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Trials recruiting now, the landmark trials, the trials held by this cancer's subtypes, the key papers and what they mean, the latest literature, and the milestones year by year.
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475 trials on record are attached to one of the types below rather than to Breast cancer (all types) itself. They are grouped by the type that holds them, so someone still working out which type they have can see the whole field from here.
This is what the NHS R208 pathway yields in practice: a one-in-seven positive rate among the eligible, at the cost of clinician time spent on eligibility scoring.
An argument for universal rather than criteria-based germline testing at diagnosis, with turnaround fast enough to inform surgery; for TNBC patients, who are already eligible, the lesson is timing.
For TNBC, which is diagnosed young and is the PARP inhibitor-eligible subtype, the guideline makes germline testing part of the diagnostic workup rather than a referral decision.
ctDNA clearance may refine pCR as a surrogate: a patient with residual disease but no ctDNA may not need escalation, the hypothesis behind ctDNA-guided post-neoadjuvant trials.
TMB-high is uncommon but not negligible in TNBC, rises at relapse, and the tumour-agnostic pembrolizumab indication makes it worth measuring on a metastatic biopsy.
For TNBC, where brain metastases are common, the blind spot matters: a negative ctDNA test does not exclude intracranial relapse.
West Africa carries the highest germline burden reported for an unselected breast cancer population, and the genes are the same ones that predispose to TNBC elsewhere, so limited genetic services there should start with these families.
It fixes the lymphocyte-predominant share of TNBC at about 30% and shows TILs predict chemotherapy response before immunotherapy enters the picture.
Query for this cancer: (TITLE:"Breast cancer" OR ABSTRACT:"Breast cancer" OR TITLE:"all types" OR ABSTRACT:"all types" OR TITLE:"TCGA-BRCA" OR ABSTRACT:"TCGA-BRCA" OR TITLE:"breast invasive carcinoma TCGA BRCA cohort" OR ABSTRACT:"breast invasive carcinoma TCGA BRCA cohort" OR TITLE:"Breast carcinoma" OR ABSTRACT:"Breast carcinoma" OR TITLE:"Carcinoma of the breast" OR ABSTRACT:"Carcinoma of the breast") AND (treatment OR therapy OR trial OR survival OR diagnosis). Results are unfiltered search hits about Breast cancer (all types), not a curated reading list.
The standard operation for seventy years.
The Nottingham revision of Bloom and Richardson's grade scores tubule formation, nuclear pleomorphism and mitotic count separately and adds them. Grade was assessed in 1,831 patients of the Nottingham series and separated survival with p less than 0.0001. It is still the only grading system UK practice permits.
Nine candidate factors were tested in 387 patients and three survived: size, node stage and grade. In the first 1,629 patients the good prognosis group, 29 percent of the series, had 80 percent fifteen-year survival against 83 percent in an age-matched female population (Galea 1992).
Perou and Sorlie's expression profiling defines luminal, HER2-enriched and basal-like breast cancers.
NSABP B-06 and Milan I both report at twenty years and NSABP B-04 at twenty-five, none of them finding a survival advantage for the larger operation.
5,611 women; eight-year overall survival 90.3 against 91.8 percent, and in ALMANAC lymphoedema at a year fell from 13 to 5 percent.
Ten-year overall survival 86.3 percent without completion clearance against 83.6 percent with it.
Used for all breast tumours diagnosed after 1 January 2018. The Royal College of Pathologists reprints it and advises against substituting the American AJCC 8th edition, whose prognostic stage folds grade and receptors into the stage number.
Keeps invasive carcinoma of no special type as the default group and folds the former medullary, oncocytic, lipid-rich, glycogen-rich, sebaceous and pleomorphic carcinomas into it as patterns. This is the edition UK reports are written against in 2026.
26 Gy in five fractions non-inferior to 40 Gy in fifteen at five years; adopted across the United Kingdom and accelerated by the pandemic.
RCPath G148 version 3 (November 2024) adds the ER low positive category, a separate section on male breast disease, updated handling of specimens after neoadjuvant treatment, and an appendix on assessing tumour cellularity for molecular testing. Full review is due November 2026.
Axillary surgery omitted in 4,858 patients, regional nodal irradiation dropped after a complete nodal response, and no survival gain from chest-wall radiotherapy in intermediate-risk disease.
Published 3 July 2025 and recommended from 1 January 2026. For breast the classification is unchanged; the yp classification is clarified, basing ypT on the largest continuous focus of residual invasive cancer and recommending that the residual cancer burden be reported beside it.
Published April 2026. Reserves 'variant' for molecular alterations and separates subtype from pattern, updates the HER2 reporting categories so that no membrane staining is distinguished from any, recognises lobular carcinoma with extracellular mucin, moves high-grade and receptor-negative mucinous carcinomas into no special type, drops the unified neuroendocrine model for the breast, and lowers malignant phyllodes tumour to four of five adverse criteria.