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Lab-made immune proteins that lock onto one target, either blocking it or flagging the cell for destruction.
Rituximab (1997) and trastuzumab (1998) founded the class. Mechanisms: signal blockade (trastuzumab, cetuximab), ligand sequestration (bevacizumab), effector recruitment (ADCC, CDC), and checkpoint blockade. The chassis for ADCs, bispecifics, and radio-conjugates. Subcutaneous and biosimilar versions expand access.
A humanised or fully human IgG binds a surface or soluble antigen; Fc engineering tunes effector function and half-life.
Dependencies are what this technology cannot be delivered without: manufacturing steps, instruments, software, upstream methods. See its full chain on the map.
Adebrelimab is Hengrui's PD-L1 antibody, approved in China for first-line extensive-stage small cell lung cancer on the CAPSTONE-1 trial.
Alemtuzumab (Campath) is an antibody that wipes out lymphocytes carrying the CD52 marker. It is approved for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and is supplied in the US through a restricted distribution programme.
Bemarituzumab is an antibody against FGFR2b, a growth receptor overproduced in about a third of stomach cancers. It improved survival early in its phase 3 trial, but the gain faded with longer follow-up.
Bevacizumab is a humanised antibody that soaks up VEGF-A, the signal tumours use to grow new blood vessels. Approved in 2004, it partners chemotherapy in colorectal, ovarian, cervical, lung, kidney and liver cancer and glioblastoma, and adds to trifluridine/tipiracil in late-line bowel cancer; hypertension, protein in the urine and bleeding are its characteristic side effects.
A blood-vessel-blocking antibody that shrinks glioblastoma on scans and reduces swelling, but has never been shown to help patients live longer.
Carotuximab was an antibody against endoglin, a protein on growing blood vessels and on angiosarcoma cells. Added to pazopanib in the phase 3 TAPPAS trial it did not help, and the trial was stopped in 2019.
Cetuximab is a chimeric antibody that blocks the EGFR growth receptor. It is used with FOLFIRI or FOLFOX in RAS wild-type, left-sided bowel cancer, with encorafenib in BRAF V600E disease, with KRAS G12C inhibitors, and with radiation or chemotherapy in head and neck cancer; RAS-mutant tumours gain nothing and may be harmed, so RAS testing comes first.
The CD38 antibody that turned triplets into quadruplets: adding it to standard induction roughly halves the risk of myeloma progressing.
Denosumab is an injection under the skin that blocks the signal driving bone breakdown. As Xgeva it prevents fractures and other bone complications in people whose cancer has spread to bone or who have myeloma; as Prolia it treats osteoporosis, including bone loss caused by hormone therapy for breast and prostate cancer.
The antibody that raised cure rates in high-risk childhood neuroblastoma by about 20 points when given after transplant with immune boosters and retinoid.
An immune-stimulating antibody for myeloma that works only in combination, adding benefit to lenalidomide or pomalidomide.
Envafolimab is the first PD-L1 antibody given as a quick injection under the skin rather than an infusion, approved in China for advanced tumours with mismatch-repair deficiency.
Zevalin is an antibody carrying a radioactive isotope that seeks out CD20 on lymphoma cells. It treats follicular lymphoma that has relapsed and is given as a one-off consolidation after chemotherapy.
INCA033989 is an antibody that recognises only the mutant form of calreticulin found in about a quarter of essential thrombocythaemia and myelofibrosis patients. Unlike existing drugs, which control counts, it targets the diseased clone itself and is in first-in-human trials.
Inetetamab is 3SBio's HER2 antibody, approved in China in 2020 with vinorelbine for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer.
Isatuximab is Sanofi's CD38 antibody, approved in frontline transplant-ineligible myeloma (IMROZ) and, from July 2026, as an under-the-skin injection.
Lenzilumab is an antibody that soaks up GM-CSF, a growth signal that chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia cells with RAS mutations are unusually sensitive to. It is being tested with azacitidine in this leukaemia.
The first 'don't eat me' signal blocker. Gilead paid $4.9B for it; it was stopped in 2024 after trials showed more deaths, not fewer.
A trastuzumab look-alike with an engineered tail that binds immune cells more tightly; approved in 2020 but rarely used after ADCs arrived.
Mogamulizumab is an antibody that clears cancerous T cells from the blood in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome, the leukaemic form of skin lymphoma.
Naxitamab is a humanised anti-GD2 antibody from Memorial Sloan Kettering, given as an outpatient with GM-CSF for relapsed neuroblastoma in bone or marrow.
Necitumumab (Portrazza) is an antibody added to gemcitabine and cisplatin as first treatment for squamous non-small cell lung cancer that has spread; the benefit is modest and it is little used.
Obinutuzumab is a glycoengineered CD20 antibody that recruits immune cells and kills B cells more directly than rituximab. Paired with venetoclax for a fixed 12 months in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, it keeps over half of patients treatment-free six years later, and it is also used in follicular lymphoma; first-dose infusion reactions are common and managed by splitting the dose.
Ofatumumab (Arzerra) is a fully human anti-CD20 antibody for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, used with chlorambucil in untreated patients or alone after other drugs have failed; the same molecule is sold as Kesimpta for multiple sclerosis.
Pamrevlumab targeted the scar-like tissue around pancreatic tumours; its phase 3 LAPIS trial in locally advanced disease did not lengthen survival.
Panitumumab is a fully human EGFR antibody, the preferred first-line partner for chemotherapy in left-sided, RAS-normal bowel cancer after the PARADIGM trial.
A second HER2 antibody that binds a different spot from trastuzumab, blocking HER2 from pairing with HER3; together they extended survival by 16 months in CLEOPATRA.
An antibody that blocks the VEGF receptor, approved in liver cancer only for patients with a high AFP blood level, the first biomarker-selected HCC drug.
Rituximab was the first antibody ever approved for cancer (1997). It made chemoimmunotherapy the CLL standard for a decade, and biosimilars keep it cheap and everywhere.
Siltuximab (Sylvant) is an antibody that neutralises the inflammatory messenger interleukin-6. It is the only approved treatment for multicentric Castleman disease, a rare lymph node disorder, in people without HIV or HHV-8 infection.
Sintilimab is Innovent's PD-1 antibody, approved in China since 2018 for Hodgkin lymphoma and then, on the ORIENT trials, for first-line lung, liver, oesophageal and stomach cancer. In 2022 the FDA rejected its lung cancer application because a China-only trial against chemotherapy did not fit US practice, defining the agency's stance on single-country data.
Sugemalimab is CStone's PD-L1 antibody, approved in China for first-line lung cancer with chemotherapy and after chemoradiotherapy in stage III disease, and the first China-developed PD-L1 antibody to win European approval.
A CD19 antibody given with lenalidomide for lymphoma patients who cannot have a transplant; in 2026 it showed the first frontline gain over R-CHOP in high-risk disease.
Tagraxofusp is a fusion of the growth factor IL-3 with a bacterial toxin that homes to CD123 on a rare, aggressive blood cancer.
Tocilizumab (Actemra) is a rheumatoid arthritis antibody that has become the rescue drug for cytokine release syndrome, the fever and blood-pressure crash that CAR-T cells and bispecific antibodies can trigger. Every CAR-T centre must have it on hand.
The first targeted antibody for a solid tumour (1998), which turned HER2-positive breast cancer from the worst subtype into one of the most treatable.
Near-identical copies of Herceptin, approved since 2017, that cut the price of HER2 treatment and widened access worldwide.
Zolbetuximab is the first drug against Claudin 18.2, a protein exposed on stomach cancer cells. Added to chemotherapy it extends survival by two to three months; nausea is the price.
A new combination for relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma that adds a CD19-directed antibody to the established lenalidomide and rituximab pairing, with the largest progression-free survival hazard ratio reported in the setting.
Patients with newly diagnosed metastatic colorectal cancer whose tumour carries a BRAF V600E mutation, which is about 8-12% of cases, should now be offered encorafenib and cetuximab together with FOLFOX from the start rather than after chemotherapy fails; median survival has roughly doubled to about two and a half years. BRAF testing at diagnosis is therefore essential, alongside RAS and mismatch repair testing. The regimen is more toxic than chemotherapy alone.
Patients with metastatic colorectal cancer carrying a KRAS G12C mutation (about 3-4% of cases) who have exhausted standard chemotherapy now have a targeted option that works far better than trifluridine-tipiracil or regorafenib. The higher sotorasib dose is clearly superior, and the EGFR antibody is essential because KRAS inhibition alone has little effect in bowel cancer. Responses are still modest and short-lived compared with EGFR or ALK inhibitors in lung cancer.
Patients with newly diagnosed advanced stomach cancer should now have Claudin 18.2 tested alongside HER2, PD-L1 and mismatch repair, because roughly a third will be eligible for zolbetuximab, which adds about three months of median survival. The main practical problem is nausea and vomiting during infusions, which needs aggressive prophylaxis. How to sequence or combine it with immunotherapy in PD-L1-positive tumours is unresolved.
The first United States approval of a HER2-directed regimen in colorectal cancer, and the basis for MOUNTAINEER-03, which is testing the combination with chemotherapy in the first line.
Patients with advanced liver cancer and good liver function should be offered atezolizumab plus bevacizumab (or durvalumab plus tremelimumab) rather than sorafenib as first treatment; median survival is now around 19 months and about a quarter of patients respond. Endoscopy to treat varices before starting bevacizumab is essential because of bleeding risk. Patients with poorer liver function (Child-Pugh B) or autoimmune disease or transplants were not studied.
Encorafenib with cetuximab became the standard second-line treatment for BRAF V600E disease, and the platform BREAKWATER later moved into first line with chemotherapy added, doubling survival again.
Patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer that has recurred or spread should be treated first with pembrolizumab: alone if their tumour is strongly PD-L1 positive and they can wait for a slower response, or with chemotherapy if the tumour is bulky or PD-L1 low. Cetuximab-based chemotherapy is no longer the default. Long-term follow-up shows a small but real group of patients alive at four to five years, which was almost unheard of before.
Query for this technology: (TITLE:"monoclonal antibody" OR ABSTRACT:"monoclonal antibody") AND (cancer OR tumor OR tumour OR oncology OR carcinoma OR lymphoma OR leukemia OR leukaemia OR myeloma OR sarcoma OR melanoma OR glioma) AND (phase 3 OR phase III OR approval). Results are unfiltered search hits about Monoclonal antibodies, not a curated reading list.
Shares A Study of BMS-986490 With or Without Bevacizumab in Advanced Solid Tumors, Sacituzumab Govitecan and Bevacizumab for NSCLC Brain Metastases, Study of Bevacizumab in Combination With Chemoimmunotherapy and Atezolizumab in Patients With Extensive Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer and Liver Metastases, A Prospective Pivotal Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Avastin® Bevacizumab (BEV) With or Without Microbubble-mediated Focused Ultrasound (FUS-MB) Using NaviFUS System in Recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme Patients.
Shares A Novel Vaccine (EO2463) as Monotherapy and in Combination, for Treatment of Patients With Indolent Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, frontMIND, Safety and Pharmacokinetics Study of a Modified Tafasitamab IV Dosing Regimen Combined With Lenalidomide in R-R DLBCL Patients, Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Tafasitamab Plus Lenalidomide in Participants With Relapsed or Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (.
Shares FOLFIRI and Bevacizumab With or Without Pelareorep for Second-Line Treatment of Metastatic RAS-Mutated, Microsatellite-Stable Colorectal Cancer, HSK42360-Na Tablets Combined With Cetuximab With or Without Chemotherapy in BRAF V600-Mutant Metastatic Colorectal Cancer, Cetuximab Plus Irinotecan in Patients With NeoRAS Wild-type Metastatic Colorectal Cancer In Third-line Therapy, RAISE.
Shares A Novel Vaccine (EO2463) as Monotherapy and in Combination, for Treatment of Patients With Indolent Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, Safety and Pharmacokinetics Study of a Modified Tafasitamab IV Dosing Regimen Combined With Lenalidomide in R-R DLBCL Patients, Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Tafasitamab Plus Lenalidomide in Participants With Relapsed or Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (, Drag cancer's surface and secreted proteins to the cell's recycling bin.
Shares Home administration of selected chemotherapy and immunotherapy for older and frail patients, German Lymphoma Alliance, A Study of BL-M07D1, BL-M07D1+Pertuzumab and BL-M07D1+Pertuzumab+Docetaxel in Patients With Unresectable Locally Advanced or Metastatic HER2-positive , A Study of Zolbetuximab (IMAB362) in Adults With Pancreatic Cancer.
Shares Jan B. Vermorken, Yosef Yarden, Bicara Therapeutics, NCIC CO.17.
Shares Ronald Levy, Hetero Drugs, Ofatumumab, Ibritumomab tiuxetan.
Shares Study of Acalabrutinib and Rituximab in Untreated Elderly and/or Frail Patients With DLBCL, Osimertinib With or Without Bevacizumab as Initial Treatment for Patients With EGFR-Mutant Lung Cancer, Study to Assess Change in Disease Activity and Adverse Events of Oral Venetoclax With Intravenous (IV) Obinutuzumab in Adult Participants With Recurring Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), Trial of Ibrutinib Plus Trastuzumab in HER2-amplified Metastatic Breast Cancer.