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5 treatment settings, 3 with more than one named option. Each section lays out the options the standard of care names, what each is for, the trials behind them with their recorded results, the side effects and cautions on record, and questions to ask. Built from the cancer page's standard-of-care rows; nothing here is advice for your case.
Excisional biopsy with immunohistochemistry and MAPK pathway sequencing; FDG-PET/CT; MRI where neurological disease is suspected; immunoglobulins and autoimmune screen.
Histopathology means looking at cancer cells under a microscope, and immunohistochemistry stains them for specific proteins. Together they are still the foundation of every diagnosis.
Sequencing hundreds of cancer genes at once from a biopsy to find the mutations a drug can target.
FDG PET is the standard PET scan. A radioactive sugar shows which tissues are burning glucose fast, which most cancers do.
MRI uses a strong magnet and radio waves, with no ionising radiation, to picture soft tissue in finer contrast than CT, so it is the standard scan for brain tumours, prostate, rectal cancer staging, liver lesions and breast screening in high-risk women. It is slow, expensive and blurred by movement.
No trial record is attached to this row yet. The trials tab lists what is recruiting and the landmark trials for this cancer.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.
Observation, because spontaneous regression is common.
For low-risk prostate cancer, monitoring with PSA, MRI, and repeat biopsy instead of treating, because most such cancers never cause harm.
No trial record is attached to this row yet. The trials tab lists what is recruiting and the landmark trials for this cancer.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.
Surgical excision or debulking; radiotherapy for unresectable localised disease (orbit, airway).
IMRT and IGRT shape the radiation beam to the tumour's outline from multiple angles and check the patient's position with a scan before every session, so surrounding organs receive less dose. Fewer, larger doses are now standard in breast and prostate cancer, but a low-dose bath still spreads across normal tissue.
No trial record is attached to this row yet. The trials tab lists what is recruiting and the landmark trials for this cancer.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.
Corticosteroids for rapid control; sirolimus with prednisone, cladribine, methotrexate or lenalidomide; rituximab for IgG4-associated disease.
A one-week infusion that puts most people with hairy cell leukaemia into remission for years; also used in multiple sclerosis in tablet form.
The 1948 antifolate that produced the first chemotherapy remissions in childhood leukaemia and the first cure of a solid tumour; still essential in ALL, lymphoma, osteosarcoma and CNS lymphoma.
Rituximab was the first antibody ever approved for cancer (1997). It made chemoimmunotherapy the CLL standard for a decade, and biosimilars keep it cheap and everywhere.
No trial record is attached to this row yet. The trials tab lists what is recruiting and the landmark trials for this cancer.
| Side effect | Any grade | Grade 3+ |
|---|---|---|
| Infusion-related reactions (first infusion) · Historic lymphoma data; lower with premedication | 77% | - |
Rates from the label or pivotal trial as recorded on the product page; each grade 3+ figure links to its source.
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Cobimetinib (approved 2022 for histiocytic neoplasms) or trametinib.
Cobimetinib is the MEK partner for vemurafenib, and the first drug approved for histiocytic neoplasms.
Pills that block the specific enzyme a cancer relies on. Imatinib in 2001 proved a cancer could be switched off by design.
No trial record is attached to this row yet. The trials tab lists what is recruiting and the landmark trials for this cancer.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.