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Modern proton machines paint the tumour spot by spot with a magnetically steered pencil beam, so the dose can be shaped in three dimensions and the proton's stop-point is put to full use.
Early proton therapy used passive scattering with brass apertures and compensators for each field. Pencil-beam scanning, in routine use since the late 2000s, steers a narrow proton beam across the target layer by layer and varies its energy to set the depth, allowing intensity-modulated proton therapy that optimises all fields together. Almost all new centres use scanning only; it underpins proton arc therapy and proton FLASH research, and reduces neutron dose to the patient. Range uncertainty and sensitivity to anatomy changes remain the technique's weak points.
A scanned monoenergetic proton beam deposits most of its energy at a controllable depth (the Bragg peak); layering spots of different energies fills the target with dose and stops beyond it.
Dependencies are what this technology cannot be delivered without: manufacturing steps, instruments, software, upstream methods. See its full chain on the map.
Query for this technology: (TITLE:"Pencil-beam scanning and intensity-modulated proton therapy" OR ABSTRACT:"Pencil-beam scanning and intensity-modulated proton therapy") AND (cancer OR tumor OR tumour OR oncology OR carcinoma OR lymphoma OR leukemia OR leukaemia OR myeloma OR sarcoma OR melanoma OR glioma). Results are unfiltered search hits about Pencil-beam scanning and intensity-modulated proton therapy, not a curated reading list.
Shares Paganetti 2014: proton RBE is not a fixed 1.1, Caution: proton therapy vs IMRT, Relative biological effectiveness (RBE), Linear energy transfer (LET) and the tag radiation-wave1.
Shares Caution: proton therapy vs IMRT, Relative biological effectiveness (RBE), Linear energy transfer (LET), Use LET, RBE and alpha/beta to decide when protons beat IMRT and the tag radiation-wave1.
Shares Relative biological effectiveness (RBE), Use LET, RBE and alpha/beta to decide when protons beat IMRT, Proton therapy and the tag radiation-wave1.
Shares Relative biological effectiveness (RBE), Linear energy transfer (LET) and the tag radiation-wave1.
Shares Unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer, Proton therapy and the tag radiation-wave1.
Shares Childhood cancers (all types), Proton therapy and the tag radiation-wave1.
Shares Brain and spinal cord tumours (all types) and the tag radiation-wave1.
Shares Proton therapy machines: cyclotrons, synchrotrons and single-room systems and the tag radiation-wave1.
Open-source projects that implement or serve this technology, from OnCo's own catalogue: licence and last activity as the repository reported them on the day of the fetch. Listing is not endorsement; check the licence before reuse and the validation before clinical use.
An open treatment planning system in Python from UCLouvain, built for proton therapy research with the MCsquare Monte Carlo dose engine.