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A change in the DNA sequence, like a typo in a recipe. Most are harmless; a few change a protein in a way that helps a cell grow out of control.
Mutations range from single-letter substitutions to insertions, deletions, and rearrangements of whole chromosome segments. They arise from copying errors, damage by chemicals or radiation, or faulty repair, and accumulate with age; a typical adult tumour carries thousands, of which only a handful actually drive the cancer. Clinically, a mutation is named by the gene and the change (EGFR L858R, KRAS G12C, BRAF V600E), and a growing number of drugs are approved specifically for tumours carrying one of them.
Shares Deletion, Gene, Somatic mutation theory of cancer, Driver mutation.
Shares Gene, Somatic mutation theory of cancer, Driver mutation.
Shares Mutational signature, Driver mutation, Tumour mutational burden (TMB).
Shares Mutational signature, Tumour mutational burden (TMB).
Shares Mutational signature, Somatic mutation theory of cancer.