Loading
The pathologist has seen cancer cells inside small lymph or blood vessels in the removed tissue: a sign the tumour has found the exit routes, even if the nodes are clear.
Reported in most resection specimens, LVI raises the risk of node metastases and recurrence and is a criterion for adjuvant chemotherapy in stage II colon cancer, for surgery rather than endoscopic resection in early gastric and oesophageal cancer, for adjuvant therapy in stage I testicular cancer, and for cystectomy in bladder cancer. Extramural venous invasion (EMVI) on MRI is a high-risk feature in rectal cancer. It is one of several 'high-risk features' alongside grade, perineural invasion and positive margins.
Shares Lymph node status (node-positive / node-negative), Tumour size on a breast report, and why it differs from the scan, Breast cancer (all types).
Shares Depth of invasion (DOI), Perineural invasion (PNI), Resection margins (R0 / R1 / R2).
Shares EMR and ESD (endoscopic mucosal resection, endoscopic submucosal dissection), Endoscopic resection (EMR / ESD).
Shares EMR and ESD (endoscopic mucosal resection, endoscopic submucosal dissection), Endoscopic resection (EMR / ESD).
Shares Perineural invasion (PNI), Resection margins (R0 / R1 / R2).
Shares Lymph node status (node-positive / node-negative), Breast cancer (all types).
Shares Perineural invasion (PNI), Resection margins (R0 / R1 / R2).
Shares Perineural invasion (PNI), Resection margins (R0 / R1 / R2).