• Overtreatment: Treating a cancer that was never going to cause trouble.
• Lead time, and lead-time bias: Finding a cancer earlier means you know about it for longer, even if nothing you do changes the day you die.
• Percentage of Gleason pattern 4: How much of the cancer in a biopsy is the more aggressive pattern 4 rather than the slower pattern 3.
• Focal and tissue-preserving treatment of prostate cancer: Treating only the part of the prostate that contains the cancer, with heat, cold or light, preserves erections and continence better than removing or irradiating the whole gland.
• Gleason score / Grade Group: The pathologist's 1-to-5 grade of how abnormal prostate cancer looks, which drives most treatment decisions.
• Number needed to screen (and number needed to diagnose): How many men have to be offered the test for one man to be saved from dying of prostate cancer, and how many extra cancers have to be found along the way.
• PI-RADS (Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System): The international scoring system radiologists use to say how likely a prostate MRI finding is to be a serious cancer, from 1 (very unlikely) to 5 (very likely).
• Polygenic risk score (PRS): A single number adding up hundreds of common, individually tiny genetic differences to say whether a man's inherited risk of prostate cancer is above or below average.
• Template mapping biopsy (transperineal template prostate mapping): A thorough biopsy done under general anaesthetic through the skin behind the scrotum, using a grid to sample the whole prostate systematically.
• Whole-mount pathology: Slicing the whole removed prostate into complete cross-sections on oversized slides, so each slide shows the entire gland in one piece rather than in fragments.

Biomarker results to ask for: Gleason Grade Group 2 or 3, PSA 10 to 20 ng/mL, Percentage of positive cores, Cribriform or intraductal carcinoma, Decipher genomic classifier and ArteraAI Prostate for hormone therapy decisions.

Scans and tests linked to this cancer: Active surveillance, Digital pathology & AI, RNA sequencing & expression profiling.

Bring copies of scan reports, pathology and blood results, and a list of every medicine and supplement.

• Favourable intermediate risk: Radical prostatectomy, external beam radiotherapy (moderate or ultra-hypofractionated) or brachytherapy alone; active surveillance for selected men with low volume Grade Group 2 disease. (Robotic & minimally invasive surgery, Hypofractionated radiotherapy, SBRT / SABR (stereotactic radiotherapy), Brachytherapy, Active surveillance, CHHiP, PACE-B)
• Unfavourable intermediate risk: Radical prostatectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection, or external beam radiotherapy with four to six months of androgen deprivation, or external beam plus brachytherapy boost. (Robotic & minimally invasive surgery, Androgen deprivation & AR pathway inhibitors, Leuprolide (leuprorelin) and GnRH agonists, Brachytherapy, IMRT / IGRT (modern external beam), HYPO-RT-PC)
• Deciding on hormone therapy: ArteraAI Prostate predicts benefit from short-course androgen deprivation with radiotherapy; Decipher stratifies risk. (ArteraAI Prostate, Decipher Prostate, Digital pathology & AI)

From the standard of care recorded for this cancer; which apply depends on your stage and biomarkers. Ask which the team recommends and why.