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In vitro means 'in glass': experiments on cells or molecules in a dish. In vivo means 'in the living': experiments in animals or people. A drug that kills cancer cells in vitro has cleared only the first and easiest hurdle.
In vitro work (cell lines, purified proteins, organoids) is fast, cheap and controlled and is where targets are discovered and drugs first tested, but it lacks the immune system, blood supply, metabolism and toxicity of a whole organism. In vivo work in mice, often carrying transplanted human tumours, adds those features imperfectly; ex vivo means tissue taken from a patient and tested outside the body, and in silico means computer modelling. The gap between these models and patients is one of the main reasons most drugs that look promising in the lab fail in trials.
Showing the technology this term belongs to: Patient-derived organoids.
This is the scientific basis for pairing ivermectin with checkpoint antibodies in the Cedars-Sinai and ICONIC trials. Its key figure is now in doubt, which makes those trials more important, not less, as the only way to find out whether the effect is real.
Useful as a map of the laboratory story; it contains no patient outcomes.
This is the paper the online claims usually trace back to. It is a call for trials, not evidence that the drug works in people, and the trials it called for are still running.
Shares Organoid, Patient-derived organoids.
Shares Ivermectin, a potential anticancer drug derived from an antiparasitic drug, The multitargeted drug ivermectin: from an antiparasitic agent to a repositioned cancer drug, Ivermectin.
Shares Cell line, Clinical trial.
Shares Cell line, Ivermectin.
Shares Patient-derived xenografts, Functional (ex vivo) drug testing, Patient-derived organoids.
Shares Patient-derived xenografts, Functional (ex vivo) drug testing, Patient-derived organoids.
Shares Patient-derived xenografts, Functional (ex vivo) drug testing, Patient-derived organoids.
Shares Preclinical, Clinical trial.