• Biochemical recurrence (BCR): PSA rising again after surgery or radiation, usually years before anything shows on a scan.
• Chromoplexy: Instead of collecting damage one mutation at a time, a prostate cancer genome can be scrambled in a single burst: several chromosomes break at once and are stitched back together in a chain, knocking out several cancer genes in one event.
• Extraprostatic extension and seminal vesicle invasion: Whether the cancer has grown out through the wall of the prostate (pT3a) or into the seminal vesicles behind it (pT3b).
• STAMPEDE's arms, and what each one answered: One British trial, running since 2005, has asked nine separate questions about prostate cancer treatment by adding new arms as the answers came in.
• Number needed to screen (and number needed to diagnose): How many men have to be offered the test for one man to be saved from dying of prostate cancer, and how many extra cancers have to be found along the way.
• PI-RADS (Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System): The international scoring system radiologists use to say how likely a prostate MRI finding is to be a serious cancer, from 1 (very unlikely) to 5 (very likely).
• Polygenic risk score (PRS): A single number adding up hundreds of common, individually tiny genetic differences to say whether a man's inherited risk of prostate cancer is above or below average.
• Intermittent androgen deprivation (IAD): Taking planned breaks from hormone therapy once the PSA has settled, restarting when it rises again.
• Template mapping biopsy (transperineal template prostate mapping): A thorough biopsy done under general anaesthetic through the skin behind the scrotum, using a grid to sample the whole prostate systematically.
• Whole-mount pathology: Slicing the whole removed prostate into complete cross-sections on oversized slides, so each slide shows the entire gland in one piece rather than in fragments.

Biomarker results to ask for: Gleason Grade Group 4 or 5, PSA above 20 ng/mL, PSMA PET staging, Germline and tumour HRR testing (BRCA2 in particular), Decipher genomic classifier.

Scans and tests linked to this cancer: Active surveillance, PSMA PET, Digital pathology & AI, RNA sequencing & expression profiling.

Bring copies of scan reports, pathology and blood results, and a list of every medicine and supplement.

• High risk: External beam radiotherapy to prostate and pelvic nodes with 18 to 36 months of androgen deprivation, with or without brachytherapy boost; or radical prostatectomy with extended lymph node dissection. (IMRT / IGRT (modern external beam), Androgen deprivation & AR pathway inhibitors, Leuprolide (leuprorelin) and GnRH agonists, Degarelix, Relugolix, Brachytherapy, Robotic & minimally invasive surgery, HYPO-RT-PC)
• Very high risk and node-positive: Radiotherapy plus androgen deprivation with two years of abiraterone (STAMPEDE); PSMA PET staging before treatment. (Abiraterone acetate, STAMPEDE, PSMA PET, proPSMA)
• After prostatectomy with adverse pathology: Adjuvant or early salvage radiotherapy guided by PSA, with hormone therapy for higher-risk features. (IMRT / IGRT (modern external beam), Androgen deprivation & AR pathway inhibitors, PSA (prostate-specific antigen), Biochemical recurrence (BCR))

From the standard of care recorded for this cancer; which apply depends on your stage and biomarkers. Ask which the team recommends and why.