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Every dated change on the records linked to Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), newest first: approvals and regulatory steps on its medicines, trials that reported, guideline versions, milestones, and when this page itself was checked. Dates come from the records; none is inferred. Orientation, not medical advice.
First-line PD-L1+ TNBC with sacituzumab govitecan (ASCENT-04)
First-line metastatic TNBC: monotherapy (PD-1 ineligible, ASCENT-03) and with pembrolizumab (CPS ≥10, ASCENT-04)
First-line unresectable/metastatic TNBC, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor ineligible
Platinum-resistant PD-L1+ ovarian cancer; adjuvant RCC with belzutifan; with sacituzumab govitecan in 1L TNBC
First-line unresectable locally advanced or metastatic TNBC in patients who are not candidates for PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor therapy (ASCENT-03); listed in the EMA therapeutic indications read on 24 September 2026
First-line metastatic TNBC: monotherapy (PD-1 ineligible) or with pembrolizumab (PD-L1 CPS ≥10)
PFS and OS significantly improved at interim analysis (numbers presented ASCO 2026).
Overall survival 17.
EFS HR 0.
Iza-bren phase 3 positive (Feb 2026); FDA approves Dato-DXd and sacituzumab govitecan first line (Q2 2026).
Boissiere-Michot reclassifies 367 untreated TNBCs as 38% null, 38% ultralow and 24% low, none prognostic; ultralow stays unlabelled in TNBC.
Datopotamab deruxtecan first line: overall survival 23.7 vs 18.7 months. Olaparib: six-year survival 87.5 vs 83.2 percent, no excess leukaemia. Capivasertib plus paclitaxel: no survival gain.
For most triple-negative cancers larger than 2 cm or with involved nodes, chemotherapy comes first (neoadjuvant): it can shrink the cancer so that breast-conserving surgery replaces a mastectomy, and the pathology report at surgery then shows how well it worked, which guides the treatment given afterwards. NICE NG101 (2025) says where neoadjuvant chemotherapy is indicated for triple-negative disease, offer a regimen containing a platinum, a taxane and an anthracycline, and discuss the trade-off: 85 rather than 81 out of 100 alive at 3 years with a platinum, against more neutropenic sepsis, low blood counts and anaemia. Very small node-negative cancers may go to surgery first, with chemotherapy afterwards decided on the final pathology. Macmillan: people with triple-negative breast cancer are more likely to have chemotherapy before surgery.
Olaparib (OlympiAD: progression-free survival 7.0 versus 4.2 months, hazard ratio 0.58; no overall survival gain overall, hazard ratio 0.51 in patients untreated for metastatic disease; NICE TA1040) or talazoparib (EMBRACA: 8.6 versus 5.6 months, hazard ratio 0.54; final overall survival hazard ratio 0.85; NICE TA952), with the lower-cost option first in England; a platinum doublet is the alternative (BROCADE3 control arm median survival 28.2 months); PARP inhibitor added to chemotherapy (veliparib, BROCADE3) improved progression-free but not overall survival and is not licensed. Sequence relative to PD-1 or TROP2 ADC first-line therapy is untested. (NCCN Category 1 (olaparib, talazoparib), ESMO-MCBS 4 (OlympiAD); 4 (EMBRACA))
iDFS HR 1.
PFS HR 0.
PFS HR 0.
Five-year invasive disease-free survival 91.
Regional nodal irradiation after a complete nodal response to chemotherapy did not lengthen the invasive breast cancer recurrence-free interval (hazard ratio 0.
Implant loss 8.
Ten-year overall survival 81.
OS 23.
ASCENT-03, ASCENT-04, and TROPION-Breast02 all positive; TROPION-Breast02 shows OS benefit.
Pretreated advanced TNBC; later EGFR-mutant NSCLC after TKI
Carboplatin raises pathological complete response in every trial (GeparSixto 53.2 versus 36.9 percent, BrighTNess 58 versus 31, CALGB 40603) and improved disease-free survival in GeparSixto (hazard ratio 0.56) and event-free survival in BrighTNess (0.57) but not long-term outcomes in CALGB 40603 (not powered); it is part of the KEYNOTE-522 regimen and is standard in the UK. Adding veliparib to carboplatin added nothing (BrighTNess). Atezolizumab in place of pembrolizumab has no survival evidence (NeoTRIP, GeparDouze, ALEXANDRA). (NCCN Category 1 (carboplatin within the KEYNOTE-522 regimen))
Trastuzumab deruxtecan 5.4 mg/kg every 3 weeks (DESTINY-Breast04: overall survival 23.4 versus 16.8 months in all patients, hazard ratio 0.64; hormone-receptor-negative cohort of 63, progression-free survival 8.5 versus 2.9 months, hazard ratio 0.46; interstitial lung disease 12.1 percent, 0.8 percent fatal). Licensed in the US (2022) and EU (2023) for HER2-low regardless of hormone receptor status; not recommended by NICE (TA992, 29 July 2024; rapid review in development), so not commissioned in England. HER2-ultralow triple-negative disease has no licensed indication. (NCCN Category 1, preferred (HER2-low after chemotherapy), ESMO-MCBS 4)
Primary DFS endpoint not met (figures not indexed); exploratory: avelumab benefit only with baseline TILs 30% or more (stratum B 3-year DDFS 92.
PFS HR 0.
Ongoing; the first block results and de-escalation rates were reported from 2024.
PFS 7.
pCR 58% (48 to 67); RCB 0 or 1 69%; 3-year EFS 86% (98% with pCR, 68% without).
Germline BRCA group: three-year survival 100 percent (39 patients, one relapse) with the gap schedule versus 88 percent (45 patients, nine relapses) with chemotherapy alone (University of Cambridge release on the Nature 2024 paper).
Five-year recurrence-free survival 89.
Leon-Ferre and colleagues, 1,966 untreated patients: five-year distant recurrence-free survival 94 percent with lymphocytes of 50 percent or more vs 78 percent below 30 percent.
ASCO-SSO recommends BRCA1/2 testing for all breast cancer diagnosed at 65 or under and for every PARP inhibitor candidate.
After breast-conserving surgery the remaining breast is treated; after mastectomy the chest wall is treated when nodes were involved (macrometastases) or margins were involved, including after neoadjuvant chemotherapy where pretreatment tests showed involved nodes, and considered for node-negative T3 disease. NICE NG101 (2023): offer 26 Gy in 5 fractions over 1 week when the lymph nodes are not being treated (FAST-Forward: non-inferior to 40 Gy in 15 at 5 years), consider 40 Gy in 15 fractions over 3 weeks after implant reconstruction or where 3 weeks suits better, and offer 40 Gy in 15 fractions whenever regional nodes are irradiated (START-B). A boost to the tumour bed is offered where the risk of local recurrence is high. Partial-breast radiotherapy (IMPORT LOW) is reserved for low-risk ER-positive tumours in NICE's wording, so it rarely applies to triple-negative disease. Left-sided treatment often uses breath-hold to protect the heart. Skin reactions peak at the end and settle over 3 to 4 weeks.
About one in nine unselected triple-negative patients carries a germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 variant (11.2 percent, Couch 2015; 15.4 percent in a prospective registry, Sharma 2014; 17.2 percent in GeparSixto, Hahnen 2017); the testing rules are in the germline testing row. The result decides adjuvant olaparib (OlympiA, 82 percent triple-negative; NICE TA886), informs risk-reducing surgery, and in the UK offers PARTNER (olaparib with neoadjuvant carboplatin and paclitaxel, 30 sites). Platinum sensitivity is greatest in carriers (TNT: response 68 versus 33 percent with carboplatin versus docetaxel in metastatic disease). (NCCN Category 1 (adjuvant olaparib))
The pathology report after neoadjuvant treatment is the strongest guide to what comes next. A pathological complete response (no invasive cancer left in breast or nodes) carries a good outlook and pembrolizumab simply continues. Residual disease is graded by residual cancer burden (RCB I to III); in triple-negative disease 10-year relapse-free survival fell from 86% after a complete response to 81%, 55% and 23% across the classes (Symmans 2017). For residual disease with a germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 variant, NICE TA886 recommends a year of olaparib (OlympiA: 4-year invasive disease-free survival 82.7% against 75.4%, with a survival gain). Without a BRCA variant, six to eight cycles of capecitabine is the usual offer (CREATE-X: 5-year survival 78.8% against 70.3% in triple-negative disease; hand-foot syndrome in 73%). Olaparib and capecitabine were not tested together, and there is no proven way to add both; trials, including ones guided by circulating tumour DNA, are the route beyond. The decision aid at /tools/tnbc-after-chemotherapy/ walks the report through these statements. (NCCN Category 1: adjuvant olaparib for germline BRCA carriers with residual disease; capecitabine for residual disease without BRCA (CREATE-X), ESMO-MCBS A (OlympiA))
Ten-year axillary recurrence 1.
ctDNA detected in 27.
Residual cancer removed by guided margins in 27 of 357 patients; per-margin specificity 85.
Cancer detection 6.
5-year DFS 86.
One radiologist plus AI detected 261 screen-detected cancers vs 250 for two radiologists (relative proportion 1.
Five-year distant disease-free survival 98.
UK trial, 161 women under surveillance; 27 percent ctDNA-positive by a year, 72 percent of them already metastatic on staging; none of five given pembrolizumab cleared.
Stecklein's 80-patient registry: ctDNA positive in a third of residual-disease patients, rising with RCB class, with three-year event-free survival 48% against 82%.
Locally advanced or early-stage TNBC at high risk of recurrence: neoadjuvant with chemotherapy, then adjuvant monotherapy (KEYNOTE-522)
Three results decide the first treatment for cancer that has spread, so ask that all three are back before the choice is made, ideally on a fresh biopsy because receptors can change: PD-L1 combined positive score (CPS 10 or more opens pembrolizumab with chemotherapy, NICE TA801, or with sacituzumab govitecan), germline BRCA status (a PARP inhibitor, olaparib or talazoparib), and HER2 score (1+ or 2+ without amplification, HER2-low, opens trastuzumab deruxtecan after chemotherapy). The TROP2 antibody-drug conjugates sacituzumab govitecan and datopotamab deruxtecan were approved first line in 2026 with different side-effect profiles; NHS funding follows NICE appraisals (sacituzumab govitecan is funded after two prior therapies under TA819), so ask what applies where you are treated. Ask for the palliative care team from the start, and think about a trial before the first line, because eligibility narrows with each treatment.
An antibody-drug conjugate carries chemotherapy into cells that show its target (TROP2 for sacituzumab govitecan and datopotamab deruxtecan, HER2 for trastuzumab deruxtecan), given as a drip in cycles: sacituzumab govitecan on days 1 and 8 of 21. The effects are still chemotherapy-like. Sacituzumab govitecan: low white cells (boxed warning; growth factor injections are sometimes used) and diarrhoea (boxed warning; Macmillan's rule is ring the 24-hour line for 4 or more stools a day, stools at night, or anti-diarrhoea medicine not working within 24 hours), plus sickness, tiredness and hair loss. Datopotamab deruxtecan: mouth soreness, eye problems (the label requires eye examinations) and rarely lung inflammation. Trastuzumab deruxtecan: interstitial lung disease in about 15% (2.2% fatal in the pooled analysis), mostly in the first year, so any new cough, breathlessness or fever is reported immediately; also sickness and low counts. Blood tests before each dose; doses are delayed or reduced rather than pushed through.
NICE TA851 recommends pembrolizumab with chemotherapy before surgery, then pembrolizumab alone for up to nine cycles after surgery, for triple-negative early breast cancer at high risk of recurrence or locally advanced disease (KEYNOTE-522: stage II to III). No PD-L1 test is needed at this stage: the trial's gain in complete responses (64.8% against 51.2%) and in survival (86.6% against 81.7% alive at 5 years) was seen whatever the PD-L1 result. The combined positive score of 10 or more decides pembrolizumab only for cancer that has spread. The cost is immune-related side effects, which can start at any time during or after treatment and occasionally leave a gland permanently underactive; carry the alert card and ring the 24-hour number for the symptoms on it.
2-year DFS 56.
OS HR 0.
pCR 48.
Martini's RNA sequencing of African American, West and East African tumours finds 613 ancestry-associated genes and distinct tumour-associated immune profiles.
DESTINY-Breast04 includes TNBC patients with HER2-low tumours.
TNBC indication withdrawn after IMpassion131
Genentech withdrew the US TNBC indication after the confirmatory IMpassion131 trial (paclitaxel partner) showed no progression-free or overall survival benefit and the FDA's accelerated-approval review; the current Tecentriq label carries no breast cancer indication
Locally recurrent unresectable or metastatic TNBC, PD-L1 CPS 10 or more, with chemotherapy, no prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease (KEYNOTE-355)
High-risk early TNBC, neoadjuvant + adjuvant (KEYNOTE-522)
mTNBC ≥2 lines; HR+ 2023
Unresectable or metastatic TNBC after two or more systemic therapies, at least one for advanced disease (ASCENT); marketing authorisation issued 22 November 2021
Single-fraction radiotherapy for painful bone metastases with denosumab or zoledronic acid to reduce skeletal events; urgent radiotherapy or surgery for spinal cord compression; drainage with talc pleurodesis or an indwelling catheter for malignant pleural effusion; radiotherapy and wound care for chest wall recurrence; management of drug toxicities (hand-foot syndrome on capecitabine, neutropenia and diarrhoea on sacituzumab govitecan, stomatitis and eye symptoms on datopotamab deruxtecan, interstitial lung disease on trastuzumab deruxtecan); early integrated palliative care from diagnosis of metastatic disease. (NCCN Category 2A)
Closed for futility: platinum not superior or non-inferior to capecitabine for iDFS in basal-like residual TNBC (primary hazard ratio not indexed).
OS in CPS 10 or more 12.
iDFS HR 0.
5-year DFS 82.
Schettini (3,689 HER2-negative cancers, 36.6% of triple-negative) and Denkert (34.0% of 1,162 hormone receptor-negative trial patients) fix the share a year before DESTINY-Breast04 gave it a drug.
Neoadjuvant/adjuvant pembrolizumab approved for stage II-III TNBC; OS benefit confirmed 2024.
One year of olaparib after standard therapy improves iDFS and OS in gBRCA carriers.
Rugo and colleagues on 614 IMpassion130 tumours: SP142, SP263 and 22C3 positive in 46, 75 and 73 percent, concordance 69 percent. Atezolizumab's US breast indication withdrawn the same year.
Triple-negative breast cancer, CPS ≥10 (pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy)
Metastatic TNBC, PD-L1 CPS ≥10, with chemotherapy
Metastatic TNBC, ≥2 prior lines (accelerated; full 2021)
OS 12.
PFS 14.
At ten years, 28.
5-year ipsilateral breast tumour relapse 1.
DFS HR 0.
Pathological complete response 58% vs 41% (all patients); 69% vs 49% in PD-L1-positive disease.
PFS HR 0.
OS HR 0.
EFS HR 0.
PFS 5.
Circulating tumour DNA matched tissue genotyping with about 93 percent sensitivity; neratinib (HER2 mutations) and capivasertib plus fulvestrant (AKT1 mutations, receptor-positive) met their response thresholds; extended-dose fulvestrant for ESR1 mutations did not.
Five-year local recurrence 2.
ER 1 to 10 percent is reported separately because endocrine benefit is uncertain; cohorts show these tumours behave like triple-negative disease.
KEYNOTE-355 in CPS ≥10 disease.
BRE12-158's preplanned analysis of 196 residual-disease patients: distant relapse hazard ratio 2.99 and death hazard ratio 4.16 when ctDNA is detected after chemotherapy.
ASCENT: OS 12.1 vs 6.7 months in pretreated disease; first ADC for TNBC.
PD-L1+ metastatic TNBC with nab-paclitaxel (accelerated; IMpassion130)
Accelerated approval with nab-paclitaxel for PD-L1-positive (SP142 IC 1 percent or more) unresectable locally advanced or metastatic TNBC on IMpassion130 progression-free survival
Unresectable locally advanced or metastatic TNBC with PD-L1 expression of 1 percent or more (SP142 immune cells), with nab-paclitaxel, no prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease (IMpassion130); the indication remains in the EU product information on 24 September 2026
Companion diagnostic for atezolizumab in PD-L1 IC ≥1% triple-negative breast cancer
Within three months of immediate implant-based reconstruction: implant loss 9 percent, infection needing treatment 25 percent, return to theatre 18 percent and readmission 18 percent, all above the National Quality Standards.
10-year ipsilateral breast tumour recurrence 4.
Eight-year ipsilateral breast tumour recurrence 3.
SCAN-B whole-genome sequencing puts HRDetect-high at 59% of TNBC (Nat Med); Loi's pooled 2,148 patients fix TILs as the strongest early prognostic marker.
Medullary carcinoma becomes a pattern of invasive carcinoma of no special type; metaplastic, adenoid cystic, apocrine and secretory carcinomas keep their special-type status.
ER, PR and HER2 assessed together on the diagnostic biopsy by quality-assured immunohistochemistry and reported quantitatively (NG101 1.3.1 to 1.3.4): ER and PR negative under 1 percent, ER 1 to 10 percent reported as low positive, HER2 0 or 1+ or 2+ without amplification. HER2 0 versus 1+ is reported with a comment because HER2-low disease qualifies for trastuzumab deruxtecan.
Breast-conserving surgery (wide local excision) followed by radiotherapy is usually as effective as mastectomy (Macmillan); mastectomy is advised when the cancer is large compared with the breast, there are several areas of cancer, or after earlier chest radiotherapy, and some people choose it. Chemotherapy first often makes conservation possible. Cancer at the margin means further surgery (NICE NG101: re-excise at 0 mm, consider within 1 mm). NICE says offer reconstruction to everyone having a mastectomy, offer both immediate and delayed options whether or not they are available locally, and offer immediate reconstruction even to those who may need radiotherapy; its table lists the trade-offs (implants more affected by radiotherapy than flaps; complications can delay chemotherapy or radiotherapy; more time to decide with delayed reconstruction). Some people prefer no reconstruction. The armpit is staged with a sentinel node biopsy (1 to 3 nodes); removing all the nodes raises the risk of lymphoedema and is reserved for involved nodes that need clearing.
Carboplatin added to neoadjuvant paclitaxel raised the pathological complete response rate and improved event-free survival in triple-negative breast cancer; veliparib added nothing to carboplatin.
PFS 8.
Ten-year disease-free survival 76.
PFS HR 0.
At two years, autologous reconstruction gave higher satisfaction with breasts (7.
No superiority of carboplatin over docetaxel in unselected triple-negative disease; higher response to carboplatin in the germline BRCA1/2 subgroup (Nature Medicine 2018).
IMpassion130: atezolizumab + nab-paclitaxel improves PFS in PD-L1+ metastatic TNBC (approval later withdrawn).
OlympiAD and EMBRACA lead to olaparib and talazoparib approvals.
In 376 advanced patients carboplatin doubled the response rate in germline BRCA carriers while the Myriad HRD score and BRCA1 methylation predicted nothing; Bareche maps mutations onto the Lehmann subtypes in 550 tumours.
NICE NG101 says offer BRCA1 and BRCA2 testing to women under 50 with triple-negative breast cancer even with no family history; Breast Cancer Now says anyone diagnosed under 60 should be offered a referral to discuss testing, and the NHS test directory criteria that NICE points to for PARP inhibitor eligibility (R444.1) may make people over 60 eligible too. Testing is free on the NHS when a hospital specialist refers you, results take about 1 to 3 months, and a genetic counsellor helps with what the result means. A pathogenic variant: opens olaparib after chemotherapy for residual disease (NICE TA886) and a PARP inhibitor in metastatic disease; raises the question of risk-reducing surgery to the other breast and the ovaries, managed by a multidisciplinary team with counselling first (NICE CG164); and means each child has a 1 in 2 chance of carrying it, so relatives can be offered predictive testing. A variant of uncertain significance changes nothing yet. No variant found means relatives are not tested, though a strong family history may still raise risk.
TNM 8th edition with the AJCC prognostic stage note; sentinel node biopsy rather than axillary clearance to stage a clinically node-negative axilla (NG101 1.4); after neoadjuvant treatment the report gives pathological complete response or residual cancer burden, which drive the adjuvant choices in the residual-disease rows.
Ten-year overall survival 86.
5-year DFS 74.
5-year local relapse 0.
PFS 6.
PFS 7.
Grade, ER, PR and HER2 enter the stage group alongside TNM (Giuliano, CA); validated in 2018.
910 patients; five-year overall survival 89.2 vs 83.6 percent, and 78.8 vs 70.3 percent in the triple-negative group. The first post-neoadjuvant treatment.
Triple-negative breast cancer spreads to the brain more often than other breast subtypes: about 29% of people with metastatic disease in a 433-patient series (25% within two years), and 46% before death in an older 116-patient series. For 1 to 3 metastases of a size suitable for radiosurgery, stereotactic radiosurgery alone is generally preferred: in a randomised trial it caused less cognitive decline at 3 months than radiosurgery plus whole-brain radiotherapy (63.5% against 91.7%) with no difference in survival. Whole-brain radiotherapy is kept for many or widespread metastases, with hippocampal-sparing planning and memantine where possible. Surgery is considered for a single large metastasis causing pressure. Drug treatment for the rest of the body usually continues; activity of the antibody-drug conjugates in the brain is emerging but unproven (the palliation term carries the ASCENT, real-world and DEBBRAH figures). Steroids relieve swelling in the short term. Ask what the plan is for symptoms (headache, seizures, weakness) and who to ring.
Multiple graduations (veliparib-carboplatin, neratinib, pembrolizumab, MK-2206, T-DM1 plus pertuzumab, durvalumab plus olaparib, cemiplimab plus fianlimab); pembrolizumab's graduation preceded its approval in early triple-negative breast cancer.
Adding the clipped node to sentinel node dissection cut the false-negative rate from 10.
Lehmann refines the subtypes to four (BL1 35%, BL2 22%, M 25%, LAR 16%) with pCR 41% versus 18% versus 29%; Telli sets HRD score 42 in neoadjuvant platinum trials.
Suspected cancer pathway referral for an unexplained breast lump at 30 or over, or discharge, retraction or other change in one nipple at 50 or over; consider it for skin changes or an unexplained axillary lump at 30 or over; non-urgent referral for a lump under 30 (NICE NG12 1.4). The clinic does triple assessment: examination, mammogram, ultrasound and core biopsy.
Carboplatin and bevacizumab each raised pCR; at 7.
Twenty-year ipsilateral breast recurrence 12.
10-year overall survival 82.
10-year disease-free survival 82.
14.6 percent of 1,824 unselected triple-negative patients carry a predisposition mutation, 11.2 percent in BRCA1 or BRCA2 (Couch, JCO); the same year Burstein's basal-like immunosuppressed and immune-activated subtypes split basal-like disease by immune state.
Carboplatin increased pathological complete response and improved disease-free survival in triple-negative breast cancer, without benefit in HER2-positive disease.
GeparSixto and CALGB 40603 show platinum increases pathologic complete response.
Copson and colleagues, 2,915 women aged 40 or under: 26.1 vs 18.6 percent triple-negative; five-year survival 71.1 vs 82.4 percent with equal chemotherapy use.
Annual MRI from 30 to 49 and annual mammography from 40 to 69 for known BRCA1 or BRCA2 carriers (MRI sensitivity 77 percent against 40 percent for mammography in MARIBS); bilateral risk-reducing mastectomy for a small proportion of women from high-risk families after genetic counselling, cutting breast cancer risk by about 90 percent; tamoxifen or anastrozole are offered to women at high risk in general but did not reduce ER-negative breast cancer in the prevention trials.
False-negative rate of sentinel node surgery after chemotherapy 12.
Ten-year local-regional relapse 6.
At a median 22.
Pathological complete response and early MRI volume change predicted recurrence-free survival, most strongly in triple-negative, HER2-positive and MammaPrint high-risk tumours.
TP53 80%, PTEN loss 35%, RB1 loss 20% in basal-like disease and a likeness to serous ovarian cancer (Nature); Shah's 104 TNBC genomes show a continuous spectrum of clonal complexity.
No overall benefit; node-positive 5-year DFS 65.
Lehmann and colleagues, 587 tumours: basal-like 1 and 2, immunomodulatory, mesenchymal, mesenchymal stem-like, luminal androgen receptor; refined to four in 2016 (Burstein reached a similar four in 2015).
Eight-year overall survival 90.
Mostly triple-negative tumours with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and stem-cell features (Prat, Breast Cancer Research); re-defined as a phenotype across subtypes in 2020.
10-year local-regional relapse 4.
Liedtke: pathological complete response 22 vs 11 percent yet worse survival, driven by residual disease. Lin: 46 percent of metastatic patients developed brain metastases; median survival 13.3 months.
Breast cancer events 16.
Defined by absence of ER, PR, HER2; recognised as the subtype with the fewest treatment options, which set the research agenda that followed.
Symmans graded residual disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy; Dent's Toronto cohort showed distant relapse hazard ratio 2.6 peaking at three years and fading after five.
At twelve months, lymphoedema 5 against 13 percent (relative risk 0.
Carey and colleagues, 496 cases; 16 percent in other women. California registry data (2007) fixed the wider demography of younger, Black, Hispanic and poorer women with worse survival at every stage.
Twenty-year same-breast recurrence 8.
No significant difference in disease-free, relapse-free, distant-disease-free or overall survival between radical mastectomy, total mastectomy with irradiation and total mastectomy alone, at twenty-five years.
Twenty-year recurrence in the treated breast 14.
82b: 10-year locoregional recurrence 9% vs 32%; overall survival 54% vs 45%.
Struewing and colleagues, 5,318 volunteers, three founder variants carried by over 2 percent of the population; Górski described the Polish BRCA1 founder set in 2000.