Complete response

For mismatch repair-deficient rectal cancer, six months of a single antibody now replaces chemotherapy, radiotherapy and an operation, and the same appears to be true for early-stage mismatch repair-deficient cancers of other organs.

An off-the-shelf alternative to CAR-T for repeatedly relapsed follicular lymphoma: no apheresis, no manufacturing wait, and a complete response rate in the same range, at the cost of continued treatment rather than a single infusion.

Evidence that the B-cell receptor pathway is worth attacking in follicular lymphoma when a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor is paired with a type II CD20 antibody, after single-agent inhibitors had disappointed in this disease.

Chemotherapy-free cellular therapy for follicular lymphoma that has stopped responding, with a toxicity profile mild enough that the treatment is deliverable outside the largest centres.

The evidence that made lisocabtagene maraleucel the CD19 CAR-T product most often chosen for older or frailer patients, because its severe cytokine release syndrome rate is a fraction of the other two products'.

The regimen that made extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma treatable. The usual explanation is that asparaginase is not a substrate of the P-glycoprotein pump this tumour expresses, which would explain why it works where anthracycline-based regimens do not; that mechanism is widely repeated but has been contradicted by at least one series.

The Japanese standard regimen for aggressive adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma rests on this trial. Three-year overall survival of 24 per cent with the better arm is the plainest statement of how much room remains, and is why allogeneic transplantation, mogamulizumab and antiviral approaches have all been pursued since.

The origin of organ preservation in rectal cancer. Twenty years later OPRA made it a planned strategy and the dostarlimab series made it the expected outcome in mismatch repair-deficient disease.