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CD3 is the switch on every T cell. Bispecific drugs grab it with one arm and the tumour with the other, forcing the T cell to attack. This dossier gathers the 24 products (12 approved), 114 trials, 2 pathways and 14 resistance routes in the corpus that involve it, with external identifiers so it can be joined to UniProt, ChEMBL, Open Targets and the rest of biology.
Invariant TCR co-receptor; engagement triggers activation and cytokine release independent of MHC.
| Cancer | Prevalence | Measure | Note | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metastatic cancer | immune% | Immune-cell target (CD3 on every T cell, the arm that T-cell engagers pull on): expressed on immune cells rather than on the tumour, so patient selection rests on the cancer type and, in trials, on PD-L1 or immune biomarkers. |
Approximate, population-level figures; the measure column says what was counted. Ranges show the midpoint as a bar.
| Modality | Approved | Phase 3 | Phase 2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| T-cell engager 17 | |||
| Bispecific antibody 6 | |||
| Cell therapy 1 | - | - |
| Trial | Setting | Result | Products | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DeLLphi-305 NCT06211036 | 3 | Positive | First-line maintenance in ES-SCLC after platinum-etoposide-durvalumab: tarlatamab + durvalumab vs durvalumab | Met the primary overall survival endpoint at the pre-specified interim analysis (Amgen, 8 September 2026); progression-free survival and response rate also improved; figures not yet disclosed. | |
EPCORE DLBCL-1 NCT04628494 | 3 | Mixed | R/R DLBCL after ≥1 line, transplant-ineligible: epcoritamab monotherapy vs investigator's choice (R-GemOx or BR) | PFS HR 0.74; OS HR 0.96 (NS). | |
DeLLphi-304 NCT05740566 | 3 | Positive | Second-line small-cell lung cancer: tarlatamab vs chemotherapy | OS HR 0.60. | |
MajesTEC-3 NCT05083169 | 3 | Positive | Relapsed/refractory myeloma after 1-3 prior lines: teclistamab + daratumumab vs Dara-Pd or Dara-Vd | 36-month PFS 83.4% vs 29.7%; HR ~0.17. | |
SUNMO NCT05171647 | 3 | Positive | R/R LBCL, transplant-ineligible: mosunetuzumab + polatuzumab vs R-GemOx | PFS improved (HR reported 2025). | |
COG AALL1731 NCT03914625 | 3 | Positive | Newly diagnosed standard-risk B-ALL in children: two cycles of blinatumomab added to chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone | 3-year DFS 96.0% vs 87.9%; HR 0.39. | |
ECOG-ACRIN E1910 NCT02003222 | 3 | Positive | Newly diagnosed Ph-negative B-ALL, age 30-70, in MRD-negative remission after induction: blinatumomab added to consolidation chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone | 3-year OS 85% vs 68%; HR 0.41. | |
STARGLO NCT04408638 | 3 | Mixed | R/R DLBCL, transplant-ineligible, ≥1 prior line: glofitamab + GemOx vs rituximab + GemOx | Overall survival hazard ratio 0.62. A US advisory committee voted 8 to 1 that the trial was not applicable to the US population, and the second-line indication is absent from the US label. | |
AALL1331 NCT02101853 | 3 | Mixed | Children, adolescents and young adults aged 1 to 30 with a first relapse of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: after one block of reinduction chemotherapy, blinatumomab in place of intensive consolidation chemotherapy (high and intermediate risk, then transplant) or intercalated with chemotherapy (low risk) | Blinatumomab consolidation gave two-year disease-free survival of 54.4 percent against 39.0 percent with chemotherapy in high- and intermediate-risk relapse (not statistically significant after early closure), with better overall survival and far less toxicity; in low-risk bone marrow relapse it improved disease-free and overall survival. | |
Interfant-06 NCT00550992 | 3 | Mixed | Infant ALL (<1 year): standard vs AML-type early intensification; transplant for high-risk KMT2A-rearranged infants | 6-year EFS 46.1%; intensification no benefit. | |
TOWER NCT02013167 | 3 | Positive | Relapsed or refractory Ph-negative B-ALL, adults: blinatumomab vs standard salvage chemotherapy | OS 7.7 vs 4.0 months; HR 0.71. | |
| 3 | Active | A Phase 3 Randomized Study Comparing Talquetamab SC in Combination With Daratumumab SC and Pomalidomide (Tal-DP) or Talquetamab SC in Combination With Daratumumab SC (Tal-D) Versus Daratumumab SC, Pomalidomide and Dexamethasone (DPd), in Participants With Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma Who Have Received at Least 1 Prior Line of Therapy | - | ||
| 3 | Active | 64407564MMY3009: A Phase 3 Randomized Study Comparing Talquetamab in Combination With Pomalidomide (Tal-P), Talquetamab in Combination With Teclistamab (Tal-Tec), and Investigator's Choice of Either Elotuzumab, Pomalidomide, and Dexamethasone (EPd) or Pom | - | ||
| 3 | Active | A Phase 3, Open Label, Multicenter, Randomized Study of First Line Tarlatamab in Combination With Durvalumab, Carboplatin and Etoposide Versus Durvalumab, Carboplatin and Etoposide in Untreated Extensive Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer (DeLLphi-312) | - | ||
| 3 | Active | A Phase 3 Randomized Study Comparing Teclistamab Monotherapy Versus Pomalidomide, Bortezomib, Dexamethasone (PVd) or Carfilzomib, Dexamethasone (Kd) in Participants With Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma Who Have Received 1 to 3 Prior Lines of Therapy, Including an Anti-CD38 Monoclonal Antibody and Lenalidomide | - | ||
| 3 | Active | Phase III Randomized, Open-Label, Multicenter Study Evaluating Efficacy and Safety of Mosunetuzumab in Combination With Lenalidomide in Comparison to Rituximab in Combination With Lenalidomide With a Non-Randomized Single Arm US Extension of Mosunetuzumab in Combination With Lenalidomide in Patients With Follicular Lymphoma After at Least One Line of Systemic Therapy | - | ||
| 3 | Recruiting | A Phase 3, Global, Multi-center, Double-blind, Randomized Study of ASP2138 Plus Chemotherapy (CAPOX or mFOLFOX6) With Pembrolizumab vs Placebo Plus Chemotherapy With or Without Pembrolizumab in First-line Treatment of Locally Advanced Unresectable or Metastatic Gastric or Gastroesophageal Junction (GEJ) Adenocarcinoma in Participants Whose Tumors Are HER2-negative and Claudin (CLDN) 18.2-positive | - | ||
| 3 | Recruiting | A Phase 3 Randomized, Open-label Study of Pasritamig (JNJ-78278343), a T-cell-engaging Agent Targeting Human Kallikrein 2, With Docetaxel Versus Docetaxel for Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer | - | ||
| 3 | Active | A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Open-Label Study of Epcoritamab Plus Lenalidomide Compared to Rituximab Plus Gemcitabine and Oxaliplatin in Participants With Relapsed or Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma | - | ||
| 3 | Recruiting | A Phase III, Multicentre, Randomised, Open-label Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of AZD0486 Plus Rituximab Versus Chemotherapy Plus Rituximab in Previously Untreated Participants With Follicular Lymphoma (SOUNDTRACK-F1) | - | ||
| 3 | Recruiting | A Phase 3 Randomized Study Comparing Teclistamab in Combination With Daratumumab SC and Lenalidomide (Tec-DR) and Talquetamab in Combination With Daratumumab SC and Lenalidomide (Tal-DR) Versus Daratumumab SC, Lenalidomide, and Dexamethasone (DRd) in Participants With Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma Who Are Either Ineligible or Not Intended for Autologous Stem Cell Transplant as Initial Therapy | - | ||
| 3 | Recruiting | A Phase 3, Open-label, Multicenter, Randomized Study of Xaluritamig Plus Abiraterone Versus Investigator's Choice in Participants With Chemotherapy-naïve Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer | - | ||
| 3 | Recruiting | A Phase 3, Open Label, Randomized Study Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Odronextamab (REGN1979), an Anti-CD20 × Anti-CD3 Bispecific Antibody, in Combination With CHOP (ODRO-CHOP) Versus Rituximab in Combination With CHOP (R-CHOP) in Previously Untreated Participants With Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) (OLYMPIA-3) | - | ||
| 3 | Recruiting | A Phase 3, Randomized, Open-Label Study of Linvoseltamab Versus Daratumumab in Participants With Smoldering Multiple Myeloma at High Risk of Developing Multiple Myeloma | - | ||
| 3 | Recruiting | A Phase III, Open-Label, Multicenter Randomized Study Evaluating Glofitamab as a Single Agent Versus Investigator's Choice in Patients With Relapsed/Refractory Mantle Cell Lymphoma | - | ||
| 3 | Recruiting | AN OPEN-LABEL, 2-ARM, MULTICENTER, RANDOMIZED PHASE 3 STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF ELRANATAMAB (PF-06863135) + DARATUMUMAB + LENALIDOMIDE VERSUS DARATUMUMAB + BORTEZOMIB + LENALIDOMIDE + DEXAMETHASONE IN TRANSPLANT-INELIGIBLE PARTICIPANTS WITH NEWLY DIAGNOSED MULTIPLE MYELOMA | - | ||
| 3 | Recruiting | AN OPEN-LABEL, 3-ARM, MULTICENTER, RANDOMIZED PHASE 3 STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF ELRANATAMAB (PF-06863135) MONOTHERAPY AND ELRANATAMAB + DARATUMUMAB VERSUS DARATUMUMAB + POMALIDOMIDE + DEXAMETHASONE IN PARTICIPANTS WITH RELAPSED/REFRACTORY MULTIPLE MYELOMA WHO HAVE RECEIVED AT LEAST 1 PRIOR LINE OF THERAPY INCLUDING LENALIDOMIDE AND A PROTEASOME INHIBITOR | - | ||
| 3 | Active | A Randomized, Open-Label, Phase 3 Trial of Epcoritamab vs Investigator's Choice Chemotherapy in Relapsed/Refractory Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma | - | ||
| 3 | Recruiting | A Phase 3, Open Label, Randomized Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Odronextamab (REGN1979), an Anti-CD20 x Anti-CD3 Bispecific Antibody, in Combination With Lenalidomide Versus Rituximab in Combination With Lenalidomide in Relapsed/Refractory Participants With Follicular Lymphoma and Marginal Zone Lymphoma (OLYMPIA-5) | - | ||
| 3 | Active | A Phase 3, Randomized, Open Label Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Odronextamab (REGN1979), an Anti-CD20 x Anti-CD3 Bispecific Antibody, Versus Standard of Care Therapy in Participants With Relapsed/Refractory Aggressive B-cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (OLYMPIA-4) | - |
Deletion or mutation removes or alters the epitope; more common after bispecifics than CAR-T.
Prior lines, high tumour burden, and continuous bispecific dosing exhaust T cells; CAR-T products from heavily pretreated patients expand poorly.
Shed BCMA binds drug in circulation.
Alternative splicing, mutation, or lineage switch (to myeloid) removes the CD19 epitope.
Limited expansion or early loss of CAR-T cells; 4-1BB products persist longer than CD28.
PD-1 upregulation, TGF-β, and myeloid suppression in lymphoma.
RB1/TP53 loss enables transdifferentiation; AR-indifferent, DLL3-positive, PSMA-negative.
Transcriptional down-regulation of MS4A1 rather than deletion: CD20 messenger RNA is lower in the negative cells than in the positive cells from the same patient.
Macrophages strip antibody-CD20 complexes off a living cell, lowering surface antigen without any change to the gene.
The antibody kills by borrowing complement, natural killer cells and macrophages; repeated dosing depletes complement locally and leaves the effectors refractory, so retreatment works less well even where the antigen is intact.
Substituting the cysteine the drug binds covalently leaves the kinase active and makes inhibition reversible, so the drug no longer holds.
The CD20 arm fails for the same reasons rituximab does: transcriptional down-regulation and shaving.
Patients who have had several lines of treatment, and especially those who have had CD19 CAR-T, bring a depleted and exhausted T-cell compartment to a drug that is entirely dependent on it.
Suppressive myeloid cells, PD-L1 on the tumour and the stroma, and fibrosis can switch off a synapse the drug has successfully formed.
How the immune system sees cancer, and how cancer learns to hide. Tumours display fragments of their proteins on MHC molecules; T cells kill the ones they recognise; the survivors are the ones that stopped showing fragments or switched on brakes.
Which nodes have drugs →Immune cells kill by touch: they present FAS ligand or TRAIL to a target cell, whose death receptors then trigger self-destruction from the outside in. Tumours cut this wire by deleting the receptors or over-producing decoys and blockers.
Which nodes have drugs →No companion diagnostic in the registry measures this target.
No model entry for this target yet; check the cancer entries on the models page.
No open questions recorded for this target yet. Suggest one.
Query for this target: (TITLE:"CD3" OR ABSTRACT:"CD3" OR TITLE:"CD3E" OR ABSTRACT:"CD3E") AND (cancer OR tumor OR tumour OR oncology OR carcinoma OR lymphoma OR leukemia OR leukaemia OR myeloma OR sarcoma OR melanoma OR glioma). Results are unfiltered search hits about CD3, not a curated reading list.
The dossier as machine-readable JSON, at /api/v1/dossiers/cd3.json: identifiers from HGNC, Ensembl, UniProt and ChEMBL, products with status, trials, pathways, hotspots, open questions and assays. The full entity record is in the open API at /api/v1/entities/cd3.json. Licence CC BY-NC 4.0.