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A machine that streams cells one by one past lasers and reads the surface proteins (CD markers) each carries, identifying what kind of cell it is. It is how leukaemias and lymphomas are typed and how residual disease is counted.
Antibodies tagged with fluorescent dyes label CD19, CD20, CD33, CD34, CD38, BCMA and dozens of other markers; the pattern (immunophenotype) distinguishes B from T from myeloid lineages and normal from malignant cells. It diagnoses acute leukaemia, CLL and myeloma from blood or marrow within hours, and multiparameter or next-generation flow measures minimal residual disease to one cell in 100,000-1,000,000, guiding transplant and maintenance decisions. It also confirms that a CAR-T target (CD19, BCMA) is still present after relapse, since antigen loss is a recognised escape.
The glossary entry explains the word; the readout page carries the scoring rule, the thresholds approvals use, the companion diagnostics and the tests.
Shares CD38 expression, Antigen escape (antigen loss, lineage switch), Multiple myeloma.
Shares Undetectable MRD (uMRD / MRD-negative), Minimal / molecular residual disease (MRD), Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.
Shares Plasma cell leukaemia, Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, first treatment, Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.
Shares CD38 expression, Antigen escape (antigen loss, lineage switch), Multiple myeloma.
Shares Plasma cell leukaemia, Minimal / molecular residual disease (MRD), Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.
Shares CD33 expression (CD33-positive), Minimal / molecular residual disease (MRD), Acute myeloid leukaemia.
Shares Plasma cell leukaemia, Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, first treatment, Minimal / molecular residual disease (MRD), Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.
Shares Blasts (leukaemic blast cells), Undetectable MRD (uMRD / MRD-negative).