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In a Spanish cardiovascular prevention trial, women assigned to a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil had about two-thirds fewer invasive breast cancers than a low-fat control group, although the number of cases was small.
PREDIMED randomised older Spanish adults at high cardiovascular risk to a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil, a Mediterranean diet supplemented with nuts, or advice to follow a low-fat diet. This secondary analysis examined invasive breast cancer in the 4,282 women over a median 4.8 years.
Thirty-five incident breast cancers occurred. The olive-oil group had a hazard ratio of 0.32 versus control; the nut group's reduction was not statistically significant. The original 2018 retraction and republication of PREDIMED (for randomisation irregularities at some sites) led to a re-analysis with similar estimates.
It is the only randomised trial evidence that a whole-diet intervention reduces cancer incidence, but it rests on very few events.
A Mediterranean dietary pattern rich in olive oil may lower breast cancer risk, and it is safe and good for the heart anyway. The evidence is suggestive, not definitive, because of the small number of cancers; it should not be presented as proven cancer prevention.
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