/","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms primary-myelofibrosis"},{"id":"hoxa9","kind":"target","name":"HOXA9","aka":"HOX1G\nHOX1\nhomeobox A9","tldr":"HOXA9 is an embryonic growth gene that some leukaemias keep switched on so their cells never mature. Menin inhibitors such as revumenib and ziftomenib do not touch HOXA9 itself; they pull menin off the DNA so the gene switches off and the cells grow up.","tags":"wave5-target","route":"/targets/hoxa9/","cancers":"aml all-leukemia aml-npm1-kmt2a all-infant"},{"id":"meis1","kind":"target","name":"MEIS1","aka":"Meis homeobox 1","tldr":"MEIS1 is HOXA9's partner in keeping leukaemia cells immature. The two are switched on together in KMT2A-rearranged and NPM1-mutant leukaemia, and switched off together when a menin inhibitor works.","tags":"wave5-target","route":"/targets/meis1/","cancers":"aml all-leukemia aml-npm1-kmt2a"},{"id":"bim","kind":"target","name":"BIM (BCL2L11)","aka":"BIM\nBH3-only protein BIM\nBH3\nBimEL\nBimL\nBimS\nBCL2 like 11","tldr":"BIM is a pro-death protein that leukaemia cells keep clamped by BCL-2. Venetoclax and sonrotoclax are BH3 mimetics: they copy the part of BIM that binds BCL-2, so BIM is released, the mitochondria leak and the cell dies.","tags":"wave5-target","route":"/targets/bim/","cancers":"cll aml dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"bax","kind":"target","name":"BAX","aka":"BCL2L4\nBCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator","tldr":"BAX is the protein that opens the mitochondria to start cell death. BCL-2 keeps it in check in leukaemia cells; venetoclax and sonrotoclax free it, so the mitochondria leak cytochrome c and the cell dies.","tags":"wave5-target","route":"/targets/bax/","cancers":"cll aml dlbcl"},{"id":"pald1","kind":"target","name":"PALD1 (paladin)","aka":"phosphatase domain containing paladin 1\nPaladin\nKIAA1274\nPALD","tldr":"PALD1 encodes paladin, a protein built like a tyrosine phosphatase that in blood-vessel cells removes a phosphate from a membrane lipid and so tunes VEGF receptor signalling. It is not an established cancer gene: one study ties it to colon cancer spread, and Open Targets records an association with non-Hodgkin lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave reader-edit","route":"/targets/pald1/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma colorectal"},{"id":"ctnnb1","kind":"target","name":"CTNNB1","aka":"catenin beta 1\nCatenin beta-1\nbeta-catenin\narmadillo\nCTNNB","tldr":"CTNNB1 (Catenin beta-1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor, a biomarker and a fusion partner, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma, Colorectal cancer, Ovarian cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ctnnb1/","cancers":"hcc colorectal ovarian lung-cancer endometrial prostate rcc adrenocortical gallbladder"},{"id":"ccnd1","kind":"target","name":"CCND1","aka":"cyclin D1\nG1/S-specific cyclin-D1\nU21B31\nBCL1\nD11S287E\nPRAD1","tldr":"CCND1 (G1/S-specific cyclin-D1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor, a biomarker, a fusion partner and a DNA repair gene, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Breast cancer, Skin cancer, Multiple myeloma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ccnd1/","cancers":"breast-cancer skin-cancer multiple-myeloma ovarian head-and-neck rcc colorectal endometrial"},{"id":"tert","kind":"target","name":"TERT","aka":"telomerase reverse transcriptase\nTelomerase reverse transcriptase\nTP2\nTCS1\nhEST2\nEST2","tldr":"TERT (Telomerase reverse transcriptase) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver and a biomarker, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Leukaemia, Lung cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tert/","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms leukaemia lung-cancer skin-cancer breast-cancer urothelial ovarian prostate"},{"id":"pole","kind":"target","name":"POLE","aka":"DNA polymerase epsilon, catalytic subunit\nDNA polymerase epsilon catalytic subunit A\nPOLE1","tldr":"POLE (DNA polymerase epsilon catalytic subunit A) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Ovarian cancer, Lung cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pole/","cancers":"colorectal ovarian lung-cancer breast-cancer non-hodgkin-lymphoma leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms endometrial"},{"id":"apc","kind":"target","name":"APC","aka":"APC regulator of Wnt signaling pathway\nAdenomatous polyposis coli protein\nDP2\nDP3\nDP2.5\nPPP1R46","tldr":"APC (Adenomatous polyposis coli protein) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/apc/","cancers":"colorectal gastric hcc prostate esophageal biliary-tract-cancer anal neuroendocrine"},{"id":"fgfr4","kind":"target","name":"FGFR4","aka":"fibroblast growth factor receptor 4\nFibroblast growth factor receptor 4\nJTK2\nCD334","tldr":"FGFR4 (Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Sarcomas, Biliary tract cancer, Colorectal cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fgfr4/","cancers":"sarcoma biliary-tract-cancer colorectal lung-cancer breast-cancer gastric ovarian hcc"},{"id":"pold1","kind":"target","name":"POLD1","aka":"DNA polymerase delta 1, catalytic subunit\nDNA polymerase delta catalytic subunit\nCDC2","tldr":"POLD1 (DNA polymerase delta catalytic subunit) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a tumour suppressor, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Lung cancer, Breast cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pold1/","cancers":"colorectal lung-cancer breast-cancer leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma ovarian myeloproliferative-neoplasms pancreatic"},{"id":"nrg1","kind":"target","name":"NRG1","aka":"neuregulin 1\nPro-neuregulin-1, membrane-bound isoform\nNRG1-IT2","tldr":"NRG1 (Pro-neuregulin-1, membrane-bound isoform) is a protein on the cell surface. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor, a biomarker, a fusion partner and an antigen, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Lung cancer, Thyroid cancer, Breast cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nrg1/","cancers":"lung-cancer thyroid breast-cancer colorectal ovarian head-and-neck gastric esophageal pancreatic nsclc"},{"id":"tsc1","kind":"target","name":"TSC1","aka":"TSC complex subunit 1\nHamartin\nKIAA0243\nhamartin","tldr":"TSC1 (Hamartin) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Renal cell carcinoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tsc1/","cancers":"urothelial hcc rcc skin-cancer colorectal breast-cancer gastric nsclc"},{"id":"setd2","kind":"target","name":"SETD2","aka":"SET domain containing 2, histone lysine methyltransferase\nHistone-lysine N-methyltransferase SETD2\nHIF-1\nKIAA1732\nFLJ23184\nKMT3A","tldr":"SETD2 (Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SETD2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Renal cell carcinoma, Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/setd2/","cancers":"rcc leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma pancreatic mesothelioma skin-cancer lung-cancer prostate"},{"id":"tsc2","kind":"target","name":"TSC2","aka":"TSC complex subunit 2\nTuberin\ntuberin\nPPP1R160\nTSC4","tldr":"TSC2 (Tuberin) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma, Renal cell carcinoma, Thyroid cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tsc2/","cancers":"hcc rcc thyroid neuroendocrine urothelial esophageal pancreatic gastric"},{"id":"calr","kind":"target","name":"CALR","aka":"calreticulin\nCalreticulin\ncC1qR\nFLJ26680\nCALR1","tldr":"CALR (Calreticulin) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a fusion partner, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Essential thrombocythaemia and Primary myelofibrosis.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/calr/","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms essential-thrombocythaemia primary-myelofibrosis"},{"id":"eml4","kind":"target","name":"EML4","aka":"EMAP like 4\nEchinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4\nROPP120\nELP120\nC2orf2","tldr":"EML4 (Echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a fusion partner, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Lung cancer, Thyroid cancer and Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/eml4/","cancers":"lung-cancer thyroid nsclc"},{"id":"esr2","kind":"target","name":"ESR2","aka":"estrogen receptor 2\nEstrogen receptor beta\nNR3A2\nErb\nER-beta","tldr":"ESR2 (Oestrogen receptor beta) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Breast cancer and Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/esr2/","cancers":"breast-cancer prostate"},{"id":"pml","kind":"target","name":"PML","aka":"PML nuclear body scaffold\nTRIM19\nRNF71","tldr":"PML (PML nuclear body scaffold) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a tumour suppressor, a biomarker and a fusion partner, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Leukaemia, Thyroid cancer, Lung cancer and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pml/","cancers":"leukaemia thyroid lung-cancer skin-cancer myeloproliferative-neoplasms apl"},{"id":"kif5b","kind":"target","name":"KIF5B","aka":"kinesin family member 5B\nKinesin-1 heavy chain\nuKHC\nKNS1","tldr":"KIF5B (Kinesin-1 heavy chain) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and an oncogene driver, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Lung cancer, Thyroid cancer, Neuroendocrine tumours and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kif5b/","cancers":"lung-cancer thyroid neuroendocrine head-and-neck nsclc"},{"id":"lck","kind":"target","name":"LCK","aka":"LCK proto-oncogene, Src family tyrosine kinase\nTyrosine-protein kinase Lck","tldr":"LCK (Tyrosine-protein kinase Lck) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a fusion partner, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Leukaemia, Renal cell carcinoma, Myeloproliferative neoplasms and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/lck/","cancers":"leukaemia rcc myeloproliferative-neoplasms non-hodgkin-lymphoma sarcoma skin-cancer ovarian all-leukemia"},{"id":"smad2","kind":"target","name":"SMAD2","aka":"SMAD family member 2\nMADR2\nJV18-1\nMADH2","tldr":"SMAD2 (SMAD family member 2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Skin cancer, Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/smad2/","cancers":"colorectal skin-cancer gastric melanoma"},{"id":"jak3","kind":"target","name":"JAK3","aka":"Janus kinase 3\nTyrosine-protein kinase JAK3\nL-JAK\nJAK3_HUMAN\nJAK-3","tldr":"JAK3 (Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK3) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver and a biomarker, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/jak3/","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma skin-cancer lung-cancer colorectal all-leukemia nsclc"},{"id":"yes1","kind":"target","name":"YES1","aka":"YES proto-oncogene 1, Src family tyrosine kinase\nTyrosine-protein kinase Yes\nYes\nc-yes\nHsT441","tldr":"YES1 (Tyrosine-protein kinase Yes) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Breast cancer, Lung cancer, Leukaemia and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/yes1/","cancers":"breast-cancer lung-cancer leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms non-hodgkin-lymphoma sclc cml all-leukemia"},{"id":"ccdc6","kind":"target","name":"CCDC6","aka":"coiled-coil domain containing 6\nCoiled-coil domain-containing protein 6\nH4\nPTC1\nTST1\nD10S170","tldr":"CCDC6 (Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 6) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a tumour suppressor, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Lung cancer, Thyroid cancer, Neuroendocrine tumours and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ccdc6/","cancers":"lung-cancer thyroid neuroendocrine nsclc basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"sem1","kind":"target","name":"SEM1","aka":"SEM1 26S proteasome subunit\n26S proteasome complex subunit SEM1\nDSS1\nShfdg1\nSHSF1\nFLJ42280\nPSMD15\nSHFD1\nSHFM1\nC7orf76","tldr":"SEM1 (26S proteasome complex subunit SEM1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sem1/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"rbx1","kind":"target","name":"RBX1","aka":"ring-box 1\nE3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RBX1\nROC1\nRNF75\nBA554C12.1","tldr":"RBX1 (E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RBX1) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a DNA repair gene, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rbx1/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mds follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"fyn","kind":"target","name":"FYN","aka":"FYN proto-oncogene, Src family tyrosine kinase\nTyrosine-protein kinase Fyn\nMGC45350","tldr":"FYN (Tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fyn/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms cml all-leukemia"},{"id":"prim1","kind":"target","name":"PRIM1","aka":"DNA primase subunit 1\nDNA primase small subunit","tldr":"PRIM1 (DNA primase small subunit) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Breast cancer, Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/prim1/","cancers":"breast-cancer leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma lung-cancer myeloproliferative-neoplasms ovarian mds all-leukemia"},{"id":"tyk2","kind":"target","name":"TYK2","aka":"tyrosine kinase 2\nNon-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2\nJTK1","tldr":"TYK2 (Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour and Polycythaemia vera.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tyk2/","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms malignant-peripheral-nerve-sheath-tumour polycythaemia-vera"},{"id":"cd74","kind":"target","name":"CD74","aka":"CD74 molecule\nHLA class II histocompatibility antigen gamma chain\nDHLAG","tldr":"CD74 (HLA class II histocompatibility antigen gamma chain) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a fusion partner, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Lung cancer and Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cd74/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc"},{"id":"ephb2","kind":"target","name":"EPHB2","aka":"EPH receptor B2\nEphrin type-B receptor 2\nHek5\nTyro5\nEPHT3","tldr":"EPHB2 (Ephrin type-B receptor 2) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Prostate cancer, Thyroid cancer and Neuroendocrine tumours.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ephb2/","cancers":"prostate thyroid neuroendocrine"},{"id":"syk","kind":"target","name":"SYK","aka":"spleen associated tyrosine kinase\nTyrosine-protein kinase SYK","tldr":"SYK (Tyrosine-protein kinase SYK) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Ovarian cancer, Skin cancer, Lung cancer and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/syk/","cancers":"ovarian skin-cancer lung-cancer breast-cancer colorectal leukaemia melanoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"dpyd","kind":"target","name":"DPYD","aka":"dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase\nDihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase [NADP(+)]\nDHPDHase","tldr":"DPYD (Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase [NADP(+)]) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/dpyd/","cancers":"head-and-neck gastric"},{"id":"sdc4","kind":"target","name":"SDC4","aka":"syndecan 4\nSyndecan-4\nSYND4\namphiglycan\nryudocan","tldr":"SDC4 (Syndecan-4) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Lung cancer and Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sdc4/","cancers":"lung-cancer nsclc"},{"id":"tubb3","kind":"target","name":"TUBB3","aka":"tubulin beta 3 class III\nTubulin beta-3 chain\nbeta-4\nCFEOM3\nCFEOM3A\nFEOM3","tldr":"TUBB3 (Tubulin beta-3 chain) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Breast cancer, Lung cancer, Prostate cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tubb3/","cancers":"breast-cancer lung-cancer prostate non-hodgkin-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma sarcoma cervical multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"pola2","kind":"target","name":"POLA2","aka":"DNA polymerase alpha 2, accessory subunit\nDNA polymerase alpha subunit B\nFLJ21662","tldr":"POLA2 (DNA polymerase alpha subunit B) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Lung cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pola2/","cancers":"leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma lung-cancer myeloproliferative-neoplasms breast-cancer ovarian mds all-leukemia"},{"id":"prim2","kind":"target","name":"PRIM2","aka":"DNA primase subunit 2\nDNA primase large subunit\nPRIM2A","tldr":"PRIM2 (DNA primase large subunit) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Lung cancer, Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/prim2/","cancers":"lung-cancer leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma myeloproliferative-neoplasms breast-cancer ovarian mds all-leukemia"},{"id":"psma4","kind":"target","name":"PSMA4","aka":"proteasome 20S subunit alpha 4\nProteasome subunit alpha type-4\nHC9\nHsT17706","tldr":"PSMA4 (Proteasome subunit alpha type-4) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psma4/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"pde3a","kind":"target","name":"PDE3A","aka":"phosphodiesterase 3A\ncGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 3A\nCGI-PDE","tldr":"PDE3A (cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 3A) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Myeloproliferative neoplasms and Essential thrombocythaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pde3a/","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms essential-thrombocythaemia"},{"id":"pold3","kind":"target","name":"POLD3","aka":"DNA polymerase delta 3, accessory subunit\nDNA polymerase delta subunit 3\nP66\nKIAA0039\nP68\nPPP1R128","tldr":"POLD3 (DNA polymerase delta subunit 3) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a DNA repair gene, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Lung cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pold3/","cancers":"leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma lung-cancer myeloproliferative-neoplasms breast-cancer ovarian mds all-leukemia"},{"id":"tuba1c","kind":"target","name":"TUBA1C","aka":"tubulin alpha 1c\nTubulin alpha-1C chain\nMGC14580\nMGC10851\nbcm948\nTUBA6","tldr":"TUBA1C (Tubulin alpha-1C chain) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Prostate cancer, Breast cancer, Lung cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tuba1c/","cancers":"prostate breast-cancer lung-cancer non-hodgkin-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma cervical sarcoma multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"epha3","kind":"target","name":"EPHA3","aka":"EPH receptor A3\nEphrin type-A receptor 3\nHEK4\nETK1\nTYRO4","tldr":"EPHA3 (Ephrin type-A receptor 3) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Neuroendocrine tumours, Thyroid cancer, Breast cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/epha3/","cancers":"neuroendocrine thyroid breast-cancer esophageal prostate gastric oesophageal-adenocarcinoma melanoma"},{"id":"epha7","kind":"target","name":"EPHA7","aka":"EPH receptor A7\nEphrin type-A receptor 7\nHek11","tldr":"EPHA7 (Ephrin type-A receptor 7) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Thyroid cancer, Neuroendocrine tumours, Colorectal cancer and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/epha7/","cancers":"thyroid neuroendocrine colorectal hcc nsclc"},{"id":"hdac4","kind":"target","name":"HDAC4","aka":"histone deacetylase 4\nHistone deacetylase 4\nKIAA0288\nHDAC-A\nHDACA\nHD4\nHA6116\nHDAC-4","tldr":"HDAC4 (Histone deacetylase 4) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and an oncogene driver, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Skin cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Multiple myeloma and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hdac4/","cancers":"skin-cancer non-hodgkin-lymphoma multiple-myeloma thymoma"},{"id":"top2b","kind":"target","name":"TOP2B","aka":"DNA topoisomerase II beta\nDNA topoisomerase 2-beta\ntop2beta\nTOPIIB","tldr":"TOP2B (DNA topoisomerase 2-beta) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Lung cancer, Neuroendocrine tumours, Breast cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/top2b/","cancers":"lung-cancer neuroendocrine breast-cancer sclc"},{"id":"blk","kind":"target","name":"BLK","aka":"BLK proto-oncogene, Src family tyrosine kinase\nTyrosine-protein kinase Blk\nMGC10442","tldr":"BLK (Tyrosine-protein kinase Blk) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/blk/","cancers":"leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms non-hodgkin-lymphoma cml all-leukemia"},{"id":"fgf7","kind":"target","name":"FGF7","aka":"fibroblast growth factor 7\nFibroblast growth factor 7","tldr":"FGF7 (Fibroblast growth factor 7) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fgf7/"},{"id":"prkcb","kind":"target","name":"PRKCB","aka":"protein kinase C beta\nProtein kinase C beta type\nPKCβ\nPRKCB2\nPRKCB1","tldr":"PRKCB (Protein kinase C beta type) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver and a biomarker, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/prkcb/","cancers":"leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms head-and-neck prostate gastric systemic-mastocytosis aml dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"psmd7","kind":"target","name":"PSMD7","aka":"proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 7\n26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 7\nS12\nP40\nMOV34\nRpn8","tldr":"PSMD7 (26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 7) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psmd7/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"prkd1","kind":"target","name":"PRKD1","aka":"protein kinase D1\nSerine/threonine-protein kinase D1\nPKD1\nPKC-mu\nPRKCM","tldr":"PRKD1 (Serine/threonine-protein kinase D1) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Colorectal cancer and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/prkd1/","cancers":"leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms colorectal prostate systemic-mastocytosis aml cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"hdac9","kind":"target","name":"HDAC9","aka":"histone deacetylase 9\nHistone deacetylase 9\nKIAA0744\nHD7\nHDAC7B","tldr":"HDAC9 (Histone deacetylase 9) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a fusion partner, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Breast cancer, Oesophageal cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hdac9/","cancers":"breast-cancer esophageal non-hodgkin-lymphoma multiple-myeloma skin-cancer glioblastoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"itk","kind":"target","name":"ITK","aka":"IL2 inducible T cell kinase\nTyrosine-protein kinase ITK/TSK\nPSCTK2","tldr":"ITK (Tyrosine-protein kinase ITK/TSK) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Renal cell carcinoma and Sarcomas.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/itk/","cancers":"rcc sarcoma"},{"id":"psmb7","kind":"target","name":"PSMB7","aka":"proteasome 20S subunit beta 7\nProteasome subunit beta type-7","tldr":"PSMB7 (Proteasome subunit beta type-7) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psmb7/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"prkci","kind":"target","name":"PRKCI","aka":"protein kinase C iota\nProtein kinase C iota type\nDXS1179E","tldr":"PRKCI (Protein kinase C iota type) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Systemic mastocytosis and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/prkci/","cancers":"leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms systemic-mastocytosis aml"},{"id":"tymp","kind":"target","name":"TYMP","aka":"thymidine phosphorylase\nThymidine phosphorylase\nMNGIE\nECGF1","tldr":"TYMP (Thymidine phosphorylase) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tymp/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"hdac11","kind":"target","name":"HDAC11","aka":"histone deacetylase 11\nHistone deacetylase 11","tldr":"HDAC11 (Histone deacetylase 11) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Skin cancer and Multiple myeloma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hdac11/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma skin-cancer multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"psmd6","kind":"target","name":"PSMD6","aka":"proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 6\n26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 6\nS10\np44S10\nKIAA0107\nRpn7","tldr":"PSMD6 (26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 6) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psmd6/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"irak1","kind":"target","name":"IRAK1","aka":"interleukin 1 receptor associated kinase 1\nInterleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1\npelle","tldr":"IRAK1 (Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a tumour suppressor, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Myeloproliferative neoplasms and Multiple myeloma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/irak1/","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"psma6","kind":"target","name":"PSMA6","aka":"proteasome 20S subunit alpha 6\nProteasome subunit alpha type-6\nPROS27\np27K\nMGC22756\nMGC2333\nMGC23846","tldr":"PSMA6 (Proteasome subunit alpha type-6) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psma6/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"epha4","kind":"target","name":"EPHA4","aka":"EPH receptor A4\nEphrin type-A receptor 4\nHek8\nTYRO1","tldr":"EPHA4 (Ephrin type-A receptor 4) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Thyroid cancer and Neuroendocrine tumours.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/epha4/","cancers":"thyroid neuroendocrine"},{"id":"thrb","kind":"target","name":"THRB","aka":"thyroid hormone receptor beta\nThyroid hormone receptor beta\nTHRB1\nTHRB2\nNR1A2\nTHR1\nERBA-BETA\nTRbeta\nTRb\nc-erbA-beta\nc-erbA-2\nTHRbeta\nTRbeta1\nTHRbeta1\nThrbeta2\nERBA2","tldr":"THRB (Thyroid hormone receptor beta) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Thyroid cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/thrb/","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"psmd4","kind":"target","name":"PSMD4","aka":"proteasome 26S subunit ubiquitin receptor, non-ATPase 4\n26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 4\nS5A\nAF-1\nRpn10","tldr":"PSMD4 (26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 4) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Colorectal cancer, Breast cancer and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psmd4/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma colorectal breast-cancer non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"prkce","kind":"target","name":"PRKCE","aka":"protein kinase C epsilon\nProtein kinase C epsilon type","tldr":"PRKCE (Protein kinase C epsilon type) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Systemic mastocytosis and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/prkce/","cancers":"leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms systemic-mastocytosis aml"},{"id":"epha5","kind":"target","name":"EPHA5","aka":"EPH receptor A5\nEphrin type-A receptor 5\nHek7\nTYRO4\nCEK7\nEHK1","tldr":"EPHA5 (Ephrin type-A receptor 5) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Thyroid cancer and Neuroendocrine tumours.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/epha5/","cancers":"thyroid neuroendocrine"},{"id":"arnt","kind":"target","name":"ARNT","aka":"aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator\nAryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator\nHIF1B\nHIF-1beta\nbHLHe2\nARNT1","tldr":"ARNT (Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a tumour suppressor, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Skin cancer, Breast cancer, Small-cell lung cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/arnt/","cancers":"skin-cancer breast-cancer sclc melanoma"},{"id":"adrm1","kind":"target","name":"ADRM1","aka":"ADRM1 26S proteasome ubiquitin receptor\nProteasomal ubiquitin receptor ADRM1\nGP110\nRpn13\nARM1\nPSMD16","tldr":"ADRM1 (Proteasomal ubiquitin receptor ADRM1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/adrm1/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"tubb4b","kind":"target","name":"TUBB4B","aka":"tubulin beta 4B class IVb\nTubulin beta-4B chain\nBeta2\nTUBB2C","tldr":"TUBB4B (Tubulin beta-4B chain) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Lung cancer, Breast cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tubb4b/","cancers":"lung-cancer breast-cancer non-hodgkin-lymphoma prostate hodgkin-lymphoma cervical multiple-myeloma sarcoma"},{"id":"ephb1","kind":"target","name":"EPHB1","aka":"EPH receptor B1\nEphrin type-B receptor 1\nHek6\nEPHT2","tldr":"EPHB1 (Ephrin type-B receptor 1) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Thyroid cancer and Neuroendocrine tumours.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ephb1/","cancers":"thyroid neuroendocrine"},{"id":"tuba3c","kind":"target","name":"TUBA3C","aka":"tubulin alpha 3c\nTubulin alpha-3C chain\nbA408E5.3\nTUBA2","tldr":"TUBA3C (Tubulin alpha-3C chain) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Breast cancer, Lung cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tuba3c/","cancers":"breast-cancer lung-cancer non-hodgkin-lymphoma prostate hodgkin-lymphoma cervical multiple-myeloma sarcoma"},{"id":"psmc1","kind":"target","name":"PSMC1","aka":"proteasome 26S subunit, ATPase 1\n26S proteasome regulatory subunit 4\nS4\np56\nRPT2","tldr":"PSMC1 (26S proteasome regulatory subunit 4) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psmc1/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"psmd11","kind":"target","name":"PSMD11","aka":"proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 11\n26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 11\nS9\np44.5\nMGC3844\nRpn6","tldr":"PSMD11 (26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 11) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psmd11/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"pdcd1lg2","kind":"target","name":"PDCD1LG2","aka":"programmed cell death 1 ligand 2\nProgrammed cell death 1 ligand 2\nPD-L2\nBtdc\nPDL2\nbA574F11.2\nCD273\nB7-DC\nB7DC","tldr":"PDCD1LG2 (Programmed cell death 1 ligand 2) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a biomarker and an antigen, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, Thyroid cancer, Breast cancer and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pdcd1lg2/","cancers":"head-and-neck thyroid breast-cancer melanoma papillary-thyroid-cancer"},{"id":"rrm2","kind":"target","name":"RRM2","aka":"ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M2\nRibonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit M2\nFLJ25102\nC2orf48","tldr":"RRM2 (Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit M2) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Lung cancer, Leukaemia, Breast cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rrm2/","cancers":"lung-cancer leukaemia breast-cancer non-hodgkin-lymphoma pancreatic ovarian myeloproliferative-neoplasms mds"},{"id":"psmb8","kind":"target","name":"PSMB8","aka":"proteasome 20S subunit beta 8\nProteasome subunit beta type-8\nRING10\nD6S216E\nPSMB5i\nbeta5i\nLMP7","tldr":"PSMB8 (Proteasome subunit beta type-8) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psmb8/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma gastric non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"rrm2b","kind":"target","name":"RRM2B","aka":"ribonucleotide reductase regulatory TP53 inducible subunit M2B\nRibonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit M2 B\np53R2","tldr":"RRM2B (Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit M2 B) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a DNA repair gene, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Breast cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rrm2b/","cancers":"leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma breast-cancer lung-cancer ovarian myeloproliferative-neoplasms mds all-leukemia"},{"id":"tubb2b","kind":"target","name":"TUBB2B","aka":"tubulin beta 2B class IIb\nTubulin beta-2B chain\nMGC8685\nDKFZp566F223\nbA506K6.1","tldr":"TUBB2B (Tubulin beta-2B chain) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Breast cancer, Lung cancer, Sarcomas and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tubb2b/","cancers":"breast-cancer lung-cancer sarcoma prostate non-hodgkin-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma cervical multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"prkcz","kind":"target","name":"PRKCZ","aka":"protein kinase C zeta\nProtein kinase C zeta type\nPKC2","tldr":"PRKCZ (Protein kinase C zeta type) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Systemic mastocytosis and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/prkcz/","cancers":"leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms systemic-mastocytosis aml"},{"id":"psma2","kind":"target","name":"PSMA2","aka":"proteasome 20S subunit alpha 2\nProteasome subunit alpha type-2\nHC3\nPMSA2","tldr":"PSMA2 (Proteasome subunit alpha type-2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psma2/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"rarg","kind":"target","name":"RARG","aka":"retinoic acid receptor gamma\nRetinoic acid receptor gamma\nNR1B3\nRARgamma\nRAR-gamma","tldr":"RARG (Retinoic acid receptor gamma) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Acute myeloid leukaemia and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rarg/","cancers":"leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms aml apl"},{"id":"tubb4a","kind":"target","name":"TUBB4A","aka":"tubulin beta 4A class IVa\nTubulin beta-4A chain\nbeta-5\nTUBB4\nDYT4","tldr":"TUBB4A (Tubulin beta-4A chain) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Prostate cancer, Breast cancer, Lung cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tubb4a/","cancers":"prostate breast-cancer lung-cancer non-hodgkin-lymphoma sarcoma hodgkin-lymphoma cervical multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"epha6","kind":"target","name":"EPHA6","aka":"EPH receptor A6\nEphrin type-A receptor 6\nFLJ35246","tldr":"EPHA6 (Ephrin type-A receptor 6) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Thyroid cancer and Neuroendocrine tumours.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/epha6/","cancers":"thyroid neuroendocrine"},{"id":"hdac7","kind":"target","name":"HDAC7","aka":"histone deacetylase 7\nHistone deacetylase 7\nDKFZP586J0917\nHDAC7A","tldr":"HDAC7 (Histone deacetylase 7) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Multiple myeloma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hdac7/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"psmd12","kind":"target","name":"PSMD12","aka":"proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 12\n26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 12\np55\nRpn5","tldr":"PSMD12 (26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 12) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psmd12/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"pole2","kind":"target","name":"POLE2","aka":"DNA polymerase epsilon 2, accessory subunit\nDNA polymerase epsilon subunit 2\nDPE2","tldr":"POLE2 (DNA polymerase epsilon subunit 2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Leukaemia, Lung cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pole2/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma leukaemia lung-cancer myeloproliferative-neoplasms breast-cancer ovarian mds all-leukemia"},{"id":"psma5","kind":"target","name":"PSMA5","aka":"proteasome 20S subunit alpha 5\nProteasome subunit alpha type-5","tldr":"PSMA5 (Proteasome subunit alpha type-5) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psma5/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"psmd14","kind":"target","name":"PSMD14","aka":"proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 14\nUbiquitin C-terminal hydrolase PSMD14\nPOH1\npad1\nRpn11","tldr":"PSMD14 (Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase PSMD14) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a DNA repair gene, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psmd14/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"tuba1b","kind":"target","name":"TUBA1B","aka":"tubulin alpha 1b\nTubulin alpha-1B chain\nK-ALPHA-1","tldr":"TUBA1B (Tubulin alpha-1B chain) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Breast cancer, Lung cancer, Prostate cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tuba1b/","cancers":"breast-cancer lung-cancer prostate non-hodgkin-lymphoma multiple-myeloma hodgkin-lymphoma cervical sarcoma"},{"id":"psma7","kind":"target","name":"PSMA7","aka":"proteasome 20S subunit alpha 7\nProteasome subunit alpha type-7\nXAPC7\nC6\nRC6-1","tldr":"PSMA7 (Proteasome subunit alpha type-7) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psma7/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"cul4a","kind":"target","name":"CUL4A","aka":"cullin 4A\nCullin-4A","tldr":"CUL4A (Cullin-4A) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a DNA repair gene, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cul4a/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mds follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"tubb6","kind":"target","name":"TUBB6","aka":"tubulin beta 6 class V\nTubulin beta-6 chain\nMGC4083\nHsT1601","tldr":"TUBB6 (Tubulin beta-6 chain) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Lung cancer, Breast cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tubb6/","cancers":"lung-cancer breast-cancer non-hodgkin-lymphoma prostate hodgkin-lymphoma cervical multiple-myeloma sarcoma"},{"id":"parp2","kind":"target","name":"PARP2","aka":"poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 2\nPoly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 2\nARTD2\nADPRTL2","tldr":"PARP2 (Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 2) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a DNA repair gene, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Ovarian cancer, Breast cancer and Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/parp2/","cancers":"ovarian breast-cancer prostate"},{"id":"psmc2","kind":"target","name":"PSMC2","aka":"proteasome 26S subunit, ATPase 2\n26S proteasome regulatory subunit 7\nMSS1\nS7\nNbla10058\nRPT1","tldr":"PSMC2 (26S proteasome regulatory subunit 7) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psmc2/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"psma3","kind":"target","name":"PSMA3","aka":"proteasome 20S subunit alpha 3\nProteasome subunit alpha type-3\nHC8","tldr":"PSMA3 (Proteasome subunit alpha type-3) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psma3/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"psmb9","kind":"target","name":"PSMB9","aka":"proteasome 20S subunit beta 9\nProteasome subunit beta type-9\nRING12\nbeta1i\nPSMB6i\nLMP2","tldr":"PSMB9 (Proteasome subunit beta type-9) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psmb9/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"fgf23","kind":"target","name":"FGF23","aka":"fibroblast growth factor 23\nFibroblast growth factor 23","tldr":"FGF23 (Fibroblast growth factor 23) is a protein on the cell surface. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and an antigen, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fgf23/"},{"id":"tubb2a","kind":"target","name":"TUBB2A","aka":"tubulin beta 2A class IIa\nTubulin beta-2A chain\ndJ40E16.7\nTUBB2","tldr":"TUBB2A (Tubulin beta-2A chain) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Breast cancer, Lung cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tubb2a/","cancers":"breast-cancer lung-cancer non-hodgkin-lymphoma prostate hodgkin-lymphoma cervical multiple-myeloma sarcoma"},{"id":"psmb10","kind":"target","name":"PSMB10","aka":"proteasome 20S subunit beta 10\nProteasome subunit beta type-10\nLMP10\nMGC1665\nbeta2i\nMECL1","tldr":"PSMB10 (Proteasome subunit beta type-10) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psmb10/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"prkch","kind":"target","name":"PRKCH","aka":"protein kinase C eta\nPRKCH upstream open reading frame 2\nPKC-L\nPRKCL","tldr":"PRKCH (PRKCH upstream open reading frame 2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Systemic mastocytosis and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/prkch/","cancers":"leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms systemic-mastocytosis aml"},{"id":"psmd2","kind":"target","name":"PSMD2","aka":"proteasome 26S subunit ubiquitin receptor, non-ATPase 2\n26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 2\nS2\nP97\nTRAP2\nMGC14274\nRpn1","tldr":"PSMD2 (26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psmd2/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"psmd1","kind":"target","name":"PSMD1","aka":"proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 1\n26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 1\nS1\nP112\nRpn2","tldr":"PSMD1 (26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psmd1/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"ddb1","kind":"target","name":"DDB1","aka":"damage specific DNA binding protein 1\nDNA damage-binding protein 1","tldr":"DDB1 (DNA damage-binding protein 1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a DNA repair gene, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ddb1/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mds follicular-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"tuba1a","kind":"target","name":"TUBA1A","aka":"tubulin alpha 1a\nTubulin alpha-1A chain\nTUBA3\nB-ALPHA-1\nFLJ25113","tldr":"TUBA1A (Tubulin alpha-1A chain) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Breast cancer, Lung cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tuba1a/","cancers":"breast-cancer lung-cancer non-hodgkin-lymphoma prostate hodgkin-lymphoma cervical multiple-myeloma sarcoma"},{"id":"psmd3","kind":"target","name":"PSMD3","aka":"proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 3\n26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 3\nS3\nP58\nRpn3\nTSTA2","tldr":"PSMD3 (26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 3) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psmd3/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"pold4","kind":"target","name":"POLD4","aka":"DNA polymerase delta 4, accessory subunit\nDNA polymerase delta subunit 4\np12\nPOLDS","tldr":"POLD4 (DNA polymerase delta subunit 4) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a DNA repair gene, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Lung cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pold4/","cancers":"leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma lung-cancer myeloproliferative-neoplasms breast-cancer ovarian mds all-leukemia"},{"id":"tuba4a","kind":"target","name":"TUBA4A","aka":"tubulin alpha 4a\nTubulin alpha-4A chain\nFLJ30169\nH2-ALPHA\nTUBA1","tldr":"TUBA4A (Tubulin alpha-4A chain) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Breast cancer, Lung cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tuba4a/","cancers":"breast-cancer lung-cancer non-hodgkin-lymphoma prostate sarcoma hodgkin-lymphoma cervical multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"fdps","kind":"target","name":"FDPS","aka":"farnesyl diphosphate synthase\nFarnesyl pyrophosphate synthase","tldr":"FDPS (Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Prostate cancer, Multiple myeloma and Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fdps/","cancers":"prostate multiple-myeloma breast-cancer"},{"id":"psmb4","kind":"target","name":"PSMB4","aka":"proteasome 20S subunit beta 4\nProteasome subunit beta type-4\nHN3\nPROS26","tldr":"PSMB4 (Proteasome subunit beta type-4) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psmb4/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"psmc5","kind":"target","name":"PSMC5","aka":"proteasome 26S subunit, ATPase 5\n26S proteasome regulatory subunit 8\nSUG1\np45/SUG\nTBP10\np45\nS8\nTRIP1\nSUG-1\nRPT6","tldr":"PSMC5 (26S proteasome regulatory subunit 8) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psmc5/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"psmd8","kind":"target","name":"PSMD8","aka":"proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 8\n26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 8\nS14\nNin1p\np31\nHIP6\nRpn12","tldr":"PSMD8 (26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 8) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psmd8/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"psma1","kind":"target","name":"PSMA1","aka":"proteasome 20S subunit alpha 1\nProteasome subunit alpha type-1\nHC2\nPROS30\nMGC14542\nMGC14575\nMGC14751\nMGC1667\nMGC21459\nMGC22853\nMGC23915","tldr":"PSMA1 (Proteasome subunit alpha type-1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psma1/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"rarb","kind":"target","name":"RARB","aka":"retinoic acid receptor beta\nRetinoic acid receptor beta\nNR1B2\nRRB2\nRARbeta\nRAR-beta","tldr":"RARB (Retinoic acid receptor beta) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Acute myeloid leukaemia and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rarb/","cancers":"leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms aml apl"},{"id":"psmb2","kind":"target","name":"PSMB2","aka":"proteasome 20S subunit beta 2\nProteasome subunit beta type-2\nHC7-I","tldr":"PSMB2 (Proteasome subunit beta type-2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psmb2/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"pold2","kind":"target","name":"POLD2","aka":"DNA polymerase delta 2, accessory subunit\nDNA polymerase delta subunit 2","tldr":"POLD2 (DNA polymerase delta subunit 2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a DNA repair gene, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Lung cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pold2/","cancers":"leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma lung-cancer myeloproliferative-neoplasms breast-cancer ovarian mds all-leukemia"},{"id":"psmd13","kind":"target","name":"PSMD13","aka":"proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 13\n26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 13\np40.5\nRpn9","tldr":"PSMD13 (26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 13) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psmd13/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"cd3d","kind":"target","name":"CD3D","aka":"CD3 delta subunit of T-cell receptor complex\nT-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 delta chain\nCD3DELTA\nCD3-DELTA\nT3D","tldr":"CD3D (T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 delta chain) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Multiple myeloma, Leukaemia and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cd3d/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma multiple-myeloma leukaemia lung-cancer neuroendocrine dlbcl follicular-lymphoma all-leukemia"},{"id":"pde3b","kind":"target","name":"PDE3B","aka":"phosphodiesterase 3B\ncGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 3B\nHcGIP1","tldr":"PDE3B (cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 3B) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Myeloproliferative neoplasms and Essential thrombocythaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pde3b/","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms essential-thrombocythaemia"},{"id":"psmb6","kind":"target","name":"PSMB6","aka":"proteasome 20S subunit beta 6\nProteasome subunit beta type-6\nDELTA","tldr":"PSMB6 (Proteasome subunit beta type-6) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psmb6/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"psmc4","kind":"target","name":"PSMC4","aka":"proteasome 26S subunit, ATPase 4\n26S proteasome regulatory subunit 6B\nTBP7\nS6\nMGC8570\nMGC13687\nMGC23214\nTBP-7\nRPT3\nMIP224","tldr":"PSMC4 (26S proteasome regulatory subunit 6B) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psmc4/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"parp3","kind":"target","name":"PARP3","aka":"poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase family member 3\nProtein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP3\nADPRT3\nIRT1\nhPARP-3\npADPRT-3\nARTD3\nADPRTL3","tldr":"PARP3 (Protein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP3) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a DNA repair gene, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Ovarian cancer and Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/parp3/","cancers":"ovarian prostate"},{"id":"ptgs1","kind":"target","name":"PTGS1","aka":"prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1\nProstaglandin G/H synthase 1\nCOX1\nPGHS-1\nPTGHS","tldr":"PTGS1 (Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ptgs1/"},{"id":"tubb1","kind":"target","name":"TUBB1","aka":"tubulin beta 1 class VI\nTubulin beta-1 chain\ndJ543J19.4","tldr":"TUBB1 (Tubulin beta-1 chain) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Breast cancer, Lung cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tubb1/","cancers":"breast-cancer lung-cancer non-hodgkin-lymphoma prostate hodgkin-lymphoma multiple-myeloma cervical sarcoma"},{"id":"psmb3","kind":"target","name":"PSMB3","aka":"proteasome 20S subunit beta 3\nProteasome subunit beta type-3\nHC10-II\nMGC4147","tldr":"PSMB3 (Proteasome subunit beta type-3) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psmb3/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"psmb1","kind":"target","name":"PSMB1","aka":"proteasome 20S subunit beta 1\nProteasome subunit beta type-1\nPMSB1\nHC5","tldr":"PSMB1 (Proteasome subunit beta type-1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psmb1/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"psma8","kind":"target","name":"PSMA8","aka":"proteasome 20S subunit alpha 8\nProteasome subunit alpha-type 8\nMGC26605\nPSMA7L","tldr":"PSMA8 (Proteasome subunit alpha-type 8) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psma8/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"ephb4","kind":"target","name":"EPHB4","aka":"EPH receptor B4\nEphrin type-B receptor 4\nTyro11","tldr":"EPHB4 (Ephrin type-B receptor 4) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Thyroid cancer and Neuroendocrine tumours.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ephb4/","cancers":"colorectal thyroid neuroendocrine"},{"id":"il2rg","kind":"target","name":"IL2RG","aka":"interleukin 2 receptor subunit gamma\nCytokine receptor common subunit gamma\nCD132\nSCIDX1\nIMD4","tldr":"IL2RG (Cytokine receptor common subunit gamma) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Skin cancer, Renal cell carcinoma, Leukaemia and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/il2rg/","cancers":"skin-cancer rcc leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma melanoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"psmc6","kind":"target","name":"PSMC6","aka":"proteasome 26S subunit, ATPase 6\n26S proteasome regulatory subunit 10B\np42\nRPT5","tldr":"PSMC6 (26S proteasome regulatory subunit 10B) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psmc6/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"psmc3","kind":"target","name":"PSMC3","aka":"proteasome 26S subunit, ATPase 3\n26S proteasome regulatory subunit 6A\nTBP1\nTBP-1\nRPT5","tldr":"PSMC3 (26S proteasome regulatory subunit 6A) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psmc3/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"psmb11","kind":"target","name":"PSMB11","aka":"proteasome subunit beta 11\nProteasome subunit beta type-11\nbeta5t","tldr":"PSMB11 (Proteasome subunit beta type-11) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psmb11/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"il2rb","kind":"target","name":"IL2RB","aka":"interleukin 2 receptor subunit beta\nInterleukin-2 receptor subunit beta\nCD122\nIL15RB","tldr":"IL2RB (Interleukin-2 receptor subunit beta) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Skin cancer, Leukaemia, Renal cell carcinoma and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/il2rb/","cancers":"skin-cancer leukaemia rcc non-hodgkin-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma melanoma"},{"id":"scn3a","kind":"target","name":"SCN3A","aka":"sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 3\nSodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha\nNav1.3","tldr":"SCN3A (Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/scn3a/"},{"id":"tgfb1","kind":"target","name":"TGFB1","aka":"transforming growth factor beta 1\nTransforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein\nTGFbeta\nDPD1","tldr":"TGFB1 (Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tgfb1/","cancers":"mds colorectal"},{"id":"fgr","kind":"target","name":"FGR","aka":"FGR proto-oncogene, Src family tyrosine kinase\nTyrosine-protein kinase Fgr\nc-fgr\np55c-fgr\nSRC2","tldr":"FGR (Tyrosine-protein kinase Fgr) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fgr/","cancers":"leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms non-hodgkin-lymphoma cml all-leukemia"},{"id":"srd5a3","kind":"target","name":"SRD5A3","aka":"steroid 5 alpha-reductase 3\nPolyprenal reductase\nFLJ13352\nSRD5A2L\nSRD5A2L1","tldr":"SRD5A3 (Polyprenal reductase) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/srd5a3/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"mapk11","kind":"target","name":"MAPK11","aka":"mitogen-activated protein kinase 11\nMitogen-activated protein kinase 11\np38-2\np38Beta\nSAPK2\nPRKM11","tldr":"MAPK11 (Mitogen-activated protein kinase 11) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mapk11/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"ifnar2","kind":"target","name":"IFNAR2","aka":"interferon alpha and beta receptor subunit 2\nInterferon alpha/beta receptor 2\nIFNABR","tldr":"IFNAR2 (Interferon alpha/beta receptor 2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ifnar2/","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma multiple-myeloma melanoma polycythaemia-vera all-leukemia cml"},{"id":"tuba3e","kind":"target","name":"TUBA3E","aka":"tubulin alpha 3e\nTubulin alpha-3E chain","tldr":"TUBA3E (Tubulin alpha-3E chain) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Breast cancer, Lung cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tuba3e/","cancers":"breast-cancer lung-cancer non-hodgkin-lymphoma prostate hodgkin-lymphoma cervical multiple-myeloma sarcoma"},{"id":"srd5a1","kind":"target","name":"SRD5A1","aka":"steroid 5 alpha-reductase 1\n3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 1","tldr":"SRD5A1 (3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 1) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/srd5a1/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"cd3g","kind":"target","name":"CD3G","aka":"CD3 gamma subunit of T-cell receptor complex\nT-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 gamma chain\nCD3-GAMMA\nCD3GAMMA","tldr":"CD3G (T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 gamma chain) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Multiple myeloma, Leukaemia and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cd3g/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma multiple-myeloma leukaemia lung-cancer neuroendocrine dlbcl follicular-lymphoma all-leukemia"},{"id":"pole3","kind":"target","name":"POLE3","aka":"DNA polymerase epsilon 3, accessory subunit\nDNA polymerase epsilon subunit 3\nCHRAC17\nYbl1\np17\nCHARAC17\nCHRAC2","tldr":"POLE3 (DNA polymerase epsilon subunit 3) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Lung cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pole3/","cancers":"leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma lung-cancer myeloproliferative-neoplasms breast-cancer ovarian mds all-leukemia"},{"id":"tubb8","kind":"target","name":"TUBB8","aka":"tubulin beta 8 class VIII\nTubulin beta-8 chain\nbA631M21.2","tldr":"TUBB8 (Tubulin beta-8 chain) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Breast cancer, Lung cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tubb8/","cancers":"breast-cancer lung-cancer non-hodgkin-lymphoma prostate hodgkin-lymphoma cervical multiple-myeloma sarcoma"},{"id":"hdac5","kind":"target","name":"HDAC5","aka":"histone deacetylase 5\nHistone deacetylase 5\nKIAA0600\nNY-CO-9\nFLJ90614","tldr":"HDAC5 (Histone deacetylase 5) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Multiple myeloma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hdac5/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"hdac8","kind":"target","name":"HDAC8","aka":"histone deacetylase 8\nHistone deacetylase 8\nRPD3\nKDAC8\nHDACL1\nMRXS6","tldr":"HDAC8 (Histone deacetylase 8) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Multiple myeloma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hdac8/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"hdac10","kind":"target","name":"HDAC10","aka":"histone deacetylase 10\nPolyamine deacetylase HDAC10\nDKFZP761B039","tldr":"HDAC10 (Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a DNA repair gene, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Multiple myeloma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hdac10/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"prkcq","kind":"target","name":"PRKCQ","aka":"protein kinase C theta\nProtein kinase C theta type","tldr":"PRKCQ (Protein kinase C theta type) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Systemic mastocytosis and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/prkcq/","cancers":"leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms systemic-mastocytosis aml"},{"id":"casr","kind":"target","name":"CASR","aka":"calcium sensing receptor\nExtracellular calcium-sensing receptor\nNSHPT\nGPRC2A\nHHC1","tldr":"CASR (Extracellular calcium-sensing receptor) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/casr/"},{"id":"epha1","kind":"target","name":"EPHA1","aka":"EPH receptor A1\nEphrin type-A receptor 1\nEPHT1","tldr":"EPHA1 (Ephrin type-A receptor 1) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Thyroid cancer and Neuroendocrine tumours.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/epha1/","cancers":"thyroid neuroendocrine"},{"id":"ephb3","kind":"target","name":"EPHB3","aka":"EPH receptor B3\nEphrin type-B receptor 3\nHek2\nTyro6\nETK2","tldr":"EPHB3 (Ephrin type-B receptor 3) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Thyroid cancer and Neuroendocrine tumours.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ephb3/","cancers":"thyroid neuroendocrine"},{"id":"epha10","kind":"target","name":"EPHA10","aka":"EPH receptor A10\nEphrin type-A receptor 10\nFLJ16103\nFLJ33655","tldr":"EPHA10 (Ephrin type-A receptor 10) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Thyroid cancer and Neuroendocrine tumours.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/epha10/","cancers":"thyroid neuroendocrine"},{"id":"ghsr","kind":"target","name":"GHSR","aka":"growth hormone secretagogue receptor\nGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1\nGHS-R1a\nGHS-R\nGHSR-1a","tldr":"GHSR (Growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ghsr/"},{"id":"srms","kind":"target","name":"SRMS","aka":"src-related kinase lacking C-terminal regulatory tyrosine and N-terminal myristylation sites\nTyrosine-protein kinase Srms\ndJ697K14.1\nPTK70\nC20orf148","tldr":"SRMS (Tyrosine-protein kinase Srms) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/srms/","cancers":"leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms non-hodgkin-lymphoma cml all-leukemia"},{"id":"kcnq1","kind":"target","name":"KCNQ1","aka":"potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 1\nPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1\nKv7.1\nKCNA8\nKVLQT1\nJLNS1\nLQT1\nKCNA9","tldr":"KCNQ1 (Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kcnq1/"},{"id":"prkd3","kind":"target","name":"PRKD3","aka":"protein kinase D3\nSerine/threonine-protein kinase D3\nPKD3\nEPK2\nPRKCN","tldr":"PRKD3 (Serine/threonine-protein kinase D3) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Systemic mastocytosis and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/prkd3/","cancers":"leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms systemic-mastocytosis aml"},{"id":"prkcg","kind":"target","name":"PRKCG","aka":"protein kinase C gamma\nProtein kinase C gamma type\nMGC57564\nPKCγ\nSCA14","tldr":"PRKCG (Protein kinase C gamma type) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Systemic mastocytosis and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/prkcg/","cancers":"leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms systemic-mastocytosis aml"},{"id":"impdh1","kind":"target","name":"IMPDH1","aka":"inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase 1\nInosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 1\nsWSS2608\nLCA11\nRP10","tldr":"IMPDH1 (Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 1) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Myeloproliferative neoplasms and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/impdh1/","cancers":"leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma myeloproliferative-neoplasms all-leukemia aml"},{"id":"thra","kind":"target","name":"THRA","aka":"thyroid hormone receptor alpha\nThyroid hormone receptor alpha\nEAR-7.1/EAR-7.2\nTHRA3\nAR7\nNR1A1\nTRalpha\nTRalpha1\nTRalpha2\nc-ERBA-1\nc-erbA\nTHRalpha\nTHRalpha1\nTHRalpha2\nTHRA1\nTHRA2\nERBA1","tldr":"THRA (Thyroid hormone receptor alpha) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Thyroid cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/thra/","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"prkcd","kind":"target","name":"PRKCD","aka":"protein kinase C delta\nProtein kinase C delta type","tldr":"PRKCD (Protein kinase C delta type) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a tumour suppressor, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/prkcd/","cancers":"leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms non-hodgkin-lymphoma systemic-mastocytosis aml"},{"id":"atp4b","kind":"target","name":"ATP4B","aka":"ATPase H+/K+ transporting subunit beta\nPotassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta\nATP6B","tldr":"ATP4B (Potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/atp4b/","cancers":"gastric non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"epha8","kind":"target","name":"EPHA8","aka":"EPH receptor A8\nEphrin type-A receptor 8\nHek3","tldr":"EPHA8 (Ephrin type-A receptor 8) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Neuroendocrine tumours and Thyroid cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/epha8/","cancers":"neuroendocrine thyroid"},{"id":"sstr5","kind":"target","name":"SSTR5","aka":"somatostatin receptor 5\nSomatostatin receptor type 5","tldr":"SSTR5 (Somatostatin receptor type 5) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Neuroendocrine tumours.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sstr5/","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"adra1a","kind":"target","name":"ADRA1A","aka":"adrenoceptor alpha 1A\nAlpha-1A adrenergic receptor\nADRA1L1\nADRA1C","tldr":"ADRA1A (Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor) is a receptor that reads hormone signals inside the cell nucleus. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Neuroendocrine tumours and Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/adra1a/","cancers":"neuroendocrine prostate"},{"id":"atp4a","kind":"target","name":"ATP4A","aka":"ATPase H+/K+ transporting subunit alpha\nPotassium-transporting ATPase alpha chain 1\nATP6A","tldr":"ATP4A (Potassium-transporting ATPase alpha chain 1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/atp4a/","cancers":"gastric non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"sstr1","kind":"target","name":"SSTR1","aka":"somatostatin receptor 1\nSomatostatin receptor type 1","tldr":"SSTR1 (Somatostatin receptor type 1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Neuroendocrine tumours.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sstr1/","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"ppat","kind":"target","name":"PPAT","aka":"phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase\nAmidophosphoribosyltransferase","tldr":"PPAT (Amidophosphoribosyltransferase) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ppat/","cancers":"leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma all-leukemia"},{"id":"kcnb2","kind":"target","name":"KCNB2","aka":"potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily B member 2\nPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily B member 2\nKv2.2","tldr":"KCNB2 (Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily B member 2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kcnb2/"},{"id":"kcnq5","kind":"target","name":"KCNQ5","aka":"potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 5\nPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 5\nKv7.5","tldr":"KCNQ5 (Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 5) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kcnq5/"},{"id":"cacna1h","kind":"target","name":"CACNA1H","aka":"calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 H\nVoltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1H\nCav3.2","tldr":"CACNA1H (Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1H) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cacna1h/"},{"id":"adra2c","kind":"target","name":"ADRA2C","aka":"adrenoceptor alpha 2C\nAlpha-2C adrenergic receptor\nADRARL2\nADRA2L2\nADRA2RL2","tldr":"ADRA2C (Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/adra2c/"},{"id":"tgfb2","kind":"target","name":"TGFB2","aka":"transforming growth factor beta 2\nTransforming growth factor beta-2 proprotein","tldr":"TGFB2 (Transforming growth factor beta-2 proprotein) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a fusion partner, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tgfb2/","cancers":"mds"},{"id":"scn2a","kind":"target","name":"SCN2A","aka":"sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 2\nSodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha\nNav1.2\nHBSCII\nHBSCI\nSCN2A1\nSCN2A2","tldr":"SCN2A (Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/scn2a/"},{"id":"scn8a","kind":"target","name":"SCN8A","aka":"sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 8\nSodium channel protein type 8 subunit alpha\nNav1.6\nNaCh6\nPN4\nCerIII","tldr":"SCN8A (Sodium channel protein type 8 subunit alpha) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/scn8a/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"sstr4","kind":"target","name":"SSTR4","aka":"somatostatin receptor 4\nSomatostatin receptor type 4","tldr":"SSTR4 (Somatostatin receptor type 4) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Neuroendocrine tumours.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sstr4/","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"slc6a3","kind":"target","name":"SLC6A3","aka":"solute carrier family 6 member 3\nSodium-dependent dopamine transporter\nDAT1","tldr":"SLC6A3 (Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/slc6a3/"},{"id":"sstr3","kind":"target","name":"SSTR3","aka":"somatostatin receptor 3\nSomatostatin receptor type 3","tldr":"SSTR3 (Somatostatin receptor type 3) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Neuroendocrine tumours.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sstr3/","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"kcnh8","kind":"target","name":"KCNH8","aka":"potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 8\nVoltage-gated delayed rectifier potassium channel KCNH8\nKv12.1\nelk3","tldr":"KCNH8 (Voltage-gated delayed rectifier potassium channel KCNH8) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kcnh8/"},{"id":"csf2rb","kind":"target","name":"CSF2RB","aka":"colony stimulating factor 2 receptor subunit beta\nCytokine receptor common subunit beta\nIL5RB\nCD131\nbetaGMR\nIL3RB","tldr":"CSF2RB (Cytokine receptor common subunit beta) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Sarcomas, Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/csf2rb/","cancers":"sarcoma leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms aml"},{"id":"scn4a","kind":"target","name":"SCN4A","aka":"sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 4\nSodium channel protein type 4 subunit alpha\nNav1.4\nSkM1\nHYKPP","tldr":"SCN4A (Sodium channel protein type 4 subunit alpha) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/scn4a/"},{"id":"kcnq3","kind":"target","name":"KCNQ3","aka":"potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 3\nPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3\nKv7.3\nEBN2","tldr":"KCNQ3 (Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kcnq3/"},{"id":"scn5a","kind":"target","name":"SCN5A","aka":"sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 5\nSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha\nNav1.5\nLQT3\nHB1\nPFHB1\nHB2\nHH1\nSSS1\nCDCD2\nCMPD2\nCMD1E","tldr":"SCN5A (Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/scn5a/"},{"id":"adra1b","kind":"target","name":"ADRA1B","aka":"adrenoceptor alpha 1B\nAlpha-1B adrenergic receptor","tldr":"ADRA1B (Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor) is a receptor that reads hormone signals inside the cell nucleus. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Neuroendocrine tumours.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/adra1b/","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"cacna1g","kind":"target","name":"CACNA1G","aka":"calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 G\nVoltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G\nCav3.1\nNBR13","tldr":"CACNA1G (Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cacna1g/"},{"id":"ednra","kind":"target","name":"EDNRA","aka":"endothelin receptor type A\nEndothelin-1 receptor\nET-A\nETA-R\nhET-AR","tldr":"EDNRA (Endothelin-1 receptor) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ednra/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"scn9a","kind":"target","name":"SCN9A","aka":"sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 9\nSodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha\nNav1.7\nPN1\nNE-NA","tldr":"SCN9A (Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/scn9a/"},{"id":"kcna3","kind":"target","name":"KCNA3","aka":"potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 3\nPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 3\nKv1.3\nMK3\nHLK3\nHPCN3\nRP11-284N8.3","tldr":"KCNA3 (Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 3) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kcna3/"},{"id":"scn7a","kind":"target","name":"SCN7A","aka":"sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 7\nSodium channel protein type 7 subunit alpha\nNav2.1\nNav2.2\nNaG\nSCN6A","tldr":"SCN7A (Sodium channel protein type 7 subunit alpha) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/scn7a/"},{"id":"scn10a","kind":"target","name":"SCN10A","aka":"sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 10\nSodium channel protein type 10 subunit alpha\nNav1.8\nhPN3\nPN3","tldr":"SCN10A (Sodium channel protein type 10 subunit alpha) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/scn10a/"},{"id":"scn1a","kind":"target","name":"SCN1A","aka":"sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 1\nSodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha\nNav1.1\nGEFSP2\nHBSCI\nNAC1\nSCN1\nFEB3","tldr":"SCN1A (Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/scn1a/"},{"id":"kcnd3","kind":"target","name":"KCND3","aka":"potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 3\nA-type voltage-gated potassium channel KCND3\nKv4.3\nKSHIVB\nSCA22\nSCA19","tldr":"KCND3 (A-type voltage-gated potassium channel KCND3) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kcnd3/"},{"id":"cacna1i","kind":"target","name":"CACNA1I","aka":"calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 I\nVoltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1I\nCav3.3","tldr":"CACNA1I (Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1I) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cacna1i/"},{"id":"adra1d","kind":"target","name":"ADRA1D","aka":"adrenoceptor alpha 1D\nAlpha-1D adrenergic receptor\nADRA1R\nADRA1A\nADRA1","tldr":"ADRA1D (Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Neuroendocrine tumours.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/adra1d/","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"kcnh1","kind":"target","name":"KCNH1","aka":"potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 1\nVoltage-gated delayed rectifier potassium channel KCNH1\nKv10.1\neag\nh-eag\neag1\nhEAG\nK(V)10.1","tldr":"KCNH1 (Voltage-gated delayed rectifier potassium channel KCNH1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kcnh1/"},{"id":"pik3cg","kind":"target","name":"PIK3CG","aka":"phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma\nPhosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform","tldr":"PIK3CG (Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Leukaemia, Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pik3cg/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma leukaemia all-leukemia cll follicular-lymphoma"},{"id":"cda","kind":"target","name":"CDA","aka":"cytidine deaminase\nCytidine deaminase","tldr":"CDA (Cytidine deaminase) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms and Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cda/","cancers":"leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms mds"},{"id":"slc6a2","kind":"target","name":"SLC6A2","aka":"solute carrier family 6 member 2\nSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter\nNET1\nNAT1\nSLC6A5","tldr":"SLC6A2 (Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Neuroendocrine tumours.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/slc6a2/","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"scn11a","kind":"target","name":"SCN11A","aka":"sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 11\nSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alpha\nNav1.9\nNaN\nSNS-2\nSCN12A","tldr":"SCN11A (Sodium channel protein type 11 subunit alpha) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/scn11a/"},{"id":"slc6a4","kind":"target","name":"SLC6A4","aka":"solute carrier family 6 member 4\nSodium-dependent serotonin transporter\n5-HTT\nSERT1\nOCD1","tldr":"SLC6A4 (Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/slc6a4/"},{"id":"kcnd2","kind":"target","name":"KCND2","aka":"potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 2\nA-type voltage-gated potassium channel KCND2\nKv4.2\nRK5\nKIAA1044","tldr":"KCND2 (A-type voltage-gated potassium channel KCND2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kcnd2/"},{"id":"ifna2","kind":"target","name":"IFNA2","aka":"interferon alpha 2\nInterferon alpha-2\nIFN-alphaA","tldr":"IFNA2 (Interferon alpha-2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ifna2/"},{"id":"adra2a","kind":"target","name":"ADRA2A","aka":"adrenoceptor alpha 2A\nAlpha-2A adrenergic receptor\nADRAR\nADRA2\nADRA2R","tldr":"ADRA2A (Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Neuroendocrine tumours.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/adra2a/","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"cyp11b1","kind":"target","name":"CYP11B1","aka":"cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily B member 1\nCytochrome P450 11B1, mitochondrial\nP450C11\nCPN1\nCYP11B","tldr":"CYP11B1 (Cytochrome P450 11B1, mitochondrial) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Renal cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cyp11b1/","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"kcnh7","kind":"target","name":"KCNH7","aka":"potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 7\nVoltage-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel KCNH7\nKv11.3\nHERG3\nerg3","tldr":"KCNH7 (Voltage-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel KCNH7) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kcnh7/"},{"id":"adra2b","kind":"target","name":"ADRA2B","aka":"adrenoceptor alpha 2B\nAlpha-2B adrenergic receptor\nADRARL1\nADRA2L1\nADRA2RL1","tldr":"ADRA2B (Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/adra2b/"},{"id":"kcna4","kind":"target","name":"KCNA4","aka":"potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 4\nPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 4\nKv1.4\nHK1\nHPCN2\nPCN2\nKCNA4L","tldr":"KCNA4 (Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 4) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kcna4/"},{"id":"snap25","kind":"target","name":"SNAP25","aka":"synaptosome associated protein 25\nSynaptosomal-associated protein 25\nSNAP-25\nRIC-4\nRIC4\nSEC9\nbA416N4.2\ndJ1068F16.2","tldr":"SNAP25 (Synaptosomal-associated protein 25) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/snap25/"},{"id":"kcnf1","kind":"target","name":"KCNF1","aka":"potassium voltage-gated channel modifier subfamily F member 1\nVoltage-gated potassium channel regulatory subunit KCNF1\nKv5.1\nkH1\nIK8","tldr":"KCNF1 (Voltage-gated potassium channel regulatory subunit KCNF1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kcnf1/"},{"id":"kcnc2","kind":"target","name":"KCNC2","aka":"potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily C member 2\nVoltage-gated potassium channel KCNC2\nKv3.2","tldr":"KCNC2 (Voltage-gated potassium channel KCNC2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kcnc2/"},{"id":"tgfb3","kind":"target","name":"TGFB3","aka":"transforming growth factor beta 3\nTransforming growth factor beta-3 proprotein\nARVD1","tldr":"TGFB3 (Transforming growth factor beta-3 proprotein) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tgfb3/","cancers":"mds"},{"id":"ugt1a1","kind":"target","name":"UGT1A1","aka":"UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A1\nUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1\nUGT1A\nUGT1\nGNT1","tldr":"UGT1A1 (UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ugt1a1/"},{"id":"csf1","kind":"target","name":"CSF1","aka":"colony stimulating factor 1\nMacrophage colony-stimulating factor 1\nM-CSF\nMGC31930","tldr":"CSF1 (Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Tenosynovial giant cell tumour.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/csf1/","cancers":"tenosynovial-giant-cell-tumour"},{"id":"mcl1","kind":"target","name":"MCL1","aka":"MCL1 apoptosis regulator, BCL2 family member\nInduced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1\nBCL2L3\nMcl-1","tldr":"MCL1 (Induced myeloid leukaemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Multiple myeloma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mcl1/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"nudt15","kind":"target","name":"NUDT15","aka":"nudix hydrolase 15\nNucleotide triphosphate diphosphatase NUDT15\nMTH2\nFLJ10956","tldr":"NUDT15 (Nucleotide triphosphate diphosphatase NUDT15) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nudt15/"},{"id":"col6a3","kind":"target","name":"COL6A3","aka":"collagen type VI alpha 3 chain\nCollagen alpha-3(VI) chain","tldr":"COL6A3 (Collagen alpha-3(VI) chain) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a tumour suppressor, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/col6a3/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"tec","kind":"target","name":"TEC","aka":"tec protein tyrosine kinase\nTyrosine-protein kinase Tec\nPSCTK4","tldr":"TEC (Tyrosine-protein kinase Tec) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and an oncogene driver, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Oesophageal cancer and Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tec/","cancers":"esophageal oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"aph1a","kind":"target","name":"APH1A","aka":"aph-1A gamma-secretase subunit\nGamma-secretase subunit APH-1A\nAPH-1A\nCGI-78","tldr":"APH1A (Gamma-secretase subunit APH-1A) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Desmoid tumour.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/aph1a/","cancers":"desmoid-tumour"},{"id":"aph1b","kind":"target","name":"APH1B","aka":"aph-1B gamma-secretase subunit\nGamma-secretase subunit APH-1B\nAPH-1B\nDKFZp564D0372","tldr":"APH1B (Gamma-secretase subunit APH-1B) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Desmoid tumour.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/aph1b/","cancers":"desmoid-tumour"},{"id":"csnk1e","kind":"target","name":"CSNK1E","aka":"casein kinase 1 epsilon\nCasein kinase I isoform epsilon\nHCKIE\nCKIepsilon","tldr":"CSNK1E (Casein kinase I isoform epsilon) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Follicular lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/csnk1e/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma follicular-lymphoma"},{"id":"ncstn","kind":"target","name":"NCSTN","aka":"nicastrin\nNicastrin\nKIAA0253\nAPH2","tldr":"NCSTN (Nicastrin) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Desmoid tumour.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ncstn/","cancers":"desmoid-tumour"},{"id":"psen2","kind":"target","name":"PSEN2","aka":"presenilin 2\nPresenilin-2\nAD3L\nSTM2\nPS2\nPS-2\nE5-1\nAD4","tldr":"PSEN2 (Presenilin-2) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Desmoid tumour.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psen2/","cancers":"desmoid-tumour"},{"id":"psenen","kind":"target","name":"PSENEN","aka":"presenilin enhancer, gamma-secretase subunit\nGamma-secretase subunit PEN-2\nPEN2","tldr":"PSENEN (Gamma-secretase subunit PEN-2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Desmoid tumour.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psenen/","cancers":"desmoid-tumour"},{"id":"tph2","kind":"target","name":"TPH2","aka":"tryptophan hydroxylase 2\nTryptophan 5-hydroxylase 2\nFLJ37295","tldr":"TPH2 (Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase 2) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it. Tied to Neuroendocrine tumours.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tph2/","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"vhl","kind":"target","name":"VHL","aka":"von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor\nvon Hippel-Lindau disease tumor suppressor\nVHL1","tldr":"VHL (von Hippel-Lindau disease tumour suppressor) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Renal cell carcinoma, Neuroendocrine tumours, Breast cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/vhl/","cancers":"rcc neuroendocrine breast-cancer pancreatic pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma clear-cell-rcc polycythaemia-vera chromophobe-rcc"},{"id":"atm","kind":"target","name":"ATM","aka":"ATM serine/threonine kinase\nSerine-protein kinase ATM\nTEL1\nTELO1","tldr":"ATM is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/atm/","cancers":"breast-cancer colorectal non-hodgkin-lymphoma prostate leukaemia gastric urothelial ovarian pancreatic gallbladder"},{"id":"cdkn2a","kind":"target","name":"CDKN2A","aka":"cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A\nCyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A\nCDK4I\np16\nINK4a\nMTS1\nCMM2\np19\np14\nINK4\np16INK4a\np19Arf\np14ARF\nP16-INK4A\nCAI2\nCDKN2","tldr":"CDKN2A (Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Skin cancer, Lung cancer, Bladder & urothelial cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cdkn2a/","cancers":"skin-cancer lung-cancer urothelial head-and-neck non-hodgkin-lymphoma esophageal leukaemia ovarian pancreatic gallbladder nsclc"},{"id":"notch1","kind":"target","name":"NOTCH1","aka":"notch receptor 1\nNeurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1\nTAN1","tldr":"NOTCH1 (Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/notch1/","cancers":"leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma head-and-neck lung-cancer esophageal salivary-gland colorectal cervical tnbc sclc"},{"id":"smad4","kind":"target","name":"SMAD4","aka":"SMAD family member 4\nDPC4\nMADH4","tldr":"SMAD4 (SMAD family member 4) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, Oesophageal cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/smad4/","cancers":"colorectal gastric esophageal pancreatic biliary-tract-cancer prostate head-and-neck breast-cancer gallbladder"},{"id":"mlh1","kind":"target","name":"MLH1","aka":"mutL homolog 1\nDNA mismatch repair protein Mlh1\nHNPCC\nFCC2\nHNPCC2\nMLH-1\nCOCA2","tldr":"MLH1 (DNA mismatch repair protein Mlh1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Ovarian cancer, Endometrial cancer and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mlh1/","cancers":"colorectal ovarian endometrial breast-cancer gastric skin-cancer lung-cancer"},{"id":"dicer1","kind":"target","name":"DICER1","aka":"dicer 1, ribonuclease III\nEndoribonuclease Dicer\nDicer\nKIAA0928\nK12H4.8-LIKE\nHERNA\nMNG1","tldr":"DICER1 (Endoribonuclease Dicer) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Lung cancer, Sarcomas, Brain and spinal cord tumours and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/dicer1/","cancers":"lung-cancer sarcoma brain-tumours ovarian skin-cancer colorectal endometrial nsclc"},{"id":"rb1","kind":"target","name":"RB1","aka":"RB transcriptional corepressor 1\nRetinoblastoma-associated protein\nPPP1R130","tldr":"RB1 (Retinoblastoma-associated protein) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer, Lung cancer, Neuroendocrine tumours and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rb1/","cancers":"urothelial lung-cancer neuroendocrine sarcoma hcc breast-cancer skin-cancer esophageal tnbc sclc prostate"},{"id":"hras","kind":"target","name":"HRAS","aka":"HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase\nGTPase HRas\nHRAS1","tldr":"HRAS (GTPase HRas) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer, Thyroid cancer, Sarcomas and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hras/","cancers":"urothelial thyroid sarcoma head-and-neck neuroendocrine prostate colorectal breast-cancer"},{"id":"smarcb1","kind":"target","name":"SMARCB1","aka":"SWI/SNF related BAF chromatin remodeling complex subunit B1\nSWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily B member 1\nBAF47\nIni1\nINI-1\nSnr1\nhSNFS\nSfh1p\nPPP1R144\nSNF5\nSNF5L1","tldr":"SMARCB1 is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/smarcb1/","cancers":"sarcoma neuroendocrine rcc ovarian atrt epithelioid-sarcoma synovial-sarcoma medulloblastoma"},{"id":"smarca4","kind":"target","name":"SMARCA4","aka":"SWI/SNF related BAF chromatin remodeling complex subunit ATPase 4\nSWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A member 4\nhSNF2b\nBRG1\nBAF190\nSNF2\nSWI2\nSNF2-BETA\nSNF2LB\nFLJ39786\nSNF2L4","tldr":"SMARCA4 is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/smarca4/","cancers":"sarcoma lung-cancer neuroendocrine ovarian esophageal pancreatic non-hodgkin-lymphoma urothelial nsclc"},{"id":"stk11","kind":"target","name":"STK11","aka":"serine/threonine kinase 11\nSerine/threonine-protein kinase STK11\nLKB1","tldr":"STK11 is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/stk11/","cancers":"lung-cancer ovarian cervical breast-cancer prostate pancreatic anal thyroid gallbladder nsclc"},{"id":"bap1","kind":"target","name":"BAP1","aka":"BRCA1 associated deubiquitinase 1\nUbiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase BAP1\nhucep-6\nKIAA0272\nUCHL2","tldr":"BAP1 (Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase BAP1) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Renal cell carcinoma, Mesothelioma, Biliary tract cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/bap1/","cancers":"rcc mesothelioma biliary-tract-cancer hcc gastric breast-cancer cervical esophageal"},{"id":"arid1a","kind":"target","name":"ARID1A","aka":"AT-rich interaction domain 1A\nAT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1A\nB120\nP270\nC10rf4\nBAF250\nBAF250a\nC1orf4\nSMARCF1","tldr":"ARID1A (AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1A) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer, Colorectal cancer, Endometrial cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/arid1a/","cancers":"urothelial colorectal endometrial gastric breast-cancer lung-cancer hcc non-hodgkin-lymphoma pancreatic gallbladder"},{"id":"ercc2","kind":"target","name":"ERCC2","aka":"ERCC excision repair 2, TFIIH core complex helicase subunit\nGeneral transcription and DNA repair factor IIH helicase subunit XPD\nEM9\nMGC102762\nMGC126218\nMGC126219","tldr":"ERCC2 (General transcription and DNA repair factor IIH helicase subunit XPD) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer, Skin cancer, Colorectal cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ercc2/","cancers":"urothelial skin-cancer colorectal ovarian gastric melanoma nsclc osteosarcoma"},{"id":"kmt2d","kind":"target","name":"KMT2D","aka":"lysine methyltransferase 2D\nHistone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2D\nMLL4\nCAGL114\nTNRC21\nMLL2","tldr":"KMT2D (Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2D) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Lung cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Bladder & urothelial cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kmt2d/","cancers":"lung-cancer non-hodgkin-lymphoma urothelial head-and-neck colorectal prostate neuroendocrine gastric"},{"id":"runx1","kind":"target","name":"RUNX1","aka":"RUNX family transcription factor 1\nRunt-related transcription factor 1\nPEBP2A2\nAMLCR1\nAML1\nCBFA2","tldr":"RUNX1 (Runt-related transcription factor 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor, a biomarker and a fusion partner, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/runx1/","cancers":"leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms non-hodgkin-lymphoma mds breast-cancer salivary-gland ovarian lung-cancer"},{"id":"palb2","kind":"target","name":"PALB2","aka":"partner and localizer of BRCA2\nPartner and localizer of BRCA2\nFLJ21816\nFANCN","tldr":"PALB2 (Partner and localizer of BRCA2) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a tumour suppressor, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer, Ovarian cancer, Colorectal cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/palb2/","cancers":"breast-cancer ovarian colorectal biliary-tract-cancer gastric prostate lung-cancer pancreatic tnbc gallbladder"},{"id":"wt1","kind":"target","name":"WT1","aka":"WT1 transcription factor\nWilms tumor protein\nWIT-2\nAWT1\nNPHS4\nWT-1","tldr":"WT1 (Wilms tumour protein) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor, a biomarker and a fusion partner, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Leukaemia, Mesothelioma, Myeloproliferative neoplasms and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/wt1/","cancers":"leukaemia mesothelioma myeloproliferative-neoplasms non-hodgkin-lymphoma sarcoma pancreatic wilms-tumor aml"},{"id":"cebpa","kind":"target","name":"CEBPA","aka":"CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha\nCCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha\nC/EBP-alpha","tldr":"CEBPA (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms and Acute myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cebpa/","cancers":"leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms aml"},{"id":"fbxw7","kind":"target","name":"FBXW7","aka":"F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7\nF-box/WD repeat-containing protein 7\nFLJ11071\nSEL-10\nSEL10\nFBW7\nFBX30\nCDC4\nFBXW6","tldr":"FBXW7 (F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 7) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Endometrial cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fbxw7/","cancers":"colorectal non-hodgkin-lymphoma endometrial breast-cancer leukaemia cervical esophageal pancreatic"},{"id":"msh2","kind":"target","name":"MSH2","aka":"mutS homolog 2\nDNA mismatch repair protein Msh2\nHNPCC\nHNPCC1\nMSH-2\nCOCA1","tldr":"MSH2 (DNA mismatch repair protein Msh2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Endometrial cancer, Ovarian cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/msh2/","cancers":"colorectal endometrial ovarian breast-cancer gastric skin-cancer sarcoma rectal-cancer prostate"},{"id":"chek2","kind":"target","name":"CHEK2","aka":"checkpoint kinase 2\nSerine/threonine-protein kinase Chk2\nCDS1\nCHK2\nHuCds1\nPP1425\nbA444G7\nRAD53","tldr":"CHEK2 (Serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk2) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer, Prostate cancer, Sarcomas and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/chek2/","cancers":"breast-cancer prostate sarcoma colorectal ovarian lung-cancer thyroid gastric"},{"id":"msh6","kind":"target","name":"MSH6","aka":"mutS homolog 6\nDNA mismatch repair protein Msh6\nMSH-6","tldr":"MSH6 (DNA mismatch repair protein Msh6) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Endometrial cancer, Ovarian cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/msh6/","cancers":"colorectal endometrial ovarian breast-cancer gastric prostate skin-cancer sarcoma"},{"id":"cdh1","kind":"target","name":"CDH1","aka":"cadherin 1\nCadherin-1\nuvomorulin\nCD324","tldr":"CDH1 (Cadherin-1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, Breast cancer, Ovarian cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cdh1/","cancers":"gastric breast-cancer ovarian endometrial prostate urothelial skin-cancer esophageal"},{"id":"bcor","kind":"target","name":"BCOR","aka":"BCL6 corepressor\nBCL-6 corepressor\nFLJ20285\nKIAA1575","tldr":"BCOR (BCL-6 corepressor) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Endometrial cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/bcor/","cancers":"leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma endometrial gastric sarcoma mds colorectal adrenocortical"},{"id":"atrx","kind":"target","name":"ATRX","aka":"ATRX chromatin remodeler\nChromatin remodeler ATRX\nXH2\nRAD54\nMRX52","tldr":"ATRX (Chromatin remodeler ATRX) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Sarcomas, Neuroendocrine tumours, Adrenocortical carcinoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/atrx/","cancers":"sarcoma neuroendocrine adrenocortical rcc ovarian breast-cancer colorectal skin-cancer"},{"id":"gnas","kind":"target","name":"GNAS","aka":"GNAS complex locus\nNeuroendocrine secretory protein 55\nNESP55\nGNASXL\nSCG6\nSgVI\nGNAS1","tldr":"GNAS (Neuroendocrine secretory protein 55) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, Breast cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/gnas/","cancers":"colorectal pancreatic breast-cancer urothelial esophageal skin-cancer hcc gastric"},{"id":"sf3b1","kind":"target","name":"SF3B1","aka":"splicing factor 3b subunit 1\nSplicing factor 3B subunit 1\nSAP155\nSF3b155\nPRPF10\nPrp10\nHsh155","tldr":"SF3B1 (Splicing factor 3B subunit 1) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sf3b1/","cancers":"leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma mds breast-cancer pancreatic myeloproliferative-neoplasms urothelial hcc"},{"id":"asxl1","kind":"target","name":"ASXL1","aka":"ASXL transcriptional regulator 1\nPolycomb group protein ASXL1\nKIAA0978","tldr":"ASXL1 (Polycomb group protein ASXL1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Leukaemia, Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/asxl1/","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms leukaemia mds non-hodgkin-lymphoma urothelial breast-cancer rcc colorectal"},{"id":"etv6","kind":"target","name":"ETV6","aka":"ETS variant transcription factor 6\nTranscription factor ETV6","tldr":"ETV6 (Transcription factor ETV6) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor, a biomarker and a fusion partner, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/etv6/","cancers":"leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms non-hodgkin-lymphoma mds sarcoma urothelial breast-cancer all-leukemia"},{"id":"cbl","kind":"target","name":"CBL","aka":"Cbl proto-oncogene\nE3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CBL\nRNF55\nc-Cbl\nCBL2","tldr":"CBL (E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CBL) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Leukaemia, Skin cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cbl/","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms leukaemia skin-cancer esophageal ovarian sarcoma aml nsclc"},{"id":"pik3r1","kind":"target","name":"PIK3R1","aka":"phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1\nPhosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha\nGRB1\np85-ALPHA\np85\np85alpha","tldr":"PIK3R1 (Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Endometrial cancer, Colorectal cancer, Breast cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pik3r1/","cancers":"endometrial colorectal breast-cancer skin-cancer sarcoma gastric leukaemia ovarian"},{"id":"kmt2c","kind":"target","name":"KMT2C","aka":"lysine methyltransferase 2C\nHistone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2C\nKIAA1506\nMLL3","tldr":"KMT2C (Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2C) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer, Prostate cancer, Bladder & urothelial cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kmt2c/","cancers":"breast-cancer prostate urothelial pancreatic lung-cancer colorectal leukaemia rcc"},{"id":"kdm6a","kind":"target","name":"KDM6A","aka":"lysine demethylase 6A\nLysine-specific demethylase 6A","tldr":"KDM6A (Lysine-specific demethylase 6A) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer, Prostate cancer, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kdm6a/","cancers":"urothelial prostate pancreatic lung-cancer esophageal breast-cancer hcc gastric"},{"id":"pbrm1","kind":"target","name":"PBRM1","aka":"polybromo 1\nBAF180\nPB1\nSMARCH1","tldr":"PBRM1 (polybromo 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Renal cell carcinoma, Skin cancer, Biliary tract cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pbrm1/","cancers":"rcc skin-cancer biliary-tract-cancer esophageal mesothelioma cervical colorectal gastric"},{"id":"pms2","kind":"target","name":"PMS2","aka":"PMS1 homolog 2, mismatch repair system component\nMismatch repair endonuclease PMS2\nH_DJ0042M02.9\nHNPCC4\nMLH4\nPMS-2\nPMSL2","tldr":"PMS2 (Mismatch repair endonuclease PMS2) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Endometrial cancer, Ovarian cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pms2/","cancers":"colorectal endometrial ovarian breast-cancer gastric hcc non-hodgkin-lymphoma skin-cancer"},{"id":"crebbp","kind":"target","name":"CREBBP","aka":"CREB binding lysine acetyltransferase \nCREB-binding protein\nKAT3A","tldr":"CREBBP (CREB-binding protein) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor, a biomarker and a fusion partner, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Bladder & urothelial cancer, Leukaemia and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/crebbp/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma urothelial leukaemia neuroendocrine esophageal breast-cancer hcc head-and-neck"},{"id":"nfe2l2","kind":"target","name":"NFE2L2","aka":"NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2\nNuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2\nNRF2\nNRF-2","tldr":"NFE2L2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Lung cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nfe2l2/","cancers":"lung-cancer hcc head-and-neck urothelial esophageal endometrial cervical rcc nsclc"},{"id":"ep300","kind":"target","name":"EP300","aka":"EP300 lysine acetyltransferase\nHistone acetyltransferase p300\np300\nKAT3B","tldr":"EP300 (Histone acetyltransferase p300) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor, a biomarker and a fusion partner, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Bladder & urothelial cancer, Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ep300/","cancers":"colorectal urothelial head-and-neck non-hodgkin-lymphoma lung-cancer cervical neuroendocrine esophageal"},{"id":"cdk12","kind":"target","name":"CDK12","aka":"cyclin dependent kinase 12\nCyclin-dependent kinase 12\nCRK7\nKIAA0904\nCRKRS","tldr":"CDK12 (Cyclin-dependent kinase 12) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor, a biomarker and a fusion partner, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Prostate cancer, Ovarian cancer, Breast cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cdk12/","cancers":"prostate ovarian breast-cancer urothelial rcc cervical gastric skin-cancer"},{"id":"ccne1","kind":"target","name":"CCNE1","aka":"cyclin E1\nG1/S-specific cyclin-E1","tldr":"CCNE1 (G1/S-specific cyclin-E1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, Breast cancer, Ovarian cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ccne1/","cancers":"gastric breast-cancer ovarian endometrial colorectal urothelial skin-cancer breast-hr-positive gallbladder"},{"id":"bard1","kind":"target","name":"BARD1","aka":"BRCA1 associated RING domain 1\nBRCA1-associated RING domain protein 1","tldr":"BARD1 (BRCA1-associated RING domain protein 1) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer, Ovarian cancer, Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/bard1/","cancers":"breast-cancer ovarian gastric colorectal prostate lung-cancer skin-cancer nsclc"},{"id":"brip1","kind":"target","name":"BRIP1","aka":"BRCA1 interacting DNA helicase 1\nFanconi anemia group J protein\nBACH1\nFANCJ","tldr":"BRIP1 (Fanconi anaemia group J protein) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer, Ovarian cancer, Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/brip1/","cancers":"breast-cancer ovarian gastric prostate skin-cancer colorectal"},{"id":"rad51c","kind":"target","name":"RAD51C","aka":"RAD51 paralog C\nDNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 3\nRAD51L2\nFANCO","tldr":"RAD51C (DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 3) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Ovarian cancer, Breast cancer, Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rad51c/","cancers":"ovarian breast-cancer gastric prostate melanoma"},{"id":"ddx41","kind":"target","name":"DDX41","aka":"DEAD-box helicase 41\nProbable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX41\nMGC8828","tldr":"DDX41 (Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX41) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ddx41/","cancers":"leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms mds aml"},{"id":"lrp1b","kind":"target","name":"LRP1B","aka":"LDL receptor related protein 1B\nLow-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1B\nLRP-DIT\nLRPDIT","tldr":"LRP1B (Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1B) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Lung cancer, Prostate cancer, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/lrp1b/","cancers":"lung-cancer prostate pancreatic skin-cancer esophageal breast-cancer colorectal head-and-neck"},{"id":"rad51d","kind":"target","name":"RAD51D","aka":"RAD51 paralog D\nDNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 4\nR51H3\nTrad\nHsTRAD\nRAD51L3","tldr":"RAD51D (DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 4) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Ovarian cancer, Breast cancer, Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rad51d/","cancers":"ovarian breast-cancer gastric prostate colorectal brain-tumours"},{"id":"mapk1","kind":"target","name":"MAPK1","aka":"mitogen-activated protein kinase 1\nMitogen-activated protein kinase 1\nERK2\np41mapk\nMAPK2\nPRKM2\nPRKM1","tldr":"MAPK1 is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mapk1/","cancers":"head-and-neck cervical hcc breast-cancer skin-cancer lung-cancer nsclc cll"},{"id":"flcn","kind":"target","name":"FLCN","aka":"folliculin\nFolliculin\nMGC17998\nMGC23445\nDENND8B","tldr":"FLCN (Folliculin) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Renal cell carcinoma, Colorectal cancer, Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/flcn/","cancers":"rcc colorectal gastric skin-cancer papillary-rcc nsclc"},{"id":"nbn","kind":"target","name":"NBN","aka":"nibrin\nNibrin\nAT-V2\nAT-V1\nNBS1","tldr":"NBN (Nibrin) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Leukaemia, Breast cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nbn/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma leukaemia breast-cancer ovarian gastric head-and-neck sarcoma prostate"},{"id":"srsf2","kind":"target","name":"SRSF2","aka":"serine and arginine rich splicing factor 2\nSerine/arginine-rich splicing factor 2\nSC-35\nSC35\nPR264\nSFRS2A\nSFRS2","tldr":"SRSF2 (Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 2) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Leukaemia, Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/srsf2/","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms leukaemia mds non-hodgkin-lymphoma skin-cancer aml"},{"id":"spop","kind":"target","name":"SPOP","aka":"speckle type BTB/POZ protein\nSpeckle-type POZ protein\nTEF2\nBTBD32","tldr":"SPOP (Speckle-type POZ protein) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Prostate cancer, Endometrial cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/spop/","cancers":"prostate endometrial non-hodgkin-lymphoma ovarian skin-cancer uterine-carcinosarcoma melanoma"},{"id":"u2af1","kind":"target","name":"U2AF1","aka":"U2 small nuclear RNA auxiliary factor 1\nSplicing factor U2AF 35 kDa subunit\nU2AF35\nRNU2AF1\nU2AFBP","tldr":"U2AF1 (Splicing factor U2AF 35 kDa subunit) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Leukaemia, Lung cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/u2af1/","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms leukaemia lung-cancer pancreatic mds prostate gastric endometrial"},{"id":"myc-gene","kind":"target","name":"MYC","aka":"MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor\nMyc proto-oncogene protein\nc-Myc\nbHLHe39","tldr":"MYC (Myc proto-oncogene protein) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor, a biomarker and a fusion partner, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Skin cancer, Multiple myeloma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/myc-gene/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma skin-cancer multiple-myeloma esophageal urothelial leukaemia prostate breast-cancer pancreatic colorectal sclc"},{"id":"setbp1","kind":"target","name":"SETBP1","aka":"SET binding protein 1\nSET-binding protein\nKIAA0437","tldr":"SETBP1 (SET-binding protein) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a biomarker and a fusion partner, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Leukaemia, Breast cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/setbp1/","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms leukaemia breast-cancer mds adrenocortical skin-cancer lung-cancer neuroendocrine"},{"id":"gata2","kind":"target","name":"GATA2","aka":"GATA binding protein 2\nEndothelial transcription factor GATA-2\nNFE1B","tldr":"GATA2 (Endothelial transcription factor GATA-2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/gata2/","cancers":"leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms mds prostate head-and-neck skin-cancer lung-cancer aml"},{"id":"map3k1","kind":"target","name":"MAP3K1","aka":"mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1\nMitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1\nMAPKKK1\nMEKK1","tldr":"MAP3K1 is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/map3k1/","cancers":"breast-cancer ovarian endometrial rcc colorectal skin-cancer cervical hcc"},{"id":"casp8","kind":"target","name":"CASP8","aka":"caspase 8\nCaspase-8\nMCH5\nFLICE\nCasp-8","tldr":"CASP8 (Caspase-8) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, Skin cancer, Cervical cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/casp8/","cancers":"head-and-neck skin-cancer cervical breast-cancer nasopharyngeal urothelial non-hodgkin-lymphoma gastric"},{"id":"gnaq","kind":"target","name":"GNAQ","aka":"G protein subunit alpha q\nGuanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha\nG-ALPHA-q","tldr":"GNAQ (Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Skin cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Breast cancer and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/gnaq/","cancers":"skin-cancer hcc breast-cancer melanoma uveal-melanoma nsclc"},{"id":"sdha","kind":"target","name":"SDHA","aka":"succinate dehydrogenase complex flavoprotein subunit A\nSuccinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial\nSDH2","tldr":"SDHA (Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Neuroendocrine tumours, Renal cell carcinoma, Hepatocellular carcinoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sdha/","cancers":"neuroendocrine rcc hcc lung-cancer sarcoma colorectal ovarian gist"},{"id":"fbxo11","kind":"target","name":"FBXO11","aka":"F-box protein 11\nF-box only protein 11\nFBX11\nUBR6","tldr":"FBXO11 (F-box only protein 11) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Endometrial cancer, Ovarian cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fbxo11/","cancers":"colorectal endometrial ovarian breast-cancer gastric non-hodgkin-lymphoma prostate skin-cancer"},{"id":"cdkn1b","kind":"target","name":"CDKN1B","aka":"cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1B\nCyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B\nKIP1\nP27KIP1","tldr":"CDKN1B (Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Thyroid cancer, Prostate cancer, Breast cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cdkn1b/","cancers":"thyroid prostate breast-cancer neuroendocrine head-and-neck multiple-myeloma hcc small-bowel"},{"id":"pik3cb","kind":"target","name":"PIK3CB","aka":"phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta\nPhosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform\nPIK3C1","tldr":"PIK3CB is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pik3cb/","cancers":"breast-cancer sarcoma prostate urothelial skin-cancer lung-cancer ovarian head-and-neck"},{"id":"nf2","kind":"target","name":"NF2","aka":"NF2, moesin-ezrin-radixin like (MERLIN) tumor suppressor\nMerlin\nmerlin\nmerlin-1","tldr":"NF2 (Merlin) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Mesothelioma, Renal cell carcinoma, Breast cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nf2/","cancers":"mesothelioma rcc breast-cancer thyroid ovarian cervical hcc head-and-neck"},{"id":"fat1","kind":"target","name":"FAT1","aka":"FAT atypical cadherin 1\nProtocadherin Fat 1\nCDHF7\nCDHR8","tldr":"FAT1 (Protocadherin Fat 1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, Lung cancer, Bladder & urothelial cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fat1/","cancers":"head-and-neck lung-cancer urothelial breast-cancer esophageal cervical nasopharyngeal pancreatic"},{"id":"ppp2r1a","kind":"target","name":"PPP2R1A","aka":"protein phosphatase 2 scaffold subunit Aalpha\nSerine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A alpha isoform\nPR65A\nPP2A-Aalpha\nPP2AA","tldr":"PPP2R1A is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ppp2r1a/","cancers":"endometrial colorectal ovarian salivary-gland thyroid lung-cancer skin-cancer gastric"},{"id":"smad3","kind":"target","name":"SMAD3","aka":"SMAD family member 3\nJV15-2\nHsT17436\nMADH3","tldr":"SMAD3 (SMAD family member 3) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, Skin cancer and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/smad3/","cancers":"colorectal pancreatic skin-cancer breast-cancer thyroid lung-cancer melanoma"},{"id":"ccnd2","kind":"target","name":"CCND2","aka":"cyclin D2\nG1/S-specific cyclin-D2","tldr":"CCND2 (G1/S-specific cyclin-D2) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, Colorectal cancer, Skin cancer and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ccnd2/","cancers":"gastric colorectal skin-cancer nsclc cll aml melanoma"},{"id":"keap1","kind":"target","name":"KEAP1","aka":"kelch like ECH associated protein 1\nKelch-like ECH-associated protein 1\nKIAA0132\nMGC10630\nMGC1114\nMGC20887\nMGC4407\nMGC9454\nINrf2\nKLHL19","tldr":"KEAP1 (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Lung cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/keap1/","cancers":"lung-cancer hcc nasopharyngeal neuroendocrine nsclc cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"stag2","kind":"target","name":"STAG2","aka":"STAG2 cohesin complex component\nCohesin subunit SA-2\nSA-2\nSCC3B\nSA2","tldr":"STAG2 (Cohesin subunit SA-2) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer, Sarcomas, Renal cell carcinoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/stag2/","cancers":"urothelial sarcoma rcc endometrial thyroid breast-cancer leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"sh2b3","kind":"target","name":"SH2B3","aka":"SH2B adaptor protein 3\nSH2B adapter protein 3\nIDDM20","tldr":"SH2B3 (SH2B adapter protein 3) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Endometrial cancer and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sh2b3/","cancers":"colorectal myeloproliferative-neoplasms endometrial mds leukaemia sarcoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"rad50","kind":"target","name":"RAD50","aka":"RAD50 double strand break repair protein\nDNA repair protein RAD50\nhRad50\nRAD50-2","tldr":"RAD50 (DNA repair protein RAD50) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Ovarian cancer, Breast cancer, Colorectal cancer and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rad50/","cancers":"ovarian breast-cancer colorectal prostate glioblastoma"},{"id":"axin2","kind":"target","name":"AXIN2","aka":"axin 2\nAxin-2\nMGC126582\nDKFZp781B0869","tldr":"AXIN2 (Axin-2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Skin cancer, Lung cancer and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/axin2/","cancers":"colorectal skin-cancer lung-cancer neuroendocrine cll"},{"id":"prkar1a","kind":"target","name":"PRKAR1A","aka":"protein kinase cAMP-dependent type I regulatory subunit alpha\ncAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-alpha regulatory subunit\nCNC1\nPRKAR1\nTSE1\nPKR1\nPrkar1alpha","tldr":"PRKAR1A (cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-alpha regulatory subunit) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Adrenocortical carcinoma, Thyroid cancer, Renal cell carcinoma and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/prkar1a/","cancers":"adrenocortical thyroid rcc medulloblastoma paediatric-low-grade-glioma"},{"id":"notch2","kind":"target","name":"NOTCH2","aka":"notch receptor 2\nNeurogenic locus notch homolog protein 2","tldr":"NOTCH2 (Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Breast cancer, Lung cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/notch2/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma breast-cancer lung-cancer head-and-neck prostate skin-cancer salivary-gland urothelial"},{"id":"rad51b","kind":"target","name":"RAD51B","aka":"RAD51 paralog B\nDNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 2\nREC2\nhREC2\nR51H2\nRAD51L1","tldr":"RAD51B (DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker, a fusion partner and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer, Prostate cancer, Ovarian cancer and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rad51b/","cancers":"breast-cancer prostate ovarian lung-cancer skin-cancer"},{"id":"rac1","kind":"target","name":"RAC1","aka":"Rac family small GTPase 1\nRas-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1\nTC-25\np21-Rac1\nRac-1","tldr":"RAC1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Skin cancer, Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rac1/","cancers":"skin-cancer head-and-neck melanoma"},{"id":"gna11","kind":"target","name":"GNA11","aka":"G protein subunit alpha 11\nGuanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11\nFBH2\nFHH2\nHHC2","tldr":"GNA11 (Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Skin cancer, Lung cancer, Melanoma and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/gna11/","cancers":"skin-cancer lung-cancer melanoma uveal-melanoma"},{"id":"foxa1","kind":"target","name":"FOXA1","aka":"forkhead box A1\nHepatocyte nuclear factor 3-alpha\nHNF3A","tldr":"FOXA1 (Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-alpha) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Prostate cancer, Breast cancer, Neuroendocrine tumours and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/foxa1/","cancers":"prostate breast-cancer neuroendocrine breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"sos1","kind":"target","name":"SOS1","aka":"SOS Ras/Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1\nSon of sevenless homolog 1\nGF1\nGINGF","tldr":"SOS1 (Son of sevenless homolog 1) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Endometrial cancer, Skin cancer, Breast cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sos1/","cancers":"endometrial skin-cancer breast-cancer gastric"},{"id":"pot1","kind":"target","name":"POT1","aka":"protection of telomeres 1\nProtection of telomeres protein 1\nhPot1\nDKFZp586D211","tldr":"POT1 (Protection of telomeres protein 1) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Lung cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pot1/","cancers":"leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma lung-cancer skin-cancer sarcoma breast-cancer melanoma cll"},{"id":"gata1","kind":"target","name":"GATA1","aka":"GATA binding protein 1\nErythroid transcription factor\nERYF1\nNFE1\nGATA-1\nNF-E1\nGF1","tldr":"GATA1 (Erythroid transcription factor) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Leukaemia, Skin cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/gata1/","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms leukaemia skin-cancer aml"},{"id":"mitf","kind":"target","name":"MITF","aka":"melanocyte inducing transcription factor\nMicrophthalmia-associated transcription factor\nbHLHe32\nWS2A\nWS2","tldr":"MITF (Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Skin cancer, Breast cancer, Ovarian cancer and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mitf/","cancers":"skin-cancer breast-cancer ovarian prostate melanoma"},{"id":"fancc","kind":"target","name":"FANCC","aka":"FA complementation group C\nFanconi anemia group C protein\nFA3","tldr":"FANCC (Fanconi anaemia group C protein) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer, Leukaemia, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fancc/","cancers":"breast-cancer leukaemia pancreatic ovarian colorectal myeloproliferative-neoplasms mds aml"},{"id":"mecom","kind":"target","name":"MECOM","aka":"MDS1 and EVI1 complex locus\nHistone-lysine N-methyltransferase MECOM\nMDS1-EVI1\nPRDM3\nKMT8E\nMDS1\nEVI1","tldr":"MECOM (Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase MECOM) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor, a biomarker and a fusion partner, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer, Prostate cancer, Endometrial cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mecom/","cancers":"breast-cancer prostate endometrial skin-cancer lung-cancer ovarian melanoma aml"},{"id":"fanca","kind":"target","name":"FANCA","aka":"FA complementation group A\nFanconi anemia group A protein\nFA-H\nFANCH","tldr":"FANCA (Fanconi anaemia group A protein) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Leukaemia, Skin cancer, Ovarian cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fanca/","cancers":"leukaemia skin-cancer ovarian prostate myeloproliferative-neoplasms lung-cancer head-and-neck colorectal"},{"id":"h3c2","kind":"target","name":"H3C2","aka":"H3 clustered histone 2\nHistone H3.1\nH3/l\nH3FL\nHIST1H3B","tldr":"H3C2 (Histone H3.1) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer, Bladder & urothelial cancer, Oesophageal cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/h3c2/","cancers":"breast-cancer urothelial esophageal non-hodgkin-lymphoma dipg-dmg glioblastoma dlbcl oesophageal-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"plcg1","kind":"target","name":"PLCG1","aka":"phospholipase C gamma 1\n1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1\nPLC148\nPLC-II\nPLCgamma1\nNCKAP3\nPLC1","tldr":"PLCG1 (1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Sarcomas, Renal cell carcinoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/plcg1/","cancers":"sarcoma rcc non-hodgkin-lymphoma skin-cancer leukaemia gastric angiosarcoma melanoma"},{"id":"arhgap35","kind":"target","name":"ARHGAP35","aka":"Rho GTPase activating protein 35\nRho GTPase-activating protein 35\nGRF-1\np190ARhoGAP\nP190A\nKIAA1722\np190RhoGAP\nGRLF1","tldr":"ARHGAP35 (Rho GTPase-activating protein 35) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Endometrial cancer, Bladder & urothelial cancer, Breast cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/arhgap35/","cancers":"endometrial urothelial breast-cancer rcc ovarian skin-cancer lung-cancer basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"arid2","kind":"target","name":"ARID2","aka":"AT-rich interaction domain 2\nAT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 2\nKIAA1557\nDKFZp686G052\nFLJ30619\nBAF200\nSMARCF3\nZIPZAP\np200","tldr":"ARID2 (AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Skin cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Oesophageal cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/arid2/","cancers":"skin-cancer hcc esophageal gastric biliary-tract-cancer head-and-neck nasopharyngeal ovarian"},{"id":"map2k4","kind":"target","name":"MAP2K4","aka":"mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4\nDual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4\nMEK4\nJNKK1\nPRKMK4\nMKK4\nMAPKK4\nSAPKK1\nSKK1\nSEK1\nSERK1","tldr":"MAP2K4 is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/map2k4/","cancers":"breast-cancer colorectal pancreatic gastric esophageal hcc skin-cancer biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"stat3","kind":"target","name":"STAT3","aka":"signal transducer and activator of transcription 3\nSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3","tldr":"STAT3 (Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Leukaemia, Skin cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/stat3/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma leukaemia skin-cancer lung-cancer ovarian biliary-tract-cancer dlbcl all-leukemia"},{"id":"lztr1","kind":"target","name":"LZTR1","aka":"leucine zipper like post translational regulator 1\nLeucine-zipper-like transcriptional regulator 1\nLZTR-1\nBTBD29","tldr":"LZTR1 (Leucine-zipper-like transcriptional regulator 1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma, Prostate cancer, Endometrial cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/lztr1/","cancers":"hcc prostate endometrial skin-cancer lung-cancer breast-cancer glioblastoma melanoma"},{"id":"ercc4","kind":"target","name":"ERCC4","aka":"ERCC excision repair 4, endonuclease catalytic subunit\nDNA repair endonuclease XPF\nRAD1\nFANCQ","tldr":"ERCC4 (DNA repair endonuclease XPF) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Leukaemia, Skin cancer, Myeloproliferative neoplasms and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ercc4/","cancers":"leukaemia skin-cancer myeloproliferative-neoplasms colorectal melanoma nsclc aml"},{"id":"ctcf","kind":"target","name":"CTCF","aka":"CCCTC-binding factor\nTranscriptional repressor CTCF\nFAP108\nCFAP108","tldr":"CTCF (Transcriptional repressor CTCF) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Endometrial cancer, Breast cancer, Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ctcf/","cancers":"endometrial breast-cancer head-and-neck leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma colorectal all-leukemia"},{"id":"myod1","kind":"target","name":"MYOD1","aka":"myogenic differentiation 1\nMyoblast determination protein 1\nbHLHc1\nMYF3","tldr":"MYOD1 (Myoblast determination protein 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Sarcomas, Colorectal cancer and Rhabdomyosarcoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/myod1/","cancers":"sarcoma colorectal rhabdomyosarcoma"},{"id":"rhoa","kind":"target","name":"RHOA","aka":"ras homolog family member A\nTransforming protein RhoA\nRho12\nRHOH12\nARH12","tldr":"RHOA (Transforming protein RhoA) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, Bladder & urothelial cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rhoa/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma gastric urothelial head-and-neck mesothelioma prostate leukaemia burkitt-lymphoma"},{"id":"arid1b","kind":"target","name":"ARID1B","aka":"AT-rich interaction domain 1B\nAT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1B\nKIAA1235\nELD/OSA1\np250R\nBAF250b\nDAN15\n6A3-5\nSMARCF2","tldr":"ARID1B (AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1B) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer, Colorectal cancer, Renal cell carcinoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/arid1b/","cancers":"breast-cancer colorectal rcc endometrial urothelial cervical hcc non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"gata3","kind":"target","name":"GATA3","aka":"GATA binding protein 3\nTrans-acting T-cell-specific transcription factor GATA-3","tldr":"GATA3 (Trans-acting T-cell-specific transcription factor GATA-3) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Leukaemia and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/gata3/","cancers":"breast-cancer non-hodgkin-lymphoma leukaemia hodgkin-lymphoma all-leukemia"},{"id":"nt5c2","kind":"target","name":"NT5C2","aka":"5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic II\nCytosolic purine 5'-nucleotidase\nPNT5\ncN-II\nSPG65\nNT5B\nSPG45","tldr":"NT5C2 (Cytosolic purine 5'-nucleotidase) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Breast cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nt5c2/","cancers":"leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma breast-cancer all-leukemia"},{"id":"drosha","kind":"target","name":"DROSHA","aka":"drosha ribonuclease III\nRibonuclease 3\nRNASE3L\nEtohi2\nHSA242976\nRN3\nRNASEN","tldr":"DROSHA (Ribonuclease 3) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer, Brain and spinal cord tumours, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/drosha/","cancers":"breast-cancer brain-tumours pancreatic ovarian lung-cancer skin-cancer gastric nsclc"},{"id":"pparg","kind":"target","name":"PPARG","aka":"peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma\nPeroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma\nPPARG1\nPPARG2\nNR1C3\nPPARgamma","tldr":"PPARG (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Thyroid cancer and Endometrial cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pparg/","cancers":"colorectal thyroid endometrial"},{"id":"hgf","kind":"target","name":"HGF","aka":"hepatocyte growth factor\nHepatocyte growth factor\nF-TCF\nDFNB39","tldr":"HGF (Hepatocyte growth factor) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Lung cancer, Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, Skin cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hgf/","cancers":"lung-cancer gastric skin-cancer ovarian glioblastoma sclc melanoma nsclc"},{"id":"bcl11a","kind":"target","name":"BCL11A","aka":"BCL11 transcription factor A\nBCL11A-XL\nBCL11A-L\nBCL11A-S\nCTIP1\nHBFQTL5\nZNF856\nSMARCM1\nEVI9","tldr":"BCL11A (BCL11 transcription factor A) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a biomarker and a fusion partner, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Skin cancer, Breast cancer and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/bcl11a/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma skin-cancer breast-cancer dlbcl melanoma"},{"id":"rasa1","kind":"target","name":"RASA1","aka":"RAS p21 protein activator 1\nRas GTPase-activating protein 1\nCM-AVM\np120GAP\np120RASGAP\np120","tldr":"RASA1 (Ras GTPase-activating protein 1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, Colorectal cancer, Lung cancer and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rasa1/","cancers":"head-and-neck colorectal lung-cancer skin-cancer gastric nsclc basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"hoxb13","kind":"target","name":"HOXB13","aka":"homeobox B13\nHomeobox protein Hox-B13","tldr":"HOXB13 (Homeobox protein Hox-B13) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Prostate cancer and Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hoxb13/","cancers":"prostate gastric"},{"id":"fh","kind":"target","name":"FH","aka":"fumarate hydratase\nFumarate hydratase, mitochondrial","tldr":"FH (Fumarate hydratase, mitochondrial) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Neuroendocrine tumours, Skin cancer, Papillary renal cell carcinoma and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fh/","cancers":"neuroendocrine skin-cancer papillary-rcc melanoma"},{"id":"b2m","kind":"target","name":"B2M","aka":"beta-2-microglobulin\nBeta-2-microglobulin","tldr":"B2M (Beta-2-microglobulin) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Colorectal cancer, Lung cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/b2m/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma colorectal lung-cancer head-and-neck cervical dlbcl melanoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"kdm5c","kind":"target","name":"KDM5C","aka":"lysine demethylase 5C\nLysine-specific demethylase 5C\nDXS1272E\nXE169\nJARID1C\nMRX13","tldr":"KDM5C (Lysine-specific demethylase 5C) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Renal cell carcinoma, Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, Ovarian cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kdm5c/","cancers":"rcc head-and-neck ovarian pancreatic multiple-myeloma skin-cancer colorectal clear-cell-rcc"},{"id":"cic","kind":"target","name":"CIC","aka":"capicua transcriptional repressor\nProtein capicua homolog\nKIAA0306","tldr":"CIC (Protein capicua homolog) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Lung cancer, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cic/","cancers":"colorectal lung-cancer pancreatic hcc skin-cancer melanoma nsclc"},{"id":"mdm4","kind":"target","name":"MDM4","aka":"MDM4 regulator of p53","tldr":"MDM4 (MDM4 regulator of p53) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Skin cancer, Breast cancer, Prostate cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mdm4/","cancers":"skin-cancer breast-cancer prostate melanoma"},{"id":"cdkn1a","kind":"target","name":"CDKN1A","aka":"cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A\nCyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1\nP21\nCIP1\nWAF1\nSDI1\nCAP20\np21CIP1\np21Cip1/Waf1\np21\nCDKN1","tldr":"CDKN1A (Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Colorectal cancer and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cdkn1a/","cancers":"urothelial hcc colorectal rcc breast-cancer retinoblastoma chromophobe-rcc"},{"id":"mbd4","kind":"target","name":"MBD4","aka":"methyl-CpG binding domain 4, DNA glycosylase\nMethyl-CpG-binding domain protein 4\nMED1","tldr":"MBD4 (Methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 4) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mbd4/","cancers":"colorectal leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms melanoma uveal-melanoma aml"},{"id":"fhit","kind":"target","name":"FHIT","aka":"fragile histidine triad diadenosine triphosphatase\nBis(5'-adenosyl)-triphosphatase\nFRA3B\nAP3Aase","tldr":"FHIT (Bis(5'-adenosyl)-triphosphatase) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a biomarker and a fusion partner, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer, Ovarian cancer, Skin cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fhit/","cancers":"breast-cancer ovarian skin-cancer dlbcl"},{"id":"foxp1","kind":"target","name":"FOXP1","aka":"forkhead box P1\nForkhead box protein P1\nQRF1\n12CC4\nHSPC215\nhFKH1B","tldr":"FOXP1 (Forkhead box protein P1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, a biomarker and a fusion partner, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Skin cancer, Breast cancer, Prostate cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/foxp1/","cancers":"skin-cancer breast-cancer prostate neuroendocrine gastric ovarian esophageal biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"rras2","kind":"target","name":"RRAS2","aka":"RAS related 2\nRas-related protein R-Ras2\nTC21","tldr":"RRAS2 (Ras-related protein R-Ras2) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Endometrial cancer, Ovarian cancer and Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rras2/","cancers":"endometrial ovarian breast-cancer"},{"id":"araf","kind":"target","name":"ARAF","aka":"A-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase\nSerine/threonine-protein kinase A-Raf\nA-Raf\nARAF1","tldr":"ARAF (Serine/threonine-protein kinase A-Raf) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Lung cancer, Colorectal cancer, Langerhans cell histiocytosis and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/araf/","cancers":"lung-cancer colorectal langerhans-cell-histiocytosis nsclc erdheim-chester-disease cholangiocarcinoma sclc"},{"id":"etv1","kind":"target","name":"ETV1","aka":"ETS variant transcription factor 1\nETS translocation variant 1\nER81","tldr":"ETV1 (ETS translocation variant 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor, a biomarker and a fusion partner, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Lung cancer, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, Breast cancer and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/etv1/","cancers":"lung-cancer pancreatic breast-cancer colorectal prostate gastric sarcoma"},{"id":"rpl5","kind":"target","name":"RPL5","aka":"ribosomal protein L5\nLarge ribosomal subunit protein uL18\nL5\nPPP1R135\nuL18","tldr":"RPL5 (Large ribosomal subunit protein uL18) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Skin cancer and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rpl5/","cancers":"leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms skin-cancer melanoma glioblastoma nsclc aml"},{"id":"pax5","kind":"target","name":"PAX5","aka":"paired box 5\nPaired box protein Pax-5\nPAX-5","tldr":"PAX5 (Paired box protein Pax-5) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor, a biomarker and a fusion partner, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Leukaemia, Breast cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pax5/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma leukaemia breast-cancer skin-cancer prostate lung-cancer all-leukemia dlbcl"},{"id":"spen","kind":"target","name":"SPEN","aka":"spen family transcriptional repressor\nMsx2-interacting protein\nKIAA0929\nSHARP\nRBM15C","tldr":"SPEN (Msx2-interacting protein) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Renal cell carcinoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/spen/","cancers":"breast-cancer non-hodgkin-lymphoma rcc cervical nasopharyngeal prostate salivary-gland skin-cancer"},{"id":"grin2a","kind":"target","name":"GRIN2A","aka":"glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2A\nGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A\nGluN2A\nNR2A\nNMDAR2A","tldr":"GRIN2A (Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver and a fusion partner, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Lung cancer, Skin cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/grin2a/","cancers":"colorectal lung-cancer skin-cancer urothelial pancreatic breast-cancer prostate biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"ptprb","kind":"target","name":"PTPRB","aka":"protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type B\nReceptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase beta","tldr":"PTPRB (Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase beta) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Ovarian cancer, Mesothelioma, Skin cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ptprb/","cancers":"ovarian mesothelioma skin-cancer lung-cancer sarcoma breast-cancer angiosarcoma melanoma"},{"id":"jun","kind":"target","name":"JUN","aka":"Jun proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit\nTranscription factor Jun\nc-Jun\nAP-1","tldr":"JUN (Transcription factor Jun) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Skin cancer and Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/jun/","cancers":"colorectal skin-cancer melanoma"},{"id":"ebf1","kind":"target","name":"EBF1","aka":"EBF transcription factor 1\nTranscription factor COE1\nOLF1\nCOE1","tldr":"EBF1 (Transcription factor COE1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Neuroendocrine tumours and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ebf1/","cancers":"breast-cancer non-hodgkin-lymphoma neuroendocrine lung-cancer skin-cancer dlbcl nsclc"},{"id":"myb","kind":"target","name":"MYB","aka":"MYB proto-oncogene, transcription factor\nTranscriptional activator Myb\nc-myb","tldr":"MYB (Transcriptional activator Myb) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Skin cancer, Breast cancer, Colorectal cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/myb/","cancers":"skin-cancer breast-cancer colorectal leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma paediatric-low-grade-glioma melanoma oral-cavity-cancer"},{"id":"pim1","kind":"target","name":"PIM1","aka":"Pim-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase\nSerine/threonine-protein kinase pim-1","tldr":"PIM1 is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pim1/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma multiple-myeloma dlbcl nsclc"},{"id":"ercc5","kind":"target","name":"ERCC5","aka":"ERCC excision repair 5, endonuclease\nDNA excision repair protein ERCC-5\nERCM2","tldr":"ERCC5 (DNA excision repair protein ERCC-5) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Ovarian cancer, Skin cancer, Neuroendocrine tumours and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ercc5/","cancers":"ovarian skin-cancer neuroendocrine colorectal melanoma nsclc"},{"id":"prex2","kind":"target","name":"PREX2","aka":"phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate dependent Rac exchange factor 2\nPhosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent Rac exchanger 2 protein\nDEP.2\nFLJ12987\nP-REX2\nPPP1R129\nDEPDC2","tldr":"PREX2 is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/prex2/","cancers":"esophageal colorectal gastric breast-cancer urothelial hcc ovarian pancreatic"},{"id":"pdgfb","kind":"target","name":"PDGFB","aka":"platelet derived growth factor subunit B\nPlatelet-derived growth factor subunit B","tldr":"PDGFB (Platelet-derived growth factor subunit B) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a fusion partner, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Sarcomas and Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pdgfb/","cancers":"sarcoma dermatofibrosarcoma-protuberans"},{"id":"cdkn2b","kind":"target","name":"CDKN2B","aka":"cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2B\nCyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor B\nP15\nMTS2\nINK4B\nTP15\nCDK4I\np15INK4b","tldr":"CDKN2B (Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor B) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, Renal cell carcinoma, Breast cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cdkn2b/","cancers":"pancreatic rcc breast-cancer skin-cancer cholangiocarcinoma ewing-sarcoma apl all-leukemia gallbladder"},{"id":"hsp90aa1","kind":"target","name":"HSP90AA1","aka":"heat shock protein 90 alpha family class A member 1\nHeat shock protein HSP 90-alpha\nHsp89\nHsp90\nFLJ31884\nHSP90N\nHSPC1\nHSPCA\nHSPCAL4","tldr":"HSP90AA1 (Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a tumour suppressor, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hsp90aa1/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"mn1","kind":"target","name":"MN1","aka":"MN1 proto-oncogene, transcriptional regulator\nTranscriptional activator MN1\nMGCR1-PEN\nMGCR1","tldr":"MN1 (Transcriptional activator MN1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker and a fusion partner, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer, Colorectal cancer, Skin cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mn1/","cancers":"breast-cancer colorectal skin-cancer melanoma"},{"id":"cacna1d","kind":"target","name":"CACNA1D","aka":"calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 D\nVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D\nCav1.3\nCACH3\nCACN4\nCCHL1A2\nCACNL1A2","tldr":"CACNA1D (Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer, Skin cancer, Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cacna1d/","cancers":"breast-cancer skin-cancer gastric rcc hcc sarcoma lung-cancer colorectal"},{"id":"ptprt","kind":"target","name":"PTPRT","aka":"protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type T\nReceptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase T\nRPTPrho\nKIAA0283","tldr":"PTPRT (Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase T) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, Oesophageal cancer, Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ptprt/","cancers":"head-and-neck esophageal gastric ovarian hcc pancreatic skin-cancer breast-cancer"},{"id":"pik3r2","kind":"target","name":"PIK3R2","aka":"phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 2\nPhosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta\nP85B\np85\np85beta\np85-BETA","tldr":"PIK3R2 (Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pik3r2/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"nr4a3","kind":"target","name":"NR4A3","aka":"nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 3\nNuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 3\nNOR1\nMINOR","tldr":"NR4A3 (Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 3) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker and a fusion partner, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Sarcomas, Colorectal cancer, Lung cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nr4a3/","cancers":"sarcoma colorectal lung-cancer chondrosarcoma"},{"id":"fubp1","kind":"target","name":"FUBP1","aka":"far upstream element binding protein 1\nFar upstream element-binding protein 1","tldr":"FUBP1 (Far upstream element-binding protein 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Skin cancer, Breast cancer, Colorectal cancer and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fubp1/","cancers":"skin-cancer breast-cancer colorectal lung-cancer cll"},{"id":"foxo1","kind":"target","name":"FOXO1","aka":"forkhead box O1\nForkhead box protein O1\nFKH1\nFOXO1A","tldr":"FOXO1 (Forkhead box protein O1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor, a biomarker and a fusion partner, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Sarcomas, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Ovarian cancer and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/foxo1/","cancers":"sarcoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma ovarian rhabdomyosarcoma dlbcl burkitt-lymphoma nsclc"},{"id":"sdhb","kind":"target","name":"SDHB","aka":"succinate dehydrogenase complex iron sulfur subunit B\nSuccinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial\nSDH1","tldr":"SDHB (Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Neuroendocrine tumours, Breast cancer and Gastrointestinal stromal tumour.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sdhb/","cancers":"neuroendocrine breast-cancer gist"},{"id":"il7r","kind":"target","name":"IL7R","aka":"interleukin 7 receptor\nInterleukin-7 receptor subunit alpha\nCD127\nIL7RA\nlnc-IL7R\nIL-7Ralpha\nIL7Ralpha\nsIL-7R\nCDw127","tldr":"IL7R (Interleukin-7 receptor subunit alpha) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Skin cancer, Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/il7r/","cancers":"skin-cancer leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma esophageal hcc gastric lung-cancer all-leukemia"},{"id":"erg","kind":"target","name":"ERG","aka":"ETS transcription factor ERG\nTranscriptional regulator ERG\nerg-3\np55","tldr":"ERG (Transcriptional regulator ERG) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a biomarker and a fusion partner, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Sarcomas, Prostate cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/erg/","cancers":"sarcoma prostate non-hodgkin-lymphoma leukaemia neuroendocrine all-leukemia angiosarcoma"},{"id":"ercc3","kind":"target","name":"ERCC3","aka":"ERCC excision repair 3, TFIIH core complex helicase subunit\nGeneral transcription and DNA repair factor IIH helicase/translocase subunit XPB\nBTF2\nRAD25\nSsl2","tldr":"ERCC3 (General transcription and DNA repair factor IIH helicase/translocase subunit XPB) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a tumour suppressor, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Cervical cancer, Skin cancer, Ovarian cancer and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ercc3/","cancers":"cervical skin-cancer ovarian colorectal melanoma nsclc"},{"id":"fgf2","kind":"target","name":"FGF2","aka":"fibroblast growth factor 2\nFibroblast growth factor 2","tldr":"FGF2 (Fibroblast growth factor 2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Acute myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fgf2/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"msh3","kind":"target","name":"MSH3","aka":"mutS homolog 3\nDNA mismatch repair protein Msh3\nMRP1","tldr":"MSH3 (DNA mismatch repair protein Msh3) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Endometrial cancer and Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/msh3/","cancers":"endometrial colorectal"},{"id":"sufu","kind":"target","name":"SUFU","aka":"SUFU negative regulator of hedgehog signaling\nSuppressor of fused homolog\nSUFUH\nSUFUXL\nPRO1280","tldr":"SUFU (Suppressor of fused homolog) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Skin cancer, Lung cancer, Medulloblastoma and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sufu/","cancers":"skin-cancer lung-cancer medulloblastoma meningioma paediatric-low-grade-glioma melanoma"},{"id":"pax8","kind":"target","name":"PAX8","aka":"paired box 8\nPaired box protein Pax-8\nPAX-8","tldr":"PAX8 (Paired box protein Pax-8) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Thyroid cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pax8/","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"h3-3b","kind":"target","name":"H3-3B","aka":"H3.3 histone B\nHistone H3.3\nH3.3B\nH3F3B","tldr":"H3-3B (Histone H3.3) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Skin cancer, Melanoma and Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/h3-3b/","cancers":"skin-cancer melanoma dipg-dmg"},{"id":"prdm1","kind":"target","name":"PRDM1","aka":"PR/SET domain 1\nPR domain zinc finger protein 1\nPRDI-BF1\nBlimp-1\nBLIMP1","tldr":"PRDM1 (PR domain zinc finger protein 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Multiple myeloma, Prostate cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/prdm1/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma multiple-myeloma prostate skin-cancer colorectal ovarian dlbcl aml"},{"id":"ubr5","kind":"target","name":"UBR5","aka":"ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 5\nE3 ubiquitin-protein ligase UBR5\nDD5\nKIAA0896\nEDD1","tldr":"UBR5 (E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase UBR5) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, Breast cancer, Renal cell carcinoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ubr5/","cancers":"gastric breast-cancer rcc skin-cancer colorectal non-hodgkin-lymphoma ovarian mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"klf5","kind":"target","name":"KLF5","aka":"KLF transcription factor 5\nKrueppel-like factor 5\nBTEB2","tldr":"KLF5 (Krueppel-like factor 5) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer, Cervical cancer, Colorectal cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/klf5/","cancers":"urothelial cervical colorectal nsclc"},{"id":"slc34a2","kind":"target","name":"SLC34A2","aka":"solute carrier family 34 member 2\nSodium-dependent phosphate transport protein 2B\nNAPI-3B\nNaPi-2b\nNPTIIb\nNaPi2b\nNAPI-IIb","tldr":"SLC34A2 (Sodium-dependent phosphate transport protein 2B) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Lung cancer, Colorectal cancer, Non-small-cell lung cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/slc34a2/","cancers":"lung-cancer colorectal nsclc aml"},{"id":"ddx3x","kind":"target","name":"DDX3X","aka":"DEAD-box helicase 3 X-linked\nATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX3X\nHLP2\nDDX14\nCAP-Rf\nDDX3","tldr":"DDX3X (ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX3X) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Leukaemia, Breast cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ddx3x/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma leukaemia breast-cancer mesothelioma head-and-neck skin-cancer lung-cancer medulloblastoma"},{"id":"fgf1","kind":"target","name":"FGF1","aka":"fibroblast growth factor 1\nFibroblast growth factor 1\nECGFA\nECGFB\nHBGF1\nECGF-beta\nFGF-alpha\nGLIO703","tldr":"FGF1 (Fibroblast growth factor 1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fgf1/"},{"id":"klf4","kind":"target","name":"KLF4","aka":"KLF transcription factor 4\nKrueppel-like factor 4","tldr":"KLF4 (Krueppel-like factor 4) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Skin cancer and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/klf4/","cancers":"breast-cancer hcc skin-cancer prostate all-leukemia melanoma"},{"id":"card11","kind":"target","name":"CARD11","aka":"caspase recruitment domain family member 11\nCaspase recruitment domain-containing protein 11\nCARMA1\nBIMP3","tldr":"CARD11 (Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 11) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Skin cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/card11/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma hcc skin-cancer colorectal ovarian leukaemia lung-cancer gastric"},{"id":"tet1","kind":"target","name":"TET1","aka":"tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 1\nMethylcytosine dioxygenase TET1\nKIAA1676\nbA119F7.1\nCXXC6","tldr":"TET1 (Methylcytosine dioxygenase TET1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor, a biomarker and a fusion partner, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Testicular germ cell tumours and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tet1/","cancers":"colorectal hcc testicular nasopharyngeal rcc gastric skin-cancer ovarian"},{"id":"cblb","kind":"target","name":"CBLB","aka":"Cbl proto-oncogene B\nE3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CBL-B\nRNF56\nCbl-b","tldr":"CBLB (E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CBL-B) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Lung cancer, Skin cancer, Breast cancer and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cblb/","cancers":"lung-cancer skin-cancer breast-cancer nsclc melanoma"},{"id":"ccnd3","kind":"target","name":"CCND3","aka":"cyclin D3\nG1/S-specific cyclin-D3","tldr":"CCND3 (G1/S-specific cyclin-D3) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Leukaemia, Breast cancer and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ccnd3/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma leukaemia breast-cancer dlbcl nsclc burkitt-lymphoma all-leukemia"},{"id":"ikbkb","kind":"target","name":"IKBKB","aka":"inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit beta\nInhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta\nIKK2\nNFKBIKB\nIKK-beta","tldr":"IKBKB (Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and an oncogene driver, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Skin cancer, Breast cancer and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ikbkb/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma skin-cancer breast-cancer lung-cancer melanoma"},{"id":"fgf4","kind":"target","name":"FGF4","aka":"fibroblast growth factor 4\nFibroblast growth factor 4\nK-FGF\nHBGF-4\nHST-1\nHSTF1","tldr":"FGF4 (Fibroblast growth factor 4) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fgf4/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"tbl1xr1","kind":"target","name":"TBL1XR1","aka":"TBL1X/Y related 1\nF-box-like/WD repeat-containing protein TBL1XR1\nIRA1\nFLJ12894\nTBLR1\nC21\nDC42","tldr":"TBL1XR1 (F-box-like/WD repeat-containing protein TBL1XR1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Leukaemia, Breast cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tbl1xr1/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma leukaemia breast-cancer mesothelioma lung-cancer skin-cancer dlbcl all-leukemia"},{"id":"bcl10","kind":"target","name":"BCL10","aka":"BCL10 immune signaling adaptor\nB-cell lymphoma/leukemia 10\nCARMEN\nCIPER\nmE10\nc-E10","tldr":"BCL10 (B-cell lymphoma/leukaemia 10) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor, a biomarker and a fusion partner, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Lung cancer, Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/bcl10/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma lung-cancer dlbcl marginal-zone-lymphoma"},{"id":"rictor","kind":"target","name":"RICTOR","aka":"RPTOR independent companion of MTOR complex 2\nRapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR\nMGC39830\nAVO3\nKIAA1999","tldr":"RICTOR (Rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, Lung cancer, Breast cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rictor/","cancers":"gastric lung-cancer breast-cancer skin-cancer colorectal sclc nsclc melanoma"},{"id":"abl2","kind":"target","name":"ABL2","aka":"ABL proto-oncogene 2, non-receptor tyrosine kinase\nTyrosine-protein kinase ABL2","tldr":"ABL2 (Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL2) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer, Endometrial cancer, Lung cancer and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/abl2/","cancers":"breast-cancer endometrial lung-cancer skin-cancer nsclc"},{"id":"mre11","kind":"target","name":"MRE11","aka":"MRE11 double strand break repair nuclease\nDouble-strand break repair protein MRE11\nMRE11A","tldr":"MRE11 (Double-strand break repair protein MRE11) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Prostate cancer, Endometrial cancer, Breast cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mre11/","cancers":"prostate endometrial breast-cancer ovarian"},{"id":"fgf3","kind":"target","name":"FGF3","aka":"fibroblast growth factor 3\nFibroblast growth factor 3\nHBGF-3\nINT2","tldr":"FGF3 (Fibroblast growth factor 3) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer and Hepatocellular carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fgf3/","cancers":"breast-cancer hcc"},{"id":"etv5","kind":"target","name":"ETV5","aka":"ETS variant transcription factor 5\nETS translocation variant 5","tldr":"ETV5 (ETS translocation variant 5) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Lung cancer, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, Neuroendocrine tumours and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/etv5/","cancers":"lung-cancer pancreatic neuroendocrine skin-cancer breast-cancer colorectal aml"},{"id":"grb2","kind":"target","name":"GRB2","aka":"growth factor receptor bound protein 2\nGrowth factor receptor-bound protein 2\nNCKAP2","tldr":"GRB2 (Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms and Chronic myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/grb2/","cancers":"leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms cml"},{"id":"etv4","kind":"target","name":"ETV4","aka":"ETS variant transcription factor 4\nETS translocation variant 4\nE1A-F\nE1AF\nPEA3","tldr":"ETV4 (ETS translocation variant 4) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Prostate cancer, Lung cancer, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/etv4/","cancers":"prostate lung-cancer pancreatic neuroblastoma"},{"id":"itgb3","kind":"target","name":"ITGB3","aka":"integrin subunit beta 3\nIntegrin beta-3\nCD61\nGPIIIa\nGP3A","tldr":"ITGB3 (Integrin beta-3) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/itgb3/"},{"id":"yap1","kind":"target","name":"YAP1","aka":"Yes1 associated transcriptional regulator\nTranscriptional coactivator YAP1\nYAP65\nYAP-1","tldr":"YAP1 (Transcriptional coactivator YAP1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Oesophageal cancer and Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/yap1/","cancers":"esophageal breast-cancer sclc"},{"id":"fgg","kind":"target","name":"FGG","aka":"fibrinogen gamma chain\nFibrinogen gamma chain","tldr":"FGG (Fibrinogen gamma chain) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fgg/"},{"id":"tfeb","kind":"target","name":"TFEB","aka":"transcription factor EB\nTranscription factor EB\nTCFEB\nbHLHe35","tldr":"TFEB (Transcription factor EB) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Skin cancer, Breast cancer and Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tfeb/","cancers":"skin-cancer breast-cancer melanoma"},{"id":"prkn","kind":"target","name":"PRKN","aka":"parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase\nE3 ubiquitin-protein ligase parkin\nAR-JP\nparkin\nPARK2","tldr":"PRKN (E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase parkin) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Lung cancer and Ovarian cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/prkn/","cancers":"lung-cancer ovarian"},{"id":"crlf2","kind":"target","name":"CRLF2","aka":"cytokine receptor like factor 2\nCytokine receptor-like factor 2\nCRL2\nTSLPR","tldr":"CRLF2 (Cytokine receptor-like factor 2) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Skin cancer, Lung cancer, Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/crlf2/","cancers":"skin-cancer lung-cancer all-leukemia nsclc melanoma"},{"id":"fcgr2b","kind":"target","name":"FCGR2B","aka":"Fc gamma receptor IIb\nLow affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor II-b\nCD32\nCD32B\nFcgammaRIIb\nFcGRIIB\nFCG2\nFCGR2","tldr":"FCGR2B (Low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor II-b) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fcgr2b/","cancers":"breast-cancer non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"klk3","kind":"target","name":"KLK3","aka":"kallikrein related peptidase 3\nProstate-specific antigen","tldr":"KLK3 (Prostate-specific antigen) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/klk3/","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"fn1","kind":"target","name":"FN1","aka":"fibronectin 1\nFibronectin\nGFND2\nlnc-ABCA12-8","tldr":"FN1 (Fibronectin) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fn1/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"atp1a1","kind":"target","name":"ATP1A1","aka":"ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit alpha 1\nSodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1","tldr":"ATP1A1 (Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and an oncogene driver, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer, Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer and Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/atp1a1/","cancers":"breast-cancer gastric colorectal"},{"id":"cdx2","kind":"target","name":"CDX2","aka":"caudal type homeobox 2\nHomeobox protein CDX-2\nCDX3","tldr":"CDX2 (Homeobox protein CDX-2) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Oesophageal cancer, Skin cancer and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cdx2/","cancers":"colorectal esophageal skin-cancer lung-cancer oesophageal-adenocarcinoma melanoma"},{"id":"ereg","kind":"target","name":"EREG","aka":"epiregulin\nProepiregulin","tldr":"EREG (Proepiregulin) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer and Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ereg/","cancers":"colorectal nsclc"},{"id":"gsk3b","kind":"target","name":"GSK3B","aka":"glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta\nGlycogen synthase kinase-3 beta","tldr":"GSK3B (Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a tumour suppressor, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/gsk3b/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"fga","kind":"target","name":"FGA","aka":"fibrinogen alpha chain\nFibrinogen alpha chain","tldr":"FGA (Fibrinogen alpha chain) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fga/"},{"id":"myd88","kind":"target","name":"MYD88","aka":"MYD88 innate immune signal transduction adaptor\nMyeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88","tldr":"MYD88 (Myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Leukaemia, Breast cancer and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/myd88/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma leukaemia breast-cancer dlbcl all-leukemia cll waldenstrom"},{"id":"birc6","kind":"target","name":"BIRC6","aka":"baculoviral IAP repeat containing 6\nDual E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme/E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase BIRC6\nBRUCE","tldr":"BIRC6 (Dual E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme/E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase BIRC6) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer, Breast cancer, Renal cell carcinoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/birc6/","cancers":"urothelial breast-cancer rcc endometrial anal colorectal hcc head-and-neck"},{"id":"btg1","kind":"target","name":"BTG1","aka":"BTG anti-proliferation factor 1\nAPRO2","tldr":"BTG1 (BTG anti-proliferation factor 1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor, a biomarker and a fusion partner, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Multiple myeloma, Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/btg1/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma multiple-myeloma dlbcl cll"},{"id":"fgb","kind":"target","name":"FGB","aka":"fibrinogen beta chain\nFibrinogen beta chain","tldr":"FGB (Fibrinogen beta chain) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fgb/"},{"id":"mycl","kind":"target","name":"MYCL","aka":"MYCL proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor\nbHLHe38\nMYCL1","tldr":"MYCL (MYCL proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Skin cancer and Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mycl/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma skin-cancer melanoma"},{"id":"egf","kind":"target","name":"EGF","aka":"epidermal growth factor\nPro-epidermal growth factor","tldr":"EGF (Pro-epidermal growth factor) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/egf/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"nsd2","kind":"target","name":"NSD2","aka":"nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 2\nHistone-lysine N-methyltransferase NSD2\nMMSET\nKMT3G\nWHSC1","tldr":"NSD2 (Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase NSD2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor, a biomarker and a fusion partner, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Bladder & urothelial cancer, Lung cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nsd2/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma urothelial lung-cancer breast-cancer non-hodgkin-lymphoma head-and-neck leukaemia colorectal"},{"id":"tcf3","kind":"target","name":"TCF3","aka":"transcription factor 3\nTranscription factor E2-alpha\nE2A\nITF1\nMGC129647\nMGC129648\nbHLHb21\nE47\np75","tldr":"TCF3 (Transcription factor E2-alpha) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker and a fusion partner, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Lung cancer and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tcf3/","cancers":"leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma lung-cancer burkitt-lymphoma all-leukemia nsclc"},{"id":"ciita","kind":"target","name":"CIITA","aka":"class II major histocompatibility complex transactivator\nMHC class II transactivator\nC2TA\nMHC2TA","tldr":"CIITA (MHC class II transactivator) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, Skin cancer, Colorectal cancer and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ciita/","cancers":"head-and-neck skin-cancer colorectal lung-cancer non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl melanoma"},{"id":"birc3","kind":"target","name":"BIRC3","aka":"baculoviral IAP repeat containing 3\nBaculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 3\ncIAP2\nhiap-1\nRNF49\nMALT2\nc-IAP2\nAPI2","tldr":"BIRC3 (Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 3) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a biomarker and a fusion partner, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Leukaemia, Skin cancer and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/birc3/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma leukaemia skin-cancer mantle-cell-lymphoma cll nsclc all-leukemia"},{"id":"bcl6","kind":"target","name":"BCL6","aka":"BCL6 transcription repressor\nB-cell lymphoma 6 protein\nZBTB27\nLAZ3\nBCL5\nBCL6A\nZNF51","tldr":"BCL6 (B-cell lymphoma 6 protein) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor, a biomarker and a fusion partner, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Lung cancer, Myeloproliferative neoplasms and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/bcl6/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma lung-cancer myeloproliferative-neoplasms colorectal skin-cancer dlbcl"},{"id":"rpl10","kind":"target","name":"RPL10","aka":"ribosomal protein L10\nLarge ribosomal subunit protein uL16\nDXS648E\nDXS648\nFLJ23544\nL10\nuL16","tldr":"RPL10 (Large ribosomal subunit protein uL16) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and an oncogene driver, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Multiple myeloma, Leukaemia and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rpl10/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma multiple-myeloma leukaemia all-leukemia"},{"id":"nfkbie","kind":"target","name":"NFKBIE","aka":"NFKB inhibitor epsilon\nNF-kappa-B inhibitor epsilon","tldr":"NFKBIE (NF-kappa-B inhibitor epsilon) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Leukaemia, Skin cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nfkbie/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma leukaemia skin-cancer dlbcl mantle-cell-lymphoma cll nsclc melanoma"},{"id":"atg7","kind":"target","name":"ATG7","aka":"autophagy related 7\nUbiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme ATG7\nGSA7\nDKFZp434N0735\nAPG7L","tldr":"ATG7 (Ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme ATG7) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, Renal cell carcinoma and Clear cell renal cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/atg7/","cancers":"pancreatic rcc clear-cell-rcc"},{"id":"rpl22","kind":"target","name":"RPL22","aka":"ribosomal protein L22\nLarge ribosomal subunit protein eL22\nL22\neL22","tldr":"RPL22 (Large ribosomal subunit protein eL22) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a tumour suppressor, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma, Colorectal cancer and Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rpl22/","cancers":"hcc colorectal gastric"},{"id":"pou5f1","kind":"target","name":"POU5F1","aka":"POU class 5 homeobox 1\nPOU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1\nOCT3\nOct4\nMGC22487\nOCT-4\nOct3/4\nOTF3","tldr":"POU5F1 (POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer and Lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pou5f1/","cancers":"colorectal lung-cancer"},{"id":"rspo3","kind":"target","name":"RSPO3","aka":"R-spondin 3\nR-spondin-3\nFLJ14440\nTHSD2","tldr":"RSPO3 (R-spondin-3) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Breast cancer and Lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rspo3/","cancers":"colorectal breast-cancer lung-cancer"},{"id":"zrsr2","kind":"target","name":"ZRSR2","aka":"zinc finger CCCH-type, RNA binding motif and serine/arginine rich 2\nU2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein auxiliary factor 35 kDa subunit-related protein 2\nU2AF1-RS2\nZC3H22\nU2AF1L2","tldr":"ZRSR2 (U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein auxiliary factor 35 kDa subunit-related protein 2) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Leukaemia, Skin cancer and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/zrsr2/","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms leukaemia skin-cancer non-hodgkin-lymphoma aml"},{"id":"tgfbr1","kind":"target","name":"TGFBR1","aka":"transforming growth factor beta receptor 1\nTGF-beta receptor type-1\nALK-5\nACVRLK4\nALK5\nTBR-i\nESS1","tldr":"TGFBR1 (TGF-beta receptor type-1) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a tumour suppressor, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Oesophageal cancer and Oesophageal and junctional adenocarcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tgfbr1/","cancers":"esophageal oesophageal-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"rps27a","kind":"target","name":"RPS27A","aka":"ribosomal protein S27a\nUbiquitin-ribosomal protein eS31 fusion protein\nUBCEP80\nUba80\nS27A\neS31","tldr":"RPS27A (Ubiquitin-ribosomal protein eS31 fusion protein) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rps27a/"},{"id":"tnfrsf10b","kind":"target","name":"TNFRSF10B","aka":"TNF receptor superfamily member 10b\nTumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10B\nDR5\nKILLER\nTRICK2A\nTRAIL-R2\nTRICKB\nCD262\nTRAILR2","tldr":"TNFRSF10B (Tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10B) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tnfrsf10b/"},{"id":"mapk3","kind":"target","name":"MAPK3","aka":"mitogen-activated protein kinase 3\nMitogen-activated protein kinase 3\nERK1\np44mapk\np44erk1\nERK-1\nPRKM3","tldr":"MAPK3 (Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mapk3/"},{"id":"pcbp1","kind":"target","name":"PCBP1","aka":"poly(rC) binding protein 1\nPoly(rC)-binding protein 1\nHNRPE1\nhnRNP-E1\nHNRPX\nhnRNP-X","tldr":"PCBP1 (Poly(rC)-binding protein 1) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Renal cell carcinoma and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pcbp1/","cancers":"colorectal non-hodgkin-lymphoma rcc burkitt-lymphoma papillary-rcc"},{"id":"fas","kind":"target","name":"FAS","aka":"Fas cell surface death receptor\nTumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6\nCD95\nAPO-1\nFAS1\nAPT1\nTNFRSF6","tldr":"FAS (Tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Leukaemia, Cervical cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fas/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma leukaemia cervical skin-cancer dlbcl melanoma marginal-zone-lymphoma all-leukemia"},{"id":"tnfaip3","kind":"target","name":"TNFAIP3","aka":"TNF alpha induced protein 3\nTumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3\nA20\nOTUD7C","tldr":"TNFAIP3 (Tumour necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Leukaemia, Skin cancer and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tnfaip3/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma leukaemia skin-cancer dlbcl marginal-zone-lymphoma"},{"id":"pik3r3","kind":"target","name":"PIK3R3","aka":"phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 3\nPhosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma\np55","tldr":"PIK3R3 (Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pik3r3/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"fto","kind":"target","name":"FTO","aka":"FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase\nAlpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase FTO\nKIAA1752\nMGC5149\nALKBH9\nIFEX9","tldr":"FTO (Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase FTO) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fto/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"actb","kind":"target","name":"ACTB","aka":"actin beta\nActin, cytoplasmic 1","tldr":"ACTB (Actin, cytoplasmic 1) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/actb/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"rel","kind":"target","name":"REL","aka":"REL proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit\nProto-oncogene c-Rel\nI-Rel\nc-Rel\nHIVEN86A","tldr":"REL (Proto-oncogene c-Rel) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Ovarian cancer and Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rel/","cancers":"ovarian dlbcl"},{"id":"ercc6","kind":"target","name":"ERCC6","aka":"ERCC excision repair 6, chromatin remodeling factor\nChimeric ERCC6-PGBD3 protein\nRAD26\nARMD5\nCKN2","tldr":"ERCC6 (Chimeric ERCC6-PGBD3 protein) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a fusion partner, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer and Lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ercc6/","cancers":"colorectal lung-cancer"},{"id":"tnfrsf14","kind":"target","name":"TNFRSF14","aka":"TNF receptor superfamily member 14\nTumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 14\nTR2\nLIGHTR\nCD270","tldr":"TNFRSF14 (Tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 14) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Lung cancer, Skin cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tnfrsf14/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma lung-cancer skin-cancer dlbcl"},{"id":"ppp2ca","kind":"target","name":"PPP2CA","aka":"protein phosphatase 2 catalytic subunit alpha\nSerine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform\nPP2Calpha\nPP2AC","tldr":"PPP2CA (Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ppp2ca/"},{"id":"p2ry8","kind":"target","name":"P2RY8","aka":"P2Y receptor family member 8\nS-geranylgeranyl-glutathione receptor P2RY8\nP2Y8","tldr":"P2RY8 (S-geranylgeranyl-glutathione receptor P2RY8) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Lung cancer, Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/p2ry8/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma lung-cancer dlbcl burkitt-lymphoma"},{"id":"hbegf","kind":"target","name":"HBEGF","aka":"heparin binding EGF like growth factor\nProheparin-binding EGF-like growth factor\nHB-EGF\nHEGFL","tldr":"HBEGF (Proheparin-binding EGF-like growth factor) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hbegf/"},{"id":"rabl3","kind":"target","name":"RABL3","aka":"RAB, member of RAS oncogene family like 3\nRab-like protein 3\nMGC23920","tldr":"RABL3 (Rab-like protein 3) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rabl3/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"icos","kind":"target","name":"ICOS","aka":"inducible T cell costimulator\nInducible T-cell costimulator\nAILIM\nCD278","tldr":"ICOS (Inducible T-cell costimulator) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/icos/"},{"id":"bach2","kind":"target","name":"BACH2","aka":"BACH transcriptional regulator 2\nTranscription regulator protein BACH2\nBTBD25","tldr":"BACH2 (Transcription regulator protein BACH2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Skin cancer and Basal cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/bach2/","cancers":"skin-cancer basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"dcc","kind":"target","name":"DCC","aka":"DCC netrin 1 receptor\nNetrin receptor DCC\nIGDCC1\nNTN1R1","tldr":"DCC (Netrin receptor DCC) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Oesophageal cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/dcc/","cancers":"colorectal esophageal hcc pancreatic prostate oesophageal-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"pou2af1","kind":"target","name":"POU2AF1","aka":"POU class 2 homeobox associating factor 1\nPOU domain class 2-associating factor 1\nOBF1\nBOB1\nOCA-B","tldr":"POU2AF1 (POU domain class 2-associating factor 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker and a fusion partner, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Lung cancer, Skin cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pou2af1/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma lung-cancer skin-cancer dlbcl"},{"id":"stat6","kind":"target","name":"STAT6","aka":"signal transducer and activator of transcription 6\nSignal transducer and activator of transcription 6\nD12S1644\nIL-4-STAT","tldr":"STAT6 (Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/stat6/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl"},{"id":"dll4","kind":"target","name":"DLL4","aka":"delta like canonical Notch ligand 4\nDelta-like protein 4","tldr":"DLL4 (Delta-like protein 4) is a protein on the cell surface. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and an antigen, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/dll4/"},{"id":"eif1ax","kind":"target","name":"EIF1AX","aka":"eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1A X-linked\nEukaryotic translation initiation factor 1A, X-chromosomal\neIF-1A\neIF-4C\nEIF4C\nEIF1A","tldr":"EIF1AX (Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1A, X-chromosomal) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Endometrial cancer, Lung cancer, Prostate cancer and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/eif1ax/","cancers":"endometrial lung-cancer prostate thyroid uveal-melanoma melanoma papillary-thyroid-cancer"},{"id":"pdpk1","kind":"target","name":"PDPK1","aka":"3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase 1\n3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1\nPDK1","tldr":"PDPK1 (3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pdpk1/"},{"id":"stat1","kind":"target","name":"STAT1","aka":"signal transducer and activator of transcription 1\nSignal transducer and activator of transcription 1-alpha/beta\nSTAT91\nISGF-3","tldr":"STAT1 (Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-alpha/beta) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Ovarian cancer and Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/stat1/","cancers":"ovarian melanoma"},{"id":"ndufa13","kind":"target","name":"NDUFA13","aka":"NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A13\nNADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13\nCGI-39\nCDA016\nGRIM-19\nGRIM19\nB16.6","tldr":"NDUFA13 (NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ndufa13/"},{"id":"irs2","kind":"target","name":"IRS2","aka":"insulin receptor substrate 2\nInsulin receptor substrate 2","tldr":"IRS2 (Insulin receptor substrate 2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer and Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/irs2/","cancers":"colorectal prostate"},{"id":"mapk8","kind":"target","name":"MAPK8","aka":"mitogen-activated protein kinase 8\nMitogen-activated protein kinase 8\nJNK1\nSAPK1\nPRKM8","tldr":"MAPK8 (Mitogen-activated protein kinase 8) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mapk8/"},{"id":"aldh2","kind":"target","name":"ALDH2","aka":"aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 family member\nAldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial","tldr":"ALDH2 (Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and an oncogene driver, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Osteosarcoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/aldh2/","cancers":"osteosarcoma"},{"id":"mapk9","kind":"target","name":"MAPK9","aka":"mitogen-activated protein kinase 9\nMitogen-activated protein kinase 9\nJNK2\np54a\nPRKM9","tldr":"MAPK9 (Mitogen-activated protein kinase 9) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mapk9/"},{"id":"mmp7","kind":"target","name":"MMP7","aka":"matrix metallopeptidase 7\nMatrilysin\nPUMP-1\nMPSL1","tldr":"MMP7 (Matrilysin) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mmp7/"},{"id":"znf217","kind":"target","name":"ZNF217","aka":"zinc finger protein 217\nZinc finger protein 217\nZABC1","tldr":"ZNF217 (Zinc finger protein 217) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer, Ovarian cancer and Osteosarcoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/znf217/","cancers":"breast-cancer ovarian osteosarcoma"},{"id":"areg","kind":"target","name":"AREG","aka":"amphiregulin\nAmphiregulin\nCRDGF\nAREGB","tldr":"AREG (Amphiregulin) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/areg/","cancers":"colorectal head-and-neck nsclc"},{"id":"ppp2cb","kind":"target","name":"PPP2CB","aka":"protein phosphatase 2 catalytic subunit beta\nSerine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoform\nPP2Abeta","tldr":"PPP2CB (Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoform) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ppp2cb/"},{"id":"rad54l","kind":"target","name":"RAD54L","aka":"RAD54 like\nDNA repair and recombination protein RAD54-like\nhHR54\nhRAD54\nRAD54A","tldr":"RAD54L (DNA repair and recombination protein RAD54-like) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rad54l/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"fancl","kind":"target","name":"FANCL","aka":"FA complementation group L\nE3 ubiquitin-protein ligase FANCL\nFLJ10335\nFAAP43\nPog\nPHF9","tldr":"FANCL (E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase FANCL) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fancl/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"cul3","kind":"target","name":"CUL3","aka":"cullin 3\nCullin-3","tldr":"CUL3 (Cullin-3) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Renal cell carcinoma, Non-small-cell lung cancer and Papillary renal cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cul3/","cancers":"rcc nsclc papillary-rcc"},{"id":"nox4","kind":"target","name":"NOX4","aka":"NADPH oxidase 4\nKOX-1","tldr":"NOX4 (NADPH oxidase 4) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nox4/"},{"id":"psca","kind":"target","name":"PSCA","aka":"prostate stem cell antigen\nProstate stem cell antigen\nlncPSCA","tldr":"PSCA (Prostate stem cell antigen) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psca/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"flt3lg","kind":"target","name":"FLT3LG","aka":"fms related receptor tyrosine kinase 3 ligand\nFms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand","tldr":"FLT3LG (Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Acute myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/flt3lg/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"rfx7","kind":"target","name":"RFX7","aka":"regulatory factor X7\nDNA-binding protein RFX7\nFLJ12994\nRFXDC2","tldr":"RFX7 (DNA-binding protein RFX7) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Prostate cancer and Burkitt lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rfx7/","cancers":"prostate burkitt-lymphoma"},{"id":"chrna4","kind":"target","name":"CHRNA4","aka":"cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 4 subunit\nNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4\nEBN1","tldr":"CHRNA4 (Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/chrna4/","cancers":"lung-cancer"},{"id":"abcc1","kind":"target","name":"ABCC1","aka":"ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 1 (ABCC1 blood group)\nATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 1\nGS-X\nMRP1","tldr":"ABCC1 (ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 1) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/abcc1/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"klf2","kind":"target","name":"KLF2","aka":"KLF transcription factor 2\nKrueppel-like factor 2","tldr":"KLF2 (Krueppel-like factor 2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/klf2/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"hla-b","kind":"target","name":"HLA-B","aka":"major histocompatibility complex, class I, B\nHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain","tldr":"HLA-B (HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Cervical cancer, Oesophageal cancer, Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hla-b/","cancers":"cervical esophageal head-and-neck non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl oesophageal-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"xrcc1","kind":"target","name":"XRCC1","aka":"X-ray repair cross complementing 1\nDNA repair protein XRCC1","tldr":"XRCC1 (DNA repair protein XRCC1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Cervical cancer and Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/xrcc1/","cancers":"cervical nsclc"},{"id":"rps24","kind":"target","name":"RPS24","aka":"ribosomal protein S24\nSmall ribosomal subunit protein eS24\nS24\neS24","tldr":"RPS24 (Small ribosomal subunit protein eS24) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rps24/"},{"id":"zfp36l1","kind":"target","name":"ZFP36L1","aka":"ZFP36 like 1 zinc finger CCCH-type\nmRNA decay activator protein ZFP36L1\nBerg36\nERF1\nTIS11B\ncMG1\nBRF1","tldr":"ZFP36L1 (mRNA decay activator protein ZFP36L1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/zfp36l1/","cancers":"urothelial non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl"},{"id":"rps29","kind":"target","name":"RPS29","aka":"ribosomal protein S29\nSmall ribosomal subunit protein uS14\nS29\nuS14","tldr":"RPS29 (Small ribosomal subunit protein uS14) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Leukaemia and Myeloproliferative neoplasms.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rps29/","cancers":"leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"mmp2","kind":"target","name":"MMP2","aka":"matrix metallopeptidase 2\n72 kDa type IV collagenase\nMMP-2\nTBE-1\nCLG4\nCLG4A","tldr":"MMP2 (72 kDa type IV collagenase) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mmp2/"},{"id":"rps26","kind":"target","name":"RPS26","aka":"ribosomal protein S26\nSmall ribosomal subunit protein eS26\nS26\neS26","tldr":"RPS26 (Small ribosomal subunit protein eS26) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rps26/"},{"id":"mt-nd6","kind":"target","name":"MT-ND6","aka":"mitochondrially encoded NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 6\nNADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 6\nNAD6\nND6\nMTND6","tldr":"MT-ND6 (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 6) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mt-nd6/"},{"id":"vdr","kind":"target","name":"VDR","aka":"vitamin D receptor\nVitamin D3 receptor\nNR1I1\nPPP1R163","tldr":"VDR (Vitamin D3 receptor) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/vdr/"},{"id":"tgfa","kind":"target","name":"TGFA","aka":"transforming growth factor alpha\nProtransforming growth factor alpha","tldr":"TGFA (Protransforming growth factor alpha) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tgfa/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"angpt1","kind":"target","name":"ANGPT1","aka":"angiopoietin 1\nAngiopoietin-1\nKIAA0003\nAng1\nAGPT-1","tldr":"ANGPT1 (Angiopoietin-1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/angpt1/"},{"id":"pik3r5","kind":"target","name":"PIK3R5","aka":"phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 5\nPhosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 5\nP101-PI3K\np101","tldr":"PIK3R5 (Phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 5) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pik3r5/"},{"id":"hmgcr","kind":"target","name":"HMGCR","aka":"3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase\n3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase","tldr":"HMGCR (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hmgcr/"},{"id":"rps19","kind":"target","name":"RPS19","aka":"ribosomal protein S19\nSmall ribosomal subunit protein eS19\nS19\neS19\nLOH19CR1","tldr":"RPS19 (Small ribosomal subunit protein eS19) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rps19/"},{"id":"socs1","kind":"target","name":"SOCS1","aka":"suppressor of cytokine signaling 1\nSuppressor of cytokine signaling 1\nSOCS-1\nSSI-1\nTIP3\nCish1","tldr":"SOCS1 (Suppressor of cytokine signalling 1) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Rectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/socs1/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl rectal-cancer"},{"id":"cd200","kind":"target","name":"CD200","aka":"CD200 molecule\nOX-2 membrane glycoprotein\nOX-2\nMOX1\nMOX2","tldr":"CD200 (OX-2 membrane glycoprotein) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cd200/"},{"id":"mt-nd1","kind":"target","name":"MT-ND1","aka":"mitochondrially encoded NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 1\nNADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1\nND1\nNAD1\nMTND1","tldr":"MT-ND1 (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mt-nd1/"},{"id":"rps27","kind":"target","name":"RPS27","aka":"ribosomal protein S27\nSmall ribosomal subunit protein eS27\nMPS-1\nMPS1\nS27\neS27","tldr":"RPS27 (Small ribosomal subunit protein eS27) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rps27/"},{"id":"gabrg3","kind":"target","name":"GABRG3","aka":"gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit gamma3\nGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3","tldr":"GABRG3 (Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/gabrg3/"},{"id":"rps7","kind":"target","name":"RPS7","aka":"ribosomal protein S7\nSmall ribosomal subunit protein eS7\nS7\neS7","tldr":"RPS7 (Small ribosomal subunit protein eS7) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rps7/"},{"id":"prps1","kind":"target","name":"PRPS1","aka":"phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1\nRibose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase 1\nCMTX5\nDFNX1\nPRS-I\nPPRibP\nDFN2","tldr":"PRPS1 (Ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase 1) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/prps1/","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"cd44","kind":"target","name":"CD44","aka":"CD44 molecule (IN blood group)\nCD44 antigen\nMC56\nPgp1\nPGP-1\nCD44R\nHCELL\nCSPG8\nHermes-1\nCDw44\nHUTCH-1\nHUTCH-I\nECM-III\nH-CAM\nMIC4\nMDU2\nMDU3","tldr":"CD44 (CD44 antigen) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, Ovarian cancer, Colorectal cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cd44/","cancers":"gastric ovarian colorectal head-and-neck prostate urothelial cervical hcc"},{"id":"rit1","kind":"target","name":"RIT1","aka":"Ras like without CAAX 1\nGTP-binding protein Rit1\nROC1\nMGC125864\nMGC125865","tldr":"RIT1 (GTP-binding protein Rit1) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Endometrial cancer and Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rit1/","cancers":"endometrial nsclc"},{"id":"ercc1","kind":"target","name":"ERCC1","aka":"ERCC excision repair 1, endonuclease non-catalytic subunit\nDNA excision repair protein ERCC-1\nRAD10","tldr":"ERCC1 (DNA excision repair protein ERCC-1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer, Mesothelioma, Ovarian cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ercc1/","cancers":"urothelial mesothelioma ovarian nsclc"},{"id":"zeb1","kind":"target","name":"ZEB1","aka":"zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1\nZinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1\nAREB6\nNIL-2-A\nZfhep\nZfhx1a\nFECD6\nTCF8\nPPCD3","tldr":"ZEB1 (Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Multiple myeloma and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/zeb1/","cancers":"colorectal nasopharyngeal multiple-myeloma mantle-cell-lymphoma nsclc glioblastoma sclc"},{"id":"abcb1","kind":"target","name":"ABCB1","aka":"ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1\nATP-dependent translocase ABCB1\nP-gp\nCD243\nGP170\nABC20\np-170\nPGY1\nMDR1","tldr":"ABCB1 (ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer, Ovarian cancer, Non-small-cell lung cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/abcb1/","cancers":"breast-cancer ovarian nsclc cml"},{"id":"aurka","kind":"target","name":"AURKA","aka":"aurora kinase A\nAurora kinase A\nAurA\nSTK7\nARK1\nPPP1R47\nSTK15\nSTK6","tldr":"AURKA (Aurora kinase A) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Oesophageal cancer, Ovarian cancer and Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/aurka/","cancers":"esophageal ovarian nsclc prostate"},{"id":"ptprd","kind":"target","name":"PTPRD","aka":"protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type D\nReceptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase delta","tldr":"PTPRD (Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase delta) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer, Oesophageal cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ptprd/","cancers":"breast-cancer esophageal non-hodgkin-lymphoma gastric ovarian pancreatic small-bowel ewing-sarcoma"},{"id":"fgf19","kind":"target","name":"FGF19","aka":"fibroblast growth factor 19\nFibroblast growth factor 19","tldr":"FGF19 (Fibroblast growth factor 19) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma and Ovarian cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fgf19/","cancers":"hcc ovarian"},{"id":"igf2","kind":"target","name":"IGF2","aka":"insulin like growth factor 2\nInsulin-like growth factor 2\nFLJ44734\nIGF-II\nC11orf43","tldr":"IGF2 (Insulin-like growth factor 2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Prostate cancer, Ovarian cancer and Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/igf2/","cancers":"prostate ovarian pancreatic"},{"id":"tbxt","kind":"target","name":"TBXT","aka":"T-box transcription factor T","tldr":"TBXT (T-box transcription factor T) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Chordoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tbxt/","cancers":"chordoma"},{"id":"sgk1","kind":"target","name":"SGK1","aka":"serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1\nSerine/threonine-protein kinase Sgk1","tldr":"SGK1 (Serine/threonine-protein kinase Sgk1) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Renal cell carcinoma and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sgk1/","cancers":"breast-cancer non-hodgkin-lymphoma rcc dlbcl papillary-rcc"},{"id":"foxl2","kind":"target","name":"FOXL2","aka":"forkhead box L2\nForkhead box protein L2\nBPES1","tldr":"FOXL2 (Forkhead box protein L2) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Ovarian cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/foxl2/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"map2k7","kind":"target","name":"MAP2K7","aka":"mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7\nDual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7\nMKK7\nJnkk2\nSAPKK4\nPRKMK7","tldr":"MAP2K7 is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/map2k7/","cancers":"lung-cancer gastric breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"atp7b","kind":"target","name":"ATP7B","aka":"ATPase copper transporting beta\nCopper-transporting ATPase 2","tldr":"ATP7B (Copper-transporting ATPase 2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Ovarian cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/atp7b/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"atxn7","kind":"target","name":"ATXN7","aka":"ataxin 7\nAtaxin-7\nOPCA3\nADCAII\nSGF73\nSCA7","tldr":"ATXN7 (Ataxin-7) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Thyroid cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/atxn7/","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"mir21","kind":"target","name":"MIR21","aka":"microRNA 21\nhsa-mir-21\nMIR-21\nMIRN21","tldr":"MIR21 (microRNA 21) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mir21/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"gna13","kind":"target","name":"GNA13","aka":"G protein subunit alpha 13\nGuanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-13\nG13\nMGC46138","tldr":"GNA13 (Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-13) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/gna13/","cancers":"urothelial non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl burkitt-lymphoma"},{"id":"actl6a","kind":"target","name":"ACTL6A","aka":"actin like 6A\nActin-like protein 6A\nActl6\nBAF53A\nArp4\nBaf53a\nINO80K\nSMARCN1","tldr":"ACTL6A (Actin-like protein 6A) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Ovarian cancer and Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/actl6a/","cancers":"ovarian nsclc"},{"id":"aldh1a2","kind":"target","name":"ALDH1A2","aka":"aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A2\nRetinal dehydrogenase 2\nRALDH2","tldr":"ALDH1A2 (Retinal dehydrogenase 2) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/aldh1a2/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"cdk9","kind":"target","name":"CDK9","aka":"cyclin dependent kinase 9\nCyclin-dependent kinase 9\nPITALRE\nC-2k\nCDC2L4","tldr":"CDK9 (Cyclin-dependent kinase 9) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma, Oesophageal cancer and Neuroblastoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cdk9/","cancers":"hcc esophageal neuroblastoma"},{"id":"ceacam1","kind":"target","name":"CEACAM1","aka":"CEA cell adhesion molecule 1\nCell adhesion molecule CEACAM1\nBGP1\nCD66a","tldr":"CEACAM1 (Cell adhesion molecule CEACAM1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer and Hepatocellular carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ceacam1/","cancers":"colorectal hcc"},{"id":"fos","kind":"target","name":"FOS","aka":"Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit\nc-fos\nAP-1","tldr":"FOS (Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fos/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"foxr2","kind":"target","name":"FOXR2","aka":"forkhead box R2\nForkhead box protein R2\nMGC21658\nFOXN6","tldr":"FOXR2 (Forkhead box protein R2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/foxr2/"},{"id":"hsph1","kind":"target","name":"HSPH1","aka":"heat shock protein family H (Hsp110) member 1\nHeat shock protein 105 kDa\nHSP105B\nKIAA0201\nHSP105A\nNY-CO-25","tldr":"HSPH1 (Heat shock protein 105 kDa) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer and Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hsph1/","cancers":"gastric colorectal"},{"id":"lgr5-gene","kind":"target","name":"LGR5","aka":"leucine rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 5\nLeucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5\nHG38\nGPR67\nGPR49","tldr":"LGR5 (Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5) is a protein on the cell surface. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and an antigen, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer and Sarcomas.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/lgr5-gene/","cancers":"colorectal sarcoma"},{"id":"mir218-1","kind":"target","name":"MIR218-1","aka":"microRNA 218-1\nhsa-mir-218-1\nMIRN218-1","tldr":"MIR218-1 (microRNA 218-1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer and Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mir218-1/","cancers":"colorectal pancreatic"},{"id":"mthfr","kind":"target","name":"MTHFR","aka":"methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase\nMethylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NADPH)","tldr":"MTHFR (Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NADPH)) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer and Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mthfr/","cancers":"gastric prostate"},{"id":"mybl1","kind":"target","name":"MYBL1","aka":"MYB proto-oncogene like 1\nMyb-related protein A\nA-myb","tldr":"MYBL1 (Myb-related protein A) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mybl1/"},{"id":"ncoa3","kind":"target","name":"NCOA3","aka":"nuclear receptor coactivator 3\nNuclear receptor coactivator 3\nRAC3\nAIB1\np/CIP\nTRAM-1\nCAGH16\nTNRC16\nKAT13B\nbHLHe42\nSRC-3\nSRC3","tldr":"NCOA3 (Nuclear receptor coactivator 3) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer and Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ncoa3/","cancers":"breast-cancer colorectal"},{"id":"nqo1","kind":"target","name":"NQO1","aka":"NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1\nNAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1\nQR1\nNMOR1\nDIA4","tldr":"NQO1 (NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Lung cancer and Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nqo1/","cancers":"lung-cancer pancreatic"},{"id":"nr4a2","kind":"target","name":"NR4A2","aka":"nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 2\nNuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 2\nTINUR\nRNR1\nHZF-3\nNURR1","tldr":"NR4A2 (Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nr4a2/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"plcg2","kind":"target","name":"PLCG2","aka":"phospholipase C gamma 2\n1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2","tldr":"PLCG2 (1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/plcg2/","cancers":"cll non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"prkdc","kind":"target","name":"PRKDC","aka":"protein kinase, DNA-activated, catalytic subunit\nDNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit\nDNPK1\np350\nDNAPK\nXRCC7\nDNA-PKcs\nDNAPKc\nDNA-PKC\np460\nHYRC1","tldr":"PRKDC (DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Melanoma, Non-small-cell lung cancer and Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/prkdc/","cancers":"melanoma nsclc dlbcl"},{"id":"slfn11","kind":"target","name":"SLFN11","aka":"schlafen family member 11\nSchlafen family member 11\nFLJ34922","tldr":"SLFN11 (Schlafen family member 11) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Ewing sarcoma and Small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/slfn11/","cancers":"colorectal ewing-sarcoma sclc"},{"id":"tnc","kind":"target","name":"TNC","aka":"tenascin C\nTenascin\nMGC167029\nDFNA56","tldr":"TNC (Tenascin) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, Adrenocortical carcinoma, Bladder & urothelial cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tnc/","cancers":"pancreatic adrenocortical urothelial non-hodgkin-lymphoma ovarian aml nsclc neuroblastoma"},{"id":"mef2b","kind":"target","name":"MEF2B","aka":"myocyte enhancer factor 2B\nMyocyte-specific enhancer factor 2B\nRSRFR2","tldr":"MEF2B (Myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2B) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mef2b/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"bcl7a","kind":"target","name":"BCL7A","aka":"BAF chromatin remodeling complex subunit BCL7A\nB-cell CLL/lymphoma 7 protein family member A\nSMARCJ1\nBCL7","tldr":"BCL7A (B-cell CLL/lymphoma 7 protein family member A) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a biomarker and a fusion partner, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Multiple myeloma, Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/bcl7a/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma multiple-myeloma dlbcl burkitt-lymphoma"},{"id":"kmt2b","kind":"target","name":"KMT2B","aka":"lysine methyltransferase 2B\nHistone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2B\nKIAA0304\nMLL2\nTRX2\nHRX2\nWBP7\nMLL1B\nMLL4\nCXXC10","tldr":"KMT2B (Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2B) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma, Vulvar cancer, Melanoma and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kmt2b/","cancers":"hcc vulvar melanoma nsclc"},{"id":"sin3a","kind":"target","name":"SIN3A","aka":"SIN3 transcription regulator family member A\nPaired amphipathic helix protein Sin3a\nKIAA0700\nDKFZP434K2235","tldr":"SIN3A (Paired amphipathic helix protein Sin3a) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sin3a/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl burkitt-lymphoma"},{"id":"gnai2","kind":"target","name":"GNAI2","aka":"G protein subunit alpha i2\nGuanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2\nGNAI2B","tldr":"GNAI2 (Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/gnai2/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma burkitt-lymphoma"},{"id":"hla-c","kind":"target","name":"HLA-C","aka":"major histocompatibility complex, class I, C\nHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, C alpha chain\nHLA-JY3\nD6S204\nPSORS1","tldr":"HLA-C (HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, C alpha chain) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer and Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hla-c/","cancers":"colorectal dlbcl"},{"id":"smarca2","kind":"target","name":"SMARCA2","aka":"SWI/SNF related BAF chromatin remodeling complex subunit ATPase 2\nSWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A member 2\nBAF190\nhSNF2a\nhBRM\nSth1p\nSNF2LA\nSNF2\nSWI2\nSNF2L2","tldr":"SMARCA2 (SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A member 2) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Salivary gland cancers.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/smarca2/","cancers":"salivary-gland"},{"id":"ass1","kind":"target","name":"ASS1","aka":"argininosuccinate synthase 1\nArgininosuccinate synthase\nCTLN1","tldr":"ASS1 (Argininosuccinate synthase) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Ovarian cancer and Sarcomas.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ass1/","cancers":"ovarian sarcoma"},{"id":"atxn1l","kind":"target","name":"ATXN1L","aka":"ataxin 1 like\nAtaxin-1-like\nBOAT1","tldr":"ATXN1L (Ataxin-1-like) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/atxn1l/","cancers":"pancreatic melanoma"},{"id":"birc5","kind":"target","name":"BIRC5","aka":"baculoviral IAP repeat containing 5\nBaculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5\nEPR-1\nsurvivin\nAPI4","tldr":"BIRC5 (Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-small-cell lung cancer and HER2-positive breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/birc5/","cancers":"nsclc breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"birc7","kind":"target","name":"BIRC7","aka":"baculoviral IAP repeat containing 7\nBaculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 7\nmliap\nML-IAP\nRNF50","tldr":"BIRC7 (Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 7) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/birc7/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"ccne2","kind":"target","name":"CCNE2","aka":"cyclin E2\nG1/S-specific cyclin-E2\nCYCE2","tldr":"CCNE2 (G1/S-specific cyclin-E2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ccne2/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"cdc50a","kind":"target","name":"CDC50A","aka":"cell division cycle 50 P4-ATPase accessory subunit A\nCell cycle control protein 50A\nFLJ10856\nC6orf67\nTMEM30A","tldr":"CDC50A (Cell cycle control protein 50A) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cdc50a/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"chek1","kind":"target","name":"CHEK1","aka":"checkpoint kinase 1\nSerine/threonine-protein kinase Chk1\nCHK1","tldr":"CHEK1 (Serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk1) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Prostate cancer and Small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/chek1/","cancers":"prostate sclc"},{"id":"cip2a","kind":"target","name":"CIP2A","aka":"cellular inhibitor of PP2A\nKIAA1524","tldr":"CIP2A (cellular inhibitor of PP2A) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cip2a/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"crkl","kind":"target","name":"CRKL","aka":"CRK like proto-oncogene, adaptor protein\nCrk-like protein","tldr":"CRKL (Crk-like protein) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer and Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/crkl/","cancers":"gastric nsclc"},{"id":"ctag1b","kind":"target","name":"CTAG1B","aka":"cancer/testis antigen 1B\nCancer/testis antigen 1\nNY-ESO-1\nLAGE2B\nLAGE2A\nESO1\nCT6.1\nCTAG1","tldr":"CTAG1B (Cancer/testis antigen 1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Multiple myeloma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ctag1b/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"cul7","kind":"target","name":"CUL7","aka":"cullin 7\nCullin-7\ndJ20C7.5\nKIAA0076","tldr":"CUL7 (Cullin-7) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Glioma & glioblastoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cul7/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"eif4ebp1","kind":"target","name":"EIF4EBP1","aka":"eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1\nEukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1\nPHAS-I\n4E-BP1","tldr":"EIF4EBP1 (Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer and Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/eif4ebp1/","cancers":"colorectal gastric"},{"id":"emsy","kind":"target","name":"EMSY","aka":"EMSY transcriptional repressor, BRCA2 interacting\nBRCA2-interacting transcriptional repressor EMSY\nC11orf30","tldr":"EMSY (BRCA2-interacting transcriptional repressor EMSY) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Ovarian cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/emsy/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"errfi1","kind":"target","name":"ERRFI1","aka":"ERBB receptor feedback inhibitor 1\nMIG-6\nGENE-33","tldr":"ERRFI1 (ERBB receptor feedback inhibitor 1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Biliary tract cancer and Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/errfi1/","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma nsclc"},{"id":"faap20","kind":"target","name":"FAAP20","aka":"FA core complex associated protein 20\nFanconi anemia core complex-associated protein 20\nFLJ31031\nC1orf86","tldr":"FAAP20 (Fanconi anaemia core complex-associated protein 20) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/faap20/"},{"id":"fcgr2a","kind":"target","name":"FCGR2A","aka":"Fc gamma receptor IIa\nLow affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor II-a\nCD32\nCD32A\nIGFR2\nCDw32\nFc-gamma-RIIa\nFcgammaRIIa\nFCG2\nFCGR2A1\nFCGR2","tldr":"FCGR2A (Low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor II-a) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer and HER2-positive breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fcgr2a/","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"fcgr3a","kind":"target","name":"FCGR3A","aka":"Fc gamma receptor IIIa\nLow affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-A\nCD16\nCD16a\nFcgammaRIIIa\nFcGRIIIA\nFCGR3\nFCG3","tldr":"FCGR3A (Low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-A) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer and HER2-positive breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fcgr3a/","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"gas6","kind":"target","name":"GAS6","aka":"growth arrest specific 6\nGrowth arrest-specific protein 6\nFLJ34709\nDKFZp666G247\nAXLLG","tldr":"GAS6 (Growth arrest-specific protein 6) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/gas6/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"gstp1","kind":"target","name":"GSTP1","aka":"glutathione S-transferase pi 1\nGlutathione S-transferase P\nFAEES3\nGST3","tldr":"GSTP1 (Glutathione S-transferase P) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer and Ovarian cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/gstp1/","cancers":"colorectal ovarian"},{"id":"hnrnph1","kind":"target","name":"HNRNPH1","aka":"heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H1\nHeterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H\nhnRNPH\nHNRPH1","tldr":"HNRNPH1 (Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hnrnph1/","cancers":"mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"hoxc10","kind":"target","name":"HOXC10","aka":"homeobox C10\nHomeobox protein Hox-C10\nHOX3I","tldr":"HOXC10 (Homeobox protein Hox-C10) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hoxc10/"},{"id":"klln","kind":"target","name":"KLLN","aka":"killin, p53 regulated DNA replication inhibitor\nKillin\nkillin","tldr":"KLLN (Killin) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer and Renal cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/klln/","cancers":"breast-cancer rcc"},{"id":"notch3","kind":"target","name":"NOTCH3","aka":"notch receptor 3\nNeurogenic locus notch homolog protein 3\nCASIL\nCADASIL","tldr":"NOTCH3 (Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 3) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/notch3/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"pbk","kind":"target","name":"PBK","aka":"PDZ binding kinase\nLymphokine-activated killer T-cell-originated protein kinase\nFLJ14385\nNori-3\nCT84","tldr":"PBK (Lymphokine-activated killer T-cell-originated protein kinase) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer and Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pbk/","cancers":"gastric nsclc"},{"id":"ppp2r2a","kind":"target","name":"PPP2R2A","aka":"protein phosphatase 2 regulatory subunit Balpha\nSerine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B alpha isoform\nPR52A\nPR55A\nB55A\nPR55alpha\nB55alpha","tldr":"PPP2R2A (Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B alpha isoform) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ppp2r2a/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"ptprf","kind":"target","name":"PTPRF","aka":"protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type F\nReceptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase F","tldr":"PTPRF (Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase F) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ptprf/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"sirt1","kind":"target","name":"SIRT1","aka":"sirtuin 1\nNAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1\nSIR2L1","tldr":"SIRT1 (NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sirt1/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"slc12a2","kind":"target","name":"SLC12A2","aka":"solute carrier family 12 member 2\nSolute carrier family 12 member 2\nNKCC1\nBSC2\nBSC-2\nPPP1R141\nCCC1","tldr":"SLC12A2 (Solute carrier family 12 member 2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Glioma & glioblastoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/slc12a2/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"slco1b1","kind":"target","name":"SLCO1B1","aka":"solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1\nSolute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1\nOATP-C\nLST-1\nOATP1B1\nSLC21A6","tldr":"SLCO1B1 (Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/slco1b1/"},{"id":"timp1","kind":"target","name":"TIMP1","aka":"TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1\nMetalloproteinase inhibitor 1","tldr":"TIMP1 (Metalloproteinase inhibitor 1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/timp1/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"tspyl1","kind":"target","name":"TSPYL1","aka":"TSPY like 1\nTestis-specific Y-encoded-like protein 1\nTSPYL","tldr":"TSPYL1 (Testis-specific Y-encoded-like protein 1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tspyl1/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"setd1b","kind":"target","name":"SETD1B","aka":"SET domain containing 1B, histone lysine methyltransferase\nHistone-lysine N-methyltransferase SETD1B\nKIAA1076\nSet1B\nKMT2G","tldr":"SETD1B (Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SETD1B) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Oesophageal cancer, Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, Ovarian cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/setd1b/","cancers":"esophageal head-and-neck ovarian pancreatic gastric urothelial dlbcl nsclc"},{"id":"btg2","kind":"target","name":"BTG2","aka":"BTG anti-proliferation factor 2\nPC3\nTIS21\nMGC126063\nMGC126064\nAPRO1","tldr":"BTG2 (BTG anti-proliferation factor 2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/btg2/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl cll"},{"id":"tmsb4x","kind":"target","name":"TMSB4X","aka":"thymosin beta 4 X-linked\nThymosin beta-4\nTB4X\nTMSB4","tldr":"TMSB4X (Thymosin beta-4) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tmsb4x/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl"},{"id":"id3","kind":"target","name":"ID3","aka":"inhibitor of DNA binding 3\nDNA-binding protein inhibitor ID-3\nHEIR-1\nbHLHb25","tldr":"ID3 (DNA-binding protein inhibitor ID-3) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma and Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/id3/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma burkitt-lymphoma dlbcl"},{"id":"mga","kind":"target","name":"MGA","aka":"MAX dimerization protein MGA\nMAX gene-associated protein\nKIAA0518\nMAD5\nMXD5\nFLJ12634","tldr":"MGA (MAX gene-associated protein) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Mesothelioma, Prostate cancer, Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mga/","cancers":"mesothelioma prostate dlbcl cll nsclc pleural-mesothelioma"},{"id":"nfkbia","kind":"target","name":"NFKBIA","aka":"NFKB inhibitor alpha\nNF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha\nMAD-3\nIkappaBalpha\nNFKBI","tldr":"NFKBIA (NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Multiple myeloma and Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nfkbia/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma multiple-myeloma dlbcl"},{"id":"pou2f2","kind":"target","name":"POU2F2","aka":"POU class 2 homeobox 2\nPOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 2\nOCT2\nOTF2","tldr":"POU2F2 (POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pou2f2/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl"},{"id":"ptpn6","kind":"target","name":"PTPN6","aka":"protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 6\nTyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 6\nPTP-1C\nSHP-1\nSHP1","tldr":"PTPN6 (Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 6) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma, Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ptpn6/","cancers":"hcc dlbcl melanoma"},{"id":"tfap4","kind":"target","name":"TFAP4","aka":"transcription factor AP-4\nTranscription factor AP-4\nAP-4\nbHLHc41","tldr":"TFAP4 (Transcription factor AP-4) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tfap4/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma burkitt-lymphoma"},{"id":"cd58","kind":"target","name":"CD58","aka":"CD58 molecule\nLymphocyte function-associated antigen 3\nLFA3","tldr":"CD58 (Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 3) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cd58/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl"},{"id":"cysltr2","kind":"target","name":"CYSLTR2","aka":"cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2\nCysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2\nCysLT(2)\nCYSLT2R","tldr":"CYSLTR2 (Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Cervical cancer and Uveal melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cysltr2/","cancers":"cervical uveal-melanoma"},{"id":"klhl6","kind":"target","name":"KLHL6","aka":"kelch like family member 6\nKelch-like protein 6\nFLJ00029","tldr":"KLHL6 (Kelch-like protein 6) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/klhl6/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl"},{"id":"usp7","kind":"target","name":"USP7","aka":"ubiquitin specific peptidase 7\nUbiquitin C-terminal hydrolase 7\nHAUSP","tldr":"USP7 (Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase 7) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Multiple myeloma and Burkitt lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/usp7/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma burkitt-lymphoma"},{"id":"dtx1","kind":"target","name":"DTX1","aka":"deltex E3 ubiquitin ligase 1\nE3 ubiquitin-protein ligase DTX1\nhDx-1\nRNF140","tldr":"DTX1 (E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase DTX1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/dtx1/","cancers":"dlbcl cll"},{"id":"sp140","kind":"target","name":"SP140","aka":"SP140 nuclear body protein\nNuclear body protein SP140\nLYSP100-B\nLYSP100-A","tldr":"SP140 (Nuclear body protein SP140) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Multiple myeloma and Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sp140/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"ube2a","kind":"target","name":"UBE2A","aka":"ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 A\nUbiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 A\nUBC2\nHHR6A\nRAD6A\nHR6A","tldr":"UBE2A (Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 A) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ube2a/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"abcc10","kind":"target","name":"ABCC10","aka":"ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 10\nATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 10\nEST182763\nMRP7\nSIMRP7","tldr":"ABCC10 (ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 10) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/abcc10/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"abcc3","kind":"target","name":"ABCC3","aka":"ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 3\nATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3\nMRP3\ncMOAT2\nEST90757\nMLP2\nMOAT-D","tldr":"ABCC3 (ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/abcc3/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"abcg2","kind":"target","name":"ABCG2","aka":"ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (JR blood group)\nBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2\nEST157481\nCD338","tldr":"ABCG2 (Broad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Ovarian cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/abcg2/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"acta1","kind":"target","name":"ACTA1","aka":"actin alpha 1, skeletal muscle\nActin, alpha skeletal muscle\nNEM3","tldr":"ACTA1 (Actin, alpha skeletal muscle) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/acta1/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"aebp1","kind":"target","name":"AEBP1","aka":"AE binding protein 1\nAdipocyte enhancer-binding protein 1","tldr":"AEBP1 (Adipocyte enhancer-binding protein 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/aebp1/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"agr2","kind":"target","name":"AGR2","aka":"anterior gradient 2, protein disulphide isomerase family member\nAnterior gradient protein 2 homolog\nXAG-2\nHAG-2\nAG2\nPDIA17","tldr":"AGR2 (Anterior gradient protein 2 homolog) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/agr2/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"aimp2","kind":"target","name":"AIMP2","aka":"aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex interacting multifunctional protein 2\nAminoacyl tRNA synthase complex-interacting multifunctional protein 2\np38\nPRO0992\nJTV-1\nJTV1","tldr":"AIMP2 (Aminoacyl tRNA synthase complex-interacting multifunctional protein 2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/aimp2/","cancers":"lung-cancer"},{"id":"alcam","kind":"target","name":"ALCAM","aka":"activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule\nCD166 antigen\nCD166","tldr":"ALCAM (CD166 antigen) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/alcam/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"ascl1","kind":"target","name":"ASCL1","aka":"achaete-scute family bHLH transcription factor 1\nAchaete-scute homolog 1\nASH1\nHASH1\nbHLHa46","tldr":"ASCL1 (Achaete-scute homolog 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ascl1/","cancers":"atrt sclc"},{"id":"asns","kind":"target","name":"ASNS","aka":"asparagine synthetase (glutamine-hydrolyzing)\nAsparagine synthetase [glutamine-hydrolyzing]","tldr":"ASNS (Asparagine synthetase [glutamine-hydrolysing]) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Ovarian cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/asns/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"atg12","kind":"target","name":"ATG12","aka":"autophagy related 12\nUbiquitin-like protein ATG12\nAPG12\nAPG12L","tldr":"ATG12 (Ubiquitin-like protein ATG12) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/atg12/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"aurkb","kind":"target","name":"AURKB","aka":"aurora kinase B\nAurora kinase B\nAik2\nIPL1\nAurB\nAIM-1\nARK2\nSTK5\nPPP1R48\nSTK12","tldr":"AURKB (Aurora kinase B) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/aurkb/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"b4galt1","kind":"target","name":"B4GALT1","aka":"beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1\nBeta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1\nbeta4Gal-T1\nGGTB2","tldr":"B4GALT1 (Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Renal cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/b4galt1/","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"bmp7","kind":"target","name":"BMP7","aka":"bone morphogenetic protein 7\nBone morphogenetic protein 7\nOP-1","tldr":"BMP7 (Bone morphogenetic protein 7) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Burkitt lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/bmp7/","cancers":"burkitt-lymphoma"},{"id":"cblc","kind":"target","name":"CBLC","aka":"Cbl proto-oncogene C\nE3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CBL-C\nCBL-3\nCBL-SL\nRNF57","tldr":"CBLC (E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CBL-C) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cblc/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"ccn2","kind":"target","name":"CCN2","aka":"cellular communication network factor 2\nCCN family member 2\nIGFBP8","tldr":"CCN2 (CCN family member 2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ccn2/"},{"id":"cd83","kind":"target","name":"CD83","aka":"CD83 molecule\nCD83 antigen\nHB15\nBL11","tldr":"CD83 (CD83 antigen) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cd83/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"cdk2","kind":"target","name":"CDK2","aka":"cyclin dependent kinase 2\nCyclin-dependent kinase 2","tldr":"CDK2 (Cyclin-dependent kinase 2) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Triple-negative breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cdk2/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"cdk5","kind":"target","name":"CDK5","aka":"cyclin dependent kinase 5\nCyclin-dependent kinase 5\nPSSALRE","tldr":"CDK5 (Cyclin-dependent kinase 5) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cdk5/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"cflar","kind":"target","name":"CFLAR","aka":"CASP8 and FADD like apoptosis regulator\nCASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator\nCasper\nCLARP\nFLAME\nI-FLICE\nc-FLIP\ncFLIP\nCASP8AP1","tldr":"CFLAR (CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cflar/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"chd8","kind":"target","name":"CHD8","aka":"chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 8\nATP-dependent chromatin remodeler CHD8\nKIAA1564\nDUPLIN\nHELSNF1","tldr":"CHD8 (ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler CHD8) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Burkitt lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/chd8/","cancers":"burkitt-lymphoma"},{"id":"ctag2","kind":"target","name":"CTAG2","aka":"cancer/testis antigen 2\nCancer/testis antigen 2\nLAGE-1\nCAMEL\nLAGE1\nESO2\nMGC3803\nMGC138724\nCT6.2a\nCT6.2b\nLAGE-1a\nLAGE-1b","tldr":"CTAG2 (Cancer/testis antigen 2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Multiple myeloma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ctag2/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"cx3cl1","kind":"target","name":"CX3CL1","aka":"C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1\nFractalkine\nC3Xkine\nABCD-3\nCXC3C\nCXC3\nSCYD1","tldr":"CX3CL1 (Fractalkine) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cx3cl1/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"cxcl10","kind":"target","name":"CXCL10","aka":"C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10\nC-X-C motif chemokine 10\nIFI10\nIP-10\ncrg-2\nmob-1\nC7\ngIP-10\nINP10\nSCYB10","tldr":"CXCL10 (C-X-C motif chemokine 10) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Osteosarcoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cxcl10/","cancers":"osteosarcoma"},{"id":"cyp2d6","kind":"target","name":"CYP2D6","aka":"cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily D member 6 (gene/pseudogene)\nCytochrome P450 2D6\nCPD6\nP450-DB1\nCYP2D\nP450C2D\nCYP2DL1\nCYP2D7P2\nCYP2D7BP\nCYP2D8P2\nCYP2D7AP","tldr":"CYP2D6 (Cytochrome P450 2D6) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cyp2d6/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"dazap1","kind":"target","name":"DAZAP1","aka":"DAZ associated protein 1\nDAZ-associated protein 1\nMGC19907","tldr":"DAZAP1 (DAZ-associated protein 1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/dazap1/","cancers":"mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"ddx43","kind":"target","name":"DDX43","aka":"DEAD-box helicase 43\nProbable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX43\nDKFZp434H2114\nCT13","tldr":"DDX43 (Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX43) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Uveal melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ddx43/","cancers":"uveal-melanoma"},{"id":"defa1","kind":"target","name":"DEFA1","aka":"defensin alpha 1\nNeutrophil defensin 1\nHNP-1\nDEF1\nDEFA2","tldr":"DEFA1 (Neutrophil defensin 1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/defa1/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"dkk1","kind":"target","name":"DKK1","aka":"dickkopf Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor 1\nDickkopf-related protein 1\nDKK-1","tldr":"DKK1 (Dickkopf-related protein 1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/dkk1/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"drd5","kind":"target","name":"DRD5","aka":"dopamine receptor D5\nDopamine receptor D5\nDRD1B\nDRD1L2","tldr":"DRD5 (Dopamine receptor D5) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Glioma & glioblastoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/drd5/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"dusp2","kind":"target","name":"DUSP2","aka":"dual specificity phosphatase 2\nDual specificity protein phosphatase 2\nPAC-1","tldr":"DUSP2 (Dual specificity protein phosphatase 2) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/dusp2/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"dusp6","kind":"target","name":"DUSP6","aka":"dual specificity phosphatase 6\nDual specificity protein phosphatase 6\nMKP-3\nPYST1","tldr":"DUSP6 (Dual specificity protein phosphatase 6) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/dusp6/"},{"id":"ecscr","kind":"target","name":"ECSCR","aka":"endothelial cell surface expressed chemotaxis and apoptosis regulator\nEndothelial cell-specific chemotaxis regulator\nECSM2","tldr":"ECSCR (Endothelial cell-specific chemotaxis regulator) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ecscr/"},{"id":"eif4a1","kind":"target","name":"EIF4A1","aka":"eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A1\nEukaryotic initiation factor 4A-I\nDDX2A\nEIF-4A\nEIF4A","tldr":"EIF4A1 (Eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-I) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Burkitt lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/eif4a1/","cancers":"burkitt-lymphoma"},{"id":"ets1","kind":"target","name":"ETS1","aka":"ETS proto-oncogene 1, transcription factor\nFLJ10768\nETS-1\nEWSR2","tldr":"ETS1 (ETS proto-oncogene 1, transcription factor) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ets1/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"ets2","kind":"target","name":"ETS2","aka":"ETS proto-oncogene 2, transcription factor","tldr":"ETS2 (ETS proto-oncogene 2, transcription factor) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ets2/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"fbxw11","kind":"target","name":"FBXW11","aka":"F-box and WD repeat domain containing 11\nF-box/WD repeat-containing protein 11\nKIAA0696\nFbw1b\nBTRCP2\nBTRC2\nHos\nFbw11\nFBXW1B","tldr":"FBXW11 (F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 11) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fbxw11/"},{"id":"fgf13","kind":"target","name":"FGF13","aka":"fibroblast growth factor 13\nFibroblast growth factor 13\nFHF2\nFGF2\nFLJ30672\nLINC00889","tldr":"FGF13 (Fibroblast growth factor 13) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fgf13/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"fntb","kind":"target","name":"FNTB","aka":"farnesyltransferase, CAAX box, subunit beta\nProtein farnesyltransferase subunit beta","tldr":"FNTB (Protein farnesyltransferase subunit beta) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Ovarian cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fntb/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"fosb","kind":"target","name":"FOSB","aka":"FosB proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit\nG0S3\nGOS3\nAP-1\nMGC42291\nDKFZp686C0818","tldr":"FOSB (FosB proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fosb/"},{"id":"foxc2","kind":"target","name":"FOXC2","aka":"forkhead box C2\nForkhead box protein C2\nMFH-1\nFKHL14","tldr":"FOXC2 (Forkhead box protein C2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/foxc2/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"foxf1","kind":"target","name":"FOXF1","aka":"forkhead box F1\nForkhead box protein F1\nFREAC1\nFKHL5","tldr":"FOXF1 (Forkhead box protein F1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/foxf1/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"foxp3","kind":"target","name":"FOXP3","aka":"forkhead box P3\nForkhead box protein P3\nJM2\nDIETER\nSCURFIN","tldr":"FOXP3 (Forkhead box protein P3) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/foxp3/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"gadd45a","kind":"target","name":"GADD45A","aka":"growth arrest and DNA damage inducible alpha\nGrowth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 alpha\nGADD45\nDDIT1","tldr":"GADD45A (Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 alpha) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Ovarian cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/gadd45a/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"galnt14","kind":"target","name":"GALNT14","aka":"polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 14\nPolypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 14\nGalNac-T10\nFLJ12691\nGalNac-T14","tldr":"GALNT14 (Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 14) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/galnt14/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"grhpr","kind":"target","name":"GRHPR","aka":"glyoxylate and hydroxypyruvate reductase\nGlyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase\nPH2","tldr":"GRHPR (Glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/grhpr/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"h1-2","kind":"target","name":"H1-2","aka":"H1.2 linker histone, cluster member\nHistone H1.2\nH1.2\nH1s-1\nH1c\nH1F2\nHIST1H1C","tldr":"H1-2 (Histone H1.2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/h1-2/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"h1-3","kind":"target","name":"H1-3","aka":"H1.3 linker histone, cluster member\nHistone H1.3\nH1.3\nH1d\nH1s-2\nH1F3\nHIST1H1D","tldr":"H1-3 (Histone H1.3) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/h1-3/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"h1-5","kind":"target","name":"H1-5","aka":"H1.5 linker histone, cluster member\nHistone H1.5\nH1b\nH1s-3\nH1F5\nHIST1H1B","tldr":"H1-5 (Histone H1.5) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/h1-5/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"h2ac17","kind":"target","name":"H2AC17","aka":"H2A clustered histone 17\nHistone H2A type 1\nH2A/n\nH2A.1\nH2AFN\nHIST1H2AM","tldr":"H2AC17 (Histone H2A type 1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/h2ac17/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"h2ac6","kind":"target","name":"H2AC6","aka":"H2A clustered histone 6\nHistone H2A type 1-C\nH2AFL\nHIST1H2AC","tldr":"H2AC6 (Histone H2A type 1-C) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/h2ac6/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"h2bc12","kind":"target","name":"H2BC12","aka":"H2B clustered histone 12\nHistone H2B type 1-K\nH2BFAiii\nH2BFT\nHIST1H2BK","tldr":"H2BC12 (Histone H2B type 1-K) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/h2bc12/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"h2bc5","kind":"target","name":"H2BC5","aka":"H2B clustered histone 5\nHistone H2B type 1-D\nH2B/b\nH2BFB\nHIST1H2BD","tldr":"H2BC5 (Histone H2B type 1-D) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/h2bc5/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"h3c14","kind":"target","name":"H3C14","aka":"H3 clustered histone 14\nHistone H3.2\nMGC9629\nH3/m\nH3\nH3.2\nH3/M\nH3F2\nH3FM\nHIST2H3C","tldr":"H3C14 (Histone H3.2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/h3c14/","cancers":"dipg-dmg"},{"id":"h3c4","kind":"target","name":"H3C4","aka":"H3 clustered histone 4\nHistone H3.1\nH3/b\nH3FB\nHIST1H3D","tldr":"H3C4 (Histone H3.1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/h3c4/"},{"id":"hbb","kind":"target","name":"HBB","aka":"hemoglobin subunit beta\nHemoglobin subunit beta\nCD113t-C\nbeta-globin","tldr":"HBB (Haemoglobin subunit beta) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hbb/"},{"id":"hla-dra","kind":"target","name":"HLA-DRA","aka":"major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR alpha\nHLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR alpha chain\nHLA-DRA1","tldr":"HLA-DRA (HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR alpha chain) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hla-dra/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"hmox1","kind":"target","name":"HMOX1","aka":"heme oxygenase 1\nHeme oxygenase 1\nbK286B10\nHO-1","tldr":"HMOX1 (Heme oxygenase 1) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Renal cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hmox1/","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"hnrnpu","kind":"target","name":"HNRNPU","aka":"heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U\nHeterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U\nSAF-A\nFLJ37978\nFLJ30202\nHNRPU\nHNRNPU-AS1\nC1orf199\nNCRNA00201","tldr":"HNRNPU (Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Burkitt lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hnrnpu/","cancers":"burkitt-lymphoma"},{"id":"hoxd8","kind":"target","name":"HOXD8","aka":"homeobox D8\nHomeobox protein Hox-D8\nHOX4\nHOX4E","tldr":"HOXD8 (Homeobox protein Hox-D8) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hoxd8/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"hsp90b1","kind":"target","name":"HSP90B1","aka":"heat shock protein 90 beta family member 1\nEndoplasmin\nGP96\nGRP94\nTRA1","tldr":"HSP90B1 (Endoplasmin) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hsp90b1/"},{"id":"hspa5","kind":"target","name":"HSPA5","aka":"heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5\nEndoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP\nBiP\nGRP78","tldr":"HSPA5 (Endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hspa5/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"hspb1","kind":"target","name":"HSPB1","aka":"heat shock protein family B (small) member 1\nHeat shock protein beta-1\nHSP27\nHSP28\nHs.76067\nHsp25\nCMT2F","tldr":"HSPB1 (Heat shock protein beta-1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hspb1/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"hvcn1","kind":"target","name":"HVCN1","aka":"hydrogen voltage gated channel 1\nVoltage-gated hydrogen channel 1\nMGC15619\nHv1","tldr":"HVCN1 (Voltage-gated hydrogen channel 1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hvcn1/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"ifngr1","kind":"target","name":"IFNGR1","aka":"interferon gamma receptor 1\nInterferon gamma receptor 1\nCD119\nIFNGR","tldr":"IFNGR1 (Interferon gamma receptor 1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ifngr1/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"il33","kind":"target","name":"IL33","aka":"interleukin 33\nInterleukin-33\nDVS27\nDKFZp586H0523\nNF-HEV\nIL1F11\nC9orf26","tldr":"IL33 (Interleukin-33) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/il33/"},{"id":"il4r","kind":"target","name":"IL4R","aka":"interleukin 4 receptor\nInterleukin-4 receptor subunit alpha\nCD124","tldr":"IL4R (Interleukin-4 receptor subunit alpha) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/il4r/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"irf8","kind":"target","name":"IRF8","aka":"interferon regulatory factor 8\nInterferon regulatory factor 8\nIRF-8\nICSBP\nICSBP1","tldr":"IRF8 (Interferon regulatory factor 8) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/irf8/","cancers":"leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl"},{"id":"itpkb","kind":"target","name":"ITPKB","aka":"inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase B\nInositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase B\nIP3KB\nIP3-3KB","tldr":"ITPKB (Inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase B) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/itpkb/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"kdm5d","kind":"target","name":"KDM5D","aka":"lysine demethylase 5D\nLysine-specific demethylase 5D\nKIAA0234\nJARID1D","tldr":"KDM5D (Lysine-specific demethylase 5D) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kdm5d/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"kif23","kind":"target","name":"KIF23","aka":"kinesin family member 23\nKinesin-like protein KIF23\nMKLP1\nMKLP-1\nKNSL5","tldr":"KIF23 (Kinesin-like protein KIF23) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kif23/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"klhl14","kind":"target","name":"KLHL14","aka":"kelch like family member 14\nKelch-like protein 14\nKIAA1384","tldr":"KLHL14 (Kelch-like protein 14) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/klhl14/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"krt18","kind":"target","name":"KRT18","aka":"keratin 18\nKeratin, type I cytoskeletal 18","tldr":"KRT18 (Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 18) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/krt18/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"lepr","kind":"target","name":"LEPR","aka":"leptin receptor\nLeptin receptor\nCD295\nLEP-R\nOB-R","tldr":"LEPR (Leptin receptor) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Meningioma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/lepr/","cancers":"meningioma"},{"id":"ltb","kind":"target","name":"LTB","aka":"lymphotoxin beta\nLymphotoxin-beta\np33\nTNFSF3","tldr":"LTB (Lymphotoxin-beta) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ltb/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"mageh1","kind":"target","name":"MAGEH1","aka":"MAGE family member H1\nMelanoma-associated antigen H1\nAPR1","tldr":"MAGEH1 (Melanoma-associated antigen H1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mageh1/"},{"id":"mef2c","kind":"target","name":"MEF2C","aka":"myocyte enhancer factor 2C\nMyocyte-specific enhancer factor 2C","tldr":"MEF2C (Myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2C) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mef2c/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"mef2d","kind":"target","name":"MEF2D","aka":"myocyte enhancer factor 2D\nMyocyte-specific enhancer factor 2D","tldr":"MEF2D (Myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2D) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mef2d/"},{"id":"mertk","kind":"target","name":"MERTK","aka":"MER proto-oncogene, tyrosine kinase\nTyrosine-protein kinase Mer\nmer\nRP38\nc-Eyk\nTyro12","tldr":"MERTK (Tyrosine-protein kinase Mer) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mertk/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"mmp1","kind":"target","name":"MMP1","aka":"matrix metallopeptidase 1\nInterstitial collagenase","tldr":"MMP1 (Interstitial collagenase) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mmp1/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"mmp9","kind":"target","name":"MMP9","aka":"matrix metallopeptidase 9\nMatrix metalloproteinase-9\nCLG4B","tldr":"MMP9 (Matrix metalloproteinase-9) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mmp9/"},{"id":"mpeg1","kind":"target","name":"MPEG1","aka":"macrophage expressed 1\nMacrophage-expressed gene 1 protein\nP2\nMPS-1\nMPG1","tldr":"MPEG1 (Macrophage-expressed gene 1 protein) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mpeg1/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"mus81","kind":"target","name":"MUS81","aka":"MUS81 structure-specific endonuclease subunit\nStructure-specific endonuclease subunit MUS81\nFLJ44872\nSLX3","tldr":"MUS81 (Structure-specific endonuclease subunit MUS81) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Ovarian cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mus81/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"naprt","kind":"target","name":"NAPRT","aka":"nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase\nNicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase\nPP3856\nNAPRT1","tldr":"NAPRT (Nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/naprt/"},{"id":"nedd9","kind":"target","name":"NEDD9","aka":"neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 9\nEnhancer of filamentation 1\nHEF1\nCAS-L\nCASS2","tldr":"NEDD9 (Enhancer of filamentation 1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nedd9/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"nfkbiz","kind":"target","name":"NFKBIZ","aka":"NFKB inhibitor zeta\nNF-kappa-B inhibitor zeta\nFLJ34463","tldr":"NFKBIZ (NF-kappa-B inhibitor zeta) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nfkbiz/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"nol9","kind":"target","name":"NOL9","aka":"nucleolar protein 9\nPolynucleotide 5'-hydroxyl-kinase NOL9\nFLJ23323\nNET6\nGrc3","tldr":"NOL9 (Polynucleotide 5'-hydroxyl-kinase NOL9) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nol9/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"nptxr","kind":"target","name":"NPTXR","aka":"neuronal pentraxin receptor\nNeuronal pentraxin receptor","tldr":"NPTXR (Neuronal pentraxin receptor) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nptxr/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"nr2f2","kind":"target","name":"NR2F2","aka":"nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group F member 2\nCOUP transcription factor 2\nCOUP-TFII\nCOUPTFB\nSVP40\nNF-E3\nCOUPTF2\nARP1\nTFCOUP2","tldr":"NR2F2 (COUP transcription factor 2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nr2f2/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"orc1","kind":"target","name":"ORC1","aka":"origin recognition complex subunit 1\nOrigin recognition complex subunit 1\nHSORC1\nPARC1\nORC1L","tldr":"ORC1 (Origin recognition complex subunit 1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Triple-negative breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/orc1/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"osbpl10","kind":"target","name":"OSBPL10","aka":"oxysterol binding protein like 10\nOxysterol-binding protein-related protein 10","tldr":"OSBPL10 (Oxysterol-binding protein-related protein 10) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/osbpl10/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"ovol2","kind":"target","name":"OVOL2","aka":"ovo like zinc finger 2\nTranscription factor Ovo-like 2\nbA504H3.3\nHOVO2\nZNF339\nCHED1","tldr":"OVOL2 (Transcription factor Ovo-like 2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ovol2/"},{"id":"pappa2","kind":"target","name":"PAPPA2","aka":"pappalysin 2\nPappalysin-2\nPAPPE\nPAPP-A2\nPLAC3","tldr":"PAPPA2 (Pappalysin-2) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pappa2/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"pbld","kind":"target","name":"PBLD","aka":"phenazine biosynthesis like protein domain containing\nPhenazine biosynthesis-like domain-containing protein\nMAWBP\nMAWDBP\nFLJ14767","tldr":"PBLD (Phenazine biosynthesis-like domain-containing protein) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pbld/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"pcna","kind":"target","name":"PCNA","aka":"proliferating cell nuclear antigen\nDNA sliding clamp PCNA","tldr":"PCNA (DNA sliding clamp PCNA) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Neuroblastoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pcna/","cancers":"neuroblastoma"},{"id":"pdcd4","kind":"target","name":"PDCD4","aka":"programmed cell death 4\nProgrammed cell death protein 4\nH731","tldr":"PDCD4 (Programmed cell death protein 4) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pdcd4/","cancers":"lung-cancer"},{"id":"pim2","kind":"target","name":"PIM2","aka":"Pim-2 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase\nSerine/threonine-protein kinase pim-2","tldr":"PIM2 (Serine/threonine-protein kinase pim-2) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pim2/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"plk1","kind":"target","name":"PLK1","aka":"polo like kinase 1\nSerine/threonine-protein kinase PLK1","tldr":"PLK1 (Serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK1) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Glioma & glioblastoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/plk1/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"pole4","kind":"target","name":"POLE4","aka":"DNA polymerase epsilon 4, accessory subunit\nDNA polymerase epsilon subunit 4\np12","tldr":"POLE4 (DNA polymerase epsilon subunit 4) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pole4/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"ppp1r15a","kind":"target","name":"PPP1R15A","aka":"protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 15A\nProtein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 15A\nGADD34","tldr":"PPP1R15A (Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 15A) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ppp1r15a/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"prkaa2","kind":"target","name":"PRKAA2","aka":"protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2\n5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-2\nAMPKa2\nPRKAA","tldr":"PRKAA2 (5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-2) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/prkaa2/"},{"id":"prncr1","kind":"target","name":"PRNCR1","aka":"prostate cancer associated non-coding RNA 1\nPCAT8","tldr":"PRNCR1 (prostate cancer associated non-coding RNA 1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/prncr1/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"prom1","kind":"target","name":"PROM1","aka":"prominin 1\nProminin-1\nAC133\nCD133\nRP41\nCORD12\nPROML1\nMCDR2\nSTGD4","tldr":"PROM1 (Prominin-1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/prom1/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"ptp4a3","kind":"target","name":"PTP4A3","aka":"protein tyrosine phosphatase 4A3\nProtein tyrosine phosphatase type IVA 3\nPRL-3\nPRL-R\nPRL3","tldr":"PTP4A3 (Protein tyrosine phosphatase type IVA 3) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ptp4a3/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"ptpn12","kind":"target","name":"PTPN12","aka":"protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 12\nTyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 12\nPTPG1\nPTP-PEST","tldr":"PTPN12 (Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 12) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Triple-negative breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ptpn12/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"pttg1","kind":"target","name":"PTTG1","aka":"PTTG1 regulator of sister chromatid separation, securin\nSecurin\nHPTTG\nEAP1\nsecurin\nECRAR\nTUTR1","tldr":"PTTG1 (Securin) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Meningioma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pttg1/","cancers":"meningioma"},{"id":"pxdnl","kind":"target","name":"PXDNL","aka":"peroxidasin like\nProbable oxidoreductase PXDNL\nFLJ25471\nPMR1","tldr":"PXDNL (Probable oxidoreductase PXDNL) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pxdnl/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"rad23b","kind":"target","name":"RAD23B","aka":"RAD23 nucleotide excision repair protein B\nLysine-specific demethylase RAD23B\nHHR23B\nP58\nHR23B","tldr":"RAD23B (Lysine-specific demethylase RAD23B) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Sarcomas.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rad23b/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"rheb","kind":"target","name":"RHEB","aka":"Ras homolog, mTORC1 binding\nGTP-binding protein Rheb\nRHEB2","tldr":"RHEB (GTP-binding protein Rheb) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Renal cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rheb/","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"robo4","kind":"target","name":"ROBO4","aka":"roundabout guidance receptor 4\nRoundabout homolog 4\nFLJ20798\nECSM4","tldr":"ROBO4 (Roundabout homolog 4) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/robo4/"},{"id":"rps6","kind":"target","name":"RPS6","aka":"ribosomal protein S6\nSmall ribosomal subunit protein eS6\nS6\neS6","tldr":"RPS6 (Small ribosomal subunit protein eS6) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rps6/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"rsf1","kind":"target","name":"RSF1","aka":"remodeling and spacing factor 1\nRemodeling and spacing factor 1\nXAP8\nRSF-1\np325\nHBXAP","tldr":"RSF1 (Remodeling and spacing factor 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rsf1/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"s100b","kind":"target","name":"S100B","aka":"S100 calcium binding protein B\nS100beta","tldr":"S100B (S100 calcium binding protein B) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/s100b/"},{"id":"s1pr1","kind":"target","name":"S1PR1","aka":"sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1\nSphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1\nedg-1\nD1S3362\nCD363\nEDG1","tldr":"S1PR1 (Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Mantle cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/s1pr1/","cancers":"mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"s1pr2","kind":"target","name":"S1PR2","aka":"sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2\nSphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2\nGpcr13\nH218\nAGR16\nEDG5\nDFNB68","tldr":"S1PR2 (Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/s1pr2/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"slc29a1","kind":"target","name":"SLC29A1","aka":"solute carrier family 29 member 1 (Augustine blood group)\nEquilibrative nucleoside transporter 1\nENT1","tldr":"SLC29A1 (Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/slc29a1/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"sncaip","kind":"target","name":"SNCAIP","aka":"synuclein alpha interacting protein\nSynphilin-1\nSYPH1","tldr":"SNCAIP (Synphilin-1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sncaip/"},{"id":"sox10","kind":"target","name":"SOX10","aka":"SRY-box transcription factor 10\nTranscription factor SOX-10\nWS4\nWS2E\nSOX-10","tldr":"SOX10 (Transcription factor SOX-10) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sox10/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"sphk1","kind":"target","name":"SPHK1","aka":"sphingosine kinase 1\nSphingosine kinase 1","tldr":"SPHK1 (Sphingosine kinase 1) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Cervical cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sphk1/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"spry2","kind":"target","name":"SPRY2","aka":"sprouty RTK signaling antagonist 2\nProtein sprouty homolog 2\nhSPRY2","tldr":"SPRY2 (Protein sprouty homolog 2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/spry2/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"stag2-as1","kind":"target","name":"STAG2-AS1","aka":"STAG2 antisense RNA 1","tldr":"STAG2-AS1 (STAG2 antisense RNA 1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Acute myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/stag2-as1/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"stag3","kind":"target","name":"STAG3","aka":"STAG3 cohesin complex component\nCohesin subunit SA-3\nSA3","tldr":"STAG3 (Cohesin subunit SA-3) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/stag3/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"stmn1","kind":"target","name":"STMN1","aka":"stathmin 1\nStathmin\nOP18\nPR22\nPP19\nPP17\nLag\nFLJ32206\nLAP18\nC1orf215","tldr":"STMN1 (Stathmin) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Endometrial cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/stmn1/","cancers":"endometrial"},{"id":"tbk1","kind":"target","name":"TBK1","aka":"TANK binding kinase 1\nSerine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1","tldr":"TBK1 (Serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tbk1/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"tcf19","kind":"target","name":"TCF19","aka":"transcription factor 19\nTranscription factor 19\nSC1","tldr":"TCF19 (Transcription factor 19) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tcf19/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"tf","kind":"target","name":"TF","aka":"transferrin\nSerotransferrin\nPRO1557\nPRO2086","tldr":"TF (Serotransferrin) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tf/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"tff3","kind":"target","name":"TFF3","aka":"trefoil factor 3\nTrefoil factor 3","tldr":"TFF3 (Trefoil factor 3) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tff3/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"tgfbr3","kind":"target","name":"TGFBR3","aka":"transforming growth factor beta receptor 3\nTransforming growth factor beta receptor type 3\nbetaglycan\nBGCAN","tldr":"TGFBR3 (Transforming growth factor beta receptor type 3) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tgfbr3/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"thbs2","kind":"target","name":"THBS2","aka":"thrombospondin 2\nThrombospondin-2\nTSP2","tldr":"THBS2 (Thrombospondin-2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/thbs2/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"tlk2","kind":"target","name":"TLK2","aka":"tousled like kinase 2\nSerine/threonine-protein kinase tousled-like 2\nPKU-ALPHA\nMGC44450","tldr":"TLK2 (Serine/threonine-protein kinase tousled-like 2) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tlk2/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"tox","kind":"target","name":"TOX","aka":"thymocyte selection associated high mobility group box\nThymocyte selection-associated high mobility group box protein TOX\nKIAA0808\nTOX1","tldr":"TOX (Thymocyte selection-associated high mobility group box protein TOX) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tox/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"tp53bp1","kind":"target","name":"TP53BP1","aka":"tumor protein p53 binding protein 1\nTP53-binding protein 1\n53BP1\np202\nTDRD30","tldr":"TP53BP1 (TP53-binding protein 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, a fusion partner and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tp53bp1/","cancers":"lung-cancer"},{"id":"tpt1","kind":"target","name":"TPT1","aka":"tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1\nTranslationally-controlled tumor protein\nfortilin","tldr":"TPT1 (Translationally-controlled tumour protein) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tpt1/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"ttf1","kind":"target","name":"TTF1","aka":"transcription termination factor 1\nTranscription termination factor 1","tldr":"TTF1 (Transcription termination factor 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ttf1/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"ubtf","kind":"target","name":"UBTF","aka":"upstream binding transcription factor\nNucleolar transcription factor 1\nNOR-90\nUBF1\nUBF2","tldr":"UBTF (Nucleolar transcription factor 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Acute myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ubtf/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"ugt1a","kind":"target","name":"UGT1A","aka":"UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A complex locus\nUGT1A@","tldr":"UGT1A (UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A complex locus) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ugt1a/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"vegfc","kind":"target","name":"VEGFC","aka":"vascular endothelial growth factor C\nVascular endothelial growth factor C\nVEGF-C","tldr":"VEGFC (Vascular endothelial growth factor C) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/vegfc/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"vps37a","kind":"target","name":"VPS37A","aka":"VPS37A subunit of ESCRT-I\nVacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 37A\nFLJ32642\nHCRP1\nSPG53\nPQBP2","tldr":"VPS37A (Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 37A) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Ovarian cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/vps37a/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"wdr12","kind":"target","name":"WDR12","aka":"WD repeat domain 12\nRibosome biogenesis protein WDR12\nYTM1\nFLJ10881","tldr":"WDR12 (Ribosome biogenesis protein WDR12) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Glioma & glioblastoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/wdr12/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"wnk1","kind":"target","name":"WNK1","aka":"WNK lysine deficient protein kinase 1\nSerine/threonine-protein kinase WNK1\nHSAN2\nPPP1R167\nPRKWNK1\nHSN2","tldr":"WNK1 (Serine/threonine-protein kinase WNK1) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Burkitt lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/wnk1/","cancers":"burkitt-lymphoma"},{"id":"wnt11","kind":"target","name":"WNT11","aka":"Wnt family member 11","tldr":"WNT11 (Wnt family member 11) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/wnt11/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"wnt6","kind":"target","name":"WNT6","aka":"Wnt family member 6","tldr":"WNT6 (Wnt family member 6) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/wnt6/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"xrcc3","kind":"target","name":"XRCC3","aka":"X-ray repair cross complementing 3\nDNA repair protein XRCC3","tldr":"XRCC3 (DNA repair protein XRCC3) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, a biomarker and a DNA repair gene, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Triple-negative breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/xrcc3/","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"zhx2","kind":"target","name":"ZHX2","aka":"zinc fingers and homeoboxes 2\nZinc fingers and homeoboxes protein 2\nKIAA0854","tldr":"ZHX2 (Zinc fingers and homeoboxes protein 2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Papillary renal cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/zhx2/","cancers":"papillary-rcc"},{"id":"znf292","kind":"target","name":"ZNF292","aka":"zinc finger protein 292\nZinc finger protein 292\nKIAA0530\nZFP292\nbA393I2.3\nZn-15\nZn-16","tldr":"ZNF292 (Zinc finger protein 292) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/znf292/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"znf703","kind":"target","name":"ZNF703","aka":"zinc finger protein 703\nZinc finger protein 703\nFLJ14299\nZNF503L\nNLZ1\nZpo1\nZEPPO1","tldr":"ZNF703 (Zinc finger protein 703) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/znf703/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"tgfbr2","kind":"target","name":"TGFBR2","aka":"transforming growth factor beta receptor 2\nTGF-beta receptor type-2\nTBRII\nTBR-ii\nMFS2","tldr":"TGFBR2 (TGF-beta receptor type-2) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Oesophageal cancer, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tgfbr2/","cancers":"colorectal esophageal pancreatic head-and-neck cervical breast-cancer gastric rcc"},{"id":"axin1","kind":"target","name":"AXIN1","aka":"axin 1\nAxin-1\nPPP1R49","tldr":"AXIN1 (Axin-1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma, Oesophageal cancer, Skin cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/axin1/","cancers":"hcc esophageal skin-cancer lung-cancer leukaemia oesophageal-adenocarcinoma glioblastoma melanoma"},{"id":"cdc73","kind":"target","name":"CDC73","aka":"cell division cycle 73\nParafibromin\nparafibromin\nC1orf28\nHRPT2\nHRPT1","tldr":"CDC73 (Parafibromin) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Breast cancer, Endometrial cancer, Colorectal cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cdc73/","cancers":"breast-cancer endometrial colorectal lung-cancer"},{"id":"rnf43","kind":"target","name":"RNF43","aka":"ring finger protein 43\nE3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF43\nFLJ20315\nRNF124\nDKFZp781H0392","tldr":"RNF43 (E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF43) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, Colorectal cancer, Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rnf43/","cancers":"pancreatic colorectal gastric prostate esophageal ovarian endometrial lung-cancer"},{"id":"amer1","kind":"target","name":"AMER1","aka":"APC membrane recruitment protein 1\nRP11-403E24.2\nFLJ39827\nFAM123B","tldr":"AMER1 (APC membrane recruitment protein 1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Skin cancer, Leukaemia and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/amer1/","cancers":"colorectal skin-cancer leukaemia rectal-cancer wilms-tumor melanoma"},{"id":"tcf7l2","kind":"target","name":"TCF7L2","aka":"transcription factor 7 like 2\nTranscription factor 7-like 2\nTCF-4\nTCF4","tldr":"TCF7L2 (Transcription factor 7-like 2) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Breast cancer, Prostate cancer and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tcf7l2/","cancers":"colorectal breast-cancer prostate hcc skin-cancer rectal-cancer"},{"id":"cux1","kind":"target","name":"CUX1","aka":"cut like homeobox 1\nHomeobox protein cut-like 1\nCDP1\nClox\nCDP/Cut\nCDP/Cux\nCux/CDP\nGOLIM6\nCUTL1","tldr":"CUX1 (Homeobox protein cut-like 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Skin cancer, Leukaemia, Breast cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cux1/","cancers":"skin-cancer leukaemia breast-cancer non-hodgkin-lymphoma pancreatic thyroid lung-cancer myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"hnf1a","kind":"target","name":"HNF1A","aka":"HNF1 homeobox A\nHepatocyte nuclear factor 1-alpha\nHNF1\nLFB1\nHNF1α\nMODY3\nTCF1","tldr":"HNF1A (Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-alpha) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Renal cell carcinoma, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Skin cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hnf1a/","cancers":"rcc hcc skin-cancer ovarian colorectal lung-cancer papillary-rcc melanoma"},{"id":"zfhx3","kind":"target","name":"ZFHX3","aka":"zinc finger homeobox 3\nZinc finger homeobox protein 3\nZNF927\nFLJ26184\nATBF1\nC16orf47","tldr":"ZFHX3 (Zinc finger homeobox protein 3) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Prostate cancer, Endometrial cancer, Breast cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/zfhx3/","cancers":"prostate endometrial breast-cancer thyroid hcc urothelial multiple-myeloma vulvar"},{"id":"ppm1d","kind":"target","name":"PPM1D","aka":"protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+ dependent 1D\nProtein phosphatase 1D\nWip1\nPP2C-DELTA","tldr":"PPM1D (Protein phosphatase 1D) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Breast cancer, Ovarian cancer, Myeloproliferative neoplasms and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ppm1d/","cancers":"breast-cancer ovarian myeloproliferative-neoplasms skin-cancer colorectal nsclc basal-cell-carcinoma paediatric-low-grade-glioma"},{"id":"tbx3","kind":"target","name":"TBX3","aka":"T-box transcription factor 3\nT-box transcription factor TBX3\nTBX3-ISO","tldr":"TBX3 (T-box transcription factor TBX3) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Breast cancer, Colorectal cancer, Skin cancer and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tbx3/","cancers":"breast-cancer colorectal skin-cancer prostate melanoma dlbcl"},{"id":"tp63","kind":"target","name":"TP63","aka":"tumor protein p63\nTumor protein 63\np51\nSHFM4\nEEC3\np63\np73L\nOFC8\np73H\np53CP\np40\nTP73L\nTP53L\nTP53CP","tldr":"TP63 (Tumour protein 63) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Lung cancer, Skin cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tp63/","cancers":"lung-cancer skin-cancer non-hodgkin-lymphoma leukaemia urothelial cervical head-and-neck breast-cancer"},{"id":"maml2","kind":"target","name":"MAML2","aka":"mastermind like transcriptional coactivator 2\nMastermind-like protein 2\nKIAA1819\nMAM3","tldr":"MAML2 (Mastermind-like protein 2) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Lung cancer, Vulvar cancer, Breast cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/maml2/","cancers":"lung-cancer vulvar breast-cancer skin-cancer mucoepidermoid-carcinoma nsclc aml oral-cavity-cancer"},{"id":"suz12","kind":"target","name":"SUZ12","aka":"SUZ12 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit\nPolycomb protein SUZ12\nJJAZ1\nKIAA0160\nCHET9","tldr":"SUZ12 (Polycomb protein SUZ12) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Leukaemia, Breast cancer, Prostate cancer and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/suz12/","cancers":"leukaemia breast-cancer prostate sarcoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma skin-cancer aml"},{"id":"recql4","kind":"target","name":"RECQL4","aka":"RecQ like helicase 4\nATP-dependent DNA helicase Q4\nRecQ4","tldr":"RECQL4 (ATP-dependent DNA helicase Q4) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Sarcomas, Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, Breast cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/recql4/","cancers":"sarcoma gastric breast-cancer colorectal lung-cancer ovarian skin-cancer osteosarcoma"},{"id":"trim24","kind":"target","name":"TRIM24","aka":"tripartite motif containing 24\nTranscription intermediary factor 1-alpha\nhTIF1\nTif1a\nRNF82\nTIF1A\nTIF1","tldr":"TRIM24 (Transcription intermediary factor 1-alpha) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Leukaemia, Prostate cancer, Lung cancer and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/trim24/","cancers":"leukaemia prostate lung-cancer breast-cancer ovarian non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"ranbp2","kind":"target","name":"RANBP2","aka":"RAN binding protein 2\nE3 SUMO-protein ligase RanBP2\nNUP358\nADANE\nANE1","tldr":"RANBP2 (E3 SUMO-protein ligase RanBP2) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Lung cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Renal cell carcinoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ranbp2/","cancers":"lung-cancer hcc rcc pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma skin-cancer breast-cancer nsclc clear-cell-rcc"},{"id":"klf6","kind":"target","name":"KLF6","aka":"KLF transcription factor 6\nKrueppel-like factor 6\nZf9\nPAC1\nBCD1\nST12\nCOPEB","tldr":"KLF6 (Krueppel-like factor 6) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Prostate cancer, Skin cancer and Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/klf6/","cancers":"prostate skin-cancer melanoma"},{"id":"acvr1b","kind":"target","name":"ACVR1B","aka":"activin A receptor type 1B\nActivin receptor type-1B\nALK4\nSKR2\nActRIB\nACVRLK4","tldr":"ACVR1B (Activin receptor type-1B) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, Colorectal cancer, Breast cancer and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/acvr1b/","cancers":"pancreatic colorectal breast-cancer skin-cancer lung-cancer nsclc melanoma"},{"id":"bmpr1a","kind":"target","name":"BMPR1A","aka":"bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 1A\nBone morphogenetic protein receptor type-1A\nALK3\nCD292\nACVRLK3","tldr":"BMPR1A (Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type-1A) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, Colorectal cancer, Breast cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/bmpr1a/","cancers":"gastric colorectal breast-cancer ovarian"},{"id":"ncor1","kind":"target","name":"NCOR1","aka":"nuclear receptor corepressor 1\nNuclear receptor corepressor 1\nN-CoR\nhCIT529I10\nTRAC1\nhN-CoR\nKIAA1047\nMGC104216\nPPP1R109","tldr":"NCOR1 (Nuclear receptor corepressor 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Breast cancer, Prostate cancer, Lung cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ncor1/","cancers":"breast-cancer prostate lung-cancer urothelial head-and-neck mesothelioma skin-cancer colorectal"},{"id":"acvr2a","kind":"target","name":"ACVR2A","aka":"activin A receptor type 2A\nActivin receptor type-2A\nACTRII\nACVR2","tldr":"ACVR2A (Activin receptor type-2A) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/acvr2a/","cancers":"colorectal hcc pancreatic gastric prostate endometrial cutaneous-scc"},{"id":"cltc","kind":"target","name":"CLTC","aka":"clathrin heavy chain\nClathrin heavy chain 1\nHc\nCLTCL2","tldr":"CLTC (Clathrin heavy chain 1) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Breast cancer, Renal cell carcinoma, Hepatocellular carcinoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cltc/","cancers":"breast-cancer rcc hcc urothelial non-hodgkin-lymphoma lung-cancer clear-cell-rcc cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"rbm10","kind":"target","name":"RBM10","aka":"RNA binding motif protein 10\nRibosome biogenesis inhibitor MINAS-60\nDXS8237E\nKIAA0122\nGPATC9\nZRANB5\nGPATCH9\nS1-1","tldr":"RBM10 (Ribosome biogenesis inhibitor MINAS-60) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Lung cancer, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, Colorectal cancer and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rbm10/","cancers":"lung-cancer pancreatic colorectal urothelial biliary-tract-cancer nsclc cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"nkx2-1","kind":"target","name":"NKX2-1","aka":"NK2 homeobox 1\nHomeobox protein Nkx-2.1\nTTF-1\nTTF1\nNKX2A\nTITF1","tldr":"NKX2-1 (Homeobox protein Nkx-2.1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Thyroid cancer, Lung cancer, Skin cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nkx2-1/","cancers":"thyroid lung-cancer skin-cancer melanoma nsclc"},{"id":"qki","kind":"target","name":"QKI","aka":"QKI, KH domain containing RNA binding\nKH domain-containing RNA-binding protein QKI\nQK3","tldr":"QKI (KH domain-containing RNA-binding protein QKI) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Breast cancer, Skin cancer, Colorectal cancer and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/qki/","cancers":"breast-cancer skin-cancer colorectal gastric melanoma glioblastoma"},{"id":"fat4","kind":"target","name":"FAT4","aka":"FAT atypical cadherin 4\nProtocadherin Fat 4\nCDHF14\nFAT-J\nCDHR11","tldr":"FAT4 (Protocadherin Fat 4) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Prostate cancer, Colorectal cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fat4/","cancers":"prostate colorectal hcc breast-cancer gastric esophageal mesothelioma skin-cancer"},{"id":"snd1","kind":"target","name":"SND1","aka":"staphylococcal nuclease and tudor domain containing 1\nStaphylococcal nuclease domain-containing protein 1\nTDRD11\np100","tldr":"SND1 (Staphylococcal nuclease domain-containing protein 1) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Cervical cancer, Breast cancer, Lung cancer and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/snd1/","cancers":"cervical breast-cancer lung-cancer colorectal non-hodgkin-lymphoma leukaemia"},{"id":"chd4","kind":"target","name":"CHD4","aka":"chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 4\nATP-dependent chromatin remodeler CHD4\nMi-2b\nMi2-BETA","tldr":"CHD4 (ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler CHD4) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Endometrial cancer, Colorectal cancer, Renal cell carcinoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/chd4/","cancers":"endometrial colorectal rcc head-and-neck skin-cancer gastric all-leukemia clear-cell-rcc"},{"id":"trrap","kind":"target","name":"TRRAP","aka":"transformation/transcription domain associated protein\nTransformation/transcription domain-associated protein\nTR-AP\nPAF400\nTra1","tldr":"TRRAP (Transformation/transcription domain-associated protein) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer, Renal cell carcinoma, Lung cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/trrap/","cancers":"urothelial rcc lung-cancer skin-cancer salivary-gland head-and-neck sarcoma colorectal"},{"id":"tmprss2","kind":"target","name":"TMPRSS2","aka":"transmembrane serine protease 2\nTransmembrane protease serine 2\nPRSS10","tldr":"TMPRSS2 (Transmembrane protease serine 2) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tmprss2/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"myh9","kind":"target","name":"MYH9","aka":"myosin heavy chain 9\nMyosin-9\nNMMHCA\nNMHC-II-A\nEPSTS\nDFNA17","tldr":"MYH9 (Myosin-9) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, Breast cancer, Colorectal cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/myh9/","cancers":"head-and-neck breast-cancer colorectal gastric ovarian urothelial esophageal lung-cancer"},{"id":"cbfb","kind":"target","name":"CBFB","aka":"core-binding factor subunit beta\nCore-binding factor subunit beta\nPEBP2B","tldr":"CBFB (Core-binding factor subunit beta) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cbfb/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"max","kind":"target","name":"MAX","aka":"MYC associated transcriptional regulator X\nbHLHd4\nbHLHd5\nbHLHd6\nbHLHd7\nbHLHd8","tldr":"MAX (MYC associated transcriptional regulator X) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Neuroendocrine tumours, Multiple myeloma, Endometrial cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/max/","cancers":"neuroendocrine multiple-myeloma endometrial breast-cancer small-bowel colorectal skin-cancer gist"},{"id":"usp6","kind":"target","name":"USP6","aka":"ubiquitin specific peptidase 6\nUbiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 6\nTre-2\nTRE17\nTre2\nHRP1\nTRESMCR","tldr":"USP6 (Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 6) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Breast cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/usp6/","cancers":"colorectal breast-cancer hcc prostate skin-cancer lung-cancer sarcoma aml"},{"id":"hip1","kind":"target","name":"HIP1","aka":"huntingtin interacting protein 1\nHuntingtin-interacting protein 1\nILWEQ","tldr":"HIP1 (Huntingtin-interacting protein 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer, Breast cancer, Lung cancer and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hip1/","cancers":"urothelial breast-cancer lung-cancer skin-cancer medulloblastoma uterine-carcinosarcoma"},{"id":"nsd1","kind":"target","name":"NSD1","aka":"nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 1\nHistone-lysine N-methyltransferase, H3 lysine-36 specific\nARA267\nFLJ22263\nKMT3B","tldr":"NSD1 (Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase, H3 lysine-36 specific) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nsd1/","cancers":"leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms head-and-neck endometrial urothelial cervical esophageal non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"cdh11","kind":"target","name":"CDH11","aka":"cadherin 11\nCadherin-11\nCAD11","tldr":"CDH11 (Cadherin-11) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Oesophageal cancer, Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, Colorectal cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cdh11/","cancers":"esophageal gastric colorectal hcc breast-cancer skin-cancer biliary-tract-cancer oesophageal-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"daxx","kind":"target","name":"DAXX","aka":"death domain associated protein\nDeath domain-associated protein 6\nDAP6","tldr":"DAXX (Death domain-associated protein 6) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Neuroendocrine tumours, Adrenocortical carcinoma, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/daxx/","cancers":"neuroendocrine adrenocortical pancreatic skin-cancer melanoma"},{"id":"cyld","kind":"target","name":"CYLD","aka":"CYLD lysine 63 deubiquitinase\nUbiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase CYLD\nKIAA0849\nUSPL2\nCYLD1","tldr":"CYLD (Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase CYLD) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer, Breast cancer, Colorectal cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cyld/","cancers":"urothelial breast-cancer colorectal head-and-neck nasopharyngeal multiple-myeloma prostate rcc"},{"id":"tfg","kind":"target","name":"TFG","aka":"trafficking from ER to golgi regulator\nTF6\nFLJ36137\nSPG57","tldr":"TFG (trafficking from ER to golgi regulator) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma and Lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tfg/","cancers":"hcc lung-cancer"},{"id":"rspo2","kind":"target","name":"RSPO2","aka":"R-spondin 2\nR-spondin-2\nMGC35555","tldr":"RSPO2 (R-spondin-2) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Prostate cancer, Breast cancer and Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rspo2/","cancers":"prostate breast-cancer colorectal"},{"id":"bcl11b","kind":"target","name":"BCL11B","aka":"BCL11 transcription factor B\nB-cell lymphoma/leukemia 11B\nCTIP-2\nCTIP2\nhRIT1-alpha\nSMARCM2\nZNF856B","tldr":"BCL11B (B-cell lymphoma/leukaemia 11B) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Vulvar cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Skin cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/bcl11b/","cancers":"vulvar non-hodgkin-lymphoma skin-cancer leukaemia breast-cancer colorectal lung-cancer dlbcl"},{"id":"lats1","kind":"target","name":"LATS1","aka":"large tumor suppressor kinase 1\nSerine/threonine-protein kinase LATS1\nWARTS","tldr":"LATS1 (Serine/threonine-protein kinase LATS1) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Cervical cancer, Breast cancer, Ovarian cancer and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/lats1/","cancers":"cervical breast-cancer ovarian pancreatic skin-cancer colorectal basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"six1","kind":"target","name":"SIX1","aka":"SIX homeobox 1\nHomeobox protein SIX1\nDFNA23","tldr":"SIX1 (Homeobox protein SIX1) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Colorectal cancer and Wilms tumour.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/six1/","cancers":"colorectal wilms-tumor"},{"id":"bcl9l","kind":"target","name":"BCL9L","aka":"BCL9 like\nB-cell CLL/lymphoma 9-like protein\nDLNB11\nB9L\nBcl9-2","tldr":"BCL9L (B-cell CLL/lymphoma 9-like protein) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Skin cancer, Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/bcl9l/","cancers":"colorectal skin-cancer gastric melanoma"},{"id":"rad21","kind":"target","name":"RAD21","aka":"RAD21 cohesin complex component\nDouble-strand-break repair protein rad21 homolog\nKIAA0078\nhHR21\nSCC1","tldr":"RAD21 (Double-strand-break repair protein rad21 homolog) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a DNA repair gene, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Lung cancer and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rad21/","cancers":"leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms lung-cancer aml nsclc"},{"id":"prdm16","kind":"target","name":"PRDM16","aka":"PR/SET domain 16\nHistone-lysine N-methyltransferase PRDM16\nMEL1\nPFM13\nKIAA1675\nMGC166915\nKMT8F","tldr":"PRDM16 (Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase PRDM16) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Breast cancer, Neuroendocrine tumours and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/prdm16/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma breast-cancer neuroendocrine skin-cancer lung-cancer sarcoma melanoma"},{"id":"ncor2","kind":"target","name":"NCOR2","aka":"nuclear receptor corepressor 2\nNuclear receptor corepressor 2\nSMRTE\nTRAC-1\nCTG26\nTNRC14","tldr":"NCOR2 (Nuclear receptor corepressor 2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Prostate cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ncor2/","cancers":"colorectal hcc prostate breast-cancer esophageal sarcoma mesothelioma skin-cancer"},{"id":"maf","kind":"target","name":"MAF","aka":"MAF bZIP transcription factor\nTranscription factor Maf\nc-MAF","tldr":"MAF (Transcription factor Maf) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Colorectal cancer and Multiple myeloma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/maf/","cancers":"colorectal multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"ptprk","kind":"target","name":"PTPRK","aka":"protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type K\nReceptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase kappa\nR-PTP-kappa","tldr":"PTPRK (Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase kappa) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Breast cancer, Bladder & urothelial cancer, Renal cell carcinoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ptprk/","cancers":"breast-cancer urothelial rcc skin-cancer colorectal melanoma clear-cell-rcc nsclc"},{"id":"tent5c","kind":"target","name":"TENT5C","aka":"terminal nucleotidyltransferase 5C\nTerminal nucleotidyltransferase 5C\nFLJ20202\nFAM46C","tldr":"TENT5C (Terminal nucleotidyltransferase 5C) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Multiple myeloma, Skin cancer, Colorectal cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tent5c/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma skin-cancer colorectal lung-cancer"},{"id":"zbtb16","kind":"target","name":"ZBTB16","aka":"zinc finger and BTB domain containing 16\nZinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 16\nZNF145","tldr":"ZBTB16 (Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 16) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Prostate cancer, Oesophageal cancer, Skin cancer and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/zbtb16/","cancers":"prostate esophageal skin-cancer breast-cancer lung-cancer oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma melanoma"},{"id":"phf6","kind":"target","name":"PHF6","aka":"PHD finger protein 6\nKIAA1823\nMGC14797\nCENP-31","tldr":"PHF6 (PHD finger protein 6) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Myeloproliferative neoplasms and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/phf6/","cancers":"leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma myeloproliferative-neoplasms breast-cancer aml all-leukemia burkitt-lymphoma nsclc"},{"id":"msi2","kind":"target","name":"MSI2","aka":"musashi RNA binding protein 2\nRNA-binding protein Musashi homolog 2","tldr":"MSI2 (RNA-binding protein Musashi homolog 2) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Breast cancer, Skin cancer and Neuroblastoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/msi2/","cancers":"breast-cancer skin-cancer neuroblastoma"},{"id":"tpr","kind":"target","name":"TPR","aka":"translocated promoter region, nuclear basket protein\nNucleoprotein TPR","tldr":"TPR (Nucleoprotein TPR) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma and Medulloblastoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tpr/","cancers":"hcc medulloblastoma"},{"id":"med12","kind":"target","name":"MED12","aka":"mediator complex subunit 12\nMediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 12\nCAGH45\nOPA1\nTRAP230\nKIAA0192\nARC240\nKto\nTNRC11\nFGS1","tldr":"MED12 (Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 12) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Prostate cancer, Cervical cancer, Endometrial cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/med12/","cancers":"prostate cervical endometrial skin-cancer leukaemia cll all-leukemia glioblastoma"},{"id":"bcorl1","kind":"target","name":"BCORL1","aka":"BCL6 corepressor like 1\nBCL-6 corepressor-like protein 1\nFLJ11362\nBCoR-L1\nCXorf10","tldr":"BCORL1 (BCL-6 corepressor-like protein 1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, Skin cancer and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/bcorl1/","cancers":"colorectal pancreatic skin-cancer breast-cancer neuroblastoma aml melanoma"},{"id":"ppp6c","kind":"target","name":"PPP6C","aka":"protein phosphatase 6 catalytic subunit\nSerine/threonine-protein phosphatase 6 catalytic subunit\nPP6","tldr":"PPP6C (Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 6 catalytic subunit) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Skin cancer, Melanoma and Basal cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ppp6c/","cancers":"skin-cancer melanoma basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"ncoa2","kind":"target","name":"NCOA2","aka":"nuclear receptor coactivator 2\nNuclear receptor coactivator 2\nSRC-2\nTIF2\nGRIP1\nNCoA-2\nKAT13C\nbHLHe75","tldr":"NCOA2 (Nuclear receptor coactivator 2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Oesophageal cancer, Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, Lung cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ncoa2/","cancers":"esophageal gastric lung-cancer breast-cancer sarcoma prostate nsclc oesophageal-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"zmym2","kind":"target","name":"ZMYM2","aka":"zinc finger MYM-type containing 2\nZinc finger MYM-type protein 2\nZNF198","tldr":"ZMYM2 (Zinc finger MYM-type protein 2) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Leukaemia, Prostate cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/zmym2/","cancers":"leukaemia prostate non-hodgkin-lymphoma all-leukemia"},{"id":"runx1t1","kind":"target","name":"RUNX1T1","aka":"RUNX1 partner transcriptional co-repressor 1\nMTG8\nZMYND2\nAML1T1\nCBFA2T1","tldr":"RUNX1T1 (RUNX1 partner transcriptional co-repressor 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Lung cancer, Leukaemia, Hepatocellular carcinoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/runx1t1/","cancers":"lung-cancer leukaemia hcc prostate skin-cancer breast-cancer myeloproliferative-neoplasms non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"znf521","kind":"target","name":"ZNF521","aka":"zinc finger protein 521\nZinc finger protein 521\nEvi3","tldr":"ZNF521 (Zinc finger protein 521) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, Oesophageal cancer, Cervical cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/znf521/","cancers":"pancreatic esophageal cervical hcc nasopharyngeal ovarian lung-cancer skin-cancer"},{"id":"plag1","kind":"target","name":"PLAG1","aka":"PLAG1 zinc finger\nZinc finger protein PLAG1\nZNF912","tldr":"PLAG1 (Zinc finger protein PLAG1) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Breast cancer, Melanoma and Oral cavity cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/plag1/","cancers":"breast-cancer melanoma oral-cavity-cancer"},{"id":"lats2","kind":"target","name":"LATS2","aka":"large tumor suppressor kinase 2\nSerine/threonine-protein kinase LATS2","tldr":"LATS2 (Serine/threonine-protein kinase LATS2) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Mesothelioma, Skin cancer, Colorectal cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/lats2/","cancers":"mesothelioma skin-cancer colorectal breast-cancer pleural-mesothelioma nsclc paediatric-low-grade-glioma melanoma"},{"id":"psip1","kind":"target","name":"PSIP1","aka":"PC4 and SRSF1 interacting protein 1\nPC4 and SFRS1-interacting protein\np52\nLEDGF\np75\nDFS70\nPSIP2","tldr":"PSIP1 (PC4 and SFRS1-interacting protein) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer, Colorectal cancer and Gallbladder cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/psip1/","cancers":"urothelial colorectal gallbladder"},{"id":"sall4","kind":"target","name":"SALL4","aka":"spalt like transcription factor 4\nSal-like protein 4\ndJ1112F19.1\nZNF797","tldr":"SALL4 (Sal-like protein 4) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Skin cancer, Colorectal cancer, Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sall4/","cancers":"skin-cancer colorectal gastric cll melanoma"},{"id":"rap1b","kind":"target","name":"RAP1B","aka":"RAP1B, member of RAS oncogene family\nRas-related protein Rap-1b\nK-REV\nRAL1B\nDKFZp586H0723","tldr":"RAP1B (Ras-related protein Rap-1b) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rap1b/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"ackr3","kind":"target","name":"ACKR3","aka":"atypical chemokine receptor 3\nAtypical chemokine receptor 3\nRDC1\nGPR159\nCMKOR1\nCXCR7","tldr":"ACKR3 (Atypical chemokine receptor 3) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Ovarian cancer, Colorectal cancer, Skin cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ackr3/","cancers":"ovarian colorectal skin-cancer melanoma"},{"id":"sox9","kind":"target","name":"SOX9","aka":"SRY-box transcription factor 9\nTranscription factor SOX-9\nSRA1\nCMD1\nCMPD1","tldr":"SOX9 (Transcription factor SOX-9) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sox9/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"akap9","kind":"target","name":"AKAP9","aka":"A-kinase anchoring protein 9\nA-kinase anchor protein 9\nKIAA0803\nAKAP350\nAKAP450\nCG-NAP\nYOTIAO\nHYPERION\nPRKA9\nMU-RMS-40.16A\nPPP1R45\nLQT11","tldr":"AKAP9 (A-kinase anchor protein 9) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer, Breast cancer, Renal cell carcinoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/akap9/","cancers":"urothelial breast-cancer rcc esophageal hcc head-and-neck gastric endometrial"},{"id":"rap1gds1","kind":"target","name":"RAP1GDS1","aka":"Rap1 GTPase-GDP dissociation stimulator 1\nSmgGDS","tldr":"RAP1GDS1 (Rap1 GTPase-GDP dissociation stimulator 1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Renal cell carcinoma, Oesophageal cancer, Breast cancer and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rap1gds1/","cancers":"rcc esophageal breast-cancer clear-cell-rcc oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"kat6b","kind":"target","name":"KAT6B","aka":"lysine acetyltransferase 6B\nHistone acetyltransferase KAT6B\nquerkopf\nqkf\nMorf\nMOZ2\nMYST4","tldr":"KAT6B (Histone acetyltransferase KAT6B) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Breast cancer, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Prostate cancer and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kat6b/","cancers":"breast-cancer nasopharyngeal prostate skin-cancer colorectal medulloblastoma melanoma"},{"id":"polq","kind":"target","name":"POLQ","aka":"DNA polymerase theta","tldr":"POLQ (DNA polymerase theta) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a DNA repair gene, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Lung cancer, Endometrial cancer, Breast cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/polq/","cancers":"lung-cancer endometrial breast-cancer skin-cancer colorectal gastric ovarian melanoma"},{"id":"ctnna1","kind":"target","name":"CTNNA1","aka":"catenin alpha 1\nCatenin alpha-1\nCAP102","tldr":"CTNNA1 (Catenin alpha-1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, Colorectal cancer and Cervical cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ctnna1/","cancers":"gastric colorectal cervical"},{"id":"csmd3","kind":"target","name":"CSMD3","aka":"CUB and Sushi multiple domains 3\nCUB and sushi domain-containing protein 3","tldr":"CSMD3 (CUB and sushi domain-containing protein 3) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Prostate cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/csmd3/","cancers":"prostate hcc head-and-neck gastric breast-cancer colorectal esophageal urothelial"},{"id":"il6st","kind":"target","name":"IL6ST","aka":"interleukin 6 cytokine family signal transducer\nInterleukin-6 receptor subunit beta\nGP130\nCD130\nsGP130\nIL-6RB","tldr":"IL6ST (Interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma, Prostate cancer, Colorectal cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/il6st/","cancers":"hcc prostate colorectal skin-cancer"},{"id":"cdkn2c","kind":"target","name":"CDKN2C","aka":"cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2C\nCyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor C\nINK4C\np18","tldr":"CDKN2C (Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor C) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Brain and spinal cord tumours and Burkitt lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cdkn2c/","cancers":"brain-tumours burkitt-lymphoma"},{"id":"cntrl","kind":"target","name":"CNTRL","aka":"centriolin\nCentriolin\nCEP1\nCEP110","tldr":"CNTRL (Centriolin) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Leukaemia, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cntrl/","cancers":"leukaemia nasopharyngeal cutaneous-scc thymoma"},{"id":"cnot3","kind":"target","name":"CNOT3","aka":"CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 3\nNOT3H\nKIAA0691\nLENG2\nNOT3","tldr":"CNOT3 (CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 3) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Prostate cancer, Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cnot3/","cancers":"prostate leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma skin-cancer cll melanoma all-leukemia"},{"id":"trip11","kind":"target","name":"TRIP11","aka":"thyroid hormone receptor interactor 11\nThyroid receptor-interacting protein 11\nCEV14\nTrip230\nGMAP-210\nGMAP210","tldr":"TRIP11 (Thyroid receptor-interacting protein 11) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/trip11/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"aff4","kind":"target","name":"AFF4","aka":"ALF transcription elongation factor 4\nAF4/FMR2 family member 4\nAF5Q31","tldr":"AFF4 (AF4/FMR2 family member 4) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma, Skin cancer, Colorectal cancer and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/aff4/","cancers":"hcc skin-cancer colorectal breast-cancer lung-cancer melanoma"},{"id":"ptpn13","kind":"target","name":"PTPN13","aka":"protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 13\nTyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 13\nPTP1E\nPTP-BAS\nPTPL1\nPTP-BL","tldr":"PTPN13 (Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 13) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, Endometrial cancer and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ptpn13/","cancers":"urothelial pancreatic endometrial breast-cancer skin-cancer melanoma"},{"id":"crtc1","kind":"target","name":"CRTC1","aka":"CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1\nCREB-regulated transcription coactivator 1\nKIAA0616\nFLJ14027\nTORC1\nMECT1","tldr":"CRTC1 (CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 1) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Salivary gland cancers, Lung cancer, Skin cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/crtc1/","cancers":"salivary-gland lung-cancer skin-cancer colorectal esophageal mucoepidermoid-carcinoma adenoid-cystic-carcinoma oral-cavity-cancer"},{"id":"ptprc","kind":"target","name":"PTPRC","aka":"protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C\nReceptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C\nT200\nGP180\nLY5\nB220\nCD45R\nCD45","tldr":"PTPRC (Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Anal cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Skin cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ptprc/","cancers":"anal hcc skin-cancer colorectal lung-cancer breast-cancer gastric melanoma"},{"id":"col1a1","kind":"target","name":"COL1A1","aka":"collagen type I alpha 1 chain\nCollagen alpha-1(I) chain\nOI4","tldr":"COL1A1 (Collagen alpha-1(I) chain) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Sarcomas, Anal cancer, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/col1a1/","cancers":"sarcoma anal pancreatic multiple-myeloma glioblastoma melanoma"},{"id":"kat6a","kind":"target","name":"KAT6A","aka":"lysine acetyltransferase 6A\nHistone acetyltransferase KAT6A\nZNF220\nRUNXBP2\nMYST3","tldr":"KAT6A (Histone acetyltransferase KAT6A) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Oesophageal cancer, Skin cancer, Breast cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kat6a/","cancers":"esophageal skin-cancer breast-cancer colorectal lung-cancer ovarian oesophageal-adenocarcinoma melanoma"},{"id":"afdn","kind":"target","name":"AFDN","aka":"afadin, adherens junction formation factor\nAfadin\nAF-6\nAF6\nMLLT4","tldr":"AFDN (Afadin) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Breast cancer, Skin cancer, Colorectal cancer and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/afdn/","cancers":"breast-cancer skin-cancer colorectal lung-cancer melanoma"},{"id":"clip1","kind":"target","name":"CLIP1","aka":"CAP-Gly domain containing linker protein 1\nCAP-Gly domain-containing linker protein 1\nCYLN1\nCLIP170\nCLIP-170","tldr":"CLIP1 (CAP-Gly domain-containing linker protein 1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Lung cancer, Cervical cancer, Oesophageal cancer and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/clip1/","cancers":"lung-cancer cervical esophageal nsclc oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"nutm1","kind":"target","name":"NUTM1","aka":"NUT midline carcinoma family member 1\nNUT family member 1\nDKFZp434O192\nFAM22H\nC15orf55","tldr":"NUTM1 (NUT family member 1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Skin cancer, Oesophageal cancer, Ovarian cancer and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nutm1/","cancers":"skin-cancer esophageal ovarian lung-cancer oesophageal-adenocarcinoma melanoma nsclc"},{"id":"knl1","kind":"target","name":"KNL1","aka":"kinetochore scaffold 1\nOuter kinetochore KNL1 complex subunit KNL1\nD40\nAF15Q14\nCT29\nKIAA1570\nhKNL-1\nhSpc105\nPPP1R55\nSpc7\nMCPH4\nCASC5","tldr":"KNL1 (Outer kinetochore KNL1 complex subunit KNL1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma, Skin cancer, Colorectal cancer and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/knl1/","cancers":"hcc skin-cancer colorectal breast-cancer basal-cell-carcinoma glioblastoma melanoma"},{"id":"irf1","kind":"target","name":"IRF1","aka":"interferon regulatory factor 1\nInterferon regulatory factor 1","tldr":"IRF1 (Interferon regulatory factor 1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer and Multiple myeloma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/irf1/","cancers":"gastric multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"bcl9","kind":"target","name":"BCL9","aka":"BCL9 transcription coactivator\nB-cell CLL/lymphoma 9 protein","tldr":"BCL9 (B-cell CLL/lymphoma 9 protein) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, Skin cancer and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/bcl9/","cancers":"colorectal gastric skin-cancer breast-cancer melanoma"},{"id":"elf4","kind":"target","name":"ELF4","aka":"E74 like ETS transcription factor 4\nETS-related transcription factor Elf-4","tldr":"ELF4 (ETS-related transcription factor Elf-4) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Breast cancer, Skin cancer and Acute myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/elf4/","cancers":"breast-cancer skin-cancer aml"},{"id":"usp8","kind":"target","name":"USP8","aka":"ubiquitin specific peptidase 8\nUbiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 8\nHumORF8\nKIAA0055\nSPG59","tldr":"USP8 (Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 8) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma, Multiple myeloma, Breast cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/usp8/","cancers":"hcc multiple-myeloma breast-cancer nsclc"},{"id":"nbea","kind":"target","name":"NBEA","aka":"neurobeachin\nNeurobeachin\nKIAA1544\nBCL8B\nFLJ10197\nLYST2","tldr":"NBEA (Neurobeachin) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma, Breast cancer, Colorectal cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nbea/","cancers":"hcc breast-cancer colorectal ovarian cervical esophageal gastric oesophageal-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"arhgef12","kind":"target","name":"ARHGEF12","aka":"Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 12\nKIAA0382","tldr":"ARHGEF12 (Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 12) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Breast cancer, Renal cell carcinoma, Skin cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/arhgef12/","cancers":"breast-cancer rcc skin-cancer colorectal lung-cancer gastric clear-cell-rcc melanoma"},{"id":"ddb2","kind":"target","name":"DDB2","aka":"damage specific DNA binding protein 2\nDNA damage-binding protein 2\nUV-DDB2\nFLJ34321","tldr":"DDB2 (DNA damage-binding protein 2) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a DNA repair gene, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer, Skin cancer and Acute myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ddb2/","cancers":"urothelial skin-cancer aml"},{"id":"camta1","kind":"target","name":"CAMTA1","aka":"calmodulin binding transcription activator 1\nCalmodulin-binding transcription activator 1\nKIAA0833","tldr":"CAMTA1 (Calmodulin-binding transcription activator 1) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Sarcomas, Prostate cancer, Breast cancer and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/camta1/","cancers":"sarcoma prostate breast-cancer skin-cancer lung-cancer leiomyosarcoma"},{"id":"aff3","kind":"target","name":"AFF3","aka":"ALF transcription elongation factor 3\nAF4/FMR2 family member 3\nMLLT2-like\nLAF4","tldr":"AFF3 (AF4/FMR2 family member 3) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Breast cancer, Thyroid cancer, Skin cancer and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/aff3/","cancers":"breast-cancer thyroid skin-cancer lung-cancer gastric nsclc papillary-thyroid-cancer"},{"id":"ell","kind":"target","name":"ELL","aka":"elongation factor for RNA polymerase II\nRNA polymerase II elongation factor ELL\nMen\nELL1\nPPP1R68\nC19orf17","tldr":"ELL (RNA polymerase II elongation factor ELL) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Ovarian cancer, Breast cancer, Skin cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ell/","cancers":"ovarian breast-cancer skin-cancer melanoma"},{"id":"foxo3","kind":"target","name":"FOXO3","aka":"forkhead box O3\nForkhead box protein O3\nAF6q21\nFOXO2\nFKHRL1\nFOXO3A","tldr":"FOXO3 (Forkhead box protein O3) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Breast cancer, Skin cancer, Acute myeloid leukaemia and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/foxo3/","cancers":"breast-cancer skin-cancer aml medulloblastoma"},{"id":"atp2b3","kind":"target","name":"ATP2B3","aka":"ATPase plasma membrane Ca2+ transporting 3\nPlasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 3\nPMCA3\nCFAP39\nSCAX1\nCLA2","tldr":"ATP2B3 (Plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 3) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Breast cancer, Skin cancer, Lung cancer and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/atp2b3/","cancers":"breast-cancer skin-cancer lung-cancer colorectal melanoma"},{"id":"wwtr1","kind":"target","name":"WWTR1","aka":"WW domain containing transcription regulator 1\nWW domain-containing transcription regulator protein 1\nDKFZp586I1419","tldr":"WWTR1 (WW domain-containing transcription regulator protein 1) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Ovarian cancer, Breast cancer and Skin cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/wwtr1/","cancers":"ovarian breast-cancer skin-cancer"},{"id":"flg","kind":"target","name":"FLG","aka":"filaggrin\nFilaggrin\nFLG1\nFLG-1","tldr":"FLG (Filaggrin) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Skin cancer, Mesothelioma, Acute myeloid leukaemia and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/flg/","cancers":"skin-cancer mesothelioma aml pleural-mesothelioma melanoma"},{"id":"ddx6","kind":"target","name":"DDX6","aka":"DEAD-box helicase 6\nProbable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX6\nRck/p54\nHLR2","tldr":"DDX6 (Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX6) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Sarcomas, Lung cancer, Leiomyosarcoma and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ddx6/","cancers":"sarcoma lung-cancer leiomyosarcoma medulloblastoma"},{"id":"cltcl1","kind":"target","name":"CLTCL1","aka":"clathrin heavy chain like 1\nClathrin heavy chain 2\nCLH22\nCHC22\nCLTCL","tldr":"CLTCL1 (Clathrin heavy chain 2) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma, Prostate cancer, Skin cancer and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cltcl1/","cancers":"hcc prostate skin-cancer lung-cancer breast-cancer"},{"id":"nsd3","kind":"target","name":"NSD3","aka":"nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 3\nHistone-lysine N-methyltransferase NSD3\nFLJ20353\nWHISTLE\nKMT3F\nWHSC1L1","tldr":"NSD3 (Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase NSD3) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Breast cancer, Skin cancer, Colorectal cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nsd3/","cancers":"breast-cancer skin-cancer colorectal nsclc"},{"id":"nfatc2","kind":"target","name":"NFATC2","aka":"nuclear factor of activated T cells 2\nNuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 2\nNF-ATP\nNFATp\nNFAT1","tldr":"NFATC2 (Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, Breast cancer, Skin cancer and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nfatc2/","cancers":"pancreatic breast-cancer skin-cancer gastric colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"eif3e","kind":"target","name":"EIF3E","aka":"eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit E\nEukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit E\neIF3-p48\nINT6\nEIF3S6","tldr":"EIF3E (Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit E) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Cervical cancer, Breast cancer and Lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/eif3e/","cancers":"cervical breast-cancer lung-cancer"},{"id":"lef1","kind":"target","name":"LEF1","aka":"lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1\nLymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1\nTCF1ALPHA\nTCF10\nTCF7L3","tldr":"LEF1 (Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Hepatocellular carcinoma and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/lef1/","cancers":"leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma hcc skin-cancer breast-cancer all-leukemia"},{"id":"irs4","kind":"target","name":"IRS4","aka":"insulin receptor substrate 4\nInsulin receptor substrate 4\nPY160\nIRS-4","tldr":"IRS4 (Insulin receptor substrate 4) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, Colorectal cancer and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/irs4/","cancers":"urothelial pancreatic colorectal lung-cancer skin-cancer melanoma nsclc"},{"id":"hnrnpa2b1","kind":"target","name":"HNRNPA2B1","aka":"heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1\nHeterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins A2/B1\nHNRNPA2\nHNRNPB1\nHNRPA2B1","tldr":"HNRNPA2B1 (Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins A2/B1) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma, Leukaemia and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hnrnpa2b1/","cancers":"hcc leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"fus","kind":"target","name":"FUS","aka":"FUS RNA binding protein\nRNA-binding protein FUS\nFUS1\nhnRNP-P2\nHNRNPP2\nALS6","tldr":"FUS (RNA-binding protein FUS) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Sarcomas, Hepatocellular carcinoma and Liposarcoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fus/","cancers":"sarcoma hcc liposarcoma"},{"id":"nfkb2","kind":"target","name":"NFKB2","aka":"nuclear factor kappa B subunit 2\nNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit\nLYT-10\np52\np105\nNF-kB2\np49/p100","tldr":"NFKB2 (Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Mesothelioma, Colorectal cancer, Skin cancer and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nfkb2/","cancers":"mesothelioma colorectal skin-cancer dlbcl pleural-mesothelioma melanoma"},{"id":"nup98","kind":"target","name":"NUP98","aka":"nucleoporin 98 and 96 precursor\nNuclear pore complex protein Nup98-Nup96\nNUP96\nNup98-Nup96\nNup98-96\nNUP196","tldr":"NUP98 (Nuclear pore complex protein Nup98-Nup96) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Skin cancer, Lung cancer, Leukaemia and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nup98/","cancers":"skin-cancer lung-cancer leukaemia breast-cancer nsclc melanoma"},{"id":"pcm1","kind":"target","name":"PCM1","aka":"pericentriolar material 1\nPericentriolar material 1 protein\nPTC4","tldr":"PCM1 (Pericentriolar material 1 protein) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Glioma & glioblastoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pcm1/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"fcrl4","kind":"target","name":"FCRL4","aka":"Fc receptor like 4\nFc receptor-like protein 4\nFCRH4\nIRTA1\nIGFP2\nCD307d","tldr":"FCRL4 (Fc receptor-like protein 4) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, Skin cancer, Lung cancer and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fcrl4/","cancers":"pancreatic skin-cancer lung-cancer breast-cancer melanoma"},{"id":"lrig3","kind":"target","name":"LRIG3","aka":"leucine rich repeats and immunoglobulin like domains 3\nLeucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains protein 3\nFLJ90440\nKIAA3016","tldr":"LRIG3 (Leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains protein 3) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer, Lung cancer and Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/lrig3/","cancers":"urothelial lung-cancer nsclc"},{"id":"trim33","kind":"target","name":"TRIM33","aka":"tripartite motif containing 33\nE3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM33\nTIF1GAMMA\nFLJ11429\nKIAA1113\nTIFGAMMA\nRFG7\nTF1G\nTIF1G\nPTC7","tldr":"TRIM33 (E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM33) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Lung cancer, Breast cancer, Colorectal cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/trim33/","cancers":"lung-cancer breast-cancer colorectal medulloblastoma"},{"id":"rest","kind":"target","name":"REST","aka":"RE1 silencing transcription factor\nRE1-silencing transcription factor\nDFNA27","tldr":"REST (RE1-silencing transcription factor) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Wilms tumour.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rest/","cancers":"wilms-tumor"},{"id":"znf331","kind":"target","name":"ZNF331","aka":"zinc finger protein 331\nZinc finger protein 331\nZNF463\nZNF361","tldr":"ZNF331 (Zinc finger protein 331) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Skin cancer and Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/znf331/","cancers":"nasopharyngeal skin-cancer melanoma"},{"id":"eps15","kind":"target","name":"EPS15","aka":"epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 15\nEpidermal growth factor receptor substrate 15\nAF-1P\nMLLT5","tldr":"EPS15 (Epidermal growth factor receptor substrate 15) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Prostate cancer, Breast cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/eps15/","cancers":"prostate breast-cancer non-hodgkin-lymphoma skin-cancer leukaemia"},{"id":"elk4","kind":"target","name":"ELK4","aka":"ETS transcription factor ELK4\nETS domain-containing protein Elk-4\nSAP1","tldr":"ELK4 (ETS domain-containing protein Elk-4) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and Skin cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/elk4/","cancers":"head-and-neck skin-cancer"},{"id":"kdm5a","kind":"target","name":"KDM5A","aka":"lysine demethylase 5A\nLysine-specific demethylase 5A\nRBBP2\nJARID1A","tldr":"KDM5A (Lysine-specific demethylase 5A) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Skin cancer, Leukaemia, Lung cancer and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kdm5a/","cancers":"skin-cancer leukaemia lung-cancer colorectal gallbladder melanoma"},{"id":"ing1","kind":"target","name":"ING1","aka":"inhibitor of growth family member 1\nInhibitor of growth protein 1\np33ING1\np33ING1b\np24ING1c\np33\np47\np47ING1a","tldr":"ING1 (Inhibitor of growth protein 1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, Colorectal cancer and Endometrial cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ing1/","cancers":"head-and-neck colorectal endometrial"},{"id":"zmym3","kind":"target","name":"ZMYM3","aka":"zinc finger MYM-type containing 3\nZinc finger MYM-type protein 3\nZNF198L2\nDXS6673E\nKIAA0385\nZNF261","tldr":"ZMYM3 (Zinc finger MYM-type protein 3) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Prostate cancer, Breast cancer, Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/zmym3/","cancers":"prostate breast-cancer head-and-neck cll medulloblastoma nsclc thymoma"},{"id":"tcl1a","kind":"target","name":"TCL1A","aka":"TCL1 family AKT coactivator A\nT-cell leukemia/lymphoma protein 1A\nTCL1","tldr":"TCL1A (T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma protein 1A) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Skin cancer, Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tcl1a/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma skin-cancer dlbcl melanoma"},{"id":"rhpn2","kind":"target","name":"RHPN2","aka":"rhophilin Rho GTPase binding protein 2\nRhophilin-2","tldr":"RHPN2 (Rhophilin-2) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Breast cancer and Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rhpn2/","cancers":"breast-cancer nsclc"},{"id":"malt1","kind":"target","name":"MALT1","aka":"MALT1 paracaspase\nMucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1\nPCASP1","tldr":"MALT1 (Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Skin cancer and Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/malt1/","cancers":"skin-cancer dlbcl non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"elf3","kind":"target","name":"ELF3","aka":"E74 like ETS transcription factor 3\nETS-related transcription factor Elf-3\nEPR-1\nESE-1","tldr":"ELF3 (ETS-related transcription factor Elf-3) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer, Colorectal cancer and Biliary tract cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/elf3/","cancers":"urothelial colorectal cholangiocarcinoma gallbladder"},{"id":"tal2","kind":"target","name":"TAL2","aka":"TAL bHLH transcription factor 2\nT-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia protein 2\nbHLHa19","tldr":"TAL2 (T-cell acute lymphocytic leukaemia protein 2) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Glioma & glioblastoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tal2/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"traf7","kind":"target","name":"TRAF7","aka":"TNF receptor associated factor 7\nE3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRAF7\nRNF119\nDKFZp586I021\nMGC7807\nRFWD1","tldr":"TRAF7 (E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRAF7) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Mesothelioma, Skin cancer, Pleural mesothelioma and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/traf7/","cancers":"mesothelioma skin-cancer pleural-mesothelioma melanoma"},{"id":"was","kind":"target","name":"WAS","aka":"WASP actin nucleation promoting factor\nActin nucleation-promoting factor WAS\nWASPA\nIMD2","tldr":"WAS (Actin nucleation-promoting factor WAS) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Skin cancer, Medulloblastoma and Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/was/","cancers":"skin-cancer medulloblastoma melanoma"},{"id":"nup214","kind":"target","name":"NUP214","aka":"nucleoporin 214\nNuclear pore complex protein Nup214\nD9S46E\nN214","tldr":"NUP214 (Nuclear pore complex protein Nup214) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Renal cell carcinoma and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nup214/","cancers":"leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma rcc small-bowel myeloproliferative-neoplasms papillary-rcc all-leukemia"},{"id":"hoxc13","kind":"target","name":"HOXC13","aka":"homeobox C13\nHomeobox protein Hox-C13\nHOX3\nHOX3G","tldr":"HOXC13 (Homeobox protein Hox-C13) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hoxc13/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"pabpc1","kind":"target","name":"PABPC1","aka":"poly(A) binding protein cytoplasmic 1\nPolyadenylate-binding protein 1\nPABP1\nPABPL1\nPAB1\nPABPC2","tldr":"PABPC1 (Polyadenylate-binding protein 1) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma, Multiple myeloma, Bladder & urothelial cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pabpc1/","cancers":"hcc multiple-myeloma urothelial thyroid dlbcl basal-cell-carcinoma nsclc papillary-thyroid-cancer"},{"id":"tal1","kind":"target","name":"TAL1","aka":"TAL bHLH transcription factor 1, erythroid differentiation factor\nT-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia protein 1\nbHLHa17\nTCL5","tldr":"TAL1 (T-cell acute lymphocytic leukaemia protein 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Skin cancer and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tal1/","cancers":"hcc non-hodgkin-lymphoma skin-cancer leukaemia all-leukemia"},{"id":"lifr","kind":"target","name":"LIFR","aka":"LIF receptor subunit alpha\nLeukemia inhibitory factor receptor\nCD118","tldr":"LIFR (Leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Melanoma and Small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/lifr/","cancers":"melanoma sclc"},{"id":"msn","kind":"target","name":"MSN","aka":"moesin\nMoesin","tldr":"MSN (Moesin) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Oesophageal cancer, Renal cell carcinoma, Basal cell carcinoma and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/msn/","cancers":"esophageal rcc basal-cell-carcinoma clear-cell-rcc oesophageal-adenocarcinoma oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"brd7","kind":"target","name":"BRD7","aka":"bromodomain containing 7\nBromodomain-containing protein 7\nCELTIX1\nBP75\nSMARCI1","tldr":"BRD7 (Bromodomain-containing protein 7) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma and Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/brd7/","cancers":"hcc melanoma"},{"id":"acsl3","kind":"target","name":"ACSL3","aka":"acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 3\nFatty acid CoA ligase Acsl3\nACS3\nPRO2194\nFACL3","tldr":"ACSL3 (Fatty acid CoA ligase Acsl3) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Acute myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/acsl3/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"mllt1","kind":"target","name":"MLLT1","aka":"MLLT1 super elongation complex subunit\nLTG19\nYEATS1","tldr":"MLLT1 (MLLT1 super elongation complex subunit) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Wilms tumour and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mllt1/","cancers":"leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma wilms-tumor all-leukemia"},{"id":"atf7ip","kind":"target","name":"ATF7IP","aka":"activating transcription factor 7 interacting protein\nActivating transcription factor 7-interacting protein 1\nFLJ10688\np621\nATF7IP1\nMCAF1","tldr":"ATF7IP (Activating transcription factor 7-interacting protein 1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Endometrial cancer and Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/atf7ip/","cancers":"endometrial nsclc"},{"id":"asxl2","kind":"target","name":"ASXL2","aka":"ASXL transcriptional regulator 2\nPutative Polycomb group protein ASXL2\nASXH2\nFLJ10898\nKIAA1685","tldr":"ASXL2 (Putative Polycomb group protein ASXL2) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer and Acute myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/asxl2/","cancers":"urothelial aml"},{"id":"znrf3","kind":"target","name":"ZNRF3","aka":"zinc and ring finger 3\nE3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ZNRF3\nKIAA1133\nBK747E2.3\nFLJ22057\nRNF203","tldr":"ZNRF3 (E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ZNRF3) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Adrenocortical carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/znrf3/","cancers":"adrenocortical"},{"id":"ptpn14","kind":"target","name":"PTPN14","aka":"protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 14\nTyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 14\nPTPD2","tldr":"PTPN14 (Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 14) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Basal cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ptpn14/","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"rps6ka3","kind":"target","name":"RPS6KA3","aka":"ribosomal protein S6 kinase A3\nRibosomal protein S6 kinase alpha-3\nRSK2\nHU-3\nMRX19","tldr":"RPS6KA3 (Ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha-3) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rps6ka3/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"lpa","kind":"target","name":"LPA","aka":"lipoprotein(a)\nApolipoprotein(a)\nLp(a)","tldr":"LPA (Apolipoprotein(a)) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/lpa/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"h4c9","kind":"target","name":"H4C9","aka":"H4 clustered histone 9\nHistone H4\nH4/m\nH4FM\nHIST1H4I","tldr":"H4C9 (Histone H4) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/h4c9/","cancers":"cll"},{"id":"adamts9","kind":"target","name":"ADAMTS9","aka":"ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 9\nA disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 9\nKIAA1312","tldr":"ADAMTS9 (A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 9) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Multiple myeloma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/adamts9/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"znf750","kind":"target","name":"ZNF750","aka":"zinc finger protein 750\nZinc finger protein 750\nFLJ13841\nZfp750","tldr":"ZNF750 (Zinc finger protein 750) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Oesophageal cancer, Oesophageal and junctional adenocarcinoma and Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/znf750/","cancers":"esophageal oesophageal-adenocarcinoma nsclc"},{"id":"rnf6","kind":"target","name":"RNF6","aka":"ring finger protein 6\nE3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF6\nDKFZp686P0776","tldr":"RNF6 (E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF6) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Colorectal cancer and Oesophageal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rnf6/","cancers":"colorectal esophageal"},{"id":"ncoa1","kind":"target","name":"NCOA1","aka":"nuclear receptor coactivator 1\nNuclear receptor coactivator 1\nSRC1\nF-SRC-1\nNCoA-1\nKAT13A\nRIP160\nbHLHe74","tldr":"NCOA1 (Nuclear receptor coactivator 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ncoa1/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"rbfox1","kind":"target","name":"RBFOX1","aka":"RNA binding fox-1 homolog 1\nRNA binding protein fox-1 homolog 1\nA2BP1\nFOX-1\nHRNBP1","tldr":"RBFOX1 (RNA binding protein fox-1 homolog 1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rbfox1/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"fmn2","kind":"target","name":"FMN2","aka":"formin 2\nFormin-2","tldr":"FMN2 (Formin-2) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a DNA repair gene, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fmn2/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"myeov","kind":"target","name":"MYEOV","aka":"myeloma overexpressed\nMyeloma-overexpressed gene protein","tldr":"MYEOV (Myeloma-overexpressed gene protein) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/myeov/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"znf429","kind":"target","name":"ZNF429","aka":"zinc finger protein 429\nZinc finger protein 429","tldr":"ZNF429 (Zinc finger protein 429) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Prostate cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/znf429/","cancers":"urothelial hcc prostate cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"gpc5","kind":"target","name":"GPC5","aka":"glypican 5\nGlypican-5","tldr":"GPC5 (Glypican-5) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Ovarian cancer and Biliary tract cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/gpc5/","cancers":"ovarian cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"baz1a","kind":"target","name":"BAZ1A","aka":"bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 1A\nBromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain protein 1A\nhACF1\nACF1\nWALp1\nWCRF180","tldr":"BAZ1A (Bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain protein 1A) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/baz1a/","cancers":"sclc"},{"id":"mllt3","kind":"target","name":"MLLT3","aka":"MLLT3 super elongation complex subunit\nAF-9\nAF9\nYEATS3","tldr":"MLLT3 (MLLT3 super elongation complex subunit) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mllt3/","cancers":"leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma melanoma"},{"id":"aff1","kind":"target","name":"AFF1","aka":"ALF transcription elongation factor 1\nAF4/FMR2 family member 1\nAF-4\nAF4\nPBM1\nMLLT2","tldr":"AFF1 (AF4/FMR2 family member 1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Melanoma and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/aff1/","cancers":"leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma melanoma all-leukemia"},{"id":"fat3","kind":"target","name":"FAT3","aka":"FAT atypical cadherin 3\nProtocadherin Fat 3\nKIAA1989\nCDHF15\nCDHR10","tldr":"FAT3 (Protocadherin Fat 3) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Breast cancer, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, Renal cell carcinoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fat3/","cancers":"breast-cancer pancreatic rcc colorectal prostate gastric head-and-neck neuroendocrine"},{"id":"robo2","kind":"target","name":"ROBO2","aka":"roundabout guidance receptor 2\nRoundabout homolog 2\nKIAA1568","tldr":"ROBO2 (Roundabout homolog 2) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Prostate cancer, Renal cell carcinoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/robo2/","cancers":"colorectal prostate rcc gastric esophageal hcc non-hodgkin-lymphoma melanoma"},{"id":"ctnna2","kind":"target","name":"CTNNA2","aka":"catenin alpha 2\nCatenin alpha-2\nCAP-R\nCT114","tldr":"CTNNA2 (Catenin alpha-2) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Prostate cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ctnna2/","cancers":"prostate hcc head-and-neck pancreatic cholangiocarcinoma nsclc melanoma"},{"id":"rnf213","kind":"target","name":"RNF213","aka":"ring finger protein 213\nE3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF213\nKIAA1554\nNET57\nALO17\nC17orf27\nKIAA1618\nMYMY2","tldr":"RNF213 (E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF213) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Prostate cancer, Bladder & urothelial cancer, Renal cell carcinoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rnf213/","cancers":"prostate urothelial rcc esophageal endometrial angiosarcoma clear-cell-rcc cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"myh11","kind":"target","name":"MYH11","aka":"myosin heavy chain 11\nMyosin-11\nSMMHC\nSMMS-1","tldr":"MYH11 (Myosin-11) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Prostate cancer, Breast cancer, Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/myh11/","cancers":"prostate breast-cancer head-and-neck nasopharyngeal sarcoma aml cholangiocarcinoma melanoma"},{"id":"fam135b","kind":"target","name":"FAM135B","aka":"family with sequence similarity 135 member B\nC8ORFK32","tldr":"FAM135B (family with sequence similarity 135 member B) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, Endometrial cancer and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fam135b/","cancers":"head-and-neck pancreatic endometrial thyroid nsclc uterine-carcinosarcoma papillary-thyroid-cancer"},{"id":"fbln2","kind":"target","name":"FBLN2","aka":"fibulin 2\nFibulin-2","tldr":"FBLN2 (Fibulin-2) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, Bladder & urothelial cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fbln2/","cancers":"pancreatic urothelial hcc head-and-neck prostate cholangiocarcinoma neuroblastoma"},{"id":"setdb1","kind":"target","name":"SETDB1","aka":"SET domain bifurcated histone lysine methyltransferase 1\nHistone-lysine N-methyltransferase SETDB1\nKG1T\nKIAA0067\nKMT1E\nTDRD21","tldr":"SETDB1 (Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SETDB1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Breast cancer, Colorectal cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/setdb1/","cancers":"breast-cancer colorectal hcc head-and-neck pancreatic mesothelioma endometrial cll"},{"id":"ank1","kind":"target","name":"ANK1","aka":"ankyrin 1\nAnkyrin-1\nSPH1","tldr":"ANK1 (Ankyrin-1) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Prostate cancer, Angiosarcoma and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ank1/","cancers":"colorectal prostate angiosarcoma cholangiocarcinoma nsclc"},{"id":"arhgap5","kind":"target","name":"ARHGAP5","aka":"Rho GTPase activating protein 5\nRho GTPase-activating protein 5\nRhoGAP5\np190-B\np190BRhoGAP\nGFI2","tldr":"ARHGAP5 (Rho GTPase-activating protein 5) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer, Multiple myeloma, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/arhgap5/","cancers":"urothelial multiple-myeloma pancreatic mesothelioma thyroid pleural-mesothelioma papillary-thyroid-cancer"},{"id":"chd2","kind":"target","name":"CHD2","aka":"chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 2\nATP-dependent chromatin remodeler CHD2\nFLJ38614\nDKFZp547I1315\nDKFZp781D1727\nDKFZp686E01200","tldr":"CHD2 (ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler CHD2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Bladder & urothelial cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/chd2/","cancers":"leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma urothelial rcc all-leukemia cll gist papillary-rcc"},{"id":"ctnnd2","kind":"target","name":"CTNND2","aka":"catenin delta 2\nCatenin delta-2\nNPRAP\nGT24","tldr":"CTNND2 (Catenin delta-2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Oesophageal cancer, Ovarian cancer, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ctnnd2/","cancers":"esophageal ovarian pancreatic nsclc oesophageal-adenocarcinoma melanoma"},{"id":"usp9x","kind":"target","name":"USP9X","aka":"ubiquitin specific peptidase 9 X-linked\nUbiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 9X\nDFFRX\nFAF-X\nMRX99","tldr":"USP9X (Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 9X) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Thyroid cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Sarcomas and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/usp9x/","cancers":"thyroid hcc sarcoma nasopharyngeal prostate papillary-thyroid-cancer cholangiocarcinoma leiomyosarcoma"},{"id":"cdh10","kind":"target","name":"CDH10","aka":"cadherin 10\nCadherin-10","tldr":"CDH10 (Cadherin-10) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, Endometrial cancer and Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cdh10/","cancers":"pancreatic endometrial nsclc"},{"id":"rgs7","kind":"target","name":"RGS7","aka":"regulator of G protein signaling 7\nRegulator of G protein signaling 7","tldr":"RGS7 (Regulator of G protein signalling 7) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Breast cancer, Non-small-cell lung cancer and Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rgs7/","cancers":"breast-cancer nsclc melanoma"},{"id":"bclaf1","kind":"target","name":"BCLAF1","aka":"BCL2 associated transcription factor 1\nBcl-2-associated transcription factor 1\nKIAA0164","tldr":"BCLAF1 (Bcl-2-associated transcription factor 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Prostate cancer, Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, Acute myeloid leukaemia and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/bclaf1/","cancers":"prostate gastric aml melanoma uterine-carcinosarcoma"},{"id":"sirpa","kind":"target","name":"SIRPA","aka":"signal regulatory protein alpha\nTyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type substrate 1\nSHPS1\nMYD-1\nP84\nSHPS-1\nSIRPalpha\nCD172a\nSIRPalpha2\nSIRP-ALPHA-1\nPTPNS1","tldr":"SIRPA (Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type substrate 1) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Cervical cancer, Colorectal cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sirpa/","cancers":"cervical colorectal non-hodgkin-lymphoma aml"},{"id":"arhgef10","kind":"target","name":"ARHGEF10","aka":"Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 10\nKIAA0294\nGef10","tldr":"ARHGEF10 (Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 10) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer, Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, Non-small-cell lung cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/arhgef10/","cancers":"urothelial cutaneous-scc nsclc sclc"},{"id":"dcaf12l2","kind":"target","name":"DCAF12L2","aka":"DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 12 like 2\nDDB1- and CUL4-associated factor 12-like protein 2\nWDR40C","tldr":"DCAF12L2 (DDB1- and CUL4-associated factor 12-like protein 2) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Prostate cancer, Glioma & glioblastoma and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/dcaf12l2/","cancers":"colorectal prostate glioblastoma nsclc"},{"id":"dgcr8","kind":"target","name":"DGCR8","aka":"DGCR8 microprocessor complex subunit\nMicroprocessor complex subunit DGCR8\nDGCRK6\nGy1\npasha\nC22orf12","tldr":"DGCR8 (Microprocessor complex subunit DGCR8) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Mesothelioma, Thyroid cancer, Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/dgcr8/","cancers":"mesothelioma thyroid dlbcl pleural-mesothelioma papillary-thyroid-cancer wilms-tumor"},{"id":"mb21d2","kind":"target","name":"MB21D2","aka":"Mab-21 domain containing 2\nNucleotidyltransferase MB21D2\nD2A\nC3orf59","tldr":"MB21D2 (Nucleotidyltransferase MB21D2) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, Sarcomas, Bladder & urothelial cancer and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mb21d2/","cancers":"head-and-neck sarcoma urothelial liposarcoma nsclc"},{"id":"myo5a","kind":"target","name":"MYO5A","aka":"myosin VA\nUnconventional myosin-Va\nMYO5\nGS1\nMYR12\nMYH12","tldr":"MYO5A (Unconventional myosin-Va) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Breast cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Lung cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/myo5a/","cancers":"breast-cancer hcc lung-cancer neuroblastoma"},{"id":"naca","kind":"target","name":"NACA","aka":"nascent polypeptide associated complex subunit alpha\nNascent polypeptide-associated complex subunit alpha, muscle-specific form\nNACA1\nAlpha-NAC","tldr":"NACA (Nascent polypeptide-associated complex subunit alpha, muscle-specific form) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer, Melanoma and Basal cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/naca/","cancers":"urothelial melanoma basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"wnk2","kind":"target","name":"WNK2","aka":"WNK lysine deficient protein kinase 2\nSerine/threonine-protein kinase WNK2\nNY-CO-43\nKIAA1760\nSDCCAG43\nPRKWNK2","tldr":"WNK2 (Serine/threonine-protein kinase WNK2) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Sarcomas, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Mesothelioma and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/wnk2/","cancers":"sarcoma hcc mesothelioma leiomyosarcoma pleural-mesothelioma"},{"id":"cd209","kind":"target","name":"CD209","aka":"CD209 molecule\nCD209 antigen\nDC-SIGN\nhDC-SIGN\nCDSIGN\nDC-SIGN1\nCLEC4L","tldr":"CD209 (CD209 antigen) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Breast cancer, Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer and Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cd209/","cancers":"breast-cancer gastric nsclc"},{"id":"fam174b","kind":"target","name":"FAM174B","aka":"family with sequence similarity 174 member B\nMembrane protein FAM174B\nLOC400451\nMGC102891","tldr":"FAM174B (Membrane protein FAM174B) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Prostate cancer, Medulloblastoma and Paediatric low-grade glioma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fam174b/","cancers":"prostate medulloblastoma paediatric-low-grade-glioma"},{"id":"grm3","kind":"target","name":"GRM3","aka":"glutamate metabotropic receptor 3\nMetabotropic glutamate receptor 3\nGPRC1C\nmGlu3\nMGLUR3","tldr":"GRM3 (Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Renal cell carcinoma, Oesophageal cancer, Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/grm3/","cancers":"rcc esophageal chromophobe-rcc oesophageal-adenocarcinoma melanoma"},{"id":"ldb1","kind":"target","name":"LDB1","aka":"LIM domain binding 1\nLIM domain-binding protein 1\nCLIM2","tldr":"LDB1 (LIM domain-binding protein 1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Medulloblastoma and Paediatric low-grade glioma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ldb1/","cancers":"medulloblastoma paediatric-low-grade-glioma"},{"id":"muc6","kind":"target","name":"MUC6","aka":"mucin 6, oligomeric mucus/gel-forming (gene/pseudogene)\nMucin-6\nMUC-6","tldr":"MUC6 (Mucin-6) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma, Acute myeloid leukaemia and Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/muc6/","cancers":"hcc aml nsclc"},{"id":"n4bp2","kind":"target","name":"N4BP2","aka":"NEDD4 binding protein 2\nNEDD4-binding protein 2\nB3BP","tldr":"N4BP2 (NEDD4-binding protein 2) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma, Bladder & urothelial cancer and Biliary tract cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/n4bp2/","cancers":"hcc urothelial cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"nin","kind":"target","name":"NIN","aka":"ninein\nNinein","tldr":"NIN (Ninein) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Mesothelioma, Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nin/","cancers":"colorectal mesothelioma gastric pleural-mesothelioma"},{"id":"parp4","kind":"target","name":"PARP4","aka":"poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase family member 4\nProtein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP4\nVAULT3\np193\nVPARP\nVWA5C\nARTD4\nADPRTL1","tldr":"PARP4 (Protein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP4) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Multiple myeloma and Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/parp4/","cancers":"colorectal multiple-myeloma nsclc"},{"id":"prdm2","kind":"target","name":"PRDM2","aka":"PR/SET domain 2\nPR domain zinc finger protein 2\nRIZ1\nRIZ2\nKMT8\nMTB-ZF\nHUMHOXY1\nKMT8A","tldr":"PRDM2 (PR domain zinc finger protein 2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma, Renal cell carcinoma, Neuroblastoma and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/prdm2/","cancers":"hcc rcc neuroblastoma papillary-rcc"},{"id":"rgpd3","kind":"target","name":"RGPD3","aka":"RANBP2 like and GRIP domain containing 3\nRanBP2-like and GRIP domain-containing protein 3\nRGP3","tldr":"RGPD3 (RanBP2-like and GRIP domain-containing protein 3) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma, Non-small-cell lung cancer and Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rgpd3/","cancers":"hcc nsclc melanoma"},{"id":"arhgef10l","kind":"target","name":"ARHGEF10L","aka":"Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 10 like\nRho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 10-like protein\nFLJ10521\nKIAA1626","tldr":"ARHGEF10L (Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 10-like protein) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Renal cell carcinoma, Basal cell carcinoma and Clear cell renal cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/arhgef10l/","cancers":"rcc basal-cell-carcinoma clear-cell-rcc"},{"id":"cnot9","kind":"target","name":"CNOT9","aka":"CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 9\nRCD1\nRCD1+\nCT129\nCAF40\nRQCD1","tldr":"CNOT9 (CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 9) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cnot9/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"cyp2c8","kind":"target","name":"CYP2C8","aka":"cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily C member 8\nCytochrome P450 2C8\nCPC8","tldr":"CYP2C8 (Cytochrome P450 2C8) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Mesothelioma, Melanoma and Pleural mesothelioma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cyp2c8/","cancers":"mesothelioma melanoma pleural-mesothelioma"},{"id":"dot1l","kind":"target","name":"DOT1L","aka":"DOT1 like histone lysine methyltransferase\nHistone-lysine N-methyltransferase, H3 lysine-79 specific\nKIAA1814\nDOT1\nKMT4","tldr":"DOT1L (Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase, H3 lysine-79 specific) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Neuroblastoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/dot1l/","cancers":"dlbcl neuroblastoma"},{"id":"dusp16","kind":"target","name":"DUSP16","aka":"dual specificity phosphatase 16\nDual specificity protein phosphatase 16\nMKP-7\nKIAA1700\nMKP7","tldr":"DUSP16 (Dual specificity protein phosphatase 16) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/dusp16/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"eln","kind":"target","name":"ELN","aka":"elastin\nElastin","tldr":"ELN (Elastin) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Breast cancer and Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/eln/","cancers":"breast-cancer cutaneous-scc"},{"id":"foxa2","kind":"target","name":"FOXA2","aka":"forkhead box A2\nHepatocyte nuclear factor 3-beta\nHNF3B","tldr":"FOXA2 (Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-beta) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Endometrial cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/foxa2/","cancers":"endometrial"},{"id":"kdm3b","kind":"target","name":"KDM3B","aka":"lysine demethylase 3B\nLysine-specific demethylase 3B\nKIAA1082\nNET22\nC5orf7\nJMJD1B","tldr":"KDM3B (Lysine-specific demethylase 3B) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Medulloblastoma and Paediatric low-grade glioma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kdm3b/","cancers":"medulloblastoma paediatric-low-grade-glioma"},{"id":"mllt6","kind":"target","name":"MLLT6","aka":"MLLT6, PHD finger containing\nAF17\nFLJ23480","tldr":"MLLT6 (MLLT6, PHD finger containing) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma and Bladder & urothelial cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mllt6/","cancers":"pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma urothelial"},{"id":"nipbl","kind":"target","name":"NIPBL","aka":"NIPBL cohesin loading factor\nNipped-B-like protein\nIDN3\nDKFZp434L1319\nFLJ11203\nFLJ12597\nFLJ13354\nFLJ13648\nScc2","tldr":"NIPBL (Nipped-B-like protein) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nipbl/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"numa1","kind":"target","name":"NUMA1","aka":"nuclear mitotic apparatus protein 1\nNuclear mitotic apparatus protein 1","tldr":"NUMA1 (Nuclear mitotic apparatus protein 1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Breast cancer, Oesophageal cancer and Oesophageal and junctional adenocarcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/numa1/","cancers":"breast-cancer esophageal oesophageal-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"nxf1","kind":"target","name":"NXF1","aka":"nuclear RNA export factor 1\nNuclear RNA export factor 1\nMex67\nDKFZp667O0311","tldr":"NXF1 (Nuclear RNA export factor 1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nxf1/","cancers":"cll"},{"id":"smarcd1","kind":"target","name":"SMARCD1","aka":"SWI/SNF related BAF chromatin remodeling complex subunit D1\nSWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily D member 1\nBAF60A\nRsc6p\nCRACD1","tldr":"SMARCD1 (SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily D member 1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/smarcd1/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"smc1a","kind":"target","name":"SMC1A","aka":"structural maintenance of chromosomes 1A\nStructural maintenance of chromosomes protein 1A\nDXS423E\nKIAA0178\nSB1.8\nSmcb\nSMC1L1","tldr":"SMC1A (Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 1A) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a DNA repair gene, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Acute myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/smc1a/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"snx29","kind":"target","name":"SNX29","aka":"sorting nexin 29\nSorting nexin-29\nFLJ12363\nRUNDC2A","tldr":"SNX29 (Sorting nexin-29) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer and Small intestine cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/snx29/","cancers":"urothelial small-bowel"},{"id":"taf15","kind":"target","name":"TAF15","aka":"TATA-box binding protein associated factor 15\nTATA-binding protein-associated factor 2N\nhTAFII68\nRBP56\nNpl3\nTAF2N","tldr":"TAF15 (TATA-binding protein-associated factor 2N) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer, Mesothelioma and Pleural mesothelioma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/taf15/","cancers":"urothelial mesothelioma pleural-mesothelioma"},{"id":"tcf12","kind":"target","name":"TCF12","aka":"transcription factor 12\nTranscription factor 12\nHTF4\nHsT17266\nbHLHb20\np64","tldr":"TCF12 (Transcription factor 12) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Glioma & glioblastoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tcf12/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"tcf4","kind":"target","name":"TCF4","aka":"transcription factor 4\nTranscription factor 4\nSEF2-1B\nITF2\nbHLHb19\nE2-2","tldr":"TCF4 (Transcription factor 4) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Medulloblastoma and Paediatric low-grade glioma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tcf4/","cancers":"medulloblastoma paediatric-low-grade-glioma"},{"id":"tfrc","kind":"target","name":"TFRC","aka":"transferrin receptor\nTransferrin receptor protein 1\nCD71\nTFR1\np90","tldr":"TFRC (Transferrin receptor protein 1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Prostate cancer and Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tfrc/","cancers":"prostate nsclc"},{"id":"abcc4","kind":"target","name":"ABCC4","aka":"ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 4 (PEL blood group)\nATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 4\nMRP4\nEST170205\nMOAT-B\nMOATB","tldr":"ABCC4 (ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 4) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Angiosarcoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/abcc4/","cancers":"angiosarcoma"},{"id":"acsl6","kind":"target","name":"ACSL6","aka":"acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 6\nLong-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 6\nKIAA0837\nACS2\nLACS5\nLACS2\nFACL6","tldr":"ACSL6 (Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 6) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Sarcomas and Liposarcoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/acsl6/","cancers":"sarcoma liposarcoma"},{"id":"acsm3","kind":"target","name":"ACSM3","aka":"acyl-CoA synthetase medium chain family member 3\nAcyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM3, mitochondrial","tldr":"ACSM3 (Acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM3, mitochondrial) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Glioma & glioblastoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/acsm3/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"ajuba","kind":"target","name":"AJUBA","aka":"ajuba LIM protein\nLIM domain-containing protein ajuba\nMGC15563","tldr":"AJUBA (LIM domain-containing protein ajuba) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ajuba/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"alpk1","kind":"target","name":"ALPK1","aka":"alpha kinase 1\nAlpha-protein kinase 1\nLak\nFLJ22670\nKIAA1527","tldr":"ALPK1 (Alpha-protein kinase 1) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/alpk1/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"ankrd11","kind":"target","name":"ANKRD11","aka":"ankyrin repeat domain 11\nAnkyrin repeat domain-containing protein 11\nLZ16\nT13\nANCO1\nANCO-1","tldr":"ANKRD11 (Ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 11) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ankrd11/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"bmp6","kind":"target","name":"BMP6","aka":"bone morphogenetic protein 6\nBone morphogenetic protein 6\nVGR1","tldr":"BMP6 (Bone morphogenetic protein 6) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/bmp6/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"cadm2","kind":"target","name":"CADM2","aka":"cell adhesion molecule 2\nCell adhesion molecule 2\nNECL3\nNecl-3\nSynCAM2\nSynCAM-2\nIGSF4D","tldr":"CADM2 (Cell adhesion molecule 2) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cadm2/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"cant1","kind":"target","name":"CANT1","aka":"calcium activated nucleotidase 1\nSoluble calcium-activated nucleotidase 1\nSHAPY\nSCAN-1","tldr":"CANT1 (Soluble calcium-activated nucleotidase 1) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Oesophageal cancer and Oesophageal and junctional adenocarcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cant1/","cancers":"esophageal oesophageal-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"casz1","kind":"target","name":"CASZ1","aka":"castor zinc finger 1\nZinc finger protein castor homolog 1\nFLJ20321\nZNF693\ncastor\ncst","tldr":"CASZ1 (Zinc finger protein castor homolog 1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/casz1/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"ccar1","kind":"target","name":"CCAR1","aka":"cell division cycle and apoptosis regulator 1\nCell division cycle and apoptosis regulator protein 1\nCARP1\nCARP-1\nuc.285+\nFLJ10590","tldr":"CCAR1 (Cell division cycle and apoptosis regulator protein 1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Medulloblastoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ccar1/","cancers":"medulloblastoma"},{"id":"ccnt1","kind":"target","name":"CCNT1","aka":"cyclin T1\nCyclin-T1\nCYCT1\nHIVE1","tldr":"CCNT1 (Cyclin-T1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Acute myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ccnt1/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"ccr7","kind":"target","name":"CCR7","aka":"C-C motif chemokine receptor 7\nC-C chemokine receptor type 7\nBLR2\nCDw197\nCD197\nCMKBR7\nEBI1","tldr":"CCR7 (C-C chemokine receptor type 7) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ccr7/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"cep89","kind":"target","name":"CEP89","aka":"centrosomal protein 89\nCentrosomal protein of 89 kDa\nFLJ14640\nCCDC123","tldr":"CEP89 (Centrosomal protein of 89 kDa) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cep89/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"chd7","kind":"target","name":"CHD7","aka":"chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 7\nATP-dependent chromatin remodeler CHD7\nKIAA1416\nFLJ20357\nFLJ20361","tldr":"CHD7 (ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler CHD7) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Medulloblastoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/chd7/","cancers":"medulloblastoma"},{"id":"chrdl1","kind":"target","name":"CHRDL1","aka":"chordin like 1\nChordin-like protein 1\nNRLN1\nMGC1","tldr":"CHRDL1 (Chordin-like protein 1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/chrdl1/"},{"id":"cmtr2","kind":"target","name":"CMTR2","aka":"cap methyltransferase 2\nCap-specific mRNA (nucleoside-2'-O-)-methyltransferase 2\nFLJ11171\nMTr2\nFTSJD1","tldr":"CMTR2 (Cap-specific mRNA (nucleoside-2'-O-)-methyltransferase 2) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cmtr2/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"col2a1","kind":"target","name":"COL2A1","aka":"collagen type II alpha 1 chain\nCollagen alpha-1(II) chain\nSTL1","tldr":"COL2A1 (Collagen alpha-1(II) chain) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Thyroid cancer and Papillary thyroid cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/col2a1/","cancers":"thyroid papillary-thyroid-cancer"},{"id":"col6a6","kind":"target","name":"COL6A6","aka":"collagen type VI alpha 6 chain\nCollagen alpha-6(VI) chain","tldr":"COL6A6 (Collagen alpha-6(VI) chain) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/col6a6/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"cpeb3","kind":"target","name":"CPEB3","aka":"cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 3\nCytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 3\nKIAA0940","tldr":"CPEB3 (Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 3) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Basal cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cpeb3/","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"cspg4","kind":"target","name":"CSPG4","aka":"chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4\nChondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4\nMCSPG\nMEL-CSPG\nMSK16\nNG2\nHMW-MAA\nCSPG4A","tldr":"CSPG4 (Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cspg4/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"dhx9","kind":"target","name":"DHX9","aka":"DExH-box helicase 9\nATP-dependent RNA helicase A\nDDX9","tldr":"DHX9 (ATP-dependent RNA helicase A) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/dhx9/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"dis3","kind":"target","name":"DIS3","aka":"DIS3 exosome endoribonuclease and 3'-5' exoribonuclease\nExosome complex exonuclease RRP44\ndis3p\nRRP44\nEXOSC11\nKIAA1008","tldr":"DIS3 (Exosome complex exonuclease RRP44) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Multiple myeloma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/dis3/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"dsp","kind":"target","name":"DSP","aka":"desmoplakin\nDesmoplakin\nKPPS2\nPPKS2","tldr":"DSP (Desmoplakin) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Nasopharyngeal carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/dsp/","cancers":"nasopharyngeal"},{"id":"eftud2","kind":"target","name":"EFTUD2","aka":"elongation factor Tu GTP binding domain containing 2\n116 kDa U5 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein component\nU5-116KD\nSnrp116\nSnu114\nSNRNP116","tldr":"EFTUD2 (116 kDa U5 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein component) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Multiple myeloma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/eftud2/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"egr2","kind":"target","name":"EGR2","aka":"early growth response 2\nE3 SUMO-protein ligase EGR2\nKROX20","tldr":"EGR2 (E3 SUMO-protein ligase EGR2) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/egr2/","cancers":"cll"},{"id":"eif4a2","kind":"target","name":"EIF4A2","aka":"eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A2\nEukaryotic initiation factor 4A-II\nDDX2B\nEIF4A\nBM-010\nEIF4F","tldr":"EIF4A2 (Eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-II) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/eif4a2/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"esrra","kind":"target","name":"ESRRA","aka":"estrogen related receptor alpha\nSteroid hormone receptor ERR1\nERR1\nERRalpha\nNR3B1\nERRa\nESRL1","tldr":"ESRRA (Steroid hormone receptor ERR1) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Salivary gland cancers and Adenoid cystic carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/esrra/","cancers":"salivary-gland adenoid-cystic-carcinoma"},{"id":"fat2","kind":"target","name":"FAT2","aka":"FAT atypical cadherin 2\nProtocadherin Fat 2\nMEGF1\nCDHF8\nHFAT2\nCDHR9","tldr":"FAT2 (Protocadherin Fat 2) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Vulvar cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fat2/","cancers":"vulvar"},{"id":"fbn2","kind":"target","name":"FBN2","aka":"fibrillin 2\nFibrillin-2\nDA9","tldr":"FBN2 (Fibrillin-2) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Neuroblastoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fbn2/","cancers":"neuroblastoma"},{"id":"fgd1","kind":"target","name":"FGD1","aka":"FYVE, RhoGEF and PH domain containing 1\nFYVE, RhoGEF and PH domain-containing protein 1\nZFYVE3","tldr":"FGD1 (FYVE, RhoGEF and PH domain-containing protein 1) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fgd1/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"fgd5","kind":"target","name":"FGD5","aka":"FYVE, RhoGEF and PH domain containing 5\nFYVE, RhoGEF and PH domain-containing protein 5\nZFYVE23\nFLJ39957\nFLJ00274","tldr":"FGD5 (FYVE, RhoGEF and PH domain-containing protein 5) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Acute myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fgd5/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"fndc3b","kind":"target","name":"FNDC3B","aka":"fibronectin type III domain containing 3B\nFibronectin type III domain-containing protein 3B\nFAD104\nDKFZp762K137\nFLJ23399\nPRO4979\nYVTM2421","tldr":"FNDC3B (Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 3B) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fndc3b/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"gli1","kind":"target","name":"GLI1","aka":"GLI family zinc finger 1\nTranscription activator GLI1","tldr":"GLI1 (Transcription activator GLI1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Sarcomas and Leiomyosarcoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/gli1/","cancers":"sarcoma leiomyosarcoma"},{"id":"gmps","kind":"target","name":"GMPS","aka":"guanosine monophosphate synthase\nGMP synthase [glutamine-hydrolyzing]\nGATD7","tldr":"GMPS (GMP synthase [glutamine-hydrolysing]) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/gmps/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"gpaa1","kind":"target","name":"GPAA1","aka":"glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor attachment 1\nGPI-anchor transamidase component GPAA1\nGAA1\nhGAA1","tldr":"GPAA1 (GPI-anchor transamidase component GPAA1) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/gpaa1/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"gtf2i","kind":"target","name":"GTF2I","aka":"general transcription factor IIi\nGeneral transcription factor II-I\nTFII-I\nBAP-135\nBTKAP1\nIB291\nWBSCR6","tldr":"GTF2I (General transcription factor II-I) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Thymoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/gtf2i/","cancers":"thymoma"},{"id":"hcar3","kind":"target","name":"HCAR3","aka":"hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3\nHydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3\nHCA3\nHM74\nGPR109B","tldr":"HCAR3 (Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Acute myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hcar3/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"hla-dqa1","kind":"target","name":"HLA-DQA1","aka":"major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ alpha 1\nHLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ alpha 1 chain\nCELIAC1\nHLA-DQA","tldr":"HLA-DQA1 (HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ alpha 1 chain) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Mesothelioma and Pleural mesothelioma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hla-dqa1/","cancers":"mesothelioma pleural-mesothelioma"},{"id":"hsp90ab1","kind":"target","name":"HSP90AB1","aka":"heat shock protein 90 alpha family class B member 1\nHeat shock protein HSP 90-beta\nHSPC2\nHSPCB","tldr":"HSP90AB1 (Heat shock protein HSP 90-beta) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hsp90ab1/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"hspg2","kind":"target","name":"HSPG2","aka":"heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2\nBasement membrane-specific heparan sulfate proteoglycan core protein\nperlecan\nPRCAN\nSJS1","tldr":"HSPG2 (Basement membrane-specific heparan sulfate proteoglycan core protein) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hspg2/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"inppl1","kind":"target","name":"INPPL1","aka":"inositol polyphosphate phosphatase like 1\nPhosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 2\nSHIP2","tldr":"INPPL1 (Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 2) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Endometrial cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/inppl1/","cancers":"endometrial"},{"id":"itgav","kind":"target","name":"ITGAV","aka":"integrin subunit alpha V\nIntegrin alpha-V\nCD51\nMSK8","tldr":"ITGAV (Integrin alpha-V) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/itgav/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"kat7","kind":"target","name":"KAT7","aka":"lysine acetyltransferase 7\nHistone acetyltransferase KAT7\nHBO1\nMYST2","tldr":"KAT7 (Histone acetyltransferase KAT7) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a DNA repair gene, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Bladder & urothelial cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kat7/","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"kmt5a","kind":"target","name":"KMT5A","aka":"lysine methyltransferase 5A\nN-lysine methyltransferase KMT5A\nSET8\nSET07\nPR-Set7\nSETD8","tldr":"KMT5A (N-lysine methyltransferase KMT5A) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kmt5a/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"knstrn","kind":"target","name":"KNSTRN","aka":"kinetochore localized astrin (SPAG5) binding protein\nSmall kinetochore-associated protein\nFLJ14502\nkinastrin\nTRAF4AF1\nC15orf23","tldr":"KNSTRN (Small kinetochore-associated protein) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/knstrn/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"lsm14a","kind":"target","name":"LSM14A","aka":"LSM14A mRNA processing body assembly factor\nProtein LSM14 homolog A\nDKFZP434D1335\nRAP55A\nRAP55\nC19orf13\nFAM61A","tldr":"LSM14A (Protein LSM14 homolog A) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Endometrial cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/lsm14a/","cancers":"endometrial"},{"id":"macc1","kind":"target","name":"MACC1","aka":"MET transcriptional regulator MACC1\nMetastasis-associated in colon cancer protein 1\n7A5\nSH3BP4L","tldr":"MACC1 (Metastasis-associated in colon cancer protein 1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/macc1/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"mark2","kind":"target","name":"MARK2","aka":"microtubule affinity regulating kinase 2\nSerine/threonine-protein kinase MARK2\nPAR-1\nPar1b\nPAR-1B\nEMK1","tldr":"MARK2 (Serine/threonine-protein kinase MARK2) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mark2/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"mcm7","kind":"target","name":"MCM7","aka":"minichromosome maintenance complex component 7\nDNA replication licensing factor MCM7\nCDC47\nPPP1R104\nMCM2","tldr":"MCM7 (DNA replication licensing factor MCM7) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Cervical cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mcm7/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"mdga2","kind":"target","name":"MDGA2","aka":"MAM domain containing glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor 2\nMAM domain-containing glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor protein 2\nMAMDC1","tldr":"MDGA2 (MAM domain-containing glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor protein 2) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mdga2/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"med23","kind":"target","name":"MED23","aka":"mediator complex subunit 23\nMediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 23\nCRSP130\nDRIP130\nSur2\nCRSP3\nMRT18","tldr":"MED23 (Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 23) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/med23/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"mib2","kind":"target","name":"MIB2","aka":"MIB E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2\nE3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MIB2\nskeletrophin\nZZZ5\nFLJ39787\nZZANK1","tldr":"MIB2 (E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MIB2) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mib2/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"ncaph","kind":"target","name":"NCAPH","aka":"non-SMC condensin I complex subunit H\nCondensin complex subunit 2\nCAP-H\nhCAP-H\nNCAPH1\nBRRN1","tldr":"NCAPH (Condensin complex subunit 2) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Acute myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ncaph/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"nckipsd","kind":"target","name":"NCKIPSD","aka":"NCK interacting protein with SH3 domain\nNCK-interacting protein with SH3 domain\nAF3P21\nSPIN90\nORF1\nWASLBP\nDIP1","tldr":"NCKIPSD (NCK-interacting protein with SH3 domain) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Endometrial cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nckipsd/","cancers":"endometrial"},{"id":"nktr","kind":"target","name":"NKTR","aka":"natural killer cell triggering receptor\nNK-tumor recognition protein\np104\nCypNK","tldr":"NKTR (NK-tumour recognition protein) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Acute myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nktr/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"nprl2","kind":"target","name":"NPRL2","aka":"NPR2 like, GATOR1 complex subunit\nGATOR1 complex protein NPRL2\nNPR2L\nNPR2\nTUSC4","tldr":"NPRL2 (GATOR1 complex protein NPRL2) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nprl2/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"nrk","kind":"target","name":"NRK","aka":"Nik related kinase\nNik-related protein kinase\nDKFZp686A17109","tldr":"NRK (Nik-related protein kinase) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nrk/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"nt5c3a","kind":"target","name":"NT5C3A","aka":"5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic IIIA\nCytosolic 5'-nucleotidase 3A\nUMPH1\nPSN1\nPN-I\nP5'N-1\ncN-III\np36\nhUMP1\nNT5C3","tldr":"NT5C3A (Cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase 3A) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Acute myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nt5c3a/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"nutm2d","kind":"target","name":"NUTM2D","aka":"NUT family member 2D\nFAM22D","tldr":"NUTM2D (NUT family member 2D) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Nasopharyngeal carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nutm2d/","cancers":"nasopharyngeal"},{"id":"nvl","kind":"target","name":"NVL","aka":"nuclear VCP like\nNuclear valosin-containing protein-like\nNVL2","tldr":"NVL (Nuclear valosin-containing protein-like) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Glioma & glioblastoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nvl/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"pcmtd1","kind":"target","name":"PCMTD1","aka":"protein-L-isoaspartate (D-aspartate) O-methyltransferase domain containing 1\nProtein-L-isoaspartate O-methyltransferase domain-containing protein 1\nFLJ10883","tldr":"PCMTD1 (Protein-L-isoaspartate O-methyltransferase domain-containing protein 1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Acute myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pcmtd1/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"pdzd2","kind":"target","name":"PDZD2","aka":"PDZ domain containing 2\nPDZ domain-containing protein 2\nKIAA0300\nPDZK3","tldr":"PDZD2 (PDZ domain-containing protein 2) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Mesothelioma and Pleural mesothelioma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pdzd2/","cancers":"mesothelioma pleural-mesothelioma"},{"id":"peg3","kind":"target","name":"PEG3","aka":"paternally expressed 3\nPaternally-expressed gene 3 protein\nZKSCAN22\nKIAA0287\nZNF904\nZSCAN24","tldr":"PEG3 (Paternally-expressed gene 3 protein) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/peg3/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"per3","kind":"target","name":"PER3","aka":"period circadian regulator 3\nPeriod circadian protein homolog 3","tldr":"PER3 (Period circadian protein homolog 3) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/per3/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"pi4ka","kind":"target","name":"PI4KA","aka":"phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha\nPhosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha\nPI4K-ALPHA\npi4K230\nPIK4CA","tldr":"PI4KA (Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Mesothelioma and Pleural mesothelioma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pi4ka/","cancers":"mesothelioma pleural-mesothelioma"},{"id":"picalm","kind":"target","name":"PICALM","aka":"phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein\nPhosphatidylinositol-binding clathrin assembly protein","tldr":"PICALM (Phosphatidylinositol-binding clathrin assembly protein) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Thyroid cancer and Papillary thyroid cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/picalm/","cancers":"thyroid papillary-thyroid-cancer"},{"id":"plxnc1","kind":"target","name":"PLXNC1","aka":"plexin C1\nPlexin-C1\nVESPR\nCD232","tldr":"PLXNC1 (Plexin-C1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/plxnc1/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"ppp3ca","kind":"target","name":"PPP3CA","aka":"protein phosphatase 3 catalytic subunit alpha\nProtein phosphatase 3 catalytic subunit alpha\nCNA1\nPPP2B\nCALNA","tldr":"PPP3CA (Protein phosphatase 3 catalytic subunit alpha) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ppp3ca/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"prkd2","kind":"target","name":"PRKD2","aka":"protein kinase D2\nSerine/threonine-protein kinase D2\nPKD2\nHSPC187\nDKFZP586E0820","tldr":"PRKD2 (Serine/threonine-protein kinase D2) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Multiple myeloma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/prkd2/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"prune2","kind":"target","name":"PRUNE2","aka":"prune homolog 2 with BCH domain\nProtein prune homolog 2\nBMCC1\nBNIPXL\nA214N16.3\nbA214N16.3\nC9orf65\nKIAA0367","tldr":"PRUNE2 (Protein prune homolog 2) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Neuroblastoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/prune2/","cancers":"neuroblastoma"},{"id":"pspc1","kind":"target","name":"PSPC1","aka":"paraspeckle component 1\nParaspeckle component 1\nPSP1\nFLJ10955","tldr":"PSPC1 (Paraspeckle component 1) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pspc1/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"ptma","kind":"target","name":"PTMA","aka":"prothymosin alpha\nProthymosin alpha","tldr":"PTMA (Prothymosin alpha) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Testicular germ cell tumours.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ptma/","cancers":"testicular"},{"id":"ptpn3","kind":"target","name":"PTPN3","aka":"protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 3\nTyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 3\nPTPH1","tldr":"PTPN3 (Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 3) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ptpn3/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"pwwp2a","kind":"target","name":"PWWP2A","aka":"PWWP domain containing 2A\nPWWP domain-containing protein 2A\nKIAA1935","tldr":"PWWP2A (PWWP domain-containing protein 2A) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pwwp2a/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"rasa2","kind":"target","name":"RASA2","aka":"RAS p21 protein activator 2\nRas GTPase-activating protein 2\nGAP1M","tldr":"RASA2 (Ras GTPase-activating protein 2) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rasa2/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"rbm15","kind":"target","name":"RBM15","aka":"RNA binding motif protein 15\nRNA-binding protein 15\nOTT1","tldr":"RBM15 (RNA-binding protein 15) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rbm15/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"rbm38","kind":"target","name":"RBM38","aka":"RNA binding motif protein 38\nRNA-binding protein 38\nHSRNASEB\nSEB4D\nseb4B\ndJ800J21.2\nRNPC1","tldr":"RBM38 (RNA-binding protein 38) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rbm38/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"rbm39","kind":"target","name":"RBM39","aka":"RNA binding motif protein 39\nRNA-binding protein 39\nCC1.3\nHCC1\nCAPER\nfSAP59\nCAPERalpha\nRNPC2","tldr":"RBM39 (RNA-binding protein 39) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Endometrial cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rbm39/","cancers":"endometrial"},{"id":"rela","kind":"target","name":"RELA","aka":"RELA proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit\nTranscription factor p65\np65\nNFKB3","tldr":"RELA (Transcription factor p65) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rela/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"ripk1","kind":"target","name":"RIPK1","aka":"receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 1\nReceptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1\nRIP1\nRIP-1","tldr":"RIPK1 (Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ripk1/","cancers":"cll"},{"id":"rps3a","kind":"target","name":"RPS3A","aka":"ribosomal protein S3A\nSmall ribosomal subunit protein eS1\nS3A\neS1","tldr":"RPS3A (Small ribosomal subunit protein eS1) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Multiple myeloma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rps3a/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"rragc","kind":"target","name":"RRAGC","aka":"Ras related GTP binding C\nRas-related GTP-binding protein C\nGTR2\nFLJ13311","tldr":"RRAGC (Ras-related GTP-binding protein C) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rragc/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"rrn3","kind":"target","name":"RRN3","aka":"RNA polymerase I transcription factor RRN3\nRNA polymerase I-specific transcription initiation factor RRN3\nDKFZp566E104\nTIF-IA","tldr":"RRN3 (RNA polymerase I-specific transcription initiation factor RRN3) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rrn3/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"samhd1","kind":"target","name":"SAMHD1","aka":"SAM and HD domain containing deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase 1\nDeoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase SAMHD1\nSBBI88\nMg11\nHDDC1\nMOP-5\nAGS5","tldr":"SAMHD1 (Deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase SAMHD1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor and a DNA repair gene, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Multiple myeloma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/samhd1/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"sdcbp","kind":"target","name":"SDCBP","aka":"syndecan binding protein\nSyntenin-1\nMDA-9\nSDCBP1","tldr":"SDCBP (Syntenin-1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sdcbp/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"shtn1","kind":"target","name":"SHTN1","aka":"shootin 1\nShootin-1\nshootin1\nshootin-1\nKIAA1598","tldr":"SHTN1 (Shootin-1) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Mesothelioma and Pleural mesothelioma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/shtn1/","cancers":"mesothelioma pleural-mesothelioma"},{"id":"sox17","kind":"target","name":"SOX17","aka":"SRY-box transcription factor 17\nTranscription factor SOX-17","tldr":"SOX17 (Transcription factor SOX-17) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Endometrial cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sox17/","cancers":"endometrial"},{"id":"sox21","kind":"target","name":"SOX21","aka":"SRY-box transcription factor 21\nTranscription factor SOX-21\nSOX25","tldr":"SOX21 (Transcription factor SOX-21) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sox21/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"srgap3","kind":"target","name":"SRGAP3","aka":"SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein 3\nSLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase-activating protein 3\nKIAA0411\nMEGAP\nARHGAP14\nSRGAP2","tldr":"SRGAP3 (SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase-activating protein 3) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver and a fusion partner, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Mesothelioma and Pleural mesothelioma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/srgap3/","cancers":"mesothelioma pleural-mesothelioma"},{"id":"susd2","kind":"target","name":"SUSD2","aka":"sushi domain containing 2\nSushi domain-containing protein 2\nBK65A6.2\nFLJ22778\nW5C5","tldr":"SUSD2 (Sushi domain-containing protein 2) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/susd2/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"taf1l","kind":"target","name":"TAF1L","aka":"TATA-box binding protein associated factor 1 like\nTranscription initiation factor TFIID subunit 1-like","tldr":"TAF1L (Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 1-like) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/taf1l/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"tgif1","kind":"target","name":"TGIF1","aka":"TGFB induced factor homeobox 1\nHomeobox protein TGIF1\nHPE4","tldr":"TGIF1 (Homeobox protein TGIF1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tgif1/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"thrap3","kind":"target","name":"THRAP3","aka":"thyroid hormone receptor associated protein 3\nThyroid hormone receptor-associated protein 3\nTRAP150\nBCLAF2","tldr":"THRAP3 (Thyroid hormone receptor-associated protein 3) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Acute myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/thrap3/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"traf3","kind":"target","name":"TRAF3","aka":"TNF receptor associated factor 3\nTNF receptor-associated factor 3\nCAP-1\nCD40bp\nCRAF1\nLAP1\nRNF118","tldr":"TRAF3 (TNF receptor-associated factor 3) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Multiple myeloma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/traf3/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"trim49c","kind":"target","name":"TRIM49C","aka":"tripartite motif containing 49C\nTripartite motif-containing protein 49C\nTRIM49L2","tldr":"TRIM49C (Tripartite motif-containing protein 49C) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/trim49c/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"tyw2","kind":"target","name":"TYW2","aka":"tRNA wybutosine-synthesizing protein 2\ntRNA wybutosine-synthesizing protein 2 homolog\nFLJ20772\nTrm12\nTRMT12","tldr":"TYW2 (tRNA wybutosine-synthesising protein 2 homolog) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Salivary gland cancers.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tyw2/","cancers":"salivary-gland"},{"id":"u2af2","kind":"target","name":"U2AF2","aka":"U2 small nuclear RNA auxiliary factor 2\nSplicing factor U2AF 65 kDa subunit\nU2AF65","tldr":"U2AF2 (Splicing factor U2AF 65 kDa subunit) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Acute myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/u2af2/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"ubxn11","kind":"target","name":"UBXN11","aka":"UBX domain protein 11\nUBX domain-containing protein 11\nUBXD5","tldr":"UBXN11 (UBX domain-containing protein 11) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Glioma & glioblastoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ubxn11/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"vav1","kind":"target","name":"VAV1","aka":"vav guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1\nProto-oncogene vav","tldr":"VAV1 (Proto-oncogene vav) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/vav1/","cancers":"nsclc non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"wnt1","kind":"target","name":"WNT1","aka":"Wnt family member 1\nProto-oncogene Wnt-1\nINT1","tldr":"WNT1 (Proto-oncogene Wnt-1) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Uterine carcinosarcoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/wnt1/","cancers":"uterine-carcinosarcoma"},{"id":"zbtb20","kind":"target","name":"ZBTB20","aka":"zinc finger and BTB domain containing 20\nZinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 20\nODA-8S\nDKFZp566F123\nZNF288","tldr":"ZBTB20 (Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 20) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/zbtb20/"},{"id":"zbtb48","kind":"target","name":"ZBTB48","aka":"zinc finger and BTB domain containing 48\nZinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 48\nZNF855\nHKR3","tldr":"ZBTB48 (Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 48) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Angiosarcoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/zbtb48/","cancers":"angiosarcoma"},{"id":"zbtb7b","kind":"target","name":"ZBTB7B","aka":"zinc finger and BTB domain containing 7B\nZinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 7B\nZBTB15\nc-Krox\nhcKrox\nZNF857B\nvGAF\nThPOK\nZFP67","tldr":"ZBTB7B (Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 7B) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Uterine carcinosarcoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/zbtb7b/","cancers":"uterine-carcinosarcoma"},{"id":"zcchc8","kind":"target","name":"ZCCHC8","aka":"zinc finger CCHC-type containing 8\nZinc finger CCHC domain-containing protein 8\nDKFZp434E2220","tldr":"ZCCHC8 (Zinc finger CCHC domain-containing protein 8) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/zcchc8/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"zcrb1","kind":"target","name":"ZCRB1","aka":"zinc finger CCHC-type and RNA binding motif containing 1\nZinc finger CCHC-type and RNA-binding motif-containing protein 1\nMADP-1\nMADP1\nRBM36\nZCCHC19\nSNRNP31","tldr":"ZCRB1 (Zinc finger CCHC-type and RNA-binding motif-containing protein 1) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Acute myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/zcrb1/","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"znf208","kind":"target","name":"ZNF208","aka":"zinc finger protein 208\nZinc finger protein 208\nPMIDP\nZNF95","tldr":"ZNF208 (Zinc finger protein 208) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Oesophageal cancer and Oesophageal and junctional adenocarcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/znf208/","cancers":"esophageal oesophageal-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"znf274","kind":"target","name":"ZNF274","aka":"zinc finger protein 274\nNeurotrophin receptor-interacting factor homolog\nZKSCAN19\nZSCAN51","tldr":"ZNF274 (Neurotrophin receptor-interacting factor homolog) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Medulloblastoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/znf274/","cancers":"medulloblastoma"},{"id":"znf395","kind":"target","name":"ZNF395","aka":"zinc finger protein 395\nZinc finger protein 395\nPRF-1\nHDBP2\nDKFZp434K1210","tldr":"ZNF395 (Zinc finger protein 395) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/znf395/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"znf626","kind":"target","name":"ZNF626","aka":"zinc finger protein 626\nZinc finger protein 626","tldr":"ZNF626 (Zinc finger protein 626) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Nasopharyngeal carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/znf626/","cancers":"nasopharyngeal"},{"id":"znf680","kind":"target","name":"ZNF680","aka":"zinc finger protein 680\nZinc finger protein 680\nFLJ90430","tldr":"ZNF680 (Zinc finger protein 680) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Nasopharyngeal carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/znf680/","cancers":"nasopharyngeal"},{"id":"znf721","kind":"target","name":"ZNF721","aka":"zinc finger protein 721\nZinc finger protein 721\nKIAA1982","tldr":"ZNF721 (Zinc finger protein 721) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Nasopharyngeal carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/znf721/","cancers":"nasopharyngeal"},{"id":"znf780a","kind":"target","name":"ZNF780A","aka":"zinc finger protein 780A\nZinc finger protein 780A\nZNF780","tldr":"ZNF780A (Zinc finger protein 780A) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Nasopharyngeal carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/znf780a/","cancers":"nasopharyngeal"},{"id":"znf814","kind":"target","name":"ZNF814","aka":"zinc finger protein 814\nZinc finger protein 814","tldr":"ZNF814 (Zinc finger protein 814) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/znf814/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"znf90","kind":"target","name":"ZNF90","aka":"zinc finger protein 90\nZinc finger protein 90\nHTF9","tldr":"ZNF90 (Zinc finger protein 90) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Nasopharyngeal carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/znf90/","cancers":"nasopharyngeal"},{"id":"znf93","kind":"target","name":"ZNF93","aka":"zinc finger protein 93\nZinc finger protein 93\nHPF34\nTF34\nFLJ12488\nZNF505","tldr":"ZNF93 (Zinc finger protein 93) is a gene that drives cell growth when it is altered. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Nasopharyngeal carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/znf93/","cancers":"nasopharyngeal"},{"id":"zxdb","kind":"target","name":"ZXDB","aka":"zinc finger X-linked duplicated B\nZinc finger X-linked protein ZXDB\nZNF905","tldr":"ZXDB (Zinc finger X-linked protein ZXDB) is a gene whose normal job is to hold cell growth in check. The public catalogues list it as a tumour suppressor, and it is called a cancer driver by mutation analysis of patient cohorts. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/zxdb/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"mutyh","kind":"target","name":"MUTYH","aka":"mutY DNA glycosylase\nAdenine DNA glycosylase","tldr":"MUTYH (Adenine DNA glycosylase) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a DNA repair gene, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, Breast cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mutyh/","cancers":"colorectal gastric breast-cancer ovarian skin-cancer lung-cancer brain-tumours endometrial"},{"id":"ext1","kind":"target","name":"EXT1","aka":"exostosin glycosyltransferase 1\nExostosin-1\nttv","tldr":"EXT1 (Exostosin-1) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Sarcomas, Breast cancer, Ovarian cancer and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ext1/","cancers":"sarcoma breast-cancer ovarian skin-cancer chondrosarcoma"},{"id":"fancd2","kind":"target","name":"FANCD2","aka":"FA complementation group D2\nFanconi anemia group D2 protein\nFA-D2\nFANCD","tldr":"FANCD2 (Fanconi anaemia group D2 protein) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a DNA repair gene, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Breast cancer and 5 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fancd2/","cancers":"leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms breast-cancer ovarian skin-cancer lung-cancer aml melanoma"},{"id":"pax6","kind":"target","name":"PAX6","aka":"paired box 6\nPaired box protein Pax-6\nD11S812E\nAN1\nAN2","tldr":"PAX6 (Paired box protein Pax-6) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Renal cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pax6/","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"blm","kind":"target","name":"BLM","aka":"BLM RecQ like helicase\nRecQ-like DNA helicase BLM\nRECQL3\nRECQ2","tldr":"BLM (RecQ-like DNA helicase BLM) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a DNA repair gene, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Leukaemia, Colorectal cancer, Breast cancer and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/blm/","cancers":"leukaemia colorectal breast-cancer ovarian skin-cancer endometrial non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"xpa","kind":"target","name":"XPA","aka":"XPA, DNA damage recognition and repair factor\nDNA repair protein complementing XP-A cells\nXP1","tldr":"XPA (DNA repair protein complementing XP-A cells) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a DNA repair gene, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Skin cancer, Colorectal cancer and Basal cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/xpa/","cancers":"skin-cancer colorectal basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"sdhaf2","kind":"target","name":"SDHAF2","aka":"succinate dehydrogenase complex assembly factor 2\nSuccinate dehydrogenase assembly factor 2, mitochondrial\nFLJ20487\nSDH5\nPGL2\nC11orf79","tldr":"SDHAF2 (Succinate dehydrogenase assembly factor 2, mitochondrial) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Neuroendocrine tumours and Ovarian cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sdhaf2/","cancers":"neuroendocrine ovarian"},{"id":"pax3","kind":"target","name":"PAX3","aka":"paired box 3\nPaired box protein Pax-3\nHUP2\nPAX-3\nWS1","tldr":"PAX3 (Paired box protein Pax-3) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Sarcomas and Rhabdomyosarcoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pax3/","cancers":"sarcoma rhabdomyosarcoma"},{"id":"lpp","kind":"target","name":"LPP","aka":"LIM domain containing preferred translocation partner in lipoma\nLipoma-preferred partner","tldr":"LPP (Lipoma-preferred partner) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Skin cancer, Breast cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/lpp/","cancers":"skin-cancer breast-cancer non-hodgkin-lymphoma leukaemia gastric neuroendocrine basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"strn","kind":"target","name":"STRN","aka":"striatin\nStriatin\nPPP2R6A\nSTRN1","tldr":"STRN (Striatin) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Thyroid cancer and Lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/strn/","cancers":"thyroid lung-cancer"},{"id":"bub1b","kind":"target","name":"BUB1B","aka":"BUB1 mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine kinase B\nMitotic checkpoint serine/threonine-protein kinase BUB1 beta\nBUBR1\nMAD3L\nBub1A\nSSK1","tldr":"BUB1B (Mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine-protein kinase BUB1 beta) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Skin cancer, Breast cancer and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/bub1b/","cancers":"colorectal skin-cancer breast-cancer ovarian gastric melanoma"},{"id":"hnf1b","kind":"target","name":"HNF1B","aka":"HNF1 homeobox B\nHepatocyte nuclear factor 1-beta\nLFB3\nVHNF1\nHNF1beta\nMODY5\nHNF1β\nTCF2","tldr":"HNF1B (Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-beta) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Renal cell carcinoma and Ovarian cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hnf1b/","cancers":"rcc ovarian"},{"id":"c11orf65","kind":"target","name":"C11orf65","aka":"chromosome 11 open reading frame 65\nMGC33948","tldr":"C11orf65 (chromosome 11 open reading frame 65) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Breast cancer, Colorectal cancer, Ovarian cancer and 4 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/c11orf65/","cancers":"breast-cancer colorectal ovarian prostate non-hodgkin-lymphoma gastric urothelial"},{"id":"arhgap26","kind":"target","name":"ARHGAP26","aka":"Rho GTPase activating protein 26\nRho GTPase-activating protein 26\nKIAA0621\nOPHN1L\nOPHN1L1","tldr":"ARHGAP26 (Rho GTPase-activating protein 26) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, Breast cancer, Leukaemia and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/arhgap26/","cancers":"gastric breast-cancer leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms skin-cancer"},{"id":"fgf10","kind":"target","name":"FGF10","aka":"fibroblast growth factor 10\nFibroblast growth factor 10","tldr":"FGF10 (Fibroblast growth factor 10) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fgf10/"},{"id":"rmi2","kind":"target","name":"RMI2","aka":"RecQ mediated genome instability 2\nRecQ-mediated genome instability protein 2\nMGC24665\nBLAP18\nC16orf75","tldr":"RMI2 (RecQ-mediated genome instability protein 2) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Breast cancer, Lung cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rmi2/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma breast-cancer lung-cancer dlbcl"},{"id":"tfe3","kind":"target","name":"TFE3","aka":"transcription factor binding to IGHM enhancer 3\nTranscription factor E3\nbHLHe33","tldr":"TFE3 (Transcription factor E3) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Renal cell carcinoma, Sarcomas, Colorectal cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tfe3/","cancers":"rcc sarcoma colorectal melanoma"},{"id":"fance","kind":"target","name":"FANCE","aka":"FA complementation group E\nFanconi anemia group E protein","tldr":"FANCE (Fanconi anaemia group E protein) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a DNA repair gene, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Leukaemia, Colorectal cancer, Myeloproliferative neoplasms and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fance/","cancers":"leukaemia colorectal myeloproliferative-neoplasms skin-cancer aml"},{"id":"fancg","kind":"target","name":"FANCG","aka":"FA complementation group G\nFanconi anemia group G protein\nXRCC9","tldr":"FANCG (Fanconi anaemia group G protein) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a DNA repair gene, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms, Colorectal cancer and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fancg/","cancers":"leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms colorectal lung-cancer aml"},{"id":"sdhc","kind":"target","name":"SDHC","aka":"succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit C\nSuccinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial\nCYB560\ncybL\nPGL3","tldr":"SDHC (Succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Neuroendocrine tumours, Breast cancer, Colorectal cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sdhc/","cancers":"neuroendocrine breast-cancer colorectal gist"},{"id":"elac2","kind":"target","name":"ELAC2","aka":"elaC ribonuclease Z 2\nZinc phosphodiesterase ELAC protein 2\nFLJ10530\nHPC2","tldr":"ELAC2 (Zinc phosphodiesterase ELAC protein 2) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/elac2/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"mprip","kind":"target","name":"MPRIP","aka":"myosin phosphatase Rho interacting protein\nMyosin phosphatase Rho-interacting protein\nRHOIP3\nM-RIP\np116Rip","tldr":"MPRIP (Myosin phosphatase Rho-interacting protein) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Colorectal cancer and Renal cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mprip/","cancers":"colorectal rcc"},{"id":"mllt10","kind":"target","name":"MLLT10","aka":"MLLT10 histone lysine methyltransferase DOT1L cofactor\nAF10","tldr":"MLLT10 (MLLT10 histone lysine methyltransferase DOT1L cofactor) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Breast cancer, Ovarian cancer, Leukaemia and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mllt10/","cancers":"breast-cancer ovarian leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma all-leukemia"},{"id":"nthl1","kind":"target","name":"NTHL1","aka":"nth like DNA glycosylase 1\nEndonuclease III-like protein 1\nNTH1\nOCTS3","tldr":"NTHL1 (Endonuclease III-like protein 1) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a DNA repair gene, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nthl1/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"tmem127","kind":"target","name":"TMEM127","aka":"transmembrane protein 127\nTransmembrane protein 127\nFLJ20507\nFLJ22257","tldr":"TMEM127 (Transmembrane protein 127) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Neuroendocrine tumours and Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tmem127/","cancers":"neuroendocrine melanoma"},{"id":"fancf","kind":"target","name":"FANCF","aka":"FA complementation group F\nFanconi anemia group F protein","tldr":"FANCF (Fanconi anaemia group F protein) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a DNA repair gene, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Leukaemia, Skin cancer and Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fancf/","cancers":"leukaemia skin-cancer melanoma"},{"id":"rad51","kind":"target","name":"RAD51","aka":"RAD51 recombinase\nDNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 1\nHsRad51\nHsT16930\nBRCC5\nFANCR\nRAD51A","tldr":"RAD51 (DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 1) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a DNA repair gene, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rad51/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"pax7","kind":"target","name":"PAX7","aka":"paired box 7\nPaired box protein Pax-7\nHup1","tldr":"PAX7 (Paired box protein Pax-7) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Sarcomas and Rhabdomyosarcoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pax7/","cancers":"sarcoma rhabdomyosarcoma"},{"id":"tpm3","kind":"target","name":"TPM3","aka":"tropomyosin 3\nTropomyosin alpha-3 chain\nNEM1","tldr":"TPM3 (Tropomyosin alpha-3 chain) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Lung cancer, Colorectal cancer and Non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tpm3/","cancers":"lung-cancer colorectal nsclc"},{"id":"ext2","kind":"target","name":"EXT2","aka":"exostosin glycosyltransferase 2\nExostosin-2","tldr":"EXT2 (Exostosin-2) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Ovarian cancer, Skin cancer and Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ext2/","cancers":"ovarian skin-cancer breast-cancer"},{"id":"sdhd","kind":"target","name":"SDHD","aka":"succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit D\nSuccinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial\ncybS\nPGL1","tldr":"SDHD (Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Neuroendocrine tumours.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sdhd/","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"cars1","kind":"target","name":"CARS1","aka":"cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase 1\nCysteine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic","tldr":"CARS1 (Cysteine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Skin cancer, Lung cancer and Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cars1/","cancers":"skin-cancer lung-cancer melanoma"},{"id":"atic","kind":"target","name":"ATIC","aka":"5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase/IMP cyclohydrolase\nBifunctional purine biosynthesis protein ATIC\nAICARFT\nIMPCHASE","tldr":"ATIC (Bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein ATIC) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/atic/","cancers":"lung-cancer"},{"id":"cep43","kind":"target","name":"CEP43","aka":"centrosomal protein 43\nCentrosomal protein 43\nFGFR1OP","tldr":"CEP43 (Centrosomal protein 43) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cep43/","cancers":"leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma all-leukemia"},{"id":"gab2","kind":"target","name":"GAB2","aka":"GRB2 associated binding protein 2\nGRB2-associated-binding protein 2\nKIAA0571","tldr":"GAB2 (GRB2-associated-binding protein 2) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms and Chronic myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/gab2/","cancers":"leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms cml"},{"id":"mrtfa","kind":"target","name":"MRTFA","aka":"myocardin related transcription factor A\nMyocardin-related transcription factor A\nKIAA1438\nMRTF-A\nMKL1","tldr":"MRTFA (Myocardin-related transcription factor A) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Breast cancer, Skin cancer, Lung cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mrtfa/","cancers":"breast-cancer skin-cancer lung-cancer melanoma"},{"id":"srgap1","kind":"target","name":"SRGAP1","aka":"SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein 1\nSLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase-activating protein 1\nKIAA1304\nARHGAP13","tldr":"SRGAP1 (SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase-activating protein 1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Thyroid cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/srgap1/","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"atf1","kind":"target","name":"ATF1","aka":"activating transcription factor 1\nCyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-1\nTREB36","tldr":"ATF1 (Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Sarcomas, Colorectal cancer and Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/atf1/","cancers":"sarcoma colorectal melanoma"},{"id":"cbfa2t3","kind":"target","name":"CBFA2T3","aka":"CBFA2/RUNX1 partner transcriptional co-repressor 3\nTranscriptional corepressor CBFA2T3\nMTGR2\nZMYND4\nMTG16\nRUNX1T3\nETO2","tldr":"CBFA2T3 (Transcriptional corepressor CBFA2T3) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Leukaemia, Breast cancer, Lung cancer and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cbfa2t3/","cancers":"leukaemia breast-cancer lung-cancer skin-cancer myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"trim28","kind":"target","name":"TRIM28","aka":"tripartite motif containing 28\nTranscription intermediary factor 1-beta\nTIF1B\nKAP1\nTF1B\nRNF96\nPPP1R157\nKAP-1\nTIF1-beta\nTIF1beta","tldr":"TRIM28 (Transcription intermediary factor 1-beta) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Wilms tumour.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/trim28/","cancers":"wilms-tumor"},{"id":"hmga2","kind":"target","name":"HMGA2","aka":"high mobility group AT-hook 2\nHigh mobility group protein HMGI-C\nHMGIC","tldr":"HMGA2 (High mobility group protein HMGI-C) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Breast cancer and Oral cavity cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hmga2/","cancers":"breast-cancer oral-cavity-cancer"},{"id":"xpc","kind":"target","name":"XPC","aka":"XPC complex subunit, DNA damage recognition and repair factor\nDNA repair protein complementing XP-C cells\nRAD4","tldr":"XPC (DNA repair protein complementing XP-C cells) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a DNA repair gene, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Lung cancer and Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/xpc/","cancers":"lung-cancer prostate"},{"id":"xrcc2","kind":"target","name":"XRCC2","aka":"X-ray repair cross complementing 2\nDNA repair protein XRCC2\nFANCU","tldr":"XRCC2 (DNA repair protein XRCC2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a DNA repair gene, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/xrcc2/"},{"id":"sox2","kind":"target","name":"SOX2","aka":"SRY-box transcription factor 2\nTranscription factor SOX-2","tldr":"SOX2 (Transcription factor SOX-2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Skin cancer and Lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sox2/","cancers":"colorectal skin-cancer lung-cancer nsclc prostate prostate-mcrpc prostate-nepc"},{"id":"fes","kind":"target","name":"FES","aka":"FES proto-oncogene, tyrosine kinase\nTyrosine-protein kinase Fes/Fps","tldr":"FES (Tyrosine-protein kinase Fes/Fps) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Skin cancer, Leukaemia and Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fes/","cancers":"skin-cancer leukaemia colorectal"},{"id":"dnm2","kind":"target","name":"DNM2","aka":"dynamin 2\nDynamin-2\nDYNII\nDYN2\nCMTDIB\nCMTDI1\nDI-CMTB\nCMT2M","tldr":"DNM2 (Dynamin-2) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Colorectal cancer and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/dnm2/","cancers":"leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma colorectal skin-cancer breast-cancer all-leukemia"},{"id":"ssx1","kind":"target","name":"SSX1","aka":"SSX family member 1\nCT5.1","tldr":"SSX1 (SSX family member 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Sarcomas and Synovial sarcoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ssx1/","cancers":"sarcoma synovial-sarcoma"},{"id":"mlh3","kind":"target","name":"MLH3","aka":"mutL homolog 3\nDNA mismatch repair protein Mlh3","tldr":"MLH3 (DNA mismatch repair protein Mlh3) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a DNA repair gene, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Colorectal cancer and Endometrial cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mlh3/","cancers":"colorectal endometrial"},{"id":"ksr2","kind":"target","name":"KSR2","aka":"kinase suppressor of ras 2\nKinase suppressor of Ras 2\nFLJ25965","tldr":"KSR2 (Kinase suppressor of Ras 2) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ksr2/"},{"id":"nrg3","kind":"target","name":"NRG3","aka":"neuregulin 3\nPro-neuregulin-3, membrane-bound isoform","tldr":"NRG3 (Pro-neuregulin-3, membrane-bound isoform) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nrg3/"},{"id":"exo1","kind":"target","name":"EXO1","aka":"exonuclease 1\nExonuclease 1\nHEX1\nhExoI","tldr":"EXO1 (Exonuclease 1) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a DNA repair gene, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/exo1/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"jag1","kind":"target","name":"JAG1","aka":"jagged canonical Notch ligand 1\nHJ1\nCD339\nJAGL1","tldr":"JAG1 (jagged canonical Notch ligand 1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/jag1/"},{"id":"prf1","kind":"target","name":"PRF1","aka":"perforin 1\nPerforin-1\nP1\nHPLH2","tldr":"PRF1 (Perforin-1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Leukaemia, Skin cancer and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/prf1/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma leukaemia skin-cancer gastric melanoma"},{"id":"maml3","kind":"target","name":"MAML3","aka":"mastermind like transcriptional coactivator 3\nMastermind-like protein 3\nKIAA1816\nMAM2\nCAGH3\nTNRC3","tldr":"MAML3 (Mastermind-like protein 3) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/maml3/"},{"id":"ppp2r1b","kind":"target","name":"PPP2R1B","aka":"protein phosphatase 2 scaffold subunit Abeta\nSerine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A beta isoform\nPR65B\nPP2A-Abeta","tldr":"PPP2R1B (Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A beta isoform) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ppp2r1b/"},{"id":"fgf9","kind":"target","name":"FGF9","aka":"fibroblast growth factor 9\nFibroblast growth factor 9","tldr":"FGF9 (Fibroblast growth factor 9) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fgf9/"},{"id":"nfib","kind":"target","name":"NFIB","aka":"nuclear factor I B\nNuclear factor 1 B-type\nNFI-RED\nNFIB2\nNFIB3","tldr":"NFIB (Nuclear factor 1 B-type) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Breast cancer, Oral cavity cancer and Adenoid cystic carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nfib/","cancers":"breast-cancer oral-cavity-cancer adenoid-cystic-carcinoma"},{"id":"lmo1","kind":"target","name":"LMO1","aka":"LIM domain only 1\nRhombotin-1\nTTG1\nRHOM1\nRBTN1","tldr":"LMO1 (Rhombotin-1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/lmo1/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"stn1","kind":"target","name":"STN1","aka":"STN1 subunit of CST complex\nCST complex subunit STN1\nFLJ22559\nbA541N10.2\nOBFC1","tldr":"STN1 (CST complex subunit STN1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/stn1/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"iqgap1","kind":"target","name":"IQGAP1","aka":"IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein 1\nRas GTPase-activating-like protein IQGAP1\np195\nKIAA0051\nSAR1\nHUMORFA01","tldr":"IQGAP1 (Ras GTPase-activating-like protein IQGAP1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/iqgap1/"},{"id":"vwf","kind":"target","name":"VWF","aka":"von Willebrand factor\nF8VWF","tldr":"VWF (von Willebrand factor) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/vwf/"},{"id":"rbbp8","kind":"target","name":"RBBP8","aka":"RB binding protein 8, endonuclease\nDNA endonuclease RBBP8\nCtIP\nCOM1\nSCKL2","tldr":"RBBP8 (DNA endonuclease RBBP8) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a DNA repair gene, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rbbp8/"},{"id":"kdm7a","kind":"target","name":"KDM7A","aka":"lysine demethylase 7A\nLysine-specific demethylase 7A\nKIAA1718\nJHDM1D","tldr":"KDM7A (Lysine-specific demethylase 7A) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kdm7a/"},{"id":"hoxd11","kind":"target","name":"HOXD11","aka":"homeobox D11\nHomeobox protein Hox-D11\nHOX4\nHOX4F","tldr":"HOXD11 (Homeobox protein Hox-D11) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hoxd11/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"ogg1","kind":"target","name":"OGG1","aka":"8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase\nN-glycosylase/DNA lyase\nHOGG1\nOGH1","tldr":"OGG1 (N-glycosylase/DNA lyase) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a DNA repair gene, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ogg1/"},{"id":"shc1","kind":"target","name":"SHC1","aka":"SHC adaptor protein 1\nSHC-transforming protein 1\np66\nShcA","tldr":"SHC1 (SHC-transforming protein 1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/shc1/"},{"id":"lmo2","kind":"target","name":"LMO2","aka":"LIM domain only 2\nRhombotin-2\nTTG2\nRHOM2\nRBTN2\nRBTNL1","tldr":"LMO2 (Rhombotin-2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/lmo2/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"pou5f1b","kind":"target","name":"POU5F1B","aka":"POU class 5 homeobox 1B\nPOU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1B\nOTF3C\nOTF3P1\nPOU5F1P1","tldr":"POU5F1B (POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1B) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Prostate cancer and Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pou5f1b/","cancers":"prostate colorectal"},{"id":"lrrfip1","kind":"target","name":"LRRFIP1","aka":"LRR binding FLII interacting protein 1\nLeucine-rich repeat flightless-interacting protein 1\nFLAP-1\nFLIIAP1\nGCF-2\nHUFI-1\nGCF2","tldr":"LRRFIP1 (Leucine-rich repeat flightless-interacting protein 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/lrrfip1/","cancers":"leukaemia"},{"id":"lmna","kind":"target","name":"LMNA","aka":"lamin A/C\nPrelamin-A/C\nLMN1\nCMD1A\nLGMD1B\nPRO1\nLMNL1","tldr":"LMNA (Prelamin-A/C) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/lmna/"},{"id":"ctr9","kind":"target","name":"CTR9","aka":"CTR9 component of Paf1/RNA polymerase II complex\nRNA polymerase-associated protein CTR9 homolog\nKIAA0155\np150TSP\nSH2BP1","tldr":"CTR9 (RNA polymerase-associated protein CTR9 homolog) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Wilms tumour.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ctr9/","cancers":"wilms-tumor"},{"id":"btc","kind":"target","name":"BTC","aka":"betacellulin\nProbetacellulin","tldr":"BTC (Probetacellulin) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/btc/"},{"id":"frs2","kind":"target","name":"FRS2","aka":"fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2\nFibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2\nSNT-1\nFRS2alpha\nSNT1\nFRS2A","tldr":"FRS2 (Fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/frs2/"},{"id":"hmga1","kind":"target","name":"HMGA1","aka":"high mobility group AT-hook 1\nHigh mobility group protein HMG-I/HMG-Y\nHMGIY","tldr":"HMGA1 (High mobility group protein HMG-I/HMG-Y) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hmga1/"},{"id":"ddit3","kind":"target","name":"DDIT3","aka":"DNA damage inducible transcript 3\nDDIT3 upstream open reading frame protein\nCHOP10\nGADD153","tldr":"DDIT3 (DDIT3 upstream open reading frame protein) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Sarcomas and Liposarcoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ddit3/","cancers":"sarcoma liposarcoma"},{"id":"sbds","kind":"target","name":"SBDS","aka":"SBDS ribosome maturation factor\nRibosome maturation protein SBDS\nCGI-97\nFLJ10917\nSDO1","tldr":"SBDS (Ribosome maturation protein SBDS) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms and Acute myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sbds/","cancers":"leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms aml"},{"id":"hlf","kind":"target","name":"HLF","aka":"HLF transcription factor, PAR bZIP family member\nTranscription factor HLF\nMGC33822","tldr":"HLF (Transcription factor HLF) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hlf/"},{"id":"gab1","kind":"target","name":"GAB1","aka":"GRB2 associated binding protein 1\nGRB2-associated-binding protein 1\nDFNB26","tldr":"GAB1 (GRB2-associated-binding protein 1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/gab1/"},{"id":"sptbn1","kind":"target","name":"SPTBN1","aka":"spectrin beta, non-erythrocytic 1\nSpectrin beta chain, non-erythrocytic 1","tldr":"SPTBN1 (Spectrin beta chain, non-erythrocytic 1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sptbn1/"},{"id":"wwox","kind":"target","name":"WWOX","aka":"WW domain containing oxidoreductase\nWW domain-containing oxidoreductase\nWOX1\nSDR41C1","tldr":"WWOX (WW domain-containing oxidoreductase) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Oesophageal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/wwox/","cancers":"esophageal"},{"id":"kat2b","kind":"target","name":"KAT2B","aka":"lysine acetyltransferase 2B\nHistone acetyltransferase KAT2B\nP/CAF\nGCN5\nGCN5L","tldr":"KAT2B (Histone acetyltransferase KAT2B) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kat2b/"},{"id":"ss18","kind":"target","name":"SS18","aka":"SS18 subunit of BAF chromatin remodeling complex\nSMARCL1","tldr":"SS18 (SS18 subunit of BAF chromatin remodeling complex) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Sarcomas and Synovial sarcoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ss18/","cancers":"sarcoma synovial-sarcoma"},{"id":"foxe1","kind":"target","name":"FOXE1","aka":"forkhead box E1\nForkhead box protein E1\nTTF-2\nHFKH4\nFKHL15\nTITF2\nFOXE2","tldr":"FOXE1 (Forkhead box protein E1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Thyroid cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/foxe1/","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"oca2","kind":"target","name":"OCA2","aka":"OCA2 melanosomal transmembrane protein\nP protein\nBEY1\nBEY2\nSLC13B1\nD15S12\nEYCL3\nEYCL2","tldr":"OCA2 (P protein) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Skin cancer, Melanoma and Basal cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/oca2/","cancers":"skin-cancer melanoma basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"erbin","kind":"target","name":"ERBIN","aka":"erbb2 interacting protein\nErbin\nLAP2\nERBB2IP","tldr":"ERBIN (Erbin) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/erbin/"},{"id":"tln1","kind":"target","name":"TLN1","aka":"talin 1\nTalin-1\nILWEQ","tldr":"TLN1 (Talin-1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tln1/"},{"id":"mark3","kind":"target","name":"MARK3","aka":"microtubule affinity regulating kinase 3\nMAP/microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 3\nCTAK1\nKP78\nPAR-1A","tldr":"MARK3 (MAP/microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 3) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mark3/"},{"id":"mxi1","kind":"target","name":"MXI1","aka":"MAX interactor 1, dimerization protein\nMax-interacting protein 1\nMXD2\nMAD2\nbHLHc11","tldr":"MXI1 (Max-interacting protein 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mxi1/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"crtc3","kind":"target","name":"CRTC3","aka":"CREB regulated transcription coactivator 3\nCREB-regulated transcription coactivator 3\nFLJ21868","tldr":"CRTC3 (CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 3) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Oral cavity cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/crtc3/","cancers":"oral-cavity-cancer"},{"id":"etnk1","kind":"target","name":"ETNK1","aka":"ethanolamine kinase 1\nEthanolamine kinase 1\nEKI1","tldr":"ETNK1 (Ethanolamine kinase 1) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Leukaemia, Breast cancer and Myeloproliferative neoplasms.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/etnk1/","cancers":"leukaemia breast-cancer myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"sfrp4","kind":"target","name":"SFRP4","aka":"secreted frizzled related protein 4\nSecreted frizzled-related protein 4\nfrpHE\nFRP-4\nFRPHE\nFRZB-2","tldr":"SFRP4 (Secreted frizzled-related protein 4) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer and Skin cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sfrp4/","cancers":"colorectal gastric skin-cancer"},{"id":"erlin2","kind":"target","name":"ERLIN2","aka":"ER lipid raft associated 2\nErlin-2\nNET32\nC8orf2\nSPFH2\nSPG18","tldr":"ERLIN2 (Erlin-2) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/erlin2/"},{"id":"myo18a","kind":"target","name":"MYO18A","aka":"myosin XVIIIA\nPutative TGFB1-induced anti-apoptotic factor 1\nKIAA0216\nMysPDZ\nTIAF1","tldr":"MYO18A (Putative TGFB1-induced anti-apoptotic factor 1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/myo18a/","cancers":"leukaemia"},{"id":"fgf5","kind":"target","name":"FGF5","aka":"fibroblast growth factor 5\nFibroblast growth factor 5","tldr":"FGF5 (Fibroblast growth factor 5) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fgf5/"},{"id":"csk","kind":"target","name":"CSK","aka":"C-terminal Src kinase\nTyrosine-protein kinase CSK","tldr":"CSK (Tyrosine-protein kinase CSK) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/csk/"},{"id":"wif1","kind":"target","name":"WIF1","aka":"Wnt inhibitory factor 1","tldr":"WIF1 (Wnt inhibitory factor 1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Breast cancer and Oral cavity cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/wif1/","cancers":"breast-cancer oral-cavity-cancer"},{"id":"minpp1","kind":"target","name":"MINPP1","aka":"multiple inositol-polyphosphate phosphatase 1\nMultiple inositol polyphosphate phosphatase 1","tldr":"MINPP1 (Multiple inositol polyphosphate phosphatase 1) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Thyroid cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/minpp1/","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"msmb","kind":"target","name":"MSMB","aka":"microseminoprotein beta\nBeta-microseminoprotein\nPSP-94\nPSP57\nPSP94\nPN44","tldr":"MSMB (Beta-microseminoprotein) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/msmb/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"fmn1","kind":"target","name":"FMN1","aka":"formin 1\nFormin-1\nDKFZP686C2281\nFLJ45135\nMGC125288\nMGC125289","tldr":"FMN1 (Formin-1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fmn1/"},{"id":"creb3l2","kind":"target","name":"CREB3L2","aka":"cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 like 2\nCyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2\nBBF2H7\nTCAG_1951439","tldr":"CREB3L2 (Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Sarcomas, Breast cancer and Lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/creb3l2/","cancers":"sarcoma breast-cancer lung-cancer"},{"id":"cdc37","kind":"target","name":"CDC37","aka":"cell division cycle 37, HSP90 cochaperone\nHsp90 co-chaperone Cdc37\nP50CDC37","tldr":"CDC37 (Hsp90 co-chaperone Cdc37) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cdc37/"},{"id":"creb1","kind":"target","name":"CREB1","aka":"cAMP responsive element binding protein 1\nCyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1","tldr":"CREB1 (Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Breast cancer, Sarcomas, Skin cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/creb1/","cancers":"breast-cancer sarcoma skin-cancer melanoma"},{"id":"fgf8","kind":"target","name":"FGF8","aka":"fibroblast growth factor 8\nFibroblast growth factor 8","tldr":"FGF8 (Fibroblast growth factor 8) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fgf8/"},{"id":"ndrg1","kind":"target","name":"NDRG1","aka":"N-myc downstream regulated 1\nDRG1\nTDD5\nNDR1\nCAP43","tldr":"NDRG1 (N-myc downstream regulated 1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Breast cancer, Lung cancer, Colorectal cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ndrg1/","cancers":"breast-cancer lung-cancer colorectal gastric"},{"id":"hoxa13","kind":"target","name":"HOXA13","aka":"homeobox A13\nHomeobox protein Hox-A13\nHOX1J\nHOX1","tldr":"HOXA13 (Homeobox protein Hox-A13) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hoxa13/"},{"id":"dll1","kind":"target","name":"DLL1","aka":"delta like canonical Notch ligand 1\nDelta-like protein 1","tldr":"DLL1 (Delta-like protein 1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/dll1/"},{"id":"fgf18","kind":"target","name":"FGF18","aka":"fibroblast growth factor 18\nFibroblast growth factor 18\nFGF-18\nZFGF5","tldr":"FGF18 (Fibroblast growth factor 18) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fgf18/"},{"id":"ddx10","kind":"target","name":"DDX10","aka":"DEAD-box helicase 10\nProbable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX10\nHRH-J8\nDbp4","tldr":"DDX10 (Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX10) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Breast cancer and Skin cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ddx10/","cancers":"breast-cancer skin-cancer"},{"id":"kitlg","kind":"target","name":"KITLG","aka":"KIT ligand\nKit ligand\nKitl\nKL-1\nFPH2\nDFNA69","tldr":"KITLG (Kit ligand) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Testicular germ cell tumours.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kitlg/","cancers":"testicular"},{"id":"creb3l1","kind":"target","name":"CREB3L1","aka":"cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 like 1\nCyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1\nOASIS","tldr":"CREB3L1 (Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Sarcomas, Lung cancer and Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/creb3l1/","cancers":"sarcoma lung-cancer breast-cancer"},{"id":"kat2a","kind":"target","name":"KAT2A","aka":"lysine acetyltransferase 2A\nHistone acetyltransferase KAT2A\nGCN5\nPCAF-b\nGCN5L2","tldr":"KAT2A (Histone acetyltransferase KAT2A) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kat2a/"},{"id":"ksr1","kind":"target","name":"KSR1","aka":"kinase suppressor of ras 1\nKinase suppressor of Ras 1\nRSU2","tldr":"KSR1 (Kinase suppressor of Ras 1) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ksr1/"},{"id":"apobec3b","kind":"target","name":"APOBEC3B","aka":"apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic subunit 3B\nDNA dC->dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3B\nPHRBNL\nFLJ21201","tldr":"APOBEC3B (DNA dC->dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3B) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Skin cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/apobec3b/","cancers":"skin-cancer"},{"id":"ywhae","kind":"target","name":"YWHAE","aka":"tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein epsilon\n14-3-3 protein epsilon\nFLJ45465","tldr":"YWHAE (14-3-3 protein epsilon) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Sarcomas.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ywhae/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"papss1","kind":"target","name":"PAPSS1","aka":"3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthase 1\nBifunctional 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthase 1\nATPSK1\nPAPSS","tldr":"PAPSS1 (Bifunctional 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthase 1) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/papss1/"},{"id":"per1","kind":"target","name":"PER1","aka":"period circadian regulator 1\nPeriod circadian protein homolog 1\nRIGUI","tldr":"PER1 (Period circadian protein homolog 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Skin cancer, Lung cancer, Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/per1/","cancers":"skin-cancer lung-cancer gastric colorectal melanoma"},{"id":"map3k13","kind":"target","name":"MAP3K13","aka":"mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 13\nMitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 13\nMEKK13","tldr":"MAP3K13 (Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 13) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Skin cancer, Breast cancer, Lung cancer and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/map3k13/","cancers":"skin-cancer breast-cancer lung-cancer melanoma"},{"id":"fancm","kind":"target","name":"FANCM","aka":"FA complementation group M\nFanconi anemia group M protein\nFAAP250\nKIAA1596","tldr":"FANCM (Fanconi anaemia group M protein) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a DNA repair gene, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Breast cancer and Ovarian cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fancm/","cancers":"breast-cancer ovarian"},{"id":"fgf20","kind":"target","name":"FGF20","aka":"fibroblast growth factor 20\nFibroblast growth factor 20","tldr":"FGF20 (Fibroblast growth factor 20) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fgf20/"},{"id":"ncoa4","kind":"target","name":"NCOA4","aka":"nuclear receptor coactivator 4\nNuclear receptor coactivator 4\nARA70\nELE1\nPTC3\nDKFZp762E1112","tldr":"NCOA4 (Nuclear receptor coactivator 4) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Thyroid cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ncoa4/","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"tpm4","kind":"target","name":"TPM4","aka":"tropomyosin 4\nTropomyosin alpha-4 chain","tldr":"TPM4 (Tropomyosin alpha-4 chain) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tpm4/"},{"id":"pbx1","kind":"target","name":"PBX1","aka":"PBX homeobox 1\nPre-B-cell leukemia transcription factor 1","tldr":"PBX1 (Pre-B-cell leukaemia transcription factor 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Leukaemia, Lung cancer and 3 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pbx1/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma leukaemia lung-cancer breast-cancer all-leukemia nsclc"},{"id":"arrb1","kind":"target","name":"ARRB1","aka":"arrestin beta 1\nBeta-arrestin-1\nARR1","tldr":"ARRB1 (Beta-arrestin-1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/arrb1/"},{"id":"itga2b","kind":"target","name":"ITGA2B","aka":"integrin subunit alpha 2b\nIntegrin alpha-IIb\nCD41B\nCD41\nPPP1R93\nGPIIb\nGP2B","tldr":"ITGA2B (Integrin alpha-IIb) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/itga2b/"},{"id":"fanci","kind":"target","name":"FANCI","aka":"FA complementation group I\nFanconi anemia group I protein\nFLJ10719\nKIAA1794","tldr":"FANCI (Fanconi anaemia group I protein) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a DNA repair gene, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fanci/"},{"id":"abi1","kind":"target","name":"ABI1","aka":"abl interactor 1\nAbl interactor 1\nE3B1\nABI-1\nSSH3BP1","tldr":"ABI1 (Abl interactor 1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/abi1/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"ywhab","kind":"target","name":"YWHAB","aka":"tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein beta\n14-3-3 protein beta/alpha\nYWHAA","tldr":"YWHAB (14-3-3 protein beta/alpha) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ywhab/"},{"id":"fgf17","kind":"target","name":"FGF17","aka":"fibroblast growth factor 17\nFibroblast growth factor 17\nFGF-13","tldr":"FGF17 (Fibroblast growth factor 17) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fgf17/"},{"id":"dek","kind":"target","name":"DEK","aka":"DEK proto-oncogene\nD6S231E","tldr":"DEK (DEK proto-oncogene) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Breast cancer and Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/dek/","cancers":"breast-cancer gastric"},{"id":"fgf16","kind":"target","name":"FGF16","aka":"fibroblast growth factor 16\nFibroblast growth factor 16\nMF4","tldr":"FGF16 (Fibroblast growth factor 16) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fgf16/"},{"id":"kiaa1549","kind":"target","name":"KIAA1549","aka":"UPF0606 protein KIAA1549","tldr":"KIAA1549 (UPF0606 protein KIAA1549) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kiaa1549/"},{"id":"dctn1","kind":"target","name":"DCTN1","aka":"dynactin subunit 1\nDynactin subunit 1","tldr":"DCTN1 (Dynactin subunit 1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/dctn1/"},{"id":"mafb","kind":"target","name":"MAFB","aka":"MAF bZIP transcription factor B\nTranscription factor MafB","tldr":"MAFB (Transcription factor MafB) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mafb/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"maml1","kind":"target","name":"MAML1","aka":"mastermind like transcriptional coactivator 1\nMastermind-like protein 1\nKIAA0200\nMam-1","tldr":"MAML1 (Mastermind-like protein 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/maml1/"},{"id":"vcl","kind":"target","name":"VCL","aka":"vinculin\nVinculin","tldr":"VCL (Vinculin) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/vcl/"},{"id":"sqstm1","kind":"target","name":"SQSTM1","aka":"sequestosome 1\nSequestosome-1\np62\np60\np62B\nA170\nPDB3","tldr":"SQSTM1 (Sequestosome-1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Sarcomas and Osteosarcoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sqstm1/","cancers":"sarcoma osteosarcoma"},{"id":"phox2b","kind":"target","name":"PHOX2B","aka":"paired like homeobox 2B\nPaired mesoderm homeobox protein 2B\nNBPhox\nPMX2B","tldr":"PHOX2B (Paired mesoderm homeobox protein 2B) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Skin cancer, Colorectal cancer, Lung cancer and 2 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/phox2b/","cancers":"skin-cancer colorectal lung-cancer neuroblastoma melanoma"},{"id":"apbb1ip","kind":"target","name":"APBB1IP","aka":"amyloid beta precursor protein binding family B member 1 interacting protein\nAmyloid beta A4 precursor protein-binding family B member 1-interacting protein\nRARP1\nPREL1\nINAG1","tldr":"APBB1IP (Amyloid beta A4 precursor protein-binding family B member 1-interacting protein) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/apbb1ip/"},{"id":"fam131b","kind":"target","name":"FAM131B","aka":"family with sequence similarity 131 member B\nKIAA0773","tldr":"FAM131B (family with sequence similarity 131 member B) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fam131b/"},{"id":"ssx2","kind":"target","name":"SSX2","aka":"SSX family member 2\nHOM-MEL-40\nHD21\nMGC3884\nMGC15364\nMGC119055\nCT5.2a","tldr":"SSX2 (SSX family member 2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Sarcomas and Synovial sarcoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ssx2/","cancers":"sarcoma synovial-sarcoma"},{"id":"rap1a","kind":"target","name":"RAP1A","aka":"RAP1A, member of RAS oncogene family\nRas-related protein Rap-1A\nKREV-1\nSMGP21","tldr":"RAP1A (Ras-related protein Rap-1A) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rap1a/"},{"id":"actg1","kind":"target","name":"ACTG1","aka":"actin gamma 1\nActin, cytoplasmic 2\nDFNA20\nDFNA26","tldr":"ACTG1 (Actin, cytoplasmic 2) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/actg1/"},{"id":"arrb2","kind":"target","name":"ARRB2","aka":"arrestin beta 2\nBeta-arrestin-2\nBARR2\nDKFZp686L0365\nARR2","tldr":"ARRB2 (Beta-arrestin-2) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/arrb2/"},{"id":"ddx5","kind":"target","name":"DDX5","aka":"DEAD-box helicase 5\nProbable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX5\np68\nHLR1\nG17P1","tldr":"DDX5 (Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX5) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Colorectal cancer and Skin cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ddx5/","cancers":"colorectal skin-cancer"},{"id":"cnksr2","kind":"target","name":"CNKSR2","aka":"connector enhancer of kinase suppressor of Ras 2\nConnector enhancer of kinase suppressor of ras 2\nKIAA0902\nCNK2\nKSR2","tldr":"CNKSR2 (Connector enhancer of kinase suppressor of ras 2) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cnksr2/"},{"id":"lyl1","kind":"target","name":"LYL1","aka":"LYL1 basic helix-loop-helix family member\nbHLHa18","tldr":"LYL1 (LYL1 basic helix-loop-helix family member) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/lyl1/"},{"id":"aspscr1","kind":"target","name":"ASPSCR1","aka":"ASPSCR1 tether for SLC2A4, UBX domain containing\nTether containing UBX domain for GLUT4\nUBXD9\nUBXN9","tldr":"ASPSCR1 (Tether containing UBX domain for GLUT4) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target and a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Sarcomas.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/aspscr1/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"bcl3","kind":"target","name":"BCL3","aka":"BCL3 transcription coactivator\nB-cell lymphoma 3 protein\nD19S37\nBCL4","tldr":"BCL3 (B-cell lymphoma 3 protein) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/bcl3/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"mamld1","kind":"target","name":"MAMLD1","aka":"mastermind like domain containing 1\nMastermind-like domain-containing protein 1\nCG1\nF18\nCXorf6","tldr":"MAMLD1 (Mastermind-like domain-containing protein 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mamld1/"},{"id":"patz1","kind":"target","name":"PATZ1","aka":"POZ/BTB and AT hook containing zinc finger 1\nPOZ-, AT hook-, and zinc finger-containing protein 1\ndJ400N23\nZBTB19\nZNF278","tldr":"PATZ1 (POZ-, AT hook-, and zinc finger-containing protein 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Skin cancer and Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/patz1/","cancers":"skin-cancer colorectal"},{"id":"trim27","kind":"target","name":"TRIM27","aka":"tripartite motif containing 27\nZinc finger protein RFP\nRNF76","tldr":"TRIM27 (Zinc finger protein RFP) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/trim27/"},{"id":"smarce1","kind":"target","name":"SMARCE1","aka":"SWI/SNF related BAF chromatin remodeling complex subunit E1\nSWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily E member 1\nBAF57","tldr":"SMARCE1 (SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily E member 1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Meningioma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/smarce1/","cancers":"meningioma"},{"id":"rmi1","kind":"target","name":"RMI1","aka":"RecQ mediated genome instability 1\nRecQ-mediated genome instability protein 1\nFLJ12888\nBLAP75\nC9orf76","tldr":"RMI1 (RecQ-mediated genome instability protein 1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rmi1/"},{"id":"trak1","kind":"target","name":"TRAK1","aka":"trafficking kinesin protein 1\nTrafficking kinesin-binding protein 1\nOIP106\nKIAA1042\nMILT1","tldr":"TRAK1 (Trafficking kinesin-binding protein 1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/trak1/"},{"id":"nutm2b","kind":"target","name":"NUTM2B","aka":"NUT family member 2B\nbA119F19.1\nFAM22B","tldr":"NUTM2B (NUT family member 2B) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Sarcomas.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nutm2b/","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"rbpj","kind":"target","name":"RBPJ","aka":"recombination signal binding protein for immunoglobulin kappa J region\nRecombining binding protein suppressor of hairless\nIGKJRB\nRBPJK\nKBF2\nRBP-J\nCBF1\nIGKJRB1\nRBPSUH","tldr":"RBPJ (Recombining binding protein suppressor of hairless) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rbpj/"},{"id":"olig2","kind":"target","name":"OLIG2","aka":"oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2\nOligodendrocyte transcription factor 2\nRACK17\nOLIGO2\nbHLHe19\nPRKCBP2\nBHLHB1","tldr":"OLIG2 (Oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/olig2/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"cnksr1","kind":"target","name":"CNKSR1","aka":"connector enhancer of kinase suppressor of Ras 1\nConnector enhancer of kinase suppressor of ras 1\nCNK1","tldr":"CNKSR1 (Connector enhancer of kinase suppressor of ras 1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cnksr1/"},{"id":"slc45a2","kind":"target","name":"SLC45A2","aka":"solute carrier family 45 member 2\nMembrane-associated transporter protein\nAIM-1\nOCA4","tldr":"SLC45A2 (Membrane-associated transporter protein) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Skin cancer, Melanoma and Basal cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/slc45a2/","cancers":"skin-cancer melanoma basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"mlf1","kind":"target","name":"MLF1","aka":"myeloid leukemia factor 1\nMyeloid leukemia factor 1","tldr":"MLF1 (Myeloid leukaemia factor 1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mlf1/","cancers":"lung-cancer"},{"id":"fgf6","kind":"target","name":"FGF6","aka":"fibroblast growth factor 6\nFibroblast growth factor 6","tldr":"FGF6 (Fibroblast growth factor 6) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fgf6/"},{"id":"cpvl","kind":"target","name":"CPVL","aka":"carboxypeptidase vitellogenic like\nProbable serine carboxypeptidase CPVL","tldr":"CPVL (Probable serine carboxypeptidase CPVL) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Skin cancer and Basal cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cpvl/","cancers":"skin-cancer basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"hoxd13","kind":"target","name":"HOXD13","aka":"homeobox D13\nHomeobox protein Hox-D13\nHOX4I","tldr":"HOXD13 (Homeobox protein Hox-D13) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hoxd13/"},{"id":"hoxa11","kind":"target","name":"HOXA11","aka":"homeobox A11\nHomeobox protein Hox-A11\nHOX1I\nHOX1","tldr":"HOXA11 (Homeobox protein Hox-A11) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hoxa11/"},{"id":"cd79a","kind":"target","name":"CD79A","aka":"CD79a molecule\nB-cell antigen receptor complex-associated protein alpha chain\nMB-1\nIg-alpha\nMB1\nIGAlpha","tldr":"CD79A (B-cell antigen receptor complex-associated protein alpha chain) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Colorectal cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Skin cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cd79a/","cancers":"colorectal non-hodgkin-lymphoma skin-cancer"},{"id":"slc67a1","kind":"target","name":"SLC67A1","aka":"solute carrier family 67 member 1\nSolute carrier family 67 member A1\nBWR1A\nTSSC5\nIMPT1\nORCTL2\nBWSCR1A\nSLC22A18\nSLC22A1L","tldr":"SLC67A1 (Solute carrier family 67 member A1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/slc67a1/"},{"id":"srsf3","kind":"target","name":"SRSF3","aka":"serine and arginine rich splicing factor 3\nSerine/arginine-rich splicing factor 3\nSRp20\nSFRS3","tldr":"SRSF3 (Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 3) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/srsf3/"},{"id":"tlx3","kind":"target","name":"TLX3","aka":"T cell leukemia homeobox 3\nT-cell leukemia homeobox protein 3\nHOX11L2","tldr":"TLX3 (T-cell leukaemia homeobox protein 3) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tlx3/"},{"id":"bag4","kind":"target","name":"BAG4","aka":"BAG cochaperone 4\nBAG family molecular chaperone regulator 4","tldr":"BAG4 (BAG family molecular chaperone regulator 4) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/bag4/"},{"id":"kank1","kind":"target","name":"KANK1","aka":"KN motif and ankyrin repeat domains 1\nKN motif and ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 1\nKIAA0172\nANKRD15","tldr":"KANK1 (KN motif and ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kank1/"},{"id":"jazf1","kind":"target","name":"JAZF1","aka":"JAZF zinc finger 1\nJuxtaposed with another zinc finger protein 1\nTIP27\nDKFZp761K2222\nZNF802","tldr":"JAZF1 (Juxtaposed with another zinc finger protein 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Skin cancer and Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/jazf1/","cancers":"skin-cancer prostate"},{"id":"hey1","kind":"target","name":"HEY1","aka":"hes related family bHLH transcription factor with YRPW motif 1\nHairy/enhancer-of-split related with YRPW motif protein 1\nHESR-1\nCHF2\nHESR1\nHRT-1\nCHF-2\nHERP2\nbHLHb31","tldr":"HEY1 (Hairy/enhancer-of-split related with YRPW motif protein 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Sarcomas and Chondrosarcoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hey1/","cancers":"sarcoma chondrosarcoma"},{"id":"nrg2","kind":"target","name":"NRG2","aka":"neuregulin 2\nPro-neuregulin-2, membrane-bound isoform\nDon-1\nHRG2","tldr":"NRG2 (Pro-neuregulin-2, membrane-bound isoform) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nrg2/"},{"id":"cyp1b1","kind":"target","name":"CYP1B1","aka":"cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily B member 1\nCytochrome P450 1B1\nCP1B\nGLC3A","tldr":"CYP1B1 (Cytochrome P450 1B1) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Skin cancer, Melanoma and Basal cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cyp1b1/","cancers":"skin-cancer melanoma basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"rhoh","kind":"target","name":"RHOH","aka":"ras homolog family member H\nRho-related GTP-binding protein RhoH","tldr":"RHOH (Rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoH) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rhoh/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"mtcp1","kind":"target","name":"MTCP1","aka":"mature T cell proliferation 1\nProtein p13 MTCP-1\nP13MTCP1\np8MTCP1\nTCL1C","tldr":"MTCP1 (Protein p13 MTCP-1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mtcp1/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"cpsf6","kind":"target","name":"CPSF6","aka":"cleavage and polyadenylation specific factor 6\nCleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor subunit 6\nHPBRII-4\nHPBRII-7\nCFIM68\nCFIM72","tldr":"CPSF6 (Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor subunit 6) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cpsf6/","cancers":"leukaemia"},{"id":"tlx1","kind":"target","name":"TLX1","aka":"T cell leukemia homeobox 1\nT-cell leukemia homeobox protein 1\nTCL3\nHOX11","tldr":"TLX1 (T-cell leukaemia homeobox protein 1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tlx1/"},{"id":"smad7","kind":"target","name":"SMAD7","aka":"SMAD family member 7\nMADH8\nMADH7","tldr":"SMAD7 (SMAD family member 7) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/smad7/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"hoxc11","kind":"target","name":"HOXC11","aka":"homeobox C11\nHomeobox protein Hox-C11\nHOX3H","tldr":"HOXC11 (Homeobox protein Hox-C11) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hoxc11/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"golgb1","kind":"target","name":"GOLGB1","aka":"golgin B1\nGolgin subfamily B member 1\nGCP372\ngiantin\nGOLIM1","tldr":"GOLGB1 (Golgin subfamily B member 1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/golgb1/"},{"id":"nrg4","kind":"target","name":"NRG4","aka":"neuregulin 4\nPro-neuregulin-4, membrane-bound isoform\nHRG4","tldr":"NRG4 (Pro-neuregulin-4, membrane-bound isoform) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nrg4/"},{"id":"habp2","kind":"target","name":"HABP2","aka":"hyaluronan binding protein 2\nFactor VII-activating protease\nHGFAL","tldr":"HABP2 (Factor VII-activating protease) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Thyroid cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/habp2/","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"sh3gl1","kind":"target","name":"SH3GL1","aka":"SH3 domain containing GRB2 like 1, endophilin A2\nEndophilin-A2\nSH3P8\nSH3D2B\nCNSA1\nMGC111371","tldr":"SH3GL1 (Endophilin-A2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sh3gl1/"},{"id":"fgf22","kind":"target","name":"FGF22","aka":"fibroblast growth factor 22\nFibroblast growth factor 22","tldr":"FGF22 (Fibroblast growth factor 22) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fgf22/"},{"id":"fgfr1op2","kind":"target","name":"FGFR1OP2","aka":"FGFR1 oncogene partner 2\nDKFZp564O1863","tldr":"FGFR1OP2 (FGFR1 oncogene partner 2) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fgfr1op2/","cancers":"leukaemia"},{"id":"cnbp","kind":"target","name":"CNBP","aka":"CCHC-type zinc finger nucleic acid binding protein\nRNF163\nZCCHC22\nCNBP1\nDM2\nZNF9","tldr":"CNBP (CCHC-type zinc finger nucleic acid binding protein) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cnbp/"},{"id":"mc1r","kind":"target","name":"MC1R","aka":"melanocortin 1 receptor\nMelanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor\nMSH-R","tldr":"MC1R (Melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Skin cancer, Melanoma and Basal cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mc1r/","cancers":"skin-cancer melanoma basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"prkaca","kind":"target","name":"PRKACA","aka":"protein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha\ncAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha\nPKACa","tldr":"PRKACA (cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/prkaca/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"slx4","kind":"target","name":"SLX4","aka":"SLX4 structure-specific endonuclease subunit\nStructure-specific endonuclease subunit SLX4\nKIAA1784\nKIAA1987\nFANCP\nBTBD12","tldr":"SLX4 (Structure-specific endonuclease subunit SLX4) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a DNA repair gene, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms, Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms and 1 more.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/slx4/","cancers":"mds leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms aml"},{"id":"ezr","kind":"target","name":"EZR","aka":"ezrin\nEzrin\nVIL2","tldr":"EZR (Ezrin) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ezr/","cancers":"lung-cancer"},{"id":"otx1","kind":"target","name":"OTX1","aka":"orthodenticle homeobox 1\nHomeobox protein OTX1","tldr":"OTX1 (Homeobox protein OTX1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/otx1/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"ppp2r5a","kind":"target","name":"PPP2R5A","aka":"protein phosphatase 2 regulatory subunit B'alpha\nSerine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit alpha isoform\nPR61A\nB56A\nB56alpha","tldr":"PPP2R5A (Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit alpha isoform) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ppp2r5a/"},{"id":"ktn1","kind":"target","name":"KTN1","aka":"kinectin 1\nKinectin\nKIAA0004\nCG1","tldr":"KTN1 (Kinectin) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ktn1/"},{"id":"snw1","kind":"target","name":"SNW1","aka":"SNW domain containing 1\nSNW domain-containing protein 1\nNCoA-62\nPrp45\nPRPF45\nBx42\nSKIP1\nFUN20\nSKIIP","tldr":"SNW1 (SNW domain-containing protein 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/snw1/"},{"id":"znf462","kind":"target","name":"ZNF462","aka":"zinc finger protein 462\nZinc finger protein 462\nDKFZP762N2316\nKIAA1803\nZfp462","tldr":"ZNF462 (Zinc finger protein 462) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/znf462/"},{"id":"prc1","kind":"target","name":"PRC1","aka":"protein regulator of cytokinesis 1\nProtein regulator of cytokinesis 1\nASE1\nMAP65","tldr":"PRC1 (Protein regulator of cytokinesis 1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/prc1/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"ppp2r5c","kind":"target","name":"PPP2R5C","aka":"protein phosphatase 2 regulatory subunit B'gamma\nSerine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit gamma isoform\nB56G\nPR61G\nB56gamma","tldr":"PPP2R5C (Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit gamma isoform) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ppp2r5c/"},{"id":"adh1b","kind":"target","name":"ADH1B","aka":"alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (class I), beta polypeptide\nAll-trans-retinol dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] ADH1B\nADH2","tldr":"ADH1B (All-trans-retinol dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] ADH1B) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Oesophageal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/adh1b/","cancers":"esophageal"},{"id":"krt5","kind":"target","name":"KRT5","aka":"keratin 5\nKeratin, type II cytoskeletal 5\nKRT5A\nCK-5\nEBS2","tldr":"KRT5 (Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 5) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Skin cancer and Basal cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/krt5/","cancers":"skin-cancer basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"jag2","kind":"target","name":"JAG2","aka":"jagged canonical Notch ligand 2","tldr":"JAG2 (jagged canonical Notch ligand 2) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/jag2/"},{"id":"tyr","kind":"target","name":"TYR","aka":"tyrosinase\nTyrosinase\nOCAIA\nOCA1A\nOCA1","tldr":"TYR (Tyrosinase) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Skin cancer, Melanoma and Basal cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tyr/","cancers":"skin-cancer melanoma basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"csnk1a1","kind":"target","name":"CSNK1A1","aka":"casein kinase 1 alpha 1\nCasein kinase I isoform alpha\nCK1\nCK1a\nCK1alpha\nCKIa\nCKIalpha","tldr":"CSNK1A1 (Casein kinase I isoform alpha) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/csnk1a1/"},{"id":"spdl1","kind":"target","name":"SPDL1","aka":"spindle apparatus coiled-coil protein 1\nFLJ20364\nhSpindly\nCCDC99","tldr":"SPDL1 (spindle apparatus coiled-coil protein 1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/spdl1/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"rtel1","kind":"target","name":"RTEL1","aka":"regulator of telomere elongation helicase 1\nRegulator of telomere elongation helicase 1\nbK3184A7.3\nDKFZP434C013\nKIAA1088\nC20orf41","tldr":"RTEL1 (Regulator of telomere elongation helicase 1) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a DNA repair gene, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative neoplasms and Acute myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rtel1/","cancers":"leukaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms aml"},{"id":"ap3b1","kind":"target","name":"AP3B1","aka":"adaptor related protein complex 3 subunit beta 1\nAP-3 complex subunit beta-1\nADTB3A\nHPS2","tldr":"AP3B1 (AP-3 complex subunit beta-1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ap3b1/"},{"id":"ppp1r14a","kind":"target","name":"PPP1R14A","aka":"protein phosphatase 1 regulatory inhibitor subunit 14A\nProtein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 14A\nCPI-17\nPPP1INL","tldr":"PPP1R14A (Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 14A) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ppp1r14a/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"erc1","kind":"target","name":"ERC1","aka":"ELKS/RAB6-interacting/CAST family member 1\nELKS/Rab6-interacting/CAST family member 1\nKIAA1081\nCAST2\nMGC12974\nRAB6IP2","tldr":"ERC1 (ELKS/Rab6-interacting/CAST family member 1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/erc1/"},{"id":"fev","kind":"target","name":"FEV","aka":"FEV transcription factor, ETS family member\nPet-1","tldr":"FEV (FEV transcription factor, ETS family member) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fev/"},{"id":"ccnb1ip1","kind":"target","name":"CCNB1IP1","aka":"cyclin B1 interacting protein 1\nE3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CCNB1IP1\nHEI10\nC14orf18","tldr":"CCNB1IP1 (E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CCNB1IP1) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Skin cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ccnb1ip1/","cancers":"skin-cancer"},{"id":"ano7","kind":"target","name":"ANO7","aka":"anoctamin 7\nAnoctamin-7\nPCANAP5L\nIPCA-5\nPCANAP5\nTMEM16G","tldr":"ANO7 (Anoctamin-7) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ano7/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"rnasel","kind":"target","name":"RNASEL","aka":"ribonuclease L\n2-5A-dependent ribonuclease\nRNS4\nPRCA1","tldr":"RNASEL (2-5A-dependent ribonuclease) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rnasel/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"msr1","kind":"target","name":"MSR1","aka":"macrophage scavenger receptor 1\nMacrophage scavenger receptor types I and II\nSCARA1\nCD204\nSR-AI\nSR-AII\nSR-AIII\nSR-A","tldr":"MSR1 (Macrophage scavenger receptor types I and II) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/msr1/"},{"id":"esrp1","kind":"target","name":"ESRP1","aka":"epithelial splicing regulatory protein 1\nEpithelial splicing regulatory protein 1\nFLJ20171\nRBM35A","tldr":"ESRP1 (Epithelial splicing regulatory protein 1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/esrp1/"},{"id":"zmiz1","kind":"target","name":"ZMIZ1","aka":"zinc finger MIZ-type containing 1\nZinc finger MIZ domain-containing protein 1\nRP11-519K18.1\nKIAA1224\nFLJ13541\nhZIMP10\nZimp10\nRAI17","tldr":"ZMIZ1 (Zinc finger MIZ domain-containing protein 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Breast cancer, Prostate cancer and Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/zmiz1/","cancers":"breast-cancer prostate colorectal"},{"id":"gopc","kind":"target","name":"GOPC","aka":"golgi associated PDZ and coiled-coil motif containing\nGolgi-associated PDZ and coiled-coil motif-containing protein\ndJ94G16.2\nGOPC1","tldr":"GOPC (Golgi-associated PDZ and coiled-coil motif-containing protein) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/gopc/"},{"id":"trps1","kind":"target","name":"TRPS1","aka":"transcriptional repressor GATA binding 1\nZinc finger transcription factor Trps1\nGC79","tldr":"TRPS1 (Zinc finger transcription factor Trps1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/trps1/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"tg","kind":"target","name":"TG","aka":"thyroglobulin\nThyroglobulin\nAITD3","tldr":"TG (Thyroglobulin) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Thyroid cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tg/","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"dnmt3b","kind":"target","name":"DNMT3B","aka":"DNA methyltransferase 3 beta\nDNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3B","tldr":"DNMT3B (DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3B) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/dnmt3b/"},{"id":"tnfrsf13b","kind":"target","name":"TNFRSF13B","aka":"TNF receptor superfamily member 13B\nTumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 13B\nCD267\nIGAD2","tldr":"TNFRSF13B (Tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 13B) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Multiple myeloma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tnfrsf13b/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"polk","kind":"target","name":"POLK","aka":"DNA polymerase kappa\nDINB1","tldr":"POLK (DNA polymerase kappa) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a DNA repair gene, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/polk/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"neil1","kind":"target","name":"NEIL1","aka":"nei like DNA glycosylase 1\nEndonuclease 8-like 1\nFLJ22402\nhFPG1\nNEI1\nFPG1","tldr":"NEIL1 (Endonuclease 8-like 1) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a DNA repair gene, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/neil1/"},{"id":"tox3","kind":"target","name":"TOX3","aka":"TOX high mobility group box family member 3\nCAGF9\nTNRC9","tldr":"TOX3 (TOX high mobility group box family member 3) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tox3/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"aggf1","kind":"target","name":"AGGF1","aka":"angiogenic factor with G-patch and FHA domains 1\nAngiogenic factor with G patch and FHA domains 1\nVG5Q\nHSU84971\nFLJ10283\nGPATC7\nGPATCH7","tldr":"AGGF1 (Angiogenic factor with G patch and FHA domains 1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/aggf1/"},{"id":"usp28","kind":"target","name":"USP28","aka":"ubiquitin specific peptidase 28\nUbiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 28\nKIAA1515","tldr":"USP28 (Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 28) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a DNA repair gene, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/usp28/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"dock8","kind":"target","name":"DOCK8","aka":"dedicator of cytokinesis 8\nDedicator of cytokinesis protein 8\nFLJ00026\nFLJ00152\nZIR8\nFLJ00346","tldr":"DOCK8 (Dedicator of cytokinesis protein 8) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/dock8/"},{"id":"stil","kind":"target","name":"STIL","aka":"STIL centriolar assembly protein\nSCL-interrupting locus protein\nMCPH7","tldr":"STIL (SCL-interrupting locus protein) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Skin cancer and Leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/stil/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma skin-cancer leukaemia"},{"id":"tns3","kind":"target","name":"TNS3","aka":"tensin 3\nTensin-3\nTEM6\nH_NH0549I23.2\nFLJ13732\nTENS1","tldr":"TNS3 (Tensin-3) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Prostate cancer and Basal cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tns3/","cancers":"prostate basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"ppfibp1","kind":"target","name":"PPFIBP1","aka":"PPFIB scaffold protein 1\nLiprin-beta-1\nL2\nhSGT2\nhSgt2p\nSGT2\nliprin-beta1","tldr":"PPFIBP1 (Liprin-beta-1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ppfibp1/"},{"id":"dnajb1","kind":"target","name":"DNAJB1","aka":"DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member B1\nDnaJ homolog subfamily B member 1\nHsp40\nSis1\nRSPH16B\nHSPF1","tldr":"DNAJB1 (DnaJ homolog subfamily B member 1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/dnajb1/"},{"id":"agtrap","kind":"target","name":"AGTRAP","aka":"angiotensin II receptor associated protein\nType-1 angiotensin II receptor-associated protein\nATRAP","tldr":"AGTRAP (Type-1 angiotensin II receptor-associated protein) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/agtrap/"},{"id":"foxo4","kind":"target","name":"FOXO4","aka":"forkhead box O4\nForkhead box protein O4\nAFX1\nMLLT7","tldr":"FOXO4 (Forkhead box protein O4) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/foxo4/"},{"id":"ppp2r5e","kind":"target","name":"PPP2R5E","aka":"protein phosphatase 2 regulatory subunit B'epsilon\nSerine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit epsilon isoform\nB56E\nB56epsilon","tldr":"PPP2R5E (Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit epsilon isoform) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ppp2r5e/"},{"id":"sfpq","kind":"target","name":"SFPQ","aka":"splicing factor proline and glutamine rich\nSplicing factor, proline- and glutamine-rich\nPPP1R140","tldr":"SFPQ (Splicing factor, proline- and glutamine-rich) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner and a DNA repair gene, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sfpq/"},{"id":"fxr1","kind":"target","name":"FXR1","aka":"FMR1 autosomal homolog 1\nRNA-binding protein FXR1","tldr":"FXR1 (RNA-binding protein FXR1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fxr1/"},{"id":"bnc2","kind":"target","name":"BNC2","aka":"basonuclin zinc finger protein 2\nZinc finger protein basonuclin-2\nBSN2\nFLJ20043\nbn2","tldr":"BNC2 (Zinc finger protein basonuclin-2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Skin cancer and Basal cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/bnc2/","cancers":"skin-cancer basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"ctsh","kind":"target","name":"CTSH","aka":"cathepsin H\nPro-cathepsin H\nACC-4\nACC-5\nACC4\nACC5","tldr":"CTSH (Pro-cathepsin H) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ctsh/"},{"id":"eed","kind":"target","name":"EED","aka":"embryonic ectoderm development\nPolycomb protein EED\nWAIT-1","tldr":"EED (Polycomb protein EED) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/eed/"},{"id":"agk","kind":"target","name":"AGK","aka":"acylglycerol kinase\nAcylglycerol kinase, mitochondrial\nFLJ10842","tldr":"AGK (Acylglycerol kinase, mitochondrial) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/agk/"},{"id":"lmo7","kind":"target","name":"LMO7","aka":"LIM domain 7\nLIM domain only protein 7\nFBX20\nKIAA0858\nFBXO20","tldr":"LMO7 (LIM domain only protein 7) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/lmo7/"},{"id":"ctss","kind":"target","name":"CTSS","aka":"cathepsin S\nCathepsin S","tldr":"CTSS (Cathepsin S) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Skin cancer and Basal cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ctss/","cancers":"skin-cancer basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"casp10","kind":"target","name":"CASP10","aka":"caspase 10\nCaspase-10\nMCH4\nFLICE-2","tldr":"CASP10 (Caspase-10) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/casp10/","cancers":"gastric non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"tent4a","kind":"target","name":"TENT4A","aka":"terminal nucleotidyltransferase 4A\nTerminal nucleotidyltransferase 4A\nTRF4\nLAK-1\nTRF4-1\nPAPD7","tldr":"TENT4A (Terminal nucleotidyltransferase 4A) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tent4a/"},{"id":"poglut3","kind":"target","name":"POGLUT3","aka":"protein O-glucosyltransferase 3\nProtein O-glucosyltransferase 3\nMGC33424\nKDELC2","tldr":"POGLUT3 (Protein O-glucosyltransferase 3) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/poglut3/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"cdca7","kind":"target","name":"CDCA7","aka":"cell division cycle associated 7\nCell division cycle-associated protein 7\nFLJ14736\nJPO1","tldr":"CDCA7 (Cell division cycle-associated protein 7) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cdca7/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"tgm3","kind":"target","name":"TGM3","aka":"transglutaminase 3\nProtein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase E","tldr":"TGM3 (Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase E) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Skin cancer and Basal cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tgm3/","cancers":"skin-cancer basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"grem1","kind":"target","name":"GREM1","aka":"gremlin 1, DAN family BMP antagonist\nGremlin-1\ngremlin\nDAND2\nCKTSF1B1\nCRAC1","tldr":"GREM1 (Gremlin-1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/grem1/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"inhbb","kind":"target","name":"INHBB","aka":"inhibin subunit beta B\nInhibin beta B chain","tldr":"INHBB (Inhibin beta B chain) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/inhbb/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"lamc1","kind":"target","name":"LAMC1","aka":"laminin subunit gamma 1\nLaminin subunit gamma-1\nLAMB2","tldr":"LAMC1 (Laminin subunit gamma-1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/lamc1/"},{"id":"rnaset2","kind":"target","name":"RNASET2","aka":"ribonuclease T2\nRibonuclease T2\nRNASE6PL\nFLJ10907\nbA514O12.3","tldr":"RNASET2 (Ribonuclease T2) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Basal cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rnaset2/","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"golga5","kind":"target","name":"GOLGA5","aka":"golgin A5\nGolgin subfamily A member 5\nret-II\ngolgin-84\nrfg5\nGOLIM5","tldr":"GOLGA5 (Golgin subfamily A member 5) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/golga5/"},{"id":"ppp2r5d","kind":"target","name":"PPP2R5D","aka":"protein phosphatase 2 regulatory subunit B'delta\nSerine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit delta isoform\nB56D\nB56delta","tldr":"PPP2R5D (Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit delta isoform) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ppp2r5d/"},{"id":"wdcp","kind":"target","name":"WDCP","aka":"WD repeat and coiled coil containing\nWD repeat and coiled-coil-containing protein\nFLJ21945\nC2orf44","tldr":"WDCP (WD repeat and coiled-coil-containing protein) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/wdcp/"},{"id":"rassf6","kind":"target","name":"RASSF6","aka":"Ras association domain family member 6\nRas association domain-containing protein 6","tldr":"RASSF6 (Ras association domain-containing protein 6) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rassf6/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"zc3hav1","kind":"target","name":"ZC3HAV1","aka":"zinc finger CCCH-type containing, antiviral 1\nZinc finger CCCH-type antiviral protein 1\nFLB6421\nFLJ13288\nMGC48898\nZC3HDC2\nZC3H2\nPARP13\nARTD13","tldr":"ZC3HAV1 (Zinc finger CCCH-type antiviral protein 1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/zc3hav1/"},{"id":"pnpla3","kind":"target","name":"PNPLA3","aka":"patatin like domain 3, 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase \n1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase PNPLA3\ndJ796I17.1\nFLJ22012\nadiponutrin\niPLA2epsilon\nC22orf20","tldr":"PNPLA3 (1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase PNPLA3) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Hepatocellular carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pnpla3/","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"nab2","kind":"target","name":"NAB2","aka":"NGFI-A binding protein 2\nNGFI-A-binding protein 2\nMADER","tldr":"NAB2 (NGFI-A-binding protein 2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nab2/"},{"id":"chchd7","kind":"target","name":"CHCHD7","aka":"coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain containing 7\nCoiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain-containing protein 7\nMGC2217\nCOX23","tldr":"CHCHD7 (Coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain-containing protein 7) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Oral cavity cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/chchd7/","cancers":"oral-cavity-cancer"},{"id":"rhobtb2","kind":"target","name":"RHOBTB2","aka":"Rho related BTB domain containing 2\nRho-related BTB domain-containing protein 2\nKIAA0717\nDBC2","tldr":"RHOBTB2 (Rho-related BTB domain-containing protein 2) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rhobtb2/"},{"id":"tyrp1","kind":"target","name":"TYRP1","aka":"tyrosinase related protein 1\n5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidase\nGP75\nb-PROTEIN\nOCA3\nCAS2","tldr":"TYRP1 (5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidase) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Skin cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tyrp1/","cancers":"skin-cancer"},{"id":"dna2","kind":"target","name":"DNA2","aka":"DNA replication helicase/nuclease 2\nDNA replication ATP-dependent helicase/nuclease DNA2\nKIAA0083\nDNA2L","tldr":"DNA2 (DNA replication ATP-dependent helicase/nuclease DNA2) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a DNA repair gene, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/dna2/"},{"id":"bmp4","kind":"target","name":"BMP4","aka":"bone morphogenetic protein 4\nBone morphogenetic protein 4\nBMP2B","tldr":"BMP4 (Bone morphogenetic protein 4) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/bmp4/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"sdccag8","kind":"target","name":"SDCCAG8","aka":"SHH signaling and ciliogenesis regulator SDCCAG8\nSerologically defined colon cancer antigen 8\nNY-CO-8\nCCCAP\nSLSN7\nNPHP10\nBBS16","tldr":"SDCCAG8 (Serologically defined colon cancer antigen 8) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Thyroid cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sdccag8/","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"naf1","kind":"target","name":"NAF1","aka":"nuclear assembly factor 1 ribonucleoprotein\nH/ACA ribonucleoprotein complex non-core subunit NAF1","tldr":"NAF1 (H/ACA ribonucleoprotein complex non-core subunit NAF1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/naf1/"},{"id":"kat5","kind":"target","name":"KAT5","aka":"lysine acetyltransferase 5\nHistone acetyltransferase KAT5\nTIP60\ncPLA2\nHTATIP1\nESA1\nHTATIP","tldr":"KAT5 (Histone acetyltransferase KAT5) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a DNA repair gene, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/kat5/"},{"id":"dclre1b","kind":"target","name":"DCLRE1B","aka":"DNA cross-link repair 1B\n5' exonuclease Apollo\nSNM1B\nFLJ12810\nFLJ13998\nAPOLLO","tldr":"DCLRE1B (5' exonuclease Apollo) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a DNA repair gene, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/dclre1b/"},{"id":"clcn6","kind":"target","name":"CLCN6","aka":"Cl-/H+ antiporter 6\nH(+)/Cl(-) exchange transporter 6\nCLC-6\nKIAA0046\nClC-6","tldr":"CLCN6 (H(+)/Cl(-) exchange transporter 6) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/clcn6/"},{"id":"vps53","kind":"target","name":"VPS53","aka":"VPS53 subunit of GARP complex\nVacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 53 homolog\nFLJ10979\nHCCS1","tldr":"VPS53 (Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 53 homolog) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/vps53/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"top3a","kind":"target","name":"TOP3A","aka":"DNA topoisomerase III alpha\nDNA topoisomerase 3-alpha\nZGRF7\nTOP3","tldr":"TOP3A (DNA topoisomerase 3-alpha) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/top3a/"},{"id":"fip1l1","kind":"target","name":"FIP1L1","aka":"factor interacting with PAPOLA and CPSF1\nPre-mRNA 3'-end-processing factor FIP1\nDKFZp586K0717\nFIP1\nhFip1","tldr":"FIP1L1 (Pre-mRNA 3'-end-processing factor FIP1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fip1l1/"},{"id":"irs1","kind":"target","name":"IRS1","aka":"insulin receptor substrate 1\nInsulin receptor substrate 1\nHIRS-1","tldr":"IRS1 (Insulin receptor substrate 1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/irs1/"},{"id":"ppp2r5b","kind":"target","name":"PPP2R5B","aka":"protein phosphatase 2 regulatory subunit B'beta\nSerine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit beta isoform\nFLJ35411\nB56B\nPR61B\nB56beta","tldr":"PPP2R5B (Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit beta isoform) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ppp2r5b/"},{"id":"sntb1","kind":"target","name":"SNTB1","aka":"syntrophin beta 1\nBeta-1-syntrophin\n59-DAP\nA1B\nBSYN2\nTIP-43\nSNT2\nSNT2B1","tldr":"SNTB1 (Beta-1-syntrophin) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sntb1/"},{"id":"fam114a2","kind":"target","name":"FAM114A2","aka":"family with sequence similarity 114 member A2\n133K02\nC5orf3","tldr":"FAM114A2 (family with sequence similarity 114 member A2) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fam114a2/"},{"id":"tcea1","kind":"target","name":"TCEA1","aka":"transcription elongation factor A1\nTranscription elongation factor A protein 1\nTF2S\nTFIIS\nGTF2S","tldr":"TCEA1 (Transcription elongation factor A protein 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Oral cavity cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tcea1/","cancers":"oral-cavity-cancer"},{"id":"slc22a3","kind":"target","name":"SLC22A3","aka":"solute carrier family 22 member 3\nSolute carrier family 22 member 3\nOCT3","tldr":"SLC22A3 (Solute carrier family 22 member 3) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/slc22a3/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"apoe","kind":"target","name":"APOE","aka":"apolipoprotein E\nApolipoprotein E\nAD2","tldr":"APOE (Apolipoprotein E) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/apoe/"},{"id":"slc24a5","kind":"target","name":"SLC24A5","aka":"solute carrier family 24 member 5\nSodium/potassium/calcium exchanger 5\nOCA6\nNCKX5","tldr":"SLC24A5 (Sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger 5) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Skin cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/slc24a5/","cancers":"skin-cancer"},{"id":"hook3","kind":"target","name":"HOOK3","aka":"hook microtubule tethering protein 3\nProtein Hook homolog 3\nHK3","tldr":"HOOK3 (Protein Hook homolog 3) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hook3/"},{"id":"zbtb10","kind":"target","name":"ZBTB10","aka":"zinc finger and BTB domain containing 10\nZinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 10\nRINZF\nFLJ12752","tldr":"ZBTB10 (Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 10) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Basal cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/zbtb10/","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"abo","kind":"target","name":"ABO","aka":"ABO, alpha 1-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase and alpha 1-3-galactosyltransferase\nHisto-blood group ABO system transferase\nA3GALNT\nA3GALT1","tldr":"ABO (Histo-blood group ABO system transferase) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/abo/"},{"id":"ccdc170","kind":"target","name":"CCDC170","aka":"coiled-coil domain containing 170\nCoiled-coil domain-containing protein 170\nFLJ23305\nbA282P11.1\nC6orf97","tldr":"CCDC170 (Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 170) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ccdc170/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"hhip","kind":"target","name":"HHIP","aka":"hedgehog interacting protein\nHedgehog-interacting protein\nFLJ20992","tldr":"HHIP (Hedgehog-interacting protein) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hhip/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"lig4","kind":"target","name":"LIG4","aka":"DNA ligase 4","tldr":"LIG4 (DNA ligase 4) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a DNA repair gene, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/lig4/"},{"id":"chrna5","kind":"target","name":"CHRNA5","aka":"cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 5 subunit\nNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-5","tldr":"CHRNA5 (Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-5) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Lung cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/chrna5/","cancers":"lung-cancer"},{"id":"eif2ak3","kind":"target","name":"EIF2AK3","aka":"eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3\nEukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3","tldr":"EIF2AK3 (Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/eif2ak3/"},{"id":"golga4","kind":"target","name":"GOLGA4","aka":"golgin A4\nGolgin subfamily A member 4\ngolgin-245\nGCP2\np230\ngolgin-240","tldr":"GOLGA4 (Golgin subfamily A member 4) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/golga4/"},{"id":"fermt2","kind":"target","name":"FERMT2","aka":"FERM domain containing kindlin 2\nFermitin family homolog 2\nmig-2\nKIND2\nUNC112B\nPLEKHC1","tldr":"FERMT2 (Fermitin family homolog 2) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fermt2/"},{"id":"pms1","kind":"target","name":"PMS1","aka":"PMS1 homolog 1, mismatch repair system component\nPMS1 protein homolog 1\nMLH2\nPMSL1","tldr":"PMS1 (PMS1 protein homolog 1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a DNA repair gene, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pms1/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"prcc","kind":"target","name":"PRCC","aka":"proline rich mitotic checkpoint control factor\nProline-rich protein PRCC\nRCCP1","tldr":"PRCC (Proline-rich protein PRCC) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/prcc/"},{"id":"tmem17","kind":"target","name":"TMEM17","aka":"transmembrane protein 17\nTransmembrane protein 17\nFLJ34583","tldr":"TMEM17 (Transmembrane protein 17) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tmem17/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"tpcn2","kind":"target","name":"TPCN2","aka":"two pore segment channel 2\nTwo pore channel protein 2\nTPC2","tldr":"TPCN2 (Two pore channel protein 2) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Skin cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tpcn2/","cancers":"skin-cancer"},{"id":"ehbp1","kind":"target","name":"EHBP1","aka":"EH domain binding protein 1\nEH domain-binding protein 1\nKIAA0903\nNACSIN","tldr":"EHBP1 (EH domain-binding protein 1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ehbp1/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"fancb","kind":"target","name":"FANCB","aka":"FA complementation group B\nFanconi anemia group B protein\nFLJ34064\nFAAP95","tldr":"FANCB (Fanconi anaemia group B protein) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a DNA repair gene, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/fancb/"},{"id":"dlc1","kind":"target","name":"DLC1","aka":"DLC1 Rho GTPase activating protein\nRho GTPase-activating protein 7\nARHGAP7\nSTARD12\nDLC-1\np122-RhoGAP","tldr":"DLC1 (Rho GTPase-activating protein 7) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/dlc1/"},{"id":"lrp5","kind":"target","name":"LRP5","aka":"LDL receptor related protein 5\nLow-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5\nLR3\nBMND1\nOPTA1\nVBCH2\nEVR4\nLRP7\nEVR1","tldr":"LRP5 (Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/lrp5/"},{"id":"plxnb2","kind":"target","name":"PLXNB2","aka":"plexin B2\nPlexin-B2\nMM1\nKIAA0315\nPLEXB2\nlncFAL","tldr":"PLXNB2 (Plexin-B2) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/plxnb2/"},{"id":"ubc","kind":"target","name":"UBC","aka":"ubiquitin C\nPolyubiquitin-C","tldr":"UBC (Polyubiquitin-C) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ubc/"},{"id":"nr5a2","kind":"target","name":"NR5A2","aka":"nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 2\nNuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 2\nFTZ-F1beta\nhB1F\nLRH-1\nFTZ-F1\nhB1F-2\nB1F2\nLRH1","tldr":"NR5A2 (Nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nr5a2/"},{"id":"tmem238l","kind":"target","name":"TMEM238L","aka":"transmembrane protein 238 like\nTransmembrane protein 238-like\nFORCP\nLINC00675","tldr":"TMEM238L (Transmembrane protein 238-like) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tmem238l/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"arhgef5","kind":"target","name":"ARHGEF5","aka":"Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 5\nTIM1\nGEF5\nP60","tldr":"ARHGEF5 (Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 5) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/arhgef5/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"ubb","kind":"target","name":"UBB","aka":"ubiquitin B\nPolyubiquitin-B\nMGC8385\nFLJ25987","tldr":"UBB (Polyubiquitin-B) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ubb/"},{"id":"l3mbtl3","kind":"target","name":"L3MBTL3","aka":"L3MBTL histone methyl-lysine binding protein 3\nLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 3\nKIAA1798","tldr":"L3MBTL3 (Lethal(3)malignant brain tumour-like protein 3) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/l3mbtl3/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"itga6","kind":"target","name":"ITGA6","aka":"integrin subunit alpha 6\nIntegrin alpha-6\nCD49f\nVLA-6\nITGA6A\nITGA6B","tldr":"ITGA6 (Integrin alpha-6) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/itga6/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"ptpn22","kind":"target","name":"PTPN22","aka":"protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22\nTyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 22\nLyp\nLyp1\nLyp2\nPTPN8","tldr":"PTPN22 (Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 22) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ptpn22/"},{"id":"lama5","kind":"target","name":"LAMA5","aka":"laminin subunit alpha 5\nLaminin subunit alpha-5","tldr":"LAMA5 (Laminin subunit alpha-5) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/lama5/"},{"id":"lsp1","kind":"target","name":"LSP1","aka":"lymphocyte specific protein 1\nLymphocyte-specific protein 1\nWP34","tldr":"LSP1 (Lymphocyte-specific protein 1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/lsp1/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"bmp5","kind":"target","name":"BMP5","aka":"bone morphogenetic protein 5\nBone morphogenetic protein 5","tldr":"BMP5 (Bone morphogenetic protein 5) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/bmp5/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"sim2","kind":"target","name":"SIM2","aka":"SIM bHLH transcription factor 2\nSingle-minded homolog 2\nMGC119447\nbHLHe15","tldr":"SIM2 (Single-minded homolog 2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sim2/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"ccnh","kind":"target","name":"CCNH","aka":"cyclin H\nCyclin-H\np34\np37\nCycH","tldr":"CCNH (Cyclin-H) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ccnh/"},{"id":"irf5","kind":"target","name":"IRF5","aka":"interferon regulatory factor 5\nInterferon regulatory factor 5\nIRF-5","tldr":"IRF5 (Interferon regulatory factor 5) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/irf5/"},{"id":"klc1","kind":"target","name":"KLC1","aka":"kinesin light chain 1\nKinesin light chain 1\nKNS2A\nhKLC1S\nhKLC1N\nhKLC1P\nhKLC1G\nhKLC1R\nhKLC1J\nhKLC1B\nKNS2","tldr":"KLC1 (Kinesin light chain 1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/klc1/"},{"id":"skp1","kind":"target","name":"SKP1","aka":"S-phase kinase associated protein 1\nS-phase kinase-associated protein 1\nEMC19\nOCP2\nTCEB1L\nMGC34403\nOCP-II\np19A\nSKP1A","tldr":"SKP1 (S-phase kinase-associated protein 1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/skp1/"},{"id":"uba52","kind":"target","name":"UBA52","aka":"ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1\nUbiquitin-ribosomal protein eL40 fusion protein\nRPL40\nCEP52\nHUBCEP52\nMGC57125\nMGC126879\nMGC126881\nL40","tldr":"UBA52 (Ubiquitin-ribosomal protein eL40 fusion protein) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/uba52/"},{"id":"cul1","kind":"target","name":"CUL1","aka":"cullin 1\nCullin-1","tldr":"CUL1 (Cullin-1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cul1/"},{"id":"chmp4c","kind":"target","name":"CHMP4C","aka":"charged multivesicular body protein 4C\nCharged multivesicular body protein 4c\nMGC22825\nShax3\nVPS32C","tldr":"CHMP4C (Charged multivesicular body protein 4c) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/chmp4c/"},{"id":"mov10","kind":"target","name":"MOV10","aka":"Mov10 RNA helicase\nRNA helicase MOV-10\ngb110\nMGC2948\nfSAP113","tldr":"MOV10 (RNA helicase MOV-10) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mov10/"},{"id":"igf2r","kind":"target","name":"IGF2R","aka":"insulin like growth factor 2 receptor\nCation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor\nCD222\nMPR1\nCIMPR\nM6P-R\nCI-M6PR\nCI-MPR\nMPR300","tldr":"IGF2R (Cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/igf2r/"},{"id":"rgs17","kind":"target","name":"RGS17","aka":"regulator of G protein signaling 17\nRegulator of G protein signaling 17\nRGSZ2\nRGS-17","tldr":"RGS17 (Regulator of G protein signalling 17) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rgs17/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"clptm1l","kind":"target","name":"CLPTM1L","aka":"CLPTM1 like\nLipid scramblase CLPTM1L\nFLJ14400\nCRR9","tldr":"CLPTM1L (Lipid scramblase CLPTM1L) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/clptm1l/"},{"id":"zfpm2","kind":"target","name":"ZFPM2","aka":"zinc finger protein, FOG family member 2\nZinc finger protein ZFPM2\nPRDM19\nFOG2\nhFOG-2\nZNF89B","tldr":"ZFPM2 (Zinc finger protein ZFPM2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/zfpm2/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"incenp","kind":"target","name":"INCENP","aka":"inner centromere protein\nInner centromere protein\nFLJ31633","tldr":"INCENP (Inner centromere protein) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/incenp/"},{"id":"lrfn2","kind":"target","name":"LRFN2","aka":"leucine rich repeat and fibronectin type III domain containing 2\nLeucine-rich repeat and fibronectin type-III domain-containing protein 2\nFIGLER2\nKIAA1246\nSALM1","tldr":"LRFN2 (Leucine-rich repeat and fibronectin type-III domain-containing protein 2) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/lrfn2/"},{"id":"ppm1b","kind":"target","name":"PPM1B","aka":"protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+ dependent 1B\nProtein phosphatase 1B\nPPC2BETAX\nPP2CB\nPP2CBETA","tldr":"PPM1B (Protein phosphatase 1B) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ppm1b/"},{"id":"tnfsf10","kind":"target","name":"TNFSF10","aka":"TNF superfamily member 10\nTumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 10\nTRAIL\nApo-2L\nTL2\nCD253\nTANCR","tldr":"TNFSF10 (Tumour necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 10) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tnfsf10/"},{"id":"pax9","kind":"target","name":"PAX9","aka":"paired box 9\nPaired box protein Pax-9","tldr":"PAX9 (Paired box protein Pax-9) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pax9/"},{"id":"rcc2","kind":"target","name":"RCC2","aka":"regulator of chromosome condensation 2\nTD-60","tldr":"RCC2 (regulator of chromosome condensation 2) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rcc2/"},{"id":"nrip1","kind":"target","name":"NRIP1","aka":"nuclear receptor interacting protein 1\nNuclear receptor-interacting protein 1\nRIP140","tldr":"NRIP1 (Nuclear receptor-interacting protein 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nrip1/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"tns1","kind":"target","name":"TNS1","aka":"tensin 1\nTensin-1\nDKFZp586K0617\nPPP1R155\nMXRA6","tldr":"TNS1 (Tensin-1) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tns1/"},{"id":"irx4","kind":"target","name":"IRX4","aka":"iroquois homeobox 4\nIroquois-class homeodomain protein IRX-4","tldr":"IRX4 (Iroquois-class homeodomain protein IRX-4) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/irx4/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"mx2","kind":"target","name":"MX2","aka":"MX dynamin like GTPase 2\nInterferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2","tldr":"MX2 (Interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Skin cancer and Melanoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mx2/","cancers":"skin-cancer melanoma"},{"id":"adam29","kind":"target","name":"ADAM29","aka":"ADAM metallopeptidase domain 29\nDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 29\nsvph1\nCT73","tldr":"ADAM29 (Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 29) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/adam29/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"mt-cyb","kind":"target","name":"MT-CYB","aka":"mitochondrially encoded cytochrome b\nCytochrome b\nUQCR3\nMTCYB","tldr":"MT-CYB (Cytochrome b) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mt-cyb/"},{"id":"tbx1","kind":"target","name":"TBX1","aka":"T-box transcription factor 1\nT-box transcription factor TBX1\nCATCH22","tldr":"TBX1 (T-box transcription factor TBX1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tbx1/"},{"id":"ccdc88c","kind":"target","name":"CCDC88C","aka":"coiled-coil and HOOK domain protein 88C\nDAPLE\nHkRP2\nSCA40\nKIAA1509","tldr":"CCDC88C (coiled-coil and HOOK domain protein 88C) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ccdc88c/"},{"id":"rbbp7","kind":"target","name":"RBBP7","aka":"RB binding protein 7, chromatin remodeling factor\nHistone-binding protein RBBP7\nRbAp46","tldr":"RBBP7 (Histone-binding protein RBBP7) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rbbp7/"},{"id":"foxp4","kind":"target","name":"FOXP4","aka":"forkhead box P4\nForkhead box protein P4\nFLJ40908","tldr":"FOXP4 (Forkhead box protein P4) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/foxp4/"},{"id":"itpr1","kind":"target","name":"ITPR1","aka":"inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1\nInositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-gated calcium channel ITPR1\nInsp3r1\nIP3R1\nPPP1R94\nSCA15\nSCA16\nSCA29","tldr":"ITPR1 (Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-gated calcium channel ITPR1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/itpr1/"},{"id":"skil","kind":"target","name":"SKIL","aka":"SKI like proto-oncogene\nSki-like protein\nSnoN\nSnoA","tldr":"SKIL (Ski-like protein) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/skil/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"nek10","kind":"target","name":"NEK10","aka":"NIMA related kinase 10\nSerine/threonine-protein kinase Nek10\nFLJ32685","tldr":"NEK10 (Serine/threonine-protein kinase Nek10) is a protein kinase, an enzyme that switches other proteins on by adding phosphate groups. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nek10/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"celf2","kind":"target","name":"CELF2","aka":"CUGBP Elav-like family member 2\nEtr-3\nNAPOR-2\nBRUNOL3\nCUGBP2","tldr":"CELF2 (CUGBP Elav-like family member 2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/celf2/"},{"id":"toe1","kind":"target","name":"TOE1","aka":"target of EGR1, exonuclease\nTarget of EGR1 protein 1\nhCaf1z\nTOE-1","tldr":"TOE1 (Target of EGR1 protein 1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/toe1/"},{"id":"bik","kind":"target","name":"BIK","aka":"BCL2 interacting killer\nBcl-2-interacting killer","tldr":"BIK (Bcl-2-interacting killer) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/bik/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"sidt1","kind":"target","name":"SIDT1","aka":"SID1 transmembrane family member 1\nFLJ20174\nSID-1","tldr":"SIDT1 (SID1 transmembrane family member 1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sidt1/"},{"id":"grhl2","kind":"target","name":"GRHL2","aka":"grainyhead like transcription factor 2\nGrainyhead-like protein 2 homolog\nFLJ13782\nDFNA28\nTFCP2L3","tldr":"GRHL2 (Grainyhead-like protein 2 homolog) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Breast cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/grhl2/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"frs3","kind":"target","name":"FRS3","aka":"fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 3\nFibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 3\nSNT-2\nFRS2beta\nFRS2B","tldr":"FRS3 (Fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 3) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/frs3/"},{"id":"gdf7","kind":"target","name":"GDF7","aka":"growth differentiation factor 7\nGrowth/differentiation factor 7\nBMP12","tldr":"GDF7 (Growth/differentiation factor 7) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/gdf7/"},{"id":"vti1a","kind":"target","name":"VTI1A","aka":"vesicle transport through interaction with t-SNAREs 1A\nVesicle transport through interaction with t-SNAREs homolog 1A\nMVti1\nVti1-rp2","tldr":"VTI1A (Vesicle transport through interaction with t-SNAREs homolog 1A) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/vti1a/"},{"id":"bmp2","kind":"target","name":"BMP2","aka":"bone morphogenetic protein 2\nBone morphogenetic protein 2\nBMP2A","tldr":"BMP2 (Bone morphogenetic protein 2) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/bmp2/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"dnah11","kind":"target","name":"DNAH11","aka":"dynein axonemal heavy chain 11\nDynein axonemal heavy chain 11\nDnahc11\nDPL11\nCILD7\nDNAHC11\nDNAHBL\nDNHBL","tldr":"DNAH11 (Dynein axonemal heavy chain 11) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/dnah11/"},{"id":"chrna3","kind":"target","name":"CHRNA3","aka":"cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 3 subunit\nNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3","tldr":"CHRNA3 (Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/chrna3/"},{"id":"herpud1","kind":"target","name":"HERPUD1","aka":"homocysteine inducible ER protein with ubiquitin like domain 1\nHomocysteine-responsive endoplasmic reticulum-resident ubiquitin-like domain member 1 protein\nKIAA0025\nMif1\nHERPUD1-IT1","tldr":"HERPUD1 (Homocysteine-responsive endoplasmic reticulum-resident ubiquitin-like domain member 1 protein) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/herpud1/"},{"id":"dnajc1","kind":"target","name":"DNAJC1","aka":"DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member C1\nDnaJ homolog subfamily C member 1\nDNAJL1\nERdj1\nMTJ1","tldr":"DNAJC1 (DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/dnajc1/"},{"id":"pcnx2","kind":"target","name":"PCNX2","aka":"pecanex 2\nPecanex-like protein 2\nKIAA0435\nFLJ11383\nPCNXL2","tldr":"PCNX2 (Pecanex-like protein 2) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pcnx2/"},{"id":"wrap53","kind":"target","name":"WRAP53","aka":"WD repeat containing antisense to TP53\nTelomerase Cajal body protein 1\nFLJ10385\nTCAB1\nWDR79","tldr":"WRAP53 (Telomerase Cajal body protein 1) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a DNA repair gene, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/wrap53/"},{"id":"samd9l","kind":"target","name":"SAMD9L","aka":"sterile alpha motif domain containing 9 like\nSterile alpha motif domain-containing protein 9-like\nKIAA2005\nFLJ39885\nC7orf6","tldr":"SAMD9L (Sterile alpha motif domain-containing protein 9-like) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/samd9l/","cancers":"mds"},{"id":"slc14a1","kind":"target","name":"SLC14A1","aka":"solute carrier family 14 member 1 (Kidd blood group)\nUrea transporter 1\nHsT1341\nRACH1\nRACH2","tldr":"SLC14A1 (Urea transporter 1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/slc14a1/"},{"id":"zfhx4","kind":"target","name":"ZFHX4","aka":"zinc finger homeobox 4\nZinc finger homeobox protein 4\nZFH4\nFLJ20980","tldr":"ZFHX4 (Zinc finger homeobox protein 4) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/zfhx4/"},{"id":"mlph","kind":"target","name":"MLPH","aka":"melanophilin\nMelanophilin\nl1Rk3\nl(1)-3Rk\nSlac-2a\nln\nexophilin-3\nSLAC2-A","tldr":"MLPH (Melanophilin) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mlph/"},{"id":"rfwd3","kind":"target","name":"RFWD3","aka":"ring finger and WD repeat domain 3\nE3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RFWD3\nFLJ10520\nRNF201\nFANCW","tldr":"RFWD3 (E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RFWD3) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a DNA repair gene, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/rfwd3/"},{"id":"cdkal1","kind":"target","name":"CDKAL1","aka":"CDKAL1 threonylcarbamoyladenosine tRNA methylthiotransferase\nThreonylcarbamoyladenosine tRNA methylthiotransferase\nFLJ20342","tldr":"CDKAL1 (Threonylcarbamoyladenosine tRNA methylthiotransferase) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/cdkal1/"},{"id":"ebf2","kind":"target","name":"EBF2","aka":"EBF transcription factor 2\nTranscription factor COE2\nFLJ11500\nCOE2","tldr":"EBF2 (Transcription factor COE2) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/ebf2/"},{"id":"hnf4g","kind":"target","name":"HNF4G","aka":"hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 gamma\nHepatocyte nuclear factor 4-gamma\nNR2A2","tldr":"HNF4G (Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-gamma) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/hnf4g/"},{"id":"elp4","kind":"target","name":"ELP4","aka":"elongator acetyltransferase complex subunit 4\nElongator complex protein 4\nPAXNEB\nC11orf19","tldr":"ELP4 (Elongator complex protein 4) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Renal cell carcinoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/elp4/","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"sorcs3","kind":"target","name":"SORCS3","aka":"sortilin related VPS10 domain containing receptor 3\nVPS10 domain-containing receptor SorCS3\nKIAA1059\nSORCS","tldr":"SORCS3 (VPS10 domain-containing receptor SorCS3) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/sorcs3/"},{"id":"mcm8","kind":"target","name":"MCM8","aka":"minichromosome maintenance 8 homologous recombination repair factor\nDNA helicase MCM8\nMGC4816\nMGC12866\nMGC119522\nMGC119523\ndJ967N21.5\nC20orf154","tldr":"MCM8 (DNA helicase MCM8) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as a DNA repair gene, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mcm8/"},{"id":"tbpl1","kind":"target","name":"TBPL1","aka":"TATA-box binding protein like 1\nTATA box-binding protein-like 1\nTRF2","tldr":"TBPL1 (TATA box-binding protein-like 1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/tbpl1/"},{"id":"pdgfrl","kind":"target","name":"PDGFRL","aka":"platelet derived growth factor receptor like\nPlatelet-derived growth factor receptor-like protein\nPRLTS","tldr":"PDGFRL (Platelet-derived growth factor receptor-like protein) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pdgfrl/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"pdlim5","kind":"target","name":"PDLIM5","aka":"PDZ and LIM domain 5\nPDZ and LIM domain protein 5\nEnh","tldr":"PDLIM5 (PDZ and LIM domain protein 5) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/pdlim5/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"lmx1b","kind":"target","name":"LMX1B","aka":"LIM homeobox transcription factor 1 beta\nLIM homeobox transcription factor 1-beta\nNPS1","tldr":"LMX1B (LIM homeobox transcription factor 1-beta) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/lmx1b/"},{"id":"mt-co1","kind":"target","name":"MT-CO1","aka":"mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase I\nCytochrome c oxidase subunit 1\nCOX1\nMTCO1","tldr":"MT-CO1 (Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms and Colorectal cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mt-co1/","cancers":"mds colorectal"},{"id":"nkx3-1","kind":"target","name":"NKX3-1","aka":"NK3 homeobox 1\nHomeobox protein Nkx-3.1\nNKX3.1\nBAPX2\nNKX3A","tldr":"NKX3-1 (Homeobox protein Nkx-3.1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Prostate cancer.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/nkx3-1/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"a1cf","kind":"target","name":"A1CF","aka":"APOBEC1 complementation factor\nACF64\nACF65\nAPOBEC1CF","tldr":"A1CF (APOBEC1 complementation factor) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/a1cf/"},{"id":"lratd2","kind":"target","name":"LRATD2","aka":"LRAT domain containing 2\nBCMP101\nNSE2\nFAM84B","tldr":"LRATD2 (LRAT domain containing 2) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/lratd2/"},{"id":"eomes","kind":"target","name":"EOMES","aka":"eomesodermin\nEomesodermin homolog\nTBR2","tldr":"EOMES (Eomesodermin homolog) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/eomes/","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"bak1","kind":"target","name":"BAK1","aka":"BCL2 antagonist/killer 1\nBcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer\nBCL2L7\nCDN1","tldr":"BAK1 (Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/bak1/","cancers":"leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma all-leukemia"},{"id":"set","kind":"target","name":"SET","aka":"SET nuclear proto-oncogene\nPHAPII\n2PP2A\nIPP2A2\nTAF-IBETA\nIGAAD\nTAF-I","tldr":"SET (SET nuclear proto-oncogene) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/set/","cancers":"leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma all-leukemia"},{"id":"arid5b","kind":"target","name":"ARID5B","aka":"AT-rich interaction domain 5B\nAT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 5B\nFLJ21150\nMRF2","tldr":"ARID5B (AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 5B) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/arid5b/","cancers":"leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma all-leukemia"},{"id":"acoxl","kind":"target","name":"ACOXL","aka":"acyl-CoA oxidase like\nAcyl-coenzyme A oxidase-like protein\nFLJ11042\nACOX4","tldr":"ACOXL (Acyl-coenzyme A oxidase-like protein) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/acoxl/","cancers":"leukaemia"},{"id":"acta2","kind":"target","name":"ACTA2","aka":"actin alpha 2, smooth muscle\nActin, aortic smooth muscle\nACTSA","tldr":"ACTA2 (Actin, aortic smooth muscle) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/acta2/","cancers":"leukaemia"},{"id":"dlst","kind":"target","name":"DLST","aka":"dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase\nDihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase component of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, mitochondrial\nOGDC-E2\nKGD2","tldr":"DLST (Dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase component of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, mitochondrial) is an enzyme. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Neuroendocrine tumours.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/dlst/","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"elp1","kind":"target","name":"ELP1","aka":"elongator acetyltransferase complex subunit 1\nElongator complex protein 1\nTOT1\nIKI3\nIKBKAP","tldr":"ELP1 (Elongator complex protein 1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Medulloblastoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/elp1/","cancers":"medulloblastoma"},{"id":"gnb1","kind":"target","name":"GNB1","aka":"G protein subunit beta 1\nGuanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1","tldr":"GNB1 (Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/gnb1/","cancers":"leukaemia non-hodgkin-lymphoma all-leukemia"},{"id":"gpr161","kind":"target","name":"GPR161","aka":"G protein-coupled receptor 161\nRE2","tldr":"GPR161 (G protein-coupled receptor 161) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Medulloblastoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/gpr161/","cancers":"medulloblastoma"},{"id":"klhdc8b","kind":"target","name":"KLHDC8B","aka":"kelch domain containing 8B\nKelch domain-containing protein 8B\nMGC35097","tldr":"KLHDC8B (Kelch domain-containing protein 8B) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a fusion partner, and the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Hodgkin lymphoma.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/klhdc8b/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"mysm1","kind":"target","name":"MYSM1","aka":"Myb like, SWIRM and MPN domains 1\nDeubiquitinase MYSM1\nKIAA1915","tldr":"MYSM1 (Deubiquitinase MYSM1) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/mysm1/","cancers":"mds"},{"id":"samd9","kind":"target","name":"SAMD9","aka":"sterile alpha motif domain containing 9\nSterile alpha motif domain-containing protein 9\nKIAA2004\nFLJ20073\nC7orf5","tldr":"SAMD9 (Sterile alpha motif domain-containing protein 9) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/samd9/","cancers":"mds"},{"id":"slc25a11","kind":"target","name":"SLC25A11","aka":"solute carrier family 25 member 11\nMitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate/malate carrier protein\nSLC20A4","tldr":"SLC25A11 (Mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate/malate carrier protein) is a gene. In the public catalogues the evidence so far is association rather than a proven role. Tied to Neuroendocrine tumours.","tags":"cancer-genes-wave","route":"/targets/slc25a11/","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"crisantaspase","kind":"drug","name":"Crisantaspase (recombinant Erwinia asparaginase)","aka":"crisantaspase\nEnrylaze\nrecombinant Erwinia chrysanthemi asparaginase\nJZP-458","tldr":"Enrylaze is a replacement asparaginase for children and adults with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia or lymphoblastic lymphoma whose bodies have reacted against, or quietly neutralised, the usual E. coli asparaginase. It keeps the asparagine-starving part of their chemotherapy going.","tags":"ema-register","route":"/drugs/crisantaspase/","status":"approved","cancers":"all-leukemia all-paediatric-standard-risk all-paediatric-high-risk"},{"id":"burosumab","kind":"drug","name":"Burosumab","aka":"burosumab\nCrysvita\nKRN23","tldr":"Crysvita is an antibody for a rare bone-softening condition in which the body leaks phosphate. Some small tumours cause it by making too much of a hormone called FGF23; when the tumour cannot be found or removed, Crysvita blocks the hormone.","tags":"ema-register supportive","route":"/drugs/burosumab/","status":"approved"},{"id":"epoetin-theta","kind":"drug","name":"Epoetin theta","aka":"epoetin theta\nEporatio\nBiopoin","tldr":"Epoetin theta is a made-to-order version of erythropoietin, the hormone that tells the marrow to make red blood cells. It is used to treat the anaemia of chemotherapy in people with non-myeloid cancers, sparing some transfusions.","tags":"ema-register supportive","route":"/drugs/epoetin-theta/","status":"approved"},{"id":"human-normal-immunoglobulin","kind":"drug","name":"Human normal immunoglobulin (IVIg)","aka":"human normal immunoglobulin (IVIg)\nhuman normal immunoglobulin\nIVIg\nintravenous immunoglobulin\nPrivigen\nKiovig","tldr":"Intravenous immunoglobulin is pooled antibody from many blood donors. People with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia or myeloma whose own antibody levels have collapsed, and who keep getting bacterial infections despite antibiotics, receive it as replacement.","tags":"ema-register supportive","route":"/drugs/human-normal-immunoglobulin/","status":"approved","cancers":"cll multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"fentanyl","kind":"drug","name":"Fentanyl (transmucosal, for breakthrough cancer pain)","aka":"fentanyl\nfentanyl citrate\nEffentora\nInstanyl\nPecFent","tldr":"These are fast-acting forms of the opioid fentanyl, taken as a tablet against the cheek or as a nasal spray, for sudden flares of pain in people whose cancer pain is otherwise controlled by a regular opioid. They are only for patients already tolerant to opioids.","tags":"ema-register supportive","route":"/drugs/fentanyl/","status":"approved"},{"id":"resminostat","kind":"drug","name":"Resminostat","aka":"resminostat\nresminostat mesilate\nKinselby\n4SC-201","tldr":"Resminostat is an oral drug of the HDAC inhibitor class, proposed for advanced mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome, two cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Europe's medicines committee said no to it in May 2025, so it is not authorised.","tags":"ema-register","route":"/drugs/resminostat/","cancers":"cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"tacquell","kind":"drug","name":"Tacquell (autologous melanoma-derived tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes)","aka":"Autologous melanoma-derived tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, ex vivo-expanded","tldr":"Tacquell is a tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte therapy for melanoma developed by the Netherlands Cancer Institute, the academic group whose randomised trial first showed TIL therapy could beat ipilimumab. Europe's medicines committee gave it a negative opinion in June 2026, so it is not authorised.","tags":"ema-register","route":"/drugs/tacquell/","cancers":"melanoma advanced-melanoma"},{"id":"criterium","kind":"company","name":"Criterium","aka":"Criterium, Inc.\nCriterium Inc","tldr":"Criterium is a US company in Saratoga Springs, New York, that is the lead sponsor of four cancer trials in OnCo, all testing other makers' drugs: fruquintinib with TAS-102 in colorectal cancer and tucatinib, alpelisib or palbociclib combinations in breast cancer.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor wave5-sponsor","route":"/companies/criterium/","cancers":"colorectal breast-her2-positive breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"artios-pharma","kind":"company","name":"Artios Pharma","aka":"Artios Pharma Ltd\nArtios Pharma Limited\nArtios","tldr":"Artios Pharma is a Cambridge, UK biotechnology company that leads two cancer trials in OnCo, testing its DNA damage response inhibitors ART0380 (ATR) and ART6043 (DNA polymerase theta) in advanced solid tumours.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor wave5-sponsor","route":"/companies/artios-pharma/","cancers":"ovarian endometrial colorectal pancreatic"},{"id":"ambrx","kind":"company","name":"Ambrx","aka":"Ambrx, Inc.\nAmbrx Inc\nAmbrx Biopharma","tldr":"Ambrx is a La Jolla, California biotechnology company founded in 2003 whose HER2 antibody-drug conjugate ARX788 is in OnCo's phase 3 ACE-Breast-02 trial (with Zhejiang Medicine, in China) and the global phase 2 ACE-Breast-03 trial after trastuzumab deruxtecan.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor wave5-sponsor","route":"/companies/ambrx/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"nerviano-medical-sciences","kind":"company","name":"Nerviano Medical Sciences","aka":"Nerviano Medical Sciences Ltd.\nNerviano Medical Sciences (Shanghai) Ltd.\nNerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l.\nNMS","tldr":"Nerviano Medical Sciences is an Italian drug-discovery company founded in 2004 in Nerviano, near Milan, that leads two cancer trials in OnCo: the PARP1-selective inhibitor atamparib in advanced solid tumours and NMS-03305293 with temozolomide in recurrent glioblastoma.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor wave5-sponsor","route":"/companies/nerviano-medical-sciences/","cancers":"nsclc glioblastoma"},{"id":"qurient","kind":"company","name":"Qurient","aka":"Qurient Co., Ltd.\nQurient Co Ltd","tldr":"Qurient is a South Korean biotechnology company in Seongnam that leads two cancer trials in OnCo, testing the selective CDK7 inhibitor Q901 and the Axl/Mer/CSF1R inhibitor Q702, each with pembrolizumab, in advanced solid tumours.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor wave5-sponsor","route":"/companies/qurient/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"immunovaccine","kind":"company","name":"Immunovaccine (IMV)","aka":"ImmunoVaccine Technologies, Inc.\nImmunoVaccine Technologies\nIMV Inc.\nIMV Inc\nImmunovaccine Technologies Inc.","tldr":"Immunovaccine (IMV) is a Canadian biotechnology company founded in 2000 in Halifax, Nova Scotia, whose survivin-targeted immunotherapy DPX-Survivac is tested with pembrolizumab and low-dose cyclophosphamide in two OnCo trials, in relapsed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and in selected solid tumours.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor wave5-sponsor","route":"/companies/immunovaccine/","cancers":"dlbcl ovarian hcc nsclc sclc"},{"id":"gruenenthal","kind":"company","name":"Grünenthal","aka":"Gruenenthal GmbH\nGrünenthal GmbH\nGruenenthal","tldr":"Grünenthal is a German pharmaceutical company founded in 1946 in Aachen. In OnCo it is the marketing authorisation holder of PecFent, a fentanyl nasal spray authorised in the EU for breakthrough pain in adults on maintenance opioids for chronic cancer pain.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor wave5-sponsor","route":"/companies/gruenenthal/"},{"id":"4sc","kind":"company","name":"4SC","aka":"4SC AG\n4Sc AG","tldr":"4SC is a listed German biotechnology company founded in 1997 in Planegg-Martinsried, near Munich. It applied to the EMA for its HDAC inhibitor resminostat (Kinselby) in advanced mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome and received a negative opinion in May 2025.","tags":"ctgov-sponsor wave5-sponsor","route":"/companies/4sc/","cancers":"cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"pf-08634404","kind":"drug","name":"PF-08634404","aka":"","tldr":"PF-08634404 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Pfizer in phase 3 trials for colorectal cancer, gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer and oesophageal cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/pf-08634404/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"colorectal gastric esophageal nsclc urothelial hcc rcc sclc ovarian"},{"id":"shr-8068","kind":"drug","name":"SHR-8068","aka":"","tldr":"SHR-8068 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Suzhou Suncadia Biopharmaceuticals in phase 3 trials for biliary tract cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer and cervical cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/shr-8068/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma nsclc cervical gastric urothelial colorectal"},{"id":"yl201","kind":"drug","name":"YL201","aka":"Tam-Peli\nTambotatug Pelitecan","tldr":"YL201 is an experimental antibody-drug conjugate from MediLink Therapeutics (Suzhou) in phase 3 trials for nasopharyngeal carcinoma, non-small-cell lung cancer and small-cell lung cancer, aimed at B7-H3.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/yl201/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nasopharyngeal nsclc sclc prostate"},{"id":"shr-a2102","kind":"drug","name":"SHR-A2102","aka":"","tldr":"SHR-A2102 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical in phase 3 trials for cervical cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/shr-a2102/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"cervical nsclc head-and-neck urothelial"},{"id":"tqb2102","kind":"drug","name":"TQB2102","aka":"","tldr":"TQB2102 is an experimental antibody-drug conjugate from Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Nanjing Shunxin Pharmaceutical in phase 3 trials for HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, HER2-positive breast cancer and biliary tract cancer, aimed at HER2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/tqb2102/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive cholangiocarcinoma nsclc"},{"id":"pm8002","kind":"drug","name":"PM8002","aka":"Pumitamig","tldr":"PM8002 is an experimental bispecific antibody from Biotheus in phase 3 trials for small-cell lung cancer, triple-negative breast cancer and neuroendocrine tumours, aimed at PD-L1 and VEGF / VEGFR.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/pm8002/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"sclc tnbc neuroendocrine colorectal nsclc"},{"id":"in10018","kind":"drug","name":"IN10018","aka":"IN10018 add on to PLD treatment\nBI 853520","tldr":"IN10018 is an experimental small-molecule drug from InxMed (Shanghai) in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and ovarian cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/in10018/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc pancreatic ovarian sclc"},{"id":"telisotuzumab-adizutecan","kind":"drug","name":"Telisotuzumab adizutecan","aka":"","tldr":"Telisotuzumab adizutecan is an experimental antibody-drug conjugate from AbbVie in phase 3 trials for colorectal cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/telisotuzumab-adizutecan/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"colorectal nsclc met-altered-nsclc"},{"id":"domvanalimab","kind":"drug","name":"Domvanalimab","aka":"","tldr":"Domvanalimab is an experimental monoclonal antibody from Gilead Sciences in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, bladder & urothelial cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/domvanalimab/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc urothelial head-and-neck"},{"id":"si-b001","kind":"drug","name":"SI-B001","aka":"","tldr":"SI-B001 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Sichuan Baili Pharmaceutical in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/si-b001/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc head-and-neck"},{"id":"oleclumab","kind":"drug","name":"Oleclumab","aka":"","tldr":"Oleclumab is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from AstraZeneca in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, triple-negative breast cancer and colorectal cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/oleclumab/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc tnbc colorectal"},{"id":"cetrelimab","kind":"drug","name":"Cetrelimab","aka":"","tldr":"Cetrelimab is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Janssen Research & Development in phase 3 trials for bladder & urothelial cancer, prostate cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/cetrelimab/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"urothelial prostate nsclc"},{"id":"hs-20093","kind":"drug","name":"HS-20093","aka":"","tldr":"HS-20093 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Hansoh BioMedical R&D in phase 3 trials for osteosarcoma, non-small-cell lung cancer and sarcomas, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/hs-20093/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"osteosarcoma nsclc sarcoma prostate head-and-neck esophageal"},{"id":"zg006","kind":"drug","name":"ZG006","aka":"","tldr":"ZG006 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Suzhou Zelgen Biopharmaceuticals in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer and neuroendocrine tumours, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/zg006/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc neuroendocrine"},{"id":"calderasib","kind":"drug","name":"Calderasib","aka":"","tldr":"Calderasib is an experimental small-molecule drug from Merck Sharp & Dohme in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer and colorectal cancer, aimed at KRAS.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/calderasib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc colorectal"},{"id":"zanzalintinib","kind":"drug","name":"Zanzalintinib","aka":"","tldr":"Zanzalintinib is an experimental small-molecule drug from Exelixis in phase 3 trials for neuroendocrine tumours, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma, aimed at VEGF / VEGFR and MET.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/zanzalintinib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"neuroendocrine head-and-neck rcc"},{"id":"ak117","kind":"drug","name":"AK117","aka":"","tldr":"AK117 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Akeso in phase 3 trials for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, colorectal cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/ak117/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"head-and-neck colorectal nsclc aml tnbc sclc"},{"id":"qlc5508","kind":"drug","name":"QLC5508","aka":"","tldr":"QLC5508 is an experimental antibody-drug conjugate from Qilu Pharmaceutical in phase 3 trials for oesophageal cancer, prostate cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer, aimed at B7-H3.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/qlc5508/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"esophageal prostate nsclc"},{"id":"kc1036","kind":"drug","name":"KC1036","aka":"","tldr":"KC1036 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Beijing Konruns Pharmaceutical in phase 3 trials for oesophageal cancer, ewing sarcoma and thymoma and thymic carcinoma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/kc1036/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"esophageal ewing-sarcoma thymic-epithelial"},{"id":"budigalimab","kind":"drug","name":"Budigalimab","aka":"","tldr":"Budigalimab is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from AbbVie in phase 3 trials for hepatocellular carcinoma, non-small-cell lung cancer and bladder & urothelial cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/budigalimab/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"hcc nsclc urothelial"},{"id":"ceralasertib","kind":"drug","name":"Ceralasertib","aka":"","tldr":"Ceralasertib is an experimental small-molecule drug from AstraZeneca in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, melanoma and triple-negative breast cancer, aimed at ATR.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/ceralasertib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc melanoma tnbc"},{"id":"abexinostat","kind":"drug","name":"Abexinostat","aka":"","tldr":"Abexinostat is an experimental small-molecule drug from Xynomic Pharmaceuticals in phase 3 trials for renal cell carcinoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/abexinostat/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"rcc dlbcl follicular-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"hrs-8080","kind":"drug","name":"HRS-8080","aka":"","tldr":"HRS-8080 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Shandong Suncadia Medicine in phase 3 trials for HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/hrs-8080/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"ipatasertib","kind":"drug","name":"Ipatasertib","aka":"","tldr":"Ipatasertib is an experimental small-molecule drug from Hoffmann-La Roche in phase 3 trials for HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer and ovarian cancer, aimed at AKT.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/ipatasertib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"breast-hr-positive ovarian tnbc tnbc-metastatic tnbc-early"},{"id":"opevesostat","kind":"drug","name":"Opevesostat","aka":"","tldr":"Opevesostat is an experimental small-molecule drug from Merck Sharp & Dohme in phase 3 trials for prostate cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/opevesostat/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"dzd8586","kind":"drug","name":"DZD8586","aka":"Birelentinib","tldr":"DZD8586 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Dizal Pharmaceuticals in phase 3 trials for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/dzd8586/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"cll dlbcl"},{"id":"rc148","kind":"drug","name":"RC148","aka":"RC148 plus Platinum-Based Chemotherapy\nRC148 for injection","tldr":"RC148 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from RemeGen in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer and HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/rc148/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"sph4336","kind":"drug","name":"SPH4336","aka":"","tldr":"SPH4336 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Shanghai Pharmaceuticals in phase 3 trials for HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/sph4336/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"lm-108","kind":"drug","name":"LM-108","aka":"","tldr":"LM-108 is an experimental monoclonal antibody from Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Nanjing Shunxin Pharmaceutical in phase 3 trials for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/lm-108/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"pancreatic gastric"},{"id":"yl202","kind":"drug","name":"YL202","aka":"","tldr":"YL202 is an experimental antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) from MediLink Therapeutics (Suzhou) in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer and colorectal cancer, aimed at HER3.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/yl202/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc breast-hr-positive colorectal cervical"},{"id":"livmoniplimab","kind":"drug","name":"Livmoniplimab","aka":"","tldr":"Livmoniplimab is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from AbbVie in phase 3 trials for hepatocellular carcinoma, non-small-cell lung cancer and bladder & urothelial cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/livmoniplimab/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"hcc nsclc urothelial"},{"id":"jdq443","kind":"drug","name":"JDQ443","aka":"","tldr":"JDQ443 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Novartis Pharmaceuticals in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer and colorectal cancer, aimed at KRAS.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/jdq443/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc colorectal"},{"id":"tqb3616","kind":"drug","name":"TQB3616","aka":"","tldr":"TQB3616 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical in phase 3 trials for HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, aimed at CDK4/6.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/tqb3616/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"saruparib","kind":"drug","name":"Saruparib","aka":"","tldr":"Saruparib is an experimental small-molecule drug from AstraZeneca in phase 3 trials for prostate cancer, ovarian cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer, aimed at PARP.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/saruparib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"prostate ovarian nsclc endometrial"},{"id":"ql1706","kind":"drug","name":"QL1706","aka":"Iparomlimab and Tuvonralimab，PSB205","tldr":"QL1706 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Qilu Pharmaceutical in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer and colorectal cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/ql1706/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc colorectal"},{"id":"rocbrutinib","kind":"drug","name":"Rocbrutinib","aka":"","tldr":"Rocbrutinib is an experimental small-molecule drug from Guangzhou Lupeng Pharmaceutical in phase 3 trials for mantle cell lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/rocbrutinib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"mantle-cell-lymphoma cll dlbcl"},{"id":"mk-1045","kind":"drug","name":"MK-1045","aka":"","tldr":"MK-1045 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Merck Sharp & Dohme in phase 3 trials for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, follicular lymphoma and hodgkin lymphoma, aimed at CD19.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/mk-1045/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"all-leukemia follicular-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma dlbcl"},{"id":"oregovomab","kind":"drug","name":"Oregovomab","aka":"MAb-B43.13\nMonoclonal antibody B43.13","tldr":"Oregovomab is an experimental monoclonal antibody from CanariaBio in phase 3 trials for ovarian cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/oregovomab/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"monalizumab","kind":"drug","name":"Monalizumab","aka":"","tldr":"Monalizumab is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from AstraZeneca in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/monalizumab/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc head-and-neck"},{"id":"navlimetostat","kind":"drug","name":"Navlimetostat","aka":"","tldr":"Navlimetostat is an experimental small-molecule drug from Bristol-Myers Squibb in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, aimed at PRMT5 (MTAP-deleted cancers).","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/navlimetostat/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc pancreatic"},{"id":"al8326","kind":"drug","name":"AL8326","aka":"","tldr":"AL8326 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Advenchen Pharmaceuticals in phase 3 trials for small-cell lung cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer and renal cell carcinoma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/al8326/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"sclc nsclc rcc"},{"id":"hlx43","kind":"drug","name":"HLX43","aka":"","tldr":"HLX43 is an experimental antibody-drug conjugate from Shanghai Henlius Biotech in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, cervical cancer and ovarian cancer, aimed at PD-L1 and EGFR.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/hlx43/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc cervical ovarian esophageal"},{"id":"sys6010","kind":"drug","name":"SYS6010","aka":"","tldr":"SYS6010 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from CSPC Megalith Biopharmaceutical in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/sys6010/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc head-and-neck"},{"id":"kl-a167","kind":"drug","name":"KL-A167","aka":"","tldr":"KL-A167 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Sichuan Kelun-Biotech Biopharmaceutical in phase 3 trials for nasopharyngeal carcinoma and non-small-cell lung cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/kl-a167/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nasopharyngeal nsclc"},{"id":"quemliclustat","kind":"drug","name":"Quemliclustat","aka":"","tldr":"Quemliclustat is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Arcus Biosciences in phase 3 trials for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and non-small-cell lung cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/quemliclustat/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"pancreatic nsclc"},{"id":"mrg003","kind":"drug","name":"MRG003","aka":"","tldr":"MRG003 is an experimental antibody-drug conjugate from Lepu Biopharma in phase 3 trials for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/mrg003/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"head-and-neck nasopharyngeal"},{"id":"shr-a1921","kind":"drug","name":"SHR-A1921","aka":"","tldr":"SHR-A1921 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Suzhou Suncadia Biopharmaceuticals in phase 3 trials for ovarian cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/shr-a1921/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"shr-1501","kind":"drug","name":"SHR-1501","aka":"","tldr":"SHR-1501 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Suzhou Suncadia Biopharmaceuticals in phase 3 trials for bladder & urothelial cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/shr-1501/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"darovasertib","kind":"drug","name":"Darovasertib","aka":"IDE 196","tldr":"Darovasertib is an experimental small-molecule drug from IDEAYA Biosciences in phase 3 trials for uveal melanoma and melanoma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/darovasertib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"uveal-melanoma melanoma"},{"id":"cevostamab","kind":"drug","name":"Cevostamab","aka":"","tldr":"Cevostamab is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Hoffmann-La Roche in phase 3 trials for multiple myeloma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/cevostamab/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"hb1801","kind":"drug","name":"HB1801","aka":"","tldr":"HB1801 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Shanghai JMT-Bio in phase 3 trials for HER2-positive breast cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/hb1801/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"jskn003","kind":"drug","name":"JSKN003","aka":"","tldr":"JSKN003 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Jiangsu Alphamab Biopharmaceuticals in phase 3 trials for HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer and HER2-positive breast cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/jskn003/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"eik1001","kind":"drug","name":"EIK1001","aka":"","tldr":"EIK1001 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Eikon Therapeutics in phase 3 trials for melanoma and non-small-cell lung cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/eik1001/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"melanoma nsclc"},{"id":"kn026","kind":"drug","name":"KN026","aka":"","tldr":"KN026 is an experimental monoclonal antibody from Shanghai JMT-Bio in phase 3 trials for HER2-positive breast cancer and HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, aimed at HER2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/kn026/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"breast-her2-positive breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"bexobrutideg","kind":"drug","name":"Bexobrutideg","aka":"","tldr":"Bexobrutideg is an experimental protein degrader from Nurix Therapeutics in phase 3 trials for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, aimed at BTK (Bruton tyrosine kinase).","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/bexobrutideg/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"cll"},{"id":"gfh375","kind":"drug","name":"GFH375","aka":"","tldr":"GFH375 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Genfleet Therapeutics (Shanghai) in phase 3 trials for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and non-small-cell lung cancer, aimed at KRAS.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/gfh375/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"pancreatic nsclc"},{"id":"zipalertinib","kind":"drug","name":"Zipalertinib","aka":"","tldr":"Zipalertinib is an experimental small-molecule drug from Taiho Oncology in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, aimed at EGFR.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/zipalertinib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"aglatimagene-besadenovec","kind":"drug","name":"Aglatimagene besadenovec","aka":"AdV-tk","tldr":"Aglatimagene besadenovec is an experimental gene therapy from Candel Therapeutics in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer and prostate cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/aglatimagene-besadenovec/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc prostate"},{"id":"jnj-79635322","kind":"drug","name":"JNJ-79635322","aka":"","tldr":"JNJ-79635322 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Janssen Research & Development in phase 3 trials for multiple myeloma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/jnj-79635322/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"ql2107","kind":"drug","name":"QL2107","aka":"","tldr":"QL2107 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Qilu Pharmaceutical in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/ql2107/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"ibi354","kind":"drug","name":"IBI354","aka":"","tldr":"IBI354 is an experimental antibody-drug conjugate from Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) in phase 3 trials for HER2-positive breast cancer and ovarian cancer, aimed at HER2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/ibi354/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"breast-her2-positive ovarian"},{"id":"gotistobart","kind":"drug","name":"Gotistobart","aka":"A humanized anti-CTLA4 IgG1 monoclonal antibody","tldr":"Gotistobart is an experimental monoclonal antibody from OncoC4 in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, melanoma and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, aimed at CTLA-4.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/gotistobart/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc melanoma head-and-neck rcc colorectal sarcoma prostate ovarian breast-hr-positive pancreatic gastric esophageal cervical salivary-gland mucoepidermoid-carcinoma urothelial"},{"id":"aaa817","kind":"drug","name":"AAA817","aka":"[225Ac]Ac-PSMA-617","tldr":"AAA817 is an experimental radioligand therapy from Novartis Pharmaceuticals in phase 3 trials for prostate cancer, aimed at PSMA.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/aaa817/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"purinostat","kind":"drug","name":"Purinostat","aka":"Purinostat Mesylate","tldr":"Purinostat is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Chengdu Zenitar Biomedical Technology in phase 3 trials for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and multiple myeloma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/purinostat/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"dlbcl multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"tqb2450","kind":"drug","name":"TQB2450","aka":"","tldr":"TQB2450 is an experimental monoclonal antibody from Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical in phase 3 trials for renal cell carcinoma and non-small-cell lung cancer, aimed at PD-L1 and PD-1.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/tqb2450/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"rcc nsclc"},{"id":"xzp-3287","kind":"drug","name":"XZP-3287","aka":"","tldr":"XZP-3287 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Sihuan Pharmaceutical in phase 3 trials for HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/xzp-3287/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"lam561","kind":"drug","name":"LAM561","aka":"","tldr":"LAM561 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Laminar Pharmaceuticals in phase 3 trials for glioma & glioblastoma, aimed at MET.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/lam561/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"zl-1310","kind":"drug","name":"ZL-1310","aka":"","tldr":"ZL-1310 is an experimental antibody-drug conjugate from Zai Lab (Shanghai) in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, aimed at DLL3.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/zl-1310/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"velzatinib","kind":"drug","name":"Velzatinib","aka":"","tldr":"Velzatinib is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from GlaxoSmithKline in phase 3 trials for gastrointestinal stromal tumour, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/velzatinib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"gist"},{"id":"a166","kind":"drug","name":"A166","aka":"","tldr":"A166 is an experimental antibody-drug conjugate from Sichuan Kelun-Biotech Biopharmaceutical in phase 3 trials for HER2-positive breast cancer, aimed at HER2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/a166/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"shr-a2009","kind":"drug","name":"SHR-A2009","aka":"","tldr":"SHR-A2009 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/shr-a2009/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"mrg002","kind":"drug","name":"MRG002","aka":"","tldr":"MRG002 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Shanghai Miracogen in phase 3 trials for gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer and bladder & urothelial cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/mrg002/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"gastric urothelial"},{"id":"lm-302","kind":"drug","name":"LM-302","aka":"","tldr":"LM-302 is an experimental antibody-drug conjugate from LaNova Medicines Zhejiang in phase 3 trials for gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, aimed at Claudin 18.2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/lm-302/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"gr1803","kind":"drug","name":"GR1803","aka":"","tldr":"GR1803 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Genrix (Shanghai) Biopharmaceutical in phase 3 trials for multiple myeloma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/gr1803/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"io102-io103","kind":"drug","name":"IO102-IO103","aka":"","tldr":"IO102-IO103 is an experimental peptide (immunotherapeutic vaccine) from IO Biotech in phase 3 trials for melanoma and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, aimed at PD-L1.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/io102-io103/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"melanoma head-and-neck"},{"id":"pf-07248144","kind":"drug","name":"PF-07248144","aka":"","tldr":"PF-07248144 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Pfizer in phase 3 trials for HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, prostate cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/pf-07248144/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"breast-hr-positive prostate nsclc"},{"id":"abbv-706","kind":"drug","name":"ABBV-706","aka":"","tldr":"ABBV-706 is an experimental antibody-drug conjugate from AbbVie in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/abbv-706/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"esg401","kind":"drug","name":"ESG401","aka":"","tldr":"ESG401 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Qilu Pharmaceutical in phase 3 trials for triple-negative breast cancer and HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/esg401/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"ty-9591","kind":"drug","name":"TY-9591","aka":"TY-9591 Tablets","tldr":"TY-9591 is an experimental small-molecule drug from TYK Medicines in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/ty-9591/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"evorpacept","kind":"drug","name":"Evorpacept","aka":"Evorpacept (ALX148)","tldr":"Evorpacept is an experimental immune checkpoint modulator from ALX Oncology in phase 3 trials for gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer and HER2-positive breast cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/evorpacept/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"gastric breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"bcd-217","kind":"drug","name":"BCD-217","aka":"nurulimab+prolgolimab","tldr":"BCD-217 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Biocad in phase 3 trials for melanoma, aimed at PD-1 and CTLA-4.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/bcd-217/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"tara-002","kind":"drug","name":"TARA-002","aka":"","tldr":"TARA-002 is an experimental cell therapy whose type is not stated from Protara Therapeutics in phase 3 trials for bladder & urothelial cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/tara-002/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"tgrx-326","kind":"drug","name":"TGRX-326","aka":"TGRX-326 QD (once a day)","tldr":"TGRX-326 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Shenzhen TargetRx in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/tgrx-326/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"hs-20089","kind":"drug","name":"HS-20089","aka":"","tldr":"HS-20089 is an experimental antibody-drug conjugate from Hansoh BioMedical R&D in phase 3 trials for ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/hs-20089/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"ovarian endometrial"},{"id":"uliledlimab","kind":"drug","name":"Uliledlimab","aka":"","tldr":"Uliledlimab is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from TJ Biopharma in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/uliledlimab/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"qls32015","kind":"drug","name":"QLS32015","aka":"","tldr":"QLS32015 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Qilu Pharmaceutical in phase 3 trials for multiple myeloma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/qls32015/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"bebt-209","kind":"drug","name":"BEBT-209","aka":"","tldr":"BEBT-209 is an experimental small-molecule drug from BeBetter Med in phase 3 trials for triple-negative breast cancer and HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/bebt-209/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"givinostat","kind":"drug","name":"Givinostat","aka":"givinostat (ITF2357)","tldr":"Givinostat is an experimental small-molecule drug from Italfarmaco in phase 3 trials for myeloproliferative neoplasms, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/givinostat/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms polycythaemia-vera"},{"id":"sitneprotafib","kind":"drug","name":"Sitneprotafib","aka":"","tldr":"Sitneprotafib is an experimental small-molecule drug from Allist Pharmaceuticals in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, colorectal cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/sitneprotafib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc colorectal pancreatic"},{"id":"incb123667","kind":"drug","name":"INCB123667","aka":"","tldr":"INCB123667 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Incyte in phase 3 trials for ovarian cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/incb123667/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"js105","kind":"drug","name":"JS105","aka":"","tldr":"JS105 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Risen (Suzhou) Pharma Tech in phase 3 trials for HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/js105/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"jmt101","kind":"drug","name":"JMT101","aka":"","tldr":"JMT101 is an experimental monoclonal antibody from Shanghai JMT-Bio in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, aimed at EGFR.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/jmt101/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"jskn016","kind":"drug","name":"JSKN016","aka":"","tldr":"JSKN016 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Jiangsu Alphamab Biopharmaceuticals in phase 3 trials for triple-negative breast cancer and HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/jskn016/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"acasunlimab","kind":"drug","name":"Acasunlimab","aka":"DuoBody®-PD-L1×4-1BB","tldr":"Acasunlimab is an experimental bispecific antibody from Genmab in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, aimed at PD-L1.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/acasunlimab/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"bnt324","kind":"drug","name":"BNT324","aka":"","tldr":"BNT324 is an experimental antibody-drug conjugate from BioNTech SE in phase 3 trials for prostate cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer, aimed at B7-H3.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/bnt324/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"prostate nsclc"},{"id":"cobolimab","kind":"drug","name":"Cobolimab","aka":"","tldr":"Cobolimab is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from GlaxoSmithKline in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, melanoma and hodgkin lymphoma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/cobolimab/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc melanoma hodgkin-lymphoma glioblastoma osteosarcoma hcc rhabdomyosarcoma"},{"id":"icp-248","kind":"drug","name":"ICP-248","aka":"","tldr":"ICP-248 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Beijing InnoCare Pharma Tech in phase 3 trials for mantle cell lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/icp-248/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"mantle-cell-lymphoma cll"},{"id":"emactuzumab","kind":"drug","name":"Emactuzumab","aka":"","tldr":"Emactuzumab is an experimental monoclonal antibody from SynOx Therapeutics in phase 3 trials for tenosynovial giant cell tumour, aimed at CSF1R.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/emactuzumab/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"tenosynovial-giant-cell-tumour"},{"id":"azenosertib","kind":"drug","name":"Azenosertib","aka":"ZN-c3","tldr":"Azenosertib is an experimental small-molecule drug from K-, Beta in phase 3 trials for ovarian cancer, aimed at WEE1.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/azenosertib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"olvimulogene-nanivacirepvec","kind":"drug","name":"Olvimulogene nanivacirepvec","aka":"GL-ONC1 and GLV-1h68\nOlvi-Vec\nGL-ONC\nGLV-1h68","tldr":"Olvimulogene nanivacirepvec is an experimental oncolytic virus from Genelux in phase 3 trials for ovarian cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/olvimulogene-nanivacirepvec/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"ovarian nsclc"},{"id":"setidegrasib","kind":"drug","name":"Setidegrasib","aka":"","tldr":"Setidegrasib is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Astellas Pharma Global Development in phase 3 trials for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and non-small-cell lung cancer, aimed at KRAS.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/setidegrasib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"pancreatic nsclc"},{"id":"hlx22","kind":"drug","name":"HLX22","aka":"","tldr":"HLX22 is an experimental monoclonal antibody from Shanghai Henlius Biotech in phase 3 trials for gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer and HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, aimed at HER2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/hlx22/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"gastric breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"sctb41","kind":"drug","name":"SCTB41","aka":"","tldr":"SCTB41 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Sinocelltech in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/sctb41/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"d07001","kind":"drug","name":"D07001","aka":"D07001-softgel","tldr":"D07001 is an experimental small-molecule drug from InnoPharmax in phase 3 trials for biliary tract cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/d07001/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"sctb35","kind":"drug","name":"SCTB35","aka":"","tldr":"SCTB35 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Sinocelltech in phase 3 trials for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/sctb35/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"dlbcl follicular-lymphoma"},{"id":"tersolisib","kind":"drug","name":"Tersolisib","aka":"","tldr":"Tersolisib is an experimental small-molecule drug from Eli Lilly and in phase 3 trials for HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, aimed at PIK3CA / PI3K-alpha.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/tersolisib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"arlocabtagene-autoleucel","kind":"drug","name":"Arlocabtagene Autoleucel","aka":"Arlo-cel\nGPRC5D CAR T cells","tldr":"Arlocabtagene Autoleucel is an experimental CAR-T cell therapy from Juno Therapeutics, a Bristol-Myers Squibb in phase 3 trials for multiple myeloma, aimed at GPRC5D.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/arlocabtagene-autoleucel/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"bezuclastinib","kind":"drug","name":"Bezuclastinib","aka":"","tldr":"Bezuclastinib is an experimental small-molecule drug from Cogent Biosciences in phase 3 trials for gastrointestinal stromal tumour, aimed at KIT and MET.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/bezuclastinib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"gist indolent-systemic-mastocytosis advanced-systemic-mastocytosis"},{"id":"tqb3454","kind":"drug","name":"TQB3454","aka":"","tldr":"TQB3454 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical in phase 3 trials for biliary tract cancer, aimed at IDH1 / IDH2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/tqb3454/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"shr-a1912","kind":"drug","name":"SHR-A1912","aka":"","tldr":"SHR-A1912 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Suzhou Suncadia Biopharmaceuticals in phase 3 trials for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/shr-a1912/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"hmpl-306","kind":"drug","name":"HMPL-306","aka":"HMPL-306 Regimen","tldr":"HMPL-306 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Hutchmed in phase 3 trials for acute myeloid leukaemia, aimed at IDH1 / IDH2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/hmpl-306/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"tak-928","kind":"drug","name":"TAK-928","aka":"","tldr":"TAK-928 is an experimental bispecific antibody from Takeda in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, aimed at PD-1 and CD25 (IL-2 receptor alpha).","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/tak-928/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"clifutinib","kind":"drug","name":"Clifutinib","aka":"","tldr":"Clifutinib is an experimental small-molecule drug from Sunshine Lake Pharma in phase 3 trials for acute myeloid leukaemia, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/clifutinib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"idrx-42","kind":"drug","name":"IDRX-42","aka":"velzatinib - subject to USAN approval","tldr":"IDRX-42 is an experimental small-molecule drug from GlaxoSmithKline in phase 3 trials for gastrointestinal stromal tumour, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/idrx-42/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"gist"},{"id":"elenestinib","kind":"drug","name":"Elenestinib","aka":"","tldr":"Elenestinib is an experimental small-molecule drug from Blueprint Medicines in phase 3 trials for systemic mastocytosis, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/elenestinib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"systemic-mastocytosis indolent-systemic-mastocytosis"},{"id":"glsi-100","kind":"drug","name":"GLSI-100","aka":"","tldr":"GLSI-100 is an experimental cancer vaccine from Greenwich LifeSciences in phase 3 trials for HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, aimed at HER2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/glsi-100/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"int230-6","kind":"drug","name":"INT230-6","aka":"","tldr":"INT230-6 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Intensity Therapeutics in phase 3 trials for sarcomas, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/int230-6/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"grt-c901","kind":"drug","name":"GRT-C901","aka":"","tldr":"GRT-C901 is an experimental cancer vaccine from Seattle Project in phase 3 trials for colorectal cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/grt-c901/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"grt-r902","kind":"drug","name":"GRT-R902","aka":"","tldr":"GRT-R902 is an experimental cancer vaccine from Seattle Project in phase 3 trials for colorectal cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/grt-r902/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"imp4927","kind":"drug","name":"Senaparib (IMP4297)","aka":"senaparib\nIMP4297\nIMP4927\nSepalna","tldr":"Senaparib is an oral PARP inhibitor from IMPACT Therapeutics tested as maintenance treatment after first-line chemotherapy for advanced ovarian cancer. On 17 September 2026 the EMA's medicines committee recommended EU approval under the name Sepalna; the European Commission's decision is pending.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/imp4927/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"lerotinib","kind":"drug","name":"Lerotinib","aka":"Z650","tldr":"Lerotinib is an experimental small-molecule drug from Sunshine Lake Pharma in phase 3 trials for oesophageal cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/lerotinib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"esophageal"},{"id":"azd5335","kind":"drug","name":"AZD5335","aka":"","tldr":"AZD5335 is an experimental antibody-drug conjugate from AstraZeneca in phase 3 trials for ovarian cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/azd5335/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"tq-b3234","kind":"drug","name":"TQ-B3234","aka":"","tldr":"TQ-B3234 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical in phase 3 trials for rare cancers of childhood, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/tq-b3234/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"rare-childhood-cancers"},{"id":"ugn-103","kind":"drug","name":"UGN-103","aka":"UGN-103 (mitomycin) for intravesical solution","tldr":"UGN-103 is an experimental chemotherapy (mitomycin) delivered via hydrogel from UroGen Pharma in phase 3 trials for bladder & urothelial cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/ugn-103/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"hmpl-453","kind":"drug","name":"HMPL-453","aka":"","tldr":"HMPL-453 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Hutchmed in phase 3 trials for biliary tract cancer, aimed at FGFR2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/hmpl-453/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"sctc21c","kind":"drug","name":"SCTC21C","aka":"","tldr":"SCTC21C is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Sinocelltech in phase 3 trials for multiple myeloma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/sctc21c/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"bcd-100","kind":"drug","name":"BCD-100","aka":"prolgolimab\nForteca","tldr":"BCD-100 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Biocad in phase 3 trials for melanoma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/bcd-100/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"hr070803","kind":"drug","name":"HR070803","aka":"","tldr":"HR070803 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Jiangsu HengRui Medicine in phase 3 trials for colorectal cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/hr070803/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"nb003","kind":"drug","name":"NB003","aka":"","tldr":"NB003 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Ningbo Newbay Technology Development in phase 3 trials for gastrointestinal stromal tumour, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/nb003/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"gist"},{"id":"fda018-adc","kind":"drug","name":"FDA018-ADC","aka":"FDA018-Antibody-drug Conjugate","tldr":"FDA018-ADC is an experimental antibody-drug conjugate from Shanghai Fudan-Zhangjiang Bio-Pharmaceutical in phase 3 trials for triple-negative breast cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/fda018-adc/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"tbi-1301","kind":"drug","name":"TBI-1301","aka":"","tldr":"TBI-1301 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Takara Bio in phase 3 trials for sarcomas, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/tbi-1301/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"d-0502","kind":"drug","name":"D-0502","aka":"","tldr":"D-0502 is an experimental small-molecule drug from InventisBio in phase 3 trials for HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/d-0502/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"incb161734","kind":"drug","name":"INCB161734","aka":"","tldr":"INCB161734 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Incyte in phase 3 trials for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, aimed at KRAS.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/incb161734/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"tar-210","kind":"drug","name":"TAR-210","aka":"","tldr":"TAR-210 is an experimental small molecule (intravesical drug-releasing system) from Janssen Research & Development in phase 3 trials for bladder & urothelial cancer, aimed at FGFR2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/tar-210/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"hmpl-760","kind":"drug","name":"HMPL-760","aka":"","tldr":"HMPL-760 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Hutchmed in phase 3 trials for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/hmpl-760/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"ima203","kind":"drug","name":"IMA203","aka":"anzutresgene autoleucel\nanzu-cel","tldr":"IMA203 is an experimental TCR-T cell therapy from Immatics US in phase 3 trials for melanoma, aimed at PRAME.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/ima203/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"sim0270","kind":"drug","name":"SIM0270","aka":"","tldr":"SIM0270 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical in phase 3 trials for HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/sim0270/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"asp2138","kind":"drug","name":"ASP2138","aka":"","tldr":"ASP2138 is an experimental bispecific antibody from Astellas Pharma Global Development in phase 3 trials for gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, aimed at Claudin 18.2 and CD3.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/asp2138/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"f182112","kind":"drug","name":"F182112","aka":"F182112 single-agent","tldr":"F182112 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Shandong New Time Pharmaceutical in phase 3 trials for multiple myeloma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/f182112/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"zovegalisib","kind":"drug","name":"Zovegalisib","aka":"","tldr":"Zovegalisib is an experimental small-molecule drug from Relay Therapeutics in phase 3 trials for HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, aimed at PIK3CA / PI3K-alpha.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/zovegalisib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"vc004","kind":"drug","name":"VC004","aka":"","tldr":"VC004 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Jiangsu vcare pharmaceutical technology co. in phase 3 trials, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/vc004/","status":"phase-3"},{"id":"hlx11","kind":"drug","name":"HLX11","aka":"","tldr":"HLX11 is an experimental monoclonal antibody from Shanghai Henlius Biotech in phase 3 trials for HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer and HER2-positive breast cancer, aimed at HER2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/hlx11/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"atigotatug","kind":"drug","name":"Atigotatug","aka":"BMS-986489 (Atigotatug","tldr":"Atigotatug is an experimental monoclonal antibody from Bristol-Myers Squibb in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/atigotatug/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"sgm-101","kind":"drug","name":"SGM-101","aka":"","tldr":"SGM-101 is an experimental monoclonal antibody from Surgimab in phase 3 trials for colorectal cancer, aimed at CEACAM5.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/sgm-101/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"precemtabart-tocentecan","kind":"drug","name":"Precemtabart tocentecan","aka":"Precem-TcT","tldr":"Precemtabart tocentecan is an experimental antibody-drug conjugate from EMD Serono Research & Development Institute in phase 3 trials for colorectal cancer, aimed at CEACAM5.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/precemtabart-tocentecan/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"al2846","kind":"drug","name":"AL2846","aka":"","tldr":"AL2846 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical in phase 3 trials for thyroid cancer, aimed at MET and RET.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/al2846/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"sasanlimab","kind":"drug","name":"Sasanlimab","aka":"","tldr":"Sasanlimab is an experimental monoclonal antibody from Pfizer in phase 3 trials for bladder & urothelial cancer, aimed at PD-1 and PD-L1.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/sasanlimab/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"tovecimig","kind":"drug","name":"Tovecimig","aka":"","tldr":"Tovecimig is an experimental bispecific antibody from Compass Therapeutics in phase 3 trials for biliary tract cancer and bladder & urothelial cancer, aimed at VEGF / VEGFR.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/tovecimig/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma urothelial"},{"id":"inca33890","kind":"drug","name":"INCA33890","aka":"","tldr":"INCA33890 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Incyte in phase 3 trials for colorectal cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/inca33890/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"rph-051","kind":"drug","name":"RPH-051","aka":"","tldr":"RPH-051 is an experimental monoclonal antibody from R-Pharm in phase 3 trials for HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer and HER2-positive breast cancer, aimed at HER2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/rph-051/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"bms-986365","kind":"drug","name":"BMS-986365","aka":"","tldr":"BMS-986365 is an experimental protein degrader from Celgene in phase 3 trials for prostate cancer, aimed at Androgen receptor.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/bms-986365/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"lns8801","kind":"drug","name":"LNS8801","aka":"","tldr":"LNS8801 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Linnaeus Therapeutics in phase 3 trials for melanoma, aimed at Estrogen receptor (ERα).","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/lns8801/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"rondecabtagene-autoleucel","kind":"drug","name":"Rondecabtagene autoleucel","aka":"","tldr":"Rondecabtagene autoleucel is an experimental CAR-T cell therapy from Lyell Immunopharma in phase 3 trials for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and hodgkin lymphoma, aimed at CD19 and CD20.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/rondecabtagene-autoleucel/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"dlbcl hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"jnj-87189401","kind":"drug","name":"JNJ-87189401","aka":"","tldr":"JNJ-87189401 is an experimental costimulatory agent from Janssen Research & Development in phase 3 trials for prostate cancer, aimed at PSMA.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/jnj-87189401/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"inbrx-106","kind":"drug","name":"INBRX-106","aka":"Hexavalent OX40 agonist antibody","tldr":"INBRX-106 is an experimental monoclonal antibody from Inhibrx Biosciences in phase 3 trials for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/inbrx-106/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"bomedemstat","kind":"drug","name":"Bomedemstat","aka":"","tldr":"Bomedemstat is an experimental small-molecule drug from Merck Sharp & Dohme in phase 3 trials for myeloproliferative neoplasms, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/bomedemstat/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms polycythaemia-vera essential-thrombocythaemia"},{"id":"jnj-90301900","kind":"drug","name":"JNJ-90301900","aka":"JNJ-90301900 (NBTXR3)\nNBTXR3","tldr":"JNJ-90301900 is an experimental radioenhancer nanoparticle from Johnson & Johnson Enterprise Innovation in phase 3 trials for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/jnj-90301900/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"m108","kind":"drug","name":"M108","aka":"M108 monoclonal antibody","tldr":"M108 is an experimental monoclonal antibody from FutureGen Biopharmaceutical (Beijing) in phase 3 trials for gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, aimed at Claudin 18.2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/m108/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"bgb-43395","kind":"drug","name":"BGB-43395","aka":"","tldr":"BGB-43395 is an experimental small-molecule drug from BeOne Medicines in phase 3 trials for HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/bgb-43395/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"soquelitinib","kind":"drug","name":"Soquelitinib","aka":"","tldr":"Soquelitinib is an experimental small-molecule drug from Corvus Pharmaceuticals in phase 3 trials for peripheral T-cell lymphomas, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/soquelitinib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"vepugratinib","kind":"drug","name":"Vepugratinib","aka":"","tldr":"Vepugratinib is an experimental small-molecule drug from Eli Lilly and in phase 3 trials for bladder & urothelial cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/vepugratinib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"pelabresib","kind":"drug","name":"Pelabresib","aka":"","tldr":"Pelabresib is an experimental small-molecule drug from Novartis Pharmaceuticals in phase 3 trials, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/pelabresib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"primary-myelofibrosis"},{"id":"naporafenib","kind":"drug","name":"Naporafenib","aka":"","tldr":"Naporafenib is an experimental small-molecule drug from Erasca in phase 3 trials for melanoma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/naporafenib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"asc40","kind":"drug","name":"ASC40","aka":"","tldr":"ASC40 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Ascletis Pharmaceuticals in phase 3 trials for glioma & glioblastoma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/asc40/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"trabedersen","kind":"drug","name":"Trabedersen","aka":"","tldr":"Trabedersen is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Oncotelic in phase 3 trials for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/trabedersen/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"adi-peg20","kind":"drug","name":"ADI-PEG20","aka":"pegargiminase","tldr":"ADI-PEG20 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Polaris in phase 3 trials for hepatocellular carcinoma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/adi-peg20/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"ro7771950","kind":"drug","name":"RO7771950","aka":"ZN-A-1041","tldr":"RO7771950 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Hoffmann-La Roche in phase 3 trials for HER2-positive breast cancer and HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, aimed at HER2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/ro7771950/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"breast-her2-positive breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"sctb14","kind":"drug","name":"SCTB14","aka":"","tldr":"SCTB14 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Sinocelltech in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/sctb14/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"ose2101","kind":"drug","name":"OSE2101","aka":"","tldr":"OSE2101 is an experimental cancer vaccine from OSE Immunotherapeutics in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, aimed at HER2 and CEACAM5.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/ose2101/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"sg301","kind":"drug","name":"SG301","aka":"","tldr":"SG301 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Hangzhou Sumgen Biotech in phase 3 trials for multiple myeloma, aimed at CD38.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/sg301/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"navitoclax","kind":"drug","name":"Navitoclax","aka":"","tldr":"Navitoclax is an experimental small-molecule drug from AbbVie in phase 3 trials for myeloproliferative neoplasms, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/navitoclax/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms primary-myelofibrosis"},{"id":"pf-08046054","kind":"drug","name":"PF-08046054","aka":"SGN-PDL1V","tldr":"PF-08046054 is an experimental antibody-drug conjugate from Pfizer in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, aimed at PD-L1.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/pf-08046054/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"varegacestat","kind":"drug","name":"Varegacestat","aka":"","tldr":"Varegacestat is an experimental small-molecule drug from Immunome in phase 3 trials for desmoid tumour, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/varegacestat/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"desmoid-tumour"},{"id":"hs-20117","kind":"drug","name":"HS-20117","aka":"","tldr":"HS-20117 is an experimental bispecific antibody from Hansoh BioMedical R&D in phase 3 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, aimed at EGFR and MET.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/hs-20117/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"gq1005","kind":"drug","name":"GQ1005","aka":"","tldr":"GQ1005 is an experimental antibody-drug conjugate from GeneQuantum Healthcare (Suzhou) in phase 3 trials for HER2-positive breast cancer, aimed at HER2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/gq1005/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"ugn-104","kind":"drug","name":"UGN-104","aka":"UGN-104 (mitomycin) for pyelocalyceal solution","tldr":"UGN-104 is an experimental chemotherapy (mitomycin) delivered via hydrogel from UroGen Pharma in phase 3 trials for bladder & urothelial cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/ugn-104/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"qls31905","kind":"drug","name":"QLS31905","aka":"","tldr":"QLS31905 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Qilu Pharmaceutical in phase 3 trials for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/qls31905/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"sofetabart-mipitecan","kind":"drug","name":"Sofetabart Mipitecan","aka":"Sofe-M","tldr":"Sofetabart Mipitecan is an experimental antibody-drug conjugate from Eli Lilly and in phase 3 trials for ovarian cancer, aimed at Folate receptor alpha.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/sofetabart-mipitecan/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"ivospemin","kind":"drug","name":"Ivospemin","aka":"","tldr":"Ivospemin is an experimental small-molecule drug from Panbela Therapeutics in phase 3 trials for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/ivospemin/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"bnt113","kind":"drug","name":"BNT113","aka":"","tldr":"BNT113 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from BioNTech SE in phase 3 trials for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/bnt113/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"chiauranib","kind":"drug","name":"Chiauranib","aka":"","tldr":"Chiauranib is an experimental small-molecule drug from Chipscreen Biosciences in phase 3 trials for ovarian cancer, aimed at VEGF / VEGFR and KIT.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/chiauranib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"rinzimetostat","kind":"drug","name":"Rinzimetostat","aka":"","tldr":"Rinzimetostat is an experimental small-molecule drug from ORIC Pharmaceuticals in phase 3 trials for prostate cancer, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/rinzimetostat/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"atebimetinib","kind":"drug","name":"Atebimetinib","aka":"","tldr":"Atebimetinib is an experimental small-molecule drug from Immuneering in phase 3 trials for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, aimed at MEK1/2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/atebimetinib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"ibi343","kind":"drug","name":"IBI343","aka":"","tldr":"IBI343 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) in phase 3 trials for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, aimed at Claudin 18.2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/ibi343/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"bleximenib","kind":"drug","name":"Bleximenib","aka":"","tldr":"Bleximenib is an experimental small-molecule drug from Janssen Research & Development in phase 3 trials for acute myeloid leukaemia, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/bleximenib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"aml aml-npm1-kmt2a"},{"id":"ibi310","kind":"drug","name":"IBI310","aka":"","tldr":"IBI310 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Innovent Biopharmaceutical Technology (Hangzhou) in phase 3 trials for hepatocellular carcinoma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/ibi310/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"ficlatuzumab","kind":"drug","name":"Ficlatuzumab","aka":"","tldr":"Ficlatuzumab is an experimental monoclonal antibody from AVEO Pharmaceuticals in phase 3 trials for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/ficlatuzumab/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"azd0486","kind":"drug","name":"AZD0486","aka":"","tldr":"AZD0486 is an experimental bispecific antibody from AstraZeneca in phase 3 trials for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, aimed at CD19 and CD3.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/azd0486/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"ifupinostat","kind":"drug","name":"Ifupinostat","aka":"Ifupinostat Hydrochloride\nBEBT-908 for Injection","tldr":"Ifupinostat is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from BeBetter Med in phase 3 trials for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, with its target not yet stated publicly.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/ifupinostat/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"hrs-4357","kind":"drug","name":"HRS-4357","aka":"","tldr":"HRS-4357 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Jiangsu HengRui Medicine in phase 3 trials for prostate cancer, aimed at PSMA.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/hrs-4357/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"safusidenib","kind":"drug","name":"Safusidenib","aka":"DS-1001b","tldr":"Safusidenib is an experimental small molecule inhibitor from Nuvation Bio in phase 3 trials for glioma & glioblastoma, aimed at IDH1 / IDH2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/safusidenib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"glioblastoma idh-mutant-astrocytoma oligodendroglioma"},{"id":"iah0968","kind":"drug","name":"IAH0968","aka":"","tldr":"IAH0968 is an experimental small-molecule drug from SUNHO（China）BioPharmaceutical CO. in phase 3 trials for gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, aimed at HER2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/iah0968/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"ibi363","kind":"drug","name":"IBI363","aka":"","tldr":"IBI363 is an experimental fusion protein from Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) in phase 2 trials for melanoma, non-small-cell lung cancer and colorectal cancer, aimed at PD-1.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/ibi363/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"melanoma nsclc colorectal rcc"},{"id":"vs-7375","kind":"drug","name":"VS-7375","aka":"","tldr":"VS-7375 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Verastem in phase 2 trials for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, non-small-cell lung cancer and colorectal cancer, aimed at KRAS.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/vs-7375/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"pancreatic nsclc colorectal"},{"id":"t3011","kind":"drug","name":"T3011","aka":"","tldr":"T3011 is an experimental small-molecule drug from ImmVira Pharma in phase 2 trials for melanoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and sarcomas, aimed at PD-1 and PD-L1.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/t3011/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"melanoma head-and-neck sarcoma nsclc urothelial"},{"id":"fpi-2265","kind":"drug","name":"FPI-2265","aka":"Ac225-PSMA I&T","tldr":"FPI-2265 is an experimental radioligand therapy from Fusion Pharmaceuticals in phase 2 trials for prostate cancer, aimed at PSMA.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/fpi-2265/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"adg126","kind":"drug","name":"ADG126","aka":"","tldr":"ADG126 is an experimental monoclonal antibody from Adagene in phase 2 trials for hepatocellular carcinoma, aimed at CTLA-4.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/adg126/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"tng462","kind":"drug","name":"TNG462","aka":"","tldr":"TNG462 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Tango Therapeutics in phase 2 trials for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and non-small-cell lung cancer, aimed at PRMT5 (MTAP-deleted cancers).","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/tng462/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"pancreatic nsclc"},{"id":"mcla-129","kind":"drug","name":"MCLA-129","aka":"bispecific","tldr":"MCLA-129 is an experimental bispecific antibody from Betta Pharmaceuticals in phase 2 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and colorectal cancer, aimed at EGFR and MET.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/mcla-129/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"nsclc head-and-neck colorectal gastric esophageal"},{"id":"trk-950","kind":"drug","name":"TRK-950","aka":"","tldr":"TRK-950 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Toray Industries in phase 2 trials for gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer and melanoma, aimed at NTRK.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/trk-950/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"gastric melanoma"},{"id":"tqb2825","kind":"drug","name":"TQB2825","aka":"","tldr":"TQB2825 is an experimental bispecific antibody from Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical in phase 2 trials for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, aimed at CD20 and CD3.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/tqb2825/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"tyra-300","kind":"drug","name":"TYRA-300","aka":"","tldr":"TYRA-300 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Tyra Biosciences in phase 2 trials for bladder & urothelial cancer, aimed at FGFR2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/tyra-300/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"tqb6411","kind":"drug","name":"TQB6411","aka":"","tldr":"TQB6411 is an experimental antibody-drug conjugate from Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical in phase 2 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer and oesophageal cancer, aimed at EGFR and MET.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/tqb6411/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"nsclc esophageal"},{"id":"tqb2930","kind":"drug","name":"TQB2930","aka":"","tldr":"TQB2930 is an experimental bispecific antibody from Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical in phase 2 trials for HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, aimed at HER2 and EGFR.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/tqb2930/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"krt-232","kind":"drug","name":"KRT-232","aka":"","tldr":"KRT-232 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Kartos Therapeutics in phase 2 trials for myeloproliferative neoplasms, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, aimed at MDM2 and TP53.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/krt-232/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms dlbcl cll hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"azd3470","kind":"drug","name":"AZD3470","aka":"","tldr":"AZD3470 is an experimental small-molecule drug from AstraZeneca in phase 2 trials for hodgkin lymphoma and peripheral T-cell lymphomas, aimed at PRMT5 (MTAP-deleted cancers).","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/azd3470/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"ssgj-705","kind":"drug","name":"SSGJ-705","aka":"","tldr":"SSGJ-705 is an experimental monoclonal antibody from Shenyang Sunshine Pharmaceutical in phase 2 trials, aimed at PD-1 and HER2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/ssgj-705/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"avzo-021","kind":"drug","name":"AVZO-021","aka":"","tldr":"AVZO-021 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Avenzo Therapeutics in phase 2 trials for HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer, aimed at HER2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/avzo-021/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"breast-hr-positive ovarian endometrial tnbc"},{"id":"cusatuzumab","kind":"drug","name":"Cusatuzumab","aka":"","tldr":"Cusatuzumab is an experimental monoclonal antibody from OncoVerity in phase 2 trials for acute myeloid leukaemia, aimed at CD70.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/cusatuzumab/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"xnw5004","kind":"drug","name":"XNW5004","aka":"EZH2i","tldr":"XNW5004 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Evopoint Biosciences in phase 2 trials for follicular lymphoma and prostate cancer, aimed at EZH2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/xnw5004/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma prostate"},{"id":"serabelisib","kind":"drug","name":"Serabelisib","aka":"","tldr":"Serabelisib is an experimental small-molecule drug from Faeth Therapeutics in phase 2 trials for HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer and endometrial cancer, aimed at PIK3CA / PI3K-alpha.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/serabelisib/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"breast-hr-positive endometrial"},{"id":"sapanisertib","kind":"drug","name":"Sapanisertib","aka":"","tldr":"Sapanisertib is an experimental small-molecule drug from Faeth Therapeutics in phase 2 trials for HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer and endometrial cancer, aimed at mTOR.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/sapanisertib/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"breast-hr-positive endometrial"},{"id":"zamtocabtagene-autoleucel","kind":"drug","name":"Zamtocabtagene autoleucel","aka":"zamtocabtagene autoleucel (MB-CART2019.1)","tldr":"Zamtocabtagene autoleucel is an experimental CAR-T cell therapy from Miltenyi Biomedicine in phase 2 trials for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, primary CNS lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma, aimed at CD19 and CD20.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/zamtocabtagene-autoleucel/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"dlbcl primary-cns-lymphoma mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"ak119","kind":"drug","name":"AK119","aka":"","tldr":"AK119 is an experimental monoclonal antibody from Akeso in phase 2 trials for colorectal cancer, aimed at CD73 / adenosine axis.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/ak119/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"anvumetostat","kind":"drug","name":"Anvumetostat","aka":"MTA Cooperative PRMT5 inhibitor\nAMG 193","tldr":"Anvumetostat is an experimental small-molecule drug from Amgen in phase 2 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, aimed at PRMT5 (MTAP-deleted cancers).","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/anvumetostat/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"xnw27011","kind":"drug","name":"XNW27011","aka":"","tldr":"XNW27011 is an experimental antibody-drug conjugate from Astellas Pharma Global Development in phase 2 trials for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, non-small-cell lung cancer and ovarian cancer, aimed at Claudin 18.2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/xnw27011/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"pancreatic nsclc ovarian colorectal cholangiocarcinoma gastric"},{"id":"azd9793","kind":"drug","name":"AZD9793","aka":"","tldr":"AZD9793 is an experimental T-cell engager from AstraZeneca in phase 2 trials for hepatocellular carcinoma, aimed at Glypican-3.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/azd9793/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"hcc"},{"id":"tqb2922","kind":"drug","name":"TQB2922","aka":"","tldr":"TQB2922 is an experimental bispecific antibody from Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Nanjing Shunxin Pharmaceutical in phase 2 trials for colorectal cancer, aimed at EGFR and MET.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/tqb2922/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"cinrebafusp-alfa","kind":"drug","name":"Cinrebafusp alfa","aka":"Cinrebafusp alfa (PRS-343)","tldr":"Cinrebafusp alfa is an experimental fusion protein from Pieris Pharmaceuticals in phase 2 trials for gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, aimed at HER2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/cinrebafusp-alfa/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"e-edv-d682","kind":"drug","name":"E-EDV-D682","aka":"","tldr":"E-EDV-D682 is an experimental EDV nanocell (bacterial minicell) drug conjugate from Engeneic Pty in phase 2 trials for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, aimed at EGFR.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/e-edv-d682/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"abt-301","kind":"drug","name":"ABT-301","aka":"MPT0E028\nImofinostat","tldr":"ABT-301 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Anbogen Therapeutics in phase 2 trials for colorectal cancer, aimed at Histone deacetylases (HDAC).","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/abt-301/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"hmbd-001","kind":"drug","name":"HMBD-001","aka":"","tldr":"HMBD-001 is an experimental monoclonal antibody from Hummingbird Bioscience in phase 2 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and oesophageal cancer, aimed at HER3 and EGFR.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/hmbd-001/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"nsclc head-and-neck esophageal cervical cutaneous-scc nasopharyngeal"},{"id":"tc011","kind":"drug","name":"TC011","aka":"","tldr":"TC011 is an experimental CAR-T cell therapy from TICAROS in phase 2 trials for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma, aimed at CD19.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/tc011/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"dlbcl follicular-lymphoma"},{"id":"englumafusp-alfa","kind":"drug","name":"Englumafusp alfa","aka":"A CD19 Targeted 4-1BB Ligand; RO7227166","tldr":"Englumafusp alfa is an experimental fusion protein from Hoffmann-La Roche in phase 2 trials for hodgkin lymphoma, aimed at CD19.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/englumafusp-alfa/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"azd4360","kind":"drug","name":"AZD4360","aka":"","tldr":"AZD4360 is an experimental antibody-drug conjugate from AstraZeneca in phase 2 trials for gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, biliary tract cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, aimed at Claudin 18.2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/azd4360/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"gastric cholangiocarcinoma pancreatic"},{"id":"ssgj-706","kind":"drug","name":"SSGJ-706","aka":"","tldr":"SSGJ-706 is an experimental bispecific antibody from Shenyang Sunshine Pharmaceutical in phase 2 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, aimed at PD-1 and PD-L1.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/ssgj-706/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"ep0031","kind":"drug","name":"EP0031","aka":"","tldr":"EP0031 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Ellipses Pharma in phase 2 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, aimed at RET.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/ep0031/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"farletuzumab-exatecan","kind":"drug","name":"Farletuzumab-exatecan","aka":"","tldr":"Farletuzumab-exatecan is an experimental antibody-drug conjugate from CSPC Megalith Biopharmaceutical in phase 2 trials, aimed at Folate receptor alpha.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/farletuzumab-exatecan/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"absk061","kind":"drug","name":"ABSK061","aka":"","tldr":"ABSK061 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Abbisko Therapeutics in phase 2 trials for gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, bladder & urothelial cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer, aimed at HER2 and FGFR2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/absk061/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"gastric urothelial nsclc"},{"id":"rilvegostomig","kind":"drug","name":"Rilvegostomig","aka":"","tldr":"Rilvegostomig is an experimental bispecific antibody from AstraZeneca in phase 2 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, aimed at PD-1 and TIGIT.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/rilvegostomig/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"bio-106","kind":"drug","name":"BIO-106","aka":"","tldr":"BIO-106 is an experimental antibody-drug conjugate from BiOneCure Therapeutics in phase 2 trials, aimed at TROP2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/bio-106/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"mavrostobart","kind":"drug","name":"Mavrostobart","aka":"Mavrostobart (PT199)","tldr":"Mavrostobart is an experimental monoclonal antibody from Phanes Therapeutics in phase 2 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, aimed at CD73 / adenosine axis.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/mavrostobart/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"nsclc pancreatic"},{"id":"hb0036","kind":"drug","name":"HB0036","aka":"Anti-PD-L1 and anti-TIGIT bifunctional molecule","tldr":"HB0036 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Shanghai Huaota Biopharmaceutical in phase 2 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, aimed at PD-L1 and TIGIT.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/hb0036/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"botensilimab","kind":"drug","name":"Botensilimab","aka":"","tldr":"Botensilimab is an experimental monoclonal antibody from Agenus in phase 2 trials for colorectal cancer, aimed at CTLA-4.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/botensilimab/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"ndi-219216","kind":"drug","name":"NDI-219216","aka":"","tldr":"NDI-219216 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Nimbus Wadjet in phase 2 trials, aimed at WRN helicase (MSI-high cancers).","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/ndi-219216/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"crb-701","kind":"drug","name":"CRB-701","aka":"","tldr":"CRB-701 is an experimental antibody-drug conjugate from Corbus Pharmaceuticals in phase 2 trials, aimed at Nectin-4.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/crb-701/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"ssgj-612","kind":"drug","name":"SSGJ-612","aka":"","tldr":"SSGJ-612 is an experimental monoclonal antibody from Shenyang Sunshine Pharmaceutical in phase 2 trials, aimed at HER2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/ssgj-612/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"jk08","kind":"drug","name":"JK08","aka":"","tldr":"JK08 is an experimental fusion protein or cytokine from Salubris Biotherapeutics in phase 2 trials for melanoma, colorectal cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer, aimed at CTLA-4.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/jk08/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"melanoma colorectal nsclc urothelial head-and-neck breast-hr-positive tnbc rcc gastric pancreatic hcc ovarian thyroid"},{"id":"ucart22","kind":"drug","name":"UCART22","aka":"","tldr":"UCART22 is an experimental allogeneic CAR T-cell therapy from Cellectis S.A. in phase 2 trials for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, aimed at CD22.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/ucart22/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"tri-611","kind":"drug","name":"TRI-611","aka":"","tldr":"TRI-611 is an experimental protein degrader from TRIANA Biomedicines in phase 2 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, aimed at ALK.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/tri-611/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"azd6621","kind":"drug","name":"AZD6621","aka":"","tldr":"AZD6621 is an experimental T-cell engager from AstraZeneca in phase 2 trials for prostate cancer, aimed at CD3.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/azd6621/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"hdm2017","kind":"drug","name":"HDM2017","aka":"","tldr":"HDM2017 is an experimental investigational agent whose form is not stated in the registry from Hangzhou Zhongmei Huadong Pharmaceutical in phase 2 trials for colorectal cancer, aimed at MET.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/hdm2017/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"silevertinib","kind":"drug","name":"Silevertinib","aka":"silevertinib (BDTX-1535)","tldr":"Silevertinib is an experimental small-molecule drug from Black Diamond Therapeutics in phase 2 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, aimed at EGFR.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/silevertinib/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"crc01","kind":"drug","name":"CRC01","aka":"","tldr":"CRC01 is an experimental CAR-T cell therapy from Curocell in phase 2 trials for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, aimed at CD19.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/crc01/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"dlbcl follicular-lymphoma all-leukemia"},{"id":"palacaparib","kind":"drug","name":"Palacaparib","aka":"","tldr":"Palacaparib is an experimental small-molecule drug from AstraZeneca in phase 2 trials for ovarian cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer and endometrial cancer, aimed at PARP.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/palacaparib/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"ovarian nsclc endometrial"},{"id":"tac01-cldn18-2","kind":"drug","name":"TAC01-CLDN18.2","aka":"","tldr":"TAC01-CLDN18.2 is an experimental TCR-T cell therapy from Triumvira Immunologics in phase 2 trials, aimed at Claudin 18.2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/tac01-cldn18-2/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"azd9750","kind":"drug","name":"AZD9750","aka":"","tldr":"AZD9750 is an experimental protein degrader from AstraZeneca in phase 2 trials for prostate cancer, aimed at Androgen receptor.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/azd9750/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"lorigerlimab","kind":"drug","name":"Lorigerlimab","aka":"","tldr":"Lorigerlimab is an experimental bispecific antibody from MacroGenics in phase 2 trials for ovarian cancer, vulvar cancer and cervical cancer, aimed at PD-1 and CTLA-4.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/lorigerlimab/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"ovarian vulvar cervical endometrial"},{"id":"ep0062","kind":"drug","name":"EP0062","aka":"","tldr":"EP0062 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Ellipses Pharma in phase 2 trials for HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, aimed at Androgen receptor.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/ep0062/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"lcb02a","kind":"drug","name":"LCB02A","aka":"","tldr":"LCB02A is an experimental monoclonal antibody from LigaChem Biosciences in phase 2 trials, aimed at Claudin 18.2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/lcb02a/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"ai-081","kind":"drug","name":"AI-081","aka":"Bispecific anti-PD-1/VEGF","tldr":"AI-081 is an experimental bispecific antibody from OncoC4 in phase 2 trials, aimed at PD-1 and VEGF / VEGFR.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/ai-081/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"ino-5401","kind":"drug","name":"INO-5401","aka":"","tldr":"INO-5401 is an experimental cancer vaccine from Inovio Pharmaceuticals in phase 2 trials for glioma & glioblastoma, aimed at PSMA.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/ino-5401/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"rc118-adc","kind":"drug","name":"RC118-ADC","aka":"RC118 for injection","tldr":"RC118-ADC is an experimental antibody-drug conjugate from RemeGen in phase 2 trials, aimed at Claudin 18.2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/rc118-adc/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"adi-270","kind":"drug","name":"ADI-270","aka":"","tldr":"ADI-270 is an experimental CAR-T cell therapy from Adicet Therapeutics in phase 2 trials for renal cell carcinoma, aimed at CD70.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/adi-270/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"gc101-til","kind":"drug","name":"GC101 TIL","aka":"","tldr":"GC101 TIL is an experimental tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte therapy from Shanghai Juncell Therapeutics in phase 2 trials for melanoma, aimed at PD-1 and BRAF.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/gc101-til/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"qlh12016","kind":"drug","name":"QLH12016","aka":"","tldr":"QLH12016 is an experimental protein degrader from Qilu Pharmaceutical in phase 2 trials for prostate cancer, aimed at Androgen receptor.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/qlh12016/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"peluntamig","kind":"drug","name":"Peluntamig","aka":"Peluntamig (PT217)","tldr":"Peluntamig is an experimental bispecific antibody from Phanes Therapeutics in phase 2 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer and neuroendocrine tumours, aimed at CD47 and DLL3.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/peluntamig/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"nsclc neuroendocrine extrapulmonary-nec"},{"id":"azd4512","kind":"drug","name":"AZD4512","aka":"","tldr":"AZD4512 is an experimental antibody-drug conjugate from AstraZeneca in phase 2 trials for hodgkin lymphoma, aimed at CD22.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/azd4512/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"eb-nk-301","kind":"drug","name":"EB-NK-301","aka":"TROP2-CAR NK","tldr":"EB-NK-301 is an experimental CAR-NK cell therapy from Beijing Biotech in phase 2 trials, aimed at TROP2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/eb-nk-301/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"tng456","kind":"drug","name":"TNG456","aka":"","tldr":"TNG456 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Tango Therapeutics in phase 2 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer and glioma & glioblastoma, aimed at PRMT5 (MTAP-deleted cancers).","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/tng456/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"nsclc glioblastoma"},{"id":"bcb-276","kind":"drug","name":"BCB-276","aka":"","tldr":"BCB-276 is an experimental CAR-T cell therapy from BrainChild Bio in phase 2 trials for glioma & glioblastoma, aimed at B7-H3.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/bcb-276/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"azd5492","kind":"drug","name":"AZD5492","aka":"","tldr":"AZD5492 is an experimental T-cell engager from AstraZeneca in phase 2 trials, aimed at CD20.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/azd5492/","status":"phase-2"},{"id":"jyp0015","kind":"drug","name":"JYP0015","aka":"","tldr":"JYP0015 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Guangzhou JOYO Pharma in phase 2 trials for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, non-small-cell lung cancer and colorectal cancer, aimed at KRAS.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/jyp0015/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"pancreatic nsclc colorectal"},{"id":"bdc-4182","kind":"drug","name":"BDC-4182","aka":"","tldr":"BDC-4182 is an experimental monoclonal antibody from Bolt Biotherapeutics in phase 2 trials for gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, aimed at Claudin 18.2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/bdc-4182/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"hlx26","kind":"drug","name":"HLX26","aka":"Anti-LAG-3 monoclonal Antibody Injection","tldr":"HLX26 is an experimental monoclonal antibody from Shanghai Henlius Biotech in phase 2 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, aimed at LAG-3.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/hlx26/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"ba3071","kind":"drug","name":"BA3071","aka":"","tldr":"BA3071 is an experimental monoclonal antibody from BioAtla in phase 2 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer and melanoma, aimed at CTLA-4.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/ba3071/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"nsclc melanoma"},{"id":"env-501","kind":"drug","name":"ENV-501","aka":"","tldr":"ENV-501 is an experimental antibody-drug conjugate from Hummingbird Bioscience in phase 2 trials for melanoma, non-small-cell lung cancer and HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, aimed at HER3.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/env-501/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"melanoma nsclc breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"gc012f","kind":"drug","name":"GC012F","aka":"","tldr":"GC012F is an experimental CAR-T cell therapy from Gracell Biotechnologies (Shanghai) in phase 2 trials for multiple myeloma, aimed at CD19 and BCMA.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/gc012f/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"azd4045","kind":"drug","name":"AZD4045","aka":"","tldr":"AZD4045 is an experimental CAR-T cell therapy from AstraZeneca in phase 2 trials for multiple myeloma, aimed at BCMA.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/azd4045/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"azd7789","kind":"drug","name":"AZD7789","aka":"","tldr":"AZD7789 is an experimental bispecific antibody from AstraZeneca in phase 2 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer and gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, aimed at PD-1 and TIM-3.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/azd7789/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"nsclc gastric"},{"id":"vrn110755","kind":"drug","name":"VRN110755","aka":"","tldr":"VRN110755 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Voronoi in phase 2 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, aimed at EGFR.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/vrn110755/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"cgt4859","kind":"drug","name":"CGT4859","aka":"","tldr":"CGT4859 is an experimental small-molecule drug from Cogent Biosciences in phase 2 trials for biliary tract cancer, aimed at FGFR2.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/cgt4859/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"jnj-90014496","kind":"drug","name":"JNJ-90014496","aka":"","tldr":"JNJ-90014496 is an experimental CAR-T cell therapy from Janssen Research & 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recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06612151/","status":"active","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"nct07739758","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of YL201 in Combination With Serplulimab in Participants With Treatment-naïve Extensive-stage Small Cell Lung Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing YL201 in small-cell lung cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07739758/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"sclc nsclc extensive-stage-sclc"},{"id":"nct07418749","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of SHR-A2102 Versus Investigator's Choice of Chemotherapy in Patients With Platinum-based Chemotherapy and PD-(L)1 Inhibitor Treatment Failed Recurrent or Metastatic Cervical Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing SHR-A2102 in cervical cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07418749/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"cervical 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recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07174908/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc kras-g12c-nsclc"},{"id":"nct07525206","kind":"trial","name":"A Study to Access Intravenous (IV) Telisotuzumab Adizutecan in Combination With IV Bevacizumab Compared to Standard of Care IV Bevacizumabin Combination With Oral Trifluridine and Tipiracil in Adult Participants With Refractory Metastatic Colorectal Cancer","aka":"AndroMETa-CRC","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing Telisotuzumab adizutecan in colorectal cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07525206/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"nct06614192","kind":"trial","name":"A Study Assessing Adverse Events and Disease Activity of Intravenously (IV) Infused Telisotuzumab Adizutecan in Adult Participants With c-Met Protein Above Cutoff Level Above Refractory Metastatic Colorectal Cancer","aka":"AndroMETa-CRC-064","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing Telisotuzumab adizutecan in colorectal 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stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc"},{"id":"nct04658862","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of TAR-200 in Combination With Cetrelimab Versus Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy in Participants With Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer (MIBC) of the Bladder","aka":"SunRISe-2","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing Cetrelimab in bladder & urothelial cancer, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04658862/","status":"active","cancers":"urothelial muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer"},{"id":"hr-nmibc","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of TAR-200 in Combination With Cetrelimab or TAR-200 Alone Versus Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in Participants With BCG-naïve High-risk Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (HR-NMIBC)","aka":"SunRISe-3","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing Cetrelimab in bladder & urothelial cancer, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/hr-nmibc/","status":"active","cancers":"urothelial non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer"},{"id":"nct06935409","kind":"trial","name":"Study of HS-20093 Versus Gemcitabine in Combination With Docetaxel in Treatment of Osteosarcoma After Previous Second-line Treatment Failure","aka":"ARTEMIS-011","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing HS-20093 in osteosarcoma, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06935409/","status":"active","cancers":"osteosarcoma"},{"id":"nct06498479","kind":"trial","name":"ARTEMIS-008：HS-20093 Compared With Topotecan in Subjects With Relapsed Small Cell Lung Cancer","aka":"ARTEMIS-008","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing HS-20093 in non-small-cell lung cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06498479/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"nct07189455","kind":"trial","name":"Study Comparing ZG006 With Investigator-Selected Chemotherapy in Participants With Relapsed Small Cell Lung Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing ZG006 in non-small-cell lung cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07189455/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"nct07554339","kind":"trial","name":"A Clinical Trial of Calderasib (MK-1084) and Durvalumab in People With Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (MK-1084-015/KANDLELIT-015)","aka":"KANDLELIT-015","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing Calderasib in non-small-cell lung cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07554339/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc kras-g12c-nsclc"},{"id":"nct06345729","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of Calderasib (MK-1084) Plus Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) in Participants With KRAS G12C Mutant Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) With Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) Tumor Proportion Score (TPS) ≥50% (MK-1084-004/KANDLELIT-004)","aka":"KANDLELIT-004","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing Calderasib in non-small-cell lung cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06345729/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc 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recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05744687/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"nct05860465","kind":"trial","name":"Safety and Efficacy of SPH4336 in Combination With Endocrine Therapy in the Treatment of Locally Advanced or Metastatic Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial testing SPH4336 in HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05860465/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46"},{"id":"nct07362186","kind":"trial","name":"LM-108 in Combination With Toripalimab Versus Paclitaxel Injection for the Treatment of Subjects With CCR8-Positive Gastric and Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing LM-108 in gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, now 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recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06120491/","status":"active","cancers":"prostate prostate-mhspc"},{"id":"nct05487391","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of QL1706 Combined With Platinum-containing Chemotherapy in Adjuvant Treatment of Stage II-IIIB Non-small Cell Lung Cancer After Complete Surgical Resection","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing QL1706 in non-small-cell lung cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05487391/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"nct06686576","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of Neoadjuvant QL1706 in Participants With Untreated dMMR/MSI-H Resectable Colon Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing QL1706 in colorectal cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06686576/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"colorectal msi-high-colorectal"},{"id":"nct05690945","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of QL1706 in Combination With Chemotherapy in PD-L1-Negative 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recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07063745/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"mountaintap-30","kind":"trial","name":"A Study Comparing Navlimetostat (BMS-986504) in Combination With Nab-paclitaxel and Gemcitabine Versus Placebo in Combination With Nab-paclitaxel and Gemcitabine in Participants With Untreated Metastatic Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma With Homozygous MTAP Deletion (MountainTAP-30)","aka":"MountainTAP-30","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial testing Navlimetostat in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/mountaintap-30/","status":"active","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06247605","kind":"trial","name":"A Phase IIII Study of AL8326 in Small Cell Lung Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing AL8326 in small-cell lung cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer, now 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non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer"},{"id":"nct07726992","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of SHR-1501 Combination With BCG Versus Placebo Combined With BCG in Subjects With Papillary-Only NMIBC","aka":"NiBladder 2","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing SHR-1501 in bladder & urothelial cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07726992/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"urothelial non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer"},{"id":"nct07804186","kind":"trial","name":"Study of Adjuvant Darovasertib and Crizotinib in Participants With Primary Non-metastatic Uveal Melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing Darovasertib in uveal melanoma, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07804186/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"uveal-melanoma"},{"id":"nct07015190","kind":"trial","name":"Neoadjuvant Darovasertib in Primary Uveal Melanoma","aka":"OptimUM-10","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing Darovasertib in uveal melanoma, now 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metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07668752","kind":"trial","name":"A Study to Evaluate GFH375 Versus Docetaxel in Participants With Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer With KRAS G12D Mutation","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing GFH375 in non-small-cell lung cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07668752/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"nct05973773","kind":"trial","name":"REZILIENT3 (REsearching ZIpaLertinib In Egfr Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Tumors)","aka":"REZILIENT3","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing Zipalertinib in non-small-cell lung cancer, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05973773/","status":"active","cancers":"nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"nct07128199","kind":"trial","name":"A Study to Assess Zipalertinib Versus Placebo in Participants With Early Stage NSCLC With Uncommon EGFR Mutations, Following Complete Tumor Resection","aka":"REZILIENT4","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing Zipalertinib in 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gastric-her2-positive"},{"id":"nct05732805","kind":"trial","name":"A Clinical Study of BCD-217 (Nurulimab + Prolgolimab) Followed by Anti-PD-1 Compared to Anti-PD-1 Monotherapy as First-Line Treatment in Subjects With Unresectable/Metastatic Melanoma","aka":"OCTAVA","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing BCD-217 in melanoma, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05732805/","status":"active","cancers":"melanoma advanced-melanoma"},{"id":"nct05751928","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of Neoadjuvant Therapy With BCD-217 (Nurulimab + Prolgolimab) in Patients With Resectable Stage III Skin Melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing BCD-217 in melanoma, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05751928/","status":"active","cancers":"melanoma stage-iii-melanoma"},{"id":"nct07480356","kind":"trial","name":"Efficacy and Safety of Intravesical TARA-002 Compared With Investigator's Choice of Intravesical Chemotherapy in 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platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"nct06984588","kind":"trial","name":"A Study to Compare Uliledlimab Combined With Toripalimab, Toripalimab Monotherapy, and Pembrolizumab Monotherapy in Patients With Previously Untreated Locally Advanced Unresectable or Metastatic PD-L1- and CD73- Selected Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial testing Uliledlimab in non-small-cell lung cancer, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06984588/","status":"active","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"nct07138209","kind":"trial","name":"A Study Comparing QLS32015 Monotherapy Versus Pomalidomide, Dexamethasone (Pd) or Selinexor, Dexamethasone (Sd) in Participants With Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing QLS32015 in multiple myeloma, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07138209/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-relapsed-refractory"},{"id":"nct07544056","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of BEBT-209 Plus Chemotherapy in Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial testing BEBT-209 in triple-negative breast cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07544056/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"nct06998108","kind":"trial","name":"Study of BEBT-209 in Combination With Fulvestrant Versus Placebo in Combination With Fulvestrant in Patients With HR+/HER2- Locally Advanced or Metastatic Breast Cancer Who Have Progressed After Prior Endocrine Therapy","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing BEBT-209 in HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06998108/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"nct06093672","kind":"trial","name":"Study on Efficacy and Safety of Givinostat Versus Hydroxyurea in Patients With Polycythemia Vera","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing Givinostat in myeloproliferative neoplasms, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06093672/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms polycythaemia-vera"},{"id":"nct06416410","kind":"trial","name":"JAB-21822 Combined With JAB-3312 Compared SOC in the First Line for Treatment of Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer With KRAS p.G12C Mutation","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing Sitneprotafib in non-small-cell lung cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06416410/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc kras-g12c-nsclc"},{"id":"nct07214779","kind":"trial","name":"Study to Evaluate INCB123667 Versus Investigator's Choice of Chemotherapy in Participants With Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancer With Cyclin E1 Overexpression","aka":"MAESTRA 2","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing INCB123667 in ovarian cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07214779/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"ovarian platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"nct07207070","kind":"trial","name":"A Randomised, Open-label, Multicentre Phase III Clinical Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of JS105 Combined With Dalpiciclib and Fulvestrant Compared With Dalpiciclib and Fulvestrant in Patients With PIK3CA-mutated, HR-positive, HER2-negative Recurrent or Metastatic Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing JS105 in HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07207070/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46"},{"id":"nct06735391","kind":"trial","name":"A Clinical Study of JMT101 in Combination With Osimertinib Versus Osimertinib Alone as First-Line Treatment for Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Non-Squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Harboring Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Sensitive Mutations","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing JMT101 in non-small-cell lung cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06735391/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"nct07533123","kind":"trial","name":"A Phase III Study of JSKN016 Versus Treatment of Physician's Choice in Patients With Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Who Have Failed Standard of Care","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing JSKN016 in triple-negative breast cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07533123/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-metastatic"},{"id":"nct06635824","kind":"trial","name":"Trial to Evaluate Acasunlimab and Pembrolizumab Combination Superiority Over Standard of Care Docetaxel in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (ABBIL1TY NSCLC-06)","aka":"ABBIL1TY NSCLC-06","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing Acasunlimab in non-small-cell lung cancer, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06635824/","status":"active","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"nct07365995","kind":"trial","name":"A Phase III Trial of BNT324 Versus Docetaxel in Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing BNT324 in prostate cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07365995/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"nct04655976","kind":"trial","name":"Efficacy Comparison of Cobolimab + Dostarlimab + Docetaxel to Dostarlimab + Docetaxel to Docetaxel Alone in Participants With Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Who Have Progressed on Prior Anti-PD-(L)1 Therapy and Chemotherapy","aka":"COSTAR Lung","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial testing Cobolimab in non-small-cell lung cancer, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04655976/","status":"active","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"apex-03","kind":"trial","name":"ICP-248 in Combination With 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GOG-3076)","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing Olvimulogene nanivacirepvec in ovarian cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05281471/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"ovarian platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"nct07409272","kind":"trial","name":"A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness and Safety of Setidegrasib, Given With Either mFOLFIRINOX or NALIRIFOX Chemotherapies, in People With Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing Setidegrasib in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07409272/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07566052","kind":"trial","name":"A Study to Compare Setidegrasib (ASP3082) With Docetaxel, in People With Non-small Cell Lung Cancer With a KRAS G12D Mutation","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing Setidegrasib in non-small-cell lung cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07566052/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"nct06532006","kind":"trial","name":"A Phase Ⅲ Clinical Study of HLX22 in Combination With Trastuzumab and Chemotherapy for the Treatment of Gastroesophageal Junction and Gastric Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing HLX22 in gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06532006/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gastric gastric-her2-positive"},{"id":"nct07662395","kind":"trial","name":"SCTB41 Combined With Chemotherapy in Advanced Squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial testing SCTB41 in non-small-cell lung cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07662395/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"nct05065957","kind":"trial","name":"Study of Combination Therapy of D07001-Softgel Capsules and Xeloda/TS-1 in Subjects With Advanced Biliary 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recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07570823/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"nct07562022","kind":"trial","name":"A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of SCTB35 in Combination With Lenalidomide in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Follicular Lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing SCTB35 in follicular lymphoma, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07562022/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma"},{"id":"pik3ca-2","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of Tersolisib (LY4064809/STX-478) With Other Anti-Cancer Treatments in Participants With Advanced Breast Cancer With a Genetic Change (PIK3CA)","aka":"PIKALO-2","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing Tersolisib in HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/pik3ca-2/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"quintessential-2","kind":"trial","name":"A Study to Compare the Efficacy and 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recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05987358/","status":"active","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"nct06929624","kind":"trial","name":"A Phase 3 Clinical Study of SHR-A1912 Combined With R-GemOx Versus R-GemOx in Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing SHR-A1912 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06929624/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"nct06387069","kind":"trial","name":"A Study to Evaluate HMPL-306 in Patients With IDH1or IDH2-mutated Acute Myeloid Leukemia","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing HMPL-306 in acute myeloid leukaemia, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06387069/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"aml aml-idh"},{"id":"nct07217301","kind":"trial","name":"A Study Comparing TAK-928 With Docetaxel in Adults With Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer","aka":"MarsLight-11","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing TAK-928 in non-small-cell lung cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07217301/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"nct05586074","kind":"trial","name":"HEC73543 Versus Salvage Chemotherapy in R/R FLT3-ITD AML","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing Clifutinib in acute myeloid leukaemia, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05586074/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"aml aml-flt3"},{"id":"nct07218926","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of IDRX-42 (GSK6042981) Versus (vs) Sunitinib in Participants With Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors After Imatinib Therapy","aka":"StrateGIST 3","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing IDRX-42 in gastrointestinal stromal tumour, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07218926/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gist gist-imatinib-resistant"},{"id":"nct04910685","kind":"trial","name":"(HARBOR) Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of BLU-263 Versus Placebo in Patients With 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recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/invincible-3/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"sarcoma"},{"id":"nct05141721","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of a Patient-Specific Neoantigen Vaccine in Combination With Immune Checkpoint Blockade for Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial testing GRT-C901 in colorectal cancer, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05141721/","status":"active","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"nct04169997","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of IMP4297 as Maintenance Treatment Following First-line Chemotherapy in Patients With Advanced Ovarian Cancer","aka":"FLAMES","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing IMP4927 in ovarian cancer, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04169997/","status":"active","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"nct04415853","kind":"trial","name":"Study of Larotinib in Unresectable Advanced or Recurrent Esophageal Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing Lerotinib in oesophageal cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04415853/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"esophageal oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"nct07218809","kind":"trial","name":"AZD5335 vs. Mirvetuximab Soravtansine in FRα-high and AZD5335 vs. Chemotherapy in FRα-low Platinum-resistant Ovarian Cancer","aka":"TREVI-OC-01","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing AZD5335 in ovarian cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07218809/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"ovarian platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"nct07407803","kind":"trial","name":"Evaluation of TQ-B3234 Capsules in Patients With Symptomatic, Non-Surgical Type 1 Neurofibromatosis-Associated Plexiform Neurofibromas","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing TQ-B3234 in rare cancers of childhood, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07407803/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rare-childhood-cancers"},{"id":"nct06331299","kind":"trial","name":"A Phase 3 Study of UGN-103 for Treatment of Patients With Low-grade Intermediate-risk Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer","aka":"UTOPIA","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing UGN-103 in bladder & urothelial cancer, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06331299/","status":"active","cancers":"urothelial non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer"},{"id":"nct04353375","kind":"trial","name":"HMPL-453 Tartrate in Advanced Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial testing HMPL-453 in biliary tract cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04353375/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"nct07297329","kind":"trial","name":"A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of SCTC21C in Combination With Bortezomib, Lenalidomide and 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Metastatic Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing D-0502 in HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06954961/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"nct07522073","kind":"trial","name":"A Study to Evaluate Chemotherapy With or Without INCB161734 in Previously Untreated, KRAS G12D-Mutated Metastatic Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma","aka":"DAWN-303","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing INCB161734 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07522073/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06919965","kind":"trial","name":"A Study to Evaluate TAR-210 Versus Intravesical Chemotherapy Treatment in Participants With High Risk Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer","aka":"MoonRISe-3","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing TAR-210 in bladder & urothelial cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06919965/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"urothelial non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer"},{"id":"nct07409428","kind":"trial","name":"A Phase III Study of HMPL-760 Plus R-GemOx VS Placebo Plus R-GemOx in Relapsed/Refractory DLBCL","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing HMPL-760 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07409428/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"nct06743126","kind":"trial","name":"SUPRAME-ACTengine® IMA203 vs. Investigator's Choice of Treatment in Previously Treated, Unresectable or Metastatic Cutaneous Melanoma","aka":"SUPRAME","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing IMA203 in melanoma, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06743126/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"melanoma advanced-melanoma"},{"id":"simrise","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of SIM0270 Combined With Everolimus vs. Treatment of Physician's Choice in Patients With 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myeloma, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07579234/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-relapsed-refractory"},{"id":"nct06982521","kind":"trial","name":"Phase 3 Study of RLY-2608 + Fulvestrant vs Capivasertib + Fulvestrant as Treatment for Locally Advanced or Metastatic PIK3CA-mutant HR+/HER2- Breast Cancer","aka":"ReDiscover-2","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing Zovegalisib in HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06982521/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46"},{"id":"nct06658353","kind":"trial","name":"Phase III Clinical Study of VC004 in Patients With Localized Advanced/ Metastatic Solid Tumors","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing VC004, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06658353/","status":"recruiting"},{"id":"nct05346224","kind":"trial","name":"A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of 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recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06646276/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"nct03659448","kind":"trial","name":"Performance of SGM-101 for the Delineation of Primary and Recurrent Tumor and Metastases in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Colorectal Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing SGM-101 in colorectal cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct03659448/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"proceade-crc-03","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of Precemtabart Tocentecan With or Without Bevacizumab Compared to Trifluridine/Tipiracil Plus Bevacizumab in Participants With Previously Treated Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (PROCEADE-CRC-03)","aka":"PROCEADE-CRC-03","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing Precemtabart tocentecan in colorectal cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/proceade-crc-03/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"nct06860971","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of AL2846 Capsule Versus Placebo in the Treatment of Advanced Radioiodine-Refractory Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing AL2846 in thyroid cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06860971/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"thyroid"},{"id":"nct04165317","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of Sasanlimab in People With Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer","aka":"CREST","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing Sasanlimab in bladder & urothelial cancer, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04165317/","status":"active","cancers":"urothelial non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer"},{"id":"companion-002","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of CTX-009 in Combination With Paclitaxel in Adult Patients With Unresectable Advanced, Metastatic or Recurrent Biliary Tract Cancers (COMPANION-002)","aka":"COMPANION-002","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial testing Tovecimig in biliary tract cancer and bladder & urothelial cancer, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/companion-002/","status":"active","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma urothelial"},{"id":"nct07284849","kind":"trial","name":"A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Standard-of-Care Chemotherapy and Bevacizumab With or Without INCA33890 in the First-Line Treatment of Metastatic Microsatellite Stable Colorectal Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing INCA33890 in colorectal cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07284849/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"nct07386938","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of the Efficacy, Safety and Pharmacokinetics of RPH-051 and Perjeta® in Combination With Trastuzumab and Docetaxel as the 1st Line Therapy in Patients With HER2-positive Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing RPH-051 in HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer and HER2-positive breast cancer, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07386938/","status":"active","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"nct06764485","kind":"trial","name":"A Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of BMS-986365 Versus the Investigator's Choice of Therapy in Participants With Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing BMS-986365 in prostate cancer, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06764485/","status":"active","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"nct06624644","kind":"trial","name":"A Trial of LNS8801 With or Without Pembrolizumab in Patients With Refractory Melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial testing LNS8801 in melanoma, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06624644/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"melanoma advanced-melanoma"},{"id":"nct07188558","kind":"trial","name":"A Study to Investigate Ronde-cel Versus Investigator's Choice CD19 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recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06295731/","status":"active","cancers":"head-and-neck recurrent-metastatic-hnscc"},{"id":"nct06351631","kind":"trial","name":"A Study to Evaluate Safety and Efficacy of Bomedemstat (MK-3543-017)","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing Bomedemstat in myeloproliferative neoplasms, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06351631/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"nct04892173","kind":"trial","name":"JNJ-90301900 (NBTXR3) Activated by Radiotherapy With or Without Cetuximab in LA-HNSCC","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing JNJ-90301900 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04892173/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"nct06177041","kind":"trial","name":"M108 Plus CAPOX Versus Placebo Plus CAPOX as First-line Treatment for Claudin (CLDN) 18.2-Positive, HER2-Negative, PD-L1 CPS<5, Locally 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recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06508983/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-relapsed-refractory"},{"id":"nct04468984","kind":"trial","name":"Study of Oral Navitoclax Tablet in Combination With Oral Ruxolitinib Tablet Versus Best Available Therapy to Assess Change in Spleen Volume in Adult Participants With Relapsed/Refractory Myelofibrosis","aka":"TRANSFORM-2","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing Navitoclax in myeloproliferative neoplasms, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04468984/","status":"active","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms primary-myelofibrosis"},{"id":"nsclc-4","kind":"trial","name":"A Study to Learn About the Study Medicine Called PF-08046054/SGN-PDL1V Versus Docetaxel in Adult Participants With Previously-Treated Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) Positive Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)","aka":"PADL1NK-005","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing PF-08046054 in non-small-cell lung 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2/3 trial testing BNT113 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04534205/","status":"active","cancers":"head-and-neck hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer recurrent-metastatic-hnscc"},{"id":"nct04921527","kind":"trial","name":"Chiauranib Plus Weekly Paclitaxel in Patients with Platinum-refractory or Platinum-resistant Recurrent Ovarian Cancer","aka":"CHIPRO","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing Chiauranib in ovarian cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04921527/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"ovarian platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"himalayas-1","kind":"trial","name":"A Study to Learn About the Investigational Drug Rinzimetostat (ORIC-944) in Patients With mCRPC Who Were Previously Treated With Abiraterone Acetate (Himalayas-1)","aka":"Himalayas-1","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing Rinzimetostat in prostate cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/himalayas-1/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"prostate prostate-mcrpc"},{"id":"nct07562152","kind":"trial","name":"Atebimetinib + GnP as a First Line Treatment in Patients With Metastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma","aka":"MAPKeeper 301","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing Atebimetinib in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07562152/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"g-hope-002","kind":"trial","name":"A Multicenter Study of IBI343 Monotherapy Versus Placebo in Subjects With Previously Treated, Claudin (CLDN) 18.2-positive, Pancreatic Cancer(G-HOPE-002)","aka":"G-HOPE-002","tldr":"A phase 3 trial testing IBI343 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/g-hope-002/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06852222","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of Bleximenib, 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gastric-her2-positive"},{"id":"anetumab-vs-vinorelbine-mpm","kind":"trial","name":"Anetumab ravtansine versus vinorelbine in relapsed mesothelin-positive pleural mesothelioma","aka":"","tldr":"The first randomised test of an antibody-drug conjugate in mesothelioma: no better than vinorelbine, which is why no ADC is approved for this cancer.","tags":"owner-request","route":"/trials/anetumab-vs-vinorelbine-mpm/","status":"negative","cancers":"mesothelioma"},{"id":"nci-anetumab-pembrolizumab-mpm","kind":"trial","name":"Pembrolizumab with or without anetumab ravtansine in mesothelin-positive pleural mesothelioma (NCI)","aka":"","tldr":"The one trial still testing an antibody-drug conjugate in mesothelioma, combining it with PD-1 blockade on the theory that payload-induced cell death primes an immune 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care.","tags":"owner-request","route":"/trials/ucl-proton-hemithoracic-mpm/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"mesothelioma"},{"id":"tazemetostat-doxorubicin-es","kind":"trial","name":"Tazemetostat with doxorubicin as front-line therapy for advanced epithelioid sarcoma (EZH-301 run-in)","aka":"","tldr":"The attempt to move the EZH2 inhibitor tazemetostat into first-line epithelioid sarcoma alongside doxorubicin; the safety run-in enrolled 25 patients and the study was stopped, leaving the accelerated approval without its confirmatory trial.","tags":"owner-request","route":"/trials/tazemetostat-doxorubicin-es/","status":"withdrawn","cancers":"epithelioid-sarcoma"},{"id":"tiger-trial","kind":"trial","name":"TIGER: standard-dose TIP versus high-dose TI-CE with stem cell transplant as first salvage for relapsed germ cell tumours","aka":"","tldr":"The trial meant to settle a thirty-year argument: whether men whose germ cell tumour comes back after cisplatin should get standard salvage 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on.","tags":"owner-request","route":"/trials/zen-3694-abemaciclib-nut/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nut-carcinoma"},{"id":"cemiplimab-nut","kind":"trial","name":"Cemiplimab in metastatic or unresectable NUT carcinoma (Northwestern pilot)","aka":"","tldr":"The first dedicated immunotherapy trial in NUT carcinoma, asking whether a PD-1 antibody can do anything in a cancer that chemotherapy rarely controls.","tags":"owner-request","route":"/trials/cemiplimab-nut/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nut-carcinoma"},{"id":"sabr-comet","kind":"trial","name":"SABR-COMET: stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for oligometastatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"The randomised trial that made treating a handful of metastases with pinpoint radiotherapy respectable: survival was longer with SABR, and at five years more than twice as many patients were alive.","tags":"owner-request","route":"/trials/sabr-comet/","status":"positive","cancers":"metastatic-cancer breast-hr-positive nsclc colorectal prostate"},{"id":"olverembatinib","kind":"drug","name":"Olverembatinib","aka":"GZD824","tldr":"Olverembatinib is Ascentage Pharma's third-generation BCR-ABL inhibitor, approved in China in 2021 for chronic myeloid leukaemia carrying the T315I mutation, and now in global phase 3 trials against the established drugs; it was the one China-only approval OnCo found missing from the headline list.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/olverembatinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"cml all-leukemia cml-advanced-phase"},{"id":"trastuzumab-pamirtecan","kind":"drug","name":"Trastuzumab pamirtecan","aka":"BNT323","tldr":"Trastuzumab pamirtecan is DualityBio and BioNTech's HER2 antibody-drug conjugate, in phase 3 trials in breast cancers with high and with modest HER2 expression and in HER2-expressing endometrial cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/trastuzumab-pamirtecan/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"breast-her2-positive endometrial"},{"id":"florastamin-f18","kind":"drug","name":"Florastamin F-18","aka":"","tldr":"Florastamin is FutureChem's fluorine-18 PSMA PET tracer from South Korea, in phase 3 trials for staging high-risk and recurrent prostate cancer alongside the established PSMA agents.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/florastamin-f18/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"vebreltinib","kind":"drug","name":"Vebreltinib","aka":"Bozitinib\nAPL-101\nCBT-101","tldr":"Vebreltinib is a Chinese MET inhibitor approved in 2023 for lung cancers with a MET exon 14 skipping mutation, and the first drug tested in a phase 3 trial for glioblastomas carrying a PTPRZ1-MET fusion.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/vebreltinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc glioblastoma sclc"},{"id":"tunlametinib","kind":"drug","name":"Tunlametinib","aka":"","tldr":"Tunlametinib is a Chinese MEK inhibitor approved in 2024 for advanced melanoma with an NRAS mutation, a group with no targeted therapy elsewhere in the world, and in phase 3 trials with vemurafenib for BRAF-mutant disease and for colorectal cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/tunlametinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"melanoma colorectal"},{"id":"glecirasib","kind":"drug","name":"Glecirasib","aka":"","tldr":"Glecirasib is Jacobio's KRAS G12C inhibitor, approved in China in 2024 for previously treated non-small cell lung cancer with that mutation, and in a phase 3 trial against docetaxel.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/glecirasib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc kras-g12c-nsclc"},{"id":"glumetinib","kind":"drug","name":"Glumetinib","aka":"Gumarontinib\nHaiyitan","tldr":"Glumetinib is a Chinese MET inhibitor approved in 2023 for lung cancers with MET exon 14 skipping, one of three such drugs approved in China and now in a phase 3 trial in gastric cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/glumetinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc gastric sclc"},{"id":"zimberelimab","kind":"drug","name":"Zimberelimab","aka":"AB122","tldr":"Zimberelimab is a PD-1 antibody approved in China in 2021 for relapsed classical Hodgkin lymphoma, and the checkpoint partner in Arcus and Gilead's Western trials of the TIGIT antibody domvanalimab.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/zimberelimab/","status":"approved","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma cervical"},{"id":"tabelecleucel","kind":"drug","name":"Tabelecleucel","aka":"Ebvallo\nATA129\ntab-cel","tldr":"Tabelecleucel is a bank of donor T cells trained against Epstein-Barr virus, approved in Europe in 2022 as the first off-the-shelf T-cell therapy, for EBV-driven lymphoma after transplant when rituximab has failed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/tabelecleucel/","status":"approved","cancers":"post-transplant-lymphoproliferative-disorder"},{"id":"rezvilutamide","kind":"drug","name":"Rezvilutamide","aka":"","tldr":"Rezvilutamide is Hengrui's androgen receptor blocker, approved in China in 2022 for high-volume metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer on the CHART trial, where it improved survival over bicalutamide.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/rezvilutamide/","status":"approved","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"golidocitinib","kind":"drug","name":"Golidocitinib","aka":"","tldr":"Golidocitinib is Dizal's JAK1 inhibitor, approved in China in 2024 as the first JAK inhibitor for relapsed peripheral T-cell lymphoma, a cancer with few options after first-line chemotherapy.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/golidocitinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"socazolimab","kind":"drug","name":"Socazolimab","aka":"","tldr":"Socazolimab is Lee's Pharmaceutical's PD-L1 antibody, in phase 3 trials in China for extensive-stage small cell lung cancer and recurrent cervical cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/socazolimab/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"cervical sclc"},{"id":"pirarubicin","kind":"drug","name":"Pirarubicin","aka":"Pinorubin\nTHP-adriamycin","tldr":"Pirarubicin is a doxorubicin relative developed in Japan and used there and in China for breast cancer, lymphoma, bladder cancer and other tumours, including instillation into the bladder after tumour resection.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/pirarubicin/","status":"established","cancers":"urothelial breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"girentuximab-zr89","kind":"drug","name":"Zirconium-89 girentuximab","aka":"89Zr-DFO-girentuximab\nZircaix","tldr":"Zirconium-89 girentuximab is Telix's PET scan that tells whether a kidney mass is clear cell renal cell carcinoma without a biopsy; the phase 3 ZIRCON trial met its endpoints in 2023 and the product is under regulatory review.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/girentuximab-zr89/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"psma-1007-f18","kind":"drug","name":"PSMA-1007 F-18","aka":"","tldr":"PSMA-1007 is a fluorine-18 PSMA PET tracer from ABX in Germany, widely used in Europe for prostate cancer staging because little of it reaches the bladder, and in a phase 3 trial registered by its maker.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/psma-1007-f18/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"favezelimab","kind":"drug","name":"Favezelimab","aka":"","tldr":"Favezelimab is Merck's LAG-3 antibody, tested with pembrolizumab in phase 3 trials in colorectal cancer and classical Hodgkin lymphoma; the colorectal trial did not succeed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/favezelimab/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"colorectal hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"elritercept","kind":"drug","name":"Elritercept","aka":"TAK-226","tldr":"Elritercept is Keros and Takeda's ligand trap for the anaemia of myelodysplastic syndromes, a relative of luspatercept, in phase 3 trials.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/elritercept/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"mds"},{"id":"adagloxad-simolenin","kind":"drug","name":"Adagloxad simolenin","aka":"","tldr":"Adagloxad simolenin is OBI Pharma's vaccine against the tumour sugar Globo H, in the phase 3 GLORIA trial as adjuvant treatment for triple-negative breast cancer that expresses the antigen.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/adagloxad-simolenin/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"retlirafusp-alfa","kind":"drug","name":"Retlirafusp alfa","aka":"","tldr":"Retlirafusp alfa is Hengrui's PD-L1 and TGF-beta bifunctional antibody, in phase 3 trials with chemotherapy in gastric cancer after the Western class leader bintrafusp alfa failed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/retlirafusp-alfa/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"cam2029","kind":"drug","name":"CAM2029 (octreotide subcutaneous depot)","aka":"","tldr":"CAM2029 is Camurus's monthly octreotide depot that patients can inject themselves, positive in the phase 3 SORENTO trial for gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours against the standard depot formulations.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/cam2029/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"m701","kind":"drug","name":"M701","aka":"","tldr":"M701 is Wuhan YZY Biopharma's EpCAM-CD3 bispecific antibody infused into the abdomen to control malignant ascites, in a phase 3 trial in China.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/m701/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"ovarian gastric"},{"id":"lerociclib","kind":"drug","name":"Lerociclib","aka":"G1T38","tldr":"Lerociclib is a CDK4/6 inhibitor from G1 Therapeutics developed in China by Genor Biopharma, in a phase 3 trial with letrozole for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/lerociclib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"limertinib","kind":"drug","name":"Limertinib","aka":"","tldr":"Limertinib is Aosaikang's third-generation EGFR inhibitor, approved in China in 2024 for lung cancer with the T790M resistance mutation after earlier EGFR drugs, and in phase 3 trials for first-line use.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/limertinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"iomab-b","kind":"drug","name":"Iomab-B","aka":"Apamistamab-I131\n131I-apamistamab","tldr":"Iomab-B is Actinium's radioactive antibody that clears the bone marrow before a transplant for older patients with active relapsed acute myeloid leukaemia; the phase 3 SIERRA trial met its primary endpoint but the FDA asked for another study.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/iomab-b/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"visugromab","kind":"drug","name":"Visugromab","aka":"","tldr":"Visugromab is CatalYm's antibody against GDF-15, a tumour-made signal that both blocks immune cells and causes cancer wasting; it is in a phase 3 trial with PD-1 blockade after durable responses in patients whose cancers had stopped responding to checkpoint inhibitors.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/visugromab/","status":"phase-3"},{"id":"amrubicin","kind":"drug","name":"Amrubicin","aka":"Calsed\nSM-5887","tldr":"Amrubicin is a Japanese anthracycline approved there in 2002 for small cell and non-small cell lung cancer, a standard second-line option for small cell lung cancer in Japan that failed to beat topotecan in a Western phase 3 trial and now serves as the comparator in global trials.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/amrubicin/","status":"established","cancers":"sclc nsclc"},{"id":"pucotenlimab","kind":"drug","name":"Pucotenlimab","aka":"","tldr":"Pucotenlimab is Lepu Biopharma's PD-1 antibody, approved in China in 2022 for mismatch-repair-deficient solid tumours and for melanoma, and in a phase 3 trial in colorectal cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/drugs/pucotenlimab/","status":"approved","cancers":"melanoma colorectal"},{"id":"azd0120","kind":"drug","name":"AZD0120","aka":"","tldr":"AZD0120 is a car-t cell therapy from AstraZeneca, in registered phase 3 trials for multiple myeloma.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/azd0120/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"utomilumab","kind":"drug","name":"Utomilumab","aka":"","tldr":"Utomilumab is a monoclonal antibody from Pfizer, in registered phase 3 trials for ovarian cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/utomilumab/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"alisertib","kind":"drug","name":"Alisertib","aka":"PB-8237\nMLN8237","tldr":"Alisertib is an oral serine/threonine kinase inhibitor from Puma Biotechnology, Inc., in registered phase 2 trials for small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest 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small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/regn7075/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"nsclc sclc"},{"id":"zalifrelimab","kind":"drug","name":"Zalifrelimab","aka":"","tldr":"Zalifrelimab is a monoclonal antibody from Nelum Corp, in registered phase 2 trials for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/zalifrelimab/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"balstilimab","kind":"drug","name":"Balstilimab","aka":"AGEN2034","tldr":"Balstilimab is a monoclonal antibody from Agenus Inc., in registered phase 2 trials for colorectal cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/balstilimab/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"tst001","kind":"drug","name":"TST001","aka":"","tldr":"TST001 is a monoclonal antibody from Transcenta Therapeutics (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd., in registered phase 2 trials for metastatic cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest 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registry-only","route":"/drugs/feladilimab/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"amt-116","kind":"drug","name":"AMT-116","aka":"","tldr":"AMT-116 is an antibody-drug conjugate from Multitude Therapeutics Inc., in registered phase 2 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/amt-116/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"nsclc sclc"},{"id":"azd8421","kind":"drug","name":"AZD8421","aka":"","tldr":"AZD8421 is a small-molecule inhibitor from AstraZeneca, in registered phase 2 trials for ovarian cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/azd8421/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"enb003","kind":"drug","name":"ENB003","aka":"","tldr":"ENB003 is a small-molecule antagonist from ENB Therapeutics, Inc, in registered phase 2 trials for melanoma.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/enb003/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"eik1005","kind":"drug","name":"EIK1005","aka":"","tldr":"EIK1005 is a small-molecule inhibitor from Eikon Therapeutics, in registered phase 2 trials for colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/eik1005/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"colorectal endometrial"},{"id":"gecacitinib","kind":"drug","name":"Gecacitinib","aka":"","tldr":"Gecacitinib is an oral kinase inhibitor from Suzhou Zelgen Biopharmaceuticals Co.,Ltd, in registered phase 2 trials for cervical cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/gecacitinib/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"tng260","kind":"drug","name":"TNG260","aka":"","tldr":"TNG260 is a small-molecule inhibitor from Tango Therapeutics, Inc., in registered phase 2 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest 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ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/ct3001/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"colorectal pancreatic"},{"id":"prtx007","kind":"drug","name":"PRTX007","aka":"","tldr":"PRTX007 is a small-molecule inhibitor from Primmune Therapeutics, Inc., in registered phase 2 trials for melanoma.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/prtx007/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"merestinib","kind":"drug","name":"Merestinib","aka":"LY2801653","tldr":"Merestinib is an oral kinase inhibitor from Eli Lilly and Company, in registered phase 2 trials for metastatic cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/merestinib/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"lvgn6051","kind":"drug","name":"LVGN6051","aka":"","tldr":"LVGN6051 is a monoclonal antibody from Lyvgen Biopharma Holdings Limited, in registered phase 2 trials for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/lvgn6051/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"amo959","kind":"drug","name":"AMO959","aka":"BY1298\nBY101298","tldr":"AMO959 is a small-molecule inhibitor from Novartis Pharmaceuticals, in registered phase 2 trials for prostate cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/amo959/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"sotevtamab","kind":"drug","name":"Sotevtamab","aka":"AB-16B5","tldr":"Sotevtamab is a monoclonal antibody from Alethia Biotherapeutics, in registered phase 2 trials for colorectal cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/sotevtamab/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"tilt-123","kind":"drug","name":"TILT-123","aka":"Ad5/3-E2F-d24-hTNFa-IRES-hIL2 (TILT-123)","tldr":"TILT-123 is an oncolytic virus from TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd., in registered phase 2 trials for ovarian cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/tilt-123/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"au-007","kind":"drug","name":"AU-007","aka":"","tldr":"AU-007 is a monoclonal antibody from Aulos Bioscience, Inc., in registered phase 2 trials for metastatic cancer, melanoma, non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/au-007/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"metastatic-cancer melanoma nsclc sclc"},{"id":"or502","kind":"drug","name":"OR502","aka":"","tldr":"OR502 is a monoclonal antibody from OncoResponse, Inc., in registered phase 2 trials for metastatic cancer, melanoma, non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/or502/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"metastatic-cancer melanoma nsclc sclc"},{"id":"pamiparib","kind":"drug","name":"Pamiparib","aka":"BGB-290","tldr":"Pamiparib is an oral parp inhibitor from BeiGene, in registered phase 3 trials for ovarian cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest 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Co., Ltd., in registered phase 3 trials for chronic myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/radotinib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"cml cml-chronic-phase"},{"id":"ponsegromab","kind":"drug","name":"Ponsegromab","aka":"","tldr":"Ponsegromab is a monoclonal antibody from Pfizer, in registered phase 3 trials for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/ponsegromab/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"wjb001","kind":"drug","name":"WJB001","aka":"Wee1 inhibitor+ Taxol/Abraxane\nWee1 inhibitor+ PARAPLATIN/Aqupla\nWee1 inhibitor+ PARAPLATIN+Taxol\nWee1 inhibitor+ Zejula","tldr":"WJB001 is a small-molecule inhibitor from Wigen Biomedicine Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., in registered phase 2 trials for metastatic cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest 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Curis, Inc., in registered phase 2 trials for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, brain and spinal cord tumours.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/emavusertib/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"cll brain-tumours"},{"id":"doc1021","kind":"drug","name":"DOC1021","aka":"","tldr":"DOC1021 is a cancer vaccine from Diakonos Oncology Corporation, in registered phase 2 trials for glioma & glioblastoma, melanoma.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/doc1021/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"glioblastoma melanoma"},{"id":"jbi-802","kind":"drug","name":"JBI-802","aka":"","tldr":"JBI-802 is a small-molecule inhibitor from Jubilant Therapeutics Inc., in registered phase 2 trials for myeloproliferative neoplasms, chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia and MDS/MPN overlap neoplasms.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/jbi-802/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms cmml"},{"id":"befotertinib","kind":"drug","name":"Befotertinib","aka":"","tldr":"Befotertinib is an oral kinase inhibitor from Betta Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., in registered phase 2 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/befotertinib/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"camonsertib","kind":"drug","name":"Camonsertib","aka":"","tldr":"Camonsertib is an oral serine/threonine kinase inhibitor from Hoffmann-La Roche, in registered phase 2 trials for metastatic cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/camonsertib/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"selicrelumab","kind":"drug","name":"Selicrelumab","aka":"","tldr":"Selicrelumab is a monoclonal antibody from Hoffmann-La Roche, in registered phase 2 trials for metastatic cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/selicrelumab/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"fluzoparib","kind":"drug","name":"Fluzoparib","aka":"","tldr":"Fluzoparib is an oral parp inhibitor from Risen (Suzhou) Pharma Tech Co., Ltd., in registered phase 2 trials for metastatic cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/fluzoparib/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"evexomostat","kind":"drug","name":"Evexomostat","aka":"SDX-7320","tldr":"Evexomostat is a small-molecule inhibitor from SynDevRx, Inc., in registered phase 2 trials for metastatic cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/evexomostat/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"tst003","kind":"drug","name":"TST003","aka":"","tldr":"TST003 is a monoclonal antibody from Transcenta Therapeutics (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd., in registered phase 2 trials for colorectal cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/tst003/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"obi-902","kind":"drug","name":"OBI-902","aka":"","tldr":"OBI-902 is an antibody-drug conjugate from OBI Pharma, Inc, in registered phase 2 trials for metastatic cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/obi-902/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"cyh33","kind":"drug","name":"CYH33","aka":"","tldr":"CYH33 is a small-molecule inhibitor from Haihe Biopharma Co., Ltd., in registered phase 2 trials for ovarian cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/cyh33/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"farletuzumab-ecteribulin","kind":"drug","name":"Farletuzumab ecteribulin","aka":"MORAb-202","tldr":"Farletuzumab ecteribulin is an antibody-drug conjugate from Eisai Inc., in registered phase 2 trials for metastatic cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/farletuzumab-ecteribulin/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"imp1734","kind":"drug","name":"IMP1734","aka":"","tldr":"IMP1734 is a small-molecule inhibitor from Eikon Therapeutics, in registered phase 2 trials for metastatic cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/imp1734/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"rv001v","kind":"drug","name":"RV001V","aka":"","tldr":"RV001V is a cancer vaccine from RhoVac APS, in registered phase 2 trials for prostate cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/rv001v/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"dr-01","kind":"drug","name":"DR-01","aka":"","tldr":"DR-01 is a monoclonal antibody from Dren Bio, in registered phase 2 trials for peripheral T-cell lymphomas.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/dr-01/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"lp-184","kind":"drug","name":"LP-184","aka":"","tldr":"LP-184 is a small-molecule inhibitor from Lantern Pharma Inc., in registered phase 2 trials for triple-negative breast cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/lp-184/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"tnbc nsclc pancreatic"},{"id":"skb105","kind":"drug","name":"SKB105","aka":"","tldr":"SKB105 is an antibody-drug conjugate from Sichuan Kelun-Biotech Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., in registered phase 2 trials for metastatic cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/skb105/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"rvu120","kind":"drug","name":"RVU120","aka":"SEL120","tldr":"RVU120 is a small-molecule inhibitor from Ryvu Therapeutics SA, in registered phase 2 trials for acute myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/rvu120/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"tuspetinib","kind":"drug","name":"Tuspetinib","aka":"HM43239","tldr":"Tuspetinib is an oral kinase inhibitor from Aptose Biosciences Inc., in registered phase 2 trials for myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms, chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia and MDS/MPN overlap neoplasms.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/tuspetinib/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"mds cmml"},{"id":"avzo-023","kind":"drug","name":"AVZO-023","aka":"","tldr":"AVZO-023 is a small-molecule inhibitor from Avenzo Therapeutics, Inc., in registered phase 2 trials for metastatic cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/avzo-023/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"vudalimab","kind":"drug","name":"Vudalimab","aka":"","tldr":"Vudalimab is a bispecific antibody from Xencor, Inc., in registered phase 2 trials for ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, cervical cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/vudalimab/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"ovarian endometrial cervical prostate"},{"id":"np137","kind":"drug","name":"NP137","aka":"","tldr":"NP137 is a monoclonal antibody from NETRIS Pharma, in registered phase 2 trials for endometrial cancer, cervical cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/np137/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"endometrial cervical"},{"id":"tqb3702","kind":"drug","name":"TQB3702","aka":"","tldr":"TQB3702 is a small-molecule inhibitor from Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., in registered phase 2 trials for non-Hodgkin lymphoma.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/tqb3702/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"rem-422","kind":"drug","name":"REM-422","aka":"","tldr":"REM-422 is a small-molecule inhibitor from Remix Therapeutics, in registered phase 2 trials for salivary gland cancers.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/rem-422/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"salivary-gland adenoid-cystic-carcinoma"},{"id":"upifitamab-rilsodotin","kind":"drug","name":"Upifitamab rilsodotin","aka":"XMT-1536\nUpRi","tldr":"Upifitamab rilsodotin is an antibody-drug conjugate from Mersana Therapeutics, in registered phase 2 trials for ovarian cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/upifitamab-rilsodotin/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"ovarian nsclc"},{"id":"stp938","kind":"drug","name":"STP938","aka":"","tldr":"STP938 is a small-molecule inhibitor from Step Pharma, SAS, in registered phase 2 trials for non-Hodgkin lymphoma.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/stp938/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"tqb3909","kind":"drug","name":"TQB3909","aka":"","tldr":"TQB3909 is a small-molecule inhibitor from Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., in registered phase 2 trials for metastatic cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/tqb3909/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"obi-992","kind":"drug","name":"OBI-992","aka":"","tldr":"OBI-992 is an antibody-drug conjugate from OBI Pharma, Inc, in registered phase 2 trials for metastatic cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/obi-992/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"theo-260","kind":"drug","name":"THEO-260","aka":"","tldr":"THEO-260 is an oncolytic virus from Theolytics Limited, in registered phase 2 trials for ovarian cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/theo-260/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"pbp1510","kind":"drug","name":"PBP1510","aka":"","tldr":"PBP1510 is a monoclonal antibody from Prestige Biopharma Limited, in registered phase 2 trials for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/pbp1510/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"rnk05047","kind":"drug","name":"RNK05047","aka":"","tldr":"RNK05047 is a targeted protein degrader from Ranok Therapeutics (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd., in registered phase 2 trials for metastatic cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/rnk05047/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"bexmarilimab","kind":"drug","name":"Bexmarilimab","aka":"FP-1305","tldr":"Bexmarilimab is a monoclonal antibody from Faron Pharmaceuticals Ltd, in registered phase 2 trials for acute myeloid leukaemia, chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia and MDS/MPN overlap neoplasms, myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/bexmarilimab/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"aml cmml mds"},{"id":"inlexisertib","kind":"drug","name":"Inlexisertib","aka":"DCC-3116","tldr":"Inlexisertib is an oral serine/threonine kinase inhibitor from Deciphera Pharmaceuticals, LLC, in registered phase 2 trials for metastatic cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/inlexisertib/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"tenalisib","kind":"drug","name":"Tenalisib","aka":"RP6530","tldr":"Tenalisib is an oral pi3k inhibitor from Rhizen Pharmaceuticals SA, in registered phase 2 trials for triple-negative breast cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/tenalisib/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"mitazalimab","kind":"drug","name":"Mitazalimab","aka":"ADC-1013, JNJ-64457107","tldr":"Mitazalimab is an antibody-drug conjugate from Alligator Bioscience AB, in registered phase 2 trials for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/mitazalimab/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"ipg1094","kind":"drug","name":"IPG1094","aka":"","tldr":"IPG1094 is a small-molecule inhibitor from Nanjing Immunophage Biotech Co., Ltd, in registered phase 2 trials for metastatic cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/ipg1094/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"vibostolimab","kind":"drug","name":"Vibostolimab","aka":"MK-7684","tldr":"Vibostolimab is a monoclonal antibody from Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, in registered phase 2 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/vibostolimab/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"boserolimab","kind":"drug","name":"Boserolimab","aka":"MK-5890","tldr":"Boserolimab is a monoclonal antibody from Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, in registered phase 2 trials for non-small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/boserolimab/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"hst-1011","kind":"drug","name":"HST-1011","aka":"CBL-B inhibitor","tldr":"HST-1011 is a small-molecule inhibitor from HotSpot Therapeutics, Inc, in registered phase 2 trials for metastatic cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/hst-1011/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"spartalizumab","kind":"drug","name":"Spartalizumab","aka":"PDR001","tldr":"Spartalizumab is a monoclonal antibody from Novartis Pharmaceuticals, in registered phase 2 trials for myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/spartalizumab/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"mds"},{"id":"sabatolimab","kind":"drug","name":"Sabatolimab","aka":"MBG453","tldr":"Sabatolimab is a monoclonal antibody from Novartis Pharmaceuticals, in registered phase 2 trials for myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/sabatolimab/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"mds mds-higher-risk"},{"id":"evm14","kind":"drug","name":"EVM14","aka":"","tldr":"EVM14 is a cancer vaccine from Everest Medicines (Beijing) Co., Ltd., in registered phase 2 trials for metastatic cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/evm14/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"pimicotinib","kind":"drug","name":"Pimicotinib","aka":"","tldr":"Pimicotinib is an oral kinase inhibitor from Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, in registered phase 2 trials for tenosynovial giant cell tumour.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/pimicotinib/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"tenosynovial-giant-cell-tumour"},{"id":"vb15010","kind":"drug","name":"VB15010","aka":"","tldr":"VB15010 is a small-molecule inhibitor from Zhejiang Yangli Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., in registered phase 2 trials for ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/vb15010/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"ovarian prostate pancreatic cholangiocarcinoma colorectal"},{"id":"tqb2868","kind":"drug","name":"TQB2868","aka":"","tldr":"TQB2868 is a bispecific antibody from Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Nanjing Shunxin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., in registered phase 2 trials for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/tqb2868/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"ard103","kind":"drug","name":"ARD103","aka":"","tldr":"ARD103 is a car-t cell therapy from ARCE Therapeutics, Inc., in registered phase 2 trials for acute myeloid leukaemia, myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/ard103/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"aml mds"},{"id":"vactosertib","kind":"drug","name":"Vactosertib","aka":"TEW-7197","tldr":"Vactosertib is an oral serine/threonine kinase inhibitor from MedPacto, Inc., in registered phase 2 trials for osteosarcoma.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/vactosertib/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"osteosarcoma"},{"id":"adavosertib","kind":"drug","name":"Adavosertib","aka":"","tldr":"Adavosertib is an oral serine/threonine kinase inhibitor from AstraZeneca, in registered phase 2 trials for triple-negative breast cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/adavosertib/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"tnbc"},{"id":"nuv-1511","kind":"drug","name":"NUV-1511","aka":"","tldr":"NUV-1511 is a small-molecule inhibitor from Nuvation Bio Inc., in registered phase 2 trials for prostate cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, ovarian cancer.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest registry-only","route":"/drugs/nuv-1511/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"prostate pancreatic ovarian"},{"id":"benmelstobart","kind":"drug","name":"Benmelstobart","aka":"","tldr":"Benmelstobart is Chia Tai Tianqing's PD-L1 antibody, approved in China in 2024 for extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer in combination with anlotinib and chemotherapy.","tags":"china nmpa-approved","route":"/drugs/benmelstobart/","status":"approved","cancers":"sclc extensive-stage-sclc"},{"id":"iruplinalkib","kind":"drug","name":"Iruplinalkib","aka":"Qixinke","tldr":"Iruplinalkib is Qilu Pharmaceutical's second-generation ALK inhibitor, approved in China in 2023 for ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer after crizotinib and in 2024 as first-line treatment.","tags":"china nmpa-approved","route":"/drugs/iruplinalkib/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc alk-positive-nsclc"},{"id":"flumatinib","kind":"drug","name":"Flumatinib","aka":"Xinfu","tldr":"Flumatinib is Hansoh Pharma's second-generation BCR-ABL inhibitor, approved in China in 2019 for newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.","tags":"china nmpa-approved","route":"/drugs/flumatinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"cml"},{"id":"utidelone","kind":"drug","name":"Utidelone","aka":"Youheng","tldr":"Utidelone is Biostar Pharmaceuticals' epothilone chemotherapy, approved in China in 2021 with capecitabine for advanced breast cancer after anthracyclines and taxanes.","tags":"china nmpa-approved","route":"/drugs/utidelone/","status":"approved"},{"id":"inetetamab","kind":"drug","name":"Inetetamab","aka":"Cipterbin","tldr":"Inetetamab is 3SBio's HER2 antibody, approved in China in 2020 with vinorelbine for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer.","tags":"china nmpa-approved","route":"/drugs/inetetamab/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"linperlisib","kind":"drug","name":"Linperlisib","aka":"Yinlijia","tldr":"Linperlisib is Shanghai Yingli's PI3K-delta inhibitor, approved in China in 2022 for relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma after two or more lines.","tags":"china nmpa-approved","route":"/drugs/linperlisib/","status":"approved","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma"},{"id":"surufatinib","kind":"drug","name":"Surufatinib","aka":"sulfatinib\nSulanda","tldr":"Surufatinib is HUTCHMED's angio-immuno kinase inhibitor, approved in China in 2020 for non-pancreatic and in 2021 for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours.","tags":"china nmpa-approved","route":"/drugs/surufatinib/","status":"approved","cancers":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"recombinant-human-endostatin","kind":"drug","name":"Recombinant human endostatin","aka":"Endostar\nrh-endostatin","tldr":"Endostar is Simcere's recombinant endostatin, approved in China in 2005 with chemotherapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer, one of the first angiogenesis inhibitors approved anywhere.","tags":"china nmpa-approved","route":"/drugs/recombinant-human-endostatin/","status":"approved","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"h101-oncolytic-adenovirus","kind":"drug","name":"H101 oncolytic adenovirus","aka":"Oncorine","tldr":"Oncorine is Shanghai Sunway Biotech's oncolytic adenovirus, approved in China in 2005 for nasopharyngeal carcinoma with chemotherapy, the first oncolytic virus approved anywhere in the world.","tags":"china nmpa-approved","route":"/drugs/h101-oncolytic-adenovirus/","status":"approved","cancers":"nasopharyngeal"},{"id":"iparomlimab-tuvonralimab","kind":"drug","name":"Iparomlimab and tuvonralimab","aka":"PSB205","tldr":"QL1706 is Qilu Pharmaceutical's PD-1 plus CTLA-4 antibody mixture, approved in China in 2024 for recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer after platinum chemotherapy.","tags":"china nmpa-approved","route":"/drugs/iparomlimab-tuvonralimab/","status":"approved","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"mecapegfilgrastim","kind":"drug","name":"Mecapegfilgrastim","aka":"Aiduo\n19K","tldr":"Mecapegfilgrastim is Hengrui's long-acting G-CSF, approved in China in 2018 to prevent chemotherapy-induced neutropenia.","tags":"china nmpa-approved","route":"/drugs/mecapegfilgrastim/","status":"approved"},{"id":"vorolanib","kind":"drug","name":"Vorolanib","aka":"CM082\nFuwei","tldr":"Vorolanib is Betta Pharmaceuticals' oral VEGFR and PDGFR inhibitor, approved in China in 2023 with everolimus for advanced kidney cancer after a first kinase inhibitor has failed.","tags":"china nmpa-approved","route":"/drugs/vorolanib/","status":"approved","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"polycythaemia-vera","kind":"cancer","name":"Polycythaemia vera (PV)","aka":"Polycythemia vera\nPV\nPrimary polycythaemia\nVaquez disease\nVaquez-Osler disease","tldr":"Polycythaemia vera is a slow blood cancer in which a single faulty gene, JAK2, makes the bone marrow produce too many red cells. Thick blood causes clots, so treatment thins it (blood removal, aspirin) and, for higher-risk patients, calms the marrow with hydroxyurea, interferon or ruxolitinib; a hepcidin mimic, rusfertide, now controls red cell counts without regular blood removal.","tags":"polycythaemia-vera mpn","route":"/cancers/polycythaemia-vera/","parent":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"cyto-pv","kind":"trial","name":"CYTO-PV","aka":"","tldr":"CYTO-PV settled the most basic question in PV: keeping the haematocrit under 45 percent gives far fewer serious clots and cardiovascular deaths than a looser target.","tags":"polycythaemia-vera mpn","route":"/trials/cyto-pv/","status":"positive","cancers":"polycythaemia-vera myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"response","kind":"trial","name":"RESPONSE","aka":"","tldr":"RESPONSE showed that ruxolitinib controls the haematocrit and shrinks the spleen in PV patients hydroxyurea has failed, and won the first drug approval specific to that setting.","tags":"polycythaemia-vera mpn","route":"/trials/response/","status":"positive","cancers":"polycythaemia-vera myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"response-2","kind":"trial","name":"RESPONSE-2","aka":"","tldr":"RESPONSE-2 extended ruxolitinib's benefit to PV patients without an enlarged spleen: three times as many reached haematocrit control.","tags":"polycythaemia-vera mpn","route":"/trials/response-2/","status":"positive","cancers":"polycythaemia-vera"},{"id":"proud-pv","kind":"trial","name":"PROUD-PV and CONTINUATION-PV","aka":"","tldr":"PROUD-PV and its extension showed that ropeginterferon matches hydroxyurea in the first year and then pulls ahead, with more complete responses and far more molecular responses by three years.","tags":"polycythaemia-vera mpn","route":"/trials/proud-pv/","status":"positive","cancers":"polycythaemia-vera myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"low-pv","kind":"trial","name":"Low-PV","aka":"","tldr":"Low-PV asked whether even low-risk patients gain from interferon: more of them stayed at the haematocrit target without progression when ropeginterferon was added to phlebotomy.","tags":"polycythaemia-vera mpn","route":"/trials/low-pv/","status":"positive","cancers":"polycythaemia-vera"},{"id":"majic-pv","kind":"trial","name":"MAJIC-PV","aka":"","tldr":"MAJIC-PV, a UK academic trial, found that ruxolitinib gave more complete responses than best available therapy and, for the first time, that a complete response went with fewer clots and progressions.","tags":"polycythaemia-vera mpn","route":"/trials/majic-pv/","status":"positive","cancers":"polycythaemia-vera"},{"id":"verify","kind":"trial","name":"VERIFY","aka":"verify","tldr":"VERIFY showed that weekly rusfertide, a hepcidin mimetic, freed most PV patients from phlebotomy and improved their symptoms, leading to the drug's approval in 2026.","tags":"polycythaemia-vera mpn","route":"/trials/verify/","status":"positive","cancers":"polycythaemia-vera myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"jak2-v617f","kind":"term","name":"JAK2 V617F","aka":"","tldr":"A single letter change in the JAK2 gene that jams the growth signal for blood cells in the on position. Almost everyone with polycythaemia vera has it, as do about half of those with essential thrombocythaemia or myelofibrosis.","tags":"polycythaemia-vera mpn","route":"/terms/jak2-v617f/","cancers":"polycythaemia-vera myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"phlebotomy","kind":"term","name":"Phlebotomy (venesection)","aka":"","tldr":"Removing about a pint of blood through a vein, as in a blood donation, to bring the red cell count down. It is the oldest treatment in polycythaemia vera and still the first.","tags":"polycythaemia-vera mpn","route":"/terms/phlebotomy/","cancers":"polycythaemia-vera"},{"id":"haematocrit","kind":"term","name":"Haematocrit","aka":"","tldr":"The share of blood volume made up of red cells. Normal is roughly 40 to 50 percent; in polycythaemia vera treatment aims to keep it under 45 percent, because above that clots become much more likely.","tags":"polycythaemia-vera mpn","route":"/terms/haematocrit/","cancers":"polycythaemia-vera"},{"id":"erythrocytosis","kind":"term","name":"Erythrocytosis (primary vs secondary)","aka":"","tldr":"Too many red cells. In polycythaemia vera the marrow itself is at fault (primary); far more often the cause is something else driving it, such as smoking, low oxygen, sleep apnoea, a kidney tumour or testosterone (secondary).","tags":"polycythaemia-vera mpn","route":"/terms/erythrocytosis/","cancers":"polycythaemia-vera"},{"id":"hepcidin","kind":"term","name":"Hepcidin","aka":"","tldr":"The liver hormone that controls how much iron the body absorbs and releases. Drugs that mimic it lock iron away so the marrow cannot make excess red cells, the idea behind rusfertide.","tags":"polycythaemia-vera mpn","route":"/terms/hepcidin/","cancers":"polycythaemia-vera"},{"id":"aquagenic-pruritus","kind":"term","name":"Aquagenic pruritus","aka":"","tldr":"Intense itching, prickling or burning of the skin within minutes of contact with water, typically after a shower. It affects a large minority of people with polycythaemia vera and can be the most disabling symptom.","tags":"polycythaemia-vera mpn","route":"/terms/aquagenic-pruritus/","cancers":"polycythaemia-vera myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"erythromelalgia","kind":"term","name":"Erythromelalgia","aka":"","tldr":"Burning pain, redness and heat in the hands or feet, brought on by warmth. In polycythaemia vera and essential thrombocythaemia it comes from platelets clumping in tiny vessels and often disappears with low-dose aspirin.","tags":"polycythaemia-vera mpn","route":"/terms/erythromelalgia/","cancers":"polycythaemia-vera myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"post-pv-myelofibrosis","kind":"term","name":"Post-PV myelofibrosis (spent phase)","aka":"","tldr":"The late stage some people with polycythaemia vera reach after many years, when the marrow scars over, the red count falls and the spleen swells. It is treated as myelofibrosis.","tags":"polycythaemia-vera mpn","route":"/terms/post-pv-myelofibrosis/","cancers":"polycythaemia-vera myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"idea-pv-clone-directed-therapy","kind":"idea","name":"Clearing the JAK2 clone in polycythaemia vera: interferon plus mutant-selective inhibitors as a route to treatment-free remission","aka":"","tldr":"Today's PV drugs control blood counts but leave the mutant cells in place. Interferon is the one treatment that shrinks the clone, and the first JAK2 V617F-selective inhibitors have entered trials; combining the two could aim at molecular remission, the way imatinib did for CML.","tags":"polycythaemia-vera mpn","route":"/ideas/idea-pv-clone-directed-therapy/","cancers":"polycythaemia-vera myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"idea-pv-hepcidin-first","kind":"idea","name":"Hepcidin-based control as first-line treatment in low-risk polycythaemia vera","aka":"","tldr":"Rusfertide replaced phlebotomy in patients who needed it often. The open question is whether hepcidin control from diagnosis, in low-risk patients who today get phlebotomy alone, prevents the iron deficiency, the count swings and perhaps the clots that phlebotomy leaves behind.","tags":"polycythaemia-vera mpn","route":"/ideas/idea-pv-hepcidin-first/","cancers":"polycythaemia-vera"},{"id":"devimistat","kind":"drug","name":"Devimistat","aka":"CPI-613","tldr":"Devimistat tried to starve pancreatic cancer cells of their energy supply alongside chemotherapy; the phase 3 AVENGER 500 trial found no survival gain.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/devimistat/","status":"negative","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"pamrevlumab","kind":"drug","name":"Pamrevlumab","aka":"FG-3019","tldr":"Pamrevlumab targeted the scar-like tissue around pancreatic tumours; its phase 3 LAPIS trial in locally advanced disease did not lengthen survival.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/pamrevlumab/","status":"negative","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"eryaspase","kind":"drug","name":"Eryaspase","aka":"GRASPA\nL-asparaginase encapsulated in red blood cells","tldr":"Eryaspase packed a leukaemia enzyme into red blood cells to starve pancreatic cancer of an amino acid; the phase 3 TRYbeCA-1 trial missed its survival goal.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/eryaspase/","status":"negative","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"algenpantucel-l","kind":"drug","name":"Algenpantucel-L","aka":"HyperAcute Pancreas","tldr":"Algenpantucel-L was a whole-cell pancreatic cancer vaccine given after surgery; the phase 3 IMPRESS trial showed no survival benefit.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/algenpantucel-l/","status":"negative","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"elraglusib","kind":"drug","name":"Elraglusib","aka":"9-ING-41","tldr":"Elraglusib blocks a kinase that helps pancreatic cancer resist chemotherapy; in a randomised phase 2 it lengthened survival when added to gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel, and a phase 3 is planned.","tags":"","route":"/drugs/elraglusib/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"avenger-500","kind":"trial","name":"AVENGER 500","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the metabolism drug devimistat to FOLFIRINOX did not help people with metastatic pancreatic cancer live longer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/avenger-500/","status":"negative","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"lapis-trial","kind":"trial","name":"LAPIS","aka":"","tldr":"The anti-stroma antibody pamrevlumab did not help people with locally advanced pancreatic cancer live longer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/lapis-trial/","status":"negative","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"trybeca-1","kind":"trial","name":"TRYbeCA-1","aka":"","tldr":"Eryaspase, an enzyme carried inside red blood cells, did not lengthen survival when added to second-line chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/trybeca-1/","status":"negative","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"impress-trial","kind":"trial","name":"IMPRESS (algenpantucel-L)","aka":"","tldr":"The largest vaccine trial after pancreatic cancer surgery found that algenpantucel-L added nothing to standard chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/trials/impress-trial/","status":"negative","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"notable-trial","kind":"trial","name":"NOTABLE (nimotuzumab, KRAS wild-type pancreatic cancer)","aka":"","tldr":"In the minority of pancreatic cancers without a KRAS mutation, adding the EGFR antibody nimotuzumab to gemcitabine helped people live longer, and China approved it in 2023.","tags":"","route":"/trials/notable-trial/","status":"positive","cancers":"pancreatic kras-wild-type-pdac"},{"id":"actuate-1801","kind":"trial","name":"Actuate 1801 Part 3B (elraglusib)","aka":"actuate-1801\nActuate 1801\n9-ING-41 in Patients With Advanced Cancers","tldr":"A randomised phase 2 found that adding the GSK-3 inhibitor elraglusib to standard chemotherapy lengthened survival in metastatic pancreatic cancer; a phase 3 is needed to confirm it.","tags":"","route":"/trials/actuate-1801/","status":"positive","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"cornerstone-pharmaceuticals","kind":"company","name":"Cornerstone Pharmaceuticals (formerly Rafael Pharmaceuticals)","aka":"Rafael Pharmaceuticals","tldr":"The company behind devimistat, a drug against cancer cell metabolism that failed its phase 3 trials in pancreatic cancer and leukaemia.","tags":"","route":"/companies/cornerstone-pharmaceuticals/","cancers":"pancreatic aml"},{"id":"fibrogen","kind":"company","name":"FibroGen","aka":"","tldr":"A fibrosis-focused biotech whose anti-CTGF antibody pamrevlumab failed phase 3 trials in pancreatic cancer and in lung fibrosis.","tags":"","route":"/companies/fibrogen/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"newlink-genetics","kind":"company","name":"NewLink Genetics (now Lumos Pharma)","aka":"Lumos Pharma","tldr":"The Iowa biotech that ran the largest pancreatic cancer vaccine trial, IMPRESS, and the IDO inhibitor indoximod programme; it merged into Lumos Pharma in 2020.","tags":"","route":"/companies/newlink-genetics/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"actuate-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Actuate Therapeutics","aka":"","tldr":"A Texas biotech developing elraglusib, a GSK-3 beta inhibitor that improved survival in a randomised phase 2 in metastatic pancreatic cancer.","tags":"","route":"/companies/actuate-therapeutics/","cancers":"pancreatic ewing-sarcoma"},{"id":"anastrozole","kind":"drug","name":"Anastrozole","aka":"ZD1033","tldr":"Anastrozole is a daily tablet that stops the body making oestrogen after the menopause. It treats and prevents hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer and is an alternative to tamoxifen after surgery for ductal carcinoma in situ.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/anastrozole/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-hr-positive ductal-carcinoma-in-situ"},{"id":"zanidatamab-zovodotin","kind":"drug","name":"Zanidatamab zovodotin","aka":"ZW49","tldr":"Zanidatamab zovodotin joined the two-armed HER2 antibody zanidatamab to a cell-killing payload. It was tested in early trials in HER2-expressing cancers; the plain antibody went on to approval, the conjugate did not progress beyond phase 1.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/zanidatamab-zovodotin/","status":"phase-1","cancers":"breast-her2-positive gastric gallbladder"},{"id":"acitretin","kind":"drug","name":"Acitretin","aka":"Neotigason","tldr":"Acitretin is a vitamin A tablet licensed for severe psoriasis. In people who have had an organ transplant and keep developing skin cancers, it reduces the number of new squamous cell carcinomas while it is taken.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/acitretin/","status":"approved","cancers":"cutaneous-scc skin-cancer"},{"id":"nicotinamide","kind":"drug","name":"Nicotinamide","aka":"Niacinamide\nVitamin B3 (amide)","tldr":"Nicotinamide is a cheap over-the-counter form of vitamin B3. Taken twice a day it cuts the number of new skin cancers in people who have already had several, by helping skin cells repair sun damage.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/nicotinamide/","status":"established","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma cutaneous-scc"},{"id":"patidegib","kind":"drug","name":"Patidegib","aka":"Saridegib (topical)\nIPI-926","tldr":"Patidegib is a hedgehog-pathway blocker made into a skin gel. It is being tested in people with Gorlin syndrome, who grow dozens of basal cell carcinomas, to prevent new tumours without the hair loss, muscle cramps and taste loss that the oral drugs cause.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/patidegib/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"locally-advanced-bcc skin-cancer"},{"id":"hypericin-sgx301","kind":"drug","name":"Synthetic hypericin","aka":"Hypericin\nSGX301\nHypericin ointment","tldr":"HyBryte is an ointment containing synthetic hypericin, the active pigment of St John's wort. Rubbed on patches of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and switched on with ordinary visible light, it kills the lymphoma cells in the skin without ultraviolet light.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/hypericin-sgx301/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"daromun","kind":"drug","name":"Daromun","aka":"L19IL2 + L19TNF\nOnfekafusp alfa and bifikafusp alfa\nDarleukin + Fibromun","tldr":"Daromun is a pair of antibody-linked immune messengers injected straight into melanoma deposits before surgery. In a phase 3 trial it lowered the chance of the melanoma coming back after the operation compared with surgery alone.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/daromun/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"stage-iii-melanoma"},{"id":"celecoxib","kind":"drug","name":"Celecoxib","aka":"SC-58635","tldr":"Celecoxib is a common anti-inflammatory painkiller. In oncology it is paired with low-dose oral methotrexate as a cheap 'metronomic' treatment for advanced head and neck cancer, a regimen from Tata Memorial in Mumbai that beat intravenous cisplatin in a randomised trial.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/celecoxib/","status":"approved","cancers":"oral-cavity-cancer oral-tongue-cancer buccal-mucosa-cancer recurrent-metastatic-hnscc hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer"},{"id":"xevinapant","kind":"drug","name":"Xevinapant","aka":"Debio 1143\nAT-406\nSM-406","tldr":"Xevinapant was a tablet meant to make head and neck cancer cells easier to kill with chemoradiation by removing the proteins that stop them dying. A promising mid-stage trial was followed by a phase 3 that was stopped in 2024 because it was not working.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/xevinapant/","status":"negative","cancers":"hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer"},{"id":"hb-200","kind":"drug","name":"HB-200","aka":"HB-201\nHB-202\nEseba-vec","tldr":"HB-200 is a vaccine built from two harmless engineered viruses that teach the immune system to attack the HPV16 proteins inside cervical and throat cancers. It has been tested with pembrolizumab in HPV16-positive head and neck cancer.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/hb-200/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"recurrent-metastatic-hnscc"},{"id":"depatuxizumab-mafodotin","kind":"drug","name":"Depatuxizumab mafodotin","aka":"ABT-414\nDepatux-M","tldr":"Depatuxizumab mafodotin carried a cell-killing payload to glioblastomas with extra copies of the EGFR gene. It caused serious eye problems and, in the phase 3 INTELLANCE-1 trial, did not help patients live longer, so development stopped in 2019.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/depatuxizumab-mafodotin/","status":"negative","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"neovax","kind":"drug","name":"NeoVax","aka":"Personalised neoantigen peptide vaccine (Dana-Farber)","tldr":"NeoVax is a made-to-order vaccine: a patient's tumour is sequenced, the mutations most likely to be seen by the immune system are turned into peptides, and these are injected to train T cells against that tumour alone. Early trials in melanoma and glioblastoma showed it raises the intended immune response.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/neovax/","status":"phase-1","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"gsk2256098","kind":"drug","name":"GSK2256098","aka":"GSK-2256098","tldr":"GSK2256098 is a tablet that blocks an enzyme called FAK, which meningiomas missing the NF2 gene rely on. In the Alliance A071401 trial it slowed progression in recurrent NF2-mutant meningiomas, one of the first positive results for a targeted drug in this tumour.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/gsk2256098/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"meningioma"},{"id":"mifepristone","kind":"drug","name":"Mifepristone","aka":"RU-486\nRU486","tldr":"Mifepristone, best known as an abortion pill and a treatment for Cushing's syndrome, blocks progesterone receptors that most meningiomas carry. A large phase 3 trial found it did not slow inoperable meningiomas.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/mifepristone/","status":"negative","cancers":"meningioma"},{"id":"memantine","kind":"drug","name":"Memantine","aka":"Ebixa","tldr":"Memantine is an Alzheimer's drug taken during whole-brain radiotherapy to protect memory. With hippocampal-sparing radiotherapy it has become the standard way to limit the thinking problems the treatment causes.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/memantine/","status":"approved","cancers":"secondary-brain-tumours"},{"id":"setmelanotide","kind":"drug","name":"Setmelanotide","aka":"RM-493","tldr":"Setmelanotide is a daily injection that switches back on the brain's fullness signal. It is approved for rare genetic causes of obesity and, since March 2026 in the United States, for the continuous weight gain that follows damage to the hypothalamus from a tumour such as craniopharyngioma or from its treatment.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/setmelanotide/","status":"approved","cancers":"craniopharyngioma"},{"id":"bromocriptine","kind":"drug","name":"Bromocriptine","aka":"Bromocriptine mesylate","tldr":"Bromocriptine was the first pill that could shrink a pituitary tumour. From the 1970s it turned prolactinomas from a surgical disease into one usually controlled with tablets, and it is still used where cabergoline is unavailable or unsuitable.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/bromocriptine/","status":"approved","cancers":"pituitary-tumours"},{"id":"cabergoline","kind":"drug","name":"Cabergoline","aka":"Cabaser","tldr":"Cabergoline is a tablet taken once or twice a week that shrinks prolactin-secreting pituitary tumours and normalises hormone levels in most patients, so surgery is reserved for the few whose tumours resist or who cannot tolerate it.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/cabergoline/","status":"approved","cancers":"pituitary-tumours"},{"id":"pasireotide","kind":"drug","name":"Pasireotide","aka":"SOM230","tldr":"Pasireotide is a second-generation somatostatin analogue that hits more receptor types than octreotide. It is approved for Cushing's disease and acromegaly caused by pituitary tumours when surgery has not cured them, at the cost of frequent high blood sugar.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/pasireotide/","status":"approved","cancers":"pituitary-tumours lung-net"},{"id":"pegvisomant","kind":"drug","name":"Pegvisomant","aka":"B2036-PEG","tldr":"Pegvisomant is a daily injection that blocks growth hormone at its receptor. It normalises the downstream hormone IGF-1 in most people with acromegaly whose tumours were not cured by surgery, although it does not shrink the tumour itself.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/pegvisomant/","status":"approved","cancers":"pituitary-tumours"},{"id":"osilodrostat","kind":"drug","name":"Osilodrostat","aka":"LCI699","tldr":"Osilodrostat is a twice-daily tablet that stops the adrenal glands making cortisol. It controls Cushing's disease caused by a pituitary tumour when surgery has failed or is not possible, normalising cortisol in most patients.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/osilodrostat/","status":"approved","cancers":"pituitary-tumours"},{"id":"metyrapone","kind":"drug","name":"Metyrapone","aka":"Metyrapone capsules","tldr":"Metyrapone is an older tablet that blocks cortisol production in the adrenal glands. It is used to bring cortisol down quickly in Cushing's disease before or after pituitary surgery, and in the United States mainly as a diagnostic test.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/metyrapone/","status":"established","cancers":"pituitary-tumours"},{"id":"paltusotine","kind":"drug","name":"Paltusotine","aka":"CRN00808","tldr":"Paltusotine is the first somatostatin-type drug that works as a once-daily pill instead of a monthly injection. It was approved in 2025 for acromegaly and is being tested for the flushing and diarrhoea of carcinoid syndrome from small-bowel neuroendocrine tumours.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/paltusotine/","status":"approved","cancers":"small-intestinal-net"},{"id":"obrixtamig","kind":"drug","name":"Obrixtamig","aka":"BI 764532\nBI-764532","tldr":"Obrixtamig is an antibody with two arms: one grabs DLL3, a protein on the surface of most neuroendocrine carcinomas, and the other grabs a T cell, pulling the killer cell onto the cancer. It is in a phase 3 trial for neuroendocrine carcinomas outside the lung.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/obrixtamig/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"extrapulmonary-nec"},{"id":"diazoxide","kind":"drug","name":"Diazoxide","aka":"Diazoxide oral suspension","tldr":"Diazoxide is a medicine that stops insulin-producing tumours releasing insulin. It is used to control dangerous low blood sugar from an insulinoma while the patient is prepared for surgery or when the tumour cannot be removed.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/diazoxide/","status":"established","cancers":"pancreatic-net"},{"id":"brigimadlin","kind":"drug","name":"Brigimadlin","aka":"BI 907828\nBI-907828","tldr":"Brigimadlin is a tablet that frees the p53 'guardian' protein from MDM2, the protein that liposarcomas make in excess to keep p53 switched off. It is being compared with doxorubicin as first treatment for dedifferentiated liposarcoma in a phase 2/3 trial.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/brigimadlin/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"liposarcoma"},{"id":"cediranib","kind":"drug","name":"Cediranib","aka":"AZD2171\nRecentin\nCediranib maleate\nZemfirza","tldr":"Cediranib is a tablet that blocks the blood-vessel growth signal VEGF. In alveolar soft part sarcoma, a rare very vascular sarcoma that ignores chemotherapy, a randomised trial showed it shrinks tumours and delays progression, although it was never licensed.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/cediranib/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"alveolar-soft-part-sarcoma"},{"id":"carotuximab","kind":"drug","name":"Carotuximab","aka":"TRC105","tldr":"Carotuximab was an antibody against endoglin, a protein on growing blood vessels and on angiosarcoma cells. Added to pazopanib in the phase 3 TAPPAS trial it did not help, and the trial was stopped in 2019.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/carotuximab/","status":"negative","cancers":"angiosarcoma"},{"id":"tk216","kind":"drug","name":"TK216","aka":"TK-216","tldr":"TK216 was an attempt to hit the fusion protein that causes Ewing sarcoma directly, something long thought impossible for a transcription factor. In early trials with vincristine it produced a few responses but not enough to carry the drug forward.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/tk216/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"ewing-sarcoma"},{"id":"gi-6301","kind":"drug","name":"GI-6301","aka":"Yeast-brachyury vaccine","tldr":"GI-6301 was a vaccine made from yeast carrying brachyury, the protein that chordomas depend on. Given with radiotherapy in a randomised trial it did not improve tumour responses.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/gi-6301/","status":"negative","cancers":"chordoma"},{"id":"poziotinib","kind":"drug","name":"Poziotinib","aka":"HM781-36B\nNOV120101","tldr":"Poziotinib was a tablet designed to fit the awkward shape of HER2 and EGFR exon 20 mutations in lung cancer. It shrank tumours in some patients but caused severe rash and diarrhoea, and the FDA declined to approve it in 2022.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/poziotinib/","status":"negative","cancers":"her2-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"aminopterin","kind":"drug","name":"Aminopterin","aka":"4-aminopteroylglutamic acid","tldr":"Aminopterin was the first drug to send childhood leukaemia into remission. In 1948 Sidney Farber reported temporary remissions in children with acute leukaemia, the birth of cancer chemotherapy; its safer cousin methotrexate replaced it within a decade.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/aminopterin/","status":"historic","cancers":"all-leukemia all-paediatric-standard-risk aml"},{"id":"pevonedistat","kind":"drug","name":"Pevonedistat","aka":"TAK-924\nMLN4924","tldr":"Pevonedistat was a first-in-class drug that jammed part of the cell's protein-disposal system. Promising with azacitidine in a mid-stage trial for higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes, it failed to beat azacitidine alone in the phase 3 PANTHER trial in 2021.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/pevonedistat/","status":"negative","cancers":"mds-higher-risk"},{"id":"lenzilumab","kind":"drug","name":"Lenzilumab","aka":"KB003","tldr":"Lenzilumab is an antibody that soaks up GM-CSF, a growth signal that chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia cells with RAS mutations are unusually sensitive to. It is being tested with azacitidine in this leukaemia.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/lenzilumab/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"cmml"},{"id":"inca033989","kind":"drug","name":"INCA033989","aka":"INCA-033989\nMutant-CALR antibody","tldr":"INCA033989 is an antibody that recognises only the mutant form of calreticulin found in about a quarter of essential thrombocythaemia and myelofibrosis patients. Unlike existing drugs, which control counts, it targets the diseased clone itself and is in first-in-human trials.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/inca033989/","status":"phase-1","cancers":"essential-thrombocythaemia"},{"id":"danazol","kind":"drug","name":"Danazol","aka":"Danol","tldr":"Danazol is an old hormone tablet, licensed for endometriosis, that can raise haemoglobin and platelets in myelofibrosis and bone marrow failure. It was the comparison treatment that momelotinib beat in the MOMENTUM trial.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/danazol/","status":"established","cancers":"primary-myelofibrosis"},{"id":"phosphorus-32","kind":"drug","name":"Phosphorus-32 (radiophosphorus)","aka":"Radiophosphorus\nSodium phosphate P-32\n32P","tldr":"Radiophosphorus was one of the first treatments for polycythaemia vera, from the 1940s: a radioactive phosphate injection that quietened the overactive bone marrow for a year or more. It was abandoned when trials showed it raised the risk of leukaemia.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/phosphorus-32/","status":"historic","cancers":"polycythaemia-vera"},{"id":"mavorixafor","kind":"drug","name":"Mavorixafor","aka":"X4P-001\nAMD-070","tldr":"Mavorixafor is a once-daily tablet that blocks CXCR4, a receptor that traps white cells in the bone marrow. It is approved for the rare immunodeficiency WHIM syndrome and is being tested in Waldenström macroglobulinaemia, where CXCR4 mutations blunt the response to ibrutinib.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/mavorixafor/","status":"approved","cancers":"waldenstrom"},{"id":"isotretinoin","kind":"drug","name":"Isotretinoin","aka":"13-cis-retinoic acid\n13-cis-RA\ncis-retinoic acid","tldr":"Isotretinoin, the acne drug, is given to children with high-risk neuroblastoma for six months after transplant to nudge any surviving cancer cells into growing up into harmless nerve cells. A 1999 trial showed it improved survival and it has been part of standard care since.","tags":"subtype-drugs-wave","route":"/drugs/isotretinoin/","status":"approved","cancers":"neuroblastoma neuroblastoma-high-risk medulloblastoma-group-3-4"},{"id":"stride-dna-break-detection","kind":"technology","name":"STRIDE DNA break detection (intoDNA)","aka":"STRIDE\nSensiTive Recognition of Individual DNA Ends\nsingle-strand break detection\ndouble-strand break detection\nDNA damage assay","tldr":"STRIDE is a microscope test that lights up individual broken DNA strands inside cells, so a laboratory can count how much DNA damage a tumour carries or a drug causes, cell by cell.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/stride-dna-break-detection/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"intodna","kind":"company","name":"intoDNA","aka":"intoDNA S.A.","tldr":"A Krakow spin-out from the Jagiellonian University whose STRIDE assay counts individual DNA breaks in cells, sold to drug developers and aimed at predicting who responds to DNA-repair drugs.","tags":"","route":"/companies/intodna/","cancers":"ovarian breast-cancer prostate"},{"id":"strata-oncology","kind":"company","name":"Strata Oncology","aka":"StrataNGS\nStrataEXP","tldr":"An Ann Arbor testing company that sequences tumours from very small biopsies (StrataNGS) and matches patients to trials and to immunotherapy through its Strata trial network.","tags":"","route":"/companies/strata-oncology/","cancers":"nsclc colorectal breast-cancer"},{"id":"rad51-foci-assay","kind":"technology","name":"RAD51 foci assay (functional HRD test)","aka":"RAD51 assay\nRAD51 immunofluorescence\nfunctional homologous recombination test","tldr":"A microscope test on an ordinary tumour biopsy that counts RAD51 repair spots in dividing cells; few spots means the tumour cannot repair DNA by homologous recombination right now, which is what PARP inhibitors exploit.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/rad51-foci-assay/","status":"emerging","cancers":"high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer ovarian tnbc breast-cancer prostate"},{"id":"hrd-genomic-scar-scores","kind":"technology","name":"HRD genomic scar scores (GIS, LOH, HRDetect)","aka":"genomic instability score\nGIS\nLOH score\nHRDetect\ngenomic scar\nhomologous recombination deficiency score","tldr":"A family of sequencing scores that read the scars a broken DNA repair system leaves across a tumour's genome; a high score qualifies ovarian cancer patients for PARP inhibitor maintenance even without a BRCA mutation.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/hrd-genomic-scar-scores/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer ovarian breast-cancer prostate pancreatic"},{"id":"cellsearch-ctc-count","kind":"technology","name":"CellSearch circulating tumour cell count","aka":"CellSearch\nCTC enumeration\ncirculating tumour cell count","tldr":"The only regulator-cleared blood test that counts whole cancer cells; five or more cells in a small tube of blood marks a worse outlook in metastatic breast, prostate and bowel cancer, though changing treatment on the count alone has not helped patients.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/cellsearch-ctc-count/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive prostate colorectal metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"parsortix-ctc-harvest","kind":"technology","name":"Parsortix label-free circulating tumour cell harvest","aka":"Parsortix\nParsortix PC1\nmicrofluidic CTC capture\nsize-based CTC enrichment","tldr":"A microfluidic cassette that traps cancer cells from blood by their size and stiffness rather than a surface marker, then releases them alive for testing; the first such device cleared in the United States, for metastatic breast cancer.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/parsortix-ctc-harvest/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-cancer prostate ovarian nsclc"},{"id":"functional-precision-medicine-haematology","kind":"technology","name":"Ex vivo drug sensitivity screening in blood cancers (EXALT)","aka":"drug sensitivity and resistance testing\nDSRT\nfunctional precision medicine\nsingle-cell functional screening\npharmacoscopy","tldr":"Blood cancer cells taken from a patient's blood or marrow are exposed within days to a panel of approved drugs, and the ones that kill the cancer cells while sparing healthy ones are offered back to the patient; a Vienna trial found this beat the previous treatment in more than half of heavily treated patients.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/functional-precision-medicine-haematology/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"aml cll dlbcl multiple-myeloma all-leukemia mds leukaemia"},{"id":"sarcoma-methylation-classifier","kind":"technology","name":"Methylation classifier for sarcomas","aka":"sarcoma classifier\nDNA methylation-based sarcoma classification\nHeidelberg sarcoma classifier","tldr":"The brain tumour methylation classifier's sibling for sarcomas: a genome-wide methylation array read by a machine-learning model that assigns a bone or soft tissue tumour to one of more than sixty classes, useful when the microscope cannot decide.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/sarcoma-methylation-classifier/","status":"emerging","cancers":"sarcoma ewing-sarcoma rhabdomyosarcoma osteosarcoma synovial-sarcoma leiomyosarcoma liposarcoma childhood-cancers"},{"id":"urine-bladder-cancer-tests","kind":"technology","name":"Urine tests for bladder cancer (cytology, FISH, RNA and methylation)","aka":"urinary biomarkers\nurine cytology\nurine tumour markers\nNMP22\nBTA stat\nXpert Bladder Cancer","tldr":"A family of tests on a urine sample that look for cancer cells or their DNA and RNA; none can yet replace a camera examination of the bladder, but the newer ones are good enough to let low-risk patients safely skip some of them.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/urine-bladder-cancer-tests/","status":"established","cancers":"urothelial non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer"},{"id":"bladder-epicheck","kind":"technology","name":"Bladder EpiCheck urine methylation test","aka":"EpiCheck\nurine methylation test for bladder cancer","tldr":"A urine test from the Israeli company Nucleix that reads fifteen DNA methylation markers and gives a score for bladder cancer recurrence, aimed at sparing patients under surveillance some of their camera examinations.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/bladder-epicheck/","status":"approved","cancers":"non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer urothelial"},{"id":"multitarget-stool-rna-test","kind":"technology","name":"Multitarget stool RNA test (ColoSense)","aka":"ColoSense\nmt-sRNA\nstool RNA test\nGeneoscopy test","tldr":"A home stool test that reads RNA from cells shed by the bowel lining together with a haemoglobin test; approved in the United States in 2024 as an alternative to stool DNA tests for average-risk screening from age 45.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/multitarget-stool-rna-test/","status":"approved","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"fes-pet","kind":"technology","name":"FES PET (oestrogen receptor imaging)","aka":"18F-fluoroestradiol PET\nCerianna\noestrogen receptor PET\nER PET","tldr":"A PET scan using a radioactive form of oestrogen that lights up every tumour deposit still carrying the oestrogen receptor, so doctors can see whether metastases across the body will respond to hormone treatment without biopsying each one.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/fes-pet/","status":"approved","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"quantitative-imaging-biomarkers","kind":"technology","name":"Quantitative imaging biomarkers (RECIST, PERCIST, SUV, ADC)","aka":"imaging biomarkers\nresponse criteria\nPERCIST\nstandardised uptake value\napparent diffusion coefficient\nDeauville score\nPI-RADS\nQIBA","tldr":"The numbers pulled from scans that decide whether a cancer is shrinking, growing or dead: tumour diameters for RECIST, sugar uptake on PET, water movement on MRI; they run every trial and most clinic decisions, and they are only as good as the way the scan was taken.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/quantitative-imaging-biomarkers/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"metastatic-cancer hodgkin-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma prostate hcc breast-cancer nsclc"},{"id":"ct-body-composition-sarcopenia","kind":"technology","name":"CT body composition and sarcopenia measurement","aka":"skeletal muscle index\nL3 muscle area\nCT sarcopenia\nopportunistic body composition\nmyosteatosis","tldr":"The staging CT scan every cancer patient already has can be measured for muscle and fat at the level of the third lumbar vertebra; low muscle predicts chemotherapy toxicity and shorter survival across cancers, and software now does the measuring automatically.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/ct-body-composition-sarcopenia/","status":"emerging","cancers":"pancreatic gastric colorectal nsclc hcc oesophageal-adenocarcinoma head-and-neck"},{"id":"dpyd-genotyping","kind":"technology","name":"DPYD genotyping and DPD phenotyping before fluoropyrimidines","aka":"DPYD testing\nDPD deficiency testing\ndihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase test\nuracil phenotyping\nDPYD*2A","tldr":"A one-off blood test done before fluorouracil or capecitabine that finds the roughly one in twenty-five people who cannot break the drug down; halving their dose prevents severe and occasionally fatal toxicity without losing effect.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/dpyd-genotyping/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"colorectal gastric pancreatic breast-cancer head-and-neck anal oesophageal-adenocarcinoma"},{"id":"ugt1a1-genotyping","kind":"technology","name":"UGT1A1 genotyping before irinotecan","aka":"UGT1A1*28\nUGT1A1*6\nGilbert syndrome genotype\nirinotecan pharmacogenetics","tldr":"A gene test that finds people who clear irinotecan's active form slowly because of a common variant in the UGT1A1 enzyme, the same variant behind harmless Gilbert syndrome; they run a higher risk of severe diarrhoea and low white cells at full dose.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/ugt1a1-genotyping/","status":"established","cancers":"colorectal pancreatic gastric sclc tnbc urothelial"},{"id":"tpmt-nudt15-genotyping","kind":"technology","name":"TPMT and NUDT15 genotyping before thiopurines","aka":"TPMT testing\nNUDT15 testing\nthiopurine pharmacogenetics\nmercaptopurine dosing genotype","tldr":"Before children and adults with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia start two years of daily mercaptopurine, two genes are checked; carriers of low-activity variants need a fraction of the standard dose or their bone marrow shuts down within weeks.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/tpmt-nudt15-genotyping/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"all-leukemia childhood-cancers leukaemia"},{"id":"cardiac-biomarker-monitoring","kind":"technology","name":"Troponin and natriuretic peptide monitoring during cancer treatment","aka":"cardiac troponin\nhigh-sensitivity troponin\nBNP\nNT-proBNP\ncardiac biomarkers in cardio-oncology","tldr":"Two routine blood tests, troponin for heart muscle injury and natriuretic peptides for heart strain, taken before and during heart-toxic cancer drugs so that damage is caught weeks or months before the heart's pumping falls on a scan.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/cardiac-biomarker-monitoring/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-her2-positive dlbcl hodgkin-lymphoma sarcoma childhood-cancers melanoma nsclc"},{"id":"strain-echocardiography-gls","kind":"technology","name":"Strain echocardiography (global longitudinal strain)","aka":"global longitudinal strain\nGLS\nspeckle-tracking echocardiography\nmyocardial strain imaging\ncardiac strain","tldr":"An ordinary heart ultrasound analysed by software that tracks how far each segment of heart muscle shortens with every beat; a fall of more than about fifteen per cent from baseline warns of chemotherapy heart damage months before the usual ejection fraction measurement moves.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/strain-echocardiography-gls/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-her2-positive dlbcl hodgkin-lymphoma sarcoma childhood-cancers"},{"id":"g8-geriatric-screening","kind":"technology","name":"G8 geriatric screening tool","aka":"G8\nG8 questionnaire\ngeriatric screening\nfrailty screening in oncology\nVES-13","tldr":"An eight-question screen taking under five minutes, covering appetite, weight loss, mobility, mood, medicines, self-rated health and age, that flags which older cancer patients need a full geriatric assessment before treatment is decided.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/g8-geriatric-screening/","status":"established","cancers":"colorectal nsclc prostate breast-cancer dlbcl aml urothelial pancreatic"},{"id":"via-cervical-screening","kind":"technology","name":"Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) for cervical screening","aka":"VIA\nvisual inspection with acetic acid\nVILI\nscreen-and-treat\nvinegar test","tldr":"A nurse paints the cervix with household-strength vinegar and looks with a torch: precancer turns white within a minute and can be frozen or heat-treated at the same visit, which is how cervical cancer deaths were cut by a third in Indian villages without a laboratory.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/via-cervical-screening/","status":"established","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"hand-held-ultrasound","kind":"technology","name":"Hand-held and point-of-care ultrasound","aka":"point-of-care ultrasound\nPOCUS\npocket ultrasound\nButterfly iQ\nVscan\nLumify\nultrasound-on-chip","tldr":"Ultrasound probes the size of a phone that plug into a tablet, costing a few thousand pounds rather than tens of thousands, so a clinic nurse or district doctor can check a breast lump, a swollen neck node or a liver without sending the patient to a city hospital.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/hand-held-ultrasound/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-cancer thyroid hcc cervical head-and-neck ovarian"},{"id":"serum-tumour-markers","kind":"technology","name":"Serum tumour markers: proper use and misuse","aka":"tumour marker blood tests\nCA-125\nCEA\nCA 19-9\nPSA\nAFP\nLDH\nbeta-hCG\ncalcitonin\nthyroglobulin\nchromogranin A\nCA 15-3\nCA 72-4\nHE4\nSCC antigen\nNSE","tldr":"The classic cancer blood tests, each a protein or hormone that some tumours pour into the blood; they are excellent for following a known cancer and useless or harmful as general screening, because nearly all of them are raised by common benign conditions too.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/serum-tumour-markers/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"ovarian colorectal pancreatic prostate hcc testicular gestational-trophoblastic medullary-thyroid-cancer thyroid neuroendocrine melanoma multiple-myeloma breast-cancer"},{"id":"germ-cell-tumour-markers","kind":"technology","name":"AFP, hCG and LDH in germ cell tumours (IGCCCG risk groups)","aka":"germ cell tumour markers\nIGCCCG classification\nalpha-fetoprotein and beta-hCG\ntesticular cancer blood tests","tldr":"In testicular and other germ cell cancers three blood tests, AFP, beta-hCG and LDH, are part of the staging itself: their levels after surgery sort patients into good, intermediate and poor risk groups that fix how many cycles of chemotherapy they get, and their return to normal defines cure.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/germ-cell-tumour-markers/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"testicular non-seminoma seminoma extragonadal-germ-cell-tumour paediatric-germ-cell-tumours gestational-trophoblastic"},{"id":"thyroid-cancer-markers","kind":"technology","name":"Thyroglobulin, calcitonin and CEA in thyroid cancer follow-up","aka":"thyroglobulin\ncalcitonin\ncalcitonin doubling time\nthyroglobulin antibodies\nthyroid cancer blood tests","tldr":"After the thyroid is removed for cancer, a blood protein it alone makes, thyroglobulin, should fall to nothing, so any measurable level in follow-up means cancer is still there; in medullary thyroid cancer the same job is done by calcitonin and CEA, whose doubling time forecasts how fast the disease will move.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/thyroid-cancer-markers/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"thyroid papillary-thyroid-cancer follicular-thyroid-cancer medullary-thyroid-cancer multiple-endocrine-neoplasia"},{"id":"cea-surveillance-colorectal","kind":"technology","name":"CEA surveillance after colorectal cancer surgery","aka":"carcinoembryonic antigen\nCEA monitoring\nCEA follow-up\ncolorectal cancer surveillance blood test","tldr":"Carcinoembryonic antigen is measured every few months for five years after bowel cancer surgery because a rising level often precedes visible recurrence; the trial that tested this found it catches more recurrences that can be operated on, though a survival benefit has not been shown.","tags":"","route":"/technologies/cea-surveillance-colorectal/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"colorectal small-bowel appendiceal"},{"id":"menarini-silicon-biosystems","kind":"company","name":"Menarini Silicon Biosystems","aka":"Silicon Biosystems\nCellSearch\nDEPArray","tldr":"The Menarini group's diagnostics arm that owns CellSearch, the only regulator-cleared circulating tumour cell test, and DEPArray, an instrument that picks out single cells from a sample for sequencing.","tags":"","route":"/companies/menarini-silicon-biosystems/","cancers":"breast-cancer prostate colorectal"},{"id":"angle-plc","kind":"company","name":"ANGLE plc","aka":"ANGLE\nParsortix","tldr":"A Guildford company listed on London's AIM market whose Parsortix cassette harvests live circulating tumour cells from blood by size and stiffness, the first such device authorised by the FDA, sold mainly as a service to drug trials.","tags":"","route":"/companies/angle-plc/","cancers":"breast-cancer prostate ovarian nsclc"},{"id":"geneoscopy","kind":"company","name":"Geneoscopy","aka":"ColoSense","tldr":"A St. Louis diagnostics company whose ColoSense stool RNA test became, in 2024, the first RNA-based colorectal cancer screening test approved in the United States.","tags":"","route":"/companies/geneoscopy/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"butterfly-network","kind":"company","name":"Butterfly Network","aka":"Butterfly iQ\nButterfly iQ+\nButterfly iQ3","tldr":"The company that put a whole-body ultrasound probe on a silicon chip, sold for a few thousand dollars with a phone as the screen, and shipped thousands to clinics in Africa and to bedside clinicians worldwide.","tags":"","route":"/companies/butterfly-network/","cancers":"breast-cancer thyroid hcc"},{"id":"fujirebio","kind":"company","name":"Fujirebio","aka":"Fujirebio Diagnostics\nH.U. Group","tldr":"The Japanese immunoassay company, part of H.U. Group, whose Malvern, Pennsylvania laboratory holds the original CA 19-9 and CA-125 tumour marker assays and licenses the antibodies to the big analyser makers.","tags":"","route":"/companies/fujirebio/","cancers":"ovarian pancreatic nsclc"},{"id":"i-spy-1","kind":"trial","name":"I-SPY 1 (CALGB 150007/150012, ACRIN 6657)","aka":"I-SPY 1 TRIAL\nISPY1","tldr":"I-SPY 1 followed women having chemotherapy before breast surgery with repeated MRI scans and biopsies, and showed that a tumour vanishing completely (a pathological complete response) predicted long-term survival, especially in the aggressive subtypes.","tags":"","route":"/trials/i-spy-1/","status":"completed","cancers":"breast-cancer tnbc breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"i-spy-2","kind":"trial","name":"I-SPY 2","aka":"I-SPY 2 TRIAL\nISPY2\nI-SPY2","tldr":"I-SPY 2 is a permanent, adaptive trial that tests new breast cancer drugs before surgery, steering each drug towards the tumour subtypes where it is working and graduating the winners in two years instead of ten. Several of its graduates became approved treatments.","tags":"","route":"/trials/i-spy-2/","status":"active","cancers":"breast-cancer tnbc breast-her2-positive breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"i-spy-2-2","kind":"trial","name":"I-SPY 2.2","aka":"I-SPY2.2\nISPY 2.2","tldr":"I-SPY 2.2 takes the next step: instead of adding a new drug to the same chemotherapy for everyone, it assigns treatment by a tumour's predicted response type, checks with scans and biopsies whether the tumour is disappearing, and lets women who respond early skip further chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/trials/i-spy-2-2/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"breast-cancer tnbc breast-her2-positive breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"wisdom-trial","kind":"trial","name":"WISDOM (Women Informed to Screen Depending on Measures of Risk)","aka":"WISDOM study\nWISDOM screening trial","tldr":"WISDOM asks whether breast screening tailored to each woman's risk, using her genes, breast density and history, is as safe as screening everyone every year while causing fewer false alarms and biopsies.","tags":"","route":"/trials/wisdom-trial/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"quantum-leap-healthcare-collaborative","kind":"company","name":"Quantum Leap Healthcare Collaborative","aka":"QLHC\nQuantum Leap","tldr":"The San Francisco non-profit that sponsors the I-SPY trials, founded by Laura Esserman and Don Listwin to run adaptive platform trials that pharmaceutical companies join rather than own.","tags":"","route":"/companies/quantum-leap-healthcare-collaborative/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"essential-thrombocythaemia","kind":"cancer","name":"Essential thrombocythaemia (ET)","aka":"Essential thrombocythemia\nET\nPrimary thrombocythaemia\nEssential thrombocytosis","tldr":"Essential thrombocythaemia is a slow blood cancer in which the marrow makes too many platelets. Most people need only aspirin and monitoring; those at higher risk of clots take a drug to lower the platelet count, usually hydroxyurea or interferon, with anagrelide in reserve.","tags":"essential-thrombocythaemia mpn","route":"/cancers/essential-thrombocythaemia/","parent":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"pt-1","kind":"trial","name":"PT-1 (Primary Thrombocythaemia 1)","aka":"","tldr":"PT-1 is the trial that made hydroxyurea the first-line drug in high-risk ET: anagrelide gave more arterial clots, more serious bleeding and more progression to myelofibrosis.","tags":"essential-thrombocythaemia mpn","route":"/trials/pt-1/","status":"positive","cancers":"essential-thrombocythaemia myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"majic-et","kind":"trial","name":"MAJIC-ET","aka":"","tldr":"MAJIC-ET found that ruxolitinib was no better than the usual second-line drugs at controlling platelets in ET, although it eased itching and other symptoms.","tags":"essential-thrombocythaemia mpn","route":"/trials/majic-et/","status":"negative","cancers":"essential-thrombocythaemia"},{"id":"aspirin","kind":"drug","name":"Aspirin","aka":"Acetylsalicylic acid\nLow-dose aspirin","tldr":"Aspirin is not a cancer drug but sits in cancer care in two places: low doses prevent clots in polycythaemia vera and essential thrombocythaemia, and long-term use lowers colorectal cancer in people with Lynch syndrome, while a trial in the healthy elderly found no benefit and possible harm.","tags":"mpn prevention","route":"/drugs/aspirin/","status":"established","cancers":"polycythaemia-vera essential-thrombocythaemia colorectal"},{"id":"vmat","kind":"technology","name":"Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT)","aka":"","tldr":"The linac sweeps around the patient in one or two arcs while the beam shape, dose rate and speed all change, delivering an IMRT-quality plan in a couple of minutes.","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/technologies/vmat/","status":"established"},{"id":"radiosurgery-srs","kind":"technology","name":"Stereotactic radiosurgery (Gamma Knife, CyberKnife, linac SRS)","aka":"","tldr":"A single very high dose, or a few doses, aimed at a small brain or spine target with millimetre precision, replacing whole-brain radiotherapy for most brain metastases.","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/technologies/radiosurgery-srs/","status":"established","cancers":"brain-tumours metastatic-cancer secondary-brain-tumours meningioma vestibular-schwannoma spinal-cord-tumours"},{"id":"adaptive-radiotherapy","kind":"technology","name":"Adaptive radiotherapy (online replanning)","aka":"","tldr":"Re-shaping the treatment plan to the anatomy of the day, using the images taken on the treatment couch, so the dose follows a shrinking tumour or a moving bladder.","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/technologies/adaptive-radiotherapy/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"surface-guided-radiotherapy","kind":"technology","name":"Surface-guided radiotherapy (SGRT)","aka":"","tldr":"Cameras track the patient's skin surface in three dimensions during treatment, replacing tattoos and pausing the beam if the patient moves.","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/technologies/surface-guided-radiotherapy/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"respiratory-motion-management","kind":"technology","name":"Respiratory motion management (4D-CT, gating, breath-hold, tracking)","aka":"","tldr":"Ways of dealing with tumours that move as the patient breathes: image the motion, treat only in part of the breathing cycle, hold the breath, or chase the tumour with the beam.","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/technologies/respiratory-motion-management/","status":"established","cancers":"nsclc hcc pancreatic"},{"id":"hypofractionated-radiotherapy","kind":"technology","name":"Hypofractionated radiotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Fewer, larger daily doses instead of the classic five to seven weeks of small ones. Large trials in breast and prostate cancer showed the same control with the same or fewer late effects and far less time in hospital.","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/technologies/hypofractionated-radiotherapy/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc prostate"},{"id":"sabr-oligometastases","kind":"technology","name":"Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for oligometastatic disease","aka":"","tldr":"Treating every visible metastasis with ablative doses when there are only a few, on the idea that some patients with limited spread can still be controlled or cured.","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/technologies/sabr-oligometastases/","status":"emerging","cancers":"metastatic-cancer prostate nsclc rcc"},{"id":"hdr-brachytherapy","kind":"technology","name":"High-dose-rate brachytherapy","aka":"","tldr":"A tiny, intensely radioactive source is stepped through applicators placed in or beside the tumour for a few minutes at a time, then withdrawn, so the dose is delivered from inside without leaving anything behind.","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/technologies/hdr-brachytherapy/","status":"established","cancers":"cervical prostate endometrial esophageal"},{"id":"ldr-seed-brachytherapy","kind":"technology","name":"Low-dose-rate seed brachytherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Dozens of rice-grain-sized radioactive seeds are implanted permanently in the prostate in a single procedure and deliver their dose over months.","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/technologies/ldr-seed-brachytherapy/","status":"established","cancers":"prostate uveal-melanoma"},{"id":"intensity-modulated-proton-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Pencil-beam scanning and intensity-modulated proton therapy","aka":"","tldr":"Modern proton machines paint the tumour spot by spot with a magnetically steered pencil beam, so the dose can be shaped in three dimensions and the proton's stop-point is put to full use.","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/technologies/intensity-modulated-proton-therapy/","status":"established","cancers":"childhood-cancers head-and-neck brain-tumours"},{"id":"total-body-irradiation","kind":"technology","name":"Total body and total marrow irradiation","aka":"","tldr":"Irradiating the whole body, or just the bones and marrow, to wipe out the patient's blood system and immune cells before a stem cell transplant.","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/technologies/total-body-irradiation/","status":"established","cancers":"all-leukemia aml"},{"id":"total-skin-electron-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Total skin electron beam therapy","aka":"","tldr":"A low-energy electron beam treats the entire skin surface, for lymphomas that live in the skin, without penetrating to the organs beneath.","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/technologies/total-skin-electron-therapy/","status":"established","cancers":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"superficial-radiotherapy","kind":"technology","name":"Superficial and orthovoltage radiotherapy for skin cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Low-energy X-rays that stop within a few millimetres, used to cure basal and squamous cell skin cancers where surgery would scar or is not wanted.","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/technologies/superficial-radiotherapy/","status":"established","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma cutaneous-scc skin-cancer"},{"id":"cobalt-60-teletherapy","kind":"technology","name":"Cobalt-60 teletherapy","aka":"","tldr":"The machine that made curative radiotherapy widely available from the 1950s: a sealed cobalt-60 source in a rotating head. Linacs replaced it in rich countries, but cobalt units still treat many patients where power and servicing are unreliable.","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/technologies/cobalt-60-teletherapy/","status":"historic"},{"id":"radiotherapy-access-gap","kind":"technology","name":"Radiotherapy access and the global machine gap","aka":"","tldr":"About half the people who need radiotherapy will need it as part of curing their cancer, yet many countries have one machine per several million people or none at all. Closing the gap is one of the highest-return investments in cancer care.","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/technologies/radiotherapy-access-gap/","status":"established"},{"id":"radiosensitisers","kind":"technology","name":"Radiosensitisers","aka":"","tldr":"Drugs given with radiotherapy to make tumour cells easier to kill: cisplatin in cervical and head and neck cancer, temozolomide in glioblastoma, nimorazole for hypoxic tumours, and a new generation aimed at DNA repair.","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/technologies/radiosensitisers/","status":"established","cancers":"cervical head-and-neck glioblastoma anal colorectal"},{"id":"radioprotectors","kind":"technology","name":"Radioprotectors and normal-tissue sparing drugs","aka":"","tldr":"Drugs that shield healthy tissue from radiation: amifostine to protect salivary glands, palifermin for mouth ulcers, and newer agents aimed at the gut, lung and skin.","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/technologies/radioprotectors/","status":"established","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"linear-quadratic-model","kind":"technology","name":"The linear-quadratic model and fractionation","aka":"","tldr":"The equation radiotherapy uses to compare schedules: cell kill has a part proportional to dose and a part proportional to dose squared, and the ratio between them (alpha over beta) tells you how much a tissue cares about the size of each fraction.","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/technologies/linear-quadratic-model/","status":"established"},{"id":"tumour-hypoxia-modification","kind":"technology","name":"Tumour hypoxia: imaging and modification","aka":"","tldr":"Cells short of oxygen are up to three times harder to kill with radiation. Finding hypoxic tumours and fixing the shortage, with drugs, breathing gases or dose escalation, is one of radiobiology's oldest ideas and still unfinished business.","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/technologies/tumour-hypoxia-modification/","status":"emerging","cancers":"head-and-neck cervical glioblastoma"},{"id":"dose-painting","kind":"technology","name":"Dose painting and biologically guided radiotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of one uniform dose, the plan gives more to the parts of the tumour that imaging says are most resistant, such as hypoxic or highly active regions on PET.","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/technologies/dose-painting/","status":"emerging","cancers":"head-and-neck glioblastoma"},{"id":"knowledge-based-planning","kind":"technology","name":"Knowledge-based and automated treatment planning","aka":"","tldr":"Software that learns from hundreds of past plans what dose distribution is achievable for a new patient, and produces a plan in minutes that a planner would have taken hours to reach.","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/technologies/knowledge-based-planning/","status":"established"},{"id":"in-vivo-dosimetry","kind":"technology","name":"In vivo dosimetry and patient-specific quality assurance","aka":"","tldr":"Measuring the dose the patient actually receives, with detectors on the skin or the imaging panel behind them, to catch errors before they cause harm.","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/technologies/in-vivo-dosimetry/","status":"established"},{"id":"radiogenomics","kind":"technology","name":"Radiogenomics: predicting radiation sensitivity from genes","aka":"","tldr":"Using a tumour's gene expression or a patient's inherited variants to predict who needs more dose, who needs less, and who is at risk of severe side effects.","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/technologies/radiogenomics/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"alpha-beta-ratio","kind":"term","name":"Alpha/beta ratio","aka":"alpha/beta\nα/β\nalpha-beta ratio\na/b ratio\nalpha beta","tldr":"A number for each tissue or tumour that says how much it cares about the size of each radiation dose. Low (around 2 to 3): very sensitive to big fractions, like the spinal cord and prostate cancer. High (around 10): mostly cares about total dose, like most tumours.","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/terms/alpha-beta-ratio/"},{"id":"biologically-effective-dose","kind":"term","name":"Biologically effective dose (BED) and EQD2","aka":"","tldr":"A way of converting any radiotherapy schedule into a common currency so that, say, five big doses can be compared with 25 small ones. EQD2 expresses the same thing as the equivalent total dose in 2 Gy fractions.","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/terms/biologically-effective-dose/"},{"id":"planning-target-volume","kind":"term","name":"GTV, CTV and PTV (target volumes)","aka":"","tldr":"The nested outlines a radiation plan is built on: the visible tumour (GTV), the tumour plus the tissue likely to hold microscopic spread (CTV), and a further margin for daily movement and setup error (PTV).","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/terms/planning-target-volume/"},{"id":"organs-at-risk","kind":"term","name":"Organs at risk and dose constraints","aka":"","tldr":"The healthy organs near a tumour that limit how much dose can be given, each with a maximum dose or dose-volume limit the plan must respect (for example, keeping the spinal cord below about 45 to 50 Gy).","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/terms/organs-at-risk/"},{"id":"deep-inspiration-breath-hold","kind":"term","name":"Deep inspiration breath-hold (DIBH)","aka":"","tldr":"Taking and holding a deep breath during each radiation beam. For left-sided breast cancer it pulls the heart away from the chest wall and cuts heart dose by about half.","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/terms/deep-inspiration-breath-hold/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc hodgkin-lymphoma breast-cancer"},{"id":"fiducial-markers","kind":"term","name":"Fiducial markers","aka":"","tldr":"Tiny gold seeds or electromagnetic beacons placed in or near a tumour so the treatment machine can see exactly where it is each day.","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/terms/fiducial-markers/","cancers":"prostate hcc pancreatic"},{"id":"tumour-hypoxia","kind":"term","name":"Tumour hypoxia","aka":"","tldr":"Regions of a tumour that have outgrown their blood supply and are short of oxygen. They resist radiotherapy and some chemotherapy, and drive the tumour to become more aggressive.","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/terms/tumour-hypoxia/"},{"id":"oxygen-enhancement-ratio","kind":"term","name":"Oxygen enhancement ratio","aka":"","tldr":"How many times more radiation a cell without oxygen needs to be killed compared with the same cell with oxygen: about 2.5 to 3 for X-rays, close to 1 for the heaviest particle beams.","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/terms/oxygen-enhancement-ratio/"},{"id":"radiation-dermatitis","kind":"term","name":"Radiation dermatitis (skin reaction)","aka":"","tldr":"Redness, dryness, itching and sometimes peeling of the skin in the treated area, building up over the course and settling a few weeks after it ends. Severe in a minority, worst in skin folds and after chemotherapy.","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/terms/radiation-dermatitis/","cancers":"head-and-neck breast-hr-positive anal tnbc"},{"id":"radiation-pneumonitis","kind":"term","name":"Radiation pneumonitis and lung fibrosis","aka":"","tldr":"Inflammation of the lung one to six months after chest radiotherapy, causing cough, breathlessness and fever; usually settles with steroids but can leave permanent scarring.","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/terms/radiation-pneumonitis/","cancers":"nsclc sclc esophageal lung-cancer"},{"id":"radiation-necrosis","kind":"term","name":"Radiation necrosis (brain)","aka":"","tldr":"Death of brain tissue months to years after radiosurgery or high-dose brain radiotherapy, which can look exactly like tumour growing back on a scan.","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/terms/radiation-necrosis/","cancers":"brain-tumours glioblastoma metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"second-cancers-after-radiotherapy","kind":"term","name":"Second cancers after radiotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Radiotherapy can itself cause a new cancer in the treated area, typically ten to thirty years later. The risk is small for most adults but matters greatly for children and young adults.","tags":"radiation-wave1","route":"/terms/second-cancers-after-radiotherapy/","cancers":"childhood-cancers hodgkin-lymphoma sarcoma"},{"id":"start-b","kind":"trial","name":"START-B (UK Standardisation of Breast Radiotherapy)","aka":"","tldr":"START-B showed that three weeks of breast radiotherapy in larger daily doses controls the cancer as well as five weeks of smaller ones, with fewer late changes to the breast, and made 40 Gy in 15 fractions the UK standard.","tags":"radiation-wave2","route":"/trials/start-b/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc breast-cancer"},{"id":"fast-forward","kind":"trial","name":"FAST-Forward","aka":"","tldr":"FAST-Forward cut breast radiotherapy to five treatments in a single week and showed the same low relapse rate as the three-week standard, with similar late effects at five years.","tags":"radiation-wave2","route":"/trials/fast-forward/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc breast-cancer"},{"id":"chhip","kind":"trial","name":"CHHiP","aka":"","tldr":"CHHiP showed that four weeks of prostate radiotherapy in 3 Gy fractions is as effective as seven and a half weeks of conventional treatment, and 60 Gy in 20 fractions became the standard of care.","tags":"radiation-wave2","route":"/trials/chhip/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-intermediate-risk prostate-low-risk"},{"id":"pace-b","kind":"trial","name":"PACE-B","aka":"","tldr":"PACE-B showed that five stereotactic treatments control low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer as well as four to eight weeks of conventional radiotherapy, with similar side effects at five years.","tags":"radiation-wave2","route":"/trials/pace-b/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-low-risk prostate-intermediate-risk"},{"id":"hypo-rt-pc","kind":"trial","name":"HYPO-RT-PC","aka":"","tldr":"The Scandinavian HYPO-RT-PC trial showed that seven large radiotherapy doses control intermediate- to high-risk prostate cancer as well as 39 conventional ones, with similar late side effects.","tags":"radiation-wave2","route":"/trials/hypo-rt-pc/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-intermediate-risk prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"rtog-0617","kind":"trial","name":"RTOG 0617","aka":"","tldr":"RTOG 0617 is the trial that stopped dose escalation in lung cancer: patients given 74 Gy lived shorter than those given the standard 60 Gy, and cetuximab added nothing.","tags":"radiation-wave2","route":"/trials/rtog-0617/","status":"negative","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"calgb-9343","kind":"trial","name":"CALGB 9343","aka":"","tldr":"CALGB 9343 showed that older women with small hormone-sensitive breast cancers taking tamoxifen gain only a small reduction in local recurrence from radiotherapy and no survival benefit, opening the door to omitting it.","tags":"radiation-wave2","route":"/trials/calgb-9343/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-cancer"},{"id":"prime-ii","kind":"trial","name":"PRIME II","aka":"","tldr":"PRIME II confirmed in a larger and more recent population that omitting radiotherapy in older women with low-risk hormone-sensitive breast cancer raises local recurrence modestly without affecting survival.","tags":"radiation-wave2","route":"/trials/prime-ii/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-cancer"},{"id":"lumina","kind":"trial","name":"LUMINA","aka":"","tldr":"LUMINA used tumour biology, not just age, to pick women who can skip breast radiotherapy: with a luminal A profile and endocrine therapy, local recurrence at five years was about two percent.","tags":"radiation-wave2","route":"/trials/lumina/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-cancer"},{"id":"import-low","kind":"trial","name":"IMPORT LOW","aka":"","tldr":"IMPORT LOW showed that treating only the part of the breast around the tumour bed, with the same simple technique and schedule, is as safe as whole-breast radiotherapy and causes fewer changes to the breast.","tags":"radiation-wave2","route":"/trials/import-low/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc breast-cancer"},{"id":"nsabp-b39","kind":"trial","name":"NSABP B-39/RTOG 0413","aka":"","tldr":"The largest partial-breast trial found recurrence rates within one percentage point of whole-breast treatment but could not formally prove equivalence, so accelerated partial-breast irradiation is offered to selected lower-risk women rather than everyone.","tags":"radiation-wave2","route":"/trials/nsabp-b39/","status":"negative","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc ductal-carcinoma-in-situ breast-cancer"},{"id":"chisel","kind":"trial","name":"CHISEL (TROG 09.02)","aka":"","tldr":"CHISEL is the randomised trial that proved stereotactic radiotherapy beats conventional radiotherapy for early lung cancer in patients who cannot have surgery, with better local control and longer survival.","tags":"radiation-wave2","route":"/trials/chisel/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"jcog0403","kind":"trial","name":"JCOG0403","aka":"","tldr":"JCOG0403 gave the first prospective evidence that stereotactic lung radiotherapy works in patients who could have had surgery, not only in those too frail for it, and set the 48 Gy in four fractions schedule used across Japan.","tags":"radiation-wave2","route":"/trials/jcog0403/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"alliance-n0574","kind":"trial","name":"Alliance N0574 (NCCTG N0574)","aka":"","tldr":"N0574 showed that adding whole-brain radiotherapy to radiosurgery for a few brain metastases damages memory and thinking without lengthening life, and radiosurgery alone became the standard.","tags":"radiation-wave2","route":"/trials/alliance-n0574/","status":"positive","cancers":"brain-tumours metastatic-cancer secondary-brain-tumours"},{"id":"nrg-cc001","kind":"trial","name":"NRG CC001","aka":"","tldr":"NRG CC001 showed that shaping whole-brain radiotherapy to spare the hippocampus, the seat of memory, reduces cognitive decline without any loss of tumour control.","tags":"radiation-wave2","route":"/trials/nrg-cc001/","status":"positive","cancers":"brain-tumours metastatic-cancer secondary-brain-tumours"},{"id":"quartz","kind":"trial","name":"QUARTZ","aka":"","tldr":"QUARTZ found that whole-brain radiotherapy added nothing measurable, in survival or quality of life, for lung cancer patients whose brain metastases could not be treated with surgery or radiosurgery.","tags":"radiation-wave2","route":"/trials/quartz/","status":"negative","cancers":"nsclc brain-tumours secondary-brain-tumours"},{"id":"catnon","kind":"trial","name":"CATNON (EORTC 26053-22054)","aka":"","tldr":"CATNON showed that a year of temozolomide after radiotherapy lengthens survival in anaplastic gliomas that lack the 1p/19q co-deletion, and that the benefit is concentrated in IDH-mutant tumours.","tags":"radiation-wave2","route":"/trials/catnon/","status":"positive","cancers":"glioblastoma brain-tumours idh-mutant-astrocytoma"},{"id":"dahanca-5","kind":"trial","name":"DAHANCA 5","aka":"","tldr":"DAHANCA 5 is the trial that made hypoxic sensitisation real in the clinic: nimorazole with radiotherapy improved control of head and neck cancer, and Denmark has used it as standard ever since.","tags":"radiation-wave2","route":"/trials/dahanca-5/","status":"positive","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"pleural-mesothelioma","kind":"cancer","name":"Pleural mesothelioma","aka":"Malignant pleural mesothelioma\nMPM","tldr":"Pleural mesothelioma grows in the lining of the lung after asbestos exposure and causes breathlessness and chest pain from fluid and thickening. It is rarely curable; the first-line choice is nivolumab with ipilimumab or pembrolizumab with chemotherapy, and surgery to remove the lining is no longer recommended outside trials.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/pleural-mesothelioma/","parent":"mesothelioma"},{"id":"peritoneal-mesothelioma","kind":"cancer","name":"Peritoneal mesothelioma","aka":"Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma\nMPeM\nDiffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma","tldr":"Peritoneal mesothelioma grows in the lining of the abdomen, causing swelling, pain and fluid. Unlike its pleural cousin it is often treated with major surgery to strip the lining followed by heated chemotherapy washed through the abdomen, which can give long survival in fit patients with epithelioid disease.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/peritoneal-mesothelioma/","parent":"mesothelioma"},{"id":"nimorazole","kind":"drug","name":"Nimorazole","aka":"Naxogin","tldr":"Nimorazole is the one hypoxic radiosensitiser in routine use: given with radiotherapy for head and neck cancer in Denmark since the DAHANCA 5 trial improved control, and tested across Europe in patients whose tumours carry a hypoxia gene signature.","tags":"radiation-wave3","route":"/drugs/nimorazole/","status":"established","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"nbtxr3","kind":"drug","name":"NBTXR3 (hafnium oxide nanoparticles)","aka":"Hensify\nJNJ-90301900","tldr":"NBTXR3 is Nanobiotix's radioenhancer: a single injection of hafnium oxide nanoparticles that makes ordinary radiotherapy hit harder inside the tumour. It carries a European CE mark for soft-tissue sarcoma and is in a phase 3 trial in head and neck cancer with Johnson and Johnson.","tags":"radiation-wave3","route":"/drugs/nbtxr3/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"sarcoma head-and-neck"},{"id":"pilocarpine","kind":"drug","name":"Pilocarpine","aka":"Salagen","tldr":"Pilocarpine tablets are approved to treat the dry mouth that follows head and neck radiotherapy; they help when some gland tissue is left, at the cost of sweating and other cholinergic side effects.","tags":"radiation-wave3","route":"/drugs/pilocarpine/","status":"approved","cancers":"head-and-neck nasopharyngeal"},{"id":"avasopasem-manganese","kind":"drug","name":"Avasopasem manganese","aka":"","tldr":"Avasopasem is Galera Therapeutics' radioprotector for the severe mouth ulcers of head and neck chemoradiation; its phase 3 trial met its main goal but the FDA asked for another study in 2023.","tags":"radiation-wave3","route":"/drugs/avasopasem-manganese/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"evofosfamide","kind":"drug","name":"Evofosfamide","aka":"","tldr":"Evofosfamide was the most advanced hypoxia-activated drug, designed to kill the oxygen-starved tumour cells radiotherapy and chemotherapy miss, but it failed both of its phase 3 trials in 2015.","tags":"radiation-wave3","route":"/drugs/evofosfamide/","status":"negative","cancers":"pancreatic sarcoma"},{"id":"nanobiotix","kind":"company","name":"Nanobiotix","aka":"","tldr":"Nanobiotix is the Paris nanomedicine company behind NBTXR3, hafnium oxide nanoparticles injected into a tumour to make radiotherapy deposit more energy inside it.","tags":"radiation-wave3 radiation","route":"/companies/nanobiotix/","cancers":"sarcoma head-and-neck"},{"id":"breast-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Breast cancer (all types)","aka":"TCGA-BRCA\nbreast invasive carcinoma (TCGA BRCA cohort)\nBreast carcinoma\nCarcinoma of the breast","tldr":"Breast cancer is not one disease, and the result that decides which page you need is the receptor result: whether the cancer carries oestrogen and progesterone receptors, and whether it carries too much HER2. Those two answers give four boxes, not three, with a page for each. Grade and stage do not change which page you read; they change what happens on it.","tags":"parent-page","route":"/cancers/breast-cancer/"},{"id":"lung-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Lung cancer (all types)","aka":"Bronchogenic carcinoma\nLung carcinoma\nCancer of the lung\nTrachea, bronchus and lung cancer\nLung and bronchus cancer\nCarcinoma of the lung","tldr":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype.","tags":"parent-page","route":"/cancers/lung-cancer/"},{"id":"leukaemia","kind":"cancer","name":"Leukaemia (all types)","aka":"Leukemia\nBlood cancer (leukaemias)","tldr":"Leukaemia means cancer of the blood-forming cells, but the four main types share little beyond the name: acute lymphoblastic and acute myeloid leukaemia are emergencies treated with intensive therapy, while chronic lymphocytic and chronic myeloid leukaemia are slow diseases controlled for years with pills. Each has its own page.","tags":"parent-page","route":"/cancers/leukaemia/"},{"id":"biliary-tract-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Biliary tract cancer (all types)","aka":"Biliary cancer\nCancers of the bile ducts, gallbladder and ampulla","tldr":"Biliary tract cancers arise in the bile ducts inside or outside the liver, the gallbladder or the ampulla where the duct meets the bowel. They share short survival and the same first-line chemotherapy with immunotherapy, but differ in causes and in the targetable mutations they carry. Each has its own page.","tags":"parent-page","route":"/cancers/biliary-tract-cancer/"},{"id":"int-0116","kind":"trial","name":"INT-0116 (Macdonald trial)","aka":"","tldr":"The Macdonald trial made postoperative chemoradiation the US standard for resected stomach cancer in 2001, though later trials with better surgery and chemotherapy have largely replaced it.","tags":"radiation-wave4","route":"/trials/int-0116/","status":"positive","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"cao-aro-aio-94","kind":"trial","name":"CAO/ARO/AIO-94 (German Rectal Cancer Study)","aka":"","tldr":"The German rectal trial moved chemoradiation to before surgery: local recurrence halved, more sphincters were saved and toxicity fell, with survival unchanged.","tags":"radiation-wave4","route":"/trials/cao-aro-aio-94/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"rapido","kind":"trial","name":"RAPIDO","aka":"","tldr":"RAPIDO showed that giving one week of radiotherapy and then all the chemotherapy before surgery cuts distant spread and doubles complete responses in high-risk rectal cancer, establishing total neoadjuvant therapy.","tags":"radiation-wave4","route":"/trials/rapido/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"prodige-23","kind":"trial","name":"PRODIGE 23","aka":"","tldr":"PRODIGE 23 showed that six cycles of intensive chemotherapy before chemoradiation improves disease-free survival in rectal cancer and, on longer follow-up, overall survival, the second pillar of total neoadjuvant therapy.","tags":"radiation-wave4","route":"/trials/prodige-23/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"act-ii","kind":"trial","name":"ACT II","aka":"","tldr":"ACT II, the largest anal cancer trial, confirmed mitomycin-fluorouracil chemoradiation as the standard, showed that swapping in cisplatin or adding maintenance chemotherapy gave nothing, and taught doctors to wait six months before judging response.","tags":"radiation-wave4","route":"/trials/act-ii/","status":"positive","cancers":"anal localised-anal-cancer"},{"id":"rtog-91-11","kind":"trial","name":"RTOG 91-11","aka":"","tldr":"RTOG 91-11 established concurrent cisplatin with radiotherapy as the way to keep the voice box in advanced larynx cancer: more patients kept their larynx than with induction chemotherapy or radiotherapy alone, with no loss of survival.","tags":"radiation-wave4","route":"/trials/rtog-91-11/","status":"positive","cancers":"head-and-neck laryngeal-cancer"},{"id":"bonner-cetuximab-rt","kind":"trial","name":"Bonner trial (cetuximab plus radiotherapy)","aka":"","tldr":"The Bonner trial was the first to show that a targeted antibody improves survival when added to radiotherapy: cetuximab with radiotherapy lengthened survival in head and neck cancer, and became the option for patients who cannot have cisplatin.","tags":"radiation-wave4","route":"/trials/bonner-cetuximab-rt/","status":"positive","cancers":"head-and-neck oropharyngeal-cancer laryngeal-cancer hypopharyngeal-cancer"},{"id":"rtog-1016","kind":"trial","name":"RTOG 1016","aka":"","tldr":"RTOG 1016 tried to spare HPV-positive throat cancer patients the toxicity of cisplatin by using cetuximab instead, and found that survival was worse: cisplatin stays the standard.","tags":"radiation-wave4","route":"/trials/rtog-1016/","status":"negative","cancers":"head-and-neck oropharyngeal-cancer hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer"},{"id":"de-escalate","kind":"trial","name":"De-ESCALaTE HPV","aka":"","tldr":"De-ESCALaTE, the European counterpart of RTOG 1016, found that cetuximab gave no less toxicity than cisplatin and worse tumour control in HPV-positive throat cancer.","tags":"radiation-wave4","route":"/trials/de-escalate/","status":"negative","cancers":"head-and-neck oropharyngeal-cancer hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer"},{"id":"rtog-9601","kind":"trial","name":"RTOG 9601","aka":"","tldr":"RTOG 9601 showed that adding two years of hormone therapy to salvage radiotherapy after prostate surgery lengthens survival, mainly in men with higher PSA levels at relapse.","tags":"radiation-wave4","route":"/trials/rtog-9601/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"horrad","kind":"trial","name":"HORRAD","aka":"","tldr":"HORRAD found no overall survival benefit from irradiating the prostate in men presenting with bone metastases, though a possible gain in those with few metastases fed into STAMPEDE's later positive finding.","tags":"radiation-wave4","route":"/trials/horrad/","status":"negative","cancers":"prostate metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"pop-rt","kind":"trial","name":"POP-RT","aka":"","tldr":"POP-RT, from Mumbai, showed that treating the pelvic lymph nodes as well as the prostate improves disease control in high-risk prostate cancer, reviving a question earlier trials had left unanswered.","tags":"radiation-wave4","route":"/trials/pop-rt/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"slotman-pci-es-sclc","kind":"trial","name":"EORTC 08993 (Slotman): prophylactic cranial irradiation in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Slotman's trial showed that irradiating the brain before metastases appear cuts symptomatic brain metastases and lengthens survival in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer, though a later Japanese trial with MRI screening did not confirm the survival gain.","tags":"radiation-wave4","route":"/trials/slotman-pci-es-sclc/","status":"positive","cancers":"sclc extensive-stage-sclc"},{"id":"takahashi-pci","kind":"trial","name":"Takahashi trial: prophylactic cranial irradiation with MRI surveillance in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer","aka":"","tldr":"When patients were checked with brain MRI first, prophylactic brain irradiation no longer lengthened survival in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer, so many centres now offer MRI surveillance instead.","tags":"radiation-wave4","route":"/trials/takahashi-pci/","status":"negative","cancers":"sclc extensive-stage-sclc"},{"id":"eortc-22922","kind":"trial","name":"EORTC 22922/10925","aka":"","tldr":"EORTC 22922 showed that irradiating the internal mammary and supraclavicular nodes reduces breast cancer recurrence and death, with a small effect on overall survival, and made regional nodal irradiation standard for node-positive disease.","tags":"radiation-wave4","route":"/trials/eortc-22922/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc breast-cancer"},{"id":"ma-20","kind":"trial","name":"NCIC MA.20","aka":"","tldr":"MA.20, published alongside EORTC 22922, showed that adding nodal irradiation after lumpectomy improves disease-free survival, mainly by preventing distant spread, without a survival difference at ten years.","tags":"radiation-wave4","route":"/trials/ma-20/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc breast-cancer"},{"id":"dbcg-82bc","kind":"trial","name":"DBCG 82b and 82c","aka":"","tldr":"The Danish postmastectomy trials proved that radiotherapy to the chest wall and nodes after mastectomy not only prevents local recurrence but saves lives in women with node-positive disease.","tags":"radiation-wave4","route":"/trials/dbcg-82bc/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"rtog-9402","kind":"trial","name":"RTOG 9402","aka":"","tldr":"RTOG 9402 looked negative at first and then, with long follow-up, showed that adding PCV chemotherapy to radiotherapy doubles survival in oligodendrogliomas with 1p/19q co-deletion, from about seven to fourteen years.","tags":"radiation-wave4","route":"/trials/rtog-9402/","status":"positive","cancers":"glioblastoma brain-tumours oligodendroglioma"},{"id":"eortc-26951","kind":"trial","name":"EORTC 26951","aka":"","tldr":"EORTC 26951, the European twin of RTOG 9402, confirmed that PCV chemotherapy after radiotherapy greatly lengthens survival in 1p/19q co-deleted oligodendrogliomas.","tags":"radiation-wave4","route":"/trials/eortc-26951/","status":"positive","cancers":"glioblastoma brain-tumours oligodendroglioma"},{"id":"eortc-22033","kind":"trial","name":"EORTC 22033-26033","aka":"","tldr":"EORTC 22033 asked whether temozolomide could replace radiotherapy as the first treatment for high-risk low-grade glioma and found no difference in progression-free survival, with the molecular subtype mattering more than the choice of treatment.","tags":"radiation-wave4","route":"/trials/eortc-22033/","status":"negative","cancers":"glioblastoma brain-tumours idh-mutant-astrocytoma oligodendroglioma"},{"id":"linear-energy-transfer","kind":"term","name":"Linear energy transfer (LET)","aka":"LET\nlinear energy transfer\nhigh-LET\nlow-LET\nkeV/µm\nkeV per micrometre","tldr":"How densely a radiation track dumps energy along its path. Sparse tracks (X-rays, most of a proton beam) are easier to repair; dense tracks (the proton's stop-point, carbon ions, alpha particles) punch clustered holes in DNA.","tags":"radiation-wave5","route":"/terms/linear-energy-transfer/"},{"id":"relative-biological-effectiveness","kind":"term","name":"Relative biological effectiveness (RBE)","aka":"RBE\nrelative biological effectiveness\nRBE 1.1\nvariable RBE\nGy(RBE)","tldr":"How many grays of ordinary X-rays you would need to match the damage from one gray of this radiation. Protons are treated as 1.1 times as damaging as X-rays; that number is a convention, and the true value is higher where the beam stops.","tags":"radiation-wave5","route":"/terms/relative-biological-effectiveness/"},{"id":"bragg-peak","kind":"term","name":"Bragg peak","aka":"Bragg peak\nspread-out Bragg peak\nSOBP\ndistal edge\nno exit dose","tldr":"The spot where a proton or carbon-ion beam dumps most of its energy and then stops, so tissue behind the tumour gets almost no dose.","tags":"radiation-wave5","route":"/terms/bragg-peak/"},{"id":"partiqol","kind":"trial","name":"PARTIQoL","aka":"","tldr":"The first multicentre randomised trial of protons versus IMRT for localised prostate cancer found no difference in bowel, urinary or sexual quality of life and the same cancer control at five years.","tags":"radiation-wave5","route":"/trials/partiqol/","status":"completed","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"radcomp","kind":"trial","name":"RADCOMP","aka":"","tldr":"A randomised trial of protons versus photons for non-metastatic breast cancer, asking whether protons spare the heart and lung when the breast and nodes need radiation.","tags":"radiation-wave5","route":"/trials/radcomp/","status":"active","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"papillary-thyroid-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Papillary thyroid cancer","aka":"Papillary thyroid carcinoma\nPTC\nPapillary microcarcinoma (under 1 cm)","tldr":"Papillary thyroid cancer is the commonest and most curable thyroid cancer. Most people are treated with surgery, some with radioactive iodine afterwards, and many small tumours can simply be watched. Only the rare tumours that stop taking up iodine need targeted drugs.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/papillary-thyroid-cancer/","parent":"thyroid"},{"id":"follicular-thyroid-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Follicular thyroid cancer","aka":"Follicular thyroid carcinoma\nFTC\nOncocytic (Hurthle cell) carcinoma","tldr":"Follicular thyroid cancer looks like a benign nodule on a needle biopsy, so the diagnosis is usually made only after surgery. It spreads through the bloodstream rather than to neck nodes, is treated like papillary cancer with surgery and radioactive iodine, and has a good outlook when caught early.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/follicular-thyroid-cancer/","parent":"thyroid"},{"id":"medullary-thyroid-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Medullary thyroid cancer","aka":"Medullary thyroid carcinoma\nMTC","tldr":"Medullary thyroid cancer comes from the calcitonin-making C cells, not the thyroid hormone cells, so radioactive iodine does not work. Surgery is the only cure, a quarter of cases run in families through the RET gene, and the RET-selective drug selpercatinib has transformed treatment of advanced disease.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/medullary-thyroid-cancer/","parent":"thyroid"},{"id":"anaplastic-thyroid-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Anaplastic thyroid cancer","aka":"Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma\nATC\nUndifferentiated thyroid carcinoma","tldr":"Anaplastic thyroid cancer is the rare, fast-growing form that presents as a rapidly enlarging neck mass threatening the airway. Few patients lived more than a few months; combining BRAF-targeted drugs, immunotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy has lifted survival for the first time.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/anaplastic-thyroid-cancer/","parent":"thyroid"},{"id":"oropharyngeal-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Oropharyngeal cancer (tonsil and base of tongue)","aka":"Oropharynx cancer\nTonsil cancer\nBase of tongue cancer\nHPV-positive head and neck cancer","tldr":"Cancer of the tonsils and back of the tongue, a head and neck cancer, now comes mostly from HPV infection rather than smoking, and behaves like a different disease: it responds well to chemoradiation, most patients are cured, and the research question is how much treatment can safely be removed.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/oropharyngeal-cancer/","parent":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"laryngeal-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer","aka":"Larynx cancer\nVoice box cancer\nGlottic cancer\nSupraglottic cancer\nHypopharynx cancer","tldr":"Cancer of the voice box, a head and neck cancer, announces itself with hoarseness and is highly curable when caught early, by laser surgery or radiotherapy that preserve the voice. Advanced disease is treated with chemoradiation to keep the larynx where possible, with total laryngectomy for the most extensive tumours or when other treatment fails.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/laryngeal-cancer/","parent":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"oral-cavity-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Oral cavity cancer (mouth and tongue)","aka":"Oral cancer\nMouth cancer\nTongue cancer\nOral squamous cell carcinoma","tldr":"Cancer of the mouth and tongue, a head and neck cancer, is caused mainly by tobacco, alcohol and betel quid and is usually visible or feelable early, yet often diagnosed late. Surgery is the mainstay, with radiotherapy or chemoradiation after operation for higher-risk disease, and reconstruction to restore speech and swallowing.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/oral-cavity-cancer/","parent":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"High-grade serous ovarian cancer","aka":"HGSOC\nHigh-grade serous carcinoma of the ovary, fallopian tube and peritoneum","tldr":"High-grade serous cancer is the common, aggressive form of ovarian cancer, now known to start in the fallopian tube. It is treated with surgery and platinum chemotherapy, and maintenance PARP inhibitors have changed its course for the half of patients whose tumours cannot repair DNA properly.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer/","parent":"ovarian"},{"id":"low-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Low-grade serous ovarian cancer","aka":"LGSOC\nLow-grade serous carcinoma","tldr":"Low-grade serous cancer is the slow-growing, chemotherapy-resistant cousin of the common ovarian cancer. Surgery and hormone therapy are its mainstays, and MEK inhibitors, alone or combined with a FAK inhibitor, are the first drugs shown to shrink it reliably.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/low-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer/","parent":"ovarian"},{"id":"clear-cell-ovarian-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Clear cell ovarian cancer","aka":"Ovarian clear cell carcinoma\nOCCC","tldr":"Clear cell ovarian cancer grows out of endometriosis, is usually caught early and cured by surgery, but when advanced it resists platinum chemotherapy. Its distinct genetics, with ARID1A and PIK3CA mutations, are the focus of targeted and immune approaches.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/clear-cell-ovarian-cancer/","parent":"ovarian"},{"id":"mucinous-ovarian-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Mucinous ovarian cancer","aka":"Mucinous ovarian carcinoma\nMOC","tldr":"Mucinous ovarian cancer is rare, usually confined to one large ovary at diagnosis and cured by surgery. Its genetics resemble bowel cancer more than ovarian cancer, and pathologists must first rule out a spread from the gut before making the diagnosis.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/mucinous-ovarian-cancer/","parent":"ovarian"},{"id":"granulosa-cell-tumour","kind":"cancer","name":"Adult granulosa cell tumour of the ovary","aka":"Granulosa cell tumor\nAGCT\nSex cord-stromal tumour of the ovary","tldr":"Granulosa cell tumours, a rare form of ovarian cancer, make oestrogen, so they often announce themselves with abnormal bleeding, and almost all carry the same single FOXL2 mutation. Surgery cures most; relapses come late and are treated with further surgery, hormone-blocking drugs, bevacizumab or chemotherapy.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/granulosa-cell-tumour/","parent":"ovarian"},{"id":"clear-cell-rcc","kind":"cancer","name":"Clear cell renal cell carcinoma","aka":"KIRC\nTCGA-KIRC\nkidney renal clear cell carcinoma (TCGA KIRC cohort)\nccRCC\nConventional renal cell carcinoma","tldr":"Clear cell is the common kidney cancer, driven by loss of the VHL gene that leaves the tumour behaving as if starved of oxygen and flooding itself with blood vessels. That biology explains why anti-angiogenic drugs, immunotherapy and the HIF-2 alpha blocker belzutifan all work.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/clear-cell-rcc/","parent":"rcc"},{"id":"papillary-rcc","kind":"cancer","name":"Papillary renal cell carcinoma","aka":"KIRP\nTCGA-KIRP\nkidney renal papillary cell carcinoma (TCGA KIRP cohort)\npRCC\nPapillary RCC","tldr":"Papillary kidney cancer is the second commonest type and does not share the VHL biology of clear cell cancer, so the drugs work differently: the MET-targeting drug cabozantinib beat sunitinib in the first trial run just for this disease, and two hereditary syndromes account for some cases.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/papillary-rcc/","parent":"rcc"},{"id":"chromophobe-rcc","kind":"cancer","name":"Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma","aka":"chRCC","tldr":"Chromophobe kidney cancer comes from a different cell of the kidney's tubules, usually behaves gently and is cured by surgery. Its rare metastatic form responds poorly to immunotherapy, so kinase and mTOR inhibitors are used, and it runs in families with Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/chromophobe-rcc/","parent":"rcc"},{"id":"seminoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Seminoma","aka":"Classic seminoma\nPure seminoma\nGerminoma (when in the brain)","tldr":"Seminoma is the slower, more radiosensitive half of testicular cancer. After removal of the testicle most men need no further treatment and are simply monitored; those who relapse or present with spread are cured with a short course of chemotherapy.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/seminoma/","parent":"testicular"},{"id":"non-seminoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Non-seminomatous germ cell tumour","aka":"NSGCT\nNon-seminoma\nEmbryonal carcinoma\nYolk sac tumour\nChoriocarcinoma\nTeratoma\nMixed germ cell tumour","tldr":"Non-seminoma is the faster-growing half of testicular cancer, marked by AFP and hCG in the blood. Surgery cures most early cases, cisplatin chemotherapy cures most of the rest, and surgeons remove what remains after chemotherapy because teratoma does not respond to drugs.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/non-seminoma/","parent":"testicular"},{"id":"oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma","aka":"Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma\nESCC\nOesophageal SCC","tldr":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus, the world's commonest form, is linked to smoking, alcohol and very hot drinks and sits in the upper and middle gullet. It is treated with chemoradiation, with or without surgery, and immunotherapy has recently joined chemotherapy for advanced disease.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma/","parent":"esophageal"},{"id":"oesophageal-adenocarcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Oesophageal and junctional adenocarcinoma","aka":"Esophageal adenocarcinoma\nEAC\nGastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma\nBarrett's cancer","tldr":"Adenocarcinoma of the lower oesophagus and junction grows out of Barrett's oesophagus, the change in the lining caused by long-standing acid reflux. Chemotherapy or chemoradiation before surgery is standard, and HER2, PD-L1 and claudin 18.2 now guide drugs for advanced disease as they do in stomach cancer.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/oesophageal-adenocarcinoma/","parent":"esophageal"},{"id":"non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer","aka":"NMIBC\nSuperficial bladder cancer\nTa, T1 and carcinoma in situ of the bladder","tldr":"Most bladder cancers are found while still confined to the lining. They are scraped out through the urethra and, when higher risk, treated with BCG instilled into the bladder; the challenge is the frequent recurrences and the patients whose tumours stop responding to BCG.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer/","parent":"urothelial"},{"id":"muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Muscle-invasive and advanced bladder cancer","aka":"MIBC\nInvasive urothelial carcinoma\nMetastatic urothelial carcinoma","tldr":"Once bladder cancer has grown into the muscle it needs more than scraping out: chemotherapy then removal of the bladder, or chemoradiation to keep it. For cancer that has spread, the antibody-drug conjugate enfortumab vedotin with pembrolizumab has replaced platinum chemotherapy as the first treatment.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer/","parent":"urothelial"},{"id":"leiomyosarcoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Leiomyosarcoma","aka":"LMS\nUterine leiomyosarcoma\nSmooth muscle sarcoma","tldr":"Leiomyosarcoma is a cancer of smooth muscle, most often in the womb, the abdomen behind the bowel or the wall of a large vein. Surgery is the only cure; for spread disease, doxorubicin-based chemotherapy, trabectedin and gemcitabine-docetaxel are the standards, with no targeted drug yet.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/leiomyosarcoma/","parent":"sarcoma"},{"id":"liposarcoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Liposarcoma","aka":"Well-differentiated liposarcoma (atypical lipomatous tumour)\nDedifferentiated liposarcoma\nMyxoid liposarcoma\nPleomorphic liposarcoma","tldr":"Liposarcoma is a cancer of fat cells that comes in four different forms: two driven by extra copies of the MDM2 gene, one by a fusion gene that makes it unusually sensitive to radiotherapy and trabectedin, and one that behaves like other aggressive sarcomas. Surgery is the mainstay and MDM2 inhibitors are the most promising drugs in trials.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/liposarcoma/","parent":"sarcoma"},{"id":"synovial-sarcoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Synovial sarcoma","aka":"SS18-SSX sarcoma","tldr":"Synovial sarcoma is a young person's sarcoma driven by a single fusion gene, SS18-SSX, that scrambles how genes are switched on. It is treated with surgery, radiotherapy and ifosfamide-based chemotherapy, and in 2024 it became the first solid tumour with an approved engineered T-cell receptor therapy.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/synovial-sarcoma/","parent":"sarcoma"},{"id":"marginal-zone-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Marginal zone lymphoma","aka":"MZL\nMALT lymphoma\nExtranodal marginal zone lymphoma\nSplenic marginal zone lymphoma\nNodal marginal zone lymphoma","tldr":"Marginal zone lymphoma is a slow B-cell lymphoma that often grows where the body has been fighting a chronic infection: the stomach with Helicobacter pylori, the eye, the skin or the spleen. Curing the infection cures many early cases; the rest are treated with rituximab, chemotherapy or BTK inhibitors.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/marginal-zone-lymphoma/","parent":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome)","aka":"CTCL\nMycosis fungoides\nSezary syndrome","tldr":"Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is a family of nine lymphomas that start in the skin and mostly stay there, of which mycosis fungoides is by far the commonest. Most of them are long-term skin conditions managed over decades rather than cancers that are cured or not cured, and two of the nine are genuinely aggressive.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma/","parent":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"gompertzian-growth-model","kind":"technology","name":"Gompertzian tumour growth","aka":"","tldr":"Tumours do not grow exponentially forever: growth slows as they enlarge, following a curve Benjamin Gompertz devised for human mortality in 1825 and Anna Kane Laird fitted to tumours in 1964. It explains why small tumours are the most chemosensitive and why doubling times lengthen.","tags":"mathematical-model","route":"/technologies/gompertzian-growth-model/","status":"established"},{"id":"log-kill-hypothesis","kind":"technology","name":"Log-kill hypothesis (Skipper)","aka":"","tldr":"A dose of chemotherapy kills a constant fraction of cancer cells, not a constant number, so each cycle removes the same proportion, which is why treatment continues after the tumour has disappeared from scans.","tags":"mathematical-model","route":"/technologies/log-kill-hypothesis/","status":"established","cancers":"all-leukemia hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"norton-simon-hypothesis","kind":"technology","name":"Norton-Simon hypothesis and dose-dense chemotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"Because tumours regrow fastest when small, the best way to finish them is to give the same chemotherapy doses closer together. The idea, from Larry Norton and Richard Simon, was proved in breast cancer by the CALGB 9741 trial and made two-weekly chemotherapy a standard.","tags":"mathematical-model","route":"/technologies/norton-simon-hypothesis/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive tnbc"},{"id":"goldie-coldman-model","kind":"technology","name":"Goldie-Coldman model of resistance","aka":"","tldr":"Resistant cells arise by chance mutation as a tumour grows, so the chance of a cancer already containing resistant cells rises with its size. The model argued for treating early and for alternating non-cross-resistant drugs.","tags":"mathematical-model","route":"/technologies/goldie-coldman-model/","status":"established"},{"id":"drug-resistance-dynamics","kind":"technology","name":"Evolutionary dynamics of drug resistance","aka":"","tldr":"Mathematics from population genetics shows that resistant cells almost always exist before treatment in large tumours, and that combining drugs with different resistance mutations from the start can succeed where the same drugs in sequence fail.","tags":"mathematical-model","route":"/technologies/drug-resistance-dynamics/","status":"established"},{"id":"adaptive-therapy-dynamics","kind":"technology","name":"Adaptive therapy (evolution-based dosing)","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of hitting a tumour as hard as possible, adaptive therapy gives just enough drug to keep it in check and stops when it shrinks, so drug-sensitive cells survive to compete with resistant ones. A pilot trial in prostate cancer roughly doubled the time to progression on abiraterone.","tags":"mathematical-model","route":"/technologies/adaptive-therapy-dynamics/","status":"emerging","cancers":"prostate melanoma"},{"id":"evolutionary-game-theory-cancer","kind":"technology","name":"Evolutionary game theory in cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer cells are treated as players whose success depends on what neighbouring cells do, which lets researchers predict how a tumour's mix of cell types shifts under treatment and design schedules that steer it.","tags":"mathematical-model","route":"/technologies/evolutionary-game-theory-cancer/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"clonal-evolution-models","kind":"technology","name":"Clonal evolution and branching models","aka":"","tldr":"Peter Nowell's 1976 idea that a tumour is an evolving population of competing clones is now measured directly by sequencing several regions or repeated blood samples, and models of branching evolution predict which clones will drive relapse.","tags":"mathematical-model","route":"/technologies/clonal-evolution-models/","status":"established","cancers":"nsclc rcc"},{"id":"reaction-diffusion-glioma-model","kind":"technology","name":"Proliferation-invasion (reaction-diffusion) models of glioma","aka":"","tldr":"Gliomas grow by both dividing and migrating through the brain, and a two-parameter equation fitted to a patient's MRI scans estimates how far invisible cells have spread, which can guide how much brain to irradiate and how fast the tumour will grow.","tags":"mathematical-model","route":"/technologies/reaction-diffusion-glioma-model/","status":"emerging","cancers":"glioblastoma brain-tumours"},{"id":"agent-based-tumour-models","kind":"technology","name":"Agent-based and multicellular simulations","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of equations for average behaviour, agent-based models simulate every cell as an individual with rules for dividing, moving, dying and signalling, producing virtual tumours in which immune attack, drug delivery and evolution can be watched and tested.","tags":"mathematical-model","route":"/technologies/agent-based-tumour-models/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"immune-tumour-dynamics-models","kind":"technology","name":"Tumour-immune dynamics models","aka":"","tldr":"Predator-prey style equations describe how immune cells hunt tumour cells, and they reproduce dormancy, escape and the delayed, sometimes explosive, responses seen with immunotherapy; they now help design combination and scheduling trials.","tags":"mathematical-model","route":"/technologies/immune-tumour-dynamics-models/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"quantitative-systems-pharmacology","kind":"technology","name":"Quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP)","aka":"","tldr":"Mechanistic computer models that join a drug's pharmacology to the biology of the tumour and the body, used by developers and regulators to pick doses, predict combinations and explain why a trial failed.","tags":"mathematical-model","route":"/technologies/quantitative-systems-pharmacology/","status":"established"},{"id":"pkpd-modelling","kind":"technology","name":"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling","aka":"","tldr":"Equations that describe how a drug's concentration rises and falls in the body and how that concentration translates into effect and toxicity; the reason doses are given per square metre, why some drugs are infused over days, and how children's doses are set.","tags":"mathematical-model","route":"/technologies/pkpd-modelling/","status":"established"},{"id":"body-surface-area-dosing","kind":"technology","name":"Body-surface-area dosing","aka":"","tldr":"Chemotherapy doses are usually written per square metre of body surface, a convention from 1958 that scales drug clearance between species and people; it is imprecise, and for many newer drugs flat or weight-based doses have replaced it.","tags":"mathematical-model","route":"/technologies/body-surface-area-dosing/","status":"established"},{"id":"tumour-control-probability-models","kind":"technology","name":"Tumour control and normal tissue complication probability (TCP and NTCP)","aka":"","tldr":"Curves that turn a radiation dose into a probability: how likely the tumour is to be eradicated and how likely a nearby organ is to be damaged. They underlie dose constraints, dose escalation trials and comparisons between treatment plans.","tags":"mathematical-model","route":"/technologies/tumour-control-probability-models/","status":"established"},{"id":"fractionation-repopulation-models","kind":"technology","name":"The four Rs and accelerated repopulation","aka":"","tldr":"Radiotherapy works through repair, redistribution, reoxygenation and repopulation between fractions; the discovery that tumours speed up their regrowth during a course explained why gaps in treatment cost cures and led to accelerated schedules.","tags":"mathematical-model","route":"/technologies/fractionation-repopulation-models/","status":"established","cancers":"head-and-neck nsclc cervical"},{"id":"tumour-doubling-time","kind":"technology","name":"Tumour volume doubling time","aka":"","tldr":"How long a tumour takes to double in volume, measured from two scans; it separates cancers from benign nodules in lung screening, sorts aggressive from indolent disease and estimates how long a tumour has been present.","tags":"mathematical-model","route":"/technologies/tumour-doubling-time/","status":"established","cancers":"nsclc rcc"},{"id":"angiogenesis-models","kind":"technology","name":"Angiogenesis and vascular normalisation models","aka":"","tldr":"Models of how tumours recruit blood vessels, and of Rakesh Jain's idea that anti-angiogenic drugs at the right dose normalise rather than destroy those vessels, improving drug and oxygen delivery for a window of days.","tags":"mathematical-model","route":"/technologies/angiogenesis-models/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"tumour-mechanics-models","kind":"technology","name":"Solid stress and tumour mechanobiology models","aka":"","tldr":"Growing tumours compress themselves and their surroundings; models of this solid stress explain collapsed vessels, poor drug delivery and stiff stroma, and point to drugs that soften the tumour so treatment can get in.","tags":"mathematical-model","route":"/technologies/tumour-mechanics-models/","status":"emerging","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"metastasis-seeding-models","kind":"technology","name":"Metastatic seeding and dormancy models","aka":"","tldr":"From Paget's seed-and-soil idea to models that estimate when metastases were seeded from a primary and how long they lay dormant, these frameworks explain late relapse and argue for treating micrometastases early.","tags":"mathematical-model","route":"/technologies/metastasis-seeding-models/","status":"emerging","cancers":"breast-hr-positive colorectal melanoma"},{"id":"mrd-kinetics-models","kind":"technology","name":"Residual disease kinetics (BCR-ABL halving and ctDNA slopes)","aka":"","tldr":"The speed at which a molecular marker falls during treatment predicts outcome better than a single level: BCR-ABL halving time in chronic myeloid leukaemia and circulating tumour DNA slopes in solid tumours are now used to judge response within weeks.","tags":"mathematical-model","route":"/technologies/mrd-kinetics-models/","status":"established","cancers":"cml nsclc colorectal"},{"id":"digital-twin-patient-models","kind":"technology","name":"Patient digital twins","aka":"","tldr":"A digital twin is a computer model of one patient's tumour and body, updated with each scan and blood test, used to forecast how the disease will respond to each option before it is tried.","tags":"mathematical-model","route":"/technologies/digital-twin-patient-models/","status":"emerging"},{"id":"mathematical-oncology","kind":"technology","name":"Mathematical models of cancer (mathematical oncology)","aka":"mathematical models\nmathematical model\nmathematical oncology\nbiophysical models\ncomputational models of cancer\ntumour modelling\nin silico oncology\ncancer modelling","tldr":"Mathematical oncology writes down how tumours grow, evolve, respond to treatment and interact with the immune system as equations or simulations, then uses them to design doses, schedules and trials. The models themselves are records, each with what it was fitted to and what it was used to decide.","tags":"mathematical-model","route":"/technologies/mathematical-oncology/","status":"established"},{"id":"x-ray-radiography-fluoroscopy","kind":"technology","name":"X-ray radiography and fluoroscopy","aka":"","tldr":"The plain X-ray is the oldest and cheapest medical image: a single shadow picture of bone and lung. Fluoroscopy is the live-video version, used to steer needles, catheters and stents during cancer procedures.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/technologies/x-ray-radiography-fluoroscopy/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"lung-cancer multiple-myeloma hcc osteosarcoma"},{"id":"photon-counting-ct","kind":"technology","name":"Photon-counting CT","aka":"","tldr":"A new kind of CT detector that counts every X-ray photon and records its energy, giving sharper pictures at lower dose and colour-like tissue information from every scan.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/technologies/photon-counting-ct/","status":"emerging","cancers":"nsclc multiple-myeloma hcc pancreatic childhood-cancers"},{"id":"dual-energy-spectral-ct","kind":"technology","name":"Dual-energy and spectral CT","aka":"","tldr":"CT scanned at two X-ray energies at once, so the scanner can tell iodine contrast from calcium and soft tissue, show exactly how much a tumour enhances, and remove the contrast digitally to save a second scan.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/technologies/dual-energy-spectral-ct/","status":"established","cancers":"rcc hcc pancreatic multiple-myeloma adrenocortical"},{"id":"ultrasound-elastography-ceus","kind":"technology","name":"Elastography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound","aka":"","tldr":"Two upgrades to the ordinary ultrasound machine: elastography measures how stiff a lump is (cancers are usually hard), and microbubble contrast shows how blood flows through it in real time, with no radiation and no kidney-toxic dye.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/technologies/ultrasound-elastography-ceus/","status":"established","cancers":"hcc breast-cancer thyroid prostate pancreatic rcc"},{"id":"mri-field-strengths","kind":"technology","name":"MRI field strengths: 1.5 T, 3 T and 7 T","aka":"","tldr":"MRI scanners are sold by the strength of their magnet. 1.5 tesla is the reliable workhorse, 3 tesla gives more signal for prostate, brain and breast imaging, and 7 tesla is a research-grade brain scanner; stronger is not simply better, because artefacts, heating and implant restrictions grow with the field.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/technologies/mri-field-strengths/","status":"established","cancers":"prostate brain-tumours glioblastoma breast-cancer colorectal multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"spect-ct","kind":"technology","name":"SPECT/CT","aka":"","tldr":"A gamma camera with a CT scanner bolted on, so a hot spot on a bone scan or a sentinel-node scan is pinned to the exact bone or lymph node, and the dose from a radioactive drug can be measured after treatment.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/technologies/spect-ct/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"prostate breast-cancer melanoma thyroid neuroblastoma neuroendocrine"},{"id":"intraoperative-mri-ct","kind":"technology","name":"Intraoperative MRI and CT","aka":"","tldr":"Scanners built into or next to the operating theatre, so the surgeon can check during a brain tumour or spine operation how much tumour is left and remove more before closing.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/technologies/intraoperative-mri-ct/","status":"established","cancers":"glioblastoma brain-tumours pituitary-tumours paediatric-low-grade-glioma sarcoma"},{"id":"c-arm-linac","kind":"technology","name":"C-arm medical linear accelerators (TrueBeam, Versa HD and others)","aka":"","tldr":"The standard radiotherapy machine: an electron accelerator in a rotating arm that makes high-energy X-rays or electron beams, shapes them with moving metal leaves, and takes a CT of the patient before each dose. Most people who have radiotherapy are treated on one.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/technologies/c-arm-linac/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"breast-cancer prostate nsclc head-and-neck cervical colorectal glioblastoma esophageal"},{"id":"ring-gantry-linac","kind":"technology","name":"Ring-gantry linacs (Halcyon, Ethos)","aka":"","tldr":"A radiotherapy machine built like a CT scanner: the accelerator spins inside an enclosed ring, must image the patient before every dose, and treats fast. Ethos adds software that redraws the plan to the anatomy of the day while the patient lies on the couch.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/technologies/ring-gantry-linac/","status":"established","cancers":"prostate breast-cancer head-and-neck cervical muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer colorectal"},{"id":"tomotherapy","kind":"technology","name":"TomoTherapy and Radixact (helical radiotherapy)","aka":"","tldr":"Radiotherapy delivered the way a CT scan is taken: a small accelerator circles the patient while the couch slides through, painting the dose slice by slice with a fast shutter-like collimator. It handles very long or oddly shaped targets and images the patient with the same beam before each session.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/technologies/tomotherapy/","status":"established","cancers":"head-and-neck prostate medulloblastoma all-leukemia breast-cancer"},{"id":"cyberknife","kind":"technology","name":"CyberKnife robotic radiosurgery","aka":"","tldr":"A small accelerator on an industrial robot arm that aims hundreds of pencil-thin beams from any direction and follows the tumour as the patient breathes, so brain, spine, prostate, lung and pancreatic tumours can be treated in one to five sessions without a head frame.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/technologies/cyberknife/","status":"established","cancers":"brain-tumours metastatic-cancer prostate pancreatic nsclc hcc secondary-brain-tumours meningioma vestibular-schwannoma"},{"id":"gamma-knife","kind":"technology","name":"Gamma Knife","aka":"","tldr":"The original radiosurgery machine: about two hundred cobalt-60 sources arranged in a shielded helmet whose beams cross at one point inside the brain, so a metastasis or benign tumour a few millimetres across receives a destructive dose in a single visit while the brain around it is spared.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/technologies/gamma-knife/","status":"established","cancers":"brain-tumours metastatic-cancer pituitary-tumours secondary-brain-tumours meningioma vestibular-schwannoma"},{"id":"zap-x","kind":"technology","name":"ZAP-X gyroscopic radiosurgery","aka":"","tldr":"A self-shielded brain radiosurgery machine: a compact accelerator swings around the head on two nested gantries inside its own steel shell, so it needs no concrete bunker and no radioactive cobalt, and can be installed in an ordinary outpatient building.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/technologies/zap-x/","status":"emerging","cancers":"brain-tumours metastatic-cancer pituitary-tumours"},{"id":"biology-guided-radiotherapy","kind":"technology","name":"Biology-guided radiotherapy (RefleXion X1, SCINTIX)","aka":"","tldr":"A radiotherapy machine with PET detectors built in: the tumour's own radioactive tracer signal tells the beam where to fire, hundreds of times a second, so moving tumours and several metastases can be tracked and treated without external markers.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/technologies/biology-guided-radiotherapy/","status":"emerging","cancers":"nsclc metastatic-cancer prostate osteosarcoma"},{"id":"brachytherapy-afterloaders","kind":"technology","name":"Remote afterloaders for HDR brachytherapy","aka":"","tldr":"The machine that makes modern brachytherapy safe for staff: a shielded safe holding one tiny, intensely radioactive source on a cable, which it drives out through tubes into applicators inside the patient, dwells at programmed positions, and pulls back before anyone re-enters the room.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/technologies/brachytherapy-afterloaders/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"cervical prostate endometrial breast-cancer esophageal skin-cancer"},{"id":"proton-therapy-systems","kind":"technology","name":"Proton therapy machines: cyclotrons, synchrotrons and single-room systems","aka":"","tldr":"Proton centres are built around one of three accelerators, a cyclotron, a synchrotron or a compact synchrocyclotron, feeding one or several treatment rooms through magnets and a rotating gantry the size of a house. Single-room systems have cut the price of entry, and upright treatment chairs may shrink the building again.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/technologies/proton-therapy-systems/","status":"established","cancers":"childhood-cancers brain-tumours medulloblastoma head-and-neck chordoma uveal-melanoma prostate esophageal breast-cancer"},{"id":"carbon-ion-synchrotrons","kind":"technology","name":"Carbon-ion synchrotrons and facilities","aka":"","tldr":"Carbon ions are twelve times heavier than protons, so every clinical facility uses a synchrotron ring tens of metres across and fixed or huge rotating beamlines. Only about a dozen centres exist, in Japan, Germany, Italy, Austria, China, South Korea and Taiwan.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/technologies/carbon-ion-synchrotrons/","status":"established","cancers":"chordoma sarcoma pancreatic hcc prostate head-and-neck osteosarcoma"},{"id":"cryoablation-systems","kind":"technology","name":"Cryoablation systems","aka":"","tldr":"Killing a tumour by freezing it through one or more needles, with the ice ball watched live on CT, ultrasound or MRI. It hurts less than heat, spares nearby nerves and collecting systems better, and is the usual choice for small kidney tumours, painful bone metastases and, in trials, small breast cancers.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/technologies/cryoablation-systems/","status":"established","cancers":"rcc breast-cancer prostate metastatic-cancer desmoid-tumour nsclc"},{"id":"microwave-rf-ablation","kind":"technology","name":"Microwave and radiofrequency ablation systems","aka":"","tldr":"Cooking a tumour from the inside through a needle. Radiofrequency current was the first method and is proven for small liver cancers; microwave energy heats faster, makes larger zones and is less troubled by nearby blood vessels carrying the heat away, so it is now the more common choice.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/technologies/microwave-rf-ablation/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"hcc colorectal rcc nsclc thyroid"},{"id":"surgical-robot-platforms","kind":"technology","name":"Surgical robots: da Vinci, Hugo, Versius and single-port systems","aka":"","tldr":"The surgeon sits at a console and moves wristed instruments through keyhole ports while a 3D camera shows the inside of the body magnified. Intuitive's da Vinci has dominated for two decades; Medtronic's Hugo and CMR's Versius are the first serious rivals, and single-port robots work through one incision.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/technologies/surgical-robot-platforms/","status":"established","cancers":"prostate endometrial colorectal muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer rcc nsclc gastric pancreatic head-and-neck"},{"id":"flow-cytometers","kind":"technology","name":"Flow cytometers","aka":"","tldr":"A machine that streams cells one at a time past lasers and reads the fluorescent tags stuck to each one, counting tens of thousands of cells a second. It is how leukaemias and lymphomas are typed, how residual disease is measured after treatment, and how cell therapies are checked before infusion.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/technologies/flow-cytometers/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"all-leukemia aml cll multiple-myeloma non-hodgkin-lymphoma leukaemia"},{"id":"hitachi","kind":"company","name":"Hitachi (particle therapy)","aka":"Hitachi High-Tech particle therapy\nHitachi, Ltd.","tldr":"Hitachi builds synchrotron-based proton therapy systems for centres such as MD Anderson, Mayo Clinic, St. Jude, Johns Hopkins and Hokkaido University, and carbon-ion facilities in Osaka and Taipei.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/companies/hitachi/"},{"id":"viewray","kind":"company","name":"ViewRay (MRIdian)","aka":"ViewRay Systems\nViewRay Technologies","tldr":"ViewRay makes MRIdian, the MR-linac that pairs a low-field MRI with a linear accelerator so tumours in the pancreas, liver and prostate can be watched and the beam gated while it treats; the original company went bankrupt in 2023 and the business continues under new ownership.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/companies/viewray/","cancers":"pancreatic prostate hcc"},{"id":"medtronic","kind":"company","name":"Medtronic","aka":"","tldr":"Medtronic is the largest medical device company; in cancer care it sells the Hugo surgical robot, Emprint microwave and Cool-tip radiofrequency ablation systems, the O-arm intraoperative imaging and StealthStation navigation, and the GI Genius artificial-intelligence polyp detector.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/companies/medtronic/"},{"id":"cmr-surgical","kind":"company","name":"CMR Surgical","aka":"","tldr":"CMR Surgical makes Versius, a compact modular surgical robot from Cambridge whose small independent arms fit existing operating theatres; it is used for colorectal, gynaecological and urological cancer operations in Europe, India and elsewhere and received US authorisation in 2024.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/companies/cmr-surgical/","cancers":"colorectal endometrial prostate"},{"id":"angiodynamics","kind":"company","name":"AngioDynamics","aka":"","tldr":"AngioDynamics makes the NanoKnife irreversible electroporation system, which destroys pancreatic and prostate tumours with electrical pulses rather than heat, plus microwave and radiofrequency ablation probes and vascular access ports used in chemotherapy.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/companies/angiodynamics/","cancers":"pancreatic prostate hcc"},{"id":"fujifilm","kind":"company","name":"FUJIFILM Healthcare","aka":"Fujifilm Holdings\nFujifilm Healthcare","tldr":"Fujifilm moved from photographic film into medical imaging and now sells digital X-ray, mammography, ultrasound, endoscopes and, since buying Hitachi's imaging business in 2021, CT and MRI scanners.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/companies/fujifilm/"},{"id":"shimadzu","kind":"company","name":"Shimadzu","aka":"","tldr":"Shimadzu is a Kyoto instrument maker whose medical division sells X-ray, fluoroscopy and angiography systems and whose analytical division built the mass spectrometers that won a Nobel Prize.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/companies/shimadzu/"},{"id":"sumitomo-heavy-industries","kind":"company","name":"Sumitomo Heavy Industries","aka":"","tldr":"Sumitomo Heavy Industries builds cyclotron-based proton therapy systems for centres including Samsung Medical Center and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, medical cyclotrons for PET isotopes, and the first approved accelerator for boron neutron capture therapy.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/companies/sumitomo-heavy-industries/"},{"id":"toshiba-energy-systems","kind":"company","name":"Toshiba Energy Systems & Solutions","aka":"Toshiba heavy-ion therapy","tldr":"Toshiba builds carbon-ion therapy facilities, including the superconducting rotating gantry at HIMAC in Chiba and the heavy-ion centres in Kanagawa, Yamagata and at Yonsei in Seoul.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/companies/toshiba-energy-systems/"},{"id":"mediso","kind":"company","name":"Mediso","aka":"","tldr":"Mediso is a Hungarian nuclear medicine company making AnyScan SPECT/CT and PET/CT cameras for hospitals and nanoScan PET/MRI and SPECT/CT scanners for preclinical research.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/companies/mediso/"},{"id":"carl-zeiss-meditec","kind":"company","name":"Carl Zeiss Meditec","aka":"ZEISS Medical Technology","tldr":"Carl Zeiss Meditec makes Intrabeam, a miniature X-ray source used to give a single dose of radiation to the breast tumour bed during surgery, and the Kinevo surgical microscopes whose blue-light and infrared modes make brain tumours glow during resection.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/companies/carl-zeiss-meditec/","cancers":"breast-cancer glioblastoma"},{"id":"profound-medical","kind":"company","name":"Profound Medical","aka":"","tldr":"Profound Medical makes TULSA-PRO, which ablates prostate tissue from inside the urethra with ultrasound under real-time MRI temperature control, and Sonalleve MR-guided focused ultrasound for fibroids and painful bone metastases.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/companies/profound-medical/","cancers":"prostate metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"icecure-medical","kind":"company","name":"IceCure Medical","aka":"","tldr":"IceCure Medical makes ProSense, a liquid-nitrogen cryoablation system used to freeze small breast, kidney, lung and bone tumours through a single needle in an outpatient visit; its ICE3 trial tested it as an alternative to surgery for small low-risk breast cancers in older women.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/companies/icecure-medical/","cancers":"breast-cancer rcc"},{"id":"beckman-coulter","kind":"company","name":"Beckman Coulter","aka":"","tldr":"Beckman Coulter, part of Danaher, makes the Navios, DxFLEX and CytoFLEX flow cytometers used in haematology laboratories to type leukaemias and measure residual disease, together with automated haematology analysers and centrifuges.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/companies/beckman-coulter/","cancers":"all-leukemia aml cll"},{"id":"cytek-biosciences","kind":"company","name":"Cytek Biosciences","aka":"","tldr":"Cytek Biosciences makes the Aurora and Northern Lights full-spectrum flow cytometers, which read the whole emission spectrum of every dye so forty or more markers can be measured on each cell, used in immunology, cell therapy development and clinical haematology.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/companies/cytek-biosciences/"},{"id":"mindray","kind":"company","name":"Mindray","aka":"","tldr":"Mindray is China's largest medical device company, selling Resona ultrasound systems with shear-wave elastography and contrast imaging, patient monitors and laboratory analysers in more than a hundred countries.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/companies/mindray/"},{"id":"protom","kind":"company","name":"ProTom International","aka":"","tldr":"ProTom International makes the Radiance 330, a compact synchrotron-based proton therapy system installed at Massachusetts General Hospital and McLaren in Michigan.","tags":"machines-wave","route":"/companies/protom/"},{"id":"small-molecule-api-synthesis","kind":"technology","name":"Small-molecule API synthesis","aka":"","tldr":"Before a tablet or a vial exists, the active drug itself has to be made: many chemical steps in reactors, or extraction from a plant, at a handful of factories most patients never hear of. When one of those factories stops, whole cancer drugs disappear.","tags":"manufacturing-wave","route":"/technologies/small-molecule-api-synthesis/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"oral-solid-dose-manufacturing","kind":"technology","name":"Oral solid dose manufacturing (tablets and capsules)","aka":"","tldr":"Most targeted cancer drugs are tablets. Turning a powder into a tablet that dissolves the same way every time is its own craft, and when patents end the same craft lets generic makers sell the drug for a fraction of the price.","tags":"manufacturing-wave","route":"/technologies/oral-solid-dose-manufacturing/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"sterile-injectable-generics-manufacturing","kind":"technology","name":"Generic sterile injectables (the 2023 platinum shortage)","aka":"","tldr":"Cisplatin, carboplatin, methotrexate and most old chemotherapy drugs are cheap vials made by very few factories under sterile conditions. In 2023 one Indian plant stopped and American cancer centres ran short of both platinum drugs for months.","tags":"manufacturing-wave","route":"/technologies/sterile-injectable-generics-manufacturing/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"testicular urothelial ovarian nsclc head-and-neck"},{"id":"bcg-vaccine-manufacturing","kind":"technology","name":"BCG manufacturing and the bladder cancer BCG shortage","aka":"","tldr":"BCG, the century-old tuberculosis vaccine, is the best treatment for early bladder cancer, but it is a live bacterium that grows slowly and only one company makes it for the United States. Since 2019 urologists have been splitting doses and rationing courses.","tags":"manufacturing-wave","route":"/technologies/bcg-vaccine-manufacturing/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"urothelial"},{"id":"downstream-purification-chromatography","kind":"technology","name":"Downstream purification (Protein A capture, viral clearance, polishing)","aka":"","tldr":"After hamster cells have grown an antibody drug, the antibody has to be fished out of a soup of cells, DNA and viruses and made pure enough to inject. Purification is where much of the cost and many of the bottlenecks of biologics sit.","tags":"manufacturing-wave","route":"/technologies/downstream-purification-chromatography/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"single-use-bioprocessing","kind":"technology","name":"Single-use bioprocessing systems","aka":"","tldr":"Modern biologics plants grow cells in giant sterile plastic bags instead of steel tanks, throwing the bag away after each batch. It makes plants faster to build and switch, but it ties the whole industry to a few bag and filter makers.","tags":"manufacturing-wave","route":"/technologies/single-use-bioprocessing/","status":"established"},{"id":"biosimilar-manufacturing","kind":"technology","name":"Biosimilar manufacturing and comparability","aka":"","tldr":"A biosimilar is a copy of an antibody drug made by a different company in different cells. It cannot be identical, so the maker must prove the copy behaves the same in the laboratory and in patients. Biosimilars of trastuzumab, bevacizumab and rituximab have cut the cost of these drugs sharply.","tags":"manufacturing-wave","route":"/technologies/biosimilar-manufacturing/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"breast-her2-positive colorectal dlbcl"},{"id":"pharmaceutical-gmp-inspections","kind":"technology","name":"GMP, inspections, Form 483s and warning letters","aka":"","tldr":"Every cancer drug plant works under Good Manufacturing Practice rules and is inspected. When inspectors find problems they write them up (a Form 483 in the United States), and if the answers are poor a public warning letter, an import ban or a court order can follow. Those actions protect patients, and they are also how shortages begin.","tags":"manufacturing-wave","route":"/technologies/pharmaceutical-gmp-inspections/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"adc-supply-chain","kind":"technology","name":"The ADC supply chain (antibody, payload-linker, conjugation, fill)","aka":"","tldr":"An antibody-drug conjugate needs three separate factories: one growing the antibody, one making the poison and its linker in sealed rooms, and one joining them. Then a fourth fills the vials. Any of the four can hold up the drug.","tags":"manufacturing-wave","route":"/technologies/adc-supply-chain/","status":"established"},{"id":"car-t-manufacturing-process","kind":"technology","name":"Autologous CAR-T manufacturing, batch by batch","aka":"","tldr":"Each CAR-T dose is a separate factory run for one patient: collect their T cells, activate them, add the CAR gene with a virus, grow them for a week or two, freeze, test and ship them back. The steps, the failure points and the waiting list are all here.","tags":"manufacturing-wave","route":"/technologies/car-t-manufacturing-process/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"dlbcl all-leukemia multiple-myeloma mantle-cell-lymphoma follicular-lymphoma"},{"id":"allogeneic-cell-banks","kind":"technology","name":"Allogeneic cell banks: one donor, hundreds of doses","aka":"","tldr":"Instead of making CAR-T cells from each patient, take T cells from a healthy donor or from a stem cell line, edit them so the patient's body will not fight them, grow a huge batch and freeze it into hundreds of doses that sit on a shelf.","tags":"manufacturing-wave","route":"/technologies/allogeneic-cell-banks/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"dlbcl all-leukemia multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"mrna-lnp-manufacturing","kind":"technology","name":"mRNA and lipid nanoparticle manufacturing","aka":"","tldr":"An mRNA cancer vaccine is made without cells: a DNA template is copied into RNA by an enzyme in a tank, cleaned up, and wrapped in tiny fat bubbles. For personalised vaccines the whole run is done once for each patient, against that patient's own tumour mutations, in a few weeks.","tags":"manufacturing-wave","route":"/technologies/mrna-lnp-manufacturing/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"melanoma pancreatic nsclc"},{"id":"research-reactor-isotope-production","kind":"technology","name":"Research reactors for medical isotopes (Mo-99, Lu-177, I-131)","aka":"","tldr":"Most of the world's therapeutic and scanning isotopes are made by putting targets into about half a dozen ageing research reactors and flying the product out within days. When two reactors were down at once in 2009 and 2010, hospitals worldwide ran short of the most used scan isotope.","tags":"manufacturing-wave","route":"/technologies/research-reactor-isotope-production/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"prostate neuroendocrine"},{"id":"cyclotron-isotope-production","kind":"technology","name":"Cyclotron isotope production (F-18, Ga-68, Cu-64, Zr-89, At-211)","aka":"","tldr":"Proton-rich isotopes for PET scans and some therapies are made by hitting a target with a beam from a cyclotron. Fluorine-18 is made every morning within driving distance of the scanner; gallium-68 comes from either a generator or a cyclotron; copper-64 and zirconium-89 last long enough to ship across a country.","tags":"manufacturing-wave","route":"/technologies/cyclotron-isotope-production/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"actinium-225-supply","kind":"technology","name":"Actinium-225 supply: thorium stocks, accelerators and radium targets","aka":"","tldr":"Actinium-225 is the alpha-emitting atom behind the most promising next wave of radioligand therapies, and there is not enough of it. Almost all of it used to come from one decaying stock of thorium in a US national laboratory. New routes use accelerators and old radium.","tags":"manufacturing-wave","route":"/technologies/actinium-225-supply/","status":"phase-3","cancers":"prostate neuroendocrine"},{"id":"radiopharmaceutical-gmp-release","kind":"technology","name":"Radiopharmaceutical GMP and releasing a drug that decays","aka":"","tldr":"A radioactive medicine loses activity every hour, so it is made to order, tested in hours and often injected before the sterility test has finished. The rules for that are different from ordinary drugs, and the handful of plants that make lutetium therapies have had their own shortages.","tags":"manufacturing-wave","route":"/technologies/radiopharmaceutical-gmp-release/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"prostate neuroendocrine"},{"id":"radiotherapy-equipment-manufacturing","kind":"technology","name":"Linac, proton system and brachytherapy machine manufacturing","aka":"","tldr":"Radiotherapy machines are built by a very small number of companies. Two of them make most of the world's linear accelerators, a handful build proton systems, and installing, commissioning and servicing a machine is as much a part of the supply chain as building it.","tags":"manufacturing-wave","route":"/technologies/radiotherapy-equipment-manufacturing/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"medical-imaging-scanner-manufacturing","kind":"technology","name":"CT, MRI and PET scanner manufacturing","aka":"","tldr":"The scanners that find and stage cancer are built by five companies in a dozen factories. Detectors, superconducting magnets and the helium that cools them are the parts that run short.","tags":"manufacturing-wave","route":"/technologies/medical-imaging-scanner-manufacturing/","status":"standard-of-care"},{"id":"sterling-pharma-solutions","kind":"company","name":"Sterling Pharma Solutions","aka":"","tldr":"Sterling is a British contract maker of small-molecule active ingredients, with plants in the north of England and the United States and an ADC bioconjugation site at Deeside in Wales.","tags":"manufacturing-wave","route":"/companies/sterling-pharma-solutions/"},{"id":"sartorius","kind":"company","name":"Sartorius","aka":"Sartorius Stedim Biotech","tldr":"Sartorius makes the bags, filters, bioreactors and analytical instruments that biologics and cell therapy plants run on. Every antibody drug made in a single-use bioreactor depends on it or one of three competitors.","tags":"manufacturing-wave","route":"/companies/sartorius/"},{"id":"hikma","kind":"company","name":"Hikma Pharmaceuticals","aka":"","tldr":"Hikma is one of the largest makers of generic sterile injectables for US hospitals, including many chemotherapy and supportive-care drugs, from plants in Ohio, New Jersey and Portugal.","tags":"manufacturing-wave","route":"/companies/hikma/"},{"id":"amneal","kind":"company","name":"Amneal Pharmaceuticals","aka":"","tldr":"Amneal is a US generic and speciality drug maker with a growing sterile injectables business, one of the companies that stepped in as platinum chemotherapy ran short in 2023.","tags":"manufacturing-wave","route":"/companies/amneal/"},{"id":"samsung-bioepis","kind":"company","name":"Samsung Bioepis","aka":"","tldr":"Samsung Bioepis develops biosimilars of trastuzumab, bevacizumab and other antibodies, made by its parent Samsung Biologics at Songdo.","tags":"manufacturing-wave","route":"/companies/samsung-bioepis/","cancers":"breast-her2-positive colorectal"},{"id":"cellectis","kind":"company","name":"Cellectis","aka":"Cellectis S.A.\ncellectis-s-a","tldr":"Cellectis is the Paris gene-editing company that pioneered off-the-shelf CAR-T cells with its TALEN editing tools, and makes them at its own plants in Paris and Raleigh, North Carolina.","tags":"manufacturing-wave","route":"/companies/cellectis/","cancers":"all-leukemia aml dlbcl hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"ntp-radioisotopes","kind":"company","name":"NTP Radioisotopes","aka":"NTP","tldr":"NTP, part of South Africa's state nuclear corporation, processes molybdenum-99 and other isotopes from the SAFARI-1 reactor and was the first major producer to switch to low-enriched uranium targets.","tags":"manufacturing-wave","route":"/companies/ntp-radioisotopes/"},{"id":"ansto","kind":"company","name":"ANSTO (Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation)","aka":"ANSTO Nuclear Medicine","tldr":"ANSTO runs the OPAL research reactor near Sydney and a molybdenum-99 plant that supplies Australia's nuclear medicine and exports, and produces lutetium-177 for radioligand therapy.","tags":"manufacturing-wave","route":"/companies/ansto/"},{"id":"ire","kind":"company","name":"IRE (Institut national des Radioéléments)","aka":"IRE ELiT","tldr":"IRE in Belgium is one of the world's few molybdenum-99 processors, taking irradiated targets from European research reactors, and its IRE ELiT arm makes the Galli Eo gallium-68 generator.","tags":"manufacturing-wave","route":"/companies/ire/"},{"id":"nordion","kind":"company","name":"Nordion (Sotera Health)","aka":"","tldr":"Nordion supplies most of the world's cobalt-60, which sterilises single-use bioprocess bags and medical devices and powers Gamma Knife units, and was the largest molybdenum-99 processor until Canada's NRU reactor stopped.","tags":"manufacturing-wave","route":"/companies/nordion/"},{"id":"bruce-power","kind":"company","name":"Bruce Power","aka":"","tldr":"Bruce Power runs the world's largest nuclear power station and, since 2022, irradiates ytterbium targets inside a running reactor to make lutetium-177 for ITM, the first commercial medical isotope from a power reactor.","tags":"manufacturing-wave","route":"/companies/bruce-power/"},{"id":"nusano","kind":"company","name":"Nusano","aka":"","tldr":"Nusano is a Utah company building an isotope production plant around its own ion beam technology, aiming at actinium-225 and other therapeutic isotopes that are in short supply.","tags":"manufacturing-wave","route":"/companies/nusano/"},{"id":"isotopia","kind":"company","name":"Isotopia Molecular Imaging","aka":"","tldr":"Isotopia is an Israeli producer of non-carrier-added lutetium-177 and PET tracers that supplies several radioligand developers.","tags":"manufacturing-wave","route":"/companies/isotopia/"},{"id":"theories-of-cancer","kind":"pathway","name":"Theories of cancer: how the ideas connect","aka":"theories of carcinogenesis\nwhat is cancer\norigin of cancer theories\ncancer theory map","tldr":"Scientists have given more than a dozen answers to what cancer is: mutated genes, runaway evolution, misbehaving stem cells, disordered tissue, ancient cell programmes, broken chromosomes, metabolism, epigenetic switches, unhealed wounds, a failed immune system, ageing tissue, force or electricity. This map shows each theory, who proposed it, what held up, and how the ideas connect.","tags":"mechanism mechanics-atlas theory","route":"/pathways/theories-of-cancer/"},{"id":"somatic-mutation-theory","kind":"term","name":"Somatic mutation theory of cancer","aka":"SMT\nsomatic mutation theory\ngene mutation theory of cancer\nmultistep carcinogenesis\nmulti-stage theory of carcinogenesis","tldr":"The standard account: cancer begins when a single body cell picks up mutations in the genes that control growth, and its descendants inherit them. It explains why carcinogens are mutagens, why cancer risk runs in some families and why drugs aimed at a mutated gene can work, but it cannot by itself explain why normal tissue full of the same mutations does not become cancer.","tags":"theory","route":"/terms/somatic-mutation-theory/","cancers":"retinoblastoma colorectal cml"},{"id":"driver-passenger-model","kind":"term","name":"Driver and passenger mutations: the refined somatic mutation theory","aka":"driver-passenger model\nmountains and hills\ncancer genome landscape\ngatekeepers and caretakers","tldr":"When whole cancer genomes were read, tumours turned out to carry thousands of mutations, of which only a handful drive growth; the rest are passengers that happened to be in the cell. The refinement made the somatic mutation theory precise and testable, and it is the basis of genomic profiling and of matching drugs to mutations.","tags":"theory","route":"/terms/driver-passenger-model/"},{"id":"clonal-evolution-theory","kind":"term","name":"Clonal evolution and the ecological view of cancer","aka":"clonal evolution theory\nevolutionary theory of cancer\ncancer as an evolutionary process\necological view of cancer\nDarwinian model of cancer\nbranched evolution","tldr":"A tumour is a population of cells that mutate, compete and are selected, exactly as species are, and treatment is one more selective pressure. Peter Nowell proposed this in 1976; it explains why tumours are mixtures of clones, why resistance to almost any single drug appears, and why some researchers now try to steer a tumour's evolution rather than eradicate it.","tags":"theory","route":"/terms/clonal-evolution-theory/","cancers":"cml nsclc colorectal prostate"},{"id":"hallmarks-synthesis","kind":"term","name":"Hallmarks of cancer as a synthesis of the theories","aka":"hallmarks framework\nhallmarks as synthesis\nHanahan and Weinberg framework","tldr":"Rather than asking what starts cancer, Hanahan and Weinberg asked what every cancer ends up able to do: keep growing, ignore stop signals, avoid death, live forever, grow vessels, invade, rewire metabolism and hide from the immune system. Each update has absorbed a rival theory into the list, so the hallmarks read as the field's working synthesis rather than a theory of cause.","tags":"theory","route":"/terms/hallmarks-synthesis/"},{"id":"cancer-stem-cell-theory","kind":"term","name":"Cancer stem cell theory and phenotypic plasticity","aka":"cancer stem cell hypothesis\nCSC theory\nhierarchical model of cancer\ntumour-initiating cells\nstochastic versus hierarchical model\nplasticity model","tldr":"The idea that a tumour is organised like a tissue, with a small pool of stem-like cells that renew it and a bulk that cannot, so killing the bulk shrinks the tumour but the stem-like cells regrow it. Proved in leukaemia and real in some solid tumours, but the rigid hierarchy gave way to plasticity: ordinary tumour cells can slip back into the stem-like state, especially under treatment.","tags":"theory","route":"/terms/cancer-stem-cell-theory/","cancers":"aml basal-cell-carcinoma glioblastoma"},{"id":"epigenetic-progenitor-theory","kind":"term","name":"Epigenetic progenitor theory: cancer without a first mutation","aka":"epigenetic theory of cancer\nepigenetic progenitor model\nnon-mutational origin of cancer\nepigenetic origin of cancer","tldr":"The proposal that cancer begins not with a mutation but with a reversible change in how genes are switched on and off in a stem or progenitor cell, which then makes later mutations more likely and more dangerous. It explains cancers with almost no mutations and why cells can switch state under treatment, and it produced the epigenetic drugs used in blood cancers.","tags":"theory","route":"/terms/epigenetic-progenitor-theory/","cancers":"mds aml ependymoma"},{"id":"aneuploidy-theory-of-cancer","kind":"term","name":"Aneuploidy and chromosomal instability as the cause of cancer","aka":"aneuploidy theory\nchromosomal theory of cancer\nBoveri hypothesis\nDuesberg aneuploidy hypothesis\nchromosomal instability theory\nchromothripsis","tldr":"The oldest theory of cancer, from Theodor Boveri in 1914: tumours arise from cells with the wrong number or arrangement of chromosomes. Peter Duesberg revived it in the 1990s as an alternative to gene mutations. Most solid tumours are indeed aneuploid and chromosome shattering can create several drivers at once, but chromosomal chaos is now read as an accelerator of evolution, not the sole cause.","tags":"theory","route":"/terms/aneuploidy-theory-of-cancer/","cancers":"cml all-leukemia"},{"id":"metabolic-theory-of-cancer","kind":"term","name":"Metabolic theory of cancer: from Warburg to oncometabolites","aka":"metabolic theory\nWarburg hypothesis\ncancer as a metabolic disease\nmitochondrial theory of cancer\nmetabolic reprogramming","tldr":"Otto Warburg noticed a century ago that cancer cells ferment glucose even when oxygen is plentiful and concluded that damaged respiration causes cancer. The observation held and became the basis of PET scanning, but the causal claim did not: most cancers rewire metabolism because mutated signalling demands building blocks, and only a few metabolic enzymes are themselves cancer genes.","tags":"theory","route":"/terms/metabolic-theory-of-cancer/","cancers":"glioblastoma aml"},{"id":"tissue-organisation-field-theory","kind":"term","name":"Tissue organisation field theory (Sonnenschein and Soto)","aka":"TOFT\ntissue organization field theory\ntissue organisation field theory of carcinogenesis\ntissue-based theory of cancer","tldr":"Carlos Sonnenschein and Ana Soto argue that cancer is a disease of tissue architecture, not of single cells: carcinogens disrupt the conversation between a tissue's supporting stroma and its lining cells, and disordered growth follows as in a wound or an embryo gone wrong. Mutations are consequences. Their rat experiments are real, but the theory has few followers and no drug of its own.","tags":"theory","route":"/terms/tissue-organisation-field-theory/"},{"id":"microenvironment-inflammation-theory","kind":"term","name":"Microenvironment and inflammation: tumours as wounds that do not heal","aka":"microenvironment theory\ninflammation theory of cancer\nwounds that do not heal\ntumour as an overhealing wound\nVirchow hypothesis\nstromal theory of cancer","tldr":"A tumour is not a lump of cancer cells but a tissue: fibroblasts, vessels and immune cells, recruited by the signals a wound uses and never told to stop. Virchow saw white cells in tumours in 1863; Dvorak called tumours 'wounds that do not heal' in 1986. It explains why chronic inflammation causes about a fifth of cancers and why aspirin, HPV and hepatitis vaccines and anti-angiogenic drugs work.","tags":"theory","route":"/terms/microenvironment-inflammation-theory/","cancers":"colorectal hcc cervical"},{"id":"seed-and-soil-hypothesis","kind":"term","name":"Seed and soil hypothesis of metastasis (Paget)","aka":"seed and soil\nPaget's hypothesis\norgan tropism\npre-metastatic niche\nEwing's mechanical hypothesis","tldr":"Stephen Paget asked in 1889 why breast cancer spread to some organs more than blood flow could explain, and answered that a travelling cancer cell (the seed) grows only where the organ (the soil) suits it. Ignored for most of a century, then confirmed: each cancer has favoured destinations, tumours prepare distant organs before cells arrive, and drugs that change the soil reduce bone metastases.","tags":"theory","route":"/terms/seed-and-soil-hypothesis/","cancers":"breast-cancer prostate uveal-melanoma colorectal"},{"id":"immune-surveillance-immunoediting","kind":"term","name":"Immune surveillance and cancer immunoediting","aka":"immunosurveillance\nimmune surveillance hypothesis\ncancer immunoediting\nthree Es\nelimination equilibrium escape\nBurnet-Thomas hypothesis","tldr":"The immune system patrols for cells that have turned malignant and destroys most of them; the tumours we see are the ones that learned to hide. Ehrlich guessed this in 1909, Burnet and Thomas argued it in the 1950s, it was declared dead in the 1970s, and Robert Schreiber's mouse experiments revived it in 2001. Checkpoint inhibitors, which can cure some metastatic melanoma, are its vindication.","tags":"theory","route":"/terms/immune-surveillance-immunoediting/","cancers":"melanoma nsclc"},{"id":"ageing-tissue-field-theory","kind":"term","name":"Ageing tissue and clonal fields: cancer as a disease of old tissue","aka":"adaptive oncogenesis\nageing theory of cancer\nclonal fields\nsomatic mosaicism and cancer\ncancer as a disease of ageing\nfield theory of cancer","tldr":"Sequencing of healthy skin, gullet and blood shows that by middle age they are patchworks of mutant clones, many carrying classic cancer mutations, yet cancer stays rare until old age. The ageing tissue view says the mutations are there early and it is the tissue that changes: ageing, damage and inflammation alter which clones win. Clonal haematopoiesis in the blood is the best-measured example.","tags":"theory","route":"/terms/ageing-tissue-field-theory/","cancers":"mds aml esophageal"},{"id":"atavistic-theory-of-cancer","kind":"term","name":"Atavistic theory: cancer as a reversion to an ancient programme","aka":"atavistic model of cancer\natavism theory\ncancer as Metazoa 1.0\nancestral programme theory\nde-repression of a default survival programme\nphylostratigraphy of cancer","tldr":"Physicist Paul Davies and astrobiologist Charles Lineweaver proposed in 2011 that cancer is not a new invention by each tumour but the re-awakening of an ancient survival toolkit from the earliest multicellular life, about a billion years old, which is why every cancer behaves in the same few ways. Gene-age studies give it some support; whether it predicts anything a doctor can use is unproven.","tags":"theory","route":"/terms/atavistic-theory-of-cancer/"},{"id":"mechanical-theory-of-cancer","kind":"term","name":"Mechanical theory: stiffness, pressure and force as causes","aka":"mechanobiology of cancer\ntensional homeostasis\nphysical oncology\nsolid stress hypothesis\nmatrix stiffness theory\nmechanotransduction in cancer","tldr":"Cancer cells feel their surroundings. A stiff, dense matrix or a compressed tissue is not just a symptom but a signal that pushes cells towards malignancy, and pressure inside tumours squeezes vessels shut so drugs and oxygen cannot get in. Bissell and Weaver reverted cancer cells to normal by blocking the matrix; Rakesh Jain made solid stress and vessel normalisation a treatment strategy.","tags":"theory","route":"/terms/mechanical-theory-of-cancer/","cancers":"pancreatic breast-cancer hcc"},{"id":"bioelectric-theory-of-cancer","kind":"term","name":"Bioelectric theory of cancer (Levin)","aka":"bioelectric theory\nbioelectricity and cancer\nmembrane potential and cancer\nresting potential hypothesis\ncancer as a disorder of bioelectric patterning\noncochannels","tldr":"Cells hold a voltage across their membranes, and tissues share these voltages as patterns that guide growth and regeneration. Michael Levin proposes that cancer is a breakdown of this pattern: tumour cells are depolarised, and in tadpoles restoring the voltage with light-controlled ion channels prevented and reversed tumours caused by mutant KRAS. Striking animal results; no human evidence yet.","tags":"theory","route":"/terms/bioelectric-theory-of-cancer/","cancers":"glioblastoma melanoma"},{"id":"master-protocol","kind":"term","name":"Master protocol (platform, basket and umbrella trials)","aka":"platform trial\nbasket trial\numbrella trial\nmaster protocol\nmaster protocols\nplatform trials\nbasket trials\numbrella trials\nmulti-arm multi-stage\nMAMS\nadaptive platform trial","tldr":"A master protocol is one trial framework that tests several treatments, several cancers or both under a single set of rules, so new drugs can join and leave without a new trial being built each time. Platform trials add and drop arms over the years, basket trials test one drug across cancers that share a mutation, and umbrella trials test several drugs matched to biomarkers within one cancer.","tags":"","route":"/terms/master-protocol/"},{"id":"lung-map","kind":"trial","name":"Lung-MAP (SWOG S1400 and S1900)","aka":"Lung Master Protocol\nLUNGMAP\nLung-MAP S1400\nS1400\nS1900","tldr":"Lung-MAP is the United States public-private umbrella trial in lung cancer: every patient gets one genomic test and is sent to whichever experimental drug matches their tumour, with the rest joining immunotherapy arms. Its first matched drugs disappointed; its immunotherapy combinations produced the platform's first survival signal.","tags":"","route":"/trials/lung-map/","status":"completed","cancers":"nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"lung-map-s1400i","kind":"trial","name":"Lung-MAP S1400I: nivolumab with or without ipilimumab","aka":"S1400I\nSWOG S1400I","tldr":"The first phase 3 to run inside Lung-MAP asked whether adding a second immunotherapy drug, ipilimumab, to nivolumab helps people with squamous lung cancer. It did not: survival was no better and side effects were worse.","tags":"","route":"/trials/lung-map-s1400i/","status":"negative","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"lung-map-s1800a","kind":"trial","name":"Lung-MAP S1800A: ramucirumab plus pembrolizumab","aka":"S1800A\nSWOG S1800A","tldr":"In people whose lung cancer had already got past chemotherapy and immunotherapy, the Lung-MAP sub-study S1800A found that a blood-vessel blocker (ramucirumab) plus pembrolizumab helped them live longer than more chemotherapy did. A larger, simpler trial was launched to confirm it.","tags":"","route":"/trials/lung-map-s1800a/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc pdl1-high-nsclc"},{"id":"national-lung-matrix-trial","kind":"trial","name":"National Lung Matrix Trial","aka":"NLMT\nLung Matrix\nCRUK Stratified Medicine Programme 2","tldr":"The National Lung Matrix Trial was the United Kingdom's umbrella trial in lung cancer: thousands of patients were screened through the NHS and those with one of 22 rare genetic changes were offered a matching drug. Most cohorts did not clear the bar, which taught the field how hard single-target matching is outside the strongest drivers.","tags":"","route":"/trials/national-lung-matrix-trial/","status":"completed","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"alchemist","kind":"trial","name":"ALCHEMIST (Adjuvant Lung Cancer Enrichment Marker Identification and Sequencing Trials)","aka":"ALCHEMIST screening\nA151216\nALCHEMIST trials","tldr":"ALCHEMIST tests thousands of people whose early lung cancer has just been removed, finds the small fraction with an EGFR or ALK change, and offers them a trial of the matching pill after surgery, with everyone else offered an immunotherapy trial. It is the adjuvant version of a lung cancer umbrella trial.","tags":"","route":"/trials/alchemist/","status":"active","cancers":"nsclc resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"nci-match","kind":"trial","name":"NCI-MATCH (EAY131)","aka":"NCI MATCH\nMolecular Analysis for Therapy Choice\nEAY131\nMATCH trial","tldr":"NCI-MATCH was the largest trial to sequence tumours from thousands of patients across the United States and give each a drug matched to the mutation rather than to the organ. It proved the system could work at national scale, found real activity for a handful of matches, and showed that most single drugs given for a single mutation do little.","tags":"precision-medicine","route":"/trials/nci-match/","status":"active","cancers":"rare-cancers"},{"id":"combomatch","kind":"trial","name":"ComboMATCH (EAY191)","aka":"Combo-MATCH\nEAY191\nNCI ComboMATCH","tldr":"ComboMATCH is the sequel to NCI-MATCH. Its lesson was that one targeted drug for one mutation rarely works, so this trial tests pairs of drugs chosen because laboratory models showed the pair beats either alone.","tags":"","route":"/trials/combomatch/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rare-cancers"},{"id":"tapur","kind":"trial","name":"TAPUR (Targeted Agent and Profiling Utilization Registry)","aka":"TAPUR Study\nASCO TAPUR","tldr":"TAPUR is the American oncology society's own trial: when a genomic test finds a change that an already approved drug targets in a different cancer, the drug's maker supplies it free and the outcome is recorded. It turns off-label guesses into organised evidence, and has told the field which matches work and which do not.","tags":"","route":"/trials/tapur/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rare-cancers colorectal nsclc breast-cancer"},{"id":"dart-s1609","kind":"trial","name":"DART (SWOG S1609): nivolumab plus ipilimumab in rare tumours","aka":"DART\nS1609\nDual Anti-CTLA-4 and Anti-PD-1 blockade in Rare Tumors","tldr":"DART gives the same two immunotherapy drugs to people with dozens of different rare cancers, each cancer in its own small group, so that rare diseases nobody would build a trial for get an answer. It found real responses in high-grade neuroendocrine cancers and in angiosarcoma.","tags":"","route":"/trials/dart-s1609/","status":"active","cancers":"rare-cancers neuroendocrine extrapulmonary-nec vascular-tumours"},{"id":"mypathway","kind":"trial","name":"MyPathway","aka":"My Pathway\nMyPathway basket","tldr":"MyPathway was Roche's basket trial: six of its approved drugs given to people whose tumours carried the matching target but in a cancer the drug was never approved for. Its clearest win was trastuzumab plus pertuzumab in HER2-amplified bowel cancer, which became a guideline option.","tags":"","route":"/trials/mypathway/","status":"completed","cancers":"colorectal rare-cancers gallbladder cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"i-predict","kind":"trial","name":"I-PREDICT","aka":"I-PREDICT study\nInvestigation of Profile-Related Evidence Determining Individualized Cancer Therapy","tldr":"I-PREDICT flipped the basket idea: instead of one drug for one mutation, a tumour board built a personal combination for each patient covering as many of their tumour's changes as possible. People whose treatment matched more of their alterations lived longer without progression.","tags":"","route":"/trials/i-predict/","status":"completed","cancers":"rare-cancers"},{"id":"winther","kind":"trial","name":"WINTHER","aka":"WINTHER trial\nWIN Consortium WINTHER","tldr":"WINTHER was the first trial to pick cancer drugs using RNA, comparing what genes a tumour switched on against a biopsy of the patient's normal tissue, for patients whose DNA showed no obvious target. It missed its formal goal, but showed the approach was workable and that better-matched treatment went with better outcomes.","tags":"","route":"/trials/winther/","status":"negative","cancers":"rare-cancers"},{"id":"cupisco","kind":"trial","name":"CUPISCO","aka":"CUPISCO trial","tldr":"CUPISCO was the first randomised test of precision medicine in cancer of unknown primary, where doctors cannot see where the cancer started. After three rounds of chemotherapy, switching to a drug chosen from the tumour's genetic profile held the cancer back for longer than carrying on with chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/trials/cupisco/","status":"positive","cancers":"cancer-of-unknown-primary cup-unfavourable"},{"id":"plasmamatch","kind":"trial","name":"plasmaMATCH","aka":"plasmaMATCH trial\nUK plasmaMATCH","tldr":"plasmaMATCH showed that a blood test can find the mutations that steer treatment in advanced breast cancer as reliably as a tumour biopsy, and used it to send women straight to drugs matching rare mutations. It found real activity for neratinib in HER2-mutant and capivasertib in AKT1-mutant disease.","tags":"","route":"/trials/plasmamatch/","status":"completed","cancers":"breast-cancer breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"target-national","kind":"trial","name":"TARGET National","aka":"TARGET\nTumour Characterisation to Guide Experimental Targeted Therapy\nTARGET trial Manchester","tldr":"TARGET National is the United Kingdom's programme to sequence the blood and tumour of thousands of people with advanced cancer so they can be steered into early trials of drugs that fit their tumour's changes. It grew out of a Manchester pilot that showed a blood test alone could find a trial for one patient in ten.","tags":"","route":"/trials/target-national/","status":"recruiting"},{"id":"determine-trial","kind":"trial","name":"DETERMINE","aka":"DETERMINE trial\nDetermining Extended Therapeutic Indications for Existing Drugs in Rare Molecularly Defined Indications using a National Evaluation Platform Trial","tldr":"DETERMINE is the United Kingdom's version of TAPUR: people with rare cancers whose tumours carry a change that an already licensed drug targets in another cancer receive that drug through the NHS in a trial, and if a group does well the results are designed to go straight to the bodies that decide NHS funding.","tags":"","route":"/trials/determine-trial/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rare-cancers rare-childhood-cancers"},{"id":"focus4","kind":"trial","name":"FOCUS4","aka":"FOCUS4 trial\nFOCUS4-N\nFOCUS4-C\nFOCUS4-D\nMRC FOCUS4","tldr":"FOCUS4 was Britain's molecularly stratified platform in bowel cancer: after four months of chemotherapy, patients were sorted by their tumour's mutations and offered a matching maintenance drug or a break. Its two clear results were that a WEE1 inhibitor slowed cancers with both RAS and TP53 mutations, and that maintenance capecitabine delays progression but does not extend life.","tags":"","route":"/trials/focus4/","status":"completed","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"gbm-agile","kind":"trial","name":"GBM AGILE","aka":"GBM-AGILE\nGlioblastoma Adaptive Global Innovative Learning Environment","tldr":"GBM AGILE is the glioblastoma trial that never ends: new drugs enter, are tested against the same standard treatment in newly diagnosed and recurrent patients at once, and either graduate to a confirmatory stage or are dropped. Its first drug, regorafenib, did not help, which the trial established faster and more cheaply than a stand-alone study would have.","tags":"","route":"/trials/gbm-agile/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"glioblastoma brain-tumours"},{"id":"precision-promise","kind":"trial","name":"Precision Promise","aka":"Precision Promise trial\nPanCAN Precision Promise\nPRISM","tldr":"Precision Promise was the pancreatic cancer charity's attempt to copy I-SPY 2 for one of the cancers with the lowest survival: several new treatments tested at once against standard chemotherapy, with the trial itself learning which patients each helped. Its first two experimental drugs did not extend life, and the trial has closed.","tags":"","route":"/trials/precision-promise/","status":"completed","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"beat-aml-master-trial","kind":"trial","name":"Beat AML Master Trial","aka":"Beat AML\nBeat AML Master Clinical Trial\nLLS Beat AML","tldr":"Beat AML proved that a newly diagnosed leukaemia can be fully genetically typed within a week and the patient started on a drug aimed at their particular mutation, instead of the same chemotherapy for everyone. Older patients treated this way lived longer than those given standard care.","tags":"","route":"/trials/beat-aml-master-trial/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"aml"},{"id":"prostate-low-risk","kind":"cancer","name":"Localised prostate cancer, very low and low risk","aka":"Low-risk prostate cancer\nVery low risk prostate cancer\nGrade Group 1 prostate cancer\nNCCN very low and low risk\nCambridge Prognostic Group 1\nCPG 1\nCPG1 prostate cancer\nGrade group 1 prostate cancer","tldr":"Low-risk prostate cancer is Grade Group 1 disease confined to the gland with a PSA under 10. It grows so slowly that watching it closely is the recommended first choice, and most men who choose surveillance never need treatment.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/prostate-low-risk/","parent":"prostate"},{"id":"prostate-intermediate-risk","kind":"cancer","name":"Localised prostate cancer, intermediate risk","aka":"Intermediate-risk prostate cancer\nFavourable intermediate risk\nUnfavourable intermediate risk\nGrade Group 2 and 3 prostate cancer\nCambridge Prognostic Group 2\nCambridge Prognostic Group 3\nCPG 2\nCPG 3\nCPG2 prostate cancer\nCPG3 prostate cancer","tldr":"Intermediate-risk prostate cancer has Grade Group 2 or 3 disease, a PSA between 10 and 20 or a tumour that fills more of the gland. Surgery or radiotherapy cure most men; the favourable half can sometimes be watched, and the unfavourable half is given a few months of hormone therapy with radiotherapy.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/prostate-intermediate-risk/","parent":"prostate"},{"id":"prostate-high-risk","kind":"cancer","name":"Localised prostate cancer, high and very high risk","aka":"High-risk prostate cancer\nVery high risk prostate cancer\nLocally advanced prostate cancer\nGrade Group 4 and 5 prostate cancer\nNon-metastatic high-risk prostate cancer\nCambridge Prognostic Group 4\nCambridge Prognostic Group 5\nCPG 4\nCPG 5\nCPG4 prostate cancer\nCPG5 prostate cancer","tldr":"High-risk prostate cancer has Grade Group 4 or 5 disease, a PSA above 20 or a tumour growing beyond the gland. It is still curable, but needs radiotherapy with two to three years of hormone therapy, or surgery followed by radiotherapy, and adding abiraterone to hormone therapy now lengthens life in the highest-risk men.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/prostate-high-risk/","parent":"prostate"},{"id":"prostate-bcr","kind":"cancer","name":"Biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer","aka":"Biochemically recurrent prostate cancer\nPSA recurrence\nRising PSA after local therapy\nnmHSPC\nHormone-relapsed prostate cancer, PSA-only\nRising PSA after treatment","tldr":"Biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer is a rising PSA after surgery or radiotherapy with nothing yet visible on scans. Salvage radiotherapy can still cure it after surgery, and for a fast-doubling PSA the EMBARK trial showed that enzalutamide with or without hormone therapy delays spread.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/prostate-bcr/","parent":"prostate"},{"id":"prostate-mhspc","kind":"cancer","name":"Metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer","aka":"mHSPC\nMetastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer\nmCSPC\nDe novo metastatic prostate cancer\nHormone-naive metastatic prostate cancer\nHormone-sensitive prostate cancer","tldr":"Metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer is disease that has spread but still responds to lowering testosterone. Hormone therapy alone is no longer enough: adding an androgen receptor inhibitor, and docetaxel for high-volume disease, lengthens life by years.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/prostate-mhspc/","parent":"prostate"},{"id":"prostate-nmcrpc","kind":"cancer","name":"Non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","aka":"nmCRPC\nM0 CRPC\nNon-metastatic CRPC\nRising PSA on hormone therapy without metastases\nNon-metastatic hormone-relapsed prostate cancer","tldr":"Non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer is a PSA that keeps rising on hormone therapy while scans still show nothing. Three androgen receptor blockers, apalutamide, enzalutamide and darolutamide, each delay metastasis by about two years and lengthen life, and darolutamide is the gentlest.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/prostate-nmcrpc/","parent":"prostate"},{"id":"prostate-mcrpc","kind":"cancer","name":"Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","aka":"mCRPC\nMetastatic CRPC\nCastration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer\nHormone-refractory prostate cancer (older term)\nHormone-relapsed metastatic prostate cancer\nHormone-refractory prostate cancer","tldr":"Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer is disease that grows despite castrate testosterone. Sequenced treatments now include androgen receptor inhibitors, docetaxel and cabazitaxel, PARP inhibitors for men with BRCA-type mutations, the radioligand 177Lu-PSMA-617 and radium-223 for bone-predominant disease.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/prostate-mcrpc/","parent":"prostate"},{"id":"prostate-nepc","kind":"cancer","name":"Neuroendocrine and small-cell prostate cancer","aka":"NEPC\nTreatment-emergent neuroendocrine prostate cancer\nt-NEPC\nSmall-cell carcinoma of the prostate\nAggressive variant prostate cancer\nTreatment-related neuroendocrine prostatic carcinoma\nSmall cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate\nSmall cell carcinoma of the prostate\nNeuroendocrine prostatic carcinoma","tldr":"Neuroendocrine prostate cancer is a form that has stopped depending on the androgen receptor, either from the start or after years of hormone therapy. It no longer shows up on PSA, spreads to the liver and brain, and is treated with the platinum chemotherapy used for small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/prostate-nepc/","parent":"prostate"},{"id":"idh-mutant-astrocytoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant (grades 2 to 4)","aka":"IDH-mutant astrocytoma\nDiffuse astrocytoma, IDH-mutant\nAnaplastic astrocytoma, IDH-mutant\nLower-grade glioma\nLow-grade glioma (adult)","tldr":"IDH-mutant astrocytoma is the slow-growing form of adult glioma, defined by a mutation in the IDH1 or IDH2 gene that makes the tumour produce a chemical which rewires its own cells. Surgery first, and then either watchful waiting, the new pill vorasidenib, or radiotherapy with chemotherapy, depending on grade and how much tumour is left.","tags":"subtype-page cns","route":"/cancers/idh-mutant-astrocytoma/","parent":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"oligodendroglioma","kind":"cancer","name":"Oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted","aka":"Oligodendroglioma\nAnaplastic oligodendroglioma\n1p/19q codeleted glioma","tldr":"Oligodendroglioma is the adult brain tumour most responsive to chemotherapy. It is recognised by an IDH mutation together with loss of parts of chromosomes 1 and 19, and after surgery it is treated with radiotherapy plus the PCV drug combination, or, for small grade 2 tumours, with vorasidenib or watchful waiting.","tags":"subtype-page cns","route":"/cancers/oligodendroglioma/","parent":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"meningioma","kind":"cancer","name":"Meningioma","aka":"Meningeal tumour\nAtypical meningioma\nAnaplastic meningioma\nMalignant meningioma","tldr":"Meningiomas grow from the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord rather than from the brain itself. Most are slow and benign and are either watched or removed; radiotherapy or radiosurgery treats what surgery cannot reach or what grows back, and no drug has yet been approved for them.","tags":"subtype-page cns","route":"/cancers/meningioma/","parent":"brain-tumours"},{"id":"secondary-brain-tumours","kind":"cancer","name":"Brain metastases (secondary brain tumours)","aka":"Brain metastases\nSecondary brain cancer\nIntracranial metastases\nCerebral metastases\nBrain mets","tldr":"Brain metastases are cancers that have spread to the brain from elsewhere, most often from the lung, breast or skin. Focused radiation aimed at each spot (radiosurgery) has largely replaced radiation to the whole brain, and for some cancers modern targeted drugs and immunotherapy reach the brain well enough to shrink the deposits on their own.","tags":"subtype-page cns","route":"/cancers/secondary-brain-tumours/","parent":"brain-tumours"},{"id":"paediatric-high-grade-glioma","kind":"cancer","name":"Paediatric high-grade glioma (excluding diffuse midline glioma)","aka":"pHGG\nChildhood high-grade glioma\nPaediatric glioblastoma\nDiffuse hemispheric glioma, H3 G34-mutant\nInfant-type hemispheric glioma","tldr":"High-grade gliomas in children look like adult glioblastoma under the microscope but are driven by different genes, so they are now classified separately. Surgery and radiotherapy remain the mainstay and chemotherapy adds little; the real gains are in small subsets with a targetable gene change, such as BRAF V600E tumours and the fusion-driven tumours of infants.","tags":"subtype-page cns paediatric","route":"/cancers/paediatric-high-grade-glioma/","parent":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"spinal-cord-tumours","kind":"cancer","name":"Spinal cord tumours (intramedullary and intradural)","aka":"Intramedullary spinal cord tumour\nSpinal ependymoma\nSpinal astrocytoma\nIntradural extramedullary tumour\nSpinal cord glioma","tldr":"Tumours inside or around the spinal cord are rare and usually slow growing, but they press on the cord and threaten walking and bladder control. Most are removed by a surgeon watching nerve signals during the operation; radiotherapy is used when a tumour cannot be fully removed or is high grade, and there are few drugs.","tags":"subtype-page cns","route":"/cancers/spinal-cord-tumours/","parent":"brain-tumours"},{"id":"vestibular-schwannoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma)","aka":"Acoustic neuroma\nVestibular schwannoma\nNF2-related schwannomatosis\nEighth nerve tumour","tldr":"A vestibular schwannoma is a benign brain tumour, a growth on the balance and hearing nerve, deep in the skull. It is rarely dangerous, so many are simply watched with scans; growing tumours are treated with either an operation or a single precisely focused dose of radiation, and people with the inherited condition NF2, who develop tumours on both sides, can be helped by the drug bevacizumab.","tags":"subtype-page cns","route":"/cancers/vestibular-schwannoma/","parent":"brain-tumours"},{"id":"cns-germ-cell-tumours","kind":"cancer","name":"Central nervous system germ cell tumours (germinoma and non-germinomatous)","aka":"Intracranial germ cell tumour\nCNS germinoma\nPineal germinoma\nSuprasellar germinoma\nNon-germinomatous germ cell tumour (NGGCT)\nIntracranial teratoma","tldr":"Germ cell tumours of the brain grow near the pineal gland or above the pituitary in teenagers. The commonest kind, germinoma, is so sensitive to radiation and chemotherapy that most patients are cured; the other kinds need stronger chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and doctors measure two proteins in the blood and spinal fluid to tell them apart and to follow treatment.","tags":"subtype-page cns paediatric","route":"/cancers/cns-germ-cell-tumours/","parent":"brain-tumours"},{"id":"bnct-accelerator-systems","kind":"technology","name":"Accelerator-based BNCT systems (NeuCure, nuBeam, NeuPex)","aka":"","tldr":"Boron neutron capture therapy used to need a nuclear reactor. These hospital-sized accelerators make the neutron beam instead, and in 2020 Japan approved the first one, with its boron drug, for head and neck cancers that have come back or cannot be removed.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/technologies/bnct-accelerator-systems/","status":"approved","cancers":"head-and-neck glioblastoma melanoma sarcoma"},{"id":"flash-research-accelerators","kind":"technology","name":"FLASH research accelerators (Oriatron, Mobetron FLASH, ProBeam FLASH)","aka":"","tldr":"Machines built or modified to deliver a whole radiation dose in a fraction of a second, so scientists can test whether ultra-fast dosing spares healthy tissue in people the way it does in animals.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/technologies/flash-research-accelerators/","status":"phase-1","cancers":"cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma bone-metastases skin-cancer head-and-neck"},{"id":"electron-beam-therapy-systems","kind":"technology","name":"Electron beam therapy systems (linac electrons, total skin electron units, mobile electron IORT)","aka":"","tldr":"Electron beams stop within a few centimetres of the skin, so they treat surface tumours, scars and the whole skin without reaching the organs underneath. Most linacs make them; special set-ups spread them over the entire body or deliver them during surgery.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/technologies/electron-beam-therapy-systems/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"skin-cancer cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma breast-cancer basal-cell-carcinoma merkel-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"oncology-information-systems","kind":"technology","name":"Oncology information and record-and-verify systems (ARIA, MOSAIQ)","aka":"Record and verify systems\nOIS","tldr":"The software that holds a radiotherapy patient's plan, checks that the machine settings match it before every beam is switched on, and keeps the record of every dose given. Almost every department runs one of two systems.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/technologies/oncology-information-systems/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"breast-cancer prostate head-and-neck nsclc"},{"id":"patient-positioning-surface-guidance-systems","kind":"technology","name":"Patient positioning and surface guidance systems (AlignRT, Catalyst, ExacTrac Dynamic)","aka":"","tldr":"Cameras that watch the patient's skin in three dimensions, robotic couches and moulded shells that hold the body still, so each radiotherapy dose lands where the plan says without tattoos and with the beam paused if the patient moves.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/technologies/patient-positioning-surface-guidance-systems/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-cancer brain-metastases head-and-neck prostate nsclc"},{"id":"respiratory-gating-tumour-tracking-systems","kind":"technology","name":"Respiratory gating and tumour tracking systems (RPM, ABC, Calypso, Synchrony)","aka":"","tldr":"Hardware that copes with tumours that move when the patient breathes: belts and cameras that switch the beam on only in part of the breathing cycle, devices that hold the breath, and implanted beacons or X-ray tracking that let the beam follow the tumour.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/technologies/respiratory-gating-tumour-tracking-systems/","status":"established","cancers":"nsclc hcc pancreatic breast-cancer prostate"},{"id":"in-room-imaging-systems","kind":"technology","name":"In-room imaging for radiotherapy (cone-beam CT, ExacTrac, CT-on-rails, HyperSight)","aka":"IGRT hardware\nkV imaging","tldr":"The scanners built into or beside the radiotherapy machine that photograph the patient seconds before the beam fires, so the tumour is where the plan expects and, on the newest machines, so the plan can be redrawn to that day's anatomy.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/technologies/in-room-imaging-systems/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"prostate nsclc head-and-neck brain-metastases cervical"},{"id":"radiotherapy-qa-phantoms-dosimeters","kind":"technology","name":"Radiotherapy QA phantoms and dosimeters (Sun Nuclear, IBA Dosimetry, PTW)","aka":"","tldr":"The measuring instruments that prove a radiotherapy machine gives the dose it claims: ionisation chambers, detector arrays, water tanks and plastic stand-in patients, checked every day, month and year and before every complex plan is delivered.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/technologies/radiotherapy-qa-phantoms-dosimeters/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"prostate head-and-neck breast-cancer nsclc"},{"id":"hyperthermia-systems","kind":"technology","name":"Hyperthermia systems (BSD-2000, EHY-2000, superficial and interstitial applicators)","aka":"","tldr":"Machines that warm a tumour to about 40 to 43 degrees for an hour using radio waves or microwaves from outside the body, making the radiotherapy or chemotherapy given alongside work better. Few hospitals own one.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/technologies/hyperthermia-systems/","status":"established","cancers":"cervical sarcoma breast-cancer non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer melanoma head-and-neck"},{"id":"photodynamic-therapy-lasers","kind":"technology","name":"Photodynamic therapy lasers and light sources","aka":"","tldr":"Red or near-infrared lasers and lamps that switch on a light-sensitive drug sitting in a tumour. Each drug has its own colour, so the machine is matched to the drug: skin lamps for sun damage, fibre-optic lasers for the oesophagus, lung and bladder, and a new near-infrared laser for the head and neck.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/technologies/photodynamic-therapy-lasers/","status":"approved","cancers":"skin-cancer basal-cell-carcinoma esophageal head-and-neck prostate non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer cholangiocarcinoma lung-cancer"},{"id":"litt-systems","kind":"technology","name":"Laser interstitial thermal therapy systems (NeuroBlate, Visualase)","aka":"","tldr":"Two commercial systems thread a laser fibre through a hole the width of a pencil into a brain tumour and cook it while the surgeon watches the temperature on live MRI. They reach tumours too deep or too risky to remove with open surgery.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/technologies/litt-systems/","status":"established","cancers":"glioblastoma brain-metastases brain-tumours paediatric-low-grade-glioma"},{"id":"transcranial-focused-ultrasound-systems","kind":"technology","name":"Transcranial focused ultrasound systems (Exablate Neuro, SonoCloud)","aka":"","tldr":"A helmet of a thousand ultrasound emitters, or a small implant under the skull, that sends sound through the bone into the brain. Approved for tremor, it is being tested in brain tumours to open the brain's protective barrier for a few hours so that drugs can reach the tumour.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/technologies/transcranial-focused-ultrasound-systems/","status":"phase-2","cancers":"glioblastoma brain-metastases brain-tumours paediatric-low-grade-glioma"},{"id":"electrochemotherapy-devices","kind":"technology","name":"Electrochemotherapy devices (Cliniporator)","aka":"","tldr":"A pulse generator and needle electrodes that give a tumour a few brief electric shocks minutes after a small dose of chemotherapy, opening the cells so the drug floods in. Used mostly for cancer nodules in the skin, now also for tumours inside the body.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/technologies/electrochemotherapy-devices/","status":"established","cancers":"melanoma breast-cancer head-and-neck skin-cancer basal-cell-carcinoma hcc pancreatic"},{"id":"hipec-pipac-devices","kind":"technology","name":"HIPEC perfusion pumps and PIPAC nebulisers","aka":"","tldr":"The pump and heater that circulate warm chemotherapy through the abdomen at the end of an operation for cancer that has spread across the abdominal lining, and the small nebuliser that sprays chemotherapy as an aerosol through keyhole ports when surgery is not possible.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/technologies/hipec-pipac-devices/","status":"established","cancers":"appendiceal peritoneal-mesothelioma ovarian colorectal gastric pancreatic"},{"id":"intraoperative-fluorescence-imaging-systems","kind":"technology","name":"Intraoperative fluorescence and Cerenkov imaging systems (SPY, Firefly, LumiSystem, LightPath)","aka":"","tldr":"Cameras in the operating theatre that see dyes the surgeon's eye cannot: green dye lighting up lymph nodes and blood supply, pink glow marking a brain tumour, and even the faint light from a PET tracer in a removed specimen. They turn the dyes into a picture the surgeon follows.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/technologies/intraoperative-fluorescence-imaging-systems/","status":"established","cancers":"glioblastoma breast-cancer ovarian nsclc prostate colorectal melanoma hcc"},{"id":"gamma-probes-dose-calibrators","kind":"technology","name":"Gamma probes, handheld gamma cameras and dose calibrators","aka":"","tldr":"The small radiation detectors that make nuclear medicine and sentinel node surgery work: a pen-sized probe that clicks when the surgeon nears the radioactive lymph node, and the well counter in the hot lab that checks every dose before it is injected.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/technologies/gamma-probes-dose-calibrators/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"breast-cancer melanoma prostate merkel-cell-carcinoma vulvar head-and-neck endometrial"},{"id":"endoscopic-ultrasound-systems","kind":"technology","name":"Endoscopic ultrasound and EBUS systems","aka":"","tldr":"Endoscopes with an ultrasound probe on the tip, passed down the gullet or windpipe, that see through the wall of the gut or airway to stage tumours and guide a needle into lymph nodes and the pancreas without an operation.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/technologies/endoscopic-ultrasound-systems/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"pancreatic esophageal gastric nsclc colorectal cholangiocarcinoma small-bowel"},{"id":"capsule-endoscopy-systems","kind":"technology","name":"Capsule endoscopy (PillCam, EndoCapsule, CapsoCam)","aka":"","tldr":"A camera the size of a large vitamin pill that the patient swallows; it photographs the whole small intestine, which ordinary endoscopes cannot reach, and newer versions look at the colon as an alternative to colonoscopy for people who cannot or will not have one.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/technologies/capsule-endoscopy-systems/","status":"established","cancers":"small-bowel colorectal gastric non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"colposcopes-digital-cervical-screening","kind":"technology","name":"Colposcopes and digital cervical screening devices (DYSIS, EVA System, AVE)","aka":"","tldr":"The magnifying camera a gynaecologist uses to examine the cervix after an abnormal smear or HPV test, and the new portable and smartphone versions with software that scores the picture, built for clinics with no specialist in reach.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/technologies/colposcopes-digital-cervical-screening/","status":"established","cancers":"cervical vulvar anal"},{"id":"confocal-oct-skin-imaging","kind":"technology","name":"Confocal microscopy and optical coherence tomography for skin (VivaScope, VivoSight, deepLive)","aka":"","tldr":"Devices that look beneath the skin surface without cutting: one scans cells with a laser at microscope resolution, another builds a cross-section with infrared light. Both help decide whether a suspicious mole or patch needs a biopsy, and which edge to cut to.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/technologies/confocal-oct-skin-imaging/","status":"established","cancers":"melanoma basal-cell-carcinoma skin-cancer cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"contrast-enhanced-mammography","kind":"technology","name":"Contrast-enhanced mammography","aka":"","tldr":"A mammogram taken after an iodine contrast injection, at two X-ray energies, so that a tumour's blood supply shows up as a bright spot. It gives much of what breast MRI gives on a machine most breast units already own.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/technologies/contrast-enhanced-mammography/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-cancer dcis"},{"id":"breast-mri-coils-abbreviated-mri","kind":"technology","name":"Breast MRI coils and abbreviated breast MRI","aka":"","tldr":"Breast MRI is the most sensitive breast scan, done lying face down with the breasts in a special coil. Abbreviated protocols cut the scan from half an hour to a few minutes, which makes MRI screening of women with dense breasts or high risk affordable.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/technologies/breast-mri-coils-abbreviated-mri/","status":"established","cancers":"breast-cancer dcis"},{"id":"closed-system-transfer-devices","kind":"technology","name":"Closed-system transfer devices for hazardous drugs (PhaSeal, ChemoLock, Equashield)","aka":"","tldr":"Sealed connectors that let a pharmacist or nurse draw up and give chemotherapy without any drug vapour or droplet escaping, protecting the staff who handle these drugs every day.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/technologies/closed-system-transfer-devices/","status":"standard-of-care","cancers":"breast-cancer colorectal non-hodgkin-lymphoma nsclc"},{"id":"stella-pharma","kind":"company","name":"Stella Pharma","aka":"","tldr":"Stella Pharma is the Osaka company that developed borofalan (Steboronine), the boron drug approved in Japan in 2020 alongside Sumitomo's accelerator for boron neutron capture therapy of head and neck cancer.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/companies/stella-pharma/","cancers":"head-and-neck melanoma glioblastoma"},{"id":"neuboron-medtech","kind":"company","name":"Neuboron Medtech","aka":"","tldr":"Neuboron Medtech is a Chinese company that builds accelerator-based boron neutron capture therapy systems; its NeuPex machine was installed at the Xiamen Humanity Hospital, the first hospital BNCT centre in China.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/companies/neuboron-medtech/"},{"id":"pyrexar-medical","kind":"company","name":"Pyrexar Medical","aka":"","tldr":"Pyrexar Medical makes the BSD-2000 deep regional hyperthermia systems, the reference machines for heating pelvic and abdominal tumours alongside radiotherapy, and the BSD-500 for superficial and interstitial heating.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/companies/pyrexar-medical/","cancers":"cervical sarcoma breast-cancer"},{"id":"oncotherm","kind":"company","name":"Oncotherm","aka":"","tldr":"Oncotherm makes the EHY-2000 and EHY-2030 modulated electro-hyperthermia machines, lower-power radiofrequency devices used in private and some academic clinics to heat tumours alongside radiotherapy and chemotherapy.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/companies/oncotherm/"},{"id":"modulight","kind":"company","name":"Modulight","aka":"","tldr":"Modulight is a Finnish laser company whose medical lasers activate photodynamic and photoimmunotherapy drugs, including the systems used with cetuximab sarotalocan and with padeliporfin.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/companies/modulight/"},{"id":"carthera","kind":"company","name":"Carthera","aka":"","tldr":"Carthera is a French company whose SonoCloud implant, fitted in the skull after brain tumour surgery, sends ultrasound pulses that briefly open the blood-brain barrier before each chemotherapy dose.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/companies/carthera/","cancers":"glioblastoma brain-metastases"},{"id":"igea","kind":"company","name":"IGEA","aka":"","tldr":"IGEA is the Italian maker of the Cliniporator, the pulse generator behind almost all clinical electrochemotherapy, and of the VITAE version with long needle electrodes for tumours deep inside the body.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/companies/igea/","cancers":"melanoma breast-cancer head-and-neck"},{"id":"belmont-medical-technologies","kind":"company","name":"Belmont Medical Technologies","aka":"","tldr":"Belmont Medical Technologies makes the Belmont Hyperthermia Pump, a purpose-built perfusion system that heats and circulates chemotherapy through the abdomen during HIPEC.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/companies/belmont-medical-technologies/","cancers":"appendiceal ovarian colorectal"},{"id":"capnomed","kind":"company","name":"Capnomed (Reger Medizintechnik)","aka":"","tldr":"Capnomed developed the CapnoPen, the nebuliser that sprays chemotherapy as an aerosol into the abdomen during PIPAC, now made by Reger Medizintechnik.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/companies/capnomed/","cancers":"gastric ovarian colorectal pancreatic"},{"id":"stryker","kind":"company","name":"Stryker","aka":"","tldr":"Stryker is a large American medical device company whose SPY fluorescence imaging systems, acquired with Novadaq, let surgeons see indocyanine green in lymph nodes, blood supply and bile ducts during cancer operations.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/companies/stryker/"},{"id":"karl-storz","kind":"company","name":"Karl Storz","aka":"","tldr":"Karl Storz is the family-owned German endoscope maker whose rigid and flexible scopes, blue-light cystoscopy and Rubina fluorescence imaging are used across urological, gynaecological and abdominal cancer surgery.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/companies/karl-storz/"},{"id":"olympus","kind":"company","name":"Olympus","aka":"","tldr":"Olympus is the world's largest maker of flexible endoscopes, the gastroscopes, colonoscopes, bronchoscopes and endoscopic ultrasound systems through which most gut and lung cancers are first seen and biopsied.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/companies/olympus/"},{"id":"pentax-medical","kind":"company","name":"Pentax Medical (HOYA)","aka":"","tldr":"Pentax Medical, the endoscopy division of HOYA, makes gastrointestinal and bronchial endoscopes and endoscopic ultrasound scopes used with Hitachi ultrasound processors.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/companies/pentax-medical/"},{"id":"cook-medical","kind":"company","name":"Cook Medical","aka":"","tldr":"Cook Medical is a family-owned maker of needles, stents and catheters, including the EchoTip needles used for endoscopic ultrasound biopsy of the pancreas and lymph nodes and the stents that relieve blocked bile ducts.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/companies/cook-medical/"},{"id":"capsovision","kind":"company","name":"CapsoVision","aka":"","tldr":"CapsoVision makes the CapsoCam Plus, a swallowable capsule with four side-facing cameras that stores its images on board, so the patient needs no recorder belt.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/companies/capsovision/"},{"id":"lightpoint-medical","kind":"company","name":"Lightpoint Medical","aka":"","tldr":"Lightpoint Medical is a British company that built LightPath, which images the faint Cerenkov light from PET tracers in a freshly removed tumour specimen, and SENSEI, a tiny gamma probe that a surgical robot can hold to find radioactive lymph nodes.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/companies/lightpoint-medical/","cancers":"prostate breast-cancer"},{"id":"mammotome","kind":"company","name":"Mammotome (Danaher)","aka":"","tldr":"Mammotome makes vacuum-assisted breast biopsy devices and, through Devicor, the Neoprobe gamma detection system used to find sentinel lymph nodes; it also acquired Endomag's magnetic tracer system.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/companies/mammotome/","cancers":"breast-cancer melanoma"},{"id":"dysis-medical","kind":"company","name":"DYSIS Medical","aka":"","tldr":"DYSIS Medical makes a digital colposcope that measures how quickly the cervix whitens after acetic acid and colours a map over the image to point out the areas most likely to hold high-grade precancer.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/companies/dysis-medical/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"mobileodt","kind":"company","name":"MobileODT","aka":"","tldr":"MobileODT makes the EVA System, a smartphone-based colposcope with cloud image review and an AI score, designed to bring cervical examination to clinics without a colposcopist.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/companies/mobileodt/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"canfield-scientific","kind":"company","name":"Canfield Scientific","aka":"","tldr":"Canfield Scientific makes the VECTRA WB360 whole-body imaging system, which photographs a patient's entire skin in one capture and tracks every mole over time, plus dermoscopy cameras and analysis software.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/companies/canfield-scientific/","cancers":"melanoma skin-cancer"},{"id":"fotofinder","kind":"company","name":"FotoFinder Systems","aka":"","tldr":"FotoFinder makes total body mapping and digital dermoscopy systems with AI mole analysis, widely used in European skin cancer clinics to follow patients with many moles.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/companies/fotofinder/","cancers":"melanoma skin-cancer"},{"id":"caliber-imaging-diagnostics","kind":"company","name":"Caliber Imaging and Diagnostics","aka":"","tldr":"Caliber Imaging and Diagnostics makes the VivaScope reflectance confocal microscopes that image skin at cellular resolution without a biopsy, used to assess suspicious moles and map skin cancer margins.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/companies/caliber-imaging-diagnostics/","cancers":"melanoma basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"michelson-diagnostics","kind":"company","name":"Michelson Diagnostics","aka":"","tldr":"Michelson Diagnostics makes VivoSight, an optical coherence tomography scanner for skin that shows a cross-section of a lesion a millimetre or two deep, used to diagnose and measure basal cell carcinoma.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/companies/michelson-diagnostics/","cancers":"basal-cell-carcinoma skin-cancer"},{"id":"damae-medical","kind":"company","name":"DAMAE Medical","aka":"","tldr":"DAMAE Medical makes deepLive, a line-field confocal OCT device that shows skin in both vertical and horizontal sections at near-cellular resolution, for diagnosing skin cancers without a biopsy.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/companies/damae-medical/","cancers":"melanoma basal-cell-carcinoma skin-cancer"},{"id":"vision-rt","kind":"company","name":"Vision RT","aka":"","tldr":"Vision RT pioneered surface-guided radiotherapy with AlignRT, ceiling cameras that track the patient's skin in 3D so treatment can be set up without tattoos and paused if the patient moves.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/companies/vision-rt/"},{"id":"c-rad","kind":"company","name":"C-RAD","aka":"","tldr":"C-RAD is a Swedish company whose Catalyst and Sentinel camera systems track the patient's surface during radiotherapy for positioning, breath-hold and respiratory gating.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/companies/c-rad/"},{"id":"ptw-freiburg","kind":"company","name":"PTW Freiburg","aka":"","tldr":"PTW is the century-old German dosimetry company whose ionisation chambers, detector arrays and water phantoms are used in radiotherapy departments worldwide to measure the dose a machine really gives.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/companies/ptw-freiburg/"},{"id":"standard-imaging","kind":"company","name":"Standard Imaging","aka":"","tldr":"Standard Imaging makes the electrometers, chambers, daily QA devices and phantoms that radiotherapy physicists use to calibrate linacs and brachytherapy sources.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/companies/standard-imaging/"},{"id":"icu-medical","kind":"company","name":"ICU Medical","aka":"","tldr":"ICU Medical makes infusion pumps, IV sets and the ChemoLock and ChemoClave closed-system transfer devices that keep chemotherapy sealed while it is prepared and given.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/companies/icu-medical/"},{"id":"equashield","kind":"company","name":"Equashield","aka":"","tldr":"Equashield makes a fully enclosed closed-system transfer device whose syringe unit encapsulates the plunger, and the Equashield Pro robot that compounds chemotherapy doses automatically.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/companies/equashield/"},{"id":"loccioni","kind":"company","name":"Loccioni","aka":"","tldr":"Loccioni is an Italian family engineering group whose APOTECAchemo robot prepares personalised chemotherapy doses inside a sealed cabinet, weighing every step, in hospital pharmacies on several continents.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/companies/loccioni/"},{"id":"paxman","kind":"company","name":"Paxman","aka":"","tldr":"Paxman is the British maker of the Paxman Scalp Cooling System, a chilled cap worn during chemotherapy to reduce hair loss, cleared in the United States in 2017 and used in cancer centres across the world.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/companies/paxman/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"dignitana","kind":"company","name":"Dignitana","aka":"","tldr":"Dignitana makes the DigniCap scalp cooling system, the first cooling cap the US FDA allowed on the market, in 2015, to reduce chemotherapy hair loss.","tags":"machines-wave2","route":"/companies/dignitana/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"rectal-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Rectal cancer","aka":"TCGA-READ\nrectum adenocarcinoma (TCGA READ cohort)\nRectal adenocarcinoma\nCancer of the rectum\nLocally advanced rectal cancer\nRectum cancer","tldr":"Rectal cancer is bowel cancer in the last part of the large intestine, where surgery can mean a permanent stoma. Treatment now usually gives all the chemotherapy and radiotherapy first, and about half of people whose tumour disappears completely can keep their rectum and avoid surgery altogether.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/rectal-cancer/","parent":"colorectal"},{"id":"msi-high-colorectal","kind":"cancer","name":"Mismatch-repair deficient (MSI-high) colorectal cancer","aka":"dMMR colorectal cancer\nMSI-H colorectal cancer\nMicrosatellite unstable colorectal cancer\nLynch-associated colorectal cancer\nHypermutated colorectal cancer","tldr":"Mismatch-repair deficient bowel cancer has lost its DNA spell-checker, so it carries thousands of mutations that the immune system can recognise. Immunotherapy alone controls most metastatic cases for years and makes most localised tumours disappear before surgery, sometimes so completely that no surgery is needed.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/msi-high-colorectal/","parent":"colorectal"},{"id":"braf-v600e-colorectal","kind":"cancer","name":"BRAF V600E-mutant colorectal cancer","aka":"BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer\nBRAF V600E metastatic colorectal cancer\nBRAF-mutated bowel cancer","tldr":"BRAF V600E bowel cancer carries the same mutation as many melanomas, but BRAF drugs alone did nothing here because the tumour re-routes its growth signal through EGFR. Blocking both with encorafenib and cetuximab, now given with chemotherapy from the start, has doubled survival in a subtype that used to be the worst.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/braf-v600e-colorectal/","parent":"colorectal"},{"id":"her2-amplified-colorectal","kind":"cancer","name":"HER2-amplified colorectal cancer","aka":"HER2-positive colorectal cancer\nERBB2-amplified colorectal cancer\nHER2-overexpressing bowel cancer","tldr":"A few bowel cancers make too much of the HER2 protein, the same target as in HER2-positive breast cancer. Two HER2 drugs together, tucatinib and trastuzumab, shrink about four in ten of these tumours after chemotherapy has failed, and the antibody-drug conjugate trastuzumab deruxtecan works even when other HER2 drugs have stopped.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/her2-amplified-colorectal/","parent":"colorectal"},{"id":"kras-g12c-colorectal","kind":"cancer","name":"KRAS G12C-mutant colorectal cancer","aka":"KRAS G12C colorectal cancer\nG12C-mutant bowel cancer\nRAS-mutant colorectal cancer (G12C subset)","tldr":"KRAS G12C bowel cancer carries a mutation that was undruggable for forty years. The first KRAS drugs work only weakly on their own in the bowel, because the tumour switches EGFR back on, so they are given with an anti-EGFR antibody: sotorasib with panitumumab and adagrasib with cetuximab are both approved after chemotherapy.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/kras-g12c-colorectal/","parent":"colorectal"},{"id":"early-onset-colorectal","kind":"cancer","name":"Early-onset colorectal cancer (under 50)","aka":"Young-onset colorectal cancer\nColorectal cancer in adults under 50\nEarly-age-onset colorectal cancer\nBowel cancer in young adults\nEarly-onset colorectal cancer\nEOCRC","tldr":"Bowel cancer is rising in people under 50, for reasons that are still not understood, and it is usually found late because neither patients nor doctors expect it. Treatment is the same as in older adults and works as well stage for stage; the changes are earlier screening, genetic testing for everyone diagnosed young, and attention to fertility, work and family.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/early-onset-colorectal/","parent":"colorectal"},{"id":"primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma","aka":"PMBCL\nPMBL\nPrimary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma\nThymic large B-cell lymphoma\nMediastinal grey zone lymphoma (related)","tldr":"Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma is a fast-growing lymphoma of the thymus behind the breastbone that mostly affects young women. Immunochemotherapy cures about nine in ten, radiotherapy can now be skipped when the end-of-treatment scan is clear, and PD-1 antibodies and CAR-T cells rescue many of those who relapse.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma/","parent":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"opra","kind":"trial","name":"OPRA","aka":"","tldr":"OPRA showed that about half of people with rectal cancer who receive all their chemotherapy and radiotherapy before surgery can keep their rectum without any drop in the chance of cure, and that giving the chemotherapy after the radiotherapy preserves more rectums.","tags":"","route":"/trials/opra/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"prospect","kind":"trial","name":"PROSPECT (Alliance N1048)","aka":"","tldr":"PROSPECT showed that most people with intermediate-risk rectal cancer can skip pelvic radiotherapy altogether: chemotherapy alone before surgery, with radiotherapy held back for the few whose tumours did not shrink, cured just as many.","tags":"","route":"/trials/prospect/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal rectal-cancer"},{"id":"beacon-crc","kind":"trial","name":"BEACON CRC","aka":"","tldr":"BEACON was the first trial to show that blocking BRAF works in bowel cancer once the escape route through EGFR is blocked too: encorafenib with cetuximab lengthened life and shrank ten times as many tumours as chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/trials/beacon-crc/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal braf-v600e-colorectal"},{"id":"keynote-170","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-170","aka":"","tldr":"KEYNOTE-170 showed that a PD-1 antibody works in primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma, whose cells carry extra copies of the PD-L1 gene: almost half of heavily treated patients responded, which led to the first drug approval specific to this lymphoma.","tags":"","route":"/trials/keynote-170/","status":"positive","cancers":"primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma dlbcl"},{"id":"ielsg37","kind":"trial","name":"IELSG37","aka":"","tldr":"IELSG37 showed that people with primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma whose scan is clear after chemotherapy do not need radiotherapy to the chest, sparing young patients decades of heart and breast cancer risk.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ielsg37/","status":"positive","cancers":"primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"gastric-her2-positive","kind":"cancer","name":"HER2-positive gastric cancer","aka":"HER2-positive gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinoma\nERBB2-amplified gastric cancer\nHER2+ GEA","tldr":"HER2-positive gastric cancer overexpresses the HER2 growth receptor and is treated with trastuzumab added to chemotherapy, now usually with pembrolizumab as well. After progression the antibody-drug conjugate trastuzumab deruxtecan gives responses that plain chemotherapy cannot.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/gastric-her2-positive/","parent":"gastric"},{"id":"gastric-cldn18-2-positive","kind":"cancer","name":"Claudin 18.2-positive gastric cancer","aka":"CLDN18.2-positive gastric cancer\nClaudin 18.2-high gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinoma","tldr":"Claudin 18.2 is a tight-junction protein normally hidden inside stomach lining cells that becomes exposed on the surface of many stomach cancers. Zolbetuximab, an antibody against it, added to chemotherapy lengthens survival in tumours that express it strongly, and antibody-drug conjugates and CAR-T cells against the same target are in trials.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/gastric-cldn18-2-positive/","parent":"gastric"},{"id":"gastric-pdl1-high","kind":"cancer","name":"PD-L1-high gastric cancer","aka":"PD-L1 CPS 5 or above gastric cancer\nPD-L1-positive gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinoma\nEBV-positive gastric cancer (PD-L1 high)","tldr":"PD-L1-high gastric cancer expresses the immune checkpoint protein PD-L1 on tumour and immune cells, and this is the group in which nivolumab or pembrolizumab added to chemotherapy clearly extends life. The benefit shrinks as the score falls, so regulators now restrict the antibodies to tumours with at least some PD-L1 expression.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/gastric-pdl1-high/","parent":"gastric"},{"id":"gastric-msi-high","kind":"cancer","name":"Microsatellite-unstable (MSI-high) gastric cancer","aka":"MSI-H gastric cancer\nMismatch repair-deficient gastric cancer\ndMMR gastric cancer","tldr":"Microsatellite-unstable gastric cancer has lost its DNA mismatch repair machinery, carries thousands of mutations and is unusually visible to the immune system. It responds strongly to checkpoint antibodies, may gain little from chemotherapy, and in early-stage disease immunotherapy before surgery is making many tumours disappear entirely.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/gastric-msi-high/","parent":"gastric"},{"id":"early-gastric-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Early gastric cancer","aka":"T1 gastric cancer\nIntramucosal gastric cancer\nSubmucosal gastric cancer\nScreen-detected gastric cancer","tldr":"Early gastric cancer has not grown beyond the submucosa, whatever the lymph nodes show. In Japan and Korea, where screening endoscopy finds most stomach cancers at this stage, many are removed through the endoscope without an operation, and the rest are cured by gastrectomy.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/early-gastric-cancer/","parent":"gastric"},{"id":"hcc-early","kind":"cancer","name":"Early hepatocellular carcinoma (BCLC 0 and A)","aka":"Very early HCC (BCLC 0)\nEarly-stage HCC (BCLC A)\nResectable hepatocellular carcinoma\nHCC within Milan criteria","tldr":"Early hepatocellular carcinoma means a single tumour, or up to three small ones, in a liver that still works, without spread or vein invasion. It is treated to cure: cutting out the tumour, destroying it with heat through a needle, or replacing the liver by transplant, chosen by tumour size, liver function and portal pressure.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/hcc-early/","parent":"hcc"},{"id":"hcc-intermediate","kind":"cancer","name":"Intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma (BCLC B)","aka":"Intermediate-stage HCC\nMultinodular HCC\nTACE-eligible hepatocellular carcinoma\nBCLC B","tldr":"Intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma is several tumours inside a working liver, too many to cut out but with no spread beyond it. The standard treatment for two decades has been chemoembolisation through the hepatic artery, and trials now show that adding immunotherapy and anti-angiogenic drugs to it delays progression.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/hcc-intermediate/","parent":"hcc"},{"id":"hcc-advanced","kind":"cancer","name":"Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (BCLC C)","aka":"Advanced-stage HCC\nUnresectable hepatocellular carcinoma\nMetastatic hepatocellular carcinoma\nHCC with portal vein invasion\nBCLC C","tldr":"Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma has invaded the liver's veins or spread beyond it. Sorafenib was the only drug for a decade; now the combination of the immunotherapy atezolizumab with the anti-angiogenic antibody bevacizumab, or the two-antibody regimen durvalumab with tremelimumab, is standard first line, and several further drugs follow it.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/hcc-advanced/","parent":"hcc"},{"id":"intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","aka":"iCCA\nIntrahepatic bile duct cancer\nPeripheral cholangiocarcinoma\nMass-forming cholangiocarcinoma","tldr":"Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma starts in the small bile ducts inside the liver and usually appears as a liver mass rather than causing jaundice. It is the biliary cancer with the most drug targets: FGFR2 fusions treated with pemigatinib or futibatinib, IDH1 mutations with ivosidenib, and for everyone chemotherapy with the immunotherapy durvalumab or pembrolizumab.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma/","parent":"cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (perihilar and distal)","aka":"Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma\nKlatskin tumour\nHilar cholangiocarcinoma\nDistal cholangiocarcinoma\nCommon bile duct cancer\neCCA","tldr":"Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma blocks the main bile ducts outside the liver and shows itself as jaundice. Perihilar tumours need part of the liver removed with the duct and distal tumours a Whipple operation; where surgery is impossible, stenting relieves the jaundice and chemotherapy with immunotherapy follows, with HER2-directed antibodies for the one in six tumours that carry that target.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma/","parent":"cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"gist-kit-exon-11","kind":"cancer","name":"KIT exon 11-mutant GIST","aka":"Imatinib-sensitive GIST\nKIT-mutant gastrointestinal stromal tumour\nClassic GIST","tldr":"Most GISTs are driven by a mutation in exon 11 of the KIT gene, which keeps the KIT growth receptor switched on. Imatinib blocks it: given for three years after surgery in higher-risk tumours it prevents relapse and extends life, and in metastatic disease it controls the tumour for years before resistance develops.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/gist-kit-exon-11/","parent":"gist"},{"id":"gist-pdgfra-d842v","kind":"cancer","name":"PDGFRA D842V-mutant GIST","aka":"PDGFRA exon 18-mutant GIST\nImatinib-resistant PDGFRA GIST\nEpithelioid gastric GIST","tldr":"PDGFRA D842V GIST is driven by a mutation in the PDGFRA receptor rather than KIT, and it does not respond to imatinib at all. Avapritinib, designed to fit the mutant activation loop, shrinks nearly nine in ten of these tumours and is the standard treatment for advanced disease; localised tumours are cured by surgery alone.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/gist-pdgfra-d842v/","parent":"gist"},{"id":"gist-imatinib-resistant","kind":"cancer","name":"Imatinib-resistant GIST","aka":"Imatinib-refractory GIST\nGIST with secondary KIT mutations\nAdvanced GIST after imatinib\nMultidrug-resistant GIST","tldr":"Imatinib-resistant GIST is disease that has grown through the first drug, usually because the tumour has acquired a second KIT mutation that imatinib cannot block. Sunitinib, regorafenib and ripretinib are given in turn; ripretinib, in the INVICTUS trial, extended progression-free survival from 1 to 6 months in patients who had exhausted the other three.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/gist-imatinib-resistant/","parent":"gist"},{"id":"aml-flt3","kind":"cancer","name":"FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia","aka":"FLT3-ITD AML\nFLT3-TKD AML\nFLT3-positive AML","tldr":"FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia carries a mutation in a growth-signal receptor that makes the leukaemia relapse quickly. Adding a FLT3 blocker to chemotherapy, midostaurin or quizartinib, lengthens life, and gilteritinib is the standard when the disease comes back.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/aml-flt3/","parent":"aml"},{"id":"aml-idh","kind":"cancer","name":"IDH1- and IDH2-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia","aka":"IDH-mutant AML\nIDH1-mutated AML\nIDH2-mutated AML","tldr":"IDH-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia has a faulty metabolic enzyme that floods cells with a chemical that blocks maturation. Pills that shut the enzyme off, ivosidenib for IDH1 and enasidenib or olutasidenib for IDH2 and IDH1, let the leukaemia cells mature, and ivosidenib with azacitidine tripled survival in older patients.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/aml-idh/","parent":"aml"},{"id":"aml-npm1-kmt2a","kind":"cancer","name":"NPM1-mutated and KMT2A-rearranged acute myeloid leukaemia","aka":"NPM1-mutated AML\nKMT2A-rearranged AML\nMLL-rearranged AML\nMenin-dependent AML","tldr":"NPM1-mutated and KMT2A-rearranged leukaemias depend on a protein called menin to keep leukaemia genes switched on. Menin inhibitors, revumenib and ziftomenib, are the first drugs to exploit this, and they produce remissions in patients whose leukaemia had come back after everything else.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/aml-npm1-kmt2a/","parent":"aml"},{"id":"aml-secondary","kind":"cancer","name":"Secondary and therapy-related acute myeloid leukaemia","aka":"Therapy-related AML\nt-AML\nSecondary AML\nAML with myelodysplasia-related changes\nAML arising from MDS or MPN","tldr":"Secondary acute myeloid leukaemia grows out of an earlier marrow disorder or follows chemotherapy or radiotherapy for another cancer. It resists standard treatment more than other leukaemias; a liposomal form of the two classic chemotherapy drugs, CPX-351, lengthens life in fit older patients, and transplant is the only route to cure.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/aml-secondary/","parent":"aml"},{"id":"apl","kind":"cancer","name":"Acute promyelocytic leukaemia","aka":"APL\nAML-M3\nPML::RARA acute leukaemia\nPromyelocytic leukaemia","tldr":"Acute promyelocytic leukaemia is caused by a single fused gene that freezes blood cells at an immature stage and triggers dangerous bleeding. Two non-chemotherapy drugs, a vitamin A derivative and arsenic trioxide, make the cells mature and cure more than nine in ten patients.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/apl/","parent":"aml"},{"id":"aml-older-unfit","kind":"cancer","name":"Acute myeloid leukaemia in older or unfit patients","aka":"Unfit AML\nAML in the elderly\nAML ineligible for intensive chemotherapy\nLow-intensity AML therapy","tldr":"Most people with acute myeloid leukaemia are over 65, and many cannot take intensive chemotherapy. Venetoclax with azacitidine, two gentler drugs, doubled remission rates and lengthened life in this group, replacing the old choice between supportive care and low-dose chemotherapy.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/aml-older-unfit/","parent":"aml"},{"id":"smouldering-myeloma","kind":"cancer","name":"Smouldering multiple myeloma","aka":"Smoldering multiple myeloma\nSMM\nHigh-risk smouldering myeloma\nAsymptomatic myeloma","tldr":"Smouldering myeloma is myeloma that has not yet damaged bones, kidneys or blood counts. Most people are watched, but those at high risk of progressing can now be treated: the AQUILA trial showed daratumumab alone delays active myeloma, and it was approved for this use in 2025.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/smouldering-myeloma/","parent":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"myeloma-transplant-eligible","kind":"cancer","name":"Newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, transplant-eligible","aka":"Transplant-eligible myeloma\nTE NDMM\nNewly diagnosed myeloma, fit for autologous transplant","tldr":"Fit patients with newly diagnosed myeloma receive four drugs at once, then their own stem cells are collected, they are given high-dose chemotherapy, the cells are returned and they continue on maintenance. Adding the CD38 antibody daratumumab to the three-drug backbone, tested in PERSEUS and CASSIOPEIA, means most patients now reach a state where no myeloma can be detected.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/myeloma-transplant-eligible/","parent":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"myeloma-transplant-ineligible","kind":"cancer","name":"Newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, transplant-ineligible","aka":"Transplant-ineligible myeloma\nTI NDMM\nMyeloma in older or frail patients\nNewly diagnosed myeloma not for transplant","tldr":"Most people with newly diagnosed myeloma are too old or frail for a stem cell transplant. Combining a CD38 antibody with lenalidomide and dexamethasone (MAIA) and, for the fitter, with bortezomib as well (IMROZ), now keeps the disease away for around five years in many and lengthens life.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/myeloma-transplant-ineligible/","parent":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"myeloma-relapsed-refractory","kind":"cancer","name":"Relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma","aka":"RRMM\nRelapsed myeloma\nTriple-class refractory myeloma\nPenta-refractory myeloma","tldr":"Myeloma almost always returns, and each return is harder to treat. Two kinds of immune therapy aimed at the BCMA protein on myeloma cells, CAR-T cells (KarMMa-3, CARTITUDE-4) and off-the-shelf bispecific antibodies (MajesTEC), now give deep remissions after other drugs fail, and a second target, GPRC5D, gives another option.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/myeloma-relapsed-refractory/","parent":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"plasma-cell-leukaemia","kind":"cancer","name":"Plasma cell leukaemia","aka":"PCL\nPrimary plasma cell leukaemia\nSecondary plasma cell leukaemia\nLeukaemic myeloma","tldr":"Plasma cell leukaemia is myeloma in which the cancerous plasma cells spill into the bloodstream in large numbers. It is the most aggressive plasma cell cancer and is treated urgently with several myeloma drugs at once followed by a stem cell transplant.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/plasma-cell-leukaemia/","parent":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"mds-lower-risk","kind":"cancer","name":"Lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes","aka":"Low-risk MDS\nIPSS-R very low, low and intermediate MDS\nLower-risk myelodysplastic neoplasms\nTransfusion-dependent lower-risk MDS","tldr":"Lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes rarely turn into leukaemia quickly; the problem is anaemia and the transfusions it demands. Erythropoietin, then luspatercept (COMMANDS) and the telomerase blocker imetelstat (IMerge), free many patients from transfusions for months or years, and lenalidomide does the same for the del(5q) subtype.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/mds-lower-risk/","parent":"mds"},{"id":"mds-higher-risk","kind":"cancer","name":"Higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes","aka":"High-risk MDS\nIPSS-R high and very high MDS\nMDS with increased blasts\nHigher-risk myelodysplastic neoplasms","tldr":"Higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes behave like a slow leukaemia and often become one. Azacitidine lengthens life and a donor stem cell transplant is the only cure; every attempt to improve on azacitidine in a large trial, including the venetoclax combination tested in VERONA, has so far failed.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/mds-higher-risk/","parent":"mds"},{"id":"cll-treatment-naive","kind":"cancer","name":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, first treatment","aka":"Treatment-naive CLL\nFront-line CLL\nPreviously untreated CLL\nFirst-line CLL therapy","tldr":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is treated only when it causes problems, and chemotherapy has gone. The first treatment is now either a BTK inhibitor taken indefinitely or a one-year course of venetoclax with obinutuzumab (CLL14), and the two can be combined for a fixed course.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/cll-treatment-naive/","parent":"cll"},{"id":"cll-relapsed","kind":"cancer","name":"Relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","aka":"Relapsed CLL\nRefractory CLL\nDouble-refractory CLL (after BTK and BCL-2 inhibitors)\nCLL after BTK inhibitor failure","tldr":"When chronic lymphocytic leukaemia returns, the usual move is to switch drug class: venetoclax-based therapy after a BTK inhibitor, or a BTK inhibitor after venetoclax. Pirtobrutinib (BRUIN) works after the older BTK inhibitors fail, and CAR-T is approved for patients who have run out of both classes.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/cll-relapsed/","parent":"cll"},{"id":"richter-transformation-cll","kind":"cancer","name":"Richter transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","aka":"Richter syndrome\nRichter's transformation\nCLL transformed to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma\nTransformed CLL","tldr":"Richter transformation is the sudden change of slow chronic lymphocytic leukaemia into a fast-growing lymphoma, usually of the diffuse large B-cell type. It is treated with lymphoma chemotherapy followed by a donor transplant where possible, and newer drugs such as pirtobrutinib, venetoclax combinations and bispecific antibodies are being tested because standard chemotherapy rarely cures it.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/richter-transformation-cll/","parent":"cll"},{"id":"cml-chronic-phase","kind":"cancer","name":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia, chronic phase","aka":"CML-CP\nChronic-phase CML\nNewly diagnosed Ph-positive CML\nBCR::ABL1-positive chronic phase","tldr":"Chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukaemia is the disease that imatinib turned from fatal into manageable: a daily pill blocks the BCR::ABL1 protein that drives it. Blood tests track the leukaemia gene to a millionth, newer pills such as asciminib (ASC4FIRST) reach deeper responses faster, and patients with years of undetectable disease can try stopping.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/cml-chronic-phase/","parent":"cml"},{"id":"cml-advanced-phase","kind":"cancer","name":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia, accelerated and blast phase","aka":"CML-AP\nCML-BP\nBlast crisis\nAdvanced-phase CML\nAccelerated-phase CML","tldr":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia can accelerate and then transform into an acute leukaemia called blast crisis. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are given at full strength, combined with acute leukaemia chemotherapy in blast phase, to bring the disease back to chronic phase quickly enough for a donor stem cell transplant, the only treatment that cures it.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/cml-advanced-phase/","parent":"cml"},{"id":"primary-myelofibrosis","kind":"cancer","name":"Primary myelofibrosis","aka":"PMF\nMyelofibrosis\nChronic idiopathic myelofibrosis\nAgnogenic myeloid metaplasia\nPost-PV and post-ET myelofibrosis (secondary myelofibrosis)","tldr":"Primary myelofibrosis is a blood cancer in which the marrow scars over, the spleen swells and patients become anaemic and exhausted. JAK inhibitors, ruxolitinib first (COMFORT) and then fedratinib, pacritinib and momelotinib (MOMENTUM), shrink the spleen and relieve symptoms; only a donor stem cell transplant can cure it.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/primary-myelofibrosis/","parent":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"endometrial-pole-ultramutated","kind":"cancer","name":"POLE-ultramutated endometrial cancer","aka":"POLEmut endometrial cancer\nPOLE exonuclease domain mutant endometrial carcinoma\nUltramutated endometrial cancer","tldr":"POLE-ultramutated endometrial cancer carries a fault in the proofreading part of a DNA-copying enzyme, so its cells pile up enormous numbers of mutations. It looks aggressive under the microscope yet almost never comes back after surgery, so trials are testing whether radiotherapy and chemotherapy can be dropped altogether.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/endometrial-pole-ultramutated/","parent":"endometrial"},{"id":"endometrial-mmr-deficient","kind":"cancer","name":"Mismatch-repair-deficient endometrial cancer","aka":"dMMR endometrial cancer\nMSI-high endometrial cancer\nMMRd endometrial cancer\nLynch-associated endometrial cancer","tldr":"Mismatch-repair-deficient endometrial cancer has lost the machinery that corrects copying errors in DNA, so it accumulates thousands of mutations that make it visible to the immune system. Adding dostarlimab or pembrolizumab to chemotherapy in advanced disease cut the risk of progression by about seventy percent, and many patients remain in remission years later.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/endometrial-mmr-deficient/","parent":"endometrial"},{"id":"endometrial-p53-abnormal","kind":"cancer","name":"p53-abnormal endometrial cancer, including uterine serous carcinoma","aka":"p53abn endometrial cancer\nCopy-number-high endometrial cancer\nUterine serous carcinoma\nUterine papillary serous carcinoma\nSerous-like endometrial cancer","tldr":"p53-abnormal endometrial cancer is the aggressive class, dominated by serous carcinoma, whose cells have lost the p53 guardian gene and carry scrambled chromosomes. It is the one group that clearly gains from adding chemotherapy to radiotherapy after surgery, and about a quarter of serous tumours overexpress HER2, which trastuzumab and trastuzumab deruxtecan can target.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/endometrial-p53-abnormal/","parent":"endometrial"},{"id":"endometrial-nsmp","kind":"cancer","name":"Endometrial cancer with no specific molecular profile","aka":"NSMP endometrial cancer\np53-wild-type, MMR-proficient, POLE-wild-type endometrial cancer\nCopy-number-low endometrial cancer","tldr":"Endometrial cancer with no specific molecular profile is the default class: no POLE mutation, intact mismatch repair and normal p53. Most are low-grade, oestrogen-driven tumours cured by hysterectomy, and hormone-blocking drugs are their most natural treatment when they do recur.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/endometrial-nsmp/","parent":"endometrial"},{"id":"advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer","aka":"Stage III to IV endometrial cancer\nMetastatic endometrial cancer\nRelapsed endometrial cancer\nPrimary advanced endometrial cancer","tldr":"Advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer has spread beyond the uterus or come back after treatment. Chemotherapy plus an immune checkpoint antibody is now the first treatment for everyone, with the biggest gains in mismatch-repair-deficient tumours, and lenvatinib with pembrolizumab is the standard when platinum chemotherapy stops working.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer/","parent":"endometrial"},{"id":"uterine-carcinosarcoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Uterine carcinosarcoma","aka":"Malignant mixed Mullerian tumour\nMMMT\nEndometrial carcinosarcoma","tldr":"Uterine carcinosarcoma is a two-faced cancer with a carcinoma part and a sarcoma-like part that both come from the same faulty epithelial cell. It is treated as a high-grade endometrial cancer, with surgery, carboplatin-paclitaxel and often radiotherapy, and its frequent HER2 expression is opening a route to antibody-drug conjugates.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/uterine-carcinosarcoma/","parent":"endometrial"},{"id":"early-cervical-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Early cervical cancer and fertility-sparing surgery","aka":"Stage IA to IB2 cervical cancer\nEarly-stage cervical cancer\nFertility-sparing cervical cancer surgery\nRadical trachelectomy candidates","tldr":"Early cervical cancer is confined to the cervix and is usually cured by surgery. Recent trials have shown that open surgery is safer than keyhole surgery for radical hysterectomy, that a simple hysterectomy is enough for the smallest tumours, and that young women with small tumours can keep their uterus with a trachelectomy.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/early-cervical-cancer/","parent":"cervical"},{"id":"locally-advanced-cervical-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Locally advanced cervical cancer","aka":"Stage IB3 to IVA cervical cancer\nLACC (disease state, not the surgical trial)\nNode-positive cervical cancer\nBulky cervical cancer","tldr":"Locally advanced cervical cancer has grown beyond the cervix or into the pelvic lymph nodes but not to distant organs. It is treated with cisplatin chemotherapy given alongside external radiotherapy and brachytherapy, and two recent trials have improved on that: adding pembrolizumab, and giving six weeks of chemotherapy before the radiotherapy starts.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/locally-advanced-cervical-cancer/","parent":"cervical"},{"id":"recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer","aka":"Persistent, recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer\nStage IVB cervical cancer\nAdvanced cervical cancer","tldr":"Recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer has spread beyond the pelvis or come back where it cannot be cured by surgery or radiotherapy. Pembrolizumab added to chemotherapy and bevacizumab is the first treatment, and the antibody-drug conjugate tisotumab vedotin or the PD-1 antibody cemiplimab extend life when it progresses.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer/","parent":"cervical"},{"id":"platinum-sensitive-ovarian-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer","aka":"Platinum-sensitive relapsed ovarian cancer\nNewly diagnosed ovarian cancer in response to platinum\nPlatinum-free interval over six months","tldr":"Platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer is disease that responded to carboplatin and either has not relapsed or relapses more than six months after the last dose. It is treated with further platinum chemotherapy, sometimes repeat surgery, and above all with maintenance PARP inhibitors, which keep BRCA-mutant tumours away for years and have raised long-term survival.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/platinum-sensitive-ovarian-cancer/","parent":"ovarian"},{"id":"platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Platinum-resistant ovarian cancer","aka":"Platinum-resistant recurrent ovarian cancer\nPlatinum-refractory ovarian cancer\nPlatinum-free interval under six months\nPROC","tldr":"Platinum-resistant ovarian cancer grows back within six months of platinum chemotherapy, or during it, and used to be treated with single chemotherapy drugs that shrink a tumour one time in ten. The antibody-drug conjugate mirvetuximab soravtansine, the cortisol-blocking drug relacorilant and pembrolizumab in PD-L1-positive tumours have each extended survival in phase 3 trials since 2023.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer/","parent":"ovarian"},{"id":"braf-v600-melanoma","kind":"cancer","name":"BRAF V600-mutant melanoma","aka":"BRAF-mutant melanoma\nBRAF V600E melanoma\nBRAF V600K melanoma\nBRAF-positive melanoma","tldr":"BRAF V600-mutant melanoma has a single faulty switch that drives it to grow, and two pills, a BRAF inhibitor with a MEK inhibitor, can shut that switch off and shrink the cancer within weeks. Immunotherapy is usually given first because its effect lasts longer, and the pills are kept for later or given for a year after surgery to prevent relapse.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/braf-v600-melanoma/","parent":"melanoma"},{"id":"stage-iii-melanoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Stage III melanoma (after surgery)","aka":"Resected stage III melanoma\nNode-positive melanoma\nRegional melanoma\nAdjuvant melanoma setting","tldr":"Stage III melanoma has spread to nearby lymph nodes but not further, and after surgery a year of immunotherapy, or of targeted pills if the cancer has a BRAF mutation, roughly halves the chance of it coming back. The newest trials show that giving immunotherapy before the operation instead of after works even better and lets most people stop treatment early.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/stage-iii-melanoma/","parent":"melanoma"},{"id":"stage-ii-melanoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Stage IIB and IIC melanoma","aka":"High-risk stage II melanoma\nThick node-negative melanoma\nStage IIB/IIC melanoma","tldr":"Stage IIB and IIC melanomas are thick or ulcerated skin melanomas that have not reached the lymph nodes but still carry a real risk of coming back. A year of pembrolizumab or nivolumab after surgery lowers that risk, though most people in this group would have been cured by surgery alone, so the decision weighs a modest benefit against a year of treatment.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/stage-ii-melanoma/","parent":"melanoma"},{"id":"advanced-melanoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Advanced melanoma (unresectable stage III and stage IV)","aka":"Metastatic melanoma\nStage IV melanoma\nUnresectable melanoma\nFirst-line advanced melanoma","tldr":"Advanced melanoma has spread beyond what surgery can remove, and it is the cancer in which immunotherapy first proved it could cure some people: about half of those given nivolumab with ipilimumab are alive ten years later. If immunotherapy fails, options include a cell therapy grown from the patient's own immune cells, a virus injected into the tumour, and targeted pills for BRAF-mutant disease.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/advanced-melanoma/","parent":"melanoma"},{"id":"mucosal-melanoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Mucosal melanoma","aka":"Melanoma of mucous membranes\nSinonasal melanoma\nOral mucosal melanoma\nAnorectal melanoma\nVulvovaginal melanoma","tldr":"Mucosal melanoma grows on the moist linings of the nose, mouth, anus or genital tract rather than on sun-exposed skin, so it is found late and carries fewer of the mutations that make skin melanoma visible to the immune system. Immunotherapy helps less often than in skin melanoma; a minority of tumours has a KIT mutation that the pill imatinib can target.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/mucosal-melanoma/","parent":"melanoma"},{"id":"acral-melanoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Acral melanoma","aka":"Acral lentiginous melanoma\nMelanoma of the palms, soles and nail beds\nSubungual melanoma","tldr":"Acral melanoma grows on the soles, palms or under a nail, places without sun exposure, and it is the commonest melanoma in people with darker skin. It is often mistaken for a wart, bruise or fungal nail and so found late; treatment follows skin melanoma, but immunotherapy works less often because the tumour carries fewer mutations.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/acral-melanoma/","parent":"melanoma"},{"id":"advanced-cutaneous-scc","kind":"cancer","name":"Advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","aka":"Locally advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma\nMetastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma\nAdvanced cSCC\nUnresectable skin squamous cell carcinoma","tldr":"Advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is a skin cancer that has grown beyond what surgery or radiotherapy can remove or has spread to lymph nodes or organs. Because sun damage gives it more mutations than almost any other cancer, immunotherapy works well: cemiplimab or pembrolizumab shrinks about half of tumours, often for years, and cemiplimab before surgery can make large tumours vanish.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/advanced-cutaneous-scc/","parent":"cutaneous-scc"},{"id":"locally-advanced-bcc","kind":"cancer","name":"Locally advanced and metastatic basal cell carcinoma","aka":"Advanced basal cell carcinoma\nUnresectable basal cell carcinoma\nMetastatic basal cell carcinoma\nHedgehog inhibitor-treated basal cell carcinoma","tldr":"Locally advanced basal cell carcinoma is a skin cancer that has grown so large or deep, usually on the face, that surgery or radiotherapy can no longer remove it without unacceptable damage. Almost all these tumours depend on the hedgehog growth pathway, and the pills vismodegib and sonidegib shrink about four in ten of them; cemiplimab is used when the pills fail or cannot be tolerated.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/locally-advanced-bcc/","parent":"basal-cell-carcinoma"},{"id":"dermatofibrosarcoma-protuberans","kind":"cancer","name":"Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans","aka":"DFSP\nBednar tumour (pigmented dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans)\nFibrosarcomatous dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans","tldr":"Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is a rare, slow-growing cancer of the deeper skin that usually appears as a firm plaque or lump on the trunk and is often mistaken for a scar or cyst for years. Surgery with wide margins cures most people; for the few whose tumour cannot be removed or has spread, the pill imatinib works because almost every one is driven by a single gene fusion it blocks.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/dermatofibrosarcoma-protuberans/","parent":"sarcoma"},{"id":"combi-d","kind":"trial","name":"COMBI-d","aka":"","tldr":"COMBI-d showed that adding a MEK inhibitor to a BRAF inhibitor delays progression and lengthens life in BRAF-mutant melanoma, and that the pairing causes fewer of the skin cancers that BRAF inhibitors alone provoke.","tags":"","route":"/trials/combi-d/","status":"positive","cancers":"braf-v600-melanoma advanced-melanoma melanoma"},{"id":"cobrim","kind":"trial","name":"coBRIM","aka":"","tldr":"coBRIM showed that adding cobimetinib to vemurafenib gives people with BRAF-mutant melanoma about five more months before the disease grows and about five more months of life.","tags":"","route":"/trials/cobrim/","status":"positive","cancers":"braf-v600-melanoma advanced-melanoma melanoma"},{"id":"checkmate-238","kind":"trial","name":"CheckMate 238","aka":"","tldr":"CheckMate 238 showed that a year of nivolumab after melanoma surgery prevents more relapses than the older drug ipilimumab, with far fewer serious side effects, and it made PD-1 blockade the standard adjuvant treatment.","tags":"","route":"/trials/checkmate-238/","status":"positive","cancers":"stage-iii-melanoma melanoma"},{"id":"checkmate-204","kind":"trial","name":"CheckMate 204","aka":"","tldr":"CheckMate 204 showed that the nivolumab and ipilimumab combination can shrink melanoma deposits in the brain in more than half of people whose brain metastases are not yet causing symptoms, so many can delay or avoid brain radiotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/trials/checkmate-204/","status":"positive","cancers":"advanced-melanoma secondary-brain-tumours melanoma"},{"id":"empower-cscc-1","kind":"trial","name":"EMPOWER-CSCC-1","aka":"","tldr":"EMPOWER-CSCC-1 showed that cemiplimab shrinks almost half of advanced skin squamous cell cancers, most of them for years, and it gave this cancer its first approved drug.","tags":"","route":"/trials/empower-cscc-1/","status":"positive","cancers":"advanced-cutaneous-scc cutaneous-scc skin-cancer"},{"id":"keynote-629","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-629","aka":"","tldr":"KEYNOTE-629 showed that pembrolizumab shrinks about a third of recurrent or metastatic skin squamous cell cancers and half of locally advanced ones, giving a second immunotherapy option after cemiplimab.","tags":"","route":"/trials/keynote-629/","status":"positive","cancers":"advanced-cutaneous-scc cutaneous-scc skin-cancer"},{"id":"erivance","kind":"trial","name":"ERIVANCE BCC","aka":"","tldr":"ERIVANCE showed that a pill blocking the hedgehog pathway shrinks most advanced basal cell carcinomas that surgery and radiotherapy can no longer control, and it produced the first approved drug for this cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/erivance/","status":"positive","cancers":"locally-advanced-bcc basal-cell-carcinoma skin-cancer"},{"id":"bolt","kind":"trial","name":"BOLT","aka":"","tldr":"BOLT showed that sonidegib, a second hedgehog pathway pill, shrinks about four in ten locally advanced basal cell carcinomas at its lower dose, and that the higher dose adds side effects rather than responses.","tags":"","route":"/trials/bolt/","status":"positive","cancers":"locally-advanced-bcc basal-cell-carcinoma skin-cancer"},{"id":"javelin-merkel-200","kind":"trial","name":"JAVELIN Merkel 200","aka":"","tldr":"JAVELIN Merkel 200 showed that the PD-L1 antibody avelumab shrinks about a third of Merkel cell carcinomas that have already failed chemotherapy, most of them durably, and it produced the first approved drug for this cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/javelin-merkel-200/","status":"positive","cancers":"merkel-cell-carcinoma skin-cancer"},{"id":"keynote-017","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-017 (Cancer Immunotherapy Trials Network 09)","aka":"","tldr":"KEYNOTE-017 showed that pembrolizumab given as the first treatment shrinks more than half of advanced Merkel cell carcinomas, whether or not the tumour carries the Merkel cell polyomavirus.","tags":"","route":"/trials/keynote-017/","status":"positive","cancers":"merkel-cell-carcinoma skin-cancer"},{"id":"egfr-mutant-nsclc","kind":"cancer","name":"EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer","aka":"EGFR-mutant lung cancer\nEGFR-positive NSCLC\nEGFR exon 19 deletion lung cancer\nEGFR L858R lung cancer\nEGFR exon 20 insertion lung cancer","tldr":"EGFR-mutated lung cancer is driven by a single faulty growth receptor and is treated first with a pill rather than chemotherapy. Osimertinib keeps the disease under control for about a year and a half on average, adding chemotherapy or the antibody amivantamab extends that further, and three years of osimertinib after surgery roughly halves the risk of death in early-stage disease.","tags":"subtype-page lung","route":"/cancers/egfr-mutant-nsclc/","parent":"nsclc"},{"id":"alk-positive-nsclc","kind":"cancer","name":"ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","aka":"ALK-rearranged lung cancer\nALK fusion NSCLC\nEML4-ALK lung cancer\nALK+ NSCLC","tldr":"ALK-positive lung cancer is driven by a fused ALK gene and is treated with a pill from the start. The newest inhibitors keep the disease under control for years, with lorlatinib holding six in ten patients progression-free at five years, and two years of alectinib after surgery cuts recurrence by three quarters.","tags":"subtype-page lung","route":"/cancers/alk-positive-nsclc/","parent":"nsclc"},{"id":"kras-g12c-nsclc","kind":"cancer","name":"KRAS G12C-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","aka":"KRAS G12C lung cancer\nKRAS-mutant NSCLC\nKRAS p.G12C non-small-cell lung cancer","tldr":"KRAS G12C lung cancer carries a mutation that was thought impossible to drug for forty years. Sotorasib and adagrasib now shrink about four in ten tumours after chemotherapy and immunotherapy, though the benefit is measured in months, and newer inhibitors and first-line combinations with immunotherapy are in trials.","tags":"subtype-page lung","route":"/cancers/kras-g12c-nsclc/","parent":"nsclc"},{"id":"ros1-positive-nsclc","kind":"cancer","name":"ROS1-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","aka":"ROS1-rearranged lung cancer\nROS1 fusion NSCLC\nCD74-ROS1 lung cancer","tldr":"ROS1-positive lung cancer is a rare fusion-driven adenocarcinoma treated with a pill. Crizotinib was the first, and the newer drugs repotrectinib and taletrectinib control the disease for about three years, reach the brain and work against the resistance mutation that defeated the older drugs.","tags":"subtype-page lung","route":"/cancers/ros1-positive-nsclc/","parent":"nsclc"},{"id":"met-altered-nsclc","kind":"cancer","name":"MET exon 14 and MET-amplified non-small-cell lung cancer","aka":"MET exon 14 skipping lung cancer\nMETex14 NSCLC\nMET-amplified lung cancer\nc-Met overexpressing NSCLC","tldr":"MET-driven lung cancer comes in three forms: an exon 14 skipping mutation treated with the pills capmatinib or tepotinib, MET amplification that often arises as an escape route from EGFR drugs, and high c-Met protein levels that the antibody-drug conjugate telisotuzumab vedotin targets.","tags":"subtype-page lung","route":"/cancers/met-altered-nsclc/","parent":"nsclc"},{"id":"ret-fusion-nsclc","kind":"cancer","name":"RET fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","aka":"RET-rearranged lung cancer\nKIF5B-RET lung cancer\nRET+ NSCLC","tldr":"RET fusion lung cancer is a rare adenocarcinoma driven by a fused RET gene. The selective pill selpercatinib shrinks most tumours and more than doubles the time to progression compared with chemotherapy and immunotherapy, and pralsetinib is a second option.","tags":"subtype-page lung","route":"/cancers/ret-fusion-nsclc/","parent":"nsclc"},{"id":"braf-v600e-nsclc","kind":"cancer","name":"BRAF V600E-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","aka":"BRAF-mutant lung cancer\nBRAF V600E NSCLC\nBRAF V600-mutated lung adenocarcinoma","tldr":"BRAF V600E lung cancer carries the same mutation as many melanomas and is treated with the same pairs of pills that block BRAF and MEK together. Dabrafenib with trametinib and encorafenib with binimetinib each shrink about two thirds to three quarters of untreated tumours.","tags":"subtype-page lung","route":"/cancers/braf-v600e-nsclc/","parent":"nsclc"},{"id":"her2-mutant-nsclc","kind":"cancer","name":"HER2-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","aka":"ERBB2-mutant lung cancer\nHER2 exon 20 insertion NSCLC\nHER2-positive lung adenocarcinoma","tldr":"HER2-mutant lung cancer carries a mutation in the same receptor that drives HER2-positive breast cancer, but the breast cancer antibodies alone did little here. The antibody-drug conjugate trastuzumab deruxtecan shrinks about half of tumours after chemotherapy, and the pill zongertinib about seven in ten, and both are approved.","tags":"subtype-page lung","route":"/cancers/her2-mutant-nsclc/","parent":"nsclc"},{"id":"ntrk-fusion-nsclc","kind":"cancer","name":"NTRK fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","aka":"NTRK-rearranged lung cancer\nTRK fusion lung cancer\nNTRK1, NTRK2 or NTRK3 fusion NSCLC","tldr":"NTRK fusion lung cancer is very rare and is treated with the same TRK-blocking pills approved for any cancer with the fusion: larotrectinib, entrectinib or repotrectinib shrink most tumours, including in the brain, so the point is to test broadly enough to find it.","tags":"subtype-page lung","route":"/cancers/ntrk-fusion-nsclc/","parent":"nsclc"},{"id":"pdl1-high-nsclc","kind":"cancer","name":"PD-L1-high non-small-cell lung cancer without a driver mutation","aka":"PD-L1 50 percent or more NSCLC\nPD-L1-high lung cancer\nDriver-negative PD-L1-high non-small-cell lung cancer\nImmunotherapy-eligible lung cancer","tldr":"Lung cancers that carry a lot of PD-L1 and no targetable mutation can be treated with an immunotherapy antibody alone instead of chemotherapy. Pembrolizumab keeps about a third of patients alive at five years, roughly double what chemotherapy achieved, and adding chemotherapy is reserved for those who need a fast response.","tags":"subtype-page lung","route":"/cancers/pdl1-high-nsclc/","parent":"nsclc"},{"id":"resectable-nsclc","kind":"cancer","name":"Resectable stage I to III non-small-cell lung cancer","aka":"Early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer\nOperable lung cancer\nStage I, II and IIIA NSCLC\nPerioperative NSCLC","tldr":"Lung cancer caught before it has spread is treated with surgery, now often keyhole or robotic and sometimes removing only part of a lobe. Immunotherapy given before and after the operation, or a targeted pill afterwards for EGFR or ALK tumours, cuts the chance of the cancer coming back by between a third and four fifths.","tags":"subtype-page lung","route":"/cancers/resectable-nsclc/","parent":"nsclc"},{"id":"stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc","kind":"cancer","name":"Unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer","aka":"Locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer\nInoperable stage III NSCLC\nStage IIIB and IIIC NSCLC","tldr":"Stage III lung cancer that cannot be removed is treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy together, aiming at cure. A year of the immunotherapy antibody durvalumab afterwards raised five-year survival from a third to over 40 percent, and for EGFR-mutated tumours osimertinib after chemoradiation holds the disease for years.","tags":"subtype-page lung","route":"/cancers/stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc/","parent":"nsclc"},{"id":"limited-stage-sclc","kind":"cancer","name":"Limited-stage small-cell lung cancer","aka":"LS-SCLC\nLimited-disease small-cell lung cancer\nStage I to III small-cell lung cancer","tldr":"Small-cell lung cancer that is still confined to one side of the chest is treated to cure with chemotherapy and radiotherapy given together. Adding two years of the immunotherapy antibody durvalumab afterwards lengthened median survival from under three years to over four and a half, the first improvement in this disease in decades.","tags":"subtype-page lung","route":"/cancers/limited-stage-sclc/","parent":"sclc"},{"id":"extensive-stage-sclc","kind":"cancer","name":"Extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer","aka":"ES-SCLC\nExtensive-disease small-cell lung cancer\nMetastatic small-cell lung cancer\nStage IV small-cell lung cancer","tldr":"Small-cell lung cancer that has spread responds fast to chemotherapy but almost always returns within a year. Adding an immunotherapy antibody to first-line chemotherapy helps a minority live for years, and the T-cell engager tarlatamab, which points immune cells at the DLL3 protein on the cancer, has for the first time lengthened life after relapse.","tags":"subtype-page lung","route":"/cancers/extensive-stage-sclc/","parent":"sclc"},{"id":"flaura","kind":"trial","name":"FLAURA","aka":"","tldr":"FLAURA showed that starting with the third-generation EGFR drug osimertinib, rather than saving it for later, kept lung cancer under control for almost twice as long and helped people live longer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/flaura/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"alex","kind":"trial","name":"ALEX","aka":"","tldr":"ALEX showed that alectinib, a second-generation ALK drug that gets into the brain, kept ALK-positive lung cancer under control for about three years against less than one with crizotinib, and cut brain progression by three quarters.","tags":"","route":"/trials/alex/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc alk-positive-nsclc"},{"id":"alta-1l","kind":"trial","name":"ALTA-1L","aka":"","tldr":"ALTA-1L showed that brigatinib more than doubled the time ALK-positive lung cancer stayed under control compared with crizotinib, with strong activity against brain metastases.","tags":"","route":"/trials/alta-1l/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc alk-positive-nsclc"},{"id":"keynote-042","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-042","aka":"","tldr":"KEYNOTE-042 extended pembrolizumab alone to any lung cancer with at least 1 percent PD-L1, but the survival gain came almost entirely from the tumours with 50 percent or more, so chemotherapy is still added for the rest.","tags":"","route":"/trials/keynote-042/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc pdl1-high-nsclc"},{"id":"empower-lung-1","kind":"trial","name":"EMPOWER-Lung 1","aka":"","tldr":"EMPOWER-Lung 1 showed that cemiplimab, a third PD-1 antibody, lengthens life compared with chemotherapy in lung cancers with high PD-L1, reproducing the pembrolizumab result with a different drug.","tags":"","route":"/trials/empower-lung-1/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc pdl1-high-nsclc"},{"id":"geometry-mono-1","kind":"trial","name":"GEOMETRY mono-1","aka":"","tldr":"GEOMETRY mono-1 showed that capmatinib shrinks two thirds of untreated lung cancers with a MET exon 14 skipping mutation and about four in ten after chemotherapy, which made MET exon 14 the seventh lung cancer driver with an approved targeted drug.","tags":"","route":"/trials/geometry-mono-1/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc met-altered-nsclc"},{"id":"pharos","kind":"trial","name":"PHAROS","aka":"","tldr":"PHAROS showed that the melanoma combination encorafenib and binimetinib shrinks three quarters of untreated BRAF V600E lung cancers and nearly half of previously treated ones, giving a second approved BRAF plus MEK pair for lung cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/pharos/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc braf-v600e-nsclc"},{"id":"destiny-lung02","kind":"trial","name":"DESTINY-Lung02","aka":"","tldr":"DESTINY-Lung02 confirmed that the antibody-drug conjugate trastuzumab deruxtecan shrinks about half of HER2-mutant lung cancers after chemotherapy and that the lower dose works as well with less lung inflammation.","tags":"","route":"/trials/destiny-lung02/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc her2-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"beamion-lung-1","kind":"trial","name":"Beamion LUNG-1","aka":"","tldr":"Beamion LUNG-1 showed that zongertinib, a pill that blocks mutant HER2 while sparing EGFR, shrinks about seven in ten HER2-mutant lung cancers after chemotherapy, and it became the first oral HER2 drug approved for lung cancer.","tags":"","route":"/trials/beamion-lung-1/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc her2-mutant-nsclc"},{"id":"calgb-140503","kind":"trial","name":"CALGB 140503 (Alliance)","aka":"","tldr":"CALGB 140503 showed that removing only part of a lobe is as good as removing the whole lobe for small peripheral lung cancers, so screen-detected tumours can be cured with less lung taken out.","tags":"","route":"/trials/calgb-140503/","status":"positive","cancers":"nsclc resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"hr-positive-early-high-risk","kind":"cancer","name":"High-risk early HR-positive breast cancer","aka":"High-risk early hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer\nNode-positive luminal breast cancer\nStage II to III HR-positive breast cancer","tldr":"Most hormone-driven breast cancers are cured with surgery, radiotherapy and five to ten years of endocrine tablets. Women whose tumours are larger, higher grade or have reached the lymph nodes face a higher risk of relapse: two to three years of a CDK4/6 inhibitor added to endocrine therapy cuts recurrence, and genomic tests such as Oncotype DX and MammaPrint decide who also needs chemotherapy.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/hr-positive-early-high-risk/","parent":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46","kind":"cancer","name":"HR-positive metastatic breast cancer after CDK4/6 inhibitors","aka":"Endocrine-resistant metastatic breast cancer\nESR1-mutant breast cancer\nPIK3CA-mutant breast cancer\nAKT pathway-altered breast cancer\nSecond-line HR-positive metastatic breast cancer","tldr":"When hormone-positive breast cancer grows through a CDK4/6 inhibitor, a blood test picks the next drug. Tumours with an acquired ESR1 mutation respond to the oral degraders elacestrant, camizestrant and imlunestrant; tumours with PIK3CA, AKT1 or PTEN changes to capivasertib, inavolisib or alpelisib; and once endocrine options run out, antibody-drug conjugates come before chemotherapy.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46/","parent":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"her2-low-metastatic-breast-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"HER2-low and HER2-ultralow metastatic breast cancer","aka":"HER2 IHC 1+ or 2+ ISH-negative breast cancer\nMetastatic breast cancer with low HER2 expression","tldr":"HER2-low is not a new kind of breast cancer but a new way of reading an old test: tumours once called HER2-negative that carry a little HER2 protein. That trace is enough for the antibody-drug conjugate trastuzumab deruxtecan to deliver its chemotherapy payload, and since 2022 it has been the standard for these patients after endocrine therapy or a first chemotherapy.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/her2-low-metastatic-breast-cancer/","parent":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"her2-positive-early-breast-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Early HER2-positive breast cancer","aka":"Stage I to III HER2-positive breast cancer\nOperable HER2-positive breast cancer\nHER2-positive breast cancer treated with curative intent","tldr":"HER2-positive breast cancer caught early is usually cured. Chemotherapy with the antibodies trastuzumab and pertuzumab comes before surgery; if the tumour has gone by then, antibodies alone finish the year, and if cancer remains, trastuzumab emtansine or trastuzumab deruxtecan take over. Small tumours get a gentler regimen, and trials now ask how much treatment can be left out.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/her2-positive-early-breast-cancer/","parent":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"her2-positive-breast-brain-metastases","kind":"cancer","name":"HER2-positive breast cancer with brain metastases","aka":"HER2-positive brain metastases\nCentral nervous system metastases from HER2-positive breast cancer\nIntracranial HER2-positive disease","tldr":"The brain is the weak point of HER2-positive breast cancer: antibodies control the rest of the body but cross poorly into the brain, so up to half of patients with advanced disease develop brain metastases. Tucatinib with trastuzumab and capecitabine was the first drug proven to help, and trastuzumab deruxtecan shrinks brain lesions in most patients.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/her2-positive-breast-brain-metastases/","parent":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"tnbc-early","kind":"cancer","name":"Early triple-negative breast cancer","aka":"Stage I to III triple-negative breast cancer\nOperable triple-negative breast cancer\nCurable TNBC","tldr":"Early triple-negative breast cancer is treated to cure. For tumours over 2 cm or with node involvement, chemotherapy plus the immunotherapy pembrolizumab before and after surgery has raised cure rates; BRCA carriers with cancer left at surgery add a year of olaparib, and others with residual cancer are offered capecitabine. Whether the tumour has vanished by surgery guides what comes next.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/tnbc-early/","parent":"tnbc"},{"id":"tnbc-metastatic","kind":"cancer","name":"Metastatic triple-negative breast cancer","aka":"Advanced triple-negative breast cancer\nStage IV TNBC\nRecurrent triple-negative breast cancer","tldr":"The treatment of triple-negative breast cancer that has spread has been transformed since 2020, though it is not yet curable. By PD-L1 score, first treatment is pembrolizumab with chemotherapy or with sacituzumab govitecan, or datopotamab deruxtecan or sacituzumab govitecan alone; BRCA carriers can take a PARP inhibitor tablet; and trastuzumab deruxtecan reaches the third of tumours with low HER2.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/tnbc-metastatic/","parent":"tnbc"},{"id":"inflammatory-breast-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Inflammatory breast cancer","aka":"IBC\nT4d breast cancer\nInflammatory carcinoma of the breast","tldr":"Inflammatory breast cancer does not usually form a lump. The breast becomes red, swollen, warm and heavy over weeks, with skin thickened like orange peel, because cancer cells have blocked the lymph channels in the skin. It is often mistaken for infection, is always at least stage III, and needs chemotherapy first, then mastectomy and radiotherapy, with HER2 or immune drugs added by subtype.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/inflammatory-breast-cancer/","parent":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"paget-disease-of-the-nipple","kind":"cancer","name":"Paget disease of the nipple","aka":"Mammary Paget disease\nPaget's disease of the breast\nPaget disease of the nipple-areola complex","tldr":"Paget disease of the nipple looks like eczema: a scaly, red, itchy or weeping patch on the nipple that creams do not heal. Cancer cells have spread along the milk ducts into the nipple skin, and in most cases a ductal carcinoma in situ or invasive cancer lies underneath. Surgery removes the nipple and areola with the disease beneath, by mastectomy or central breast conservation with radiotherapy.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/paget-disease-of-the-nipple/","parent":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"phyllodes-tumour","kind":"cancer","name":"Phyllodes tumour of the breast","aka":"Cystosarcoma phyllodes (historical)\nFibroepithelial tumour of the breast\nMalignant phyllodes tumour","tldr":"A phyllodes tumour is a fast-growing, usually painless breast lump of gland and connective tissue that forms leaf-like fronds. Most are benign, some borderline and a few malignant, behaving like a sarcoma and spreading through the blood. Treatment is surgery with a rim of normal tissue; radiotherapy is considered for higher grades, and chemotherapy has little proven role.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/phyllodes-tumour/","parent":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"train-2","kind":"trial","name":"TRAIN-2","aka":"","tldr":"TRAIN-2 showed that HER2-positive breast cancer can be treated before surgery without an anthracycline: carboplatin and paclitaxel with the two HER2 antibodies made the tumour disappear as often as an anthracycline regimen did, with less harm to the heart.","tags":"","route":"/trials/train-2/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-her2-positive her2-positive-early-breast-cancer"},{"id":"kristine","kind":"trial","name":"KRISTINE","aka":"","tldr":"KRISTINE tested whether an antibody-drug conjugate could replace chemotherapy before surgery in HER2-positive breast cancer and found it could not: fewer tumours disappeared and more grew before the operation.","tags":"failure lesson:selection","route":"/trials/kristine/","status":"negative","cancers":"breast-her2-positive her2-positive-early-breast-cancer"},{"id":"olympiad","kind":"trial","name":"OlympiAD","aka":"","tldr":"OlympiAD was the first trial to show a PARP inhibitor tablet beats chemotherapy in breast cancer, delaying progression by about three months in women with an inherited BRCA mutation and with fewer side effects, though it did not lengthen life overall.","tags":"","route":"/trials/olympiad/","status":"positive","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive tnbc-metastatic hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46"},{"id":"embraca","kind":"trial","name":"EMBRACA","aka":"","tldr":"EMBRACA showed that the PARP inhibitor talazoparib delays progression by about three months compared with chemotherapy in women with an inherited BRCA mutation and advanced breast cancer, with better quality of life but no gain in overall survival.","tags":"","route":"/trials/embraca/","status":"positive","cancers":"tnbc breast-hr-positive tnbc-metastatic hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46"},{"id":"impassion031","kind":"trial","name":"IMpassion031","aka":"","tldr":"IMpassion031 showed that adding the immune drug atezolizumab to chemotherapy before surgery for early triple-negative breast cancer raised the share of women whose tumour had disappeared at surgery from 41 to 58 percent, whatever their PD-L1 status.","tags":"","route":"/trials/impassion031/","status":"positive","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"chondrosarcoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Chondrosarcoma","aka":"Cartilage sarcoma\nAtypical cartilaginous tumour (grade 1, limbs)\nDedifferentiated chondrosarcoma\nMesenchymal chondrosarcoma","tldr":"Chondrosarcoma is a cancer of cartilage-forming cells in bone. It is nearly immune to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, so complete surgery is the treatment, with proton or carbon-ion beams for skull base and spine tumours that cannot be fully removed. Half of conventional tumours carry an IDH mutation, and the IDH1 blocker ivosidenib is in a phase 3 trial.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/chondrosarcoma/","parent":"sarcoma"},{"id":"angiosarcoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Angiosarcoma","aka":"Haemangiosarcoma\nLymphangiosarcoma\nStewart-Treves syndrome (lymphoedema-associated angiosarcoma)\nRadiation-associated angiosarcoma","tldr":"Angiosarcoma is an aggressive vascular tumour, a cancer of the cells that line blood and lymph vessels. It grows as bruise-like patches on the scalp of older people, in breasts treated years earlier with radiotherapy, or inside organs. Surgery and radiotherapy are used where possible, weekly paclitaxel is the most active drug, and immunotherapy helps a minority with the sun-damaged scalp form.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/angiosarcoma/","parent":"vascular-tumours"},{"id":"undifferentiated-pleomorphic-sarcoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS)","aka":"UPS\nMalignant fibrous histiocytoma (historic)\nMFH\nPleomorphic sarcoma, not otherwise specified","tldr":"Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma is the diagnosis for a high-grade soft tissue sarcoma whose cells show no recognisable line of differentiation. It is treated with surgery and radiotherapy, with doxorubicin-based chemotherapy for high-risk or spread disease, and it is one of the few sarcomas in which the immunotherapy drug pembrolizumab has clear activity.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/undifferentiated-pleomorphic-sarcoma/","parent":"sarcoma"},{"id":"myxofibrosarcoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Myxofibrosarcoma","aka":"MFS\nMyxoid malignant fibrous histiocytoma (historic)","tldr":"Myxofibrosarcoma is a sarcoma of older people that grows just beneath the skin of the limbs and sends invisible tails along the tissue planes, so it comes back after surgery more often than any other sarcoma. Wide surgery guided by MRI, usually with radiotherapy, is the treatment; chemotherapy is reserved for spread disease.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/myxofibrosarcoma/","parent":"sarcoma"},{"id":"alveolar-soft-part-sarcoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Alveolar soft part sarcoma","aka":"ASPS\nASPSCR1-TFE3 sarcoma","tldr":"Alveolar soft part sarcoma is a rare, slow-growing cancer of young adults driven by a single fusion gene, ASPSCR1-TFE3, that switches on blood vessel growth. Chemotherapy does not work, but drugs that block the tumour's blood supply shrink it, and in 2023 the immunotherapy atezolizumab became the first drug approved for it.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/alveolar-soft-part-sarcoma/","parent":"sarcoma"},{"id":"pecoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Perivascular epithelioid cell tumour (PEComa)","aka":"PEComa\nMalignant PEComa\nAngiomyolipoma and lymphangioleiomyomatosis (PEComa family)","tldr":"PEComa is a rare tumour, grouped with the sarcomas, of cells that sit around blood vessels and share features of muscle and pigment cells. Most are benign, but malignant ones spread and resist chemotherapy. They usually have lost the TSC1 or TSC2 brake on the growth signal mTOR, and in 2021 the mTOR blocker nab-sirolimus became the first approved treatment.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/pecoma/","parent":"sarcoma"},{"id":"epithelioid-haemangioendothelioma","kind":"cancer","name":"Epithelioid haemangioendothelioma","aka":"EHE\nWWTR1-CAMTA1 sarcoma\nYAP1-TFE3 haemangioendothelioma","tldr":"Epithelioid haemangioendothelioma is a rare vascular cancer driven by a fusion gene, usually WWTR1-CAMTA1, that behaves unpredictably: some tumours sit unchanged for years while others spread quickly. Stable disease is watched, localised tumours are removed, liver-only disease can be transplanted, and mTOR blockers such as sirolimus are the most used drugs when treatment is needed.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/epithelioid-haemangioendothelioma/","parent":"vascular-tumours"},{"id":"malignant-peripheral-nerve-sheath-tumour","kind":"cancer","name":"Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (MPNST)","aka":"MPNST\nNeurofibrosarcoma (historic)\nMalignant schwannoma (historic)","tldr":"Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour is a sarcoma that grows from the covering of a nerve, most often in people with neurofibromatosis type 1 when a benign plexiform neurofibroma turns malignant. Surgery with radiotherapy is the only cure; chemotherapy with doxorubicin and ifosfamide shrinks some tumours, and drugs targeting the tumour's lost NF1 and PRC2 brakes are in trials.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/malignant-peripheral-nerve-sheath-tumour/","parent":"sarcoma"},{"id":"retroperitoneal-sarcoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Retroperitoneal sarcoma","aka":"Retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma\nRPS\nAbdominal sarcoma","tldr":"Retroperitoneal sarcomas grow silently at the back of the abdomen until they are the size of a melon. The treatment is one carefully planned operation in a sarcoma centre that removes the tumour with the neighbouring organs it touches. The STRASS trial showed radiotherapy before surgery does not help overall; a second trial is testing chemotherapy before surgery in the most aggressive types.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/retroperitoneal-sarcoma/","parent":"sarcoma"},{"id":"extremity-soft-tissue-sarcoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity (localised and advanced)","aka":"Limb sarcoma\nExtremity STS\nLocalised soft tissue sarcoma\nAdvanced soft tissue sarcoma","tldr":"Most soft tissue sarcomas arise in an arm or leg. Limb-saving surgery with radiotherapy cures most localised tumours and is as safe as amputation. For spread disease doxorubicin is the backbone: adding ifosfamide shrinks more tumours without lengthening life, and in leiomyosarcoma adding trabectedin doubles the time the disease stays controlled.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/cancers/extremity-soft-tissue-sarcoma/","parent":"sarcoma"},{"id":"strass","kind":"trial","name":"STRASS (EORTC 62092)","aka":"","tldr":"The first randomised trial in retroperitoneal sarcoma found that radiotherapy before surgery did not reduce recurrence in the abdomen, ending a decades-long debate for most patients.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/trials/strass/","status":"negative","cancers":"retroperitoneal-sarcoma liposarcoma leiomyosarcoma sarcoma"},{"id":"eortc-62012","kind":"trial","name":"EORTC 62012","aka":"","tldr":"Adding ifosfamide to doxorubicin shrank more sarcomas and delayed progression but did not significantly lengthen life, so doxorubicin alone stayed the standard unless a tumour needs to shrink.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/trials/eortc-62012/","status":"completed","cancers":"extremity-soft-tissue-sarcoma undifferentiated-pleomorphic-sarcoma malignant-peripheral-nerve-sheath-tumour sarcoma"},{"id":"lms-04","kind":"trial","name":"LMS-04","aka":"","tldr":"In leiomyosarcoma, adding trabectedin to doxorubicin roughly doubled the time the disease stayed controlled, the first randomised first-line gain in this sarcoma in decades.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/trials/lms-04/","status":"positive","cancers":"leiomyosarcoma uterine-sarcoma extremity-soft-tissue-sarcoma retroperitoneal-sarcoma sarcoma"},{"id":"angiotax","kind":"trial","name":"ANGIOTAX","aka":"","tldr":"A small French trial showed weekly paclitaxel controls angiosarcoma in most patients for a few months, making it the standard drug for this rare vascular cancer.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/trials/angiotax/","status":"completed","cancers":"angiosarcoma vascular-tumours sarcoma"},{"id":"enliven","kind":"trial","name":"ENLIVEN","aka":"","tldr":"The CSF1R blocker pexidartinib shrank tenosynovial giant cell tumours in about four in ten patients against none on placebo, becoming the first approved drug for this joint tumour, with a liver-safety programme attached.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/trials/enliven/","status":"positive","cancers":"tenosynovial-giant-cell-tumour sarcoma"},{"id":"ampect","kind":"trial","name":"AMPECT","aka":"","tldr":"A single-arm trial of albumin-bound sirolimus in the ultra-rare tumour PEComa produced lasting responses in about four in ten patients and won the first approval for the disease.","tags":"subtype-page","route":"/trials/ampect/","status":"positive","cancers":"pecoma sarcoma"},{"id":"all-paediatric-standard-risk","kind":"cancer","name":"Standard-risk B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children","aka":"NCI standard-risk B-ALL\nAverage-risk childhood ALL\nLow-risk childhood ALL","tldr":"Standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the commonest and most curable childhood cancer: a child aged one to nine with a modest white cell count and favourable genetics. Two to three years of chemotherapy cures about nine in ten, and adding the immune drug blinatumomab to the chemotherapy in the AALL1731 trial cut relapses further.","tags":"subtype-page paediatric","route":"/cancers/all-paediatric-standard-risk/","parent":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"all-paediatric-high-risk","kind":"cancer","name":"High-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children (high-risk B-ALL and T-ALL)","aka":"NCI high-risk B-ALL\nVery high-risk childhood ALL\nChildhood T-cell ALL\nT-ALL in children","tldr":"High-risk childhood leukaemia means a child aged ten or over, a very high white cell count, T-cell disease, spread to the brain or testes, or adverse genetics, and it is treated with longer and more intensive chemotherapy. Most children are still cured; the T-cell form gained the drug nelarabine after the AALL0434 trial, and cranial radiotherapy has been dropped for almost everyone.","tags":"subtype-page paediatric","route":"/cancers/all-paediatric-high-risk/","parent":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"all-paediatric-ph-positive","kind":"cancer","name":"Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children (Ph-positive ALL)","aka":"Ph+ ALL in children\nBCR::ABL1-positive childhood ALL\nPaediatric Ph-positive ALL","tldr":"Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukaemia carries the same faulty BCR::ABL1 gene as chronic myeloid leukaemia. Until 2000 most children with it needed a bone marrow transplant; adding the targeted pill imatinib to chemotherapy, and then dasatinib, means most are now cured without one.","tags":"subtype-page paediatric","route":"/cancers/all-paediatric-ph-positive/","parent":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"all-ph-like","kind":"cancer","name":"Philadelphia chromosome-like acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (Ph-like or BCR::ABL1-like ALL)","aka":"Ph-like ALL\nBCR::ABL1-like ALL\nB-ALL with BCR::ABL1-like features","tldr":"Ph-like leukaemia behaves like Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukaemia, with the same kind of overactive growth signalling, but lacks the BCR::ABL1 gene itself. It is caused by a scattered set of gene fusions and mutations, many of them blockable by existing kinase pills such as dasatinib or ruxolitinib, and it is now screened for at diagnosis so those drugs can be tried.","tags":"subtype-page paediatric","route":"/cancers/all-ph-like/","parent":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"all-infant","kind":"cancer","name":"Infant acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (KMT2A-rearranged, under one year)","aka":"Infant ALL\nKMT2A-rearranged infant leukaemia\nMLL-rearranged infant ALL","tldr":"Leukaemia diagnosed in the first year of life is a different disease from leukaemia in older children: most cases carry a broken KMT2A gene and respond poorly to chemotherapy, and fewer than half of infants were cured for twenty years. One course of the immune drug blinatumomab after induction raised two-year disease-free survival from about half to over 80 percent in a pilot study.","tags":"subtype-page paediatric","route":"/cancers/all-infant/","parent":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"all-paediatric-relapsed","kind":"cancer","name":"Relapsed and refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children","aka":"Relapsed childhood ALL\nRefractory paediatric B-ALL\nSecond-line childhood ALL","tldr":"When childhood leukaemia comes back, chemotherapy alone cures fewer than half. Three immune treatments changed this: blinatumomab, which links the child's T-cells to leukaemia cells and beat chemotherapy in two trials; tisagenlecleucel, the first approved CAR T-cell therapy, which put over eight in ten pretreated children into remission; and the antibody-drug conjugate inotuzumab ozogamicin.","tags":"subtype-page paediatric","route":"/cancers/all-paediatric-relapsed/","parent":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"aml-paediatric","kind":"cancer","name":"Acute myeloid leukaemia in children","aka":"Childhood AML\nPaediatric AML\nPediatric acute myeloid leukemia","tldr":"Acute myeloid leukaemia in children carries gene fusions rather than the mutations of ageing, is treated with four or five intensive courses of chemotherapy, and cures around two thirds of children. Adding gemtuzumab ozogamicin lowered relapse in the AAML0531 trial, and the menin inhibitor revumenib is the first targeted drug approved for the KMT2A-rearranged form common in young children.","tags":"subtype-page paediatric","route":"/cancers/aml-paediatric/","parent":"aml"},{"id":"neuroblastoma-low-risk","kind":"cancer","name":"Low-risk neuroblastoma (INRG very low and low risk, including stage MS)","aka":"Very low-risk neuroblastoma\nStage MS neuroblastoma\nStage 4S neuroblastoma\nLocalised neuroblastoma in infants","tldr":"Low-risk neuroblastoma is the form found in infants and young children whose tumour has not spread beyond its site or, in the special stage MS pattern, has spread only to the liver, skin and a little marrow. Many of these tumours shrink and disappear on their own, so treatment is surgery, or simply watching, and almost every child survives.","tags":"subtype-page paediatric","route":"/cancers/neuroblastoma-low-risk/","parent":"neuroblastoma"},{"id":"neuroblastoma-intermediate-risk","kind":"cancer","name":"Intermediate-risk neuroblastoma","aka":"INRG intermediate-risk neuroblastoma\nUnresectable localised neuroblastoma\nStage M neuroblastoma in infants","tldr":"Intermediate-risk neuroblastoma sits between the tumours that go away on their own and the high-risk disease that needs everything. A few cycles of moderate chemotherapy followed by surgery cure most children, and trials have spent twenty years showing how few cycles are enough.","tags":"subtype-page paediatric","route":"/cancers/neuroblastoma-intermediate-risk/","parent":"neuroblastoma"},{"id":"neuroblastoma-high-risk","kind":"cancer","name":"High-risk neuroblastoma","aka":"INRG high-risk neuroblastoma\nMetastatic neuroblastoma\nMYCN-amplified neuroblastoma\nStage 4 neuroblastoma","tldr":"High-risk neuroblastoma has spread widely in a child over 18 months old or carries extra copies of the MYCN gene. Treatment lasts about 18 months and uses every tool: chemotherapy, surgery, high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue, radiotherapy, and the anti-GD2 antibody dinutuximab, which raised survival in ANBL0032; eflornithine, given afterwards, was approved in 2023 to lower relapse.","tags":"subtype-page paediatric","route":"/cancers/neuroblastoma-high-risk/","parent":"neuroblastoma"},{"id":"medulloblastoma-wnt","kind":"cancer","name":"WNT-activated medulloblastoma","aka":"WNT medulloblastoma\nWNT-subgroup medulloblastoma\nCTNNB1-mutant medulloblastoma","tldr":"WNT-activated medulloblastoma is the rarest and most curable of the four molecular groups of medulloblastoma, a brain tumour of the cerebellum. It is driven by a mutation in the beta-catenin gene that switches the WNT growth pathway on. Almost every child is cured with standard therapy, so current trials are asking how much radiotherapy and chemotherapy can be taken away.","tags":"subtype-page paediatric cns","route":"/cancers/medulloblastoma-wnt/","parent":"medulloblastoma"},{"id":"medulloblastoma-shh","kind":"cancer","name":"SHH-activated medulloblastoma","aka":"SHH medulloblastoma\nSonic hedgehog medulloblastoma\nDesmoplastic/nodular medulloblastoma\nSHH-activated TP53-mutant medulloblastoma","tldr":"SHH-activated medulloblastoma is driven by the sonic hedgehog growth pathway, the signal that normally tells the developing cerebellum to grow. In infants it is often cured with chemotherapy alone and no radiotherapy; in adults it responds for a time to hedgehog-blocking pills such as vismodegib; and when it carries a TP53 mutation in an older child, often inherited, it resists everything.","tags":"subtype-page paediatric cns","route":"/cancers/medulloblastoma-shh/","parent":"medulloblastoma"},{"id":"medulloblastoma-group-3-4","kind":"cancer","name":"Group 3 and group 4 medulloblastoma (non-WNT/non-SHH)","aka":"Non-WNT/non-SHH medulloblastoma\nGroup 3 medulloblastoma\nGroup 4 medulloblastoma\nMYC-amplified medulloblastoma","tldr":"Group 3 and group 4 medulloblastoma are the two commonest forms of this cerebellar brain tumour and the ones without a druggable driver. Group 3 strikes young children, often with extra copies of MYC and spread through the spinal fluid; group 4 affects older boys. Both get surgery, craniospinal radiotherapy and chemotherapy; trials showed the radiation dose cannot be cut for young children.","tags":"subtype-page paediatric cns","route":"/cancers/medulloblastoma-group-3-4/","parent":"medulloblastoma"},{"id":"aya-cancers","kind":"cancer","name":"Adolescent and young adult cancers (ages 15 to 39)","aka":"AYA cancers\nTeenage and young adult cancer\nTYA cancer\nYoung adult cancer","tldr":"People aged 15 to 39 get a different mix of cancers from children or older adults: leukaemia, lymphoma, testicular and thyroid cancer, melanoma, sarcoma and brain tumours in the younger years, then breast, cervical and bowel cancer towards 40. For decades their survival improved more slowly than anyone else's: they fell between children's and adults' hospitals and joined few trials.","tags":"umbrella subtype-page aya","route":"/cancers/aya-cancers/","cancers":"all-leukemia all-ph-like hodgkin-lymphoma testicular paediatric-germ-cell-tumours thyroid melanoma ewing-sarcoma osteosarcoma brain-tumours breast-cancer cervical early-onset-colorectal"},{"id":"small-intestinal-net","kind":"cancer","name":"Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours","aka":"Midgut neuroendocrine tumour\nSmall bowel NET\nIleal carcinoid\nJejunoileal neuroendocrine tumour\nSI-NET","tldr":"Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours are slow-growing hormone-producing tumours of the ileum and jejunum, often found only after they have spread to lymph nodes and the liver. Monthly somatostatin analogue injections control symptoms and growth, lutetium-177 dotatate is the main second treatment, and everolimus, cabozantinib and surgery fill in.","tags":"subtype-page endocrine","route":"/cancers/small-intestinal-net/","parent":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"pancreatic-net","kind":"cancer","name":"Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours","aka":"pNET\nIslet cell tumour\nPancreatic NET\nInsulinoma\nGastrinoma\nNon-functioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour","tldr":"Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours arise from the hormone-producing islet cells of the pancreas and behave very differently from ordinary pancreatic cancer, often growing for years. Surgery cures localised tumours; advanced disease is treated in sequence with somatostatin analogues, lutetium-177 dotatate, targeted tablets and oral chemotherapy, and a minority secrete insulin or gastrin.","tags":"subtype-page endocrine","route":"/cancers/pancreatic-net/","parent":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"lung-net","kind":"cancer","name":"Lung neuroendocrine tumours (typical and atypical carcinoid)","aka":"Bronchial carcinoid\nPulmonary carcinoid\nTypical carcinoid\nAtypical carcinoid\nLung NET\nBronchopulmonary neuroendocrine tumour","tldr":"Lung neuroendocrine tumours, called typical and atypical carcinoids, are slow-growing tumours of the airways that are usually cured by surgery. When they spread, everolimus is the one drug tested in a randomised trial for this site, cabozantinib was approved in 2025, and somatostatin analogues and lutetium radioligand therapy are borrowed from gut tumours.","tags":"subtype-page endocrine lung","route":"/cancers/lung-net/","cancers":"lung-cancer","parent":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"extrapulmonary-nec","kind":"cancer","name":"Extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma","aka":"Extrapulmonary NEC\nGastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma\nGEP-NEC\nExtrapulmonary small-cell carcinoma\nLarge-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the gut\nPoorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma","tldr":"Extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma is the fast-growing, poorly differentiated form of neuroendocrine cancer arising outside the lung, most often in the bowel, oesophagus, stomach or pancreas. It behaves like small-cell lung cancer and is treated the same way, with platinum and etoposide chemotherapy, and drugs against the DLL3 protein are now in phase 3 trials.","tags":"subtype-page endocrine","route":"/cancers/extrapulmonary-nec/","parent":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"grade-3-net","kind":"cancer","name":"Grade 3 well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumour","aka":"NET G3\nGrade 3 NET\nWell-differentiated grade 3 neuroendocrine tumour\nHigh-grade well-differentiated NET","tldr":"Grade 3 well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumours divide fast enough to be called grade 3 yet still look and behave like their slower relatives rather than like neuroendocrine carcinoma. Recognised as separate since 2017, they keep the somatostatin receptor, respond less well to platinum chemotherapy, and in the NETTER-2 trial were among the first treated with lutetium-177 dotatate up front.","tags":"subtype-page endocrine","route":"/cancers/grade-3-net/","parent":"neuroendocrine"},{"id":"anal-hsil-precursor","kind":"cancer","name":"Anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (precursor)","aka":"Anal HSIL\nHigh-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia\nAIN 2 to 3\nAnal dysplasia\nAnal precancer","tldr":"Anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions are the HPV-driven precancer that anal cancer grows from, found by screening people at high risk with cytology and high-resolution anoscopy. The ANCHOR trial showed that treating these lesions, mostly by ablation in the clinic, cuts the number that become anal cancer, so screening and treatment are now recommended for people living with HIV.","tags":"subtype-page gastrointestinal","route":"/cancers/anal-hsil-precursor/","parent":"anal"},{"id":"localised-anal-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Localised anal squamous cell carcinoma (stage I to III)","aka":"Non-metastatic anal cancer\nLocoregional anal squamous cell carcinoma\nAnal canal cancer treated with chemoradiotherapy\nStage I to III anal cancer","tldr":"Localised anal cancer is squamous cell cancer of the anal canal that has not spread beyond the pelvis and groin, one of the few cancers cured mainly by chemotherapy and radiotherapy together rather than by surgery. Fluorouracil with mitomycin during radiotherapy has been standard since the ACT II trial; surgery to remove the anus is kept for the minority whose cancer persists or returns.","tags":"subtype-page gastrointestinal","route":"/cancers/localised-anal-cancer/","parent":"anal"},{"id":"metastatic-anal-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Metastatic and recurrent anal squamous cell carcinoma","aka":"Advanced anal cancer\nStage IV anal squamous cell carcinoma\nInoperable recurrent anal cancer\nMetastatic SCAC","tldr":"Metastatic anal cancer is squamous cell anal cancer that has spread to the liver, lungs or distant lymph nodes, or come back where surgery can no longer remove it. Carboplatin with paclitaxel became the standard first treatment after the InterAACT trial, the PD-1 antibody retifanlimab was added to it in 2025 after POD1UM-303, and nivolumab or pembrolizumab are options after chemotherapy.","tags":"subtype-page gastrointestinal","route":"/cancers/metastatic-anal-cancer/","parent":"anal"},{"id":"localised-penile-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Localised penile cancer (organ-confined, node-negative)","aka":"Early penile squamous cell carcinoma\nOrgan-confined penile cancer\nPenile intraepithelial neoplasia and T1 to T2 penile cancer\ncN0 penile cancer","tldr":"Localised penile cancer is squamous cell cancer confined to the penis with no spread to the groin lymph nodes, and the aim of treatment is to remove the tumour while keeping as much of the penis as possible. Precancer and small tumours are treated with creams, laser or glans-sparing surgery, and the groin nodes are checked by sentinel node biopsy or surveillance rather than removed wholesale.","tags":"subtype-page genitourinary","route":"/cancers/localised-penile-cancer/","parent":"penile"},{"id":"node-positive-penile-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Node-positive and metastatic penile cancer","aka":"Advanced penile squamous cell carcinoma\nInguinal node-positive penile cancer\nLocally advanced penile cancer\nMetastatic penile cancer","tldr":"Node-positive penile cancer is squamous cell cancer of the penis that has reached the lymph nodes of the groin or pelvis, and it is where penile cancer becomes life-threatening. Treatment combines removal of the groin nodes with chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy before or after surgery, the InPACT trial is testing the best order, and PD-1 antibodies are being added for advanced disease.","tags":"subtype-page genitourinary","route":"/cancers/node-positive-penile-cancer/","parent":"penile"},{"id":"hpv-associated-vulvar-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"HPV-associated vulvar squamous cell carcinoma","aka":"HPV-positive vulvar cancer\np16-positive vulvar squamous cell carcinoma\nBasaloid and warty vulvar carcinoma\nVulvar cancer arising from usual-type VIN","tldr":"HPV-associated vulvar cancer is the type of vulvar squamous cell cancer caused by persistent HPV infection, growing out of the precancer called usual-type VIN and marked by the p16 protein. It tends to affect younger women, responds better to radiotherapy and recurs less often than the HPV-independent type, and it is preventable by HPV vaccination.","tags":"subtype-page gynaecologic","route":"/cancers/hpv-associated-vulvar-cancer/","parent":"vulvar"},{"id":"hpv-independent-vulvar-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"HPV-independent vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (p53-mutant)","aka":"HPV-negative vulvar cancer\np53-abnormal vulvar squamous cell carcinoma\nKeratinising vulvar carcinoma\nVulvar cancer arising from differentiated VIN and lichen sclerosus","tldr":"HPV-independent vulvar cancer is the commoner type of vulvar squamous cell cancer, arising in older women from the chronic skin condition lichen sclerosus rather than from HPV, and marked by faults in the p53 gene. It recurs locally far more often than the HPV type, so treatment centres on complete surgical removal, control of the surrounding skin disease and long follow-up.","tags":"subtype-page gynaecologic","route":"/cancers/hpv-independent-vulvar-cancer/","parent":"vulvar"},{"id":"vaginal-squamous-cell-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Vaginal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV-associated)","aka":"Primary vaginal squamous cell carcinoma\nHPV-related vaginal cancer\nVaginal cancer treated with chemoradiotherapy\nVAIN and vaginal squamous carcinoma","tldr":"Vaginal squamous cell carcinoma is the commonest form of vaginal cancer, caused by the same HPV infection as cervical cancer and often following earlier cervical disease. It is treated much as cervical cancer is, with radiotherapy, brachytherapy and cisplatin for most stages and surgery only for small upper-vaginal tumours, and it is prevented by HPV vaccination and cervical screening.","tags":"subtype-page gynaecologic","route":"/cancers/vaginal-squamous-cell-carcinoma/","parent":"vaginal"},{"id":"vaginal-adenocarcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Vaginal adenocarcinoma (including DES-associated clear cell adenocarcinoma)","aka":"Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina\nDES-associated vaginal cancer\nVaginal adenocarcinoma\nMesonephric and endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the vagina","tldr":"Vaginal adenocarcinoma is a rare glandular form of vaginal cancer, best known through the clear cell type that struck young women whose mothers took the hormone DES in pregnancy. Unlike the common squamous form it is not caused by HPV, it is treated with surgery where possible because it often affects young women, and radiotherapy and platinum chemotherapy are used when it is advanced.","tags":"subtype-page gynaecologic","route":"/cancers/vaginal-adenocarcinoma/","parent":"vaginal"},{"id":"thymoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Thymoma (WHO types A, AB, B1, B2 and B3)","aka":"Thymoma\nType A thymoma\nType AB thymoma\nType B thymoma\nThymoma with myasthenia gravis","tldr":"Thymoma is the slower-growing kind of thymic epithelial tumour, an indolent cancer of the thymus gland behind the breastbone that often announces itself through the autoimmune disease myasthenia gravis. Complete surgical removal cures most patients, radiotherapy is added when the tumour has grown through its capsule, and chemotherapy is used to shrink large tumours or control spread in the chest.","tags":"subtype-page thoracic","route":"/cancers/thymoma/","parent":"thymic-epithelial"},{"id":"thymic-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Thymic carcinoma","aka":"Thymic squamous cell carcinoma\nType C thymoma (obsolete)\nThymic carcinoma\nMalignant thymic epithelial tumour","tldr":"Thymic carcinoma is the aggressive kind of thymic epithelial tumour, a cancer of the thymus that behaves like carcinoma elsewhere and has often spread when found. Surgery is attempted when possible, carboplatin with paclitaxel is the usual chemotherapy, and sunitinib, lenvatinib and the PD-1 antibody pembrolizumab have shown responses in trials, with lenvatinib approved in Japan.","tags":"subtype-page thoracic","route":"/cancers/thymic-carcinoma/","parent":"thymic-epithelial"},{"id":"localised-adrenocortical-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Localised adrenocortical carcinoma (ENSAT stage I to III, resectable)","aka":"Resectable adrenocortical carcinoma\nEarly-stage ACC\nNon-metastatic adrenal cortical carcinoma\nAdrenocortical carcinoma after complete resection","tldr":"Localised adrenocortical carcinoma is adrenal cortex cancer still confined to the adrenal gland and its surroundings that surgery can remove, the only treatment that cures it. Afterwards the adrenal-specific drug mitotane is given to patients whose tumour has a high risk of returning, judged by the Ki-67 index and whether it was completely removed, while low-risk patients are watched.","tags":"subtype-page endocrine","route":"/cancers/localised-adrenocortical-carcinoma/","parent":"adrenocortical"},{"id":"advanced-adrenocortical-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Advanced and metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma (ENSAT stage IV or unresectable)","aka":"Metastatic ACC\nStage IV adrenocortical carcinoma\nUnresectable adrenal cortical carcinoma\nRecurrent adrenocortical carcinoma","tldr":"Advanced adrenocortical carcinoma is adrenal cortex cancer that has spread to distant organs or cannot be removed. The standard is mitotane with etoposide, doxorubicin and cisplatin, established by the FIRM-ACT trial in 304 patients; limited spread is treated locally, hormone excess with steroid-blocking drugs, and immunotherapy helps a minority.","tags":"subtype-page endocrine","route":"/cancers/advanced-adrenocortical-carcinoma/","parent":"adrenocortical"},{"id":"low-grade-appendiceal-mucinous-neoplasm","kind":"cancer","name":"Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm and pseudomyxoma peritonei","aka":"LAMN\nPseudomyxoma peritonei\nPMP\nLow-grade mucinous carcinoma peritonei\nDisseminated peritoneal adenomucinosis\nJelly belly","tldr":"Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm is a slow-growing appendiceal cancer that makes mucus, and when it bursts it spreads jelly through the abdomen as pseudomyxoma peritonei. It rarely spreads through blood or lymph, so it is treated by stripping all visible disease from the abdomen and washing the cavity with heated chemotherapy, an operation that gives most patients many years of life.","tags":"subtype-page gastrointestinal","route":"/cancers/low-grade-appendiceal-mucinous-neoplasm/","parent":"appendiceal"},{"id":"appendiceal-adenocarcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Appendiceal adenocarcinoma (mucinous and non-mucinous, including signet ring cell)","aka":"Appendix adenocarcinoma\nColonic-type appendiceal adenocarcinoma\nMucinous appendiceal adenocarcinoma\nSignet ring cell carcinoma of the appendix\nHigh-grade appendiceal cancer","tldr":"Appendiceal adenocarcinoma is the invasive, gland-forming form of appendix cancer that behaves more like bowel cancer than the jelly-producing low-grade tumours, spreading to lymph nodes and the abdominal lining. It is treated with right hemicolectomy and bowel-cancer chemotherapy, and peritoneal spread with cytoreductive surgery and heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy in fit patients.","tags":"subtype-page gastrointestinal","route":"/cancers/appendiceal-adenocarcinoma/","parent":"appendiceal"},{"id":"goblet-cell-adenocarcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Goblet cell adenocarcinoma of the appendix","aka":"Goblet cell carcinoid (obsolete)\nAdenocarcinoma ex goblet cell carcinoid (obsolete)\nGCA\nCrypt cell carcinoma\nMixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma of the appendix (obsolete)","tldr":"Goblet cell adenocarcinoma is a rare appendix cancer whose cells mix mucus-filled goblet cells with neuroendocrine features, once called goblet cell carcinoid but now classed and treated as an adenocarcinoma. It is removed by right hemicolectomy, given bowel-cancer chemotherapy when it is high grade or has spread, and not treated with the somatostatin drugs used for true neuroendocrine tumours.","tags":"subtype-page gastrointestinal","route":"/cancers/goblet-cell-adenocarcinoma/","parent":"appendiceal"},{"id":"localised-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Localised small bowel adenocarcinoma (stage I to III, resected)","aka":"Resectable small bowel adenocarcinoma\nDuodenal adenocarcinoma, localised\nJejunal and ileal adenocarcinoma, localised\nStage I to III SBA","tldr":"Localised small bowel adenocarcinoma is cancer of the duodenum, jejunum or ileum that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes and can be removed by surgery, the only cure. Duodenal tumours need a Whipple operation and tumours further along a segmental resection; chemotherapy afterwards is offered for node-positive disease by analogy with colon cancer while the BALLAD trial tests whether it helps.","tags":"subtype-page gastrointestinal","route":"/cancers/localised-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma/","parent":"small-bowel"},{"id":"advanced-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Advanced and metastatic small bowel adenocarcinoma","aka":"Metastatic small bowel adenocarcinoma\nStage IV SBA\nUnresectable small intestine adenocarcinoma\nRecurrent small bowel adenocarcinoma","tldr":"Advanced small bowel adenocarcinoma is cancer of the small intestine that has spread to the liver, peritoneum or elsewhere, treated with the chemotherapy used for bowel cancer, oxaliplatin with a fluoropyrimidine, then taxanes or irinotecan. The exception is the sizeable minority with mismatch-repair-deficient tumours, for whom the immunotherapy pembrolizumab works far better than chemotherapy.","tags":"subtype-page gastrointestinal","route":"/cancers/advanced-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma/","parent":"small-bowel"},{"id":"cup-favourable-subsets","kind":"cancer","name":"Cancer of unknown primary, favourable subsets","aka":"Favourable-risk CUP\nTreatable CUP subsets\nCUP with a presumed primary\nSpecific CUP syndromes","tldr":"Favourable subsets of cancer of unknown primary are the roughly one in five cases where the pattern of spread, the microscope appearance or blood markers point strongly to a particular cancer even though no primary can be found. They are treated as that cancer would be, for example breast cancer for a woman with cancer only in armpit nodes, and many are curable or controllable for years.","tags":"subtype-page site-agnostic","route":"/cancers/cup-favourable-subsets/","parent":"cancer-of-unknown-primary"},{"id":"cup-unfavourable","kind":"cancer","name":"Cancer of unknown primary, unfavourable (adenocarcinoma and poorly differentiated carcinoma)","aka":"Unfavourable-risk CUP\nPoor-prognosis CUP\nCUP adenocarcinoma with liver or multiple metastases\nNon-specific CUP","tldr":"Unfavourable cancer of unknown primary is the large majority of cases, where a metastatic adenocarcinoma or poorly differentiated carcinoma fits no recognised pattern and its origin cannot be found. Treatment has long been general-purpose platinum chemotherapy, but CUPISCO showed that matching drugs to the tumour's genetic faults after short chemotherapy holds the disease longer.","tags":"subtype-page site-agnostic","route":"/cancers/cup-unfavourable/","parent":"cancer-of-unknown-primary"},{"id":"erdheim-chester-disease","kind":"cancer","name":"Erdheim-Chester disease","aka":"ECD\nPolyostotic sclerosing histiocytosis\nL-group histiocytosis (adult)\nBRAF-mutant histiocytosis","tldr":"Erdheim-Chester disease is a rare histiocytosis, a cancer-like overgrowth of immune cells called histiocytes that scar the long bones, the tissue around the kidneys and heart, the brain and the skin. Most cases carry the BRAF V600E mutation or another fault in the same growth pathway, and the melanoma drugs vemurafenib and cobimetinib now control the disease in most patients.","tags":"subtype-page haematologic","route":"/cancers/erdheim-chester-disease/","parent":"histiocytoses"},{"id":"rosai-dorfman-disease","kind":"cancer","name":"Rosai-Dorfman-Destombes disease","aka":"Rosai-Dorfman disease\nRDD\nSinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy\nR-group histiocytosis\nDestombes-Rosai-Dorfman disease","tldr":"Rosai-Dorfman disease is a rare histiocytosis in which large immune cells called histiocytes fill the neck lymph nodes or grow in the skin, bones, nose, brain coverings or kidneys. Many cases fade without treatment, so it is watched unless it threatens an organ, when surgery, steroids, sirolimus or, for the third with a growth-pathway mutation, MEK inhibitors such as cobimetinib are used.","tags":"subtype-page haematologic","route":"/cancers/rosai-dorfman-disease/","parent":"histiocytoses"},{"id":"lch-single-system","kind":"cancer","name":"Single-system Langerhans cell histiocytosis (bone, skin or one other organ)","aka":"Single-system LCH\nEosinophilic granuloma\nUnifocal bone LCH\nSkin-only LCH\nPulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (adult smokers)","tldr":"Single-system Langerhans cell histiocytosis is the milder form of this rare histiocytosis, in which the abnormal immune cells affect only one organ, usually a bone or the skin, in a child or young adult. Single bone lesions often heal after biopsy or curettage, skin disease may fade by itself, and gentle vinblastine and prednisone is kept for multiple bone lesions or lesions near the brain.","tags":"subtype-page paediatric","route":"/cancers/lch-single-system/","parent":"langerhans-cell-histiocytosis"},{"id":"lch-multisystem","kind":"cancer","name":"Multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis (with or without risk-organ involvement)","aka":"Multisystem LCH\nMS-LCH\nRisk-organ-positive LCH\nLetterer-Siwe disease (obsolete)\nHand-Schüller-Christian disease (obsolete)","tldr":"Multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis is the severe form of this rare histiocytosis, in which the abnormal cells involve several organs at once, most dangerously the liver, spleen and bone marrow of infants. It is treated with a year of vinblastine and prednisone, with stronger drugs or BRAF-targeted tablets for children who do not respond quickly; survival is now high but late effects remain.","tags":"subtype-page paediatric","route":"/cancers/lch-multisystem/","parent":"langerhans-cell-histiocytosis"},{"id":"indolent-systemic-mastocytosis","kind":"cancer","name":"Indolent and smouldering systemic mastocytosis","aka":"ISM\nIndolent SM\nSmouldering systemic mastocytosis\nBone marrow mastocytosis\nNon-advanced systemic mastocytosis","tldr":"Indolent systemic mastocytosis is the common, slow form of this rare blood disorder, in which KIT-mutant mast cells build up in the marrow and skin and release histamine that causes flushing, itching, stomach pain, bone thinning and sometimes severe allergic reactions. Life expectancy is near normal, antihistamines and adrenaline control symptoms, and low-dose avapritinib was approved in 2023.","tags":"subtype-page haematologic","route":"/cancers/indolent-systemic-mastocytosis/","parent":"systemic-mastocytosis"},{"id":"advanced-systemic-mastocytosis","kind":"cancer","name":"Advanced systemic mastocytosis (aggressive SM, SM with an associated haematological neoplasm, mast cell leukaemia)","aka":"AdvSM\nAggressive systemic mastocytosis\nASM\nSM-AHN\nMast cell leukaemia\nMCL","tldr":"Advanced systemic mastocytosis is the dangerous form of this rare blood cancer, in which KIT-mutant mast cells damage the marrow, liver, gut or bones, grow alongside a second blood cancer such as chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia, or flood the blood as mast cell leukaemia. The KIT-blocking tablets midostaurin and avapritinib have replaced older chemotherapy, and fit patients may have a transplant.","tags":"subtype-page haematologic","route":"/cancers/advanced-systemic-mastocytosis/","parent":"systemic-mastocytosis"},{"id":"early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (stage I to II)","aka":"Limited-stage Hodgkin lymphoma\nStage I to II classical Hodgkin lymphoma\nEarly favourable and early unfavourable Hodgkin lymphoma\nLocalised Hodgkin lymphoma","tldr":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma is Hodgkin lymphoma confined to one or two lymph node regions on one side of the diaphragm, one of the most curable cancers, with most patients cured by a short course of ABVD chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy to the involved nodes. Because patients are young, trials now use PET scans after two cycles to give as little treatment as safely possible.","tags":"subtype-page haematologic","route":"/cancers/early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/","parent":"hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (stage III to IV)","aka":"Stage III to IV classical Hodgkin lymphoma\nAdvanced Hodgkin lymphoma\nDisseminated Hodgkin lymphoma\nHigh-risk Hodgkin lymphoma (IPS 4 or more)","tldr":"Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma is Hodgkin lymphoma involving nodes on both sides of the diaphragm or organs such as the liver, lungs or bone marrow. It is treated with six cycles of combination chemotherapy, and two trials changed the standard: replacing bleomycin with brentuximab vedotin (ECHELON-1) and then with nivolumab (SWOG S1826), which cured more patients with less toxicity.","tags":"subtype-page haematologic","route":"/cancers/advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/","parent":"hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"nodular-lymphocyte-predominant-hodgkin-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (nodular lymphocyte-predominant B-cell lymphoma)","aka":"NLPHL\nNLPBL\nNodular lymphocyte-predominant B-cell lymphoma\nLymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin disease\nPopcorn cell lymphoma","tldr":"Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma is the rare, slow-growing cousin of classical Hodgkin lymphoma, so different in its CD20-bearing cells that the WHO renamed it a B-cell lymphoma in 2022. Early disease is usually cured with radiotherapy alone or surgery in children, advanced disease with rituximab-based chemotherapy, and patients are followed for life because it can return late.","tags":"subtype-page haematologic","route":"/cancers/nodular-lymphocyte-predominant-hodgkin-lymphoma/","parent":"hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Relapsed and refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma","aka":"Relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma\nRefractory Hodgkin lymphoma\nR/R cHL\nHodgkin lymphoma after first-line failure","tldr":"Relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma is Hodgkin lymphoma that comes back or does not respond after first-line chemotherapy. The standard path is salvage chemotherapy, often with brentuximab vedotin or a PD-1 antibody, then high-dose chemotherapy with an autologous stem cell transplant; for those who relapse again, nivolumab and pembrolizumab give lasting control in many.","tags":"subtype-page haematologic","route":"/cancers/relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma/","parent":"hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"low-risk-gtn","kind":"cancer","name":"Low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (FIGO score 0 to 6)","aka":"Low-risk GTN\nPost-molar gestational trophoblastic neoplasia\nPersistent trophoblastic disease\nInvasive mole and low-risk choriocarcinoma","tldr":"Low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia is the mild form of this rare pregnancy-related cancer, usually found when the pregnancy hormone hCG fails to fall after removal of a molar pregnancy. It is cured in almost every woman with a single chemotherapy drug, methotrexate or actinomycin D, given until the hormone level is normal, and most go on to have normal pregnancies afterwards.","tags":"subtype-page gynaecologic","route":"/cancers/low-risk-gtn/","parent":"gestational-trophoblastic"},{"id":"high-risk-gtn","kind":"cancer","name":"High-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (FIGO score 7 or more, including ultra-high-risk)","aka":"High-risk GTN\nMetastatic gestational choriocarcinoma\nUltra-high-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (score 13 or more)\nChoriocarcinoma after term pregnancy","tldr":"High-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia is the aggressive form of this pregnancy-related cancer, usually choriocarcinoma that has spread to the lungs, liver or brain and produces very high hCG. It is treated with the multi-drug EMA-CO regimen, started gently in the sickest women to avoid early deaths, and most are cured; resistant disease gets platinum regimens, immunotherapy or surgery.","tags":"subtype-page gynaecologic","route":"/cancers/high-risk-gtn/","parent":"gestational-trophoblastic"},{"id":"placental-site-trophoblastic-tumour","kind":"cancer","name":"Placental-site trophoblastic tumour and epithelioid trophoblastic tumour","aka":"PSTT\nETT\nIntermediate trophoblastic tumours\nEpithelioid trophoblastic tumour\nPlacental site trophoblastic tumor","tldr":"Placental-site and epithelioid trophoblastic tumours are the rare, slow-growing forms of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, arising from the intermediate trophoblast cells that anchor the placenta rather than the hormone-producing cells behind choriocarcinoma. They make little hCG and respond poorly to chemotherapy, so hysterectomy comes first, with platinum chemotherapy when they have spread.","tags":"subtype-page gynaecologic","route":"/cancers/placental-site-trophoblastic-tumour/","parent":"gestational-trophoblastic"},{"id":"hereditary-ppgl","kind":"cancer","name":"Hereditary pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (SDHx, VHL, RET, NF1, MAX and TMEM127)","aka":"Familial paraganglioma syndromes\nSDHB-related paraganglioma\nSDHD-related head and neck paraganglioma\nVHL-associated pheochromocytoma\nMEN2-associated pheochromocytoma\nHereditary PPGL","tldr":"Hereditary pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma is the inherited form of these adrenaline-producing tumours, caused by a fault in one of more than a dozen genes, most often SDHB, SDHD, VHL and RET. Knowing the gene changes care: SDHB carriers have the highest risk of spread, VHL and MEN2 patients get adrenal-sparing surgery because tumours arise on both sides, and relatives are screened.","tags":"subtype-page endocrine","route":"/cancers/hereditary-ppgl/","parent":"pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma"},{"id":"metastatic-ppgl","kind":"cancer","name":"Metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma","aka":"Malignant pheochromocytoma\nMetastatic paraganglioma\nAdvanced PPGL\nUnresectable pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma","tldr":"Metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma is disease that has spread to bone, lymph nodes, liver or lungs, the only way these adrenaline-producing tumours are called malignant. It is often slow, so treatment starts with blood pressure control and watching, then moves through radioactive drugs that home to the tumour, the kinase inhibitor sunitinib, chemotherapy and, since 2025, belzutifan.","tags":"subtype-page endocrine","route":"/cancers/metastatic-ppgl/","parent":"pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma"},{"id":"locoregionally-advanced-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (stage III to IVA)","aka":"Locally advanced NPC\nStage III to IVA nasopharyngeal carcinoma\nNon-metastatic advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma\nEndemic EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma, locoregionally advanced","tldr":"Locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma is nasopharyngeal cancer, the Epstein-Barr-virus-driven cancer behind the nose, that has grown into nearby structures or neck lymph nodes but not further. It is treated without surgery, by precise radiotherapy with cisplatin, usually after gemcitabine and cisplatin chemotherapy and in recent trials with PD-1 immunotherapy; most patients are cured.","tags":"subtype-page head-and-neck","route":"/cancers/locoregionally-advanced-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/","parent":"nasopharyngeal"},{"id":"recurrent-metastatic-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Recurrent and metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma","aka":"R/M NPC\nMetastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma\nLocally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma\nStage IVB nasopharyngeal carcinoma","tldr":"Recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma is nasopharyngeal cancer that has come back after radiotherapy or spread to the bones, liver or lungs. Gemcitabine with cisplatin is the chemotherapy backbone, adding a PD-1 antibody such as toripalimab in JUPITER-02 and later trials lengthened survival and became standard, and local recurrence is treated with endoscopic surgery or re-irradiation.","tags":"subtype-page head-and-neck","route":"/cancers/recurrent-metastatic-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/","parent":"nasopharyngeal"},{"id":"esthesioneuroblastoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Esthesioneuroblastoma (olfactory neuroblastoma)","aka":"Olfactory neuroblastoma\nONB\nEsthesioneuroepithelioma\nNeuroblastoma of the olfactory epithelium","tldr":"Esthesioneuroblastoma is a rare cancer of the nasal cavity and sinuses that arises from the smell-sensing olfactory nerve lining at the roof of the nose, next to the brain. It is treated with surgery through the nose or skull base followed by radiotherapy, with chemotherapy added for high-grade or widespread tumours, and because it can return a decade or more later patients are followed for life.","tags":"subtype-page head-and-neck","route":"/cancers/esthesioneuroblastoma/","parent":"sinonasal"},{"id":"sinonasal-undifferentiated-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC) and SWI/SNF-deficient sinonasal carcinoma","aka":"SNUC\nIDH2-mutant sinonasal carcinoma\nSMARCB1-deficient sinonasal carcinoma\nSMARCA4-deficient sinonasal carcinoma\nUndifferentiated carcinoma of the paranasal sinuses","tldr":"Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma is a rare, fast-growing cancer of the nasal cavity and sinuses made of primitive cells with no clear line of differentiation, most carrying an IDH2 mutation. It presents as a large mass pressing on the eye or brain and is treated with chemotherapy first, then surgery or chemoradiotherapy depending on response; SMARCB1- or SMARCA4-deficient tumours are separate.","tags":"subtype-page head-and-neck","route":"/cancers/sinonasal-undifferentiated-carcinoma/","parent":"sinonasal"},{"id":"resectable-pdac","kind":"cancer","name":"Resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","aka":"Resectable pancreatic cancer\nOperable pancreatic cancer\nEarly-stage PDAC\nStage I to II pancreatic adenocarcinoma","tldr":"Resectable pancreatic cancer is the minority of pancreatic cancer that the surgeon can remove with clear margins because it has not wrapped around the main arteries or spread. Treatment is an operation, usually a Whipple procedure, followed by six months of combination chemotherapy, which is what turns surgery alone into a real chance of cure.","tags":"subtype-page gastrointestinal","route":"/cancers/resectable-pdac/","parent":"pancreatic"},{"id":"borderline-resectable-pdac","kind":"cancer","name":"Borderline resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","aka":"Borderline resectable pancreatic cancer\nBRPC\nMarginally resectable pancreatic cancer","tldr":"Borderline resectable pancreatic cancer touches the big blood vessels behind the pancreas, so an operation straight away would probably leave cancer behind. Chemotherapy first, usually FOLFIRINOX for several months and sometimes radiotherapy, shrinks the edge of the tumour, and patients whose disease has not spread go on to surgery with a better chance of a clean removal.","tags":"subtype-page gastrointestinal","route":"/cancers/borderline-resectable-pdac/","parent":"pancreatic"},{"id":"locally-advanced-pdac","kind":"cancer","name":"Locally advanced unresectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","aka":"Locally advanced pancreatic cancer\nLAPC\nUnresectable non-metastatic pancreatic cancer\nStage III pancreatic adenocarcinoma","tldr":"Locally advanced pancreatic cancer has grown around the arteries or veins behind the pancreas so that it cannot be removed, but it has not spread to other organs. Chemotherapy is the main treatment, joined in 2026 by a device that delivers electric fields to the tumour; radiotherapy controls pain and local growth, and a minority of tumours shrink enough to be operated on after all.","tags":"subtype-page gastrointestinal","route":"/cancers/locally-advanced-pdac/","parent":"pancreatic"},{"id":"metastatic-pdac","kind":"cancer","name":"Metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","aka":"Metastatic pancreatic cancer\nStage IV pancreatic adenocarcinoma\nAdvanced pancreatic cancer\nmPDAC","tldr":"Metastatic pancreatic cancer has spread beyond the pancreas, usually to the liver, and is treated with chemotherapy rather than surgery. Three combination regimens lengthen life, a minority of patients qualify for targeted drugs chosen by tumour or inherited mutations, and in 2026 the pan-RAS inhibitor daraxonrasib became the first drug against the KRAS mutation that drives almost every case.","tags":"subtype-page gastrointestinal","route":"/cancers/metastatic-pdac/","parent":"pancreatic"},{"id":"kras-g12c-pdac","kind":"cancer","name":"KRAS G12C-mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","aka":"KRAS G12C pancreatic cancer\nKRAS p.G12C PDAC\nG12C-mutant pancreatic adenocarcinoma","tldr":"KRAS G12C pancreatic cancer is the small slice of pancreatic cancer whose KRAS mutation happens to be the one that the first KRAS drugs were built for. Sotorasib and adagrasib, approved for lung cancer, shrink a share of these tumours after chemotherapy and are listed as options, and newer inhibitors such as elironrasib, olomorasib and the pan-RAS drug daraxonrasib are being tested in this group.","tags":"subtype-page gastrointestinal","route":"/cancers/kras-g12c-pdac/","parent":"pancreatic"},{"id":"kras-wild-type-pdac","kind":"cancer","name":"KRAS wild-type pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","aka":"KRAS wild-type pancreatic cancer\nKRAS-negative PDAC\nFusion-driven pancreatic cancer\nBRAF-altered pancreatic cancer","tldr":"KRAS wild-type pancreatic cancer is the one in ten pancreatic cancers without the KRAS mutation that drives the rest. Instead many carry a different switched-on gene, often a fusion involving NRG1, NTRK, ALK, ROS1, FGFR2 or RET, or a BRAF change, and several of these have approved pills or antibodies, so these tumours must be sequenced with a test that detects fusions.","tags":"subtype-page gastrointestinal","route":"/cancers/kras-wild-type-pdac/","parent":"pancreatic"},{"id":"brca-palb2-pdac","kind":"cancer","name":"BRCA or PALB2-mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","aka":"BRCA-mutated pancreatic cancer\ngBRCA pancreatic cancer\nHomologous recombination deficient pancreatic cancer\nPALB2-mutant pancreatic cancer","tldr":"BRCA or PALB2-mutant pancreatic cancer is pancreatic cancer in someone who inherited a faulty copy of a gene that repairs broken DNA. These tumours respond better to platinum chemotherapy, and the POLO trial showed that the PARP inhibitor olaparib, taken after platinum has held the disease, delays its return; that made it the first targeted drug approved for a pancreatic cancer subgroup.","tags":"subtype-page gastrointestinal","route":"/cancers/brca-palb2-pdac/","parent":"pancreatic"},{"id":"msi-high-pdac","kind":"cancer","name":"Mismatch repair deficient (MSI-high) pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","aka":"MSI-high pancreatic cancer\ndMMR pancreatic cancer\nMismatch repair deficient PDAC\nLynch syndrome-associated pancreatic cancer","tldr":"Mismatch repair deficient pancreatic cancer is the rare pancreatic cancer whose cells cannot fix spelling errors in DNA and so carry thousands of mutations. That makes it one of the few pancreatic cancers that immunotherapy works against, and pembrolizumab is approved for it, though fewer of these tumours respond than in bowel cancer; testing every pancreatic cancer for the defect is the point.","tags":"subtype-page gastrointestinal","route":"/cancers/msi-high-pdac/","parent":"pancreatic"},{"id":"pancreatic-acinar-cell-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma","aka":"Acinar cell carcinoma\nACC of the pancreas\nAcinar carcinoma\nMixed acinar-neuroendocrine carcinoma","tldr":"Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma is a rare pancreatic cancer that grows from the enzyme-making cells rather than the ducts. It forms large soft masses, can pour lipase into the blood and cause fat lumps under the skin and joint pain, usually lacks the KRAS mutation, often carries DNA repair faults or BRAF fusions, and responds better to bowel-cancer-style chemotherapy than to gemcitabine.","tags":"subtype-page gastrointestinal","route":"/cancers/pancreatic-acinar-cell-carcinoma/","parent":"pancreatic"},{"id":"ipmn-cystic-precursors","kind":"cancer","name":"Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm and other pancreatic cystic precursors","aka":"IPMN\nPancreatic cyst\nMucinous cystic neoplasm\nMCN\nPancreatic cystic neoplasm\nPrecancerous pancreatic cyst","tldr":"Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms are fluid-filled growths in the pancreatic ducts that make mucus and can slowly turn into pancreatic cancer, one of the few chances to catch pancreatic cancer before it starts. Most are watched with scans for years, and surgery is reserved for the ones with warning signs such as a widened main duct, a solid nodule inside the cyst or jaundice.","tags":"subtype-page gastrointestinal","route":"/cancers/ipmn-cystic-precursors/","parent":"pancreatic"},{"id":"pancreatoblastoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Pancreatoblastoma","aka":"Infantile pancreatic carcinoma\nChildhood pancreatic cancer\nPaediatric pancreatoblastoma","tldr":"Pancreatoblastoma is the pancreatic cancer of young children, a tumour of immature pancreatic cells that behaves quite unlike adult pancreatic cancer. It grows as a large abdominal mass, often raises the blood marker alpha-fetoprotein, and is treated like the childhood liver cancer hepatoblastoma: chemotherapy to shrink it, then surgery, which cures most children whose tumour has not spread.","tags":"subtype-page gastrointestinal","route":"/cancers/pancreatoblastoma/","parent":"pancreatic"},{"id":"hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer","aka":"p16-positive oropharyngeal cancer\nHPV-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma\nHPV-driven throat cancer","tldr":"Throat cancers caused by HPV are usually cured with chemoradiation or robotic surgery, so trials now ask how much treatment can be taken away: swapping cisplatin for cetuximab failed, cutting the radiation dose has worked only after surgery so far, and blood tests for HPV DNA may pick out the patients who can safely have less.","tags":"subtype-page head-and-neck","route":"/cancers/hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer/","parent":"oropharyngeal-cancer"},{"id":"hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (including HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancer)","aka":"Tobacco-related head and neck cancer\nHPV-negative oropharyngeal cancer\np16-negative head and neck cancer","tldr":"Head and neck cancers caused by tobacco and alcohol rather than HPV are harder to cure: surgery or cisplatin chemoradiation is the mainstay, immunotherapy given around surgery (KEYNOTE-689) or after it (NIVOPOSTOP) has begun to help, and pembrolizumab is the first treatment once the disease has spread.","tags":"subtype-page head-and-neck","route":"/cancers/hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer/","parent":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"recurrent-metastatic-hnscc","kind":"cancer","name":"Recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","aka":"R/M HNSCC\nAdvanced head and neck cancer\nPlatinum-refractory head and neck cancer","tldr":"When head and neck cancer comes back where it cannot be removed, or spreads elsewhere, it is treated to extend life rather than cure: pembrolizumab, alone or with chemotherapy, is the first choice, cetuximab-based regimens and cheap oral chemotherapy are alternatives, and antibodies that hit two targets at once are in late-stage trials.","tags":"subtype-page head-and-neck state-page","route":"/cancers/recurrent-metastatic-hnscc/","parent":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"hypopharyngeal-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Hypopharyngeal cancer","aka":"Hypopharynx cancer\nPyriform sinus cancer\nPiriform fossa cancer\nPostcricoid cancer","tldr":"Cancer of the hypopharynx, the funnel behind the voice box, is the head and neck cancer with the worst outlook because it grows silently and spreads to the neck early. Treatment is chemoradiation to keep the larynx where possible, or removal of the larynx and pharynx with reconstruction for the most extensive tumours.","tags":"subtype-page head-and-neck","route":"/cancers/hypopharyngeal-cancer/","parent":"laryngeal-cancer"},{"id":"adenoid-cystic-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Adenoid cystic carcinoma","aka":"ACC\nCylindroma (historical)\nAdenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary glands","tldr":"Adenoid cystic carcinoma is a slow-growing cancer of the salivary glands that spreads along nerves and can come back years after treatment, often in the lungs. Surgery with radiotherapy is the treatment that cures it, chemotherapy has little effect, and the tablets lenvatinib and axitinib can hold spreading disease still for months rather than shrink it.","tags":"subtype-page head-and-neck","route":"/cancers/adenoid-cystic-carcinoma/","parent":"salivary-gland"},{"id":"salivary-duct-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Salivary duct carcinoma","aka":"SDC\nHigh-grade salivary duct carcinoma\nAndrogen receptor-positive salivary carcinoma","tldr":"Salivary duct carcinoma is an aggressive cancer of the parotid gland that behaves like a high-grade breast cancer and carries the same switches: most tumours run on the androgen receptor and about a third on HER2, so hormone blockers borrowed from prostate cancer and trastuzumab borrowed from breast cancer now shrink many of them.","tags":"subtype-page head-and-neck","route":"/cancers/salivary-duct-carcinoma/","parent":"salivary-gland"},{"id":"mucoepidermoid-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Mucoepidermoid carcinoma","aka":"MEC\nMucoepidermoid carcinoma of the salivary glands","tldr":"Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common salivary gland cancer and, for most people, one of the most curable: low-grade tumours are removed surgically and rarely return, while high-grade tumours need radiotherapy after surgery and are treated like other aggressive head and neck cancers if they spread.","tags":"subtype-page head-and-neck","route":"/cancers/mucoepidermoid-carcinoma/","parent":"salivary-gland"},{"id":"oral-tongue-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Oral tongue and floor of mouth cancer","aka":"Tongue cancer\nAnterior two-thirds of tongue cancer\nFloor of mouth cancer\nOral tongue squamous cell carcinoma","tldr":"Cancer of the front of the tongue or the floor of the mouth is treated first with surgery, and a Tata Memorial trial settled that the neck lymph nodes should be removed at the same operation even when scans look clear. How deep the tumour has grown is now the number that decides staging and the need to treat the neck.","tags":"subtype-page head-and-neck","route":"/cancers/oral-tongue-cancer/","parent":"oral-cavity-cancer"},{"id":"buccal-mucosa-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Buccal mucosa and gingivobuccal cancer (oral cancer in India)","aka":"Gingivobuccal complex cancer\nCheek cancer\nBetel quid-associated oral cancer\nIndian oral cancer","tldr":"Cancer of the cheek lining and gums is India's commonest cancer in men, caused by chewing tobacco and areca nut. Surgery with reconstruction is the mainstay, and trials from Tata Memorial in Mumbai have shown that removing the neck nodes up front, cheap oral chemotherapy, tiny doses of immunotherapy and visual screening by health workers all save lives at low cost.","tags":"subtype-page head-and-neck","route":"/cancers/buccal-mucosa-cancer/","parent":"oral-cavity-cancer"},{"id":"lip-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Lip cancer","aka":"Lower lip squamous cell carcinoma\nCancer of the lip vermilion","tldr":"Cancer of the lip is really a skin cancer of the sun-exposed lower lip, usually found early because it can be seen. A small operation or radiotherapy cures most people, and reconstruction keeps the mouth working.","tags":"subtype-page head-and-neck","route":"/cancers/lip-cancer/","parent":"oral-cavity-cancer"},{"id":"nivopostop","kind":"trial","name":"NIVOPOSTOP (GORTEC 2018-01)","aka":"","tldr":"NIVOPOSTOP showed that adding the immunotherapy nivolumab to chemoradiation after surgery for high-risk head and neck cancer kept about one in ten more patients free of relapse at three years, the first improvement in post-operative treatment in two decades.","tags":"","route":"/trials/nivopostop/","status":"positive","cancers":"head-and-neck hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer"},{"id":"ecog-e3311","kind":"trial","name":"ECOG-ACRIN E3311","aka":"","tldr":"E3311 showed that after robotic surgery for HPV-positive throat cancer, patients at intermediate risk could safely have a lower radiotherapy dose, with about 95 in 100 free of progression at two years, so surgery-first de-escalation became a recognised option.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ecog-e3311/","status":"positive","cancers":"oropharyngeal-cancer hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer"},{"id":"pathos","kind":"trial","name":"PATHOS","aka":"","tldr":"PATHOS is the British trial asking whether people with HPV-positive throat cancer who have robotic surgery can safely be given less radiotherapy, or radiotherapy without chemotherapy, and keep better swallowing.","tags":"","route":"/trials/pathos/","status":"active","cancers":"oropharyngeal-cancer hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer"},{"id":"captain-1st","kind":"trial","name":"CAPTAIN-1st","aka":"","tldr":"CAPTAIN-1st showed that adding the PD-1 antibody camrelizumab to gemcitabine and cisplatin kept advanced nasopharyngeal cancer under control for about three months longer, confirming with a second drug what JUPITER-02 found with toripalimab.","tags":"","route":"/trials/captain-1st/","status":"positive","cancers":"nasopharyngeal head-and-neck recurrent-metastatic-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma"},{"id":"checkmate-227","kind":"trial","name":"CheckMate 227","aka":"","tldr":"CheckMate 227 showed that a chemotherapy-free pair of immunotherapy drugs, nivolumab and ipilimumab, helped people with advanced lung cancer live longer than chemotherapy alone, which made it a first-line option for tumours with any PD-L1 expression.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/checkmate-227/","status":"positive","cancers":"pdl1-high-nsclc nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"keynote-407","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-407","aka":"","tldr":"KEYNOTE-407 showed that adding pembrolizumab to chemotherapy helped people with squamous lung cancer live longer whatever their PD-L1 level, and made chemo-immunotherapy the standard first treatment for this type.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/keynote-407/","status":"positive","cancers":"pdl1-high-nsclc nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"destiny-lung01","kind":"trial","name":"DESTINY-Lung01","aka":"","tldr":"DESTINY-Lung01 showed that the antibody-drug conjugate trastuzumab deruxtecan shrank tumours in more than half of people whose lung cancer carried a HER2 mutation, which led to the first approved HER2-targeted treatment for lung cancer.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/destiny-lung01/","status":"positive","cancers":"her2-mutant-nsclc nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"pacific-2","kind":"trial","name":"PACIFIC-2","aka":"","tldr":"PACIFIC-2 asked whether starting durvalumab during chemoradiotherapy, rather than after it, would help people with stage III lung cancer; it did not, so the sequence established by the original PACIFIC trial stands.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/pacific-2/","status":"negative","cancers":"stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"chrysalis","kind":"trial","name":"CHRYSALIS","aka":"","tldr":"CHRYSALIS was the first human study of amivantamab, an antibody that grabs both EGFR and MET; its cohort of people with EGFR exon 20 insertion lung cancer responded well enough to earn the drug its first approval.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/chrysalis/","status":"active","cancers":"egfr-mutant-nsclc nsclc lung-cancer"},{"id":"destiny-gastric01","kind":"trial","name":"DESTINY-Gastric01","aka":"","tldr":"DESTINY-Gastric01 showed that trastuzumab deruxtecan shrank tumours far more often than standard chemotherapy, and helped people live longer, in HER2-positive stomach cancer that had already progressed on trastuzumab.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/destiny-gastric01/","status":"positive","cancers":"gastric-her2-positive gastric"},{"id":"destiny-gastric02","kind":"trial","name":"DESTINY-Gastric02","aka":"","tldr":"DESTINY-Gastric02 repeated the trastuzumab deruxtecan study in patients from Europe and the United States, after the first trial had been run only in Japan and Korea, and confirmed that the drug produces meaningful responses in HER2-positive stomach cancer after trastuzumab.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/destiny-gastric02/","status":"completed","cancers":"gastric-her2-positive gastric"},{"id":"keynote-811","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-811","aka":"","tldr":"KEYNOTE-811 showed that adding the immunotherapy pembrolizumab to trastuzumab and chemotherapy shrank HER2-positive stomach cancers more often and kept them under control for longer, with the gain concentrated in tumours that also express PD-L1.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/keynote-811/","status":"positive","cancers":"gastric-her2-positive gastric"},{"id":"keynote-062","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-062","aka":"","tldr":"KEYNOTE-062 found that pembrolizumab on its own was no worse than chemotherapy for survival in PD-L1-positive stomach cancer, but adding it to chemotherapy did not clearly beat chemotherapy alone; the tumours with the most PD-L1, and those with mismatch-repair deficiency, gained the most.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/keynote-062/","status":"mixed","cancers":"gastric-pdl1-high gastric-msi-high gastric"},{"id":"flot4","kind":"trial","name":"FLOT4-AIO","aka":"FLOT4\nAIO-FLOT4","tldr":"FLOT4 showed that a docetaxel-based chemotherapy given before and after surgery helped people with operable stomach and junction cancers live longer than the older epirubicin-based regimen, and FLOT became the standard perioperative treatment in Europe.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/flot4/","status":"positive","cancers":"oesophageal-adenocarcinoma esophageal gastric"},{"id":"esopec","kind":"trial","name":"ESOPEC","aka":"","tldr":"ESOPEC pitted the two standard ways of treating operable oesophageal adenocarcinoma against each other, chemotherapy before and after surgery or chemoradiotherapy before it, and found that the chemotherapy approach helped people live longer.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/esopec/","status":"positive","cancers":"oesophageal-adenocarcinoma esophageal"},{"id":"abc-06","kind":"trial","name":"ABC-06","aka":"","tldr":"ABC-06 was the first randomised trial to show that a second round of chemotherapy, FOLFOX, helps people with bile duct and gallbladder cancer live somewhat longer once gemcitabine and cisplatin have stopped working.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/abc-06/","status":"positive","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma gallbladder biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"fight-302","kind":"trial","name":"FIGHT-302","aka":"","tldr":"FIGHT-302 set out to test whether the FGFR2 inhibitor pemigatinib should be used before chemotherapy in bile duct cancers driven by an FGFR2 fusion; the trial closed early after the standard of care changed, and its 2026 report showed pemigatinib delayed progression compared with chemotherapy, with similar overall survival.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/fight-302/","status":"withdrawn","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma biliary-tract-cancer"},{"id":"reach-2","kind":"trial","name":"REACH-2","aka":"","tldr":"REACH-2 showed that the antibody ramucirumab helped people with liver cancer live longer after sorafenib, but only when a blood marker, alpha-fetoprotein, was high, making it the first liver cancer drug approved on a biomarker.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/reach-2/","status":"positive","cancers":"hcc-advanced hcc"},{"id":"heracles","kind":"trial","name":"HERACLES","aka":"","tldr":"HERACLES showed that the breast cancer drugs trastuzumab and lapatinib, used together, could shrink bowel cancers that carry extra copies of the HER2 gene, turning a laboratory prediction into a treatment for this small group of patients.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/heracles/","status":"positive","cancers":"her2-amplified-colorectal colorectal"},{"id":"spinet","kind":"trial","name":"SPINET","aka":"","tldr":"SPINET tried to prove that the somatostatin analogue lanreotide slows lung carcinoid tumours, as it does gut tumours, but recruited too few patients to give a definitive answer; the small comparison favoured the drug and it is used on that basis.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/spinet/","status":"mixed","cancers":"lung-net neuroendocrine"},{"id":"ifm-2009","kind":"trial","name":"IFM 2009","aka":"IFM/DFCI 2009\nIFM 2009 trial","tldr":"IFM 2009 asked whether a stem cell transplant is still needed when myeloma is treated with modern three-drug therapy; the transplant kept the disease away for longer, though patients lived about as long either way because those who relapsed could be transplanted later.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/ifm-2009/","status":"positive","cancers":"myeloma-transplant-eligible multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"cassiopeia","kind":"trial","name":"CASSIOPEIA","aka":"","tldr":"CASSIOPEIA showed that adding the CD38 antibody daratumumab to a three-drug induction before stem cell transplant put more people with myeloma into deep remission and kept the disease away for longer.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/cassiopeia/","status":"positive","cancers":"myeloma-transplant-eligible multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"cartitude-6","kind":"trial","name":"CARTITUDE-6","aka":"","tldr":"CARTITUDE-6 asks whether a single CAR-T infusion can replace the stem cell transplant that has anchored myeloma treatment for thirty years, when both follow the same four-drug induction.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/cartitude-6/","status":"active","cancers":"myeloma-transplant-eligible multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"apl0406","kind":"trial","name":"APL0406","aka":"GIMEMA-AMLSG-SAL APL0406","tldr":"APL0406 showed that acute promyelocytic leukaemia can be cured without conventional chemotherapy: retinoic acid plus arsenic trioxide did at least as well as, and in fact better than, the standard chemotherapy-based treatment.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/apl0406/","status":"positive","cancers":"apl aml"},{"id":"commands","kind":"trial","name":"COMMANDS","aka":"","tldr":"COMMANDS showed that luspatercept freed more people with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes from blood transfusions than the erythropoietin injections that had been the first-line standard for decades.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/commands/","status":"positive","cancers":"mds-lower-risk mds"},{"id":"medalist","kind":"trial","name":"MEDALIST","aka":"","tldr":"MEDALIST showed that luspatercept let a substantial share of people with ring sideroblast myelodysplastic syndromes stop needing blood transfusions after erythropoietin had failed, which earned the drug its first approval.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/medalist/","status":"positive","cancers":"mds-lower-risk mds"},{"id":"imerge","kind":"trial","name":"IMerge","aka":"","tldr":"IMerge showed that imetelstat, a drug that blocks telomerase in the abnormal blood-forming cells, freed many people with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes from transfusions for months or years after erythropoietin had failed.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/imerge/","status":"positive","cancers":"mds-lower-risk mds"},{"id":"verona","kind":"trial","name":"VERONA","aka":"","tldr":"VERONA tested whether adding venetoclax to azacitidine, the combination that transformed treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia in older patients, would also help people with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes live longer; it did not meet that goal.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/verona/","status":"negative","cancers":"mds-higher-risk mds"},{"id":"momentum","kind":"trial","name":"MOMENTUM","aka":"","tldr":"MOMENTUM showed that momelotinib, a JAK inhibitor that also eases anaemia, relieved symptoms and shrank spleens better than danazol in people with myelofibrosis who were anaemic after earlier JAK inhibitor treatment.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/momentum/","status":"positive","cancers":"primary-myelofibrosis myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"manifest-2","kind":"trial","name":"MANIFEST-2","aka":"","tldr":"MANIFEST-2 found that adding the BET inhibitor pelabresib to ruxolitinib shrank spleens in nearly twice as many people with myelofibrosis, but the improvement in symptoms did not reach statistical significance, leaving the drug's approval uncertain.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/manifest-2/","status":"mixed","cancers":"primary-myelofibrosis myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"dasision","kind":"trial","name":"DASISION","aka":"","tldr":"DASISION showed that the second-generation drug dasatinib brought chronic myeloid leukaemia under control faster and more deeply than imatinib when used from diagnosis, though after five years patients lived equally long on either.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/dasision/","status":"positive","cancers":"cml-chronic-phase cml"},{"id":"murano","kind":"trial","name":"MURANO","aka":"","tldr":"MURANO showed that a fixed two-year course of the BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax with rituximab kept relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukaemia away for far longer than chemo-immunotherapy, and that many patients stayed in remission for years after stopping.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/murano/","status":"positive","cancers":"cll-relapsed cll"},{"id":"augment","kind":"trial","name":"AUGMENT","aka":"","tldr":"AUGMENT showed that pairing rituximab with the immune-modulating tablet lenalidomide kept relapsed follicular lymphoma under control for much longer than rituximab alone, giving patients a chemotherapy-free option.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/augment/","status":"positive","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"zuma-5","kind":"trial","name":"ZUMA-5","aka":"","tldr":"ZUMA-5 showed that a single infusion of CD19 CAR-T cells put most people with heavily pretreated follicular lymphoma into remission, and that many of those remissions have lasted for years.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/zuma-5/","status":"positive","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"zuma-1","kind":"trial","name":"ZUMA-1","aka":"","tldr":"ZUMA-1 was the trial that brought CAR-T cell therapy to large B-cell lymphoma: a single infusion produced remissions in most patients whose disease had resisted chemotherapy, and about four in ten stayed in remission for years.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/zuma-1/","status":"positive","cancers":"dlbcl primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"zuma-2","kind":"trial","name":"ZUMA-2","aka":"","tldr":"ZUMA-2 showed that CD19 CAR-T cells could produce deep and lasting remissions in mantle cell lymphoma that had stopped responding to BTK inhibitors, a group that previously had few options.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/zuma-2/","status":"positive","cancers":"mantle-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"aspen-wm","kind":"trial","name":"ASPEN (Waldenström macroglobulinaemia)","aka":"ASPEN\nBGB-3111-302","tldr":"ASPEN compared two BTK inhibitors head to head in Waldenström macroglobulinaemia: zanubrutinib did not produce statistically more deep responses than ibrutinib, but it caused far fewer heart rhythm problems and other side effects, which is why many guidelines now prefer it.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/aspen-wm/","status":"mixed","cancers":"waldenstrom non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"echelon-2","kind":"trial","name":"ECHELON-2","aka":"","tldr":"ECHELON-2 was the first trial in decades to improve on CHOP chemotherapy for T-cell lymphoma: swapping vincristine for the antibody-drug conjugate brentuximab vedotin helped patients live longer, especially those with anaplastic large cell lymphoma.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/echelon-2/","status":"positive","cancers":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"alcanza","kind":"trial","name":"ALCANZA","aka":"","tldr":"ALCANZA showed that brentuximab vedotin produced lasting improvement in the skin disease of far more people with CD30-positive cutaneous T-cell lymphoma than the standard tablets methotrexate or bexarotene.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/alcanza/","status":"positive","cancers":"cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"aall0434","kind":"trial","name":"COG AALL0434","aka":"AALL0434","tldr":"AALL0434 was the largest trial ever run in childhood T-cell leukaemia; it showed that adding the drug nelarabine to standard chemotherapy cut relapses, and that most children could be cured without radiation to the brain.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/aall0434/","status":"positive","cancers":"all-paediatric-high-risk all-leukemia"},{"id":"aren0532","kind":"trial","name":"COG AREN0532","aka":"AREN0532","tldr":"AREN0532 tested treating the lowest-risk Wilms tumours with surgery alone and no chemotherapy, and giving more treatment only to children whose tumours carried particular chromosome losses; both ideas worked and now guide how much therapy each child gets.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/aren0532/","status":"completed","cancers":"wilms-tumor childhood-cancers"},{"id":"acns0332","kind":"trial","name":"COG ACNS0332","aka":"ACNS0332","tldr":"ACNS0332 found that giving carboplatin alongside radiotherapy improved survival for children with the most aggressive group 3 medulloblastomas, while isotretinoin, tested in the same trial, did nothing and was dropped.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/acns0332/","status":"mixed","cancers":"medulloblastoma-group-3-4 medulloblastoma"},{"id":"cabone","kind":"trial","name":"CABONE","aka":"","tldr":"CABONE showed that the tablet cabozantinib could shrink or hold back both Ewing sarcoma and osteosarcoma that had come back after standard chemotherapy, the first drug to show meaningful activity in both bone cancers.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/cabone/","status":"positive","cancers":"osteosarcoma ewing-sarcoma sarcoma"},{"id":"sarc028","kind":"trial","name":"SARC028","aka":"","tldr":"SARC028 tested the immunotherapy pembrolizumab across the common sarcoma types and found that it works in some, undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma above all, and barely at all in bone sarcomas such as osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/sarc028/","status":"mixed","cancers":"undifferentiated-pleomorphic-sarcoma liposarcoma osteosarcoma ewing-sarcoma sarcoma"},{"id":"regobone","kind":"trial","name":"REGOBONE","aka":"","tldr":"REGOBONE showed that the tablet regorafenib delayed progression of osteosarcoma that had come back after chemotherapy, giving one of the few randomised results in relapsed bone cancer.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/regobone/","status":"positive","cancers":"osteosarcoma ewing-sarcoma chondrosarcoma chordoma sarcoma"},{"id":"tappas","kind":"trial","name":"TAPPAS","aka":"","tldr":"TAPPAS tested whether adding an antibody against endoglin, a protein on the abnormal blood vessel cells that make up angiosarcoma, would improve on the standard tablet pazopanib; it did not, and the trial was stopped for futility.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/tappas/","status":"negative","cancers":"angiosarcoma vascular-tumours sarcoma"},{"id":"navigator","kind":"trial","name":"NAVIGATOR","aka":"","tldr":"NAVIGATOR showed that avapritinib shrank almost every GIST driven by the PDGFRA D842V mutation, a type that had resisted every earlier drug, and won the drug its approval for that group.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/navigator/","status":"positive","cancers":"gist-pdgfra-d842v gist sarcoma"},{"id":"grid","kind":"trial","name":"GRID","aka":"","tldr":"GRID showed that regorafenib held back GIST that had already escaped both imatinib and sunitinib, and gave patients a third line of targeted treatment.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/grid/","status":"positive","cancers":"gist-imatinib-resistant gist sarcoma"},{"id":"tam-01","kind":"trial","name":"TAM-01","aka":"","tldr":"TAM-01 showed that a quarter of the usual tamoxifen dose, taken for three years, roughly halved the risk of a new or recurrent breast cancer after treatment for DCIS or other pre-invasive changes, with far fewer of the side effects that make women stop the full dose.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/tam-01/","status":"positive","cancers":"ductal-carcinoma-in-situ breast-cancer"},{"id":"comet-dcis","kind":"trial","name":"COMET (Comparison of Operative versus Monitoring and Endocrine Therapy)","aka":"COMET\nAFT-25","tldr":"COMET asked whether women with low-risk DCIS could safely be watched rather than operated on; after two years the rate of invasive cancer in the monitored group was no worse than with surgery, so careful monitoring is now a reasonable choice for some women.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/comet-dcis/","status":"positive","cancers":"ductal-carcinoma-in-situ breast-cancer"},{"id":"penelope-b","kind":"trial","name":"PENELOPE-B","aka":"","tldr":"PENELOPE-B tested whether a year of the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib after chemotherapy and surgery would prevent recurrence in women at high risk; it did not, one of two trials to show that palbociclib does not work in early breast cancer even though later drugs in the class do.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/penelope-b/","status":"negative","cancers":"hr-positive-early-high-risk breast-hr-positive breast-cancer"},{"id":"bolero-2","kind":"trial","name":"BOLERO-2","aka":"","tldr":"BOLERO-2 showed that adding the mTOR inhibitor everolimus to the hormone drug exemestane more than doubled the time that advanced breast cancer stayed under control after aromatase inhibitors had stopped working, the first targeted drug to overcome endocrine resistance.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/bolero-2/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46 breast-cancer"},{"id":"nala","kind":"trial","name":"NALA","aka":"","tldr":"NALA showed that the irreversible HER2 inhibitor neratinib, given with capecitabine, kept heavily pretreated HER2-positive breast cancer under control for longer than lapatinib and reduced the need for treatment of brain metastases.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/nala/","status":"positive","cancers":"her2-positive-breast-brain-metastases breast-her2-positive breast-cancer"},{"id":"patina","kind":"trial","name":"PATINA","aka":"","tldr":"PATINA showed that adding the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib to maintenance antibody and hormone treatment kept breast cancers that are both hormone receptor- and HER2-positive under control for markedly longer.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/patina/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-her2-positive breast-hr-positive breast-cancer"},{"id":"atempt","kind":"trial","name":"ATEMPT","aka":"","tldr":"ATEMPT tested whether a year of the antibody-drug conjugate T-DM1 could replace chemotherapy plus trastuzumab for the smallest HER2-positive breast cancers; almost no one relapsed on T-DM1, but it was not less toxic overall, so it is an alternative rather than a replacement.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/atempt/","status":"mixed","cancers":"her2-positive-early-breast-cancer breast-her2-positive breast-cancer"},{"id":"tuxedo-1","kind":"trial","name":"TUXEDO-1","aka":"","tldr":"TUXEDO-1 was a small study that showed trastuzumab deruxtecan shrinks brain metastases in most people with HER2-positive breast cancer, overturning the assumption that large antibody-drug conjugates cannot work inside the brain.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/tuxedo-1/","status":"positive","cancers":"her2-positive-breast-brain-metastases breast-her2-positive breast-cancer"},{"id":"geparsixto","kind":"trial","name":"GeparSixto","aka":"GBG 66","tldr":"GeparSixto showed that adding carboplatin to chemotherapy given before surgery made triple-negative breast tumours disappear completely far more often, and in longer follow-up cut relapses, which put platinum into the standard neoadjuvant regimen for this type.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/geparsixto/","status":"positive","cancers":"tnbc-early tnbc breast-cancer"},{"id":"checkmate-915","kind":"trial","name":"CheckMate 915","aka":"","tldr":"CheckMate 915 asked whether adding a low dose of ipilimumab to nivolumab after melanoma surgery would prevent more recurrences; it did not, and added toxicity, so single-agent PD-1 blockade remains the adjuvant standard.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/checkmate-915/","status":"negative","cancers":"stage-iii-melanoma melanoma"},{"id":"stamp-merkel","kind":"trial","name":"STAMP (EA6174)","aka":"STAMP\nECOG-ACRIN EA6174","tldr":"STAMP asks whether a year of pembrolizumab after surgery for Merkel cell carcinoma, a skin cancer that often comes back, prevents recurrence; it is one of two randomised trials testing adjuvant immunotherapy in this disease.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/stamp-merkel/","status":"active","cancers":"merkel-cell-carcinoma skin-cancer"},{"id":"keynote-412","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-412","aka":"","tldr":"KEYNOTE-412 tested adding pembrolizumab to standard chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer; the improvement in keeping patients free of disease fell short of statistical significance, so chemoradiotherapy alone remains the standard.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/keynote-412/","status":"negative","cancers":"hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer head-and-neck"},{"id":"tpextreme","kind":"trial","name":"TPExtreme (GORTEC 2014-01)","aka":"TPExtreme\nGORTEC 2014-01","tldr":"TPExtreme compared a shorter, docetaxel-based version of the standard EXTREME chemotherapy for advanced head and neck cancer with the original; patients lived about as long on either, and the shorter regimen was easier to tolerate, so it became an accepted alternative.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/tpextreme/","status":"mixed","cancers":"recurrent-metastatic-hnscc head-and-neck"},{"id":"orator","kind":"trial","name":"ORATOR","aka":"","tldr":"ORATOR was the first randomised comparison of surgery and radiotherapy for early throat cancer; swallowing scores a year later were slightly better after radiotherapy, but the difference was smaller than patients would notice, so both remain reasonable choices.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/orator/","status":"mixed","cancers":"hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer oropharyngeal-cancer"},{"id":"exam","kind":"trial","name":"EXAM","aka":"","tldr":"EXAM showed that cabozantinib, which blocks RET, MET and VEGF receptors, held back progressive medullary thyroid cancer for far longer than placebo, and gave the disease its second approved targeted drug.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/exam/","status":"positive","cancers":"medullary-thyroid-cancer thyroid"},{"id":"prosper","kind":"trial","name":"PROSPER","aka":"","tldr":"PROSPER showed that enzalutamide delayed the appearance of metastases by about two years, and later helped men live longer, when given at the point where prostate cancer is rising on hormone therapy but has not yet spread on scans.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/prosper/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate-nmcrpc prostate"},{"id":"aramis","kind":"trial","name":"ARAMIS","aka":"","tldr":"ARAMIS showed that darolutamide, an androgen receptor blocker that barely enters the brain, delayed metastases and lengthened life in men whose prostate cancer was rising on hormone therapy but not yet visible on scans, with side effects close to placebo.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/aramis/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate-nmcrpc prostate"},{"id":"enzamet","kind":"trial","name":"ENZAMET","aka":"ANZUP 1304","tldr":"ENZAMET showed that adding enzalutamide to hormone therapy from the moment prostate cancer is found to have spread helped men live longer, and it did so in an academic trial that also allowed chemotherapy, which made its results widely applicable.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/enzamet/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate-mhspc prostate"},{"id":"aranote","kind":"trial","name":"ARANOTE","aka":"","tldr":"ARANOTE showed that darolutamide added to hormone therapy alone, without chemotherapy, delayed the progression of newly metastatic prostate cancer on scans, extending the drug's use to men who cannot or do not want to have docetaxel.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/aranote/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate-mhspc prostate"},{"id":"checkmate-025","kind":"trial","name":"CheckMate 025","aka":"","tldr":"CheckMate 025 was the trial that brought immunotherapy to kidney cancer: nivolumab helped people live longer than everolimus after anti-angiogenic drugs had failed, with fewer side effects.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/checkmate-025/","status":"positive","cancers":"clear-cell-rcc rcc"},{"id":"carmena","kind":"trial","name":"CARMENA","aka":"","tldr":"CARMENA showed that removing the kidney before starting sunitinib did not help people with kidney cancer that had already spread live longer, which ended the routine practice of upfront nephrectomy for intermediate- and poor-risk patients.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/carmena/","status":"positive","cancers":"clear-cell-rcc rcc"},{"id":"papmet","kind":"trial","name":"PAPMET (SWOG S1500)","aka":"PAPMET\nS1500\nSWOG S1500","tldr":"PAPMET was the first randomised trial dedicated to papillary kidney cancer; cabozantinib held the disease back for longer than sunitinib, the previous default, while two more selective MET inhibitors did not.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/papmet/","status":"positive","cancers":"papillary-rcc rcc"},{"id":"keynote-057","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-057","aka":"","tldr":"KEYNOTE-057 showed that pembrolizumab could clear bladder cancer confined to the lining in a substantial minority of people whose disease had stopped responding to BCG, giving the first drug alternative to removing the bladder.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/keynote-057/","status":"positive","cancers":"non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer urothelial"},{"id":"calla","kind":"trial","name":"CALLA","aka":"","tldr":"CALLA tested adding the PD-L1 antibody durvalumab to chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer and found no significant benefit, in contrast to the later positive KEYNOTE-A18 trial of pembrolizumab in a higher-risk population.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/calla/","status":"negative","cancers":"locally-advanced-cervical-cancer cervical"},{"id":"shape","kind":"trial","name":"SHAPE (CCTG CX.5)","aka":"SHAPE\nCX.5\nGCIG SHAPE","tldr":"SHAPE showed that women with small, low-risk cervical cancers can safely have a simple hysterectomy rather than the more extensive radical operation, with the same low rate of recurrence and fewer bladder and sexual problems.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/shape/","status":"positive","cancers":"early-cervical-cancer cervical"},{"id":"garnet","kind":"trial","name":"GARNET","aka":"","tldr":"GARNET showed that the PD-1 antibody dostarlimab produced lasting responses in about four in ten women with mismatch repair-deficient endometrial cancer that had returned after chemotherapy, which won the drug its first approvals.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/garnet/","status":"positive","cancers":"endometrial-mmr-deficient endometrial"},{"id":"soraya","kind":"trial","name":"SORAYA","aka":"","tldr":"SORAYA showed that mirvetuximab soravtansine, an antibody-drug conjugate aimed at the folate receptor, shrank about a third of platinum-resistant ovarian cancers that had already been treated with bevacizumab, and earned the first approval of a biomarker-directed drug for this setting.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/soraya/","status":"positive","cancers":"platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer ovarian"},{"id":"portec-2","kind":"trial","name":"PORTEC-2","aka":"","tldr":"PORTEC-2 showed that a short course of internal radiotherapy to the top of the vagina prevented local recurrence of endometrial cancer as well as several weeks of external pelvic radiotherapy, with far fewer bowel side effects, and it became the standard for intermediate-risk disease.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/portec-2/","status":"positive","cancers":"endometrial-nsmp endometrial-pole-ultramutated endometrial"},{"id":"intellance-1","kind":"trial","name":"INTELLANCE-1","aka":"Intellance1\nM13-813","tldr":"INTELLANCE-1 tested an antibody-drug conjugate that targets the EGFR amplification found in about half of glioblastomas, added to standard treatment; it did not help people live longer, and the drug was abandoned.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/intellance-1/","status":"negative","cancers":"glioblastoma brain-tumours"},{"id":"attraction-2","kind":"trial","name":"ATTRACTION-2","aka":"","tldr":"ATTRACTION-2 was the first randomised trial to show that an immunotherapy drug, nivolumab, helps people with heavily pretreated stomach cancer live longer than placebo, and it made nivolumab a late-line option in East Asia before any Western approval.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/attraction-2/","status":"positive","cancers":"gastric-pdl1-high gastric"},{"id":"gatsby","kind":"trial","name":"GATSBY","aka":"","tldr":"GATSBY tested whether the antibody-drug conjugate trastuzumab emtansine, which works in HER2-positive breast cancer, would also beat chemotherapy in HER2-positive stomach cancer after first treatment; it did not, and the drug was never approved for this cancer.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/gatsby/","status":"negative","cancers":"gastric-her2-positive gastric"},{"id":"klass-01","kind":"trial","name":"KLASS-01","aka":"","tldr":"KLASS-01 showed that removing an early stomach cancer through keyhole surgery is as safe for long-term survival as open surgery and causes fewer wound complications, which made laparoscopic gastrectomy the standard for early gastric cancer in Korea and beyond.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/klass-01/","status":"positive","cancers":"early-gastric-cancer gastric"},{"id":"aza-001","kind":"trial","name":"AZA-001","aka":"","tldr":"AZA-001 was the trial that showed a drug could help people with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes live longer: azacitidine beat the best conventional care, and it has been the backbone of treatment for this disease ever since.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/aza-001/","status":"positive","cancers":"mds-higher-risk mds"},{"id":"maia","kind":"trial","name":"MAIA","aka":"","tldr":"MAIA showed that adding the antibody daratumumab to the standard two-drug regimen kept newly diagnosed myeloma under control for far longer in older people who cannot have a transplant, and later that they lived longer too, which made the three-drug regimen a standard first treatment.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/maia/","status":"positive","cancers":"myeloma-transplant-ineligible multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"determination","kind":"trial","name":"DETERMINATION","aka":"","tldr":"DETERMINATION asked whether people with newly diagnosed myeloma still need a stem-cell transplant when modern three-drug therapy and long maintenance are available; transplant kept the disease away for longer, but after several years the two groups had not lived different lengths of time, so the transplant can be delayed for some.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/determination/","status":"positive","cancers":"myeloma-transplant-eligible multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"aquila","kind":"trial","name":"AQUILA","aka":"","tldr":"AQUILA showed that treating high-risk smouldering myeloma with the antibody daratumumab, rather than waiting for it to turn into active disease, delayed that progression, making it the first drug shown in a randomised trial to hold back myeloma before it causes symptoms.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/aquila/","status":"positive","cancers":"smouldering-myeloma multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"resonate-2","kind":"trial","name":"RESONATE-2","aka":"","tldr":"RESONATE-2 showed that the oral BTK inhibitor ibrutinib kept untreated chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in check far longer than the old chemotherapy tablet chlorambucil in older patients, and helped them live longer, which brought targeted pills into first-line treatment of this leukaemia.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/resonate-2/","status":"positive","cancers":"cll-treatment-naive cll"},{"id":"mavoric","kind":"trial","name":"MAVORIC","aka":"","tldr":"MAVORIC showed that mogamulizumab, an antibody that clears the malignant T cells that carry the CCR4 protein, kept cutaneous T-cell lymphoma under control for longer than the standard tablet vorinostat, and did especially well in the blood-involved Sezary form, which led to its approval.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/mavoric/","status":"positive","cancers":"cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"herby","kind":"trial","name":"HERBY","aka":"","tldr":"HERBY asked whether adding the anti-blood-vessel antibody bevacizumab to radiotherapy and temozolomide would help children with high-grade brain tumours; it did not delay the tumours returning, so the drug is not part of standard treatment for these children.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/herby/","status":"negative","cancers":"paediatric-high-grade-glioma glioblastoma"},{"id":"avaglio","kind":"trial","name":"AVAglio","aka":"","tldr":"AVAglio tested adding the anti-blood-vessel drug bevacizumab to standard radiotherapy and chemotherapy for newly diagnosed glioblastoma; the tumours took longer to grow on scans, but people did not live any longer, so bevacizumab is not used up front for this cancer.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/avaglio/","status":"negative","cancers":"glioblastoma brain-tumours"},{"id":"codel","kind":"trial","name":"CODEL","aka":"","tldr":"CODEL is the intergroup trial meant to settle whether oligodendroglioma patients should get temozolomide or the older three-drug PCV combination with their radiotherapy; its first phase already showed that temozolomide on its own, without radiotherapy, lets the tumour come back sooner.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/codel/","status":"active","cancers":"oligodendroglioma glioblastoma"},{"id":"neosphere","kind":"trial","name":"NeoSphere","aka":"","tldr":"NeoSphere showed that blocking HER2 with two antibodies, pertuzumab and trastuzumab, alongside chemotherapy before surgery made HER2-positive breast tumours disappear completely more often than one antibody alone, which led to the first approval of a cancer drug for use before surgery.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/neosphere/","status":"positive","cancers":"her2-positive-early-breast-cancer breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"brightness","kind":"trial","name":"BrighTNess","aka":"","tldr":"BrighTNess showed that adding the platinum drug carboplatin to standard chemotherapy before surgery makes triple-negative breast tumours vanish completely more often, and later that fewer people relapsed, while the PARP inhibitor veliparib added on top made no difference.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/brightness/","status":"completed","cancers":"tnbc-early tnbc"},{"id":"imspire150","kind":"trial","name":"IMspire150","aka":"","tldr":"IMspire150 tested adding the immunotherapy drug atezolizumab to the two targeted pills used for BRAF-mutant melanoma; the triple combination kept the cancer from growing for longer as judged by the treating doctors, which earned it approval, but it did not help people live longer.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/imspire150/","status":"positive","cancers":"braf-v600-melanoma melanoma"},{"id":"checkmate-358","kind":"trial","name":"CheckMate 358","aka":"","tldr":"CheckMate 358 gave the immunotherapy drug nivolumab to people with cancers caused by viruses; in Merkel cell carcinoma, a short course before surgery made the tumour disappear entirely in nearly half of those operated on, the first sign that immunotherapy could work before surgery in this skin cancer.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/checkmate-358/","status":"completed","cancers":"merkel-cell-carcinoma skin-cancer recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer cervical"},{"id":"zeta","kind":"trial","name":"ZETA","aka":"","tldr":"ZETA showed that vandetanib, a pill blocking the RET protein that drives most medullary thyroid cancers along with the tumour blood supply, kept advanced disease from growing for much longer than placebo, and it became the first drug ever approved for this rare cancer.","tags":"subtype-trials","route":"/trials/zeta/","status":"positive","cancers":"medullary-thyroid-cancer thyroid"},{"id":"mediastinal-germ-cell-tumour","kind":"cancer","name":"Mediastinal germ cell tumour","aka":"Primary mediastinal germ cell tumour\nMediastinal seminoma\nPrimary mediastinal non-seminomatous germ cell tumour\nPMNSGCT\nMediastinal teratoma","tldr":"A mediastinal germ cell tumour is a germ cell tumour that starts in the chest, between the lungs, rather than in the testis. Seminomas here are cured almost as often as testicular seminoma, but non-seminomas of the chest are the hardest germ cell tumours to cure, so they get four cycles of chemotherapy and surgery for what is left.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/mediastinal-germ-cell-tumour/","parent":"extragonadal-germ-cell-tumour"},{"id":"retroperitoneal-germ-cell-tumour","kind":"cancer","name":"Retroperitoneal germ cell tumour","aka":"Primary retroperitoneal germ cell tumour\nExtragonadal retroperitoneal germ cell tumour\nBurned-out testicular tumour presenting in the retroperitoneum","tldr":"A retroperitoneal germ cell tumour is a germ cell tumour found in the back of the abdomen with no obvious tumour in the testis. Many turn out to be spread from a tiny testicular tumour that has scarred over, so the testes are examined closely; treatment and cure rates are close to those of testicular disease.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/retroperitoneal-germ-cell-tumour/","parent":"extragonadal-germ-cell-tumour"},{"id":"men1-syndrome","kind":"cancer","name":"Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1)","aka":"MEN1\nWermer syndrome\nMEN1 (menin; parathyroid, pancreatic NET, pituitary)","tldr":"MEN1 is an inherited condition, one of the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes, in which a faulty MEN1 gene lets tumours grow in the parathyroid glands, the pancreas and the pituitary. Each tumour is treated much as it would be in anyone else, but because there are many of them and they come back, families are followed for life in specialist clinics.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/men1-syndrome/","parent":"multiple-endocrine-neoplasia"},{"id":"men2-syndrome","kind":"cancer","name":"Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2A and MEN2B)","aka":"MEN2\nMEN2A\nMEN2B\nMEN3\nSipple syndrome\nFamilial medullary thyroid carcinoma (MEN2A variant)\nMEN2A (RET; medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, parathyroid)\nMEN2B (RET M918T; early MTC, pheochromocytoma, mucosal neuromas)","tldr":"MEN2 is an inherited condition, one of the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes, in which a faulty RET gene causes medullary thyroid cancer in almost every carrier, often with adrenal tumours and overactive parathyroids. Because the thyroid cancer is so predictable, children who inherit the gene have the thyroid removed at an age set by which RET mutation they carry.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/men2-syndrome/","parent":"multiple-endocrine-neoplasia"},{"id":"hyperparathyroidism-jaw-tumour-syndrome","kind":"cancer","name":"Hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumour syndrome (CDC73-related parathyroid carcinoma)","aka":"HPT-JT\nHPT-JT syndrome\nHyperparathyroidism-jaw tumour syndrome associated (germline CDC73)\nCDC73-related disorder\nHRPT2-related hyperparathyroidism","tldr":"Hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumour syndrome is an inherited condition in which a faulty CDC73 gene causes parathyroid tumours, and in about one in five people a parathyroid carcinoma, together with bony tumours of the jaw and kidney and womb growths. It matters because it is the commonest inherited route to parathyroid carcinoma and a reason to test the gene in anyone with that cancer.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/hyperparathyroidism-jaw-tumour-syndrome/","parent":"parathyroid-carcinoma"},{"id":"urethral-urothelial-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Urothelial carcinoma of the urethra","aka":"Urethral urothelial carcinoma\nTransitional cell carcinoma of the urethra\nUrothelial carcinoma (proximal and prostatic urethra)\nProstatic urethral carcinoma","tldr":"Urothelial carcinoma of the urethra is the type of urethral cancer that grows from the same lining as bladder cancer, usually in the part of the urethra nearest the bladder or running through the prostate. It is treated by borrowing from bladder cancer: surgery, and chemotherapy with cisplatin before surgery when the disease is advanced.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/urethral-urothelial-carcinoma/","parent":"urethral"},{"id":"urethral-squamous-cell-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the urethra","aka":"Urethral squamous cell carcinoma\nSquamous cell carcinoma (distal urethra; HPV-associated in some)\nDistal urethral carcinoma","tldr":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the urethra is the type of urethral cancer that grows in the outer part of the urethra, where the lining is skin-like; in some cases HPV is involved. It is treated like anal or vulval cancer of the same cell type, with chemotherapy and radiotherapy together to avoid removing the urethra.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/urethral-squamous-cell-carcinoma/","parent":"urethral"},{"id":"urethral-adenocarcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Adenocarcinoma of the urethra (including clear cell adenocarcinoma)","aka":"Urethral adenocarcinoma\nClear cell adenocarcinoma of the urethra\nAdenocarcinoma (including clear cell adenocarcinoma of the female urethra)\nSkene gland adenocarcinoma\nUrethral diverticulum carcinoma","tldr":"Adenocarcinoma of the urethra is a gland-forming type of urethral cancer, more often seen in women, that can start in the small glands beside the urethra or in a pouch (diverticulum) in its wall. The clear cell form is its own entity in the WHO classification. No trial has been run in it, so it is treated by surgery at a specialist urological centre, advanced disease as on the parent page.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/urethral-adenocarcinoma/","parent":"urethral"},{"id":"urethral-melanoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Melanoma of the urethra","aka":"Urethral melanoma\nPrimary malignant melanoma of the urethra\nUrethral melanoma (very rare)\nGenitourinary mucosal melanoma","tldr":"Melanoma of the urethra is a very rare urethral cancer that starts in pigment cells of the urethral lining, usually near its outer opening, in older adults. It is a form of mucosal melanoma, so it is removed surgically and, when it spreads, treated with the immunotherapy drugs used for melanoma elsewhere.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/urethral-melanoma/","parent":"urethral"},{"id":"lung-adenocarcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Adenocarcinoma of the lung","aka":"Lung adenocarcinoma\nPulmonary adenocarcinoma\nAdenocarcinoma\nAdenocarcinoma (~50%)\nNon-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (in trial entry criteria)\nBronchioloalveolar carcinoma (term retired in 2011)","tldr":"Lung adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer and the form that non-smokers usually get; it starts in the mucus-making gland cells of the small airways, most often at the edge of the lung. It is the type in which testing for a driver mutation matters most, because half of cases have one that a tablet can target.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 lung","route":"/cancers/lung-adenocarcinoma/","parent":"nsclc"},{"id":"lung-squamous-cell-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung","aka":"Squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung\nLung squamous cell carcinoma\nSquamous NSCLC\nSquamous\nSquamous cell carcinoma (~25-30%)\nEpidermoid carcinoma of the lung\nKeratinising and non-keratinising squamous cell carcinoma of the lung","tldr":"Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common type of lung cancer and the one most tightly linked to smoking; it starts in the flat cells lining the large central airways. Unlike adenocarcinoma it rarely carries a mutation a tablet can target, so treatment rests on chemotherapy with immunotherapy, and pemetrexed and bevacizumab are not used.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 lung","route":"/cancers/lung-squamous-cell-carcinoma/","parent":"nsclc"},{"id":"large-cell-lung-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Large cell carcinoma of the lung","aka":"Large-cell lung carcinoma\nLarge cell lung carcinoma\nLarge-cell carcinoma\nLarge-cell / NOS\nLarge cell lung carcinoma with rhabdoid phenotype (variant retired in 2015)\nUndifferentiated non-small-cell lung cancer","tldr":"Large cell carcinoma is the name for a non-small-cell lung cancer whose cells look neither glandular nor squamous under the microscope. Since 2015 pathologists use protein stains to sort most of these tumours into adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma, so a true large cell diagnosis is now rare and is treated like adenocarcinoma.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 lung","route":"/cancers/large-cell-lung-carcinoma/","parent":"nsclc"},{"id":"pulmonary-sarcomatoid-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung","aka":"Pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma\nSarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung\nPleomorphic carcinoma of the lung\nSpindle cell carcinoma of the lung\nGiant-cell carcinoma of the lung\nGiant cell carcinoma of the lung\nPulmonary carcinosarcoma","tldr":"Sarcomatoid carcinoma is a rare, aggressive form of lung cancer in which part or all of the tumour looks like a sarcoma, with spindle-shaped or giant cells. It is treated like other non-small-cell lung cancers, but is worth testing for a MET gene fault, which is found in a sizeable minority and can be treated with a tablet.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 lung","route":"/cancers/pulmonary-sarcomatoid-carcinoma/","parent":"nsclc"},{"id":"lung-adenosquamous-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Adenosquamous carcinoma of the lung","aka":"Adenosquamous carcinoma of the lung\nAdenosquamous cell lung cancer\nMixed adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung","tldr":"Adenosquamous carcinoma is an uncommon lung cancer that contains both gland-forming and squamous cancer cells, each making up at least a tenth of the tumour. It behaves worse than either pure type, but its gland-forming part often carries an EGFR mutation, so it is tested and treated like adenocarcinoma.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 lung","route":"/cancers/lung-adenosquamous-carcinoma/","parent":"nsclc"},{"id":"invasive-mucinous-adenocarcinoma-lung","kind":"cancer","name":"Invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung","aka":"Invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma\nIMA\nMucinous bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (term retired in 2011)\nMucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung","tldr":"Invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma is a type of lung cancer whose cells look like stomach or bowel lining and fill the air spaces with mucus, often appearing as pneumonia-like shadows on a scan. Most cases carry a KRAS mutation, and many of the rest carry a gene fusion, including NRG1, that new drugs can target.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 lung","route":"/cancers/invasive-mucinous-adenocarcinoma-lung/","parent":"nsclc"},{"id":"lung-adenocarcinoma-in-situ-and-minimally-invasive","kind":"cancer","name":"Adenocarcinoma in situ and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma of the lung","aka":"Adenocarcinoma in situ of the lung\nAIS\nMinimally invasive adenocarcinoma\nMIA\nLepidic adenocarcinoma, preinvasive\nBronchioloalveolar carcinoma (term retired in 2011)\nGround-glass nodule adenocarcinoma","tldr":"Adenocarcinoma in situ and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma are the earliest forms of lung cancer of the adenocarcinoma type: small tumours, usually seen as ground-glass spots on a CT scan, that have not yet invaded, or have invaded less than five millimetres. When removed they are effectively cured, with no recurrences in the large series, so the question is how little surgery is enough.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 lung","route":"/cancers/lung-adenocarcinoma-in-situ-and-minimally-invasive/","parent":"nsclc"},{"id":"basaloid-squamous-cell-carcinoma-lung","kind":"cancer","name":"Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the lung","aka":"Basaloid squamous cell lung carcinoma\nBasaloid carcinoma of the lung\nBasaloid squamous cell carcinoma\nBasaloid variant of squamous cell carcinoma","tldr":"Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma is a variant of squamous lung cancer made of small, dark, tightly packed cells that grow in nests; survival in the source series was lower than in other squamous cell carcinoma. No trial exists in the variant alone, so the parent's evidence applies: it is treated as squamous lung cancer by stage, and its high PD-L1 is why checkpoint inhibitors are used.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 lung","route":"/cancers/basaloid-squamous-cell-carcinoma-lung/","parent":"nsclc"},{"id":"lymphoepithelial-carcinoma-lung","kind":"cancer","name":"Lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the lung","aka":"Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the lung\nPulmonary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma\nLELC of the lung\nEBV-associated lung carcinoma","tldr":"Lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the lung is a rare lung cancer, seen mostly in East Asian non-smokers, in which cancer cells sit in a dense crowd of immune cells and usually carry the Epstein-Barr virus, like nasopharyngeal cancer. It is treated as a squamous lung cancer, and its high PD-L1 levels have made immunotherapy a natural choice.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 lung","route":"/cancers/lymphoepithelial-carcinoma-lung/","parent":"nsclc"},{"id":"pulmonary-blastoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Pulmonary blastoma (adult)","aka":"Classic biphasic pulmonary blastoma\nBiphasic pulmonary blastoma\nAdult pulmonary blastoma\nWell-differentiated fetal adenocarcinoma (the monophasic epithelial form, now classed as fetal adenocarcinoma)","tldr":"Pulmonary blastoma is a very rare lung cancer of adults that mixes a fetal-looking gland component with a primitive sarcoma-like component, and so belongs with the sarcomatoid lung cancers. It is different from the pleuropulmonary blastoma of young children. Surgery is the treatment; chemotherapy has no proven benefit and the outlook is poor.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 lung","route":"/cancers/pulmonary-blastoma/","parent":"nsclc"},{"id":"invasive-lobular-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast","aka":"Invasive lobular carcinoma\nILC\nLobular breast cancer\nInvasive lobular breast cancer\nInfiltrating lobular carcinoma\nPleomorphic lobular carcinoma","tldr":"Invasive lobular carcinoma is the second most common type of breast cancer, about one in seven cases. Its cells have lost the glue protein E-cadherin, so they spread in single files rather than forming a lump, which makes it hard to see on mammograms and to measure. Almost all cases are hormone-receptor positive and are treated like other hormone-driven breast cancer.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 breast","route":"/cancers/invasive-lobular-carcinoma/","parent":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"invasive-breast-carcinoma-no-special-type","kind":"cancer","name":"Invasive breast carcinoma of no special type (invasive ductal carcinoma)","aka":"Invasive ductal carcinoma\nIDC\nInvasive carcinoma of no special type\nNST\nInfiltrating ductal carcinoma\nInvasive ductal carcinoma not otherwise specified\nInvasive breast cancer\nordinary breast cancer\nusual type breast cancer\nno special type\nNST breast cancer\nIDC NST","tldr":"Invasive carcinoma of no special type, still widely called invasive ductal carcinoma, is the ordinary form of breast cancer and by far the most common. The name means the tumour has no special pattern that would put it in one of the rarer types; everything on the main breast cancer page and its receptor subpages is written about this type unless it says otherwise.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 breast","route":"/cancers/invasive-breast-carcinoma-no-special-type/","parent":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"tubular-carcinoma-breast","kind":"cancer","name":"Tubular carcinoma of the breast","aka":"Tubular carcinoma\nTubular breast cancer\nPure tubular carcinoma","tldr":"Tubular carcinoma is a rare, slow-growing type of breast cancer made of small, well-formed tubes, usually found small on a screening mammogram. Its outlook is excellent, better even than other grade 1 breast cancers, and it is treated with surgery, radiotherapy where the breast is kept, and hormone therapy.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 breast","route":"/cancers/tubular-carcinoma-breast/","parent":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"mucinous-carcinoma-breast","kind":"cancer","name":"Mucinous carcinoma of the breast","aka":"Mucinous carcinoma of the breast\nColloid carcinoma of the breast\nMucinous breast cancer\nPure mucinous carcinoma","tldr":"Mucinous carcinoma is a rare type of breast cancer in which the cancer cells float in pools of mucus they have made. It is usually hormone-receptor positive, slow-growing and less likely to reach the lymph nodes than ordinary breast cancer, so its outlook is good and it is treated like other hormone-driven breast cancer.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 breast","route":"/cancers/mucinous-carcinoma-breast/","parent":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"papillary-carcinoma-breast","kind":"cancer","name":"Papillary carcinomas of the breast (encapsulated, solid and invasive papillary)","aka":"Papillary carcinomas of the breast\nPapillary carcinoma of the breast\nEncapsulated papillary carcinoma\nIntracystic papillary carcinoma\nSolid papillary carcinoma\nInvasive papillary carcinoma\nTall cell carcinoma with reversed polarity","tldr":"Papillary carcinomas are rare breast cancers, about one in a hundred, that grow as finger-like fronds on stalks, often inside a cyst, mostly in older women. The encapsulated and solid forms behave almost like non-invasive disease and have an excellent outlook; the truly invasive papillary form is treated like ordinary hormone-driven breast cancer.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 breast","route":"/cancers/papillary-carcinoma-breast/","parent":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"invasive-cribriform-carcinoma-breast","kind":"cancer","name":"Invasive cribriform carcinoma of the breast","aka":"Invasive cribriform carcinoma\nInfiltrating cribriform carcinoma\nCribriform breast cancer","tldr":"Invasive cribriform carcinoma is a rare, low-grade type of breast cancer whose cells grow in sieve-like nests, closely related to tubular carcinoma. In its pure form it has an excellent outlook, with no deaths from the cancer in the defining series, and it is treated like other hormone-driven breast cancer with the least treatment possible.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 breast","route":"/cancers/invasive-cribriform-carcinoma-breast/","parent":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"invasive-micropapillary-carcinoma-breast","kind":"cancer","name":"Invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast","aka":"Invasive micropapillary carcinoma\nIMPC\nMicropapillary breast cancer","tldr":"Invasive micropapillary carcinoma is a rare type of breast cancer in which small clusters of cells float inside-out in empty spaces. It spreads to the lymph nodes far more often than ordinary breast cancer of the same size, but once that is allowed for its survival is similar, and it is treated by receptor status like other breast cancer, usually hormone-driven.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 breast","route":"/cancers/invasive-micropapillary-carcinoma-breast/","parent":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"neuroendocrine-neoplasms-breast","kind":"cancer","name":"Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the breast","aka":"Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast\nNeuroendocrine tumour of the breast\nPrimary small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast\nBreast carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation","tldr":"Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the breast are rare breast cancers whose cells make hormone-like granules, ranging from slow-growing tumours to small cell carcinoma like that of the lung. They are easily mistaken for ordinary breast cancer or for spread from elsewhere; slow-growing forms are treated like hormone-driven breast cancer and small cell forms with the lung small cell regimens.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 breast","route":"/cancers/neuroendocrine-neoplasms-breast/","parent":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"lobular-carcinoma-in-situ","kind":"cancer","name":"Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)","aka":"LCIS\nLobular neoplasia\nClassic lobular carcinoma in situ\nPleomorphic lobular carcinoma in situ\nFlorid lobular carcinoma in situ\nAtypical lobular hyperplasia (lesser form)\nTis (LCIS)\nstage 0 lobular\nlobular neoplasia\nin situ lobular carcinoma","tldr":"Lobular carcinoma in situ is not an invasive breast cancer but a marker that a woman is at higher risk of one: abnormal cells fill the milk-producing lobules without spreading. About one in five women develop breast cancer within ten years, in either breast and of any type; preventive tamoxifen cuts that to about one in fourteen, and the pleomorphic form is excised like ductal carcinoma in situ.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 breast","route":"/cancers/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ/","parent":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"colon-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Colon cancer (adenocarcinoma of the colon)","aka":"Colon cancer\nColonic adenocarcinoma\nCancer of the colon\nRight-sided and left-sided colon cancer\nRectal vs colon (different local therapy)","tldr":"Colon cancer is bowel cancer arising in the large bowel above the rectum. It shares its biology with colorectal cancer but is treated differently from rectal cancer: surgery comes first without radiotherapy, chemotherapy afterwards is decided by stage and increasingly by a blood test for leftover tumour DNA, and the side the tumour started on changes which drugs work once it has spread.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 colorectal","route":"/cancers/colon-cancer/","parent":"colorectal"},{"id":"colorectal-mucinous-adenocarcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum","aka":"Mucinous colorectal cancer\nColloid carcinoma of the colon\nMucinous adenocarcinoma of the colon\nMucinous carcinoma of the colorectum","tldr":"Mucinous adenocarcinoma is a form of bowel cancer, about one in ten cases, in which more than half the tumour is made of mucus produced by the cancer cells. It favours the right side of the colon, is often mismatch-repair deficient, tends to be found at a later stage and does somewhat worse than ordinary bowel cancer, but it is treated the same way.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 colorectal","route":"/cancers/colorectal-mucinous-adenocarcinoma/","parent":"colorectal"},{"id":"colorectal-signet-ring-cell-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Signet ring cell carcinoma of the colon and rectum","aka":"Signet-ring cell colorectal cancer\nSignet ring cell carcinoma\nSignet ring cell adenocarcinoma of the colon\nSignet-ring cell carcinoma of the colorectum","tldr":"Signet ring cell carcinoma is a rare form of bowel cancer, about one in a hundred, in which the cells fill with mucus that pushes the nucleus aside, like a ring. It occurs in younger people, favours the right colon, is usually found at an advanced stage and often spreads across the lining of the abdomen, so its outlook is poor; it is treated like other bowel cancer for want of trials of its own.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 colorectal","route":"/cancers/colorectal-signet-ring-cell-carcinoma/","parent":"colorectal"},{"id":"colorectal-medullary-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Medullary carcinoma of the colon","aka":"Medullary carcinoma of the large intestine\nMedullary colorectal carcinoma\nMedullary adenocarcinoma of the colon","tldr":"Medullary carcinoma is a very rare form of bowel cancer in which sheets of poorly formed cells are packed with immune cells; almost all cases are mismatch-repair deficient and it occurs mostly in older women on the right side. Despite its ugly appearance it does at least as well as ordinary bowel cancer, and because of its immune features it is a natural candidate for immunotherapy.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 colorectal","route":"/cancers/colorectal-medullary-carcinoma/","parent":"colorectal"},{"id":"colorectal-serrated-adenocarcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Serrated adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum","aka":"Serrated adenocarcinoma\nSerrated pathway colorectal cancer\nColorectal carcinoma arising from a sessile serrated lesion","tldr":"Serrated adenocarcinoma is a form of bowel cancer that grows out of sessile serrated polyps rather than ordinary adenomas, keeping their saw-tooth pattern. Most cases carry a KRAS or BRAF mutation and the BRAF-mutant ones are often mismatch-repair deficient. It is treated like other bowel cancer, with the BRAF and mismatch repair results guiding drugs when it has spread.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 colorectal","route":"/cancers/colorectal-serrated-adenocarcinoma/","parent":"colorectal"},{"id":"collecting-duct-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Collecting duct carcinoma of the kidney","aka":"Bellini duct carcinoma\nCarcinoma of the collecting ducts of Bellini\nCollecting duct renal cell carcinoma\nCollecting duct and medullary (SMARCB1)","tldr":"Collecting duct carcinoma is a rare, aggressive kidney cancer that starts in the tubes deep in the kidney that collect urine. It is treated with surgery where possible and the platinum chemotherapy used for bladder cancer, not the usual kidney cancer drugs, which do not work in it. It is usually advanced when found: 74.4 percent of 286 US SEER patients were stage III or IV.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 kidney rare","route":"/cancers/collecting-duct-carcinoma/","parent":"rcc"},{"id":"renal-medullary-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Renal medullary carcinoma (SMARCB1-deficient)","aka":"SMARCB1-deficient renal medullary carcinoma\nRenal medullary carcinoma\nRMC\nSickle cell nephropathy-associated carcinoma","tldr":"Renal medullary carcinoma is a rare kidney cancer of young people with the sickle cell trait, driven by loss of SMARCB1. Platinum chemotherapy and removing the kidney are the main treatments. Most have spread when found; in the 52-patient series median survival was 13.0 months, 16.4 with nephrectomy against 7.0 without. So few centres see it that a trial and a second opinion are worth asking for.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 kidney rare","route":"/cancers/renal-medullary-carcinoma/","parent":"rcc"},{"id":"tfe3-rearranged-renal-cell-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"TFE3-rearranged (translocation) renal cell carcinoma","aka":"Translocation renal cell carcinoma\nXp11 translocation renal cell carcinoma\nMiT family translocation renal cell carcinoma\nTFE3-translocation RCC\nTFEB-altered renal cell carcinoma\nTranslocation (TFE3/TFEB)\nTranslocation Renal Cell Carcinoma","tldr":"Translocation renal cell carcinoma is a rare kidney cancer, more often seen in children and young adults, driven by a rearrangement of the TFE3 gene (or its relative TFEB). It can look like clear cell or papillary kidney cancer under the microscope, so it is found by testing for the gene. There is no standard treatment for advanced disease, which is treated with the usual kidney cancer drugs.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 kidney rare","route":"/cancers/tfe3-rearranged-renal-cell-carcinoma/","parent":"rcc"},{"id":"fh-deficient-renal-cell-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC-associated)","aka":"FH-deficient renal cell carcinoma\nHereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma syndrome-associated renal cell carcinoma\nHLRCC-associated RCC\nFumarate hydratase-deficient renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC syndrome)\nPapillary renal cell carcinoma type 2 (former label for many cases)","tldr":"Fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cell carcinoma is a rare, aggressive kidney cancer in which the FH gene is lost, most often because the person was born with a faulty copy as part of the HLRCC syndrome, which also causes skin and womb fibroids. It strikes younger adults, is found by a stain for the missing enzyme, and needs family testing; advanced disease gets the usual kidney cancer drugs.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 kidney rare","route":"/cancers/fh-deficient-renal-cell-carcinoma/","parent":"rcc"},{"id":"sdh-deficient-renal-cell-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Succinate dehydrogenase-deficient renal cell carcinoma","aka":"SDH-deficient renal cell carcinoma\nSDHB-deficient renal cell carcinoma\nSuccinate dehydrogenase-deficient RCC","tldr":"Succinate dehydrogenase-deficient renal cell carcinoma is a very rare kidney cancer of younger adults who carry a faulty SDH gene, the same fault that causes hereditary paraganglioma and some stomach stromal tumours. Most are low grade and cured by surgery, but a minority spread years later, so patients and relatives need gene testing and follow-up.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 kidney rare","route":"/cancers/sdh-deficient-renal-cell-carcinoma/","parent":"rcc"},{"id":"mucinous-tubular-spindle-cell-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma of the kidney","aka":"MTSCC\nMucinous tubular and spindle cell renal cell carcinoma\nLow-grade collecting duct carcinoma (historical)","tldr":"Mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma is a rare, usually slow-growing kidney cancer, commoner in women, whose cells form small tubes and spindles in a mucus-rich background. It is driven by loss of the Hippo growth-control pathway rather than the faults of common kidney cancer, and surgery cures most cases.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 kidney rare","route":"/cancers/mucinous-tubular-spindle-cell-carcinoma/","parent":"rcc"},{"id":"eosinophilic-solid-cystic-renal-cell-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Eosinophilic solid and cystic renal cell carcinoma","aka":"ESC RCC\nEosinophilic, solid and cystic renal cell carcinoma\nTSC-associated eosinophilic renal cell carcinoma (syndromic form)","tldr":"Eosinophilic solid and cystic renal cell carcinoma is a recently named kidney cancer, almost always in women, made of pink cells in solid areas and cysts. It was first seen in people with tuberous sclerosis and then found on its own, it is nearly always confined to the kidney, and surgery cures it in almost every reported case.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 kidney rare","route":"/cancers/eosinophilic-solid-cystic-renal-cell-carcinoma/","parent":"rcc"},{"id":"clear-cell-papillary-renal-cell-tumour","kind":"cancer","name":"Clear cell papillary renal cell tumour","aka":"Clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma\nClear cell papillary renal cell tumour (indolent, separate in WHO 2022)\nClear cell tubulopapillary renal cell carcinoma\nRenal angiomyoadenomatous tumour (overlapping term)","tldr":"Clear cell papillary renal cell tumour is a small, low-grade kidney tumour that looks like a mix of clear cell and papillary kidney cancer but behaves harmlessly: no case has been reported to spread. The WHO renamed it from carcinoma to tumour in 2022 for that reason. It is common in people with kidney failure and is cured by removing it.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 kidney rare","route":"/cancers/clear-cell-papillary-renal-cell-tumour/","parent":"rcc"},{"id":"leydig-cell-tumour","kind":"cancer","name":"Leydig cell tumour of the testis","aka":"Leydig cell tumour\nLeydig cell tumor\nInterstitial cell tumour of the testis\nMalignant Leydig cell tumour","tldr":"Leydig cell tumour is the commonest testicular tumour that is not a germ cell tumour; it grows from the hormone-making cells between the tubules. It often makes testosterone or oestrogen, causing early puberty in boys or breast growth in men, and nine in ten are benign and cured by surgery. No chemotherapy works in the malignant tenth, managed case by case at a specialist centre.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 testicular rare","route":"/cancers/leydig-cell-tumour/","parent":"testicular"},{"id":"sertoli-cell-tumour","kind":"cancer","name":"Sertoli cell tumour of the testis","aka":"Sertoli cell tumour\nSertoli cell tumor\nSertoli cell tumour, not otherwise specified\nLarge cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumour\nAndroblastoma of the testis","tldr":"Sertoli cell tumour is a rare testicular tumour arising from the cells that support sperm production. Most are benign and cured by removing the testis. About one in ten spread, and no systemic treatment has been shown to work for those, so care is planned case by case at a specialist centre. A calcifying form occurs in boys with Peutz-Jeghers or Carney syndromes, usually with breast enlargement.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 testicular rare","route":"/cancers/sertoli-cell-tumour/","parent":"testicular"},{"id":"spermatocytic-tumour","kind":"cancer","name":"Spermatocytic tumour of the testis","aka":"Spermatocytic seminoma\nSpermatocytic tumour (older men, indolent)\nSpermatocytic tumour (older men, almost never metastasises)\nSpermatocytic tumor","tldr":"Spermatocytic tumour, once called spermatocytic seminoma, is a rare testicular germ cell tumour of older men that arises from maturing sperm precursors rather than from the fetal germ cells behind ordinary testicular cancer. It almost never spreads, so removing the testis is the whole treatment and no chemotherapy or radiotherapy is needed.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 testicular rare","route":"/cancers/spermatocytic-tumour/","parent":"testicular"},{"id":"germ-cell-neoplasia-in-situ","kind":"cancer","name":"Germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS)","aka":"GCNIS\nIntratubular germ cell neoplasia, unclassified\nIGCNU\nTesticular intraepithelial neoplasia\nTIN\nCarcinoma in situ of the testis\nGerm cell neoplasia in situ (precursor)","tldr":"Germ cell neoplasia in situ is the pre-cancer of testicular germ cell tumours: abnormal fetal-type germ cells sitting inside the seminiferous tubules, which will become seminoma or non-seminoma if left. It is found beside almost every testicular cancer and sometimes on its own in the other testis, where low-dose radiotherapy or surgery prevents a second cancer.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 testicular rare","route":"/cancers/germ-cell-neoplasia-in-situ/","parent":"testicular"},{"id":"embryonal-carcinoma-testis","kind":"cancer","name":"Embryonal carcinoma of the testis","aka":"Embryonal carcinoma\nTesticular embryonal carcinoma\nPure embryonal carcinoma\nEmbryonal carcinoma-predominant mixed germ cell tumour","tldr":"Embryonal carcinoma is the most aggressive and most common building block of non-seminoma testicular cancer, made of primitive cells that resemble an early embryo and can turn into the other tumour types. On its own or as the main component it spreads early to lymph nodes and lungs, but it is highly sensitive to cisplatin chemotherapy and most men are cured.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 testicular rare","route":"/cancers/embryonal-carcinoma-testis/","parent":"non-seminoma"},{"id":"yolk-sac-tumour-postpubertal","kind":"cancer","name":"Yolk sac tumour of the testis, postpubertal type","aka":"Yolk sac tumour\nYolk sac tumor\nEndodermal sinus tumour\nEndodermal sinus tumor\nYolk sac tumour, postpubertal-type\nGlandular yolk sac tumour","tldr":"Yolk sac tumour is a germ cell tumour whose cells copy the yolk sac of an early embryo and make the protein alpha-fetoprotein, which is measured in the blood to track it. In adults it almost always occurs mixed with other non-seminoma components and is cured with cisplatin chemotherapy; the pure infant form is a different, gentler disease covered on the childhood page.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 testicular rare","route":"/cancers/yolk-sac-tumour-postpubertal/","parent":"non-seminoma"},{"id":"testicular-choriocarcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Choriocarcinoma of the testis","aka":"Testicular choriocarcinoma\nChoriocarcinoma (very high hCG, haemorrhagic metastases)\nPure choriocarcinoma of the testis\nChoriocarcinoma-predominant germ cell tumour","tldr":"Choriocarcinoma is the rarest and most dangerous form of non-seminoma testicular cancer, made of placenta-like cells that pour out the pregnancy hormone hCG and spread early through the blood to the lungs, liver and brain, where they can bleed. Fewer than eight in ten men survive five years, against more than 95 for testicular cancer overall, so it is treated urgently with intensive chemotherapy.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 testicular rare","route":"/cancers/testicular-choriocarcinoma/","parent":"non-seminoma"},{"id":"malt-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma)","aka":"MALT lymphoma\nMucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma\nExtranodal marginal zone lymphoma\nExtranodal marginal zone lymphoma of MALT\nGastric MALT lymphoma\nOcular adnexal MALT lymphoma\nOrbital lymphoma (mostly MALT type)\nExtranodal marginal zone lymphoma of MALT (gastric, ocular adnexal, salivary, thyroid, lung, skin)","tldr":"MALT lymphoma is a slow-growing lymphoma that starts in lymphoid tissue lining an organ, most often the stomach, where it is usually caused by long-standing Helicobacter pylori infection and can be cured with antibiotics alone. Other sites include the eye socket, salivary glands, thyroid, lung and skin; localised disease is treated with low-dose radiotherapy and widespread disease with rituximab.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 haematologic rare","route":"/cancers/malt-lymphoma/","parent":"marginal-zone-lymphoma"},{"id":"splenic-marginal-zone-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Splenic marginal zone lymphoma","aka":"SMZL\nSplenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes\nSplenic marginal zone B-cell lymphoma","tldr":"Splenic marginal zone lymphoma is a slow-growing lymphoma that grows in the spleen and bone marrow, causing a very large spleen and a raised lymphocyte count but rarely swollen lymph nodes. Many people need no treatment for years; when they do, rituximab has largely replaced removal of the spleen, and hepatitis C should be treated first where it is present.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 haematologic rare","route":"/cancers/splenic-marginal-zone-lymphoma/","parent":"marginal-zone-lymphoma"},{"id":"nodal-marginal-zone-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Nodal marginal zone lymphoma","aka":"NMZL\nNodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma\nNodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma\nMonocytoid B-cell lymphoma\nPaediatric nodal marginal zone lymphoma","tldr":"Nodal marginal zone lymphoma is a slow-growing lymphoma of the lymph nodes that looks like the MALT and splenic types under the microscope but has no organ or spleen involvement to explain it. It lacks a diagnostic marker, so it is diagnosed by excluding the other small B-cell lymphomas, and it is treated like follicular lymphoma with rituximab-based therapy.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 haematologic rare","route":"/cancers/nodal-marginal-zone-lymphoma/","parent":"marginal-zone-lymphoma"},{"id":"primary-cutaneous-marginal-zone-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma","aka":"Primary cutaneous marginal zone B-cell lymphoma\nPrimary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoproliferative disorder\nPrimary cutaneous immunocytoma\nCutaneous immunocytoma\nPCMZL","tldr":"Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma is a very slow-growing lymphoma that appears as pink or purple lumps in the skin, usually on the arms or trunk, and almost never spreads inside the body. WHO-HAEM5 now calls it a lymphoproliferative disorder because it behaves so well; surgery or radiotherapy clears most lesions, and relapses in the skin are common but harmless.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 haematologic rare","route":"/cancers/primary-cutaneous-marginal-zone-lymphoma/","parent":"marginal-zone-lymphoma"},{"id":"primary-cutaneous-follicle-centre-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Primary cutaneous follicle centre lymphoma","aka":"Primary cutaneous follicular lymphoma\nPrimary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma\nPCFCL\nCrosti lymphoma\nReticulohistiocytoma of the dorsum","tldr":"Primary cutaneous follicle centre lymphoma is a slow-growing lymphoma of germinal-centre B cells that stays in the skin, usually as lumps on the head or trunk. Its outlook is excellent, with about 95 in 100 people alive at five years, and radiotherapy or excision is usually all that is needed; the important thing is not to mistake it for the aggressive leg-type large B-cell lymphoma.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 haematologic rare","route":"/cancers/primary-cutaneous-follicle-centre-lymphoma/","parent":"follicular-lymphoma"},{"id":"sezary-syndrome","kind":"cancer","name":"Sezary syndrome","aka":"Sézary syndrome\nSezary disease\nSézary disease\nLeukaemic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma\nSezary syndrome (erythroderma with blood involvement)","tldr":"Sezary syndrome is the leukaemic form of skin lymphoma: the whole skin turns red and scaly, the lymph nodes swell, and malignant T cells circulate in the blood. It is treated to control rather than cure, with photopheresis, the antibody mogamulizumab, and drugs such as bexarotene and interferon, and a stem cell transplant is the only treatment that can cure it in fit patients.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 haematologic rare","route":"/cancers/sezary-syndrome/","parent":"cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"angioimmunoblastic-t-cell-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Nodal T-follicular helper cell lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic type (angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma)","aka":"Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma\nAITL\nNodal TFH lymphoma\nNodal TFH lymphoma (angioimmunoblastic type)\nnTFHL-AI\nAngioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinaemia","tldr":"Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, now called nodal T-follicular helper cell lymphoma of angioimmunoblastic type, is one of the commonest T-cell lymphomas and mostly affects people over 60. It presents with widespread swollen nodes, fever, rash and immune upsets such as anaemia; about four in ten people are alive five years after chemotherapy, more after a transplant in first remission.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 haematologic rare","route":"/cancers/angioimmunoblastic-t-cell-lymphoma/","parent":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"hepatosplenic-t-cell-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma","aka":"HSTCL\nHSTL\nHepatosplenic gamma-delta T-cell lymphoma\nEnteropathy-associated and hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma","tldr":"Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma is a rare, very aggressive lymphoma of young men in which gamma-delta T cells fill the liver, spleen and bone marrow without forming lumps in the nodes. It is linked to long-term immune suppression, above all thiopurines with or without anti-TNF drugs for inflammatory bowel disease, and is treated with intensive chemotherapy then a stem cell transplant where possible.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 haematologic rare","route":"/cancers/hepatosplenic-t-cell-lymphoma/","parent":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"intravascular-large-b-cell-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma","aka":"IVLBCL\nIntravascular lymphoma\nAngiotropic large cell lymphoma\nMalignant angioendotheliomatosis","tldr":"Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma is a rare form of large B-cell lymphoma in which the cancer cells grow inside small blood vessels rather than forming lumps, so it causes fevers, confusion, skin patches or breathlessness and is often found late or only after death. Rituximab-based chemotherapy with drugs that reach the brain has turned a nearly always fatal disease into one often controlled.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 haematologic rare","route":"/cancers/intravascular-large-b-cell-lymphoma/","parent":"dlbcl"},{"id":"lymphomatoid-granulomatosis","kind":"cancer","name":"Lymphomatoid granulomatosis","aka":"LYG\nEBV-positive B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder of the lung\nAngiocentric immunoproliferative lesion","tldr":"Lymphomatoid granulomatosis is a rare Epstein-Barr virus-driven disease of B cells that invades and destroys blood vessels, almost always in the lungs and often the brain and skin, in people whose immune control of the virus is weak. Low-grade disease can be treated with interferon and high-grade disease as a large B-cell lymphoma with rituximab-based chemotherapy.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 haematologic rare","route":"/cancers/lymphomatoid-granulomatosis/","parent":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"t-cell-prolymphocytic-leukaemia","kind":"cancer","name":"T-cell prolymphocytic leukaemia","aka":"T-PLL\nT-cell prolymphocytic leukemia\nT-prolymphocytic leukaemia\nT-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (retired term)","tldr":"T-cell prolymphocytic leukaemia is a rare, aggressive leukaemia of mature T cells in older adults, with a very high white cell count, a big spleen and liver, swollen nodes and sometimes skin changes. The antibody alemtuzumab given into a vein clears it in most people, but it returns within a year or two unless a stem cell transplant is done in remission.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 haematologic rare","route":"/cancers/t-cell-prolymphocytic-leukaemia/","parent":"leukaemia"},{"id":"splenic-b-cell-lymphoma-leukaemia-prominent-nucleoli","kind":"cancer","name":"Splenic B-cell lymphoma/leukaemia with prominent nucleoli (formerly B-cell prolymphocytic leukaemia and hairy cell leukaemia variant)","aka":"SBLPN\nB-cell prolymphocytic leukaemia\nB-cell prolymphocytic leukemia\nB-PLL\nHairy cell leukaemia variant\nHCL-v\nSplenic B-cell lymphoma/leukemia with prominent nucleoli","tldr":"Splenic B-cell lymphoma/leukaemia with prominent nucleoli is the new WHO name for a rare group of B-cell leukaemias of older adults with a big spleen, large cells with obvious nucleoli and a poor response to standard treatment; it absorbs the old diagnoses B-cell prolymphocytic leukaemia and hairy cell leukaemia variant. It is treated with rituximab-based chemotherapy or newer targeted drugs.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 haematologic rare","route":"/cancers/splenic-b-cell-lymphoma-leukaemia-prominent-nucleoli/","parent":"leukaemia"},{"id":"t-large-granular-lymphocytic-leukaemia","kind":"cancer","name":"T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukaemia","aka":"Large granular lymphocytic leukemia\nLarge granular lymphocytic leukaemia\nLGL leukaemia\nT-LGL leukaemia\nT-LGLL\nChronic lymphoproliferative disorder of NK cells (related NK-cell form)","tldr":"T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukaemia is a slow, usually non-fatal leukaemia in which a clone of cytotoxic T cells builds up in the blood and marrow and turns the immune system against the body, causing low neutrophil counts, anaemia and often rheumatoid arthritis. It is treated only when it causes problems, with low-dose immune-suppressing drugs rather than chemotherapy.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 haematologic rare","route":"/cancers/t-large-granular-lymphocytic-leukaemia/","parent":"leukaemia"},{"id":"mixed-phenotype-acute-leukaemia","kind":"cancer","name":"Mixed-phenotype acute leukaemia","aka":"MPAL\nMixed phenotype acute leukemia\nAcute biphenotypic leukaemia\nAcute biphenotypic leukemia\nBilineal acute leukaemia\nAcute leukaemia of ambiguous lineage\nMixed-phenotype acute leukaemia","tldr":"Mixed-phenotype acute leukaemia is a rare acute leukaemia whose cells carry markers of both lymphoid and myeloid lines, so it fits neither acute lymphoblastic nor acute myeloid leukaemia. Pooled evidence favours starting with the drugs used for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, adding a targeted drug when the Philadelphia chromosome is present, and a stem cell transplant in first remission.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 haematologic rare","route":"/cancers/mixed-phenotype-acute-leukaemia/","parent":"leukaemia"},{"id":"myeloid-leukaemia-of-down-syndrome","kind":"cancer","name":"Myeloid leukaemia of Down syndrome","aka":"ML-DS\nMyeloid leukemia of Down syndrome\nMyeloid leukaemia associated with Down syndrome\nDown syndrome acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia\nDS-AMKL\nMyeloid leukaemia of Down syndrome (GATA1-mutated; reduced-intensity chemotherapy)","tldr":"Myeloid leukaemia of Down syndrome is a form of acute myeloid leukaemia in young children with Down syndrome, driven by a GATA1 mutation on top of the extra chromosome 21 and often preceded by a transient leukaemia-like illness in the newborn. Its cells are unusually sensitive to chemotherapy, so children are cured about nine times in ten with gentler treatment than other childhood leukaemia.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 haematologic rare","route":"/cancers/myeloid-leukaemia-of-down-syndrome/","parent":"aml-paediatric"},{"id":"burkitt-leukaemia","kind":"cancer","name":"Burkitt leukaemia","aka":"Burkitt leukemia\nBurkitt lymphoma/leukaemia\nMature B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia\nB-ALL L3 (retired FAB term)\nBurkitt leukaemia (more than 25% marrow blasts)\nBurkitt-type (mature B) leukaemia, treated as lymphoma","tldr":"Burkitt leukaemia is Burkitt lymphoma presenting mainly in the bone marrow and blood, so that it looks like acute lymphoblastic leukaemia but is a mature B-cell cancer driven by the MYC gene. It is treated as Burkitt lymphoma, with short, very intensive chemotherapy plus rituximab and protection of the brain, and most children and many adults are cured.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 haematologic rare","route":"/cancers/burkitt-leukaemia/","parent":"burkitt-lymphoma"},{"id":"adamantinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Adamantinoma of bone","aka":"Adamantinoma of the long bones\nAdamantinoma of the tibia\nOsteofibrous dysplasia-like adamantinoma","tldr":"Adamantinoma is a very rare, slow-growing bone cancer of young adults that almost always affects the shin bone, made of epithelial cells inside fibrous bone, and listed with the bone sarcomas in the WHO classification. It is cured by cutting it out with a margin; chemotherapy and radiotherapy do not work, and a minority spread to the lungs many years later.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/adamantinoma/","parent":"sarcoma"},{"id":"dedifferentiated-chordoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Dedifferentiated chordoma","aka":"Chordoma with sarcomatous transformation\nDedifferentiated chordoma (high-grade sarcoma in a chordoma)","tldr":"Dedifferentiated chordoma is a rare form of chordoma in which part of the tumour has turned into a high-grade sarcoma, usually after recurrence or radiotherapy but sometimes from the start. The sarcoma part decides the outcome and made up 3 to 95 percent of the tumour in the defining series, smaller areas doing better, so it is treated with surgery and sarcoma chemotherapy.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/dedifferentiated-chordoma/","parent":"chordoma"},{"id":"poorly-differentiated-chordoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Poorly differentiated chordoma (SMARCB1-deficient)","aka":"SMARCB1-deficient chordoma\nINI1-negative chordoma\nPaediatric poorly differentiated chordoma","tldr":"Poorly differentiated chordoma is a rare, aggressive form of chordoma of children and young adults, mostly at the base of the skull or in the neck, defined by loss of the SMARCB1 (INI1) protein. It grows faster and spreads more than ordinary chordoma, and the SMARCB1 loss makes it a candidate for drugs that block EZH2, though surgery and radiotherapy remain the treatment.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/poorly-differentiated-chordoma/","parent":"chordoma"},{"id":"pineal-parenchymal-tumours","kind":"cancer","name":"Pineocytoma and pineal parenchymal tumour of intermediate differentiation","aka":"Pineocytoma\nPineal parenchymal tumour of intermediate differentiation\nPPTID\nPineal parenchymal tumours","tldr":"Pineocytoma and pineal parenchymal tumour of intermediate differentiation are rare brain tumours of the pineal gland in adults, sitting between the benign end and the aggressive pineoblastoma. Pineocytoma is cured by surgery; the intermediate tumour recurs and spreads through the spinal fluid more often, so radiotherapy is usually added after surgery.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/pineal-parenchymal-tumours/","parent":"brain-tumours"},{"id":"pineoblastoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Pineoblastoma","aka":"Pineal embryonal tumour\nPineoblastoma (WHO grade 4)\nTrilateral retinoblastoma (pineoblastoma with bilateral retinoblastoma)","tldr":"Pineoblastoma is a rare, aggressive brain tumour of the pineal gland, mostly in children, made of primitive cells like those of medulloblastoma. It is treated with surgery, radiotherapy to the whole brain and spine in children old enough, and chemotherapy; survival is lowest in infants, in whom radiotherapy is limited by age, and the subgroups found in 2020 now guide treatment.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/pineoblastoma/","parent":"brain-tumours"},{"id":"papillary-tumour-pineal-region","kind":"cancer","name":"Papillary tumour of the pineal region","aka":"PTPR\nPapillary tumor of the pineal region","tldr":"Papillary tumour of the pineal region is a rare brain tumour of young adults arising near the pineal gland from cells of the embryonic subcommissural organ. It usually presents with raised pressure from blocked spinal fluid, is removed surgically at a centre that does pineal surgery and often given radiotherapy, and it recurs locally more often than it seeds the spine.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/papillary-tumour-pineal-region/","parent":"brain-tumours"},{"id":"choroid-plexus-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Choroid plexus carcinoma","aka":"Choroid plexus carcinoma (WHO grade 3)\nMalignant choroid plexus tumour\nCPC","tldr":"Choroid plexus carcinoma is a rare, aggressive brain tumour of infants and young children that grows from the tissue that makes spinal fluid inside the brain's ventricles, causing fluid build-up and pressure. It is strongly linked to an inherited TP53 fault (Li-Fraumeni syndrome), so families are tested; treatment is surgery, then chemotherapy and, in older children, radiotherapy.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/choroid-plexus-carcinoma/","parent":"brain-tumours"},{"id":"optic-pathway-glioma","kind":"cancer","name":"Optic pathway glioma","aka":"Optic nerve glioma\nOptic glioma\nNF1-associated optic pathway glioma\nHypothalamic-chiasmatic glioma\nNF1-associated optic pathway glioma (paediatric low-grade glioma)","tldr":"Optic pathway glioma is a slow-growing childhood brain tumour of the nerves that carry sight, often in children with neurofibromatosis type 1. It rarely kills but can take away vision, so treatment aims to preserve sight: watching if stable, chemotherapy such as carboplatin and vincristine if vision is threatened, or the MEK-blocking tablet selumetinib, with radiotherapy avoided in young children.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/optic-pathway-glioma/","parent":"paediatric-low-grade-glioma"},{"id":"pleuropulmonary-blastoma-dicer1","kind":"cancer","name":"Pleuropulmonary blastoma (types I, Ir, II and III)","aka":"PPB\nPleuropulmonary blastoma type I\nPleuropulmonary blastoma type Ir\nPleuropulmonary blastoma type II\nPleuropulmonary blastoma type III\nDICER1-related pleuropulmonary blastoma","tldr":"Pleuropulmonary blastoma is a rare lung cancer of young children, and the signature tumour of the inherited DICER1 syndrome. It starts as a lung cyst (type I) that can turn into a solid, aggressive tumour (types II and III). Cysts are removed surgically with an excellent outlook; solid tumours need chemotherapy as well, and every family is offered DICER1 testing.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/pleuropulmonary-blastoma-dicer1/","parent":"pleuropulmonary-blastoma"},{"id":"glucagonoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Glucagonoma","aka":"Glucagon-secreting pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour\nGlucagonoma syndrome\nAlpha-cell tumour of the pancreas","tldr":"Glucagonoma is a very rare pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour that pours out the hormone glucagon, causing weight loss, diabetes and a distinctive migrating red rash. Because the rash is so characteristic, spotting it early can lead to diagnosis before the tumour has spread to the liver; surgery is the definitive treatment and somatostatin analogues control the symptoms.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/glucagonoma/","parent":"pancreatic-net"},{"id":"vipoma","kind":"cancer","name":"VIPoma","aka":"Vasoactive intestinal peptide-secreting tumour\nVerner-Morrison syndrome\nPancreatic cholera\nWDHA syndrome (watery diarrhoea, hypokalaemia, achlorhydria)","tldr":"VIPoma is a very rare pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour that secretes vasoactive intestinal peptide, causing litres of watery diarrhoea a day with dangerous loss of potassium. Most have spread to the liver by diagnosis. Fluid replacement and somatostatin analogues control the diarrhoea, surgery cures the few caught early, and the usual neuroendocrine tumour treatments are used for spread.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/vipoma/","parent":"pancreatic-net"},{"id":"somatostatinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Somatostatinoma","aka":"Somatostatin-secreting neuroendocrine tumour\nDuodenal somatostatinoma\nDelta-cell tumour\nInhibitory syndrome tumour","tldr":"Somatostatinoma is one of the rarest neuroendocrine tumours, arising in the pancreas or the duodenum and secreting somatostatin, a hormone that switches off digestion, which can cause mild diabetes, gallstones and fatty diarrhoea. Duodenal cases are often linked to neurofibromatosis type 1 and rarely cause symptoms. Surgery is the main treatment and the outlook depends on site and grade.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/somatostatinoma/","parent":"pancreatic-net"},{"id":"conjunctival-melanoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Conjunctival melanoma","aka":"Melanoma of the conjunctiva\nOcular surface melanoma\nConjunctival malignant melanoma","tldr":"Conjunctival melanoma is a rare melanoma of the clear membrane over the white of the eye, usually growing out of a flat brown patch called primary acquired melanosis. It is removed with a margin and the edges frozen or treated with chemotherapy drops; about one in five spread within five years, and advanced disease is treated like skin melanoma with targeted or immune drugs.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/conjunctival-melanoma/","parent":"melanoma"},{"id":"desmoplastic-small-round-cell-tumour","kind":"cancer","name":"Desmoplastic small round cell tumour","aka":"DSRCT\nDesmoplastic small round cell tumor\nIntra-abdominal desmoplastic small round cell tumour\nEWSR1-WT1 sarcoma","tldr":"Desmoplastic small round cell tumour is a very rare sarcoma of adolescents and young men that grows across the lining of the abdomen as many nodules, driven by an EWSR1-WT1 fusion. Treatment is intensive chemotherapy, surgery to remove every nodule, sometimes heated abdominal chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Most still relapse within three years, so it is treated at a sarcoma centre running trials.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/desmoplastic-small-round-cell-tumour/","parent":"sarcoma"},{"id":"lactotroph-pitnet","kind":"cancer","name":"Lactotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumour (prolactinoma)","aka":"Prolactinoma\nLactotroph tumour\nLactotroph tumour (prolactinoma)\nProlactin-secreting pituitary adenoma\nLactotroph adenoma","tldr":"A prolactinoma is a pituitary tumour of the cells that make prolactin, the milk hormone; it is the commonest hormone-producing pituitary tumour and causes missed periods, infertility, milk production or, in men, low testosterone. Almost uniquely among tumours it is treated first with a tablet, cabergoline, which shrinks it in most people; surgery is kept for those the drug fails.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/lactotroph-pitnet/","parent":"pituitary-tumours"},{"id":"somatotroph-pitnet","kind":"cancer","name":"Somatotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumour (acromegaly)","aka":"Somatotroph tumour\nSomatotroph tumour (acromegaly)\nGrowth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma\nGH-secreting PitNET\nSomatotroph adenoma\nGigantism (in children)","tldr":"A somatotroph tumour is a pituitary tumour that makes too much growth hormone, causing acromegaly in adults (enlarging hands, feet and face, diabetes, heart and joint disease) or gigantism in children. Surgery through the nose comes first; if hormone levels stay high, somatostatin analogue injections, the blocker pegvisomant or radiotherapy bring them down, restoring a normal life expectancy.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/somatotroph-pitnet/","parent":"pituitary-tumours"},{"id":"corticotroph-pitnet","kind":"cancer","name":"Corticotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumour (Cushing disease and silent corticotroph tumour)","aka":"Corticotroph tumour\nCorticotroph tumour (Cushing disease, silent corticotroph)\nACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma\nCushing disease\nSilent corticotroph adenoma\nCrooke cell tumour","tldr":"A corticotroph tumour is a pituitary tumour of the cells that make ACTH. When it secretes it floods the body with cortisol, causing Cushing disease (weight gain, diabetes, high blood pressure, thin skin); the silent form is found as a large non-functioning mass. Surgery through the nose is the main treatment; cortisol-lowering drugs, repeat surgery or radiotherapy follow for those not cured.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/corticotroph-pitnet/","parent":"pituitary-tumours"},{"id":"gonadotroph-pitnet","kind":"cancer","name":"Gonadotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumour (non-functioning adenoma)","aka":"Gonadotroph tumour\nGonadotroph tumour (most non-functioning adenomas)\nGonadotroph adenoma\nNon-functioning pituitary adenoma (most are gonadotroph)\nSF1-lineage PitNET\nNull cell adenoma (many reclassified as gonadotroph)","tldr":"A gonadotroph tumour is a pituitary tumour of the cells that normally make the fertility hormones, but it almost never secretes enough to cause symptoms, so it is found as a large non-functioning mass pressing on the optic nerves or by chance. Surgery through the nose is the treatment when it threatens vision or grows; there is no drug for it, and radiotherapy is used for regrowth.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/gonadotroph-pitnet/","parent":"pituitary-tumours"},{"id":"thyrotroph-pitnet","kind":"cancer","name":"Thyrotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumour (TSH-secreting)","aka":"Thyrotroph tumour\nTSHoma\nThyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenoma\nTSH-secreting pituitary tumour\nThyrotroph adenoma","tldr":"A thyrotroph tumour is a very rare pituitary tumour that secretes TSH, driving the thyroid to overactivity with a TSH level that is not suppressed. It is often mistaken for common hyperthyroidism and wrongly treated by destroying the thyroid, which makes the pituitary tumour grow. Surgery is the treatment of choice; somatostatin analogues control most of the rest.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/thyrotroph-pitnet/","parent":"pituitary-tumours"},{"id":"thymoma-type-a-ab","kind":"cancer","name":"Type A and type AB thymoma","aka":"Type A thymoma\nType AB thymoma\nSpindle cell thymoma\nMixed thymoma\nAtypical type A thymoma\nType A thymoma (spindle cell, indolent, GTF2I mutant)\nType AB thymoma (mixed, indolent, GTF2I mutant)","tldr":"Type A and type AB thymoma are the indolent end of thymoma, tumours of the thymus gland made of spindle-shaped epithelial cells (type A) or mixed with lymphocyte-rich areas (type AB), mostly in older adults and driven by a GTF2I mutation. Nine in ten are found at an early stage and almost none come back after complete surgery, so surgery alone is usually the whole treatment.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/thymoma-type-a-ab/","parent":"thymoma"},{"id":"thymoma-type-b1-b2","kind":"cancer","name":"Type B1 and type B2 thymoma","aka":"Type B1 thymoma\nType B2 thymoma\nLymphocyte-rich thymoma\nCortical thymoma\nType B1 thymoma (lymphocyte-rich)","tldr":"Type B1 and type B2 thymoma are thymus gland tumours in which the epithelial tumour cells are mixed with many immature lymphocytes, resembling the normal thymic cortex; B2 is the commonest thymoma of all. They are strongly linked to myasthenia gravis, are usually cured by surgery, and get radiotherapy when they have grown beyond the gland or could not be fully removed.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/thymoma-type-b1-b2/","parent":"thymoma"},{"id":"thymoma-type-b3","kind":"cancer","name":"Type B3 thymoma","aka":"Type B3 thymoma (epithelial-rich, the most aggressive thymoma)\nWell-differentiated thymic carcinoma (historical term)\nEpithelial thymoma\nAtypical thymoma","tldr":"Type B3 thymoma is the most aggressive thymoma, a thymus gland tumour made mostly of epithelial cells with few lymphocytes, sitting at the border with thymic carcinoma. More than a third have already grown into the chest structures when found, so it is treated with surgery plus radiotherapy, and chemotherapy before surgery when it is too large to remove at once.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/thymoma-type-b3/","parent":"thymoma"},{"id":"micronodular-thymoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Micronodular thymoma with lymphoid stroma","aka":"Micronodular thymoma\nMNT\nMicronodular thymoma with lymphoid stroma (rare, indolent)\nMicronodular thymoma with lymphoid stroma (thymoma, thymic-epithelial)","tldr":"Micronodular thymoma with lymphoid stroma is a rare, benign-behaving thymoma made of small nests of spindle-shaped epithelial cells separated by abundant B lymphocytes, unlike other thymomas whose lymphocytes are T cells. It is cured by surgery; its curiosity is that a third harbour a clonal B-cell population, and a few develop a low-grade lymphoma within the tumour.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/micronodular-thymoma/","parent":"thymoma"},{"id":"acinic-cell-carcinoma-salivary","kind":"cancer","name":"Acinic cell carcinoma of the salivary glands","aka":"Acinic cell carcinoma\nAcinic cell carcinoma (NR4A3)\nAcinar cell carcinoma of the parotid\nAcinic cell adenocarcinoma","tldr":"Acinic cell carcinoma is a salivary gland cancer, almost always of the parotid gland, whose cells resemble the gland's normal enzyme-making cells. It is usually low grade and slow, presenting as a painless lump that is easily mistaken for a benign tumour, and surgery cures most; a high-grade minority behaves aggressively and needs radiotherapy too.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/acinic-cell-carcinoma-salivary/","parent":"salivary-gland"},{"id":"carcinoma-ex-pleomorphic-adenoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma","aka":"Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA)\nMalignant mixed tumour of the salivary gland\nCarcinoma arising in a pleomorphic adenoma","tldr":"Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma is a salivary gland cancer that grows out of a long-standing benign pleomorphic adenoma, the commonest salivary tumour, usually in the parotid. Its outlook depends on how far the cancer has grown beyond the old adenoma's capsule: cancers still inside it are cured by surgery, while widely invasive ones need radiotherapy and do poorly.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/carcinoma-ex-pleomorphic-adenoma/","parent":"salivary-gland"},{"id":"cervical-adenosquamous-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Adenosquamous carcinoma of the cervix","aka":"Adenosquamous carcinoma\nAdenosquamous cervical cancer\nMixed adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix","tldr":"Adenosquamous carcinoma of the cervix is an uncommon cervical cancer containing both gland-forming and squamous cancer cells. Like cervical adenocarcinoma it is caught less well by smear screening and does somewhat worse than squamous cancer stage for stage, but it is treated the same way, with surgery when early and chemoradiation when advanced.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/cervical-adenosquamous-carcinoma/","parent":"cervical"},{"id":"cervical-small-cell-neuroendocrine-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix","aka":"Small cell carcinoma of the cervix\nNeuroendocrine carcinoma\nNeuroendocrine carcinoma (rare; SCLC-like)\nSmall cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix\nSCCC","tldr":"Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix is a rare, aggressive cervical cancer that behaves like small cell lung cancer, spreading early to nodes and distant organs even when the tumour is small. Fewer than four in ten women with early disease are alive at five years, and treatment combines the cervical cancer approach with the chemotherapy used for small cell lung cancer.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/cervical-small-cell-neuroendocrine-carcinoma/","parent":"cervical"},{"id":"bartholin-gland-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Bartholin gland carcinoma","aka":"Bartholin gland cancer\nCarcinoma of the Bartholin gland\nAdenoid cystic carcinoma of the Bartholin gland","tldr":"Bartholin gland carcinoma is a very rare vulvar cancer arising in the lubricating glands at the entrance to the vagina, often mistaken at first for a cyst or abscess in a postmenopausal woman. It can be a squamous cancer, an adenocarcinoma or an adenoid cystic carcinoma, each behaving differently; it is treated with surgery and radiotherapy borrowed from vulvar cancer, having no trials of its own.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/bartholin-gland-carcinoma/","parent":"vulvar"},{"id":"vulvar-melanoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Vulvar melanoma","aka":"Primary vulvar melanoma\nMelanoma of the vulva\nVulvovaginal melanoma (with vaginal melanoma)","tldr":"Vulvar melanoma is the second most common vulvar cancer, a melanoma of the mucosal skin of the vulva in older women that is usually found late and has shorter survival than skin melanoma. It is removed with a margin, staged like skin melanoma by thickness, and treated when advanced with the immunotherapy and, for the quarter with a BRAF or KIT mutation, the targeted drugs used for other melanomas.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/vulvar-melanoma/","parent":"vulvar"},{"id":"vaginal-melanoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Vaginal melanoma","aka":"Primary vaginal melanoma\nMelanoma of the vagina\nVulvovaginal melanoma (with vulvar melanoma)","tldr":"Vaginal melanoma is a very rare, aggressive melanoma of the vaginal lining in older women, usually found late because it is hidden, with the worst outlook of any melanoma site. It is treated with surgery where the tumour can be removed and radiotherapy where it cannot; advanced disease gets the drugs used for mucosal melanoma. Unlike skin melanoma it is as common in black as in white women.","tags":"subtype-page wave4 rare","route":"/cancers/vaginal-melanoma/","parent":"vaginal"},{"id":"aall1331","kind":"trial","name":"AALL1331","aka":"COG AALL1331","tldr":"AALL1331 tested swapping blocks of harsh chemotherapy for the antibody blinatumomab in children whose leukaemia had come back; the antibody caused far fewer serious infections, more patients survived in the higher-risk group, and children whose relapse was in the bone marrow did better in the low-risk group too.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/aall1331/","status":"mixed","cancers":"all-paediatric-relapsed all-leukemia leukaemia"},{"id":"graall-2005","kind":"trial","name":"GRAALL-2005","aka":"GRAALL 2005\nGRAALL","tldr":"GRAALL-2005 treated adults with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia using an intensive protocol borrowed from children's medicine and asked whether giving cyclophosphamide in a more intense split schedule helped; it did not, and the trial also showed that people aged 55 and over tolerate the paediatric-style treatment poorly.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/graall-2005/","status":"completed","cancers":"all-leukemia leukaemia"},{"id":"quazar-aml-001","kind":"trial","name":"QUAZAR AML-001","aka":"QUAZAR","tldr":"QUAZAR AML-001 showed that a tablet form of azacitidine taken as maintenance after chemotherapy helped older people with acute myeloid leukaemia live about ten months longer than placebo, and it became the first approved maintenance treatment for the disease.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/quazar-aml-001/","status":"positive","cancers":"aml aml-older-unfit leukaemia"},{"id":"morpho","kind":"trial","name":"MORPHO","aka":"BMT CTN 1506\n2215-CL-0304","tldr":"MORPHO asked whether taking the FLT3 blocker gilteritinib for two years after a stem-cell transplant keeps leukaemia from returning; across everyone the benefit fell just short of statistical proof, but in the half of patients whose blood tests still showed traces of leukaemia the drug clearly cut relapses.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/morpho/","status":"mixed","cancers":"aml-flt3 aml leukaemia"},{"id":"aaml1031","kind":"trial","name":"AAML1031","aka":"COG AAML1031","tldr":"AAML1031 was the children's leukaemia trial that found adding bortezomib to standard chemotherapy did not help and caused more nerve damage, while a separate part of the trial suggested that adding the FLT3 blocker sorafenib does improve outcomes for children whose leukaemia carries a high load of the FLT3-ITD mutation.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/aaml1031/","status":"mixed","cancers":"aml-paediatric aml-flt3 aml leukaemia"},{"id":"cll12","kind":"trial","name":"CLL12","aka":"GCLLSG CLL12","tldr":"CLL12 asked whether starting the pill ibrutinib early, before chronic lymphocytic leukaemia causes symptoms, is better than the usual practice of watching and waiting; early treatment delayed the disease but after nearly six years of follow-up people lived just as long either way, so watch and wait remains the standard.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/cll12/","status":"mixed","cancers":"cll cll-treatment-naive leukaemia"},{"id":"aall0232","kind":"trial","name":"AALL0232","aka":"COG AALL0232","tldr":"AALL0232 showed that giving children with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia high doses of methotrexate with leucovorin rescue cured more of them than the older escalating schedule, and that the steroid dexamethasone helped children under ten but caused bone damage without benefit in older patients.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/aall0232/","status":"positive","cancers":"all-paediatric-high-risk all-leukemia leukaemia"},{"id":"aall1231","kind":"trial","name":"AALL1231","aka":"COG AALL1231","tldr":"AALL1231 tried to improve treatment for T-cell leukaemia and lymphoma in children by adding bortezomib and by dropping routine radiotherapy to the brain; bortezomib clearly helped the lymphoma patients but not the whole group, and more than nine in ten children were spared cranial radiotherapy without more relapses.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/aall1231/","status":"mixed","cancers":"all-paediatric-high-risk all-leukemia leukaemia"},{"id":"aall1521","kind":"trial","name":"AALL1521","aka":"COG AALL1521\nINCB 18424-269","tldr":"AALL1521 is the trial that added the JAK-blocking pill ruxolitinib to chemotherapy for children whose leukaemia looks like Philadelphia-positive disease but is driven by JAK signalling; it has finished treating patients and the survival results are awaited.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/aall1521/","status":"completed","cancers":"all-ph-like all-leukemia leukaemia"},{"id":"esphall","kind":"trial","name":"EsPhALL (EsPhALL2004 and EsPhALL2010)","aka":"EsPhALL\nESPHALL\nEsPhALL2004\nEsPhALL2010","tldr":"EsPhALL is the European intergroup study that brought the leukaemia pill imatinib into treatment for children with Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia; the first version gave it in short bursts after induction and the second gave it continuously, and together they set the chemotherapy backbone that the standard of care still uses.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/esphall/","status":"completed","cancers":"all-paediatric-ph-positive all-leukemia leukaemia"},{"id":"ukallr3","kind":"trial","name":"ALL R3 (UKALLR3)","aka":"UKALLR3\nALLR3\nALL R3\nCCLG-ALLR3","tldr":"ALL R3 found, to the investigators' surprise, that using mitoxantrone instead of idarubicin in the first block of treatment for children whose leukaemia had relapsed nearly doubled the chance of being alive without progression three years later, and mitoxantrone-based reinduction became the standard.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/ukallr3/","status":"positive","cancers":"all-paediatric-relapsed all-leukemia leukaemia"},{"id":"intreall-sr-2010","kind":"trial","name":"IntReALL SR 2010","aka":"IntReALL\nIntReALL 2010","tldr":"IntReALL SR 2010 brought the European relapse groups together to compare their two chemotherapy programmes head to head for children whose leukaemia had returned, and to test adding an antibody against CD22; it has completed and the corpus records the design while the full results are awaited.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/intreall-sr-2010/","status":"completed","cancers":"all-paediatric-relapsed all-leukemia leukaemia"},{"id":"comfort-i","kind":"trial","name":"COMFORT-I","aka":"COMFORT\nINCB 18424-351","tldr":"COMFORT-I showed that the JAK-blocking pill ruxolitinib shrank the grossly enlarged spleens of people with myelofibrosis in about four in ten patients, against almost none on placebo, and eased their fatigue, night sweats and itching; it led to the first approved drug for the disease.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/comfort-i/","status":"positive","cancers":"primary-myelofibrosis myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"comfort-ii","kind":"trial","name":"COMFORT-II","aka":"COMFORT\nCINC424A2352","tldr":"COMFORT-II was the European companion to COMFORT-I: ruxolitinib shrank the spleen by more than a third in 28 percent of people with myelofibrosis after nearly a year, while not one patient on the best treatment their doctor could otherwise offer achieved that, and symptoms and quality of life improved.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/comfort-ii/","status":"positive","cancers":"primary-myelofibrosis myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"explorer","kind":"trial","name":"EXPLORER","aka":"BLU-285-2101","tldr":"EXPLORER was the first human study of avapritinib, a pill designed to block the KIT D816V mutation that drives almost every case of advanced systemic mastocytosis; three quarters of evaluable patients responded and a third went into complete remission, and the drug was approved for the disease in 2021.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/explorer/","status":"positive","cancers":"advanced-systemic-mastocytosis systemic-mastocytosis"},{"id":"bmt-ctn-1102","kind":"trial","name":"BMT CTN 1102","aka":"BMTCTN1102\nCTN 1102","tldr":"BMT CTN 1102 settled whether older people with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndrome should be offered a stem-cell transplant: those who had a matched donor and went to transplant were far more likely to be alive three years later than those without a donor who had drug treatment instead, so transplant belongs in the plan for fit patients aged 50 to 75.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/bmt-ctn-1102/","status":"positive","cancers":"mds-higher-risk mds"},{"id":"telesto","kind":"trial","name":"TELESTO","aka":"CICL670A2302","tldr":"TELESTO is the only placebo-controlled trial of removing excess iron in people with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndrome who depend on blood transfusions; the chelator deferasirox lengthened the time before heart or liver damage, progression to leukaemia or death by about a year.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/telesto/","status":"positive","cancers":"mds-lower-risk mds"},{"id":"impactmf","kind":"trial","name":"IMpactMF","aka":"MYF3001","tldr":"IMpactMF is the first myelofibrosis trial designed to prove that a drug helps people live longer rather than just shrinking the spleen; it compares the telomerase blocker imetelstat with the best treatment doctors can otherwise offer after a JAK inhibitor has stopped working, and results are expected towards 2028.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/impactmf/","status":"active","cancers":"primary-myelofibrosis myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"acns1123","kind":"trial","name":"ACNS1123","aka":"COG ACNS1123","tldr":"ACNS1123 asked whether children with germ cell tumours of the brain who respond well to chemotherapy can safely have less radiotherapy; for non-germinomatous tumours survival stayed high but the few relapses were all in the spine, which was left out of the smaller field, and for germinoma the reduced doses held.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/acns1123/","status":"completed","cancers":"cns-germ-cell-tumours paediatric-germ-cell-tumours brain-tumours childhood-cancers"},{"id":"acns0122","kind":"trial","name":"ACNS0122","aka":"COG ACNS0122","tldr":"ACNS0122 set the modern American standard for children with the more aggressive kind of germ cell tumour of the brain: chemotherapy first, surgery for anything left, then radiotherapy to the whole brain and spine, which cured about nine in ten and became the benchmark that later trials tried to match with less radiation.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/acns0122/","status":"completed","cancers":"cns-germ-cell-tumours brain-tumours childhood-cancers"},{"id":"acns0333","kind":"trial","name":"ACNS0333","aka":"COG ACNS0333","tldr":"ACNS0333 was the first trial built only for atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour, a brain cancer of very young children that used to be almost always fatal; its intensive plan of chemotherapy, high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue and focused radiotherapy more than halved the risk of relapse or death compared with earlier treatment and became the template for care.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/acns0333/","status":"positive","cancers":"atrt brain-tumours childhood-cancers"},{"id":"acns0121","kind":"trial","name":"ACNS0121","aka":"COG ACNS0121","tldr":"ACNS0121 showed that focused radiotherapy to the tumour bed straight after surgery cures most children with ependymoma, including those under three who used to be denied radiotherapy, and that children whose tumour could not be fully removed do far worse even with chemotherapy and a second operation.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/acns0121/","status":"positive","cancers":"ependymoma brain-tumours childhood-cancers"},{"id":"noa-08","kind":"trial","name":"NOA-08","aka":"Methusalem\nNOA-8","tldr":"NOA-08 showed that older people with glioblastoma can be treated with temozolomide tablets instead of six weeks of radiotherapy without living less long, and that the MGMT test tells you which to choose: chemotherapy if the gene is methylated, radiotherapy if it is not.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/noa-08/","status":"positive","cancers":"glioblastoma idh-mutant-astrocytoma brain-tumours"},{"id":"sjmb12","kind":"trial","name":"SJMB12","aka":"St. Jude SJMB12","tldr":"SJMB12 is the St. Jude trial that first treated medulloblastoma by its molecular type: children with the low-risk WNT form receive a much lower dose of radiotherapy to the brain and spine, those with the SHH form add the targeted drug vismodegib, and the others add two extra chemotherapy drugs; it is still running and the corpus records the design.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/sjmb12/","status":"active","cancers":"medulloblastoma-wnt medulloblastoma-shh medulloblastoma-group-3-4 medulloblastoma brain-tumours childhood-cancers"},{"id":"acns1422","kind":"trial","name":"ACNS1422","aka":"COG ACNS1422","tldr":"ACNS1422 tests whether children with the WNT type of medulloblastoma, who almost always survive, can be given less radiotherapy to the brain and spine and less chemotherapy without more relapses; it has finished enrolling and the results are awaited.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/acns1422/","status":"active","cancers":"medulloblastoma-wnt medulloblastoma brain-tumours childhood-cancers"},{"id":"ielsg32","kind":"trial","name":"IELSG32","aka":"IELSG-32\nMATRix trial","tldr":"IELSG32 built the MATRix regimen that is now the standard first treatment for lymphoma confined to the brain: adding rituximab and thiotepa to methotrexate and cytarabine doubled the complete remission rate, and its second part showed that a stem cell transplant works as well as whole-brain radiotherapy for consolidation, with less harm to thinking.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/ielsg32/","status":"positive","cancers":"primary-cns-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma brain-tumours"},{"id":"ielsg43","kind":"trial","name":"MATRix/IELSG43","aka":"IELSG43\nIELSG-43\nMATRix","tldr":"MATRix/IELSG43 settled how to consolidate remission in lymphoma of the brain: after MATRix chemotherapy, a high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplant kept 78 percent of patients free of progression at three years against 51 percent with conventional consolidation chemotherapy, and also lengthened survival, so transplant is now the preferred consolidation for fit patients.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/ielsg43/","status":"positive","cancers":"primary-cns-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma brain-tumours"},{"id":"intuitt-nf2","kind":"trial","name":"INTUITT-NF2","aka":"","tldr":"INTUITT-NF2 is a rolling trial for people with the inherited condition NF2, who grow many benign tumours of the nerves and brain lining; its first drug, brigatinib, shrank a share of tumours, slowed the growth of all types and improved hearing in a third of affected ears, which is the evidence behind offering it for these tumours.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/intuitt-nf2/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"vestibular-schwannoma meningioma brain-tumours"},{"id":"anbl1221","kind":"trial","name":"ANBL1221","aka":"COG ANBL1221","tldr":"ANBL1221 found that adding the anti-GD2 antibody dinutuximab to irinotecan and temozolomide shrank relapsed neuroblastoma in about half of children, while adding temsirolimus almost never did, and chemo-immunotherapy became the standard salvage treatment.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/anbl1221/","status":"positive","cancers":"neuroblastoma-high-risk neuroblastoma childhood-cancers"},{"id":"anbl0531","kind":"trial","name":"ANBL0531","aka":"COG ANBL0531","tldr":"ANBL0531 showed that children with intermediate-risk neuroblastoma can be cured almost every time with a treatment plan that gives less chemotherapy to those with favourable tumour biology and a good early response, keeping three-year survival at 95 percent while cutting treatment for many.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/anbl0531/","status":"positive","cancers":"neuroblastoma-intermediate-risk neuroblastoma childhood-cancers"},{"id":"anbl17p1","kind":"trial","name":"ANBL17P1","aka":"COG ANBL17P1","tldr":"ANBL17P1 tested whether the antibody dinutuximab, which works against relapsed neuroblastoma, can be given from the very start of treatment alongside induction chemotherapy for newly diagnosed high-risk disease; none of the 42 children had unacceptable toxicity, which opened the way to the randomised trial now under way.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/anbl17p1/","status":"positive","cancers":"neuroblastoma-high-risk neuroblastoma childhood-cancers"},{"id":"aews0031","kind":"trial","name":"AEWS0031","aka":"COG AEWS0031","tldr":"AEWS0031 showed that giving the same chemotherapy for Ewing sarcoma every two weeks instead of every three cured more patients without adding side effects, and the two-weekly schedule became the standard for localised disease in North America.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/aews0031/","status":"positive","cancers":"ewing-sarcoma sarcoma childhood-cancers"},{"id":"siopel-3","kind":"trial","name":"SIOPEL-3","aka":"SIOPEL 3\nSIOPEL3\nSIOP-SIOPEL-3","tldr":"SIOPEL-3 showed that children with standard-risk hepatoblastoma can be cured with cisplatin alone before and after surgery, leaving out doxorubicin and its heart damage, because the cure rate was the same as with the two-drug combination.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/siopel-3/","status":"positive","cancers":"hepatoblastoma childhood-cancers"},{"id":"siopel-4","kind":"trial","name":"SIOPEL-4","aka":"SIOPEL 4\nSIOPEL4\nSIOP-SIOPEL-4","tldr":"SIOPEL-4 showed that giving cisplatin every week in a dense schedule, with doxorubicin, to children with high-risk hepatoblastoma got nearly all of them to respond and three quarters to complete resection, lifting three-year survival to 83 percent in a group that used to do poorly.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/siopel-4/","status":"positive","cancers":"hepatoblastoma childhood-cancers"},{"id":"agct1531","kind":"trial","name":"AGCT1531","aka":"COG AGCT1531","tldr":"AGCT1531 is testing two ways to spare people with germ cell tumours from long-term harm: watching low-risk patients after surgery and giving chemotherapy only if the tumour returns, and swapping cisplatin for carboplatin, which is kinder to hearing, in standard-risk disease; it is still recruiting.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/agct1531/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"paediatric-germ-cell-tumours extragonadal-germ-cell-tumour testicular childhood-cancers"},{"id":"ahod1331","kind":"trial","name":"AHOD1331","aka":"COG AHOD1331","tldr":"AHOD1331 showed that replacing bleomycin with the antibody-drug conjugate brentuximab vedotin in the chemotherapy given to children and teenagers with advanced Hodgkin lymphoma cut relapses by more than half without extra side effects, and it became the new standard for high-risk disease.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/ahod1331/","status":"positive","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma childhood-cancers"},{"id":"euronet-phl-c2","kind":"trial","name":"EuroNet-PHL-C2","aka":"EuroNet PHL-C2\nPHL-C2\nEuroNet-PHL-C2 trial","tldr":"EuroNet-PHL-C2 is the huge European trial that treats children with Hodgkin lymphoma using PET scans after the first two cycles to decide who can skip radiotherapy, and tests a more intensive chemotherapy consolidation to make that possible for more of them; enrolment of nearly 3,000 children has closed and the full results are awaited.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/euronet-phl-c2/","status":"completed","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma childhood-cancers"},{"id":"fort","kind":"trial","name":"FoRT","aka":"FORT\nFoRT trial","tldr":"FoRT asked whether two very small doses of radiotherapy control follicular lymphoma as well as the standard twelve; they do not, with about three times the rate of regrowth in the treated area, so 24 Gy stays the standard when the aim is lasting control and 4 Gy is kept for palliation.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/fort/","status":"positive","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"gallium","kind":"trial","name":"GALLIUM","aka":"BO21223","tldr":"GALLIUM showed that the newer anti-CD20 antibody obinutuzumab kept follicular lymphoma at bay for longer than rituximab when given with chemotherapy and as maintenance, at the cost of more serious side effects, and it became a first-line option.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/gallium/","status":"positive","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"relevance","kind":"trial","name":"RELEVANCE","aka":"RV-FOL-GELARC-0683C","tldr":"RELEVANCE tested whether a chemotherapy-free combination of rituximab and the pill lenalidomide could beat standard chemo-immunotherapy for untreated follicular lymphoma; it was not better, but it was just as effective with a different set of side effects, so it became an accepted alternative.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/relevance/","status":"mixed","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"triangle","kind":"trial","name":"TRIANGLE","aka":"MCL Younger 2\nEuropean MCL Network TRIANGLE","tldr":"TRIANGLE showed that adding the pill ibrutinib to the chemotherapy given to younger people with mantle cell lymphoma keeps the disease away for longer, and that when ibrutinib is used the stem cell transplant that used to be compulsory no longer adds a clear benefit while adding side effects.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/triangle/","status":"positive","cancers":"mantle-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"sympatico","kind":"trial","name":"SYMPATICO","aka":"PCYC-1143-CA","tldr":"SYMPATICO showed that adding the BCL2 blocker venetoclax to ibrutinib for people whose mantle cell lymphoma had returned kept the disease under control for about ten months longer than ibrutinib alone, and the combination also produced complete responses in most untreated patients with the hard-to-treat TP53 mutation.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/sympatico/","status":"positive","cancers":"mantle-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"bmt-ctn-0803","kind":"trial","name":"BMT CTN 0803","aka":"BMTCTN0803\nCTN 0803\nAMC 071","tldr":"BMT CTN 0803 showed that people living with HIV whose lymphoma had come back can have the same high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplant as anyone else, with 87 percent alive at one year and outcomes no different from matched HIV-negative patients, so HIV alone should not bar transplant.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/bmt-ctn-0803/","status":"positive","cancers":"hiv-associated-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"ptld-1","kind":"trial","name":"PTLD-1","aka":"PTLD-1/3\nPTLD-1 RSST\nPTLD-1 risk-stratified sequential treatment","tldr":"PTLD-1 established how to treat lymphoma that arises after an organ transplant: start with the antibody rituximab alone, and use how well the patient responds to decide whether to continue rituximab or move to chemotherapy; seven in ten reached complete remission and patients lived a median of more than six years.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/ptld-1/","status":"positive","cancers":"post-transplant-lymphoproliferative-disorder non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"classic","kind":"trial","name":"CLASSIC","aka":"CLASSIC trial\nL_9570","tldr":"CLASSIC showed that six months of capecitabine and oxaliplatin after a thorough stomach cancer operation stops the cancer returning in many more people, with 68 percent free of disease at five years against 53 percent with surgery alone, and more of them alive; it made CAPOX one of the two standard adjuvant treatments in East Asia.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/classic/","status":"positive","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"espac-3","kind":"trial","name":"ESPAC-3","aka":"ESPAC-3 (v2)\nESPAC3","tldr":"ESPAC-3 compared the two adjuvant chemotherapies then available after pancreatic cancer surgery and found they gave the same survival, about 23 months, but gemcitabine caused half as many serious side effects; a companion cohort in ampullary and bile duct cancers is still the main randomised evidence for adjuvant chemotherapy in those rarer tumours.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/espac-3/","status":"completed","cancers":"resectable-pdac pancreatic ampullary"},{"id":"espac-4","kind":"trial","name":"ESPAC-4","aka":"ESPAC4","tldr":"ESPAC-4 showed that adding the tablet capecitabine to gemcitabine after pancreatic cancer surgery lengthened median survival from 25.5 to 28 months, and the pair became the adjuvant standard for people who cannot tolerate the harsher FOLFIRINOX regimen.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/espac-4/","status":"positive","cancers":"resectable-pdac pancreatic"},{"id":"conko-001","kind":"trial","name":"CONKO-001","aka":"CONKO 001\nCONKO-1","tldr":"CONKO-001 was the trial that made chemotherapy after pancreatic cancer surgery routine: six months of gemcitabine doubled the time before the cancer came back and roughly doubled the share of patients alive at five years, from 10 to 21 percent.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/conko-001/","status":"positive","cancers":"resectable-pdac pancreatic"},{"id":"norpact-1","kind":"trial","name":"NORPACT-1","aka":"NorPACT-1\nNordic Pancreatic Cancer Trial-1","tldr":"NORPACT-1 asked whether giving FOLFIRINOX chemotherapy before surgery helps people whose pancreatic cancer can be removed straight away; it did not, and patients who went straight to surgery were if anything more likely to be alive at 18 months, so upfront surgery remains the standard for clearly resectable disease.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/norpact-1/","status":"negative","cancers":"resectable-pdac pancreatic"},{"id":"lap07","kind":"trial","name":"LAP07","aka":"LAP 07\nGERCOR LAP07","tldr":"LAP07 tested whether adding radiotherapy after four months of chemotherapy helps people whose pancreatic cancer has not spread but cannot be removed; it did not lengthen life, although it did keep the tumour in check locally for longer, and adding erlotinib to gemcitabine did not help either.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/lap07/","status":"negative","cancers":"locally-advanced-pdac pancreatic"},{"id":"espac-5","kind":"trial","name":"ESPAC-5","aka":"ESPAC5\nESPAC-5F","tldr":"ESPAC-5 randomised people whose pancreatic cancer sat on the border of being removable between going straight to surgery and having two months of chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy first; those treated first were far more likely to be alive a year later, 78 to 84 percent with chemotherapy against 39 percent with immediate surgery, which supports treating before operating in borderline disease.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/espac-5/","status":"positive","cancers":"borderline-resectable-pdac pancreatic"},{"id":"precede","kind":"trial","name":"PRECEDE","aka":"Pancreatic Cancer Early Detection Consortium","tldr":"PRECEDE is a very large international study following people whose genes or family history put them at high risk of pancreatic cancer, with yearly scans and stored blood samples, to find out how to catch the cancer early enough to cure it; it is still enrolling towards 20,000 participants.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/precede/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"pancreatic ipmn-cystic-precursors"},{"id":"actg-a5263","kind":"trial","name":"ACTG A5263/AMC 066","aka":"ACTG A5263\nA5263\nAMC 066","tldr":"ACTG A5263 tested whether two cheaper, easier chemotherapies could replace paclitaxel for people with HIV and advanced Kaposi sarcoma in Africa; both were clearly worse, so paclitaxel with antiretroviral therapy is the treatment to aim for wherever it can be supplied.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/actg-a5263/","status":"positive","cancers":"kaposi-sarcoma vascular-tumours sarcoma"},{"id":"anchor","kind":"trial","name":"ANCHOR","aka":"ANCHOR study\nAnal Cancer/HSIL Outcomes Research\nAMC-A01","tldr":"ANCHOR proved for the first time that treating precancerous anal lesions in people with HIV prevents anal cancer: those whose lesions were removed or ablated were 57 percent less likely to develop cancer than those who were simply monitored, which is the evidence behind screening and treating these lesions.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/anchor/","status":"positive","cancers":"anal-hsil-precursor anal"},{"id":"pod1um-303","kind":"trial","name":"POD1UM-303/InterAACT-2","aka":"POD1UM-303\nInterAACT-2\nINCMGA 0012-303","tldr":"POD1UM-303 showed that adding the immunotherapy retifanlimab to the standard carboplatin-paclitaxel chemotherapy for advanced anal cancer delayed progression by about two months in median terms and reduced the risk of progression by 37 percent, making it the first immunotherapy to improve first-line treatment of this cancer.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/pod1um-303/","status":"positive","cancers":"metastatic-anal-cancer anal"},{"id":"interaact","kind":"trial","name":"InterAACT","aka":"InterAAct\nIRCI InterAACT\nEA2133","tldr":"InterAACT was the first randomised trial ever run in advanced anal cancer; the two chemotherapy pairs shrank tumours equally often, but carboplatin with paclitaxel caused far fewer serious side effects and patients on it lived longer, so it became the standard chemotherapy backbone.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/interaact/","status":"positive","cancers":"metastatic-anal-cancer anal"},{"id":"nci9673","kind":"trial","name":"NCI9673","aka":"NCI 9673\nETCTN 9673","tldr":"NCI9673 was the first completed immunotherapy trial in anal cancer: nivolumab on its own shrank tumours in a quarter of heavily treated patients, which made PD-1 blockade a standard later option, but the follow-on randomisation showed that adding ipilimumab did not help and added toxicity.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/nci9673/","status":"mixed","cancers":"metastatic-anal-cancer anal"},{"id":"capp2","kind":"trial","name":"CAPP2","aka":"CAPP 2\nColorectal Adenoma/Carcinoma Prevention Programme 2","tldr":"CAPP2 followed people with Lynch syndrome, an inherited condition that carries a very high risk of bowel cancer, for ten years after two to four years on aspirin or placebo: those who took aspirin developed about a third fewer bowel cancers, which is why daily aspirin is now offered to people with the syndrome.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/capp2/","status":"positive","cancers":"msi-high-colorectal"},{"id":"continuum","kind":"trial","name":"CONTINUUM","aka":"2018-FXY-135-FLK","tldr":"CONTINUUM was the first trial to show that adding a PD-1 immunotherapy, sintilimab, to the chemotherapy and radiotherapy given for advanced but not yet metastatic nasopharyngeal cancer keeps more people free of relapse three years later, 86 against 76 percent, at the cost of more side effects.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/continuum/","status":"positive","cancers":"locoregionally-advanced-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma nasopharyngeal"},{"id":"aurelia","kind":"trial","name":"AURELIA","aka":"MO22224","tldr":"AURELIA showed that adding bevacizumab to single-drug chemotherapy for ovarian cancer that has stopped responding to platinum doubled the time before the cancer grew again, from 3.4 to 6.7 months, and more than doubled the response rate, though it did not clearly lengthen life.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/aurelia/","status":"positive","cancers":"platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer ovarian"},{"id":"rainbo","kind":"trial","name":"RAINBO","aka":"RAINBO programme\nPOLEmut-BLUE\np53abn-RED\nMMRd-GREEN\nNSMP-ORANGE","tldr":"RAINBO is a programme of four trials that tailors treatment after surgery for womb cancer to the tumour's molecular type; in its POLEmut-BLUE arm, women whose tumours carry a POLE mutation and almost never relapse have chemotherapy withheld and receive radiotherapy alone or no further treatment, and the results are awaited.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/rainbo/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"endometrial-pole-ultramutated endometrial-mmr-deficient"},{"id":"drammatic","kind":"trial","name":"DRAMMATIC","aka":"SWOG S1803\nS1803","tldr":"DRAMMATIC asks two questions about maintenance treatment after a stem cell transplant for myeloma: whether adding daratumumab to lenalidomide helps people live longer, and whether those whose tests show no detectable disease after two years can safely stop; it is still running with about 1,100 patients.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/drammatic/","status":"active","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-transplant-eligible"},{"id":"firstmappp","kind":"trial","name":"FIRSTMAPPP","aka":"First International Randomized Study in Malignant Progressive Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma\nIGR2010/1715","tldr":"FIRSTMAPPP was the first randomised trial ever completed in metastatic phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma, rare hormone-producing tumours; the kinase inhibitor sunitinib kept 36 percent of patients free of progression at a year against 19 percent on placebo, giving the disease its first drug with randomised evidence.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/firstmappp/","status":"positive","cancers":"metastatic-ppgl pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma"},{"id":"inpact","kind":"trial","name":"InPACT","aka":"International Penile Advanced Cancer Trial\nEA8134\nIRCI004","tldr":"InPACT is the first international trial in penile cancer that has spread to the groin nodes; it tests whether chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy before removing the nodes, and preventive removal of pelvic nodes afterwards, help people live longer, and it is the reason chemoradiotherapy is offered within the trial as an alternative to chemotherapy.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/inpact/","status":"active","cancers":"node-positive-penile-cancer penile"},{"id":"getug-13","kind":"trial","name":"GETUG 13","aka":"GETUG-13\nGETUG13","tldr":"GETUG 13 showed that men with the worst-risk testicular cancers whose tumour markers fall too slowly after the first cycle of chemotherapy do better if treatment is intensified: 59 percent were free of progression at three years against 48 percent with standard BEP, and fewer needed high-dose salvage chemotherapy.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/getug-13/","status":"positive","cancers":"non-seminoma testicular"},{"id":"adiuvo","kind":"trial","name":"ADIUVO","aka":"ADIUVO trial","tldr":"ADIUVO asked whether people whose low-grade adrenal cancer had been fully removed should take the toxic drug mitotane for two years to prevent recurrence; recurrence and survival were no different from watching and waiting, so observation with regular scans is the standard for this group.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/adiuvo/","status":"negative","cancers":"localised-adrenocortical-carcinoma adrenocortical"},{"id":"adiuvo-2","kind":"trial","name":"ADIUVO-2","aka":"ADIUVO 2\nADIUVO-2 trial","tldr":"ADIUVO-2 tests whether adding platinum chemotherapy to mitotane after surgery lowers the high relapse rate of aggressive adrenal cancers; it is still recruiting through MD Anderson and the ENSAT network.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/adiuvo-2/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"localised-adrenocortical-carcinoma adrenocortical"},{"id":"trophimmun","kind":"trial","name":"TROPHIMMUN","aka":"69HCL16_0123","tldr":"TROPHIMMUN was the first immunotherapy trial in gestational trophoblastic disease, a rare tumour that arises from a pregnancy; the PD-L1 antibody avelumab cured about half of the women whose disease had stopped responding to single-drug chemotherapy, with mild side effects and a healthy pregnancy afterwards in one patient.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/trophimmun/","status":"positive","cancers":"low-risk-gtn gestational-trophoblastic"},{"id":"ballad","kind":"trial","name":"BALLAD","aka":"PRODIGE 33 - BALLAD\nPRODIGE 33\nGLOBAL BALLAD","tldr":"BALLAD is the first randomised trial of chemotherapy after surgery for cancer of the small intestine, a rare tumour whose treatment has been borrowed from colon cancer; it tests both whether chemotherapy helps at all and whether adding oxaliplatin helps, and results are awaited.","tags":"soc-trials","route":"/trials/ballad/","status":"active","cancers":"localised-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma small-bowel"},{"id":"paper-aall1331-brown-jama-2021","kind":"paper","name":"AALL1331: blinatumomab versus chemotherapy consolidation in high- and intermediate-risk first relapse of childhood B-ALL","aka":"","tldr":"Children whose leukaemia relapsed did better when two cycles of the antibody blinatumomab replaced intensive chemotherapy before transplant: more were alive two years later and far fewer had serious infections, although the disease-free survival difference did not reach the trial's statistical threshold.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-aall1331-brown-jama-2021/","cancers":"all-paediatric-relapsed all-leukemia"},{"id":"paper-aall1331-low-risk-hogan-jco-2023","kind":"paper","name":"AALL1331: blinatumomab added to chemotherapy in low-risk first relapse of childhood B-ALL","aka":"","tldr":"In children with a late, low-risk relapse of leukaemia, adding three blocks of blinatumomab did not change survival overall, but for the two thirds whose relapse involved the bone marrow it cut relapses and deaths enough to become their new standard.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-aall1331-low-risk-hogan-jco-2023/","cancers":"all-paediatric-relapsed all-leukemia"},{"id":"paper-graall-2005-huguet-jco-2018","kind":"paper","name":"GRAALL-2005: randomised hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide in a paediatric-inspired adult ALL protocol","aka":"","tldr":"Treating adults up to 59 with a children's-style leukaemia protocol produced remission in nine out of ten and five-year survival near 60 percent, but intensifying cyclophosphamide added nothing and patients aged 55 and over tolerated the treatment poorly.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-graall-2005-huguet-jco-2018/","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"paper-quazar-aml-001-wei-nejm-2020","kind":"paper","name":"QUAZAR AML-001: oral azacitidine maintenance for acute myeloid leukaemia in first remission","aka":"","tldr":"Older adults with acute myeloid leukaemia who took an azacitidine tablet for two weeks of every four after chemotherapy lived a median of ten months longer than those on placebo, with mostly gut side effects and no loss of quality of life.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-quazar-aml-001-wei-nejm-2020/","cancers":"aml aml-older-unfit"},{"id":"paper-morpho-gilteritinib-levis-jco-2024","kind":"paper","name":"MORPHO: gilteritinib as post-transplant maintenance for FLT3-ITD acute myeloid leukaemia","aka":"","tldr":"Two years of the FLT3 blocker gilteritinib after a stem-cell transplant did not significantly reduce relapses across all patients, but it clearly did in the half whose highly sensitive blood tests still found traces of the leukaemia, one of the first results to support choosing post-transplant treatment by residual disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-morpho-gilteritinib-levis-jco-2024/","cancers":"aml-flt3 aml"},{"id":"paper-aaml1031-bortezomib-aplenc-haematologica-2020","kind":"paper","name":"AAML1031: bortezomib with standard chemotherapy for children with acute myeloid leukaemia does not improve outcomes","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib to standard chemotherapy for children with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukaemia did not help them live longer or relapse less, and it caused more nerve damage and intensive care admissions.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-aaml1031-bortezomib-aplenc-haematologica-2020/","cancers":"aml-paediatric aml"},{"id":"paper-cll12-ibrutinib-early-stage-langerbeins-jco-2025","kind":"paper","name":"CLL12: ibrutinib in early-stage chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, a randomised placebo-controlled phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Giving the pill ibrutinib to people with early, symptom-free chronic lymphocytic leukaemia delayed the disease but, after almost six years, did not help them live longer than placebo, so doctors should keep watching and waiting rather than treating early.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-cll12-ibrutinib-early-stage-langerbeins-jco-2025/","cancers":"cll cll-treatment-naive"},{"id":"paper-aall1231-bortezomib-t-all-teachey-jco-2022","kind":"paper","name":"AALL1231: bortezomib in newly diagnosed T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and lymphoma, with cranial radiotherapy removed","aka":"","tldr":"In children with T-cell leukaemia or lymphoma, adding bortezomib to chemotherapy did not significantly improve survival for the whole group but did for those with lymphoma, and the intensified chemotherapy let more than nine in ten avoid radiotherapy to the brain without more relapses.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-aall1231-bortezomib-t-all-teachey-jco-2022/","cancers":"all-paediatric-high-risk all-leukemia"},{"id":"paper-esphall2010-continuous-imatinib-biondi-lancet-haematol-2018","kind":"paper","name":"EsPhALL2010: continuous imatinib with chemotherapy in paediatric Philadelphia chromosome-positive ALL","aka":"","tldr":"Giving children with Philadelphia-positive leukaemia the pill imatinib continuously from the second week of treatment allowed fewer of them to need a transplant, with survival similar to the earlier study that used short courses, but at the cost of more serious toxicity during intensive treatment blocks.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-esphall2010-continuous-imatinib-biondi-lancet-haematol-2018/","cancers":"all-paediatric-ph-positive all-leukemia"},{"id":"paper-all-r3-mitoxantrone-relapsed-childhood-all-parker-lancet-2010","kind":"paper","name":"ALL R3: mitoxantrone versus idarubicin in first relapse of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","aka":"","tldr":"Children whose leukaemia had come back were far more likely to survive without further relapse if their first block of treatment used mitoxantrone instead of idarubicin, an unexpected finding that changed the standard reinduction treatment.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-all-r3-mitoxantrone-relapsed-childhood-all-parker-lancet-2010/","cancers":"all-paediatric-relapsed all-leukemia"},{"id":"paper-comfort-ii-ruxolitinib-best-available-therapy-harrison-nejm-2012","kind":"paper","name":"COMFORT-II: JAK inhibition with ruxolitinib versus best available therapy for myelofibrosis","aka":"","tldr":"In this European trial, ruxolitinib shrank the spleen by more than a third in 28 percent of people with myelofibrosis after 48 weeks while no patient on the best alternative treatment achieved that, and symptoms and quality of life improved.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-comfort-ii-ruxolitinib-best-available-therapy-harrison-nejm-2012/","cancers":"primary-myelofibrosis myeloproliferative-neoplasms"},{"id":"paper-bmt-ctn-1102-transplant-older-mds-nakamura-jco-2021","kind":"paper","name":"BMT CTN 1102: biologic assignment trial of reduced-intensity transplant by donor availability in patients aged 50 to 75 with advanced myelodysplastic syndrome","aka":"","tldr":"Older people with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndrome who had a matched donor and went on to a reduced-intensity stem-cell transplant were much more likely to be alive three years later than those without a donor treated with drugs, which makes transplant part of standard planning for fit patients up to 75.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-bmt-ctn-1102-transplant-older-mds-nakamura-jco-2021/","cancers":"mds-higher-risk mds"},{"id":"paper-acns1123-nggct-reduced-radiotherapy-fangusaro-jco-2019","kind":"paper","name":"ACNS1123: response-based reduced radiotherapy for localised CNS non-germinomatous germ cell tumours","aka":"","tldr":"Children whose non-germinomatous germ cell tumour of the brain responded to chemotherapy did well with radiotherapy limited to the ventricles rather than the whole brain and spine, but the few who relapsed all relapsed in the spine, so the smaller field carries a specific risk.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-acns1123-nggct-reduced-radiotherapy-fangusaro-jco-2019/","cancers":"cns-germ-cell-tumours paediatric-germ-cell-tumours"},{"id":"paper-acns0333-atrt-high-dose-chemotherapy-reddy-jco-2020","kind":"paper","name":"ACNS0333: high-dose chemotherapy and three-dimensional conformal radiation for atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour","aka":"","tldr":"The first trial designed for atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour, a brain cancer of infants, showed that intensive chemotherapy with stem cell rescue and focused radiotherapy cut the risk of relapse or death by more than half compared with how children had been treated before.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-acns0333-atrt-high-dose-chemotherapy-reddy-jco-2020/","cancers":"atrt"},{"id":"paper-acns0121-ependymoma-conformal-radiotherapy-merchant-jco-2019","kind":"paper","name":"ACNS0121: conformal radiotherapy for paediatric ependymoma, chemotherapy for incompletely resected tumours and observation after complete resection","aka":"","tldr":"In the largest trial of childhood ependymoma, radiotherapy focused on the tumour bed straight after surgery cured about two thirds of children, worked as well in those under three as in older children, and children whose tumour could not be fully removed fared much worse.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-acns0121-ependymoma-conformal-radiotherapy-merchant-jco-2019/","cancers":"ependymoma"},{"id":"paper-noa-08-temozolomide-vs-radiotherapy-elderly-wick-lancet-oncol-2012","kind":"paper","name":"NOA-08: temozolomide alone versus radiotherapy alone for malignant astrocytoma in the elderly","aka":"","tldr":"Older people with glioblastoma lived as long on temozolomide tablets as on radiotherapy, and the MGMT test showed who should get which: methylated tumours did better with the chemotherapy and unmethylated tumours with radiotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-noa-08-temozolomide-vs-radiotherapy-elderly-wick-lancet-oncol-2012/","cancers":"glioblastoma"},{"id":"paper-ielsg32-matrix-induction-ferreri-lancet-haematol-2016","kind":"paper","name":"IELSG32 first randomisation: the MATRix regimen (methotrexate, cytarabine, thiotepa, rituximab) in primary CNS lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"Adding rituximab and thiotepa to methotrexate and cytarabine doubled the complete remission rate for lymphoma confined to the brain, making the four-drug MATRix regimen the standard induction for patients up to 70.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ielsg32-matrix-induction-ferreri-lancet-haematol-2016/","cancers":"primary-cns-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-ielsg32-wbrt-vs-asct-consolidation-ferreri-lancet-haematol-2017","kind":"paper","name":"IELSG32 second randomisation: whole-brain radiotherapy or autologous stem cell transplant as consolidation in primary CNS lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"After chemotherapy for lymphoma of the brain, a stem cell transplant controlled the disease as well as radiotherapy to the whole brain, and spared patients the decline in attention and executive function that followed radiotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ielsg32-wbrt-vs-asct-consolidation-ferreri-lancet-haematol-2017/","cancers":"primary-cns-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-matrix-ielsg43-asct-consolidation-pcnsl-illerhaus-lancet-2026","kind":"paper","name":"MATRix/IELSG43: high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplant versus non-myeloablative consolidation in primary CNS lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"In the largest trial ever run in lymphoma of the brain, a stem cell transplant after MATRix chemotherapy kept 78 percent of patients free of progression at three years against 51 percent with conventional consolidation chemotherapy, and lengthened survival.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-matrix-ielsg43-asct-consolidation-pcnsl-illerhaus-lancet-2026/","cancers":"primary-cns-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-intuitt-nf2-brigatinib-plotkin-nejm-2024","kind":"paper","name":"INTUITT-NF2: brigatinib in NF2-related schwannomatosis with progressive tumours","aka":"","tldr":"In people with the inherited condition NF2 whose nerve and brain-lining tumours were growing despite earlier treatment, the kinase inhibitor brigatinib shrank some tumours, slowed the growth of all types and improved hearing in a third of affected ears without serious toxicity.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-intuitt-nf2-brigatinib-plotkin-nejm-2024/","cancers":"vestibular-schwannoma meningioma"},{"id":"paper-anbl1221-irinotecan-temozolomide-dinutuximab-mody-lancet-oncol-2017","kind":"paper","name":"ANBL1221: irinotecan-temozolomide with temsirolimus or dinutuximab in relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma","aka":"","tldr":"In children whose neuroblastoma had come back, adding the anti-GD2 antibody dinutuximab to irinotecan and temozolomide shrank the cancer in half of them, while adding temsirolimus almost never did.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-anbl1221-irinotecan-temozolomide-dinutuximab-mody-lancet-oncol-2017/","cancers":"neuroblastoma-high-risk neuroblastoma"},{"id":"paper-anbl1221-expansion-dinutuximab-gm-csf-mody-jco-2020","kind":"paper","name":"ANBL1221 expansion: irinotecan, temozolomide and dinutuximab with GM-CSF in refractory or relapsed neuroblastoma","aka":"","tldr":"Across 53 children treated with irinotecan, temozolomide and dinutuximab for relapsed neuroblastoma, four in ten had their tumours shrink and 85 percent were alive a year later, confirming the combination as the standard salvage treatment.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-anbl1221-expansion-dinutuximab-gm-csf-mody-jco-2020/","cancers":"neuroblastoma-high-risk neuroblastoma"},{"id":"paper-aews0031-interval-compressed-chemotherapy-ewing-womer-jco-2012","kind":"paper","name":"AEWS0031: randomised trial of interval-compressed chemotherapy for localised Ewing sarcoma","aka":"","tldr":"Giving the standard Ewing sarcoma chemotherapy every two weeks rather than every three cured more patients, 73 against 65 percent free of events at five years, with no more side effects.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-aews0031-interval-compressed-chemotherapy-ewing-womer-jco-2012/","cancers":"ewing-sarcoma sarcoma"},{"id":"paper-siopel-3-cisplatin-vs-plado-standard-risk-hepatoblastoma-perilongo-nejm-2009","kind":"paper","name":"SIOPEL-3: cisplatin versus cisplatin plus doxorubicin for standard-risk hepatoblastoma","aka":"","tldr":"Children with standard-risk hepatoblastoma were cured just as often with cisplatin alone as with cisplatin plus doxorubicin, and had far fewer severe side effects, so doxorubicin can be left out.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-siopel-3-cisplatin-vs-plado-standard-risk-hepatoblastoma-perilongo-nejm-2009/","cancers":"hepatoblastoma"},{"id":"paper-siopel-4-dose-dense-cisplatin-high-risk-hepatoblastoma-zsiros-lancet-oncol-2013","kind":"paper","name":"SIOPEL-4: dose-dense cisplatin-based chemotherapy and surgery for high-risk hepatoblastoma","aka":"","tldr":"Weekly cisplatin with doxorubicin before surgery got almost every child with high-risk hepatoblastoma to respond and three quarters to complete removal of the tumour, with three-year survival of 83 percent in a group that previously did poorly.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-siopel-4-dose-dense-cisplatin-high-risk-hepatoblastoma-zsiros-lancet-oncol-2013/","cancers":"hepatoblastoma"},{"id":"paper-ahod1331-brentuximab-vedotin-paediatric-hodgkin-castellino-nejm-2022","kind":"paper","name":"AHOD1331: brentuximab vedotin with chemotherapy in paediatric high-risk Hodgkin lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"Swapping bleomycin for the antibody-drug conjugate brentuximab vedotin in children's chemotherapy for advanced Hodgkin lymphoma cut the risk of relapse or death by 59 percent with no extra toxicity.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ahod1331-brentuximab-vedotin-paediatric-hodgkin-castellino-nejm-2022/","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-fort-4gy-vs-24gy-indolent-lymphoma-hoskin-lancet-oncol-2014","kind":"paper","name":"FoRT: 4 Gy versus 24 Gy radiotherapy for indolent lymphoma, a randomised phase 3 non-inferiority trial","aka":"","tldr":"Two small doses of radiotherapy did not control follicular and marginal zone lymphoma as well as the standard twelve, with more than three times the rate of regrowth in the treated area, so 24 Gy remains the standard and 4 Gy is for palliation.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-fort-4gy-vs-24gy-indolent-lymphoma-hoskin-lancet-oncol-2014/","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-fort-long-term-follow-up-hoskin-lancet-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"FoRT long-term follow-up: 4 Gy versus 24 Gy for follicular and marginal zone lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"Five years on, the higher radiotherapy dose still controlled indolent lymphoma far better: 90 percent of treated sites were free of regrowth after 24 Gy against 70 percent after 4 Gy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-fort-long-term-follow-up-hoskin-lancet-oncol-2021/","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma marginal-zone-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-gallium-obinutuzumab-first-line-follicular-lymphoma-marcus-nejm-2017","kind":"paper","name":"GALLIUM: obinutuzumab for the first-line treatment of follicular lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"Obinutuzumab with chemotherapy and as maintenance kept follicular lymphoma from progressing for longer than rituximab, at the cost of more serious side effects.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-gallium-obinutuzumab-first-line-follicular-lymphoma-marcus-nejm-2017/","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-relevance-rituximab-lenalidomide-follicular-lymphoma-morschhauser-nejm-2018","kind":"paper","name":"RELEVANCE: rituximab plus lenalidomide in advanced untreated follicular lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"A chemotherapy-free combination of rituximab and lenalidomide worked as well as rituximab with chemotherapy for untreated follicular lymphoma, though not better, with different side effects.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-relevance-rituximab-lenalidomide-follicular-lymphoma-morschhauser-nejm-2018/","cancers":"follicular-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-triangle-ibrutinib-mantle-cell-lymphoma-dreyling-lancet-2024","kind":"paper","name":"TRIANGLE: ibrutinib with immunochemotherapy with or without autologous transplant versus immunochemotherapy and transplant in untreated mantle cell lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"Adding ibrutinib to first-line treatment for younger people with mantle cell lymphoma kept more of them free of treatment failure at three years, and the stem cell transplant that was standard was not shown to add benefit once ibrutinib was used.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-triangle-ibrutinib-mantle-cell-lymphoma-dreyling-lancet-2024/","cancers":"mantle-cell-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-bmt-ctn-0803-autologous-transplant-hiv-lymphoma-alvarnas-blood-2016","kind":"paper","name":"BMT CTN 0803/AMC 071: autologous haematopoietic cell transplantation for HIV-related lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"People with HIV whose lymphoma had relapsed did as well after high-dose chemotherapy and a stem cell transplant as matched HIV-negative patients, with 87 percent alive at one year.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-bmt-ctn-0803-autologous-transplant-hiv-lymphoma-alvarnas-blood-2016/","cancers":"hiv-associated-lymphoma"},{"id":"paper-ptld-1-risk-stratified-sequential-treatment-trappe-jco-2017","kind":"paper","name":"PTLD-1: response to rituximab induction as a predictive marker allowing stratification into rituximab or R-CHOP consolidation in B-cell post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder","aka":"","tldr":"In lymphoma arising after an organ transplant, starting with rituximab alone and then choosing between more rituximab and chemotherapy by response gave complete remission in seven of ten patients and a median survival of more than six years.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ptld-1-risk-stratified-sequential-treatment-trappe-jco-2017/","cancers":"post-transplant-lymphoproliferative-disorder"},{"id":"paper-classic-adjuvant-capox-gastric-bang-lancet-2012","kind":"paper","name":"CLASSIC: adjuvant capecitabine and oxaliplatin for gastric cancer after D2 gastrectomy","aka":"","tldr":"Six months of capecitabine and oxaliplatin after a D2 gastrectomy raised three-year disease-free survival from 59 to 74 percent in East Asian patients with stage II to III stomach cancer.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-classic-adjuvant-capox-gastric-bang-lancet-2012/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"paper-classic-5-year-follow-up-noh-lancet-oncol-2014","kind":"paper","name":"CLASSIC 5-year follow-up: adjuvant capecitabine plus oxaliplatin for gastric cancer after D2 gastrectomy","aka":"","tldr":"Five years on, the benefit of adjuvant capecitabine and oxaliplatin held and translated into longer survival: 78 percent alive against 69 percent with surgery alone.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-classic-5-year-follow-up-noh-lancet-oncol-2014/","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"paper-espac-3-fluorouracil-vs-gemcitabine-adjuvant-neoptolemos-jama-2010","kind":"paper","name":"ESPAC-3: adjuvant fluorouracil plus folinic acid versus gemcitabine after pancreatic cancer resection","aka":"","tldr":"After surgery for pancreatic cancer, six months of gemcitabine gave the same survival as fluorouracil with folinic acid, about 23 months, with half as many serious side effects.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-espac-3-fluorouracil-vs-gemcitabine-adjuvant-neoptolemos-jama-2010/","cancers":"resectable-pdac pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-conko-001-adjuvant-gemcitabine-long-term-oettle-jama-2013","kind":"paper","name":"CONKO-001: adjuvant gemcitabine and long-term outcomes after resected pancreatic cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Six months of gemcitabine after complete removal of pancreatic cancer doubled the time to relapse and roughly doubled five-year survival, from 10 to 21 percent, in the trial that established adjuvant chemotherapy for the disease.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-conko-001-adjuvant-gemcitabine-long-term-oettle-jama-2013/","cancers":"resectable-pdac pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-norpact-1-neoadjuvant-folfirinox-labori-lancet-gastroenterol-hepatol-2024","kind":"paper","name":"NORPACT-1: neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX versus upfront surgery for resectable pancreatic head cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Giving FOLFIRINOX before surgery did not help people with clearly resectable pancreatic head cancer: fewer were alive at 18 months than those who went straight to surgery.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-norpact-1-neoadjuvant-folfirinox-labori-lancet-gastroenterol-hepatol-2024/","cancers":"resectable-pdac pancreatic"},{"id":"paper-actg-a5263-kaposi-sarcoma-resource-limited-krown-lancet-2020","kind":"paper","name":"ACTG A5263/AMC 066: three chemotherapy regimens with antiretroviral therapy for advanced AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma in resource-limited settings","aka":"","tldr":"For people with HIV and advanced Kaposi sarcoma in Africa and Brazil, paclitaxel with antiretroviral therapy kept far more patients free of progression at a year than either oral etoposide or bleomycin with vincristine, both of which were stopped early for being worse.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-actg-a5263-kaposi-sarcoma-resource-limited-krown-lancet-2020/","cancers":"kaposi-sarcoma"},{"id":"paper-pod1um-303-retifanlimab-anal-cancer-rao-lancet-2025","kind":"paper","name":"POD1UM-303/InterAACT-2: retifanlimab with carboplatin and paclitaxel for locally recurrent or metastatic anal squamous cell carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the PD-1 antibody retifanlimab to first-line carboplatin and paclitaxel for advanced anal cancer lengthened the time before the cancer progressed from 7.4 to 9.3 months and cut the risk of progression by 37 percent, with manageable extra toxicity.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-pod1um-303-retifanlimab-anal-cancer-rao-lancet-2025/","cancers":"metastatic-anal-cancer anal"},{"id":"paper-interaact-carboplatin-paclitaxel-advanced-anal-cancer-rao-jco-2020","kind":"paper","name":"InterAACT: cisplatin and fluorouracil versus carboplatin and paclitaxel in advanced anal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In the first randomised trial in advanced anal cancer, carboplatin with paclitaxel shrank tumours as often as cisplatin with fluorouracil but caused far fewer serious side effects and was followed by longer survival, so it became the standard chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-interaact-carboplatin-paclitaxel-advanced-anal-cancer-rao-jco-2020/","cancers":"metastatic-anal-cancer anal"},{"id":"paper-nci9673-nivolumab-metastatic-anal-cancer-morris-lancet-oncol-2017","kind":"paper","name":"NCI9673: nivolumab for previously treated unresectable metastatic anal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"In the first completed immunotherapy trial for anal cancer, the PD-1 antibody nivolumab shrank tumours in a quarter of heavily pretreated patients with few side effects.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-nci9673-nivolumab-metastatic-anal-cancer-morris-lancet-oncol-2017/","cancers":"metastatic-anal-cancer anal"},{"id":"paper-nci9673-part-b-nivolumab-ipilimumab-anal-cancer-morris-jco-2026","kind":"paper","name":"NCI9673 part B: randomised phase 2 study of nivolumab with or without ipilimumab in refractory metastatic anal cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding ipilimumab to nivolumab for metastatic anal cancer after chemotherapy did not improve response, progression-free survival or overall survival and doubled severe side effects.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-nci9673-part-b-nivolumab-ipilimumab-anal-cancer-morris-jco-2026/","cancers":"metastatic-anal-cancer anal"},{"id":"paper-continuum-sintilimab-nasopharyngeal-liu-lancet-2024","kind":"paper","name":"CONTINUUM: induction-concurrent chemoradiotherapy with or without sintilimab in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"Adding the PD-1 antibody sintilimab to chemotherapy and radiotherapy for advanced, non-metastatic nasopharyngeal cancer raised three-year event-free survival from 76 to 86 percent, with more but manageable side effects.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-continuum-sintilimab-nasopharyngeal-liu-lancet-2024/","cancers":"locoregionally-advanced-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma nasopharyngeal"},{"id":"paper-aurelia-bevacizumab-platinum-resistant-ovarian-pujade-lauraine-jco-2014","kind":"paper","name":"AURELIA: bevacizumab combined with chemotherapy for platinum-resistant recurrent ovarian cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Adding bevacizumab to single-agent chemotherapy for platinum-resistant ovarian cancer doubled the time to progression and more than doubled the response rate, without a significant gain in survival.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-aurelia-bevacizumab-platinum-resistant-ovarian-pujade-lauraine-jco-2014/","cancers":"platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer ovarian"},{"id":"paper-firstmappp-sunitinib-metastatic-ppgl-baudin-lancet-2024","kind":"paper","name":"FIRSTMAPPP: sunitinib for metastatic progressive phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas","aka":"","tldr":"In the first randomised trial in these rare tumours, sunitinib kept 36 percent of patients free of progression at one year against 19 percent on placebo.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-firstmappp-sunitinib-metastatic-ppgl-baudin-lancet-2024/","cancers":"metastatic-ppgl pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma"},{"id":"paper-getug-13-marker-guided-dose-dense-chemotherapy-fizazi-lancet-oncol-2014","kind":"paper","name":"GETUG 13: personalised chemotherapy based on tumour marker decline in poor-prognosis germ cell tumours","aka":"","tldr":"Men with poor-prognosis testicular cancer whose tumour markers fell too slowly after one cycle of BEP did better when their chemotherapy was intensified, with fewer needing high-dose salvage treatment.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-getug-13-marker-guided-dose-dense-chemotherapy-fizazi-lancet-oncol-2014/","cancers":"non-seminoma testicular"},{"id":"paper-adiuvo-adjuvant-mitotane-low-grade-acc-terzolo-lancet-diabetes-endocrinol-2023","kind":"paper","name":"ADIUVO: adjuvant mitotane versus surveillance in low-grade, localised adrenocortical carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"After complete removal of a low-grade adrenal cancer, two years of mitotane did not significantly reduce recurrence or improve survival compared with surveillance, and every patient on it had side effects.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-adiuvo-adjuvant-mitotane-low-grade-acc-terzolo-lancet-diabetes-endocrinol-2023/","cancers":"localised-adrenocortical-carcinoma adrenocortical"},{"id":"paper-trophimmun-avelumab-chemoresistant-gtn-you-jco-2020","kind":"paper","name":"TROPHIMMUN cohort A: avelumab in gestational trophoblastic tumours resistant to single-agent chemotherapy","aka":"","tldr":"The PD-L1 antibody avelumab cured about half of women whose gestational trophoblastic tumour had stopped responding to single-drug chemotherapy, with mild side effects.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-trophimmun-avelumab-chemoresistant-gtn-you-jco-2020/","cancers":"low-risk-gtn gestational-trophoblastic"},{"id":"nct06423911","kind":"trial","name":"Study of Olverembatinib (HQP1351) in Patients With CML-CP","aka":"POLARIS-2","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Olverembatinib run by Ascentage Pharma Group Inc., now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06423911/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"cml cml-chronic-phase"},{"id":"nct06640361","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of Olverembatinib in SDH-deficient GIST.","aka":"POLARIS-3","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Olverembatinib run by Ascentage Pharma Group Inc., now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06640361/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gist"},{"id":"nct06051409","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of Olverembatinib in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Ph+ ALL (POLARIS-1)","aka":"POLARIS-1","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Olverembatinib run by Ascentage Pharma Group Inc., now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06051409/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"all-leukemia"},{"id":"nct06265428","kind":"trial","name":"A Study to Compare DB-1303/BNT323 Versus T-DM1 in Breast Cancer","aka":"Dynasty-Breast01","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Trastuzumab pamirtecan run by DualityBio Inc. in her2-positive breast cancer, active.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06265428/","status":"active","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"nct06018337","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of DB-1303/BNT323 vs Investigator's Choice Chemotherapy in HER2-Low, Hormone Receptor Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer (DYNASTY-Bre","aka":"DYNASTY-Breast02","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Trastuzumab pamirtecan run by DualityBio Inc., active.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06018337/","status":"active","cancers":"breast-hr-positive breast-her2-positive her2-low-metastatic-breast-cancer"},{"id":"nct05936658","kind":"trial","name":"[18F]Florastamin PET/CT Imaging Examination in Patients With Suspected Recurrent or Metastatic Prostate Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Florastamin F-18 run by FutureChem, active.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05936658/","status":"active","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"nct05004285","kind":"trial","name":"Evaluate the Clinical Usefulness of [F-18]Florastamin PET/CT Imaging Diagnosis Compared to MRI Diagnosis","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Florastamin F-18 run by FutureChem, active.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05004285/","status":"active","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"nct06105619","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of PLB1001 Enteric Capsules in the Treatment of sGBM/IDH Mutant Glioblastoma Patients With the ZM Fusion Gene (FUGEN).","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2/3 trial of Vebreltinib run by Beijing Pearl Biotechnology Limited Liability Company, active.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06105619/","status":"active","cancers":"glioblastoma idh-mutant-astrocytoma"},{"id":"nct05989542","kind":"trial","name":"A Confirmatory Clinical Study in NSCLC Patients With MET Exon 14 Mutation (KUNPENG-2)","aka":"KUNPENG-2","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Vebreltinib run by Beijing Pearl Biotechnology Limited Liability Company in non-small-cell lung cancer and small-cell lung cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05989542/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc sclc met-altered-nsclc"},{"id":"nct06008106","kind":"trial","name":"Comparing Tunlametinib Capsules and Combination Chemotherapy in Advanced NRAS-mutant Melanoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Tunlametinib run by Shanghai Kechow Pharma, Inc. in melanoma, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06008106/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"melanoma advanced-melanoma"},{"id":"nct06008119","kind":"trial","name":"Efficacy and Safety of Tunlametinib Plus Vemurafenib in Patients With BRAF V600E-mutant Metastatic Colorectal Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Tunlametinib run by Shanghai Kechow Pharma, Inc. in colorectal cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06008119/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"colorectal braf-v600e-colorectal"},{"id":"nct06829459","kind":"trial","name":"A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Glumetinib Combined With Osimertinib Mesylate Versus Platinum-based Doublet Chemotherapy in N","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Glumetinib run by Shanghai JMT-Bio Inc. in non-small-cell lung cancer and small-cell lung cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06829459/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc sclc egfr-mutant-nsclc 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recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06459687/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"cervical recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer"},{"id":"nct06750419","kind":"trial","name":"89Zr-TLX250 for PET/CT Imaging of ccRCC - ZIRCON-CP Study","aka":"ZIRCON-CP","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Zirconium-89 girentuximab run by Telix Pharmaceuticals (Innovations) Pty Limited in renal cell carcinoma, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06750419/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"rcc clear-cell-rcc"},{"id":"nct06122584","kind":"trial","name":"Diagnostic Performance of [18F]PSMA-1007 PET/CT Imaging in Patients With Newly-Diagnosed Prostate Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of PSMA-1007 F-18 run by ABX advanced biochemical compounds GmbH in prostate cancer, now recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06122584/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"prostate prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"nct03486873","kind":"trial","name":"Long-term Safety and Efficacy 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active.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct03562637/","status":"active","cancers":"tnbc tnbc-early"},{"id":"nct04950322","kind":"trial","name":"A Trial of SHR1701 Plus Chemotherapy in Patients With Gastric or Gastroesophageal Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Retlirafusp alfa run by Suzhou Suncadia Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., active.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04950322/","status":"active","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"nct05050942","kind":"trial","name":"A Trial to Assess Efficacy and Safety of Octreotide Subcutaneous Depot in Patients With GEP-NET","aka":"SORENTO","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of CAM2029 (octreotide subcutaneous depot) run by Camurus AB, active.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05050942/","status":"active","cancers":"neuroendocrine pancreatic-net small-intestinal-net"},{"id":"nct06432296","kind":"trial","name":"Treatment of Malignant Ascites Caused by Advanced Epithelial Solid Tumors With M701 Bispecific 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LTD in colorectal cancer, active.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05652894/","status":"active","cancers":"colorectal msi-high-colorectal"},{"id":"nct06212752","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of Subcutaneous (SC) Pembrolizumab Coformulated With Berahyaluronidase Alfa (MK-3475A) vs Intravenous Pembrolizumab in Adult Participants With Metastatic Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) (MK-3475A-D77)-Japan Extension","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Pemetrexed, Cisplatin, Carboplatin in non-small-cell lung cancer and small-cell lung cancer, run by Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06212752/","status":"active","cancers":"nsclc sclc"},{"id":"nct06097364","kind":"trial","name":"A Trial to Learn if Odronextamab Combined With Chemotherapy is Safe and Well-Tolerated and How Well it Works Compared to Rituximab Combined With Chemo","aka":"OLYMPIA-2","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Odronextamab, Rituximab, Cyclophosphamide in 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phase 2 trial of PUL-042 in advanced solid tumours, run by Pulmotect, Inc., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06665100/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"nct06953999","kind":"trial","name":"A Phase III Study of Ivonescimab + Chemo With/Without AK117 in Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Gemcitabine and Ivonescimab in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, run by Akeso, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06953999/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct07276399","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of Amivantamab in Addition to Standard of Care Agents (SOC) Compared With SOC Alone in Participants With Recurrent/Metastatic Head and Neck Cancer","aka":"OrigAMI-5","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Amivantamab, Pembrolizumab, Carboplatin and Cisplatin in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, run by Janssen Research & Development, LLC, now 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phase 2 trial of EMB-01 1600 mg administered once weekly throughout the study in colorectal cancer, run by Shanghai EpimAb Biotherapeutics Co., Ltd., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07314294/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"nct07429266","kind":"trial","name":"INTREPID: A Study of Sapablursen Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy in Participants With Polycythemia Vera (PV)","aka":"INTREPID","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Sapablursen in myeloproliferative neoplasms, run by Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07429266/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms polycythaemia-vera"},{"id":"nct06634875","kind":"trial","name":"Isunakinra Alone and in Combination With Pembrolizumab in Patients With Colorectal Cancer (MSS)","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of isunakinra in colorectal cancer, run by Buzzard Pharmaceuticals, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline 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phase 1/2 trial of Temozolomide in advanced solid tumours, run by Novelwise Pharmaceutical Corporation, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06012695/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"nct04554914","kind":"trial","name":"A Study to Evaluate Tabelecleucel in Participants With Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) Associated Diseases","aka":"EBVision","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Tabelecleucel in brain and spinal cord tumours, sarcomas and uterine sarcoma, run by Pierre Fabre Medicament, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04554914/","status":"active","cancers":"brain-tumours sarcoma uterine-sarcoma"},{"id":"nct06082102","kind":"trial","name":"Efficacy and Safety of Orelabrutinib Combined With Rituximab Versus Lenalidomide Combined With Rituximab in Patients With Relapsed/Refractory Marginal Zone Lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Orelabrutinib, Rituximab and Lenalidomide in non-Hodgkin 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ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05646862/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"breast-hr-positive hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46"},{"id":"nct06109779","kind":"trial","name":"Rilvegostomig + Chemotherapy as Adjuvant Therapy for Biliary Tract Cancer After Resection (ARTEMIDE-Biliary01)","aka":"ARTEMIDE-Biliary01","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Rilvegostomig, Capecitabine and Gemcitabine + cisplatin in biliary tract cancer, run by AstraZeneca, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06109779/","status":"active","cancers":"cholangiocarcinoma"},{"id":"nct06118086","kind":"trial","name":"Study of REM-422 in Patients With Recurrent, Metastatic, or Unresectable Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of REM-422 in salivary gland cancers, run by Remix Therapeutics, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06118086/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"salivary-gland 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trial of GNC-038 in peripheral T-cell lymphomas and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, run by Sichuan Baili Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05627856/","status":"active","cancers":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"nct06041802","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of Pembrolizumab (+) Berahyaluronidase Alfa (MK-3475A) (Pembrolizumab Formulated With Berahyaluronidase Alfa (MK-5180)) in Japanese Participants With Recurrent or Metastatic Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (R/M cSCC) or Locally Advanced (LA) Unresectable cSCC (MK-3475A-E39)","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Pembrolizumab in advanced solid tumours, run by Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06041802/","status":"active","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"nct03934372","kind":"trial","name":"Safety and Efficacy of Ponatinib for Treatment of Pediatric Recurrent or 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pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, run by Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06821503/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"nct07007559","kind":"trial","name":"ASPEN-09-03: A Study of Evorpacept in Combination With Trastuzumab and Chemotherapy in Metastatic HER2-Positive Breast Cancer","aka":"ASPEN-09-03","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Evorpacept, Trastuzumab, Capecitabine, Eribulin, Gemcitabine and Vinorelbine in HER2-positive breast cancer, run by ALX Oncology Inc., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07007559/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"nct04492488","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of MRG002 in Patients with HER2-Positive Advanced Solid Tumors and Locally Advanced or Metastatic Gastric/Gastroesophageal Junction (GEJ) Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of MRG002 in gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, run by Shanghai Miracogen Inc., active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04492488/","status":"active","cancers":"gastric gastric-her2-positive"},{"id":"nct04686682","kind":"trial","name":"A First-in-Human, JAB-8263 in Adult Patients With Advanced Tumors","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of JAB-8263 in non-small-cell lung cancer, small-cell lung cancer and ovarian cancer, run by Jacobio Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04686682/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc sclc ovarian"},{"id":"nct03972488","kind":"trial","name":"Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Lutathera in Patients With Grade 2 and Grade 3 Advanced GEP-NET","aka":"NETTER-2","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Lutetium-177 dotatate in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, run by Advanced Accelerator Applications, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct03972488/","status":"active","cancers":"neuroendocrine small-intestinal-net pancreatic-net grade-3-net"},{"id":"nct07567846","kind":"trial","name":"A Study Evaluating the Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Preliminary Activity of GDC-1261 in Participants With Advanced or Metastatic Prostate Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of GDC-1261 in prostate cancer, run by Genentech, Inc., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07567846/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"nct04581512","kind":"trial","name":"Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of EP0042","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of Venetoclax and Azacitidine in acute myeloid leukaemia, chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia and MDS/MPN overlap neoplasms and myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms, run by Ellipses Pharma, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04581512/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"aml cmml mds"},{"id":"nct06526819","kind":"trial","name":"SMP-3124LP in Adults With Advanced Solid Tumors","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of SMP3124LP in advanced solid tumours, run by Sumitomo Pharma America, Inc., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06526819/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"nct04214288","kind":"trial","name":"A Study to Investigate Efficacy and Safety With Oral AZD9833 Compared With Intramuscular Fulvestrant in Post-menopausal Women at Least 18 Years of Age With Advanced ER-positive HER2 Negative Breast Cancer","aka":"SERENA-2","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Camizestrant and Fulvestrant in HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, run by AstraZeneca, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04214288/","status":"active","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"nct05566795","kind":"trial","name":"DAY101 vs. Standard of Care Chemotherapy in Pediatric Participants With 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Illumina Radiopharmaceuticals LLC), now completed.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04724369/","status":"completed","cancers":"neuroblastoma"},{"id":"nct06686394","kind":"trial","name":"Study of Patritumab Deruxtecan With Other Anticancer Agents in Participants With HER2 Positive Breast Cancer That Has Spread and Cannot Be Surgically Removed (MK-1022-009)","aka":"HERTHENA-Breast-01","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of Patritumab deruxtecan, Trastuzumab, Pertuzumab and Tucatinib in HER2-positive breast cancer, run by Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06686394/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"nct07480954","kind":"trial","name":"Dual-Targeting CAR-NK Cells for Recurrent Ovarian Cancer (MSLN, FRα, MUC16)","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of Dual-target CAR-NK cell product in ovarian cancer, run by Beijing Biotech, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07480954/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"ovarian high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"nct04219254","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of BI-1206 in Combination With Pembrolizumab in Subjects With Advanced Solid Tumors","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of BI1206 in advanced solid tumours, run by BioInvent International AB, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04219254/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"nct07114861","kind":"trial","name":"The KN510713 Study in Combination With mFOLFIRINOX","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of Study drug: KN510 120mg/day + KN713 90mg/day, Combination Chemotherapy: mFOLFIRINOX in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, run by New Cancer Cure-Bio Co.,Ltd., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07114861/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"pancreatic metastatic-pdac"},{"id":"nct06480240","kind":"trial","name":"A Phase 1/2 Study of OBI-992 in Subjects With Advanced Solid Tumors","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of OBI-992 in advanced solid tumours, run by OBI Pharma, Inc, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06480240/","status":"active","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"nct07636785","kind":"trial","name":"A Phase 1 and 2 Study of VMD-102 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Other Solid Tumors","aka":"SPKTAHC","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of VMD-102 in hepatocellular carcinoma, uveal melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, non-small-cell lung cancer and colorectal cancer, run by VM Discovery, Inc., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07636785/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"hcc uveal-melanoma rcc nsclc colorectal hcc-advanced"},{"id":"nct07389733","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of HRS-6208 in Combination With HRS-8080, or Fulvestrant, or Letrozole, With or Without HRS-6209 in Patients With Advanced Unresectable or Metastatic Breast 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plus lenvatinib held advanced clear-cell kidney cancer in check for about four months longer than cabozantinib in people whose cancer had grown after immunotherapy, but at the interim look it had not been shown to help them live longer; a final survival analysis is still to come.","tags":"pipeline issue-98","route":"/trials/nct04586231/","status":"positive","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"nct06130553","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of AZD3470, a PRMT5 Inhibitor, Given as Monotherapy and in Combination in Patients With MTAP Deficient Advanced/Metastatic Solid Tumors","aka":"PRIMROSE","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of AZD3470 and Datopotamab deruxtecan in advanced solid tumours, run by AstraZeneca, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06130553/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"nct07510828","kind":"trial","name":"PRISM-NK: Precision-Matched Allogeneic Single- or Dual-Target CAR-NK Cells for Advanced Solid Tumors","aka":"PRISM-NK","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of EB-PT-CAR-NK-S in advanced solid tumours, run by Beijing Biotech, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07510828/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"nct05308264","kind":"trial","name":"Study of R289 in Patients With Lower-risk Myelodysplastic Syndromes (LR MDS)","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of R906289 Monosodium (R289 Na) in myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms, run by Rigel Pharmaceuticals, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05308264/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"mds mds-lower-risk"},{"id":"nct06618235","kind":"trial","name":"Trial of THEO-260 in Ovarian Cancer Patients","aka":"OCTOPOD","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of THEO-260 in ovarian cancer, run by Theolytics Limited, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06618235/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"ovarian high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer"},{"id":"nct05732831","kind":"trial","name":"Safety and Tolerability of TNG462 in Patients With MTAP-deleted Solid Tumors","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of TNG462 and Pembrolizumab in advanced solid tumours, run by Tango Therapeutics, Inc., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05732831/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"nct05669430","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of GV20-0251 Monotherapy and GV20-0251 in Combination With Pembrolizumab in Participants With Solid Tumor Malignancies","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of Pembrolizumab in endometrial cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma and non-small-cell lung cancer, run by GV20 Therapeutics, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05669430/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"endometrial head-and-neck melanoma nsclc"},{"id":"nct02320435","kind":"trial","name":"A Safety and Efficacy Extension Study 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muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer"},{"id":"nct05899049","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) in Combination With Belzutifan (MK-6482) and Lenvatinib (MK-7902), or Pembrolizumab/Quavonlimab (MK-1308A) in Combination With Lenvatinib, vs Pembrolizumab and Lenvatinib, for Treatment of Advanced Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (MK-6482-012)-China Extension Study","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Pembrolizumab, Belzutifan and Lenvatinib in renal cell carcinoma, run by Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05899049/","status":"active","cancers":"rcc clear-cell-rcc"},{"id":"nct06592326","kind":"trial","name":"9MW2821 in Combination With Toripalimab vs Standard Chemotherapy in Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Toripalimab, Gemcitabine, Carboplatin and Cisplatin in bladder & urothelial cancer, run by Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06592326/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"urothelial muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer"},{"id":"nct06947291","kind":"trial","name":"Safety and Efficacy of Glumetinib Combined With Docetaxel for Injection (Albumin-bound) in Patients With Advanced Gastric Cancer/Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma and Other Solid Tumors","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Glumetinib and Docetaxel in gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, run by CSPC ZhongQi Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06947291/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"nct06950086","kind":"trial","name":"Study of TYK-00540 Tablets in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of TYK-00540 in HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, run by TYK Medicines, Inc, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06950086/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"nct05548127","kind":"trial","name":"TACTIVE-U: A Study to Learn About the Study Medicine (Vepdegestrant) When Given With Other Medicines in People With Advanced or Metastatic Breast Cancer (Sub-Study A)","aka":"TACTIVE-U","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of Vepdegestrant and Abemaciclib in advanced solid tumours, run by Pfizer, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05548127/","status":"active","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"nct07697586","kind":"trial","name":"SKB264 in Combination With SKB118 for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of SKB264+SKB118 in non-small-cell lung cancer, run by Sichuan Kelun-Biotech Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07697586/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"nct03533283","kind":"trial","name":"An Open-Label Phase lB/II Study of Glofitamab and Atezolizumab or Polatuzumab Vedotin in Adult Patients With Relapsed/Refractory B-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of Glofitamab, Atezolizumab, Obinutuzumab, Tocilizumab and Polatuzumab vedotin in hodgkin lymphoma, run by Hoffmann-La Roche, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct03533283/","status":"active","cancers":"hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"nct06095505","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of Alisertib in Patients With Extensive Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer","aka":"ALISCA-Lung1","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Alisertib in small-cell lung cancer, run by Puma Biotechnology, Inc., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06095505/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"sclc extensive-stage-sclc"},{"id":"nct07448922","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of SKB518 as Monotherapy or Combination Therapy in Patients With Advanced Gynecological Malignant 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ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07691775/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"nct06080776","kind":"trial","name":"SH-1028 Tablets Versus Placebo as Adjuvant Therapy in Resected Stage II-IIIB NSCLC With Sensitizing EGFR Mutations","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of SH-1028 tablets in non-small-cell lung cancer, run by Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical, Co., Ltd., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06080776/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc egfr-mutant-nsclc resectable-nsclc"},{"id":"nct06764940","kind":"trial","name":"A Pivotal Phase II Clinical Trial of Utidelone Injection Plus Capecitabine in HER2-negative Breast Cancer Patients With Brain Metastases","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Capecitabine in brain and spinal cord tumours, run by Biostar Pharma, Inc., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06764940/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"brain-tumours 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phase 1/2 trial of an investigational treatment in non-Hodgkin lymphoma, run by Otsuka Medical Devices Co., Ltd. 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progenitors, cultured ex-vivo in advanced solid tumours, run by Smart Immune SAS, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04959903/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"nct04486378","kind":"trial","name":"A Phase II Clinical Trial Comparing the Efficacy of RO7198457 Versus Watchful Waiting in Patients With ctDNA-positive, Resected Stage II (High Risk) and Stage III Colorectal Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of RO7198457 intravenous (IV) in colorectal cancer, run by BioNTech SE, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04486378/","status":"active","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"nct07169552","kind":"trial","name":"HC010 in First-line PD-L1 Positive Advanced NSCLC Patients","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of HC010 in non-small-cell lung cancer, run by HC Biopharma Inc., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline 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phase 3 trial of Elinzanetant (BAY3427080) in HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, run by Bayer, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05587296/","status":"active","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"nct06678659","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of REC-1245 in Participants With Unresectable, Locally Advanced, or Metastatic Cancer","aka":"DAHLIA","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of REC-1245 in non-Hodgkin lymphoma, run by Recursion Pharmaceuticals Inc., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06678659/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"nct05761223","kind":"trial","name":"A Phase I/II, Open-label Study to Investigate the Safety, Tolerability, PK, and Preliminary Efficacy of FB849","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of Pembrolizumab in advanced solid tumours, run by 1ST Biotherapeutics, Inc., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline 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Topotecan in retinoblastoma, run by Targeted Therapy Technologies, LLC, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06679634/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"retinoblastoma"},{"id":"nct06305247","kind":"trial","name":"A Study to Assess IPN01194 When Administered Alone in Adults With Advanced Solid Tumours","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of IPN01194 in melanoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and colorectal cancer, run by Ipsen, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06305247/","status":"active","cancers":"melanoma head-and-neck pancreatic colorectal"},{"id":"nct05201066","kind":"trial","name":"Roll-over Study for Patients Who Have Completed a Prior Novartis-sponsored Sabatolimab (MBG453) Study and Are Judged by the Investigator to Benefit From Continued Treatment With Sabatolimab.","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Decitabine, Azacitidine and Venetoclax in 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colorectal cancer, run by Shanghai Cingularbio Co. Ltd, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06968221/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"nct07623616","kind":"trial","name":"A Phase 2 Clinical Study of Ziftomenib in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory NPM1-Mutated Acute Myeloid Leukemia","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Ziftomenib in acute myeloid leukaemia, run by Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07623616/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"aml aml-npm1-kmt2a"},{"id":"nct06028074","kind":"trial","name":"Safety and Tolerability Study of GIM-122 in Subjects With Advanced Solid Malignancies","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of GIM122 in advanced solid tumours, run by Georgiamune Inc, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06028074/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"nct07083323","kind":"trial","name":"A Phase I/II Study of HY05350 in Mesothelin(MSLN)-Positive Advanced Solid Tumors","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of HY05350 for injection in advanced solid tumours, run by Sichuan Huiyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07083323/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"nct07609823","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of Lacutoclax (LP-108) in Patients With Relapsed/Refractory CLL/SLL","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Lacutoclax in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, run by Guangzhou Lupeng Pharmaceutical Company LTD., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07609823/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"cll cll-relapsed"},{"id":"nct07602842","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of IDP-001 in Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of IDP-001 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, cervical cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer and oesophageal cancer, run by InduPro, Inc., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07602842/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"head-and-neck cutaneous-scc cervical nsclc esophageal"},{"id":"nct06883526","kind":"trial","name":"Study of ZG005 in Combination With Gecacitinib in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Lymphoma","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of Gecacitinib in non-Hodgkin lymphoma, run by Suzhou Zelgen Biopharmaceuticals Co.,Ltd, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06883526/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma"},{"id":"nct05908643","kind":"trial","name":"A First-In-Human Trial of pTTL in Advanced Colorectal Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of pTTL in colorectal cancer, run by Neogap Therapeutics AB, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05908643/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"nct06927687","kind":"trial","name":"Study of ZG005 in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of ZG005 for Injection in advanced solid tumours, run by Suzhou Zelgen Biopharmaceuticals Co.,Ltd, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06927687/","status":"active","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"nct07192432","kind":"trial","name":"Gene Therapy for HER-Positive Cancer (SENTRY-HER2)","aka":"SENTRY-HER2","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of Dose Level 1, VNX-202 in advanced solid tumours, run by Vironexis Biotherapeutics Inc., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07192432/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"nct04776330","kind":"trial","name":"a Clinical Research of BCMA-Targeted Prime CAR-T Cell Therapy in Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma and Plasma Cell Disease","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of BCMA targeted prime CAR-T cells in multiple myeloma, run by Chongqing Precision Biotech Co., Ltd, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04776330/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"multiple-myeloma myeloma-relapsed-refractory"},{"id":"nct04329728","kind":"trial","name":"The OPAL Study: AVM0703 for Treatment of Lymphoid Malignancies","aka":"OPAL","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of AVM0703 in advanced solid tumours, run by AVM Biotechnology Inc, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04329728/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"nct06890598","kind":"trial","name":"Study of Olomorasib (LY3537982) in Combination With Standard of Care in Participants With Resected or Unresectable KRAS G12C-mutant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer","aka":"SUNRAY-02","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Olomorasib, Pembrolizumab and Durvalumab in non-small-cell lung cancer, run by Eli Lilly and Company, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06890598/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc kras-g12c-nsclc"},{"id":"nct04243499","kind":"trial","name":"First-in-Human Study of ICT01 in Patients With Advanced Cancer","aka":"EVICTION","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of IV ICT01 in advanced solid tumours, run by ImCheck Therapeutics, an Ipsen company, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04243499/","status":"active","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"nct07734116","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of ONO-4538HSC in Pediatric Patients With Malignant Solid Tumors and in Patients With Epithelioid Sarcoma.","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of ONO-4538HSC in epithelioid sarcoma, run by Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07734116/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"epithelioid-sarcoma"},{"id":"nct06256328","kind":"trial","name":"A Study to Investigate the Efficacy and Safety of ONO-4578 in Combination With Nivolumab and Chemotherapy in Chemotherapy-naïve Participants With HER2-negative Unresectable Advanced or Recurrent Gastric Cancer (Including Esophagogastric Junction Cancer)","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Oxaliplatin, Capecitabine and Nivolumab in gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, run by Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06256328/","status":"active","cancers":"gastric"},{"id":"nct06796907","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of Mocertatug Rezetecan in Combination With Anti-cancer Therapies for Advanced Solid Tumors (BEHOLD-2)","aka":"BEHOLD-2","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of Dostarlimab and Bevacizumab in advanced solid tumours, run by GlaxoSmithKline, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06796907/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"nct05374915","kind":"trial","name":"Efficacy and Safety Study of REM-001 Photodynamic Therapy for Treatment of Cutaneous Metastatic Breast Cancer (CMBC)","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of REM-001 photodynamic therapy in advanced solid tumours, run by Kintara Therapeutics, Inc., active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05374915/","status":"active","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"nct04919226","kind":"trial","name":"Lutetium 177Lu-Edotreotide Versus Best Standard of Care in Well-differentiated Aggressive Grade-2 and Grade-3 GastroEnteroPancreatic NeuroEndocrine Tumors (GEP-NETs) - COMPOSE","aka":"COMPOSE","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of 177Lu-edotreotide, Temozolomide, Capecitabine, Everolimus, Leucovorin (folinic acid) and Oxaliplatin in neuroendocrine tumours, run by ITM Solucin GmbH, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04919226/","status":"active","cancers":"neuroendocrine grade-3-net pancreatic-net small-intestinal-net"},{"id":"nct05573126","kind":"trial","name":"Phase 1/2 Study to Evaluate EP0062 as Monotherapy and in Combination in Patients With Advanced or Metastatic AR+/HER-2-/ER+ Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of EP0062, Elacestrant, Everolimus, Abemaciclib, Fulvestrant and Exemestane in HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, run by Ellipses Pharma, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05573126/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"nct06777433","kind":"trial","name":"Phase 2b Imaging Study of RAD101 in Participants With Suspected Recurrent Brain Metastases","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of RAD101 (18F-FPIA) in brain and spinal cord tumours, run by Radiopharm Theranostics, Ltd, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06777433/","status":"active","cancers":"brain-tumours secondary-brain-tumours"},{"id":"nct06567743","kind":"trial","name":"Phase 2 Study to Evaluate Safety and Efficacy of Cretostimogene Grenadenorepvec in High-Risk NMIBC","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Cretostimogene grenadenorepvec in bladder & urothelial cancer, run by CG Oncology, Inc., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06567743/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"urothelial non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer"},{"id":"nct07205822","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of Dato-DXd in Inoperable or Metastatic Hormone Receptor-positive, HER2 IHC 0 Breast Cancer","aka":"TROPION-Breast06","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Dato-DXd in HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, run by AstraZeneca, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07205822/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"nct05199272","kind":"trial","name":"A Phase 1/2a Study of 23ME-00610 in Patients With Advanced Solid Malignancies","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of 23ME-00610 in renal cell carcinoma, ovarian cancer, neuroendocrine tumours and small-cell lung cancer, run by 23andMe, Inc., active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05199272/","status":"active","cancers":"rcc ovarian neuroendocrine sclc"},{"id":"nct06051695","kind":"trial","name":"A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Mesothelin-Targeting Logic-gated CAR T, in Participants With Solid Tumors That Express MSLN and Have Lost HLA-A*02 Expression","aka":"EVEREST-2","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of A2B694 in colorectal cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, ovarian cancer and mesothelioma, run by A2 Biotherapeutics Inc., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06051695/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"colorectal nsclc pancreatic ovarian mesothelioma"},{"id":"nct05785039","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of BL-B01D1 in Patients With Multiple Solid Tumors, Including Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urinary System Tumors","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of BL-B01D1 in advanced solid tumours, run by Sichuan Baili Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05785039/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"nct06072612","kind":"trial","name":"Study of the Bria-IMT Regimen and CPI vs Physicians' Choice in Advanced Metastatic Breast Cancer.","aka":"BRIA-ABC","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Cyclophosphamide and Retifanlimab in advanced solid tumours, run by BriaCell Therapeutics Corporation, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06072612/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"nct06612281","kind":"trial","name":"Evaluation of Gixam's Performance in a FIT Negative Population","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening in colorectal cancer, run by Jubaan Ltd., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06612281/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"nct06478719","kind":"trial","name":"To Evaluate Safety and Efficacy of FB-1603 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patient Receiving Transarterial Chemoembolization","aka":"FECHT","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of Placebo in hepatocellular carcinoma, run by Febico Biomedical Corp., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06478719/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"hcc hcc-intermediate"},{"id":"nct06395519","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of PARG Inhibitor ETX-19477 in Patients With Advanced Solid Malignancies","aka":"ERADIC8","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of ETX-19477 in ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, endometrial cancer, colorectal cancer and gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, run by 858 Therapeutics, Inc., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06395519/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"ovarian prostate endometrial colorectal gastric"},{"id":"nct06663137","kind":"trial","name":"A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of NDV-01 in Participants With NMIBC","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Docetaxel and Gemcitabine in bladder & urothelial cancer, run by Relmada Therapeutics, Inc., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06663137/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"urothelial non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer"},{"id":"nct07562581","kind":"trial","name":"A Phase 2 Study of Luvometinib Combined With Anlotinib in KRAS-mutated NSCLC","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Anlotinib in non-small-cell lung cancer, run by Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical Industrial Development Co. Ltd., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct07562581/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"nct06198751","kind":"trial","name":"A Study of Neoadjuvant Treatment With TQB2102 for Injection for Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) Positive Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of TQB2102 in HER2-positive breast cancer, run by Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06198751/","status":"active","cancers":"breast-her2-positive her2-positive-early-breast-cancer"},{"id":"nct06167694","kind":"trial","name":"Clinical Study of HRS-8080 in Combination With Dalpiciclib Isethionate Tablets in Patients With Unresectable or Metastatic Breast Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of Dalpiciclib and HRS-8080 in advanced solid tumours, run by Shandong Suncadia Medicine Co., Ltd., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06167694/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"nct05226871","kind":"trial","name":"Study for Participants Continuing From Pfizer-sponsored Palbociclib (a Study Medicine) Studies","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 2 trial of Palbociclib, Cetuximab and Fulvestrant in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, run by Pfizer, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct05226871/","status":"active","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"nct04655092","kind":"trial","name":"Extension Study of P1101 After Completion of Phase 2 Study in PV Patients or Phase 3 Study in ET Patients","aka":"","tldr":"A phase 3 trial of Ropeginterferon alfa-2b in myeloproliferative neoplasms, run by PharmaEssentia Japan K.K., now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct04655092/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms essential-thrombocythaemia polycythaemia-vera"},{"id":"nct03096093","kind":"trial","name":"Investigation of a Therapeutic Vaccine (ACIT-1) in Cancer","aka":"ACIT-1","tldr":"A phase 1/2 trial of ACIT-1 in advanced solid tumours, run by Cancer Vaccines Limited, active and no longer recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct03096093/","status":"active","cancers":"metastatic-cancer"},{"id":"nct06040541","kind":"trial","name":"Study of RMC-9805 in Participants With KRAS G12D-Mutant Solid Tumors","aka":"RMC-9805-001","tldr":"A phase 1 trial of zoldonrasib (RMC-9805) alone or with daraxonrasib (RMC-6236) in KRAS G12D-mutant solid tumours, including pancreatic, bowel and non-small-cell lung cancer, run by Revolution Medicines, now recruiting.","tags":"pipeline ctgov-ingest","route":"/trials/nct06040541/","status":"recruiting","cancers":"pancreatic colorectal nsclc"},{"id":"mntx-302","kind":"trial","name":"MNTX 302","aka":"Study 5\nMNTX302","tldr":"MNTX 302 showed that a gut-only opioid blocker injected under the skin produced a bowel movement within four hours in about half of people with advanced illness on strong painkillers, against about one in seven on placebo, without weakening pain relief; it was one of the two trials behind the US approval of Relistor.","tags":"","route":"/trials/mntx-302/","status":"positive"},{"id":"paper-mntx-302-thomas-nejm-2008","kind":"paper","name":"Methylnaltrexone for opioid-induced constipation in advanced illness (MNTX 302)","aka":"","tldr":"In people with advanced illness whose strong painkillers had caused constipation that laxatives could not shift, a methylnaltrexone injection produced a bowel movement within four hours in about half, against about one in seven on placebo, without undoing pain relief.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-mntx-302-thomas-nejm-2008/"},{"id":"xm22-03","kind":"trial","name":"XM22-03","aka":"XM22 03\nEudraCT 2009-015999-10","tldr":"XM22-03 showed that lipegfilgrastim, a once-per-cycle injection that boosts white blood cells, kept the spell of dangerously low white cells after chemotherapy as short as the standard booster pegfilgrastim did in people with breast cancer; it was one of the two main studies behind the EU approval of Lonquex.","tags":"","route":"/trials/xm22-03/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"paper-xm22-03-bondarenko-bmc-cancer-2013","kind":"paper","name":"Efficacy and safety of lipegfilgrastim versus pegfilgrastim in breast cancer patients receiving doxorubicin and docetaxel (XM22-03)","aka":"","tldr":"In women having chemotherapy for breast cancer, a single dose of the new white-cell booster lipegfilgrastim kept the dangerous dip in white cells as short as the standard booster pegfilgrastim, with no cases of infection-related fever on the new drug.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-xm22-03-bondarenko-bmc-cancer-2013/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"ts-p04834","kind":"trial","name":"Study 3 (rolapitant, moderately emetogenic chemotherapy)","aka":"Study 3\nTS-P04834\nTS P04834","tldr":"Study 3 showed that a long-lasting anti-sickness tablet, rolapitant, taken once before moderately strong chemotherapy kept more people free of vomiting and rescue medicine in the days after treatment than the usual anti-sickness pair alone; it was one of the three trials behind the US approval of Varubi.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ts-p04834/","status":"positive"},{"id":"paper-rolapitant-study-3-schwartzberg-lancet-oncol-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Rolapitant for prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting after moderately emetogenic chemotherapy or anthracycline and cyclophosphamide regimens: a randomised, active-controlled, double-blind, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"Adding a single rolapitant tablet to the standard two anti-sickness drugs kept 71 percent of patients free of vomiting and rescue medicine in the days after moderately strong chemotherapy, against 62 percent without it.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-rolapitant-study-3-schwartzberg-lancet-oncol-2015/"},{"id":"xm01-22","kind":"trial","name":"XM01-22","aka":"XM01 22\nISRCTN08063129","tldr":"XM01-22 showed that a weekly injection of epoetin theta, a made-to-order copy of the hormone that tells the marrow to make red blood cells, lifted haemoglobin by a clear margin without a transfusion in almost three quarters of people on nonplatinum chemotherapy, against one quarter on placebo, which helped support its European approval for the anaemia of chemotherapy.","tags":"","route":"/trials/xm01-22/","status":"positive"},{"id":"paper-xm01-22-tjulandin-arch-drug-inf-2011","kind":"paper","name":"Epoetin theta with a new dosing schedule in anaemic cancer patients receiving nonplatinum-based chemotherapy: a randomised controlled trial (XM01-22)","aka":"","tldr":"Among people whose chemotherapy had left them anaemic, a weekly epoetin theta injection restored haemoglobin without a transfusion in 73 percent, against 25 percent on placebo, and roughly halved the share who needed a transfusion.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-xm01-22-tjulandin-arch-drug-inf-2011/"},{"id":"patricia","kind":"trial","name":"PATRICIA","aka":"HPV-008\nHPV 008\nPApilloma TRIal against Cancer In young Adults\n580299/008","tldr":"PATRICIA showed that three doses of a vaccine against the two human papillomavirus types behind most cervical cancers prevented almost all of the type-specific high-grade cervical precancers in young women who were free of those types when vaccinated, which carried Cervarix to approval in Europe and the United States.","tags":"","route":"/trials/patricia/","status":"positive","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"paper-patricia-paavonen-lancet-2009","kind":"paper","name":"Efficacy of HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine against cervical infection and precancer caused by oncogenic HPV types (PATRICIA): final analysis","aka":"","tldr":"In young women free of the two target virus types at vaccination, the bivalent vaccine prevented 93 percent of high-grade cervical precancers caused by those types, and it also protected against some related virus types it was not designed for.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-patricia-paavonen-lancet-2009/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"ux023t-cl201","kind":"trial","name":"UX023T-CL201","aka":"UX023T CL201\nStudy 6","tldr":"This open-label study showed that an antibody blocking the phosphate-wasting hormone FGF23 raised blood phosphate to normal and helped heal fractures in adults whose soft-bone disease was driven by a small tumour that could not be located or removed, which supported Crysvita for that cancer-care use.","tags":"","route":"/trials/ux023t-cl201/","status":"positive"},{"id":"paper-ux023t-cl201-jan-de-beur-jbmr-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Burosumab for the treatment of tumor-induced osteomalacia (UX023T-CL201)","aka":"","tldr":"In 14 adults whose bones had softened because a hidden tumour was making them lose phosphate, blocking the hormone responsible brought blood phosphate back to normal for nearly three years and let a third of their fractures heal fully.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-ux023t-cl201-jan-de-beur-jbmr-2021/"},{"id":"transcend","kind":"trial","name":"TRANSCEND","aka":"RM-493-040\nRM-493 040\nTrial 1","tldr":"This phase 3 trial showed that a daily injection which turns the brain's fullness signal back on cut body-mass index by about a sixth, and reduced hunger, in children and adults whose weight gain followed damage to the hypothalamus from a tumour or its treatment, while people on placebo gained weight; it supported the March 2026 US approval of Imcivree for that use.","tags":"","route":"/trials/transcend/","status":"positive","cancers":"craniopharyngioma"},{"id":"paper-transcend-miller-nejm-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Setmelanotide for the treatment of acquired hypothalamic obesity (TRANSCEND)","aka":"","tldr":"In children and adults whose severe weight gain followed damage to the hypothalamus, a year of daily setmelanotide injections cut body-mass index by 16.5 percent while placebo recipients gained 3.3 percent, and hunger fell more too.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-transcend-miller-nejm-2026/","cancers":"craniopharyngioma"},{"id":"preempt-crc","kind":"trial","name":"PREEMPT CRC","aka":"FRNM-004\nPrevention of Colorectal Cancer Through Multiomics Blood Testing","tldr":"The study behind the second approved blood test for bowel cancer screening: the test found about four in five cancers and kept false alarms low, but like Shield it missed most advanced polyps, which is why guidelines still rank blood tests below colonoscopy and stool tests.","tags":"","route":"/trials/preempt-crc/","status":"positive","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"paper-preempt-crc-shaukat-jama-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Clinical validation of a circulating tumor DNA-based blood test to screen for colorectal cancer (PREEMPT CRC)","aka":"","tldr":"In more than 27,000 average-risk adults who then had a colonoscopy, Freenome's blood test picked up 79 percent of bowel cancers with few false alarms, but found only one in eight advanced precancerous polyps.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-preempt-crc-shaukat-jama-2025/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"a071401","kind":"trial","name":"Alliance A071401","aka":"A071401\nNCI-2015-00546","tldr":"Alliance A071401 showed that a twice-daily tablet blocking the enzyme FAK kept more meningiomas with a faulty NF2 gene from growing at six months than history would predict, in both lower-grade and higher-grade tumours, the first mutation-matched treatment to show activity in this tumour.","tags":"","route":"/trials/a071401/","status":"positive","cancers":"meningioma"},{"id":"paper-a071401-brastianos-jco-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Alliance A071401: phase II trial of focal adhesion kinase inhibition in meningiomas with somatic NF2 mutations","aka":"","tldr":"In the first trial to match meningioma patients to a drug by their tumour's mutation, a FAK-blocking tablet kept 83 percent of low-grade and 33 percent of higher-grade NF2-mutant tumours from progressing for six months, clearing the bar the trial had set.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-a071401-brastianos-jco-2023/","cancers":"meningioma"},{"id":"roman","kind":"trial","name":"ROMAN","aka":"GTI-4419-301\nReduction in Oral Mucositis With Avasopasem Manganese","tldr":"ROMAN showed that an infusion of avasopasem before each dose of radiotherapy cut severe mouth ulcers during head and neck chemoradiation from about two thirds of patients to about half and shortened them from 18 days to 8, but the effect was smaller than an earlier trial had promised and the FDA asked for another study before approval.","tags":"","route":"/trials/roman/","status":"mixed","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"paper-roman-anderson-eclinicalmedicine-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Avasopasem manganese treatment for severe oral mucositis from chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer: phase 3 randomized controlled trial (ROMAN)","aka":"","tldr":"Giving avasopasem before each radiotherapy session lowered the share of head and neck cancer patients who got severe mouth ulcers from 64 to 54 percent and cut how long the ulcers lasted from 18 days to 8, but the gain was smaller than hoped and the FDA wanted another trial.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-roman-anderson-eclinicalmedicine-2025/","cancers":"head-and-neck"},{"id":"psma-prerp","kind":"trial","name":"PSMA-PreRP","aka":"68Ga-PSMA-11 PET before radical prostatectomy\n16-001684","tldr":"The UCLA and UCSF scan study behind the first US approval of gallium PSMA PET: in men heading for prostate surgery it was very reliable when it called a pelvic lymph node positive, but it still missed about three in five of the nodes that pathology later found.","tags":"","route":"/trials/psma-prerp/","status":"positive","cancers":"prostate prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"paper-psma-prerp-hope-jama-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Diagnostic accuracy of 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET for pelvic nodal metastasis detection prior to radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection: a multicenter prospective phase 3 imaging trial","aka":"","tldr":"In 277 men whose prostate and pelvic lymph nodes were removed after a gallium PSMA scan, the scan correctly flagged 40 percent of the men with cancer in their nodes and was right 95 percent of the time when it called the nodes clear.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-psma-prerp-hope-jama-oncol-2021/","cancers":"prostate prostate-high-risk"},{"id":"screentrustcad","kind":"trial","name":"ScreenTrustCAD","aka":"ScreenTrust CAD\nSTGKS001","tldr":"In Stockholm's screening programme, replacing one of the two radiologists with Lunit's mammography software found at least as many breast cancers as two radiologists reading together, the first prospective evidence that this software can take over one reader's seat.","tags":"","route":"/trials/screentrustcad/","status":"positive","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"paper-screentrustcad-dembrower-lancet-digit-health-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Artificial intelligence for breast cancer detection in screening mammography in Sweden: a prospective, population-based, paired-reader, non-inferiority study (ScreenTrustCAD)","aka":"","tldr":"Among 55,581 women screened in Stockholm, one radiologist working with Lunit's software found 261 cancers against 250 for two radiologists, and the software on its own found 246, so the AI could stand in for a second reader without missing cancers.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-screentrustcad-dembrower-lancet-digit-health-2023/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc"},{"id":"nxc-201-mm","kind":"trial","name":"HBI0101 (NXC-201) multiple myeloma phase 1","aka":"HBI0101 phase 1\nNXC-201 phase 1\nMOH_2020-12-22_009584","tldr":"Hadassah's home-made BCMA CAR-T, now called NXC-201, produced responses in three quarters of heavily pretreated myeloma patients in its first 20-patient study, with only mild cytokine release and no nerve toxicity, showing that a hospital can manufacture its own CAR-T cells.","tags":"","route":"/trials/nxc-201-mm/","status":"active","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"paper-nxc-201-hbi0101-asherie-haematologica-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Development and manufacture of novel locally produced anti-BCMA CAR T cells for the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: results from a phase I clinical trial (HBI0101)","aka":"","tldr":"A hospital in Jerusalem built and made its own CAR-T cells against the myeloma protein BCMA; in the first 20 heavily treated patients, 75 percent responded and half went into complete remission, with only mild immune reactions.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-nxc-201-hbi0101-asherie-haematologica-2023/","cancers":"multiple-myeloma"},{"id":"insite","kind":"trial","name":"INSITE","aka":"CL0007\nInvestigation of Novel Surgical Imaging for Tumor Excision\nLUM Imaging System pivotal","tldr":"In the study behind Lumisight's approval, scanning the lumpectomy cavity with a fluorescent dye found cancer left behind by standard surgery in about one patient in thirteen and spared some women a second operation, with few false signals but a modest hit rate on individual margins.","tags":"","route":"/trials/insite/","status":"mixed","cancers":"breast-hr-positive tnbc breast-her2-positive"},{"id":"paper-litespark-011-motzer-lancet-2026","kind":"paper","name":"Belzutifan plus lenvatinib versus cabozantinib in patients with previously treated advanced renal cell carcinoma (LITESPARK-011): an open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial","aka":"","tldr":"In 747 people whose advanced clear-cell kidney cancer had grown after immunotherapy, belzutifan plus lenvatinib kept the cancer from progressing for a median of 14.8 months against 10.7 with cabozantinib, but at this interim look the survival difference was not statistically significant.","tags":"","route":"/key-papers/paper-litespark-011-motzer-lancet-2026/","cancers":"rcc"},{"id":"pancan-know-your-tumor","kind":"collection","name":"PanCAN Know Your Tumor","aka":"","tldr":"PanCAN pays for tumour sequencing for people with pancreatic cancer in the US, so the results can point to a targeted drug or a trial.","tags":"free patient-programme","route":"/collections/pancan-know-your-tumor/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"prostate-cancer-promise","kind":"collection","name":"PROMISE registry: free germline testing in prostate cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Men with prostate cancer in the US can get a free inherited-risk gene test by joining the PROMISE registry, which also offers counselling about the result.","tags":"free patient-programme","route":"/collections/prostate-cancer-promise/","cancers":"prostate"},{"id":"nhs-genomic-medicine-service","kind":"collection","name":"NHS Genomic Medicine Service","aka":"","tldr":"In England, tumour and inherited cancer gene testing is free on the NHS when the National Genomic Test Directory lists it for your cancer. Your hospital team orders it.","tags":"free patient-programme public","route":"/collections/nhs-genomic-medicine-service/"},{"id":"nhs-jewish-brca-testing","kind":"collection","name":"NHS Jewish BRCA Testing Programme","aka":"","tldr":"Anyone in England with a Jewish grandparent can order a free NHS saliva test for BRCA gene changes, which raise breast, ovarian, prostate and pancreatic cancer risk.","tags":"free patient-programme public","route":"/collections/nhs-jewish-brca-testing/","cancers":"breast-cancer ovarian prostate pancreatic"},{"id":"nhs-cancer-screening-programmes","kind":"collection","name":"NHS cancer screening programmes","aka":"","tldr":"In the UK the NHS invites you to bowel, breast and cervical screening by age, free, and is rolling out lung screening for people who smoke or used to.","tags":"free public","route":"/collections/nhs-cancer-screening-programmes/","cancers":"colorectal breast-cancer cervical nsclc"},{"id":"australia-cancer-screening-programs","kind":"collection","name":"Australia's national cancer screening programs","aka":"","tldr":"Australians are invited to free bowel, breast and cervical screening by age, and since 2025 to lung screening if they have a heavy smoking history.","tags":"free public","route":"/collections/australia-cancer-screening-programs/","cancers":"colorectal breast-cancer cervical nsclc"},{"id":"ireland-national-screening-service","kind":"collection","name":"Ireland's National Screening Service","aka":"","tldr":"In Ireland, BowelScreen, BreastCheck and CervicalCheck are free. You register once and get invited by age.","tags":"free public","route":"/collections/ireland-national-screening-service/","cancers":"colorectal breast-cancer cervical"},{"id":"nz-time-to-screen","kind":"collection","name":"Time to Screen (New Zealand national screening)","aka":"","tldr":"New Zealand's bowel, breast and cervical screening programmes are free for eligible people; Time to Screen is the one site that covers all three.","tags":"free public","route":"/collections/nz-time-to-screen/","cancers":"colorectal breast-cancer cervical"},{"id":"cdc-nbccedp","kind":"collection","name":"CDC National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program","aka":"","tldr":"In the US, women with low income and no or little insurance can get free or low-cost breast and cervical screening through a CDC-funded programme in every state.","tags":"free public","route":"/collections/cdc-nbccedp/","cancers":"breast-cancer cervical"},{"id":"nhs-hpv-vaccination","kind":"collection","name":"NHS HPV vaccination programme","aka":"","tldr":"The NHS gives the HPV vaccine free at school around age 12 to 13, and anyone who missed it can still get it free until they turn 25.","tags":"free public","route":"/collections/nhs-hpv-vaccination/","cancers":"cervical head-and-neck"},{"id":"us-vaccines-for-children","kind":"collection","name":"Vaccines for Children program (US)","aka":"","tldr":"In the US, the Vaccines for Children program gives the HPV vaccine free to children through 18 who are on Medicaid, uninsured or underinsured.","tags":"free public","route":"/collections/us-vaccines-for-children/","cancers":"cervical head-and-neck"},{"id":"gavi-hpv-programme","kind":"collection","name":"Gavi HPV vaccine support","aka":"","tldr":"Gavi pays for HPV vaccine in lower-income countries so national programmes can give it to girls for free, where cervical cancer kills most.","tags":"free public","route":"/collections/gavi-hpv-programme/","cancers":"cervical"},{"id":"nci-cancer-information-service","kind":"collection","name":"NCI Cancer Information Service","aka":"","tldr":"Call 1-800-4-CANCER and a trained NCI specialist answers your questions about any cancer, free, in English or Spanish.","tags":"free helpline","route":"/collections/nci-cancer-information-service/"},{"id":"macmillan-support-line","kind":"collection","name":"Macmillan Support Line","aka":"","tldr":"Macmillan's free line, 0808 808 00 00, puts you through to a nurse, a benefits adviser or a money adviser, seven days a week.","tags":"free helpline","route":"/collections/macmillan-support-line/"},{"id":"cruk-nurse-helpline","kind":"collection","name":"Cancer Research UK nurse helpline","aka":"","tldr":"Cancer Research UK's nurses answer questions on 0808 800 4040, free, on weekdays; the About Cancer pages and Cancer Chat forum are there the rest of the time.","tags":"free helpline","route":"/collections/cruk-nurse-helpline/"},{"id":"acs-cancer-helpline","kind":"collection","name":"American Cancer Society helpline","aka":"","tldr":"The American Cancer Society answers 1-800-227-2345 every hour of every day, free, and can connect callers to its free rides and lodging programmes.","tags":"free helpline","route":"/collections/acs-cancer-helpline/"},{"id":"cancercare","kind":"collection","name":"CancerCare","aka":"","tldr":"CancerCare's oncology social workers give free counselling and support groups by phone and online to anyone in the US affected by cancer.","tags":"free helpline patient-org","route":"/collections/cancercare/"},{"id":"cancer-support-community","kind":"collection","name":"Cancer Support Community","aka":"","tldr":"The Cancer Support Community runs a free helpline and dozens of local centres, including Gilda's Clubs, where anyone with cancer can join free groups and classes.","tags":"free helpline patient-org","route":"/collections/cancer-support-community/"},{"id":"krebsinformationsdienst","kind":"collection","name":"Krebsinformationsdienst (KID)","aka":"","tldr":"In Germany, the DKFZ's Krebsinformationsdienst answers questions about cancer free on 0800 420 30 40, every day, staffed by doctors.","tags":"free helpline","route":"/collections/krebsinformationsdienst/"},{"id":"breast-cancer-now-helpline","kind":"collection","name":"Breast Cancer Now helpline","aka":"","tldr":"Breast Cancer Now's nurses answer 0808 800 6000 free, and the charity runs free courses and peer support for people finishing breast cancer treatment in the UK.","tags":"free helpline patient-org","route":"/collections/breast-cancer-now-helpline/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"acs-road-to-recovery","kind":"collection","name":"ACS Road To Recovery","aka":"","tldr":"Road To Recovery is the American Cancer Society's free volunteer driving service for getting to treatment appointments.","tags":"free patient-programme","route":"/collections/acs-road-to-recovery/"},{"id":"acs-hope-lodge","kind":"collection","name":"ACS Hope Lodge","aka":"","tldr":"Hope Lodge gives patients and a caregiver a free place to stay near the hospital when treatment is far from home.","tags":"free patient-programme","route":"/collections/acs-hope-lodge/"},{"id":"corporate-angel-network","kind":"collection","name":"Corporate Angel Network","aka":"","tldr":"Corporate Angel Network flies cancer patients to distant treatment for free, in empty seats on company jets.","tags":"free patient-programme","route":"/collections/corporate-angel-network/"},{"id":"ronald-mcdonald-house-charities","kind":"collection","name":"Ronald McDonald House Charities","aka":"","tldr":"Ronald McDonald Houses give families of seriously ill children, including children with cancer, a free or low-cost place to stay next to the hospital.","tags":"free patient-programme","route":"/collections/ronald-mcdonald-house-charities/"},{"id":"nhs-healthcare-travel-costs-scheme","kind":"collection","name":"NHS Healthcare Travel Costs Scheme","aka":"","tldr":"If you are on certain benefits or a low income in England, the NHS refunds your travel costs to hospital appointments, including cancer treatment.","tags":"free public","route":"/collections/nhs-healthcare-travel-costs-scheme/"},{"id":"young-lives-vs-cancer","kind":"collection","name":"Young Lives vs Cancer","aka":"","tldr":"Young Lives vs Cancer gives families of children and young people with cancer a free place to stay near the hospital and a social worker on the ward.","tags":"free patient-programme patient-org","route":"/collections/young-lives-vs-cancer/"},{"id":"thesecondopinion","kind":"collection","name":"thesecondopinion","aka":"","tldr":"In California, thesecondopinion gives adults with cancer a free review of their diagnosis and treatment plan by a panel of volunteer cancer specialists.","tags":"free patient-programme","route":"/collections/thesecondopinion/"},{"id":"lazarex-cancer-foundation","kind":"collection","name":"Lazarex Cancer Foundation","aka":"","tldr":"Lazarex pays the travel and lodging costs that stop people joining cancer trials in the US, and helps them find a trial in the first place.","tags":"free patient-programme","route":"/collections/lazarex-cancer-foundation/"},{"id":"nihr-be-part-of-research","kind":"collection","name":"Be Part of Research (NIHR)","aka":"","tldr":"Be Part of Research is the UK's free service for finding trials near you; taking part in NHS trials costs nothing and expenses are often paid.","tags":"free public","route":"/collections/nihr-be-part-of-research/"},{"id":"force-facing-our-risk","kind":"collection","name":"FORCE: Facing Our Risk of Cancer Empowered","aka":"","tldr":"FORCE gives free information, a helpline and peer navigators to anyone facing an inherited cancer risk such as a BRCA or Lynch syndrome gene change.","tags":"free patient-org","route":"/collections/force-facing-our-risk/"},{"id":"sharsheret","kind":"collection","name":"Sharsheret","aka":"","tldr":"Sharsheret offers Jewish women free access to genetic counsellors, peer supporters and social workers for breast and ovarian cancer and inherited risk.","tags":"free patient-org","route":"/collections/sharsheret/","cancers":"breast-cancer ovarian"},{"id":"maggies-centres","kind":"collection","name":"Maggie's","aka":"","tldr":"Maggie's centres sit next to NHS cancer hospitals and anyone can walk in, free, for support, benefits advice or a cup of tea.","tags":"free patient-org","route":"/collections/maggies-centres/"},{"id":"penny-brohn-uk","kind":"collection","name":"Penny Brohn UK","aka":"","tldr":"Penny Brohn UK runs free courses and sessions on living well with cancer, in person in Bristol and online across the UK.","tags":"free patient-org","route":"/collections/penny-brohn-uk/"},{"id":"livestrong-at-the-ymca","kind":"collection","name":"LIVESTRONG at the YMCA","aka":"","tldr":"LIVESTRONG at the YMCA is a free twelve-week exercise programme for adults who have had cancer, run at YMCAs across the US.","tags":"free patient-programme","route":"/collections/livestrong-at-the-ymca/"},{"id":"look-good-feel-better","kind":"collection","name":"Look Good Feel Better","aka":"","tldr":"Look Good Feel Better runs free workshops that teach people having cancer treatment how to manage skin, brow and hair changes, with a free product kit.","tags":"free patient-programme","route":"/collections/look-good-feel-better/"},{"id":"imerman-angels","kind":"collection","name":"Imerman Angels","aka":"","tldr":"Imerman Angels matches you free with someone who has been through the same cancer, so you can talk to a person who understands.","tags":"free patient-org","route":"/collections/imerman-angels/"},{"id":"first-descents","kind":"collection","name":"First Descents","aka":"","tldr":"First Descents takes young adults with cancer on free week-long outdoor adventures, with the travel paid for too.","tags":"free patient-org","route":"/collections/first-descents/"},{"id":"kesem","kind":"collection","name":"Kesem","aka":"","tldr":"Kesem runs free summer camps for children whose mum or dad has cancer, staffed by college student volunteers across the US.","tags":"free patient-org","route":"/collections/kesem/"},{"id":"little-princess-trust","kind":"collection","name":"The Little Princess Trust","aka":"","tldr":"The Little Princess Trust gives free real-hair wigs to children and young people up to 24 who lose their hair to cancer treatment.","tags":"free patient-org","route":"/collections/little-princess-trust/"},{"id":"knitted-knockers","kind":"collection","name":"Knitted Knockers","aka":"","tldr":"Knitted Knockers posts free soft knitted breast prostheses to anyone who has had breast surgery, made by volunteer knitters.","tags":"free patient-org","route":"/collections/knitted-knockers/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"wigs-for-kids","kind":"collection","name":"Wigs for Kids","aka":"","tldr":"Wigs for Kids gives children in the US who lose their hair to cancer treatment a free custom-made hairpiece.","tags":"free patient-org","route":"/collections/wigs-for-kids/"},{"id":"btla","kind":"target","name":"BTLA","aka":"B and T lymphocyte associated\nCD272\nBTLA1","tldr":"BTLA is a brake on T and B cells that is pressed by HVEM, a molecule many tumours carry. An antibody that blocks it is being tested with PD-1 blockade in small-cell lung cancer.","tags":"checkpoint-map","route":"/targets/btla/","cancers":"sclc"},{"id":"klrc1","kind":"target","name":"NKG2A (KLRC1)","aka":"NKG2A\nNKG2-A\nCD159a\nkiller cell lectin like receptor C1","tldr":"NKG2A is the brake on NK cells and some killer T cells that is pressed by HLA-E, a molecule tumours raise to look like self. Monalizumab blocks it and is in phase 3 with durvalumab in lung cancer and with cetuximab in head and neck cancer.","tags":"checkpoint-map","route":"/targets/klrc1/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"kir2dl1","kind":"target","name":"KIR2DL1 (inhibitory KIR)","aka":"KIR\nCD158a\np58.1\nKIR2DL2\nKIR2DL3\nCD158b","tldr":"Inhibitory KIRs are the receptors NK cells use to recognise a person's own HLA-C and stand down. Lirilumab, an antibody that blocks three of them, reached phase 2 but was dropped for blood cancers.","tags":"checkpoint-map","route":"/targets/kir2dl1/","cancers":"mds aml"},{"id":"cd96","kind":"target","name":"CD96","aka":"TACTILE\nCD96 molecule\nT-cell surface protein tactile","tldr":"CD96 sits on T and NK cells and binds CD155, the same molecule TIGIT reads on tumour cells. It is the least tested of that family; one blocking antibody is in phase 2 platform trials in lung cancer.","tags":"checkpoint-map","route":"/targets/cd96/","cancers":"nsclc"},{"id":"pvrig","kind":"target","name":"PVRIG (CD112R)","aka":"CD112R\nPVR related immunoglobulin domain containing\nC7orf15","tldr":"PVRIG is a brake on killer T cells and NK cells that reads CD112 on tumour cells, a cousin of the TIGIT pair. The antibody COM701 blocks it and is being tested in ovarian cancer.","tags":"checkpoint-map","route":"/targets/pvrig/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"cd86","kind":"target","name":"CD86 (B7-2)","aka":"B7-2\nB7.2\nCD28LG2\nCD86 molecule","tldr":"CD86 is one of the two B7 molecules on antigen-presenting cells that either wake a T cell up (through CD28) or calm it down (through CTLA-4). Ipilimumab works by stopping CTLA-4 from hogging CD86 and CD80.","tags":"checkpoint-map","route":"/targets/cd86/"},{"id":"fgl1","kind":"target","name":"FGL1","aka":"fibrinogen like 1\nHFREP-1\nhepassocin","tldr":"FGL1 is a liver protein that some tumours secrete; it binds LAG-3 on T cells and switches them off, separately from the MHC class II route. It explains part of how LAG-3 blockade works.","tags":"checkpoint-map","route":"/targets/fgl1/"},{"id":"lgals9","kind":"target","name":"Galectin-9 (LGALS9)","aka":"galectin 9\nGal-9\nLGALS9A","tldr":"Galectin-9 is a sugar-binding protein that presses TIM-3 on T cells and can kill the helper T cells that carry it. Tumour blood vessels make more of it than normal ones.","tags":"checkpoint-map","route":"/targets/lgals9/"},{"id":"pvr","kind":"target","name":"CD155 (PVR)","aka":"CD155\npoliovirus receptor\nNecl-5\nNECL5\nPVS","tldr":"CD155 is the molecule on tumour cells that TIGIT and CD96 read; normal tissue barely shows it, many tumours show a lot. Every TIGIT antibody works by breaking the CD155 handshake.","tags":"checkpoint-map","route":"/targets/pvr/"},{"id":"nectin2","kind":"target","name":"CD112 (nectin-2)","aka":"CD112\nPVRL2\nnectin-2\nPRR2\nHVEB","tldr":"CD112 is a widespread cell-adhesion molecule that can either encourage a T cell (through CD226) or hold it back (through PVRIG and TIGIT), depending on which receptor grabs it first.","tags":"checkpoint-map","route":"/targets/nectin2/"},{"id":"hla-e","kind":"target","name":"HLA-E","aka":"major histocompatibility complex, class I, E\nHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain E","tldr":"HLA-E is the self badge that NKG2A on NK cells reads. Tumours raise it to escape NK cells; monalizumab blocks the reader rather than the badge.","tags":"checkpoint-map","route":"/targets/hla-e/"},{"id":"cd24","kind":"target","name":"CD24","aka":"CD24 molecule\nsignal transducer CD24\nCD24A","tldr":"CD24 is a second 'don't eat me' badge after CD47: tumours show it to Siglec-10 on macrophages, which then leave them alone. Blocking antibodies are in first-in-human trials.","tags":"checkpoint-map","route":"/targets/cd24/"},{"id":"siglec10","kind":"target","name":"Siglec-10","aka":"SIGLEC-10\nsialic acid binding Ig like lectin 10\nSLG2","tldr":"Siglec-10 is the receptor on macrophages and other blood cells that reads the CD24 'don't eat me' badge on tumour cells and calls off the attack.","tags":"checkpoint-map","route":"/targets/siglec10/"},{"id":"lilrb1","kind":"target","name":"LILRB1 (ILT2)","aka":"ILT2\nLIR-1\nCD85j\nleukocyte immunoglobulin like receptor B1","tldr":"LILRB1 is a brake on macrophages, dendritic cells and some NK and T cells that reads ordinary HLA class I, so any cell showing HLA is protected. Antibodies that block it, with or without LILRB2, are in early trials.","tags":"checkpoint-map","route":"/targets/lilrb1/"},{"id":"lilrb2","kind":"target","name":"LILRB2 (ILT4)","aka":"ILT4\nLIR-2\nCD85d\nleukocyte immunoglobulin like receptor B2","tldr":"LILRB2 is a brake on monocytes and dendritic cells that reads HLA-G and other HLA class I molecules and keeps them in a tolerant, tumour-friendly state. The antibody MK-4830 blocks it and is in phase 2 with pembrolizumab.","tags":"checkpoint-map","route":"/targets/lilrb2/","cancers":"ovarian"},{"id":"tnfrsf4","kind":"target","name":"OX40 (TNFRSF4)","aka":"OX40\nCD134\nACT35\nTNF receptor superfamily member 4","tldr":"OX40 is an accelerator that appears on T cells once they are switched on; pressing it makes them multiply and survive longer. Agonist antibodies against it are in trials, including a phase 3 in head and neck cancer.","tags":"checkpoint-map","route":"/targets/tnfrsf4/"},{"id":"tnfrsf18","kind":"target","name":"GITR (TNFRSF18)","aka":"GITR\nAITR\nCD357\nTNF receptor superfamily member 18","tldr":"GITR is an accelerator on T cells that agonist antibodies tried to press to boost immunotherapy. Several reached early trials; one programme was dropped for reasons unrelated to safety.","tags":"checkpoint-map","route":"/targets/tnfrsf18/"},{"id":"cd27","kind":"target","name":"CD27","aka":"TNFRSF7\nCD27 molecule\nTp55\nS152","tldr":"CD27 is an accelerator on most T cells that is pressed by CD70. Agonist antibodies against it reached phase 2 in lymphoma; its partner CD70 is a separate target for antibodies and CAR-T cells.","tags":"checkpoint-map","route":"/targets/cd27/","cancers":"dlbcl"},{"id":"cd40","kind":"target","name":"CD40","aka":"TNFRSF5\nCD40 molecule\nBp50\np50","tldr":"CD40 sits on the cells that teach T cells what to attack. Agonist antibodies press it to turn cold tumours hot; the strongest signals so far are in pancreatic cancer with chemotherapy.","tags":"checkpoint-map","route":"/targets/cd40/","cancers":"pancreatic melanoma"},{"id":"tdo2","kind":"target","name":"TDO2","aka":"tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase\nTDO","tldr":"TDO2 does the same job as IDO1, breaking down tryptophan into kynurenine, which quietens T cells. It is one reason IDO1 inhibitors alone may not have been enough; no TDO2 drug has reached late trials.","tags":"checkpoint-map","route":"/targets/tdo2/"},{"id":"entpd1","kind":"target","name":"CD39 (ENTPD1)","aka":"CD39\nNTPDase-1\nectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1","tldr":"CD39 is the first of two enzymes that turn the ATP spilt by dying tumour cells into adenosine, which sedates T cells. Blocking it keeps the ATP alarm ringing; one antibody has completed phase 2 in pancreatic cancer.","tags":"checkpoint-map","route":"/targets/entpd1/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"adora2a","kind":"target","name":"Adenosine A2A receptor (ADORA2A)","aka":"A2AR\nA2A receptor\nadenosine A2a receptor\nRDC8","tldr":"The A2A receptor is where adenosine lands on a T cell and tells it to rest. Oral antagonists, cousins of caffeine, are in phase 2 combinations with PD-1 blockade and chemotherapy.","tags":"checkpoint-map","route":"/targets/adora2a/","cancers":"pancreatic nsclc"},{"id":"hhla2","kind":"target","name":"HHLA2 (B7-H7)","aka":"B7-H7\nB7H7\nB7-H5\nB7y\nHHLA2 member of B7 family","tldr":"HHLA2 is a B7 relative found on gut, kidney and lung tissue and on many tumours; it can both encourage and restrain T cells depending on the receptor. No drug against it is in the corpus yet.","tags":"checkpoint-map","route":"/targets/hhla2/"},{"id":"il10","kind":"target","name":"Interleukin-10 (IL10)","aka":"IL-10\ninterleukin 10\nCSIF","tldr":"IL-10 is a calming signal that many immune cells release; tumours and the viruses behind them raise it to keep the immune system quiet. Oddly, the main cancer drug built on it gave more IL-10 rather than less, and failed.","tags":"checkpoint-map","route":"/targets/il10/"},{"id":"bub1","kind":"target","name":"BUB1","aka":"BUB1 mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine kinase\nhBUB1\nBUB1L","tldr":"BUB1 is one of the kinases that stops a dividing cell pulling its chromosomes apart before every one is attached. Inhibitors exist in the laboratory; none has reached patients.","tags":"checkpoint-map","route":"/targets/bub1/"},{"id":"ttk","kind":"target","name":"MPS1 (TTK)","aka":"MPS1\nMps1\nTTK protein kinase\nPYT\nCT96","tldr":"MPS1 arms the checkpoint that holds a dividing cell until its chromosomes are attached. Blocking it lets cancer cells divide carelessly and die; one inhibitor is in phase 1/2 in breast cancer.","tags":"checkpoint-map","route":"/targets/ttk/","cancers":"breast-hr-positive"},{"id":"checkpoint","kind":"term","name":"Checkpoint (two meanings)","aka":"checkpoint\ncheckpoints\ncell-cycle checkpoint\ncell cycle checkpoint\ncell-cycle checkpoints\ncheckpoint kinase\ncheckpoint kinases","tldr":"In cancer the word checkpoint means two unrelated things: a brake on immune cells that tumours press and checkpoint inhibitor drugs release, or a gate inside every dividing cell that stops it copying or splitting damaged DNA.","tags":"","route":"/terms/checkpoint/"},{"id":"tumour-board","kind":"term","name":"Tumour board (multidisciplinary team meeting)","aka":"tumour board\ntumor board\ntumour boards\ntumor boards\nmultidisciplinary tumour board\nMDT meeting\nmolecular tumour board","tldr":"A tumour board is a meeting where doctors from different specialties review one patient's cancer together and agree a treatment plan.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/tumour-board/"},{"id":"grade-vs-stage","kind":"term","name":"Grade versus stage","aka":"grade vs stage\ngrade and stage\ngrading versus staging\ntumour grade versus stage","tldr":"Grade describes how abnormal the cancer cells look under the microscope; stage describes how far the cancer has grown and spread.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/grade-vs-stage/"},{"id":"tumour-purity","kind":"term","name":"Tumour purity","aka":"tumour purity\ntumor purity\ntumour cellularity\ntumor cellularity\npurity estimate","tldr":"Tumour purity is the fraction of cells in a sample that are actually cancer cells rather than normal, immune or stromal cells.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/tumour-purity/"},{"id":"cell-composition-confound","kind":"term","name":"Cell composition confound (tumour versus stroma and immune cells)","aka":"cell composition confound\ncell-mix confound\nstromal contamination\nimmune infiltration confound","tldr":"Because a tumour sample is a mix of cancer, stromal and immune cells, a difference between two samples may only reflect a different mix of cells.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/cell-composition-confound/"},{"id":"intra-tumour-heterogeneity","kind":"term","name":"Intra-tumour heterogeneity","aka":"intra-tumour heterogeneity\nintratumour heterogeneity\nintratumoral heterogeneity\nintra-tumor heterogeneity\nITH","tldr":"Cells within one tumour can differ in their genes, appearance and behaviour, so a single biopsy may not represent the whole cancer.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/intra-tumour-heterogeneity/"},{"id":"tumour-evolution","kind":"term","name":"Tumour evolution (somatic evolution)","aka":"tumour evolution\ntumor evolution\nsomatic evolution\nsomatic evolution in cancer\nevolution of the tumour","tldr":"A tumour changes over time as its cells acquire mutations and the fittest clones take over, which is why cancers relapse and resist treatment.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/tumour-evolution/"},{"id":"censoring-and-events","kind":"term","name":"Censoring and events in survival data","aka":"right-censored\ncensored patients\ncensored observations\nevent count\nnumber of events\nevents observed","tldr":"A patient is censored when the study ends or they leave before the event (death or progression) happens, so we only know they survived at least that long.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/censoring-and-events/"},{"id":"prognosis-risk-percentile","kind":"term","name":"Risk score and risk percentile","aka":"risk percentile\nrisk score\nprognostic score\npredicted risk\nrisk group\nrisk stratification","tldr":"A risk score is a model's estimate of how likely a bad outcome is; a risk percentile says where that estimate sits compared with a reference group of patients.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/prognosis-risk-percentile/"},{"id":"clinical-covariates","kind":"term","name":"Clinical covariates (age, stage, nodes, treatment flags)","aka":"clinical covariates\nclinical variables\ntreatment flags\nradiotherapy flag\nchemotherapy flag\nclinical baseline model","tldr":"Clinical covariates are the ordinary facts about a patient, such as age, stage, node count and whether they had chemotherapy or radiotherapy, that any prognostic model must beat or build on.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/clinical-covariates/"},{"id":"endocrine-therapy-resistance","kind":"term","name":"Endocrine therapy and endocrine resistance","aka":"endocrine resistance\nendocrine-resistant\nhormone therapy resistance\nanti-oestrogen resistance\nESR1 mutation resistance","tldr":"Endocrine therapy blocks the hormones that feed some breast and prostate cancers; endocrine resistance is when the cancer learns to grow without them.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/endocrine-therapy-resistance/"},{"id":"immunotherapy-response","kind":"term","name":"Immunotherapy response and its prediction","aka":"immunotherapy response\nresponse to immunotherapy\ncheckpoint inhibitor response\nimmunotherapy responder\nIO response prediction","tldr":"Immunotherapy response means whether a patient's cancer shrinks or stays controlled when the immune system is unleashed; predicting who will respond is one of the hardest open problems in cancer AI.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/immunotherapy-response/"},{"id":"tertiary-lymphoid-structures","kind":"term","name":"Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS)","aka":"tertiary lymphoid structures\ntertiary lymphoid structure\nTLS","tldr":"Tertiary lymphoid structures are organised clusters of immune cells that form inside tumours and resemble small lymph nodes; their presence is linked to better immunotherapy outcomes.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/tertiary-lymphoid-structures/"},{"id":"pharmacogenomics-term","kind":"term","name":"Pharmacogenomics","aka":"pharmacogenomics\npharmacogenomic\npharmacogenetics\nPGx","tldr":"Pharmacogenomics studies how a person's genes, and a tumour's genes, change the way drugs work or cause harm.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/pharmacogenomics-term/"},{"id":"drug-response-sensitivity","kind":"term","name":"Drug response and drug sensitivity (IC50, AUC)","aka":"drug sensitivity\ndrug response prediction\ncell-line drug sensitivity\nIC50\nhalf maximal inhibitory concentration\ndose-response AUC\narea under the dose-response curve\nGI50\nAAC","tldr":"Drug sensitivity is how strongly a tumour or cell line is held back by a compound; it is summarised by the concentration that halves growth (IC50) or by the area under the whole dose-response curve.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/drug-response-sensitivity/"},{"id":"cell-lines-as-proxy","kind":"term","name":"Cell lines as a proxy for patients","aka":"cell lines as a patient proxy\ncancer cell lines\nimmortalised cell line\nimmortalized cell line\ncell line model","tldr":"Cancer cell lines are tumour cells grown indefinitely in the laboratory; they are convenient for drug testing but only imperfectly stand in for a patient's tumour.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/cell-lines-as-proxy/"},{"id":"co-amplification","kind":"term","name":"Co-amplification and the 17q12 HER2 amplicon","aka":"co-amplification\nco-amplified\ncoamplification\n17q12 amplicon\nHER2 amplicon\nERBB2 amplicon\noncogene amplicon","tldr":"When a cancer copies the HER2 gene many times over, its neighbours on chromosome 17 are copied with it; those co-amplified genes are passengers, not the driver.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/co-amplification/","cancers":"breast-cancer gastric"},{"id":"copy-number-variation-term","kind":"term","name":"Copy number alteration (CNA)","aka":"copy number alteration\ncopy-number alteration\ncopy number alterations\nsomatic copy number alteration\nSCNA\nCNA\ncopy number variation\ncopy-number variation\nCNV","tldr":"A copy number alteration is a stretch of DNA that a tumour has gained extra copies of or lost, from a single gene to a whole chromosome arm.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/copy-number-variation-term/"},{"id":"cancer-drivers-vs-actionable","kind":"term","name":"Actionable genomic biomarkers","aka":"actionable genomic biomarkers\nactionable alteration\nactionable alterations\nactionable mutation\nactionable mutations\nactionable biomarker\nclinically actionable","tldr":"An actionable alteration is a change in a tumour's DNA that maps directly to an approved or investigational drug, so finding it changes what the patient is offered.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/cancer-drivers-vs-actionable/"},{"id":"mrna-protein-concordance","kind":"term","name":"mRNA to protein concordance","aka":"mRNA-protein concordance\nmRNA protein concordance\ntranscript-protein correlation\nmRNA-protein correlation\nproteogenomic concordance","tldr":"mRNA to protein concordance is how well the amount of a gene's messenger RNA tracks the amount of the protein it codes for; for many genes it tracks poorly.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/mrna-protein-concordance/"},{"id":"post-transcriptional-regulation-term","kind":"term","name":"Post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation","aka":"post-transcriptional regulation\npost-translational regulation\npost-translational modification\npost-translational modifications\nPTMs","tldr":"Cells control genes after the messenger RNA is made, by editing, transporting and degrading it and by modifying the finished protein, which is why RNA levels and protein activity can disagree.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/post-transcriptional-regulation-term/"},{"id":"pathway-activation-state","kind":"term","name":"Pathway activation state (phosphosignalling)","aka":"pathway activation state\npathway activation\nphosphosignalling\nsignalling activity\nphosphorylation state","tldr":"Whether a signalling pathway is switched on is set by phosphorylation of its proteins, not by how much of them is present, so it has to be measured at the protein level.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/pathway-activation-state/"},{"id":"gene-co-expression","kind":"term","name":"Gene co-expression structure","aka":"gene co-expression\nco-expression structure\nco-expression network\ncoexpression network\nco-expression module\ngene module","tldr":"Genes that rise and fall together across samples form co-expression modules; this correlation structure is what expression models mostly learn.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/gene-co-expression/"},{"id":"organ-of-origin-signal","kind":"term","name":"Tissue-of-origin signal in tumour data","aka":"organ-of-origin signal\ntissue-of-origin signal\ntissue of origin\norgan of origin\ncell-of-origin signal\ntissue-only floor\ntype-only floor","tldr":"A tumour's molecular profile is dominated by the organ it came from, so a model can look impressive by recognising the organ and must be judged against a baseline that knows only that.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/organ-of-origin-signal/","cancers":"cancer-of-unknown-primary"},{"id":"spatial-autocorrelation","kind":"term","name":"Spatial autocorrelation (Moran's I)","aka":"spatial autocorrelation\nMoran's I\nMorans I\nspatially autocorrelated\nspatial domain\nspatial domains","tldr":"Spatial autocorrelation means that nearby spots in a tissue section tend to have similar values; Moran's I is the standard number for how strong that tendency is.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/spatial-autocorrelation/"},{"id":"variant-effect-prediction","kind":"term","name":"Variant effect prediction","aka":"variant effect prediction\nvariant effect predictor\npredicted pathogenicity\nin silico pathogenicity prediction\nmissense effect prediction","tldr":"Variant effect prediction uses computation to guess whether a DNA change damages a protein or matters clinically, before or instead of laboratory evidence.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/variant-effect-prediction/"},{"id":"bulk-rna-seq","kind":"term","name":"Bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and the full transcriptome","aka":"bulk RNA-seq\nbulk RNA sequencing\nbulk transcriptome\nbulk expression\nfull transcriptome\nwhole transcriptome\ntranscriptome-wide expression\n~20k genes","tldr":"Bulk RNA sequencing reads all the messenger RNA in a piece of tumour at once, giving one averaged expression value per gene for the whole sample.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/bulk-rna-seq/"},{"id":"tpm-fpkm-counts","kind":"term","name":"TPM, FPKM and raw counts (expression units)","aka":"TPM\ntranscripts per million\nFPKM\nRPKM\nlog2 TPM\nlog2(TPM+1)\nraw counts\nread counts\nexpression units","tldr":"Raw counts are how many sequencing reads hit each gene; TPM and FPKM rescale them for gene length and sequencing depth so genes and samples can be compared, and log2 TPM is the usual model input.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/tpm-fpkm-counts/"},{"id":"star-salmon","kind":"term","name":"STAR and Salmon (RNA-seq alignment and quantification)","aka":"STAR aligner\nSTAR RNA-seq aligner\nSalmon quantification\nSalmon quantifier\npseudoalignment","tldr":"STAR lines sequencing reads up against the genome and Salmon estimates how much of each transcript is present; they are the two most common first steps of an RNA-seq pipeline.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/star-salmon/"},{"id":"variant-calling","kind":"term","name":"Variant calling","aka":"variant calling\nsomatic variant calling\nvariant caller\nvariant callers\nSNV calling\nmutation calling","tldr":"Variant calling is the computational step that turns raw sequencing reads into a list of the DNA changes present in a tumour.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/variant-calling/"},{"id":"somatic-mutations-wxs-wgs","kind":"term","name":"Somatic mutations from exome and genome sequencing (WXS, WGS)","aka":"WXS\nwhole-exome sequencing data\nsomatic mutation data\nmutation calls\nMAF file\nmutation annotation format","tldr":"Somatic mutations are the DNA changes a tumour acquired during life; they are read from exome (protein-coding) or whole-genome sequencing of tumour and matched normal tissue.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/somatic-mutations-wxs-wgs/"},{"id":"targeted-panel-sequencing","kind":"term","name":"Targeted panel sequencing","aka":"targeted panel sequencing\ntargeted-panel sequencing\ngene panel sequencing\ntargeted gene panel\nclinical sequencing panel\nhundreds of genes panel","tldr":"A targeted panel sequences only a chosen set of a few hundred cancer genes, deeply and cheaply, which is what most hospitals run on tumours today.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/targeted-panel-sequencing/"},{"id":"gistic","kind":"term","name":"GISTIC (copy number driver detection)","aka":"GISTIC\nGISTIC2\nGISTIC2.0\nGISTIC peaks\nGISTIC score","tldr":"GISTIC scans copy number data across many tumours to find the regions that are amplified or deleted far more often than chance, the likely targets of selection.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/gistic/"},{"id":"mutsig","kind":"term","name":"MutSig (significantly mutated gene detection)","aka":"MutSig\nMutSigCV\nMutSig2CV\nsignificantly mutated genes\nSMG analysis","tldr":"MutSig asks which genes are mutated more often than the background mutation rate would predict, separating likely drivers from long or late-replicating genes that collect passengers.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/mutsig/"},{"id":"batch-effects","kind":"term","name":"Batch effects and harmonisation","aka":"batch effects\nbatch effect\nbatch correction\nComBat\nplatform effect\ncross-platform harmonisation\nharmonisation across platforms","tldr":"A batch effect is a difference in the data caused by when, where or how samples were processed rather than by biology; if it lines up with the outcome, a model learns the batch instead of the disease.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/batch-effects/"},{"id":"gsea","kind":"term","name":"Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA and ssGSEA)","aka":"gene set enrichment analysis\ngene set enrichment\nGSEA\nssGSEA\nsingle-sample GSEA\npathway enrichment\nenrichment analysis\nenrichment score","tldr":"Gene set enrichment analysis asks whether the genes that changed in an experiment cluster in a known pathway or signature, turning a list of genes into a biological story.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/gsea/"},{"id":"single-cell-rna-seq","kind":"term","name":"Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq, 10x Chromium)","aka":"single-cell RNA-seq\nscRNA-seq\nsingle-cell RNA sequencing\nsingle-cell transcriptomics\nsingle-cell expression\n10x Chromium\nChromium single cell\npseudobulk","tldr":"Single-cell RNA sequencing measures gene expression one cell at a time, revealing the cell types inside a tumour that bulk sequencing averages away.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/single-cell-rna-seq/"},{"id":"spatial-transcriptomics-platforms","kind":"term","name":"Spatial transcriptomics platforms (Visium HD, Xenium, MERFISH, CosMx, CODEX)","aka":"Visium\nVisium HD\nXenium\nMERFISH\nCosMx\nCODEX\nPhenoCycler\nspatial molecular imaging\nin situ sequencing\nspatial omics platform","tldr":"Spatial platforms measure RNA or protein while keeping each measurement's position on the tissue slide, so cell types and gene programmes can be mapped onto the tumour's architecture.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/spatial-transcriptomics-platforms/"},{"id":"h-and-e-staining","kind":"term","name":"H&E staining (haematoxylin and eosin)","aka":"H&E staining\nH&E stain\nH&E slide\nH&E slides\nhaematoxylin and eosin\nhematoxylin and eosin\nH&E section","tldr":"H&E is the purple and pink stain on almost every pathology slide: haematoxylin colours cell nuclei blue-purple and eosin colours the cytoplasm and connective tissue pink.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/h-and-e-staining/"},{"id":"digital-pathology-wsi","kind":"term","name":"Digital pathology and whole-slide images (WSI)","aka":"digital pathology\nwhole-slide image\nwhole-slide images\nwhole slide image\nWSI\ngigapixel slide\ngigapixel slides\n.svs file\nslide scanner image","tldr":"Digital pathology scans glass slides into gigapixel images that can be viewed, shared and analysed by software, which is what makes AI on pathology possible.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/digital-pathology-wsi/"},{"id":"tile-patch-encoding","kind":"term","name":"Tile and patch encoding of slides","aka":"tile encoding\npatch encoding\ntile embeddings\npatch embeddings\ntiling\nslide tiles\nslide patches\ntile-level features","tldr":"A whole slide is cut into thousands of small square tiles, each tile is turned into a vector by an image model, and the vectors are pooled to describe the slide.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/tile-patch-encoding/"},{"id":"magnification","kind":"term","name":"Magnification (20x, 40x) and microns per pixel","aka":"20x magnification\n40x magnification\nmicrons per pixel\nMPP\nobjective magnification\nscan magnification","tldr":"Slides are scanned at 20x or 40x objective magnification, about 0.5 or 0.25 microns per pixel; a model trained at one scale can misread tissue at another.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/magnification/"},{"id":"methylation-arrays","kind":"term","name":"DNA methylation arrays and beta values (450k, EPIC)","aka":"methylation beta values\nbeta values\n450k array\nInfinium 450k\nEPIC array\nMethylationEPIC\nmethylation array\nmethylation arrays\nCpG methylation profile","tldr":"Methylation arrays measure, at hundreds of thousands of CpG sites, the fraction of DNA copies carrying a methyl mark; that fraction, between 0 and 1, is the beta value.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/methylation-arrays/"},{"id":"microarray-expression","kind":"term","name":"Microarray expression data","aka":"microarray expression\nexpression microarray\nexpression microarrays\nmicroarray data\nAffymetrix array\nIllumina expression array\nhybridisation platform","tldr":"Microarrays measured gene expression by hybridising labelled RNA to spots of known DNA on a chip; they preceded RNA sequencing and still hold the longest-followed cohorts.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/microarray-expression/"},{"id":"rppa","kind":"term","name":"Reverse-phase protein array (RPPA)","aka":"RPPA\nreverse-phase protein array\nreverse phase protein array\nprotein array data\nRPPA data","tldr":"RPPA spots tiny amounts of protein extract from many tumours onto a slide and probes them with antibodies, measuring a few hundred proteins and phosphoproteins in each sample at once.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/rppa/"},{"id":"mass-spec-proteome","kind":"term","name":"Deep mass-spectrometry proteome (CPTAC)","aka":"mass-spectrometry proteome\nmass spectrometry proteomics\ndeep proteome\nglobal proteome\nMS proteomics\nTMT proteomics\nphospho-proteomics data","tldr":"Mass spectrometry weighs fragments of every protein in a sample to identify and quantify thousands of proteins and their phosphorylation sites, the closest measurement to what a cell is actually doing.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/mass-spec-proteome/"},{"id":"ehr-text-pathology-reports","kind":"term","name":"Clinical text: EHR notes and pathology reports","aka":"EHR text\nelectronic health record text\nfree-text clinical notes\npathology report text\npathology reports\nclinical notes\nunstructured clinical data","tldr":"Much of what is known about a patient sits in free text, in clinic notes and pathology reports; language models are now used to read it and to pair it with slides.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/ehr-text-pathology-reports/"},{"id":"radiology-imaging-modality","kind":"term","name":"Radiology imaging as a data modality (CT, MRI, TCIA)","aka":"radiology imaging data\nCT imaging data\nMRI data\nDICOM imaging\nimaging modality\nradiology modality","tldr":"CT, MRI and PET scans are a data modality in their own right; public archives such as TCIA hold de-identified scans, some linked to TCGA tumours, for training imaging models.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/radiology-imaging-modality/"},{"id":"os-pfs-time-event","kind":"term","name":"Survival outcomes as time plus event (OS, PFS)","aka":"time-to-event outcome\ntime and event\nsurvival time and status\nOS time\nPFS time\nevent indicator\nvital status\ndays to death\ndays to last follow-up","tldr":"A survival outcome is recorded as two numbers per patient: how long they were followed, and whether the event (death, or progression) happened by then.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/os-pfs-time-event/"},{"id":"controlled-access-data","kind":"term","name":"Controlled-access genomic data (dbGaP, EGA)","aka":"controlled-access data\ncontrolled access data\ncontrolled-access tier\ndbGaP\nEGA\nEuropean Genome-phenome Archive\ndatabase of Genotypes and Phenotypes\ndata access committee","tldr":"Controlled-access data can identify a person (raw sequence reads, germline variants), so it is held in archives like dbGaP and EGA and released only to approved researchers under an agreement.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/controlled-access-data/"},{"id":"tcga-tiers","kind":"term","name":"TCGA open versus controlled data tiers","aka":"TCGA open tier\nTCGA controlled tier\nopen-access tier\nopen access data tier\ncontrolled tier\nGDC open data\nGDC controlled data","tldr":"TCGA data comes in two tiers: open files (gene expression, somatic mutations, clinical tables, slide images) anyone can download, and controlled files (raw reads, germline variants) that need dbGaP approval.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/tcga-tiers/"},{"id":"data-use-agreements","kind":"term","name":"Data use agreements and consent for research use","aka":"data use agreement\ndata use agreements\nDUA\ndata access agreement\nconsent for research use\nresearch consent\nbroad consent\nsecondary use consent","tldr":"A data use agreement is the contract a researcher signs to receive controlled data, promising to protect it and use it only as the participants consented.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/data-use-agreements/"},{"id":"samd","kind":"term","name":"Software as a medical device (SaMD)","aka":"software as a medical device\nSaMD\nAI as a medical device\nAI/ML-enabled medical device\nmedical device software","tldr":"Software as a medical device is software that is itself the medical device, such as a program that predicts a diagnosis or a treatment response, and is regulated like one.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/samd/"},{"id":"research-use-only","kind":"term","name":"Research use only (RUO)","aka":"research use only\nRUO\nfor research use only\nnot for diagnostic use\nresearch-only notice\nnot for clinical use","tldr":"A research use only label means a test, reagent or model has not been validated or cleared for making decisions about a patient and must not be used that way.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/research-use-only/"},{"id":"analytical-vs-clinical-validation","kind":"term","name":"Analytical versus clinical validation","aka":"analytical validation\nclinical validation\nanalytical validity\nclinical validity\nclinical utility\nvalidation of a biomarker test","tldr":"Analytical validation shows a test measures what it claims, reliably; clinical validation shows the measurement actually predicts the patient outcome it is meant to.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/analytical-vs-clinical-validation/"},{"id":"hgnc-symbol","kind":"term","name":"HGNC gene symbol","aka":"HGNC symbol\nHGNC gene symbol\napproved gene symbol\nofficial gene symbol\ngene symbol\nHGNC id\nHGNC ID","tldr":"The HGNC symbol is the one official short name for each human gene (ERBB2, not HER2 or NEU), so that datasets can be joined without guessing.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/hgnc-symbol/"},{"id":"ensembl-gene-id","kind":"term","name":"Ensembl gene ID","aka":"Ensembl gene ID\nEnsembl ID\nENSG identifier\nEnsembl gene identifier\nENSG id","tldr":"An Ensembl gene ID such as ENSG00000141736 is a stable machine identifier for a gene that survives symbol changes, so pipelines join on it rather than on names.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/ensembl-gene-id/"},{"id":"genome-builds","kind":"term","name":"Genome builds: GRCh38 versus hg19 (GRCh37)","aka":"GRCh38\nhg38\nhg19\nGRCh37\ngenome build\nreference build\nreference genome build\nliftover","tldr":"A genome build is the version of the human reference sequence coordinates are measured against; mixing GRCh38 and the older hg19 puts variants at the wrong positions.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/genome-builds/"},{"id":"hgvs","kind":"term","name":"HGVS variant nomenclature","aka":"HGVS\nHGVS nomenclature\nHGVS notation\nc. notation\np. notation\nvariant nomenclature","tldr":"HGVS is the standard way to write a DNA or protein change, such as EGFR c.2573T>G or p.Leu858Arg, so that the same variant is named the same way everywhere.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/hgvs/"},{"id":"icd-o-3","kind":"term","name":"ICD-O-3 (International Classification of Diseases for Oncology)","aka":"ICD-O-3\nICD-O\nICD-O-3 morphology code\nICD-O-3 topography code\nmorphology code\ntopography code","tldr":"ICD-O-3 codes every tumour twice: a topography code for where it arose and a morphology code for what kind of cells it is made of and how it behaves.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/icd-o-3/"},{"id":"oncotree-term","kind":"term","name":"OncoTree cancer classification","aka":"OncoTree\nOncoTree code\nOncoTree codes\nOncoTree classification","tldr":"OncoTree is a hierarchy of cancer types from tissue down to subtype, with short codes such as LUAD and BRCA, built for precision oncology and used by cBioPortal and AACR GENIE.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/oncotree-term/"},{"id":"ncit","kind":"term","name":"NCI Thesaurus (NCIt)","aka":"NCI Thesaurus\nNCIt\nNCIt code\nNCIt concept\nNCI terminology","tldr":"The NCI Thesaurus is the US National Cancer Institute's reference vocabulary of diseases, drugs, anatomy and findings, each with a stable code such as C4872 for breast carcinoma.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/ncit/"},{"id":"mondo","kind":"term","name":"Mondo disease ontology","aka":"Mondo\nMONDO\nMondo disease ontology\nMondo ID\nMONDO id","tldr":"Mondo is a unified disease ontology that merges the disease vocabularies (OMIM, Orphanet, NCIt, ICD and others) into one hierarchy with cross-references, so a disease named in one system can be found in the others.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/mondo/"},{"id":"hpo","kind":"term","name":"Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO)","aka":"Human Phenotype Ontology\nHPO\nHPO term\nHPO terms\nphenotype ontology","tldr":"The Human Phenotype Ontology is a standard vocabulary of clinical features (signs, symptoms, findings) with codes, used to describe patients in a way computers can compare.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/hpo/"},{"id":"uberon","kind":"term","name":"Uberon anatomy ontology and the Cell Ontology","aka":"Uberon\nUBERON\nUberon anatomy ontology\nCell Ontology\nCL ontology\nCL term\ncell type ontology","tldr":"Uberon names anatomical structures (organs, tissues) and the Cell Ontology names cell types, each with a code, so that a tissue label or a cell-type annotation means the same thing across datasets.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/uberon/"},{"id":"units-ontology","kind":"term","name":"Units of measurement ontology (UO)","aka":"Units Ontology\nUO ontology\nUO term\nunits of measurement ontology\nunit ontology","tldr":"The Units of measurement ontology gives every unit (milligram per square metre, months, TPM) a code, so a number in a dataset says what it is a number of.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/units-ontology/"},{"id":"rxnorm","kind":"term","name":"RxNorm drug nomenclature","aka":"RxNorm\nRxNorm code\nRxCUI\nRxNorm concept\nnormalised drug names","tldr":"RxNorm is the US National Library of Medicine's standard list of drug names and codes, linking brand, generic and dose forms so that the same medicine is recognised across records.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/rxnorm/"},{"id":"ajcc-stage","kind":"term","name":"AJCC stage (TNM staging manual)","aka":"AJCC stage\nAJCC staging\nAJCC 8th edition\nAJCC TNM\npathologic stage\nclinical stage","tldr":"AJCC stage is the stage group (I to IV) assigned from the TNM manual published by the American Joint Committee on Cancer; it is the staging most clinical tables record.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/ajcc-stage/"},{"id":"tcga-barcode","kind":"term","name":"TCGA barcode","aka":"TCGA barcode\nTCGA barcodes\nTCGA sample barcode\nTCGA patient barcode\nTCGA-XX-XXXX","tldr":"A TCGA barcode such as TCGA-A1-A0SB-01A-11R-A144-07 encodes the project, tissue source site, patient, sample type, vial, portion, analyte, plate and centre, and is the key that joins one patient's data files.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/tcga-barcode/"},{"id":"provenance-fields","kind":"term","name":"Provenance fields for research data","aka":"provenance fields\ndata provenance\ndata lineage\npipeline version\nsource accession\nchecksum\nsha256 manifest\ncontent-addressed storage","tldr":"Provenance fields record where each data file came from and how it was processed (source, accession, pipeline version, genome build, date, checksum), so a result can be traced and reproduced.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/provenance-fields/"},{"id":"desmoplastic-stroma-rich","kind":"term","name":"Stroma-rich and desmoplastic tumours in molecular data","aka":"stroma-rich tumours\nstroma-rich tumour\ndesmoplastic tumours\ndesmoplastic tumour\nhigh stromal content","tldr":"Some cancers, pancreatic cancer above all, are mostly dense scar-like stroma with few tumour cells; their bulk molecular profiles are dominated by that stroma.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/desmoplastic-stroma-rich/","cancers":"pancreatic"},{"id":"cancer-ai-vocabulary","kind":"term","name":"Cancer AI vocabulary (CanSim terms map)","aka":"cancer AI vocabulary\nCanSim terms map\nCanSim terms\nmethods and models glossary","tldr":"A hub for the vocabulary of cancer AI: the assays and cohorts models train on, the machine-learning and statistics terms in their papers, the standards their data must follow and the licences that govern reuse.","tags":"cansim-terms hub","route":"/terms/cancer-ai-vocabulary/"},{"id":"foundation-model","kind":"term","name":"Foundation model","aka":"foundation model\nfoundation models\nFM\nbulk-native foundation model\nsingle-cell foundation model\nlarge x model","tldr":"A foundation model is a large model trained on a vast amount of data without a specific task in mind, then adapted to many downstream uses.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/foundation-model/"},{"id":"self-supervised-pretraining","kind":"term","name":"Self-supervised pretraining (SSL)","aka":"self-supervised pretraining\nself-supervised learning\nSSL pretraining\nlabel-free pretraining\npretraining objective\npretrained encoder","tldr":"Self-supervised pretraining teaches a model from unlabelled data by hiding part of each example and asking it to predict the hidden part, so no expert labels are needed.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/self-supervised-pretraining/"},{"id":"masked-modelling","kind":"term","name":"Masked autoencoders and masked gene modelling","aka":"masked autoencoder\nmasked autoencoders\nmasked gene modelling\nmasked gene modeling\nmasked reconstruction\ncross-modal masked reconstruction\nautoencoder","tldr":"A masked autoencoder hides a random part of the input (image patches, or half the genes in a profile) and learns to reconstruct it from the rest.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/masked-modelling/"},{"id":"contrastive-learning","kind":"term","name":"Contrastive learning (InfoNCE)","aka":"contrastive learning\ncontrastive objective\ncontrastive alignment\nInfoNCE\nInfoNCE loss\ncontrastive pretraining","tldr":"Contrastive learning trains a model to pull matching pairs (two views of one slide, or one patient's RNA and protein) close together in embedding space and push non-matching pairs apart.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/contrastive-learning/"},{"id":"transformer-architecture","kind":"term","name":"Transformer and attention","aka":"transformer architecture\ntransformer model\ntransformer encoder\nattention mechanism\nself-attention\nmulti-head attention\nattention weights\nfusion transformer\nPerceiver","tldr":"A transformer is a neural network that turns its input into a sequence of tokens and lets every token weigh every other through attention, the architecture behind language models and most new biology models.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/transformer-architecture/"},{"id":"tokenisation","kind":"term","name":"Tokenisation (genes, tiles and sequence as tokens)","aka":"tokenisation\ntokenization\ngene tokenisation\ngene tokens\nrank-based tokenisation\nvalue binning\nbyte-pair encoding\nuniversal tokenisation\nsemantic token grounding","tldr":"Tokenisation is how raw input is chopped into the discrete pieces a transformer reads: words into subwords, a slide into tiles, an expression profile into genes ranked or binned by level.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/tokenisation/"},{"id":"embedding","kind":"term","name":"Embedding (learned representation)","aka":"embeddings\nlearned embedding\nembedding vector\npatient embedding\ntile embedding\ngene embedding\nfrozen embeddings\nmean pooling of embeddings","tldr":"An embedding is a list of numbers a model produces to stand for an input (a tile, a gene, a patient), placed so that similar inputs land near each other.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/embedding/"},{"id":"fine-tuning-vs-frozen","kind":"term","name":"Fine-tuning versus frozen features, and LoRA","aka":"fine-tuning\nfine tuning\nfull fine-tuning\nfrozen encoder\nfrozen features\nfrozen embeddings\nLoRA\nlow-rank adaptation\nparameter-efficient fine-tuning\nPEFT","tldr":"Fine-tuning updates a pretrained model's weights on the new task; using it frozen keeps the weights fixed and trains only a small head on its features; LoRA is a cheap middle way that trains small low-rank updates.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/fine-tuning-vs-frozen/"},{"id":"linear-probe","kind":"term","name":"Linear probe","aka":"linear probe\nlinear probing\nlinear evaluation\nlinear head on frozen features\nfrozen embedding to linear head","tldr":"A linear probe is a simple linear model (logistic or ridge regression) trained on a frozen model's embeddings to test how much useful information those embeddings hold.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/linear-probe/"},{"id":"transfer-learning","kind":"term","name":"Transfer learning and the low-label regime","aka":"transfer learning\nlow-label regime\nfew labels\nlabel-efficient\ndata-efficient learning\nfew-shot fine-tuning","tldr":"Transfer learning reuses what a model learned on one task or dataset to do better on a related task with few labels, the situation for almost every cancer outcome.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/transfer-learning/"},{"id":"zero-shot","kind":"term","name":"Zero-shot prediction","aka":"zero-shot\nzero-shot prediction\nzero-shot learning\nzero-shot classification\nzero-shot embedding quality\ncluster purity","tldr":"Zero-shot prediction applies a model to a task or class it was never trained on, with no task-specific labels at all.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/zero-shot/"},{"id":"autoregressive-modelling","kind":"term","name":"Autoregressive (next-token) modelling","aka":"autoregressive modelling\nautoregressive model\nnext-token prediction\nnext token prediction\ncausal language modelling\ngenerative pretraining","tldr":"An autoregressive model predicts the next element of a sequence from the ones before it; trained on DNA it learns to continue a genome, which is how Evo 2 was built.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/autoregressive-modelling/"},{"id":"multimodal-fusion","kind":"term","name":"Multimodal fusion (early, late, modality dropout)","aka":"multimodal fusion\nmultimodal model\nmultimodal learning\nmodality fusion\nearly fusion\nlate fusion\nmodality dropout\nattention masking over modalities\nmissing modalities","tldr":"Multimodal fusion combines several kinds of data about one patient (slides, expression, mutations, clinical variables) in one model; modality dropout randomly hides modalities during training so the model still works when some are missing.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/multimodal-fusion/"},{"id":"abmil","kind":"term","name":"Attention-based multiple-instance learning (ABMIL, CLAM)","aka":"ABMIL\nattention-based MIL\nattention-based multiple instance learning\nmultiple-instance learning\nmultiple instance learning\nMIL\nCLAM\nattention pooling\nslide-level aggregation\nweakly supervised slide classification","tldr":"Attention-based multiple-instance learning gives each tile of a slide a learned weight and sums the weighted tile vectors into one slide vector, so a slide-level label can train the model and the weights show which regions mattered.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/abmil/"},{"id":"pathology-foundation-models","kind":"term","name":"Pathology foundation models: UNI, UNI2, Virchow2, CTransPath, CONCH, TITAN","aka":"UNI2\nUNI2-h\nVirchow2\nCTransPath\nTransPath\npathology encoder\ntile encoder\nhistopathology foundation model","tldr":"Pathology foundation models are image encoders pretrained without labels on millions of slide tiles; UNI and CONCH come from the Mahmood Lab at Harvard, Virchow from Paige, and CTransPath was an early transformer version.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/pathology-foundation-models/"},{"id":"single-cell-foundation-models","kind":"term","name":"Single-cell and transcriptome foundation models: UCE, GeneCompass, BulkFormer, BulkRNABert","aka":"BulkFormer\nBulkRNABert\nGeneCompass\nUCE model\nUniversal Cell Embeddings\nscFoundation model\ntranscriptome foundation model\nbulk transcriptome model","tldr":"These are transformer models pretrained on expression profiles: UCE and GeneCompass on tens of millions of single cells, BulkFormer and BulkRNABert on bulk tumour and tissue transcriptomes.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/single-cell-foundation-models/"},{"id":"genomic-and-protein-language-models","kind":"term","name":"Genomic and protein language models: Evo 2, Enformer, ESM","aka":"protein language model\nprotein language models\nESM2\nESM-2\nESM-3\nEnformer\ngenomic language model\nDNA language model\nEvo 2 model\nStripedHyena","tldr":"Sequence models read DNA or protein letters the way language models read text: ESM predicts protein structure and function, Enformer predicts gene expression from DNA sequence, and Evo 2 models whole genomes with a million-base context.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/genomic-and-protein-language-models/"},{"id":"spagcn","kind":"term","name":"Spatially aware clustering (SpaGCN, KNN smoothing)","aka":"SpaGCN\nspatially aware clustering\nspatial clustering\nneighbour-smoothed PCA\nKNN neighbourhood smoothing\nKNN smoothing\ngraph convolutional clustering","tldr":"Spatially aware clustering groups the spots of a tissue section into domains using both what they express and where they sit, so the domains are contiguous regions rather than scattered spots.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/spagcn/"},{"id":"virtual-cell-models","kind":"term","name":"Virtual cell models and in-silico perturbation screens","aka":"virtual cell\nvirtual cell model\nvirtual cells\nin-silico perturbation\nin silico perturbation\nin-silico knockout screen\nin silico knockout\nperturbation prediction\nVirtual Cell Challenge\nCZI Virtual Cells\nOCTO-vc\nNoetik OCTO-VirtualCell","tldr":"A virtual cell is a computer model of a cell that predicts what happens when a gene is knocked out or a drug is added, letting researchers run perturbation experiments in software before the laboratory.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/virtual-cell-models/"},{"id":"drug-response-splits","kind":"term","name":"Drug-response data splits: leave-cell-line-out, leave-drug-out, leave-tissue-out","aka":"leave-cell-line-out\nLCO split\nleave-drug-out\nLDO split\nleave-tissue-out\nLTO split\nleave-pair-out\nrandom pair split\ncross-study validation","tldr":"How a drug-response dataset is split decides what a model's accuracy means: hold out cell lines to test personalised prediction, hold out drugs to test drug design, hold out tissues to test repurposing; holding out random pairs only tests imputation.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/drug-response-splits/"},{"id":"drug-response-baselines","kind":"term","name":"Drug-response baselines and frameworks: mean-drug floor, LightGBM, DrEval, IMPROVE, DeepTTA","aka":"naive mean-drug baseline\nmean-cell-line baseline\nDrEval\nIMPROVE benchmark\nGraphDRP\nUNO model\nDeepTTA\nDeepCCDS\nLightGBM\ngradient-boosted trees","tldr":"The floor for any drug-response model is predicting each drug's average effect across cell lines; tuned gradient-boosted trees such as LightGBM often tie or beat deep models under honest splits, which is why evaluation frameworks now exist.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/drug-response-baselines/"},{"id":"domain-adaptation","kind":"term","name":"Domain shift and domain adaptation (cell line to patient)","aka":"domain shift\ndistribution shift\ndomain adaptation\ncell-line to patient transfer\nTUGDA\nVelodrome\nPRECISE\nTRANSACT\ntrain-test mismatch","tldr":"Domain shift is the mismatch between the data a model was trained on and the data it meets later (cell lines versus tumours, one sequencing platform versus another); domain adaptation is the family of methods that try to bridge it.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/domain-adaptation/"},{"id":"mechanism-of-action-recovery","kind":"term","name":"Mechanism-of-action recovery and known-biology probes","aka":"mechanism-of-action recovery\nMoA recovery\nrecovers known biology\nknown-biology probe\nknown-biology probes\nbiological sanity check\nresponder versus non-responder biomarker","tldr":"A model that claims to have learned biology should, without being told, point at the known mechanism of a known drug or the known marker of a known cell type; recovering such known biology is an orthogonal check that a correlation is not an artefact.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/mechanism-of-action-recovery/"},{"id":"cross-validation","kind":"term","name":"Cross-validation and stratified k-fold","aka":"cross-validation\ncross validation\nk-fold cross-validation\n5-fold cross-validation\nstratified k-fold\nstratified cross-validation\nnested cross-validation\nrandom seed","tldr":"Cross-validation splits the data into k folds, trains on k minus one and tests on the last, rotating so every sample is tested once; stratified folds keep the class balance the same in each fold.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/cross-validation/"},{"id":"train-test-discipline","kind":"term","name":"Train, validation and test split discipline","aka":"train/validation/test split\ntraining set\nvalidation set\ntest set\nheld-out test set\nheld-out test split\n80/20 split\nhold-out set","tldr":"Data is divided into a training set the model learns from, a validation set used to choose settings, and a test set touched once at the end; using the test set to make choices turns it into a second validation set.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/train-test-discipline/"},{"id":"data-leakage","kind":"term","name":"Data leakage in model evaluation","aka":"data leakage\nleakage\ntrain-test leakage\ncross-validation leakage\nleaky preprocessing\nfit on train fold only\nbenchmark contamination\ntest set contamination","tldr":"Leakage is when information from the test data reaches the model during training, through a scaler fitted on all samples, a patient split across folds or a benchmark that appeared in the pretraining set, making the model look better than it is.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/data-leakage/"},{"id":"external-validation","kind":"term","name":"External validation","aka":"external validation\nexternally validated\nexternal cohort\nindependent cohort\nindependent validation\nexternal test set\ngeneralisability\ngeneralizability","tldr":"External validation tests a model on patients from a different hospital, country or platform than it was trained on; it is the only evidence that a result travels.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/external-validation/"},{"id":"concordance-index","kind":"term","name":"C-index (concordance index), Harrell's and Uno's","aka":"C-index\nconcordance index\nHarrell's C-index\nHarrell's C\nUno's C-index\nUno's C\nC-statistic\npooled C-index\nstratified C-index\nwithin-type C-index","tldr":"The C-index is the fraction of patient pairs in which the model ranked the patient who had the event sooner as higher risk; 0.5 is a coin toss and 1.0 is perfect ranking.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/concordance-index/"},{"id":"calibration","kind":"term","name":"Calibration: reliability diagrams and the Brier score","aka":"model calibration\ncalibrated probabilities\nreliability diagram\nreliability diagrams\ncalibration curve\nBrier score\nintegrated Brier score\nIBS\nmiscalibration\nbootstrap-calibrated reliability","tldr":"A calibrated model's predicted 30 percent risk really happens about 30 percent of the time; a reliability diagram plots predicted against observed, and the Brier score measures the squared gap.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/calibration/"},{"id":"roc-auc","kind":"term","name":"ROC-AUC, PR-AUC and time-dependent AUC","aka":"ROC-AUC\nAUROC\nROC curve\narea under the ROC curve\nPR-AUC\nAUPRC\nprecision-recall curve\naverage precision\ntime-dependent AUC\nAUC(t)","tldr":"ROC-AUC is the chance a classifier scores a random positive above a random negative; PR-AUC focuses on the positives and is the better summary when they are rare; time-dependent AUC applies the idea to survival at a chosen horizon.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/roc-auc/"},{"id":"accuracy-f1","kind":"term","name":"Accuracy, macro-F1 and confusion matrices","aka":"accuracy metric\nmacro-F1\nmacro F1\nF1 score\nF-score\nF-measure\nconfusion matrix\nbalanced accuracy\nclassification accuracy","tldr":"Accuracy is the share of predictions that were right; macro-F1 averages the F1 score of each class equally, so a model cannot look good by getting only the common cancer types right.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/accuracy-f1/"},{"id":"time-dependent-auc","kind":"term","name":"Univariate Cox scores and time-dependent metrics","aka":"univariate Cox\nunivariate Cox score\nCox z-score\nper-gene Cox\nBreslow approximation\nBreslow method for ties\nCox partial likelihood\nproportional hazards assumption","tldr":"A univariate Cox model fits one gene at a time against survival and its z-score ranks genes by prognostic strength; the Breslow approximation is how the fit handles patients whose events fall on the same day.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/time-dependent-auc/"},{"id":"bootstrap","kind":"term","name":"Bootstrap resampling","aka":"bootstrap\nbootstrap resampling\nbootstrapped confidence interval\nbootstrap confidence intervals\nresampling with replacement\nP10 to P90 spread","tldr":"Bootstrapping refits a model or recomputes a statistic on many resamples of the data drawn with replacement, and the spread of the results is a confidence interval that needs no formula.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/bootstrap/"},{"id":"permutation-test","kind":"term","name":"Permutation test and the Mann-Whitney U test","aka":"permutation test\npermutation p-value\nlabel shuffling\nshuffled labels\nMann-Whitney U test\nMann-Whitney test\nWilcoxon rank-sum test\nrank-sum test\nnon-parametric test","tldr":"A permutation test builds the null distribution by shuffling labels (or spot positions) many times and asks how often chance does as well as the real result; the Mann-Whitney U test compares two groups by ranks without assuming a normal distribution.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/permutation-test/"},{"id":"spearman-correlation","kind":"term","name":"Spearman rank correlation","aka":"Spearman correlation\nSpearman's rho\nSpearman rho\nrank correlation\nmean per-drug Spearman\nPearson correlation","tldr":"Spearman's rho measures how well the ranking of one variable matches the ranking of another, from minus one to plus one, ignoring the actual values.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/spearman-correlation/"},{"id":"logistic-regression-term","kind":"term","name":"Logistic regression and nearest-centroid classifiers","aka":"logistic regression\nlogistic classifier\nnearest-centroid classifier\nnearest centroid\ncentroid classifier\nPAM50 centroid correlation\nrank-based PAM50","tldr":"Logistic regression is the plain linear classifier used as a baseline for subtype prediction; a nearest-centroid classifier instead assigns each sample to the subtype whose average profile it most resembles, which is how PAM50 works.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/logistic-regression-term/"},{"id":"ridge-regression","kind":"term","name":"Ridge regression and the multilayer perceptron","aka":"ridge regression\nL2 regularisation\nL2-regularised regression\nridge head\nmultilayer perceptron\nMLP\nfeedforward network\nMLP head","tldr":"Ridge regression is linear regression with a penalty that shrinks coefficients, which keeps it stable when there are more genes than samples; a multilayer perceptron is the simplest neural network, a few fully connected layers.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/ridge-regression/"},{"id":"pca","kind":"term","name":"Principal component analysis (PCA) as a feature compressor","aka":"principal component analysis\nPCA\nprincipal components\nPCA-256\nPCA reduction\nseparate-block PCA\nblock-wise PCA\ndimensionality reduction","tldr":"PCA rotates the data onto the directions of greatest variance and keeps the top few, compressing twenty thousand genes into a few hundred numbers before a model sees them.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/pca/"},{"id":"quantile-normalisation","kind":"term","name":"Quantile normalisation, rank transforms and z-scores","aka":"quantile normalisation\nquantile normalization\nQN\nrank normalisation\nrank transform\nper-gene z-score\nz-score normalisation\nz-scoring\nstandard score","tldr":"Quantile normalisation forces every sample's expression values onto the same distribution by rank, and a z-score expresses each gene as standard deviations from its mean; both are ways to make data from different platforms comparable.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/quantile-normalisation/"},{"id":"cross-entropy-mse","kind":"term","name":"Loss functions: cross-entropy and mean squared error","aka":"cross-entropy\ncross-entropy loss\nmean squared error\nMSE loss\nreconstruction loss\nloss function\ntraining objective","tldr":"A loss function is the number training tries to make small: cross-entropy for classification (how surprised the model was by the true class) and mean squared error for regression and reconstruction (how far off the predicted values were).","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/cross-entropy-mse/"},{"id":"ablation-study","kind":"term","name":"Ablation study and multi-task heads","aka":"ablation study\nablation studies\nablation\nleave-one-modality-out\nmulti-task learning\nmulti-task heads\ntask heads\nspecialised task heads\nshared backbone","tldr":"An ablation removes one component or modality at a time and re-measures performance, which is the only way to know what each part contributes; multi-task heads let one shared backbone serve several outputs.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/ablation-study/"},{"id":"ood-detection","kind":"term","name":"Out-of-distribution detection (Mahalanobis guard)","aka":"out-of-distribution\nOOD\nOOD detection\nout-of-distribution detection\nOOD guard\nMahalanobis distance\nMahalanobis guard\nManifoldGuard\noff-manifold input\nrefused prediction","tldr":"Out-of-distribution detection flags an input that does not look like anything the model was trained on, so the model can refuse to predict instead of guessing; the Mahalanobis distance from the training cloud is the simplest such guard.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/ood-detection/"},{"id":"uncertainty-quantification","kind":"term","name":"Uncertainty quantification and confidence gates","aka":"uncertainty quantification\nUQ\npredictive uncertainty\nprediction uncertainty\nconfidence gate\nconfidence gates\nhigh, low or refused\nabstention\nselective prediction","tldr":"Uncertainty quantification attaches to each prediction an estimate of how much to trust it, so a system can report high confidence, low confidence or refuse.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/uncertainty-quantification/"},{"id":"conformal-prediction","kind":"term","name":"Conformal prediction","aka":"conformal prediction\nconformal inference\nconformal prediction sets\nprediction sets\nprediction intervals with coverage\nnonconformity score","tldr":"Conformal prediction wraps any model so that, instead of one answer, it returns a set or interval guaranteed to contain the truth a chosen fraction of the time (say 90 percent), assuming new patients resemble the calibration patients.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/conformal-prediction/"},{"id":"model-card","kind":"term","name":"Model cards and datasheets for datasets","aka":"model card\nmodel cards\ndatasheet for datasets\ndatasheets for datasets\ndataset card\ndataset documentation\nintended use statement","tldr":"A model card is a short standard document shipped with a model stating what it was trained on, how it was evaluated, its intended use and its known failures; a datasheet does the same for a dataset.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/model-card/"},{"id":"leaderboard-benchmark","kind":"term","name":"Benchmarks, leaderboards and contamination","aka":"benchmark\nbenchmarks\nbenchmark dataset\nleaderboard\nleaderboards\nbenchmark contamination\npublic benchmark\nhead-to-head comparison","tldr":"A benchmark is a fixed dataset and task on which models are compared, and a leaderboard ranks them; both mislead once the test data has been seen in training or the metric no longer tracks the goal.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/leaderboard-benchmark/"},{"id":"reproducibility","kind":"term","name":"Reproducibility and negative results","aka":"reproducibility\nreproducible research\nreplicability\nnegative result\nnegative results\nnull result\nhonest negatives\nreporting negative results","tldr":"A result is reproducible when someone else can get it again from the same data and code; a negative result is an experiment that did not show the hoped-for effect, and reporting it is how a field stops repeating dead ends.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/reproducibility/"},{"id":"pre-registered-experiment","kind":"term","name":"Pre-registered experiment","aka":"pre-registered experiment\npre-registration\npreregistration\npreregistered\npre-specified success criterion\nregistered report","tldr":"Pre-registration means writing down the hypothesis, the analysis and the success criterion before running the experiment, so the result cannot be quietly redefined afterwards.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/pre-registered-experiment/"},{"id":"open-weights","kind":"term","name":"Open weights, open code and gated models","aka":"open weights\nopen-weight model\nopen-weights model\ngated weights\ngated model\nclosed weights\nweights released\nopen-source AI","tldr":"Open weights means a model's trained parameters are published so anyone can run and adapt it; that is less than open source, which also needs the training code and data, and more than gated weights, which require a request and a licence click.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/open-weights/"},{"id":"open-licences","kind":"term","name":"Open licences: Apache-2.0, MIT and CC BY 4.0","aka":"Apache-2.0\nApache 2.0 licence\nApache License 2.0\nMIT licence\nMIT License\nCC BY 4.0\nCC-BY-4.0\nCreative Commons Attribution 4.0\nCC BY-NC\npermissive licence\nopen licence","tldr":"MIT and Apache-2.0 are permissive software licences that let anyone use, change and redistribute code (Apache adds an explicit patent grant); CC BY 4.0 is the equivalent for data and text, requiring only attribution.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/open-licences/"},{"id":"hugging-face-hub","kind":"term","name":"Hugging Face Hub","aka":"Hugging Face\nHugging Face Hub\nHF Hub\nHugging Face model repository\nhuggingface.co","tldr":"The Hugging Face Hub is the website where most machine-learning models and many datasets are published, with a model card, version history and, for gated models, an access request form.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/hugging-face-hub/"},{"id":"zenodo-doi","kind":"term","name":"Zenodo DOIs for data and code","aka":"Zenodo\nZenodo DOI\nZenodo record\nDOI for a dataset\ndata DOI\nsoftware DOI\npersistent identifier","tldr":"Zenodo is CERN's free open repository where researchers deposit datasets, code and papers and receive a permanent DOI for each version, so a result can cite exactly the files it used.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/zenodo-doi/"},{"id":"citation-cff","kind":"term","name":"CITATION.cff (Citation File Format)","aka":"CITATION.cff\nCitation File Format\ncitation file\nsoftware citation metadata","tldr":"CITATION.cff is a small file in a code repository that says, in a machine-readable way, how to cite the software; GitHub and Zenodo read it to generate citations.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/citation-cff/"},{"id":"anndata-h5ad","kind":"term","name":"AnnData and h5ad files","aka":"AnnData\nanndata\nh5ad\n.h5ad file\nannotated data matrix\nAnnData object","tldr":"AnnData is the Python object, saved as an .h5ad file, that holds an expression matrix together with its per-cell and per-gene annotations; it is the lingua franca of single-cell analysis.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/anndata-h5ad/"},{"id":"hdf5-zarr-parquet","kind":"term","name":"Array and table formats: HDF5, Zarr, OME-Zarr, Parquet","aka":"HDF5\nHDF5 file\nZarr\nZarr array\nOME-Zarr\nOME-NGFF\nParquet\nApache Parquet\nParquet file\ncolumnar storage\nchunked array","tldr":"HDF5 and Zarr store large numerical arrays in chunks (Zarr is the cloud-friendly one, and OME-Zarr its bio-imaging profile for slide tiles); Parquet stores tables column by column for fast analytical queries.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/hdf5-zarr-parquet/"},{"id":"duckdb-catalog","kind":"term","name":"Analytical databases as a data catalogue (DuckDB, PostgreSQL)","aka":"DuckDB\nPostgreSQL\nPostgres\nmetadata catalogue\ndata catalogue\nqueryable metadata spine\nPatient to Specimen to Assay hierarchy","tldr":"DuckDB is an in-process analytical database that queries Parquet files with SQL; PostgreSQL is the standard client-server database; either can hold the metadata spine that joins patients, specimens and assays.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/duckdb-catalog/"},{"id":"mixed-precision-gpu","kind":"term","name":"GPU training and mixed precision","aka":"mixed precision\nmixed-precision training\nbfloat16\nfp16 training\nGPU training\nA100\nH100\nCUDA\nMPS backend\nApple silicon MPS","tldr":"Foundation models are trained on graphics processors, and mixed precision stores most numbers in 16-bit floats to halve memory and double speed; a laptop-class chip can fine-tune small models but pretraining at scale waits for a data-centre GPU.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/mixed-precision-gpu/"},{"id":"local-llm-reasoning-layer","kind":"term","name":"Local-only language models over patient data (privacy by architecture)","aka":"local-only LLM\non-device LLM\non-device language model\nlocal language model\negress guard\negress guards\ncohort briefing\nLLM reasoning layer\nno-network inference","tldr":"Running an open language model on the same machine as a patient's data, with code that blocks any network call, lets a system explain model outputs in words without the data ever leaving the room.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/terms/local-llm-reasoning-layer/"},{"id":"grb7","kind":"target","name":"GRB7","aka":"growth factor receptor bound protein 7","tldr":"GRB7 is an adaptor protein gene that sits next to HER2 on chromosome 17 and is copied along with it in HER2-positive cancers.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/targets/grb7/","cancers":"breast-cancer gastric"},{"id":"stard3","kind":"target","name":"STARD3","aka":"StAR related lipid transfer domain containing 3\nMLN64\nes64","tldr":"STARD3 (MLN64) moves cholesterol between cell compartments and is co-amplified with HER2 in breast cancer.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/targets/stard3/","cancers":"breast-cancer gastric"},{"id":"pgap3","kind":"target","name":"PGAP3","aka":"post-GPI attachment to proteins phospholipase 3\nPERLD1\nCAB2","tldr":"PGAP3 is an enzyme gene in the HER2 amplicon that remodels the lipid anchors of cell-surface proteins.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/targets/pgap3/","cancers":"breast-cancer gastric"},{"id":"mien1","kind":"target","name":"MIEN1","aka":"migration and invasion enhancer 1\nC17orf37\nC35","tldr":"MIEN1 is a small HER2-amplicon gene whose protein promotes cell migration and is strongly raised in breast and prostate cancers.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/targets/mien1/","cancers":"breast-cancer prostate"},{"id":"pnmt","kind":"target","name":"PNMT","aka":"phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase\nPENT","tldr":"PNMT makes adrenaline from noradrenaline in the adrenal gland; in breast cancer it matters only because it lies inside the HER2 amplicon.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/targets/pnmt/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"spry4","kind":"target","name":"SPRY4","aka":"sprouty RTK signaling antagonist 4","tldr":"SPRY4 is a feedback brake on growth-factor signalling that the MAPK pathway switches on, so its expression is a read-out of how active that pathway is.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/targets/spry4/"},{"id":"phlpp2","kind":"target","name":"PHLPP2","aka":"PH domain and leucine rich repeat protein phosphatase 2\nPHLPPL\nPPM3B","tldr":"PHLPP2 is a phosphatase that switches AKT off; it is lost in most colorectal cancers, which leaves the survival pathway on.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/targets/phlpp2/","cancers":"colorectal"},{"id":"phlda1","kind":"target","name":"PHLDA1","aka":"pleckstrin homology like domain family A member 1\nTDAG51","tldr":"PHLDA1 is a growth-factor-responsive gene involved in cell death; it is high in benign moles and falls as melanoma progresses.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/targets/phlda1/","cancers":"melanoma"},{"id":"e2f7","kind":"target","name":"E2F7","aka":"E2F transcription factor 7","tldr":"E2F7 is an unusual member of the E2F family that represses genes rather than activating them, helping cells pause after DNA damage.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/targets/e2f7/"},{"id":"dclk1","kind":"target","name":"DCLK1","aka":"doublecortin like kinase 1\nDCAMKL1\nDCLK","tldr":"DCLK1 is a kinase gene from neuronal development that also marks a rare stem-like cell population in the gut, studied as a colorectal and pancreatic cancer stem-cell marker.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/targets/dclk1/","cancers":"colorectal pancreatic"},{"id":"dnajc12","kind":"target","name":"DNAJC12","aka":"DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member C12\nJDP1","tldr":"DNAJC12 is a co-chaperone gene that is strongly expressed in oestrogen receptor-positive (luminal) breast cancers and is used as a luminal marker.","tags":"cansim-terms","route":"/targets/dnajc12/","cancers":"breast-cancer"},{"id":"1746","kind":"year","name":"1746 in oncology","aka":"1746","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1746: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1746/"},{"id":"1775","kind":"year","name":"1775 in oncology","aka":"1775","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1775: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1775/"},{"id":"1777","kind":"year","name":"1777 in oncology","aka":"1777","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1777: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1777/"},{"id":"1806","kind":"year","name":"1806 in oncology","aka":"1806","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1806: 2 entries, 2 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1806/"},{"id":"1809","kind":"year","name":"1809 in oncology","aka":"1809","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1809: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1809/"},{"id":"1812","kind":"year","name":"1812 in oncology","aka":"1812","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1812: 1 entry, 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1812/"},{"id":"1814","kind":"year","name":"1814 in oncology","aka":"1814","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1814: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1814/"},{"id":"1823","kind":"year","name":"1823 in oncology","aka":"1823","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1823: 1 entry, 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1823/"},{"id":"1832","kind":"year","name":"1832 in oncology","aka":"1832","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1832: 3 entries, 3 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1832/"},{"id":"1834","kind":"year","name":"1834 in oncology","aka":"1834","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1834: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1834/"},{"id":"1838","kind":"year","name":"1838 in oncology","aka":"1838","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1838: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1838/"},{"id":"1840","kind":"year","name":"1840 in oncology","aka":"1840","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1840: 1 entry, 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1840/"},{"id":"1842","kind":"year","name":"1842 in oncology","aka":"1842","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1842: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1842/"},{"id":"1844","kind":"year","name":"1844 in oncology","aka":"1844","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1844: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1844/"},{"id":"1845","kind":"year","name":"1845 in oncology","aka":"1845","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1845: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1845/"},{"id":"1855","kind":"year","name":"1855 in oncology","aka":"1855","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1855: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1855/"},{"id":"1857","kind":"year","name":"1857 in oncology","aka":"1857","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1857: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1857/"},{"id":"1859","kind":"year","name":"1859 in oncology","aka":"1859","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1859: 2 entries, 2 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1859/"},{"id":"1869","kind":"year","name":"1869 in oncology","aka":"1869","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1869: 2 entries, 1 landmark and 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1869/"},{"id":"1870","kind":"year","name":"1870 in oncology","aka":"1870","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1870: 1 entry, 1 company founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1870/"},{"id":"1872","kind":"year","name":"1872 in oncology","aka":"1872","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1872: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1872/"},{"id":"1873","kind":"year","name":"1873 in oncology","aka":"1873","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1873: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1873/"},{"id":"1874","kind":"year","name":"1874 in oncology","aka":"1874","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1874: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1874/"},{"id":"1875","kind":"year","name":"1875 in oncology","aka":"1875","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1875: 1 entry, 1 company founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1875/"},{"id":"1878","kind":"year","name":"1878 in oncology","aka":"1878","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1878: 1 entry, 1 company founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1878/"},{"id":"1879","kind":"year","name":"1879 in oncology","aka":"1879","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1879: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1879/"},{"id":"1880","kind":"year","name":"1880 in oncology","aka":"1880","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1880: 1 entry, 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1880/"},{"id":"1881","kind":"year","name":"1881 in oncology","aka":"1881","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1881: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1881/"},{"id":"1882","kind":"year","name":"1882 in oncology","aka":"1882","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1882: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1882/"},{"id":"1883","kind":"year","name":"1883 in oncology","aka":"1883","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1883: 1 entry, 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1883/"},{"id":"1884","kind":"year","name":"1884 in oncology","aka":"1884","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1884: 2 entries, 2 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1884/"},{"id":"1886","kind":"year","name":"1886 in oncology","aka":"1886","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1886: 2 entries, 2 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1886/"},{"id":"1887","kind":"year","name":"1887 in oncology","aka":"1887","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1887: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1887/"},{"id":"1888","kind":"year","name":"1888 in oncology","aka":"1888","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1888: 2 entries, 2 companies founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1888/"},{"id":"1889","kind":"year","name":"1889 in oncology","aka":"1889","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1889: 2 entries, 1 landmark and 1 technology. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1889/"},{"id":"1892","kind":"year","name":"1892 in oncology","aka":"1892","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1892: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1892/"},{"id":"1894","kind":"year","name":"1894 in oncology","aka":"1894","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1894: 2 entries, 2 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1894/"},{"id":"1896","kind":"year","name":"1896 in oncology","aka":"1896","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1896: 2 entries, 1 landmark and 1 technology. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1896/"},{"id":"1898","kind":"year","name":"1898 in oncology","aka":"1898","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1898: 2 entries, 2 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1898/"},{"id":"1899","kind":"year","name":"1899 in oncology","aka":"1899","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1899: 2 entries, 2 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1899/"},{"id":"1900","kind":"year","name":"1900 in oncology","aka":"1900","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1900: 3 entries, 3 technologies. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1900/"},{"id":"1901","kind":"year","name":"1901 in oncology","aka":"1901","tldr":"OnCo holds nothing dated to 1901. That is a gap in what has been read into the corpus, not a claim that the year was quiet, and the year has a page so the gap can be seen rather than passed over.","tags":"","route":"/years/1901/"},{"id":"1902","kind":"year","name":"1902 in oncology","aka":"1902","tldr":"OnCo holds nothing dated to 1902. That is a gap in what has been read into the corpus, not a claim that the year was quiet, and the year has a page so the gap can be seen rather than passed over.","tags":"","route":"/years/1902/"},{"id":"1903","kind":"year","name":"1903 in oncology","aka":"1903","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1903: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1903/"},{"id":"1904","kind":"year","name":"1904 in oncology","aka":"1904","tldr":"OnCo holds nothing dated to 1904. That is a gap in what has been read into the corpus, not a claim that the year was quiet, and the year has a page so the gap can be seen rather than passed over.","tags":"","route":"/years/1904/"},{"id":"1905","kind":"year","name":"1905 in oncology","aka":"1905","tldr":"OnCo holds nothing dated to 1905. That is a gap in what has been read into the corpus, not a claim that the year was quiet, and the year has a page so the gap can be seen rather than passed over.","tags":"","route":"/years/1905/"},{"id":"1906","kind":"year","name":"1906 in oncology","aka":"1906","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1906: 3 entries, 2 landmarks and 1 company founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1906/"},{"id":"1907","kind":"year","name":"1907 in oncology","aka":"1907","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1907: 3 entries, 3 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1907/"},{"id":"1908","kind":"year","name":"1908 in oncology","aka":"1908","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1908: 4 entries, 3 landmarks and 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1908/"},{"id":"1909","kind":"year","name":"1909 in oncology","aka":"1909","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1909: 2 entries, 1 company founded and 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1909/"},{"id":"1910","kind":"year","name":"1910 in oncology","aka":"1910","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1910: 2 entries, 1 company founded and 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1910/"},{"id":"1911","kind":"year","name":"1911 in oncology","aka":"1911","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1911: 1 entry, 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1911/"},{"id":"1912","kind":"year","name":"1912 in oncology","aka":"1912","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1912: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1912/"},{"id":"1913","kind":"year","name":"1913 in oncology","aka":"1913","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1913: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1913/"},{"id":"1914","kind":"year","name":"1914 in oncology","aka":"1914","tldr":"OnCo holds nothing dated to 1914. That is a gap in what has been read into the corpus, not a claim that the year was quiet, and the year has a page so the gap can be seen rather than passed over.","tags":"","route":"/years/1914/"},{"id":"1915","kind":"year","name":"1915 in oncology","aka":"1915","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1915: 1 entry, 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1915/"},{"id":"1916","kind":"year","name":"1916 in oncology","aka":"1916","tldr":"OnCo holds nothing dated to 1916. That is a gap in what has been read into the corpus, not a claim that the year was quiet, and the year has a page so the gap can be seen rather than passed over.","tags":"","route":"/years/1916/"},{"id":"1917","kind":"year","name":"1917 in oncology","aka":"1917","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1917: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1917/"},{"id":"1918","kind":"year","name":"1918 in oncology","aka":"1918","tldr":"OnCo holds nothing dated to 1918. That is a gap in what has been read into the corpus, not a claim that the year was quiet, and the year has a page so the gap can be seen rather than passed over.","tags":"","route":"/years/1918/"},{"id":"1919","kind":"year","name":"1919 in oncology","aka":"1919","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1919: 1 entry, 1 company founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1919/"},{"id":"1920","kind":"year","name":"1920 in oncology","aka":"1920","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1920: 1 entry, 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1920/"},{"id":"1921","kind":"year","name":"1921 in oncology","aka":"1921","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1921: 2 entries, 2 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1921/"},{"id":"1922","kind":"year","name":"1922 in oncology","aka":"1922","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1922: 2 entries, 1 company founded and 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1922/"},{"id":"1923","kind":"year","name":"1923 in oncology","aka":"1923","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1923: 1 entry, 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1923/"},{"id":"1924","kind":"year","name":"1924 in oncology","aka":"1924","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1924: 6 entries, 5 landmarks and 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1924/"},{"id":"1925","kind":"year","name":"1925 in oncology","aka":"1925","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1925: 3 entries, 2 landmarks and 1 technology. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1925/"},{"id":"1926","kind":"year","name":"1926 in oncology","aka":"1926","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1926: 6 entries, 3 companies founded and 3 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1926/"},{"id":"1927","kind":"year","name":"1927 in oncology","aka":"1927","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1927: 3 entries, 2 landmarks and 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1927/"},{"id":"1928","kind":"year","name":"1928 in oncology","aka":"1928","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1928: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1928/"},{"id":"1929","kind":"year","name":"1929 in oncology","aka":"1929","tldr":"OnCo holds nothing dated to 1929. That is a gap in what has been read into the corpus, not a claim that the year was quiet, and the year has a page so the gap can be seen rather than passed over.","tags":"","route":"/years/1929/"},{"id":"1930","kind":"year","name":"1930 in oncology","aka":"1930","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1930: 2 entries, 2 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1930/"},{"id":"1931","kind":"year","name":"1931 in oncology","aka":"1931","tldr":"OnCo holds nothing dated to 1931. That is a gap in what has been read into the corpus, not a claim that the year was quiet, and the year has a page so the gap can be seen rather than passed over.","tags":"","route":"/years/1931/"},{"id":"1932","kind":"year","name":"1932 in oncology","aka":"1932","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1932: 4 entries, 4 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1932/"},{"id":"1933","kind":"year","name":"1933 in oncology","aka":"1933","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1933: 3 entries, 3 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1933/"},{"id":"1934","kind":"year","name":"1934 in oncology","aka":"1934","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1934: 2 entries, 1 company founded and 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1934/"},{"id":"1935","kind":"year","name":"1935 in oncology","aka":"1935","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1935: 7 entries, 4 landmarks, 2 companies founded and 1 paper. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1935/"},{"id":"1936","kind":"year","name":"1936 in oncology","aka":"1936","tldr":"OnCo holds nothing dated to 1936. That is a gap in what has been read into the corpus, not a claim that the year was quiet, and the year has a page so the gap can be seen rather than passed over.","tags":"","route":"/years/1936/"},{"id":"1937","kind":"year","name":"1937 in oncology","aka":"1937","tldr":"OnCo holds nothing dated to 1937. That is a gap in what has been read into the corpus, not a claim that the year was quiet, and the year has a page so the gap can be seen rather than passed over.","tags":"","route":"/years/1937/"},{"id":"1938","kind":"year","name":"1938 in oncology","aka":"1938","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1938: 3 entries, 1 company founded, 1 landmark and 1 law or regulation. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1938/"},{"id":"1939","kind":"year","name":"1939 in oncology","aka":"1939","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1939: 2 entries, 2 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1939/"},{"id":"1940","kind":"year","name":"1940 in oncology","aka":"1940","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1940: 3 entries, 2 landmarks and 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1940/"},{"id":"1941","kind":"year","name":"1941 in oncology","aka":"1941","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1941: 9 entries, 5 landmarks, 1 company founded, 1 journal founded and 1 paper. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1941/"},{"id":"1942","kind":"year","name":"1942 in oncology","aka":"1942","tldr":"OnCo holds nothing dated to 1942. That is a gap in what has been read into the corpus, not a claim that the year was quiet, and the year has a page so the gap can be seen rather than passed over.","tags":"","route":"/years/1942/"},{"id":"1943","kind":"year","name":"1943 in oncology","aka":"1943","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1943: 4 entries, 3 landmarks and 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1943/"},{"id":"1944","kind":"year","name":"1944 in oncology","aka":"1944","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1944: 2 entries, 2 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1944/"},{"id":"1945","kind":"year","name":"1945 in oncology","aka":"1945","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1945: 3 entries, 2 companies founded and 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1945/"},{"id":"1946","kind":"year","name":"1946 in oncology","aka":"1946","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1946: 12 entries, 4 companies founded, 4 landmarks, 2 technologies and 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1946/"},{"id":"1947","kind":"year","name":"1947 in oncology","aka":"1947","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1947: 1 entry, 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1947/"},{"id":"1948","kind":"year","name":"1948 in oncology","aka":"1948","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1948: 9 entries, 7 landmarks, 1 journal founded and 1 paper listed on a person's page. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1948/"},{"id":"1949","kind":"year","name":"1949 in oncology","aka":"1949","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1949: 6 entries, 2 companies founded, 2 landmarks, 1 approval and 1 paper listed on a person's page. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1949/"},{"id":"1950","kind":"year","name":"1950 in oncology","aka":"1950","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1950: 9 entries, 3 landmarks, 3 technologies, 2 papers and 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1950/"},{"id":"1951","kind":"year","name":"1951 in oncology","aka":"1951","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1951: 5 entries, 3 landmarks, 1 approval and 1 technology. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1951/"},{"id":"1952","kind":"year","name":"1952 in oncology","aka":"1952","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1952: 4 entries, 2 companies founded and 2 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1952/"},{"id":"1953","kind":"year","name":"1953 in oncology","aka":"1953","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1953: 10 entries, 4 landmarks, 3 technologies, 2 approvals and 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1953/"},{"id":"1954","kind":"year","name":"1954 in oncology","aka":"1954","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1954: 11 entries, 6 landmarks, 2 approvals, 2 papers and 1 technology. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1954/"},{"id":"1955","kind":"year","name":"1955 in oncology","aka":"1955","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1955: 3 entries, 1 approval, 1 company founded and 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1955/"},{"id":"1956","kind":"year","name":"1956 in oncology","aka":"1956","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1956: 8 entries, 4 landmarks, 1 approval, 1 company founded and 1 paper. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1956/"},{"id":"1957","kind":"year","name":"1957 in oncology","aka":"1957","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1957: 10 entries, 5 landmarks, 2 journals founded, 1 approval and 1 paper. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1957/"},{"id":"1958","kind":"year","name":"1958 in oncology","aka":"1958","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1958: 10 entries, 5 landmarks, 2 technologies, 1 approval and 1 company founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1958/"},{"id":"1959","kind":"year","name":"1959 in oncology","aka":"1959","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1959: 6 entries, 3 landmarks, 2 approvals and 1 paper listed on a person's page. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1959/"},{"id":"1960","kind":"year","name":"1960 in oncology","aka":"1960","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1960: 14 entries, 8 landmarks, 4 journals founded and 2 technologies. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1960/"},{"id":"1961","kind":"year","name":"1961 in oncology","aka":"1961","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1961: 3 entries, 3 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1961/"},{"id":"1962","kind":"year","name":"1962 in oncology","aka":"1962","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1962: 8 entries, 5 landmarks, 2 approvals and 1 company founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1962/"},{"id":"1963","kind":"year","name":"1963 in oncology","aka":"1963","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1963: 4 entries, 1 approval, 1 company founded, 1 journal founded and 1 technology. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1963/"},{"id":"1964","kind":"year","name":"1964 in oncology","aka":"1964","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1964: 17 entries, 8 landmarks, 4 technologies, 2 approvals and 2 papers. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1964/"},{"id":"1965","kind":"year","name":"1965 in oncology","aka":"1965","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1965: 12 entries, 7 landmarks, 2 journals founded, 1 approval and 1 company founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1965/"},{"id":"1966","kind":"year","name":"1966 in oncology","aka":"1966","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1966: 11 entries, 5 landmarks, 2 approvals, 2 journals founded and 1 company founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1966/"},{"id":"1967","kind":"year","name":"1967 in oncology","aka":"1967","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1967: 7 entries, 2 landmarks, 2 technologies, 1 approval and 1 company founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1967/"},{"id":"1968","kind":"year","name":"1968 in oncology","aka":"1968","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1968: 7 entries, 3 landmarks, 2 companies founded and 2 technologies. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1968/"},{"id":"1969","kind":"year","name":"1969 in oncology","aka":"1969","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1969: 10 entries, 5 landmarks, 3 approvals, 1 company founded and 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1969/"},{"id":"1970","kind":"year","name":"1970 in oncology","aka":"1970","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1970: 14 entries, 5 landmarks, 4 approvals, 3 technologies and 1 company founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1970/"},{"id":"1971","kind":"year","name":"1971 in oncology","aka":"1971","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1971: 15 entries, 8 landmarks, 2 approvals, 2 papers and 1 company founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1971/"},{"id":"1972","kind":"year","name":"1972 in oncology","aka":"1972","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1972: 9 entries, 5 landmarks, 2 companies founded, 1 journal founded and 1 technology. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1972/"},{"id":"1973","kind":"year","name":"1973 in oncology","aka":"1973","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1973: 10 entries, 8 landmarks, 1 approval and 1 company founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1973/"},{"id":"1974","kind":"year","name":"1974 in oncology","aka":"1974","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1974: 16 entries, 8 landmarks, 5 journals founded, 2 approvals and 1 paper. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1974/"},{"id":"1975","kind":"year","name":"1975 in oncology","aka":"1975","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1975: 17 entries, 8 landmarks, 3 journals founded, 2 papers listed on people's pages and 2 technologies. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1975/"},{"id":"1976","kind":"year","name":"1976 in oncology","aka":"1976","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1976: 22 entries, 11 landmarks, 3 companies founded, 3 papers and 3 technologies. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1976/"},{"id":"1977","kind":"year","name":"1977 in oncology","aka":"1977","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1977: 25 entries, 12 landmarks, 5 technologies, 3 companies founded and 2 approvals. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1977/"},{"id":"1978","kind":"year","name":"1978 in oncology","aka":"1978","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1978: 13 entries, 5 companies founded, 3 journals founded, 2 approvals and 2 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1978/"},{"id":"1979","kind":"year","name":"1979 in oncology","aka":"1979","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1979: 9 entries, 3 landmarks, 2 journals founded, 1 approval and 1 company founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1979/"},{"id":"1980","kind":"year","name":"1980 in oncology","aka":"1980","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1980: 24 entries, 10 landmarks, 9 technologies, 2 companies founded and 1 approval. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1980/"},{"id":"1981","kind":"year","name":"1981 in oncology","aka":"1981","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1981: 12 entries, 5 landmarks, 3 journals founded, 2 papers and 1 approval. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1981/"},{"id":"1982","kind":"year","name":"1982 in oncology","aka":"1982","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1982: 28 entries, 17 landmarks, 5 journals founded, 2 approvals and 2 papers listed on people's pages. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1982/"},{"id":"1983","kind":"year","name":"1983 in oncology","aka":"1983","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1983: 26 entries, 9 landmarks, 9 journals founded, 2 approvals and 2 laws and regulations. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1983/"},{"id":"1984","kind":"year","name":"1984 in oncology","aka":"1984","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1984: 17 entries, 6 companies founded, 4 landmarks, 2 journals founded and 2 laws and regulations. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1984/"},{"id":"1985","kind":"year","name":"1985 in oncology","aka":"1985","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1985: 27 entries, 12 landmarks, 4 journals founded, 3 approvals and 3 technologies. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1985/"},{"id":"1986","kind":"year","name":"1986 in oncology","aka":"1986","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1986: 16 entries, 8 landmarks, 4 journals founded, 1 approval and 1 company founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1986/"},{"id":"1987","kind":"year","name":"1987 in oncology","aka":"1987","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1987: 30 entries, 14 landmarks, 7 journals founded, 4 papers and 2 companies founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1987/"},{"id":"1988","kind":"year","name":"1988 in oncology","aka":"1988","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1988: 26 entries, 11 landmarks, 4 approvals, 3 companies founded and 3 papers. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1988/"},{"id":"1989","kind":"year","name":"1989 in oncology","aka":"1989","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1989: 30 entries, 6 approvals, 6 journals founded, 5 landmarks and 5 papers listed on people's pages. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1989/"},{"id":"1990","kind":"year","name":"1990 in oncology","aka":"1990","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1990: 47 entries, 24 landmarks, 9 technologies, 4 journals founded and 3 approvals. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1990/"},{"id":"1991","kind":"year","name":"1991 in oncology","aka":"1991","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1991: 40 entries, 9 landmarks, 8 papers listed on people's pages, 6 approvals and 5 journals founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1991/"},{"id":"1992","kind":"year","name":"1992 in oncology","aka":"1992","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1992: 36 entries, 15 landmarks, 8 journals founded, 4 papers listed on people's pages and 3 approvals. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1992/"},{"id":"1993","kind":"year","name":"1993 in oncology","aka":"1993","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1993: 47 entries, 23 landmarks, 6 companies founded, 5 papers and 5 papers listed on people's pages. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1993/"},{"id":"1994","kind":"year","name":"1994 in oncology","aka":"1994","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1994: 53 entries, 17 landmarks, 8 journals founded, 7 papers listed on people's pages and 6 companies founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1994/"},{"id":"1995","kind":"year","name":"1995 in oncology","aka":"1995","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1995: 54 entries, 13 landmarks, 10 approvals, 7 journals founded and 6 papers. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1995/"},{"id":"1996","kind":"year","name":"1996 in oncology","aka":"1996","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1996: 72 entries, 24 landmarks, 11 approvals, 11 papers and 10 papers listed on people's pages. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1996/"},{"id":"1997","kind":"year","name":"1997 in oncology","aka":"1997","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1997: 78 entries, 26 landmarks, 15 papers, 11 companies founded and 10 approvals. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1997/"},{"id":"1998","kind":"year","name":"1998 in oncology","aka":"1998","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1998: 66 entries, 20 landmarks, 13 approvals, 9 companies founded and 8 papers. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1998/"},{"id":"1999","kind":"year","name":"1999 in oncology","aka":"1999","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1999: 79 entries, 25 landmarks, 16 approvals, 10 papers listed on people's pages and 8 companies founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/1999/"},{"id":"2000","kind":"year","name":"2000 in oncology","aka":"2000","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2000: 83 entries, 26 landmarks, 13 companies founded, 11 papers and 11 papers listed on people's pages. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2000/"},{"id":"2001","kind":"year","name":"2001 in oncology","aka":"2001","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2001: 87 entries, 16 landmarks, 15 papers, 15 papers listed on people's pages and 13 approvals. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2001/"},{"id":"2002","kind":"year","name":"2002 in oncology","aka":"2002","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2002: 98 entries, 30 landmarks, 18 papers, 12 approvals and 12 papers listed on people's pages. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2002/"},{"id":"2003","kind":"year","name":"2003 in oncology","aka":"2003","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2003: 114 entries, 34 landmarks, 24 papers listed on people's pages, 21 papers and 9 approvals. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2003/"},{"id":"2004","kind":"year","name":"2004 in oncology","aka":"2004","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2004: 138 entries, 30 landmarks, 26 papers listed on people's pages, 24 papers and 19 approvals. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2004/"},{"id":"2005","kind":"year","name":"2005 in oncology","aka":"2005","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2005: 142 entries, 38 landmarks, 35 papers listed on people's pages, 24 papers and 14 approvals. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2005/"},{"id":"2006","kind":"year","name":"2006 in oncology","aka":"2006","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2006: 155 entries, 42 landmarks, 34 papers listed on people's pages, 24 papers and 15 approvals. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2006/"},{"id":"2007","kind":"year","name":"2007 in oncology","aka":"2007","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2007: 139 entries, 37 papers listed on people's pages, 29 landmarks, 26 papers and 18 approvals. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2007/"},{"id":"2008","kind":"year","name":"2008 in oncology","aka":"2008","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2008: 162 entries, 37 landmarks, 37 papers listed on people's pages, 33 papers and 16 approvals. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2008/"},{"id":"2009","kind":"year","name":"2009 in oncology","aka":"2009","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2009: 203 entries, 51 landmarks, 49 papers listed on people's pages, 47 papers and 17 approvals. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2009/"},{"id":"2010","kind":"year","name":"2010 in oncology","aka":"2010","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2010: 241 entries, 67 landmarks, 57 papers listed on people's pages, 50 papers and 16 trials reported. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2010/"},{"id":"2011","kind":"year","name":"2011 in oncology","aka":"2011","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2011: 241 entries, 64 landmarks, 60 papers, 46 papers listed on people's pages and 18 approvals. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2011/"},{"id":"2012","kind":"year","name":"2012 in oncology","aka":"2012","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2012: 301 entries, 68 landmarks, 65 papers, 61 papers listed on people's pages and 33 trials reported. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2012/"},{"id":"2013","kind":"year","name":"2013 in oncology","aka":"2013","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2013: 277 entries, 66 landmarks, 59 papers, 59 papers listed on people's pages and 31 approvals. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2013/"},{"id":"2014","kind":"year","name":"2014 in oncology","aka":"2014","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2014: 371 entries, 91 papers listed on people's pages, 89 papers, 76 landmarks and 38 approvals. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2014/"},{"id":"2015","kind":"year","name":"2015 in oncology","aka":"2015","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2015: 470 entries, 139 papers listed on people's pages, 129 papers, 79 landmarks and 45 trials reported. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2015/"},{"id":"2016","kind":"year","name":"2016 in oncology","aka":"2016","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2016: 467 entries, 136 papers listed on people's pages, 122 papers, 86 landmarks and 47 trials reported. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2016/"},{"id":"2017","kind":"year","name":"2017 in oncology","aka":"2017","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2017: 660 entries, 172 papers, 151 papers listed on people's pages, 131 landmarks and 81 trials reported. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2017/"},{"id":"2018","kind":"year","name":"2018 in oncology","aka":"2018","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2018: 648 entries, 174 papers, 164 papers listed on people's pages, 116 landmarks and 66 trials reported. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2018/"},{"id":"2019","kind":"year","name":"2019 in oncology","aka":"2019","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2019: 694 entries, 196 papers, 172 papers listed on people's pages, 118 landmarks and 85 trials reported. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2019/"},{"id":"2020","kind":"year","name":"2020 in oncology","aka":"2020","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2020: 828 entries, 210 papers, 188 papers listed on people's pages, 134 landmarks and 108 trials reported. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2020/"},{"id":"2021","kind":"year","name":"2021 in oncology","aka":"2021","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2021: 820 entries, 197 papers, 194 papers listed on people's pages, 136 landmarks and 97 trials reported. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2021/"},{"id":"2022","kind":"year","name":"2022 in oncology","aka":"2022","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2022: 708 entries, 162 papers, 142 landmarks, 133 papers listed on people's pages and 100 trials reported. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2022/"},{"id":"2023","kind":"year","name":"2023 in oncology","aka":"2023","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2023: 741 entries, 177 papers, 132 papers listed on people's pages, 127 trials reported and 123 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2023/"},{"id":"2024","kind":"year","name":"2024 in oncology","aka":"2024","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2024: 733 entries, 142 landmarks, 132 papers, 113 trials reported and 96 regulatory events. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2024/"},{"id":"2025","kind":"year","name":"2025 in oncology","aka":"2025","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2025: 644 entries, 132 trials reported, 129 papers, 93 regulatory events and 92 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2025/"},{"id":"2026","kind":"year","name":"2026 in oncology","aka":"2026","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2026: 495 entries, 115 papers, 95 regulatory events, 80 trials reported and 70 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2026/"},{"id":"2027","kind":"year","name":"2027 in oncology","aka":"2027","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2027: 34 entries, 33 expected dates and 1 trial reported. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2027/"},{"id":"2028","kind":"year","name":"2028 in oncology","aka":"2028","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2028: 7 entries, 7 expected dates. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2028/"},{"id":"2029","kind":"year","name":"2029 in oncology","aka":"2029","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2029: 12 entries, 12 expected dates. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2029/"},{"id":"2030","kind":"year","name":"2030 in oncology","aka":"2030","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2030: 4 entries, 3 expected dates and 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2030/"},{"id":"2031","kind":"year","name":"2031 in oncology","aka":"2031","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2031: 2 entries, 2 expected dates. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2031/"},{"id":"2032","kind":"year","name":"2032 in oncology","aka":"2032","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2032: 7 entries, 4 landmarks and 3 expected dates. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2032/"},{"id":"2033","kind":"year","name":"2033 in oncology","aka":"2033","tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2033: 2 entries, 2 expected dates. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","tags":"","route":"/years/2033/"}]