Personalised neoantigen vaccine + PD-1 blockade

This combination pairs Personalised neoantigen (mRNA) vaccines with Immune checkpoint inhibitors: the vaccine teaches the immune system what to hunt and PD-1 blockade stops the tumour switching the hunters off. The mechanism is that vaccine-primed T cells encounter PD-L1 in the tumour and in residual disease, and checkpoint blockade preserves their effector function, while the adjuvant setting offers low tumour burden and time to mount immunity. In Melanoma, Intismeran autogene plus Pembrolizumab reduced recurrence in a phase 2b study and the phase 3 INTerpath-001 (V940-001) trial was positive in August 2026. In Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, Autogene cevumeran plus atezolizumab is the corresponding pairing, described in the Rojas 2023 paper.