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3 treatment settings, 3 with more than one named option. Each section lays out the options the standard of care names, what each is for, the trials behind them with their recorded results, the side effects and cautions on record, and questions to ask. Built from the cancer page's standard-of-care rows; nothing here is advice for your case.
En bloc resection with negative margins by a spine or skull-base team, followed by high-dose proton or carbon-ion radiotherapy; intralesional surgery is associated with early recurrence.
Radiation using protons, which stop inside the tumour instead of passing through, so tissue behind it gets no dose.
Heavier charged particles that kill even radiation-resistant tumours, available at only a handful of centres worldwide.
IMRT and IGRT shape the radiation beam to the tumour's outline from multiple angles and check the patient's position with a scan before every session, so surrounding organs receive less dose. Fewer, larger doses are now standard in breast and prostate cancer, but a low-dose bath still spreads across normal tissue.
No trial record is attached to this row yet. The trials tab lists what is recruiting and the landmark trials for this cancer.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.
Definitive particle therapy (proton or carbon-ion) to 70 Gy-equivalent or higher; stereotactic photon radiosurgery where particles are unavailable.
Radiation using protons, which stop inside the tumour instead of passing through, so tissue behind it gets no dose.
Heavier charged particles that kill even radiation-resistant tumours, available at only a handful of centres worldwide.
Stereotactic body radiotherapy converges multiple beams with sub-millimetre accuracy to deliver tumour-destroying doses in one to five outpatient sessions, doing the job of surgery for inoperable early lung cancer and for metastases in liver, spine and brain. Tumour size and location limit its use, and late toxicity is a concern near the central airways.
No trial record is attached to this row yet. The trials tab lists what is recruiting and the landmark trials for this cancer.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.
Clinical trial preferred. Imatinib (PDGFRB-positive), afatinib or other EGFR inhibitors, or sorafenib give mainly disease stabilisation; tazemetostat was used for INI1-negative poorly differentiated chordoma until Ipsen withdrew it from all markets in March 2026.
The drug that started the targeted therapy era in 2001, turning chronic myeloid leukaemia into a manageable condition with near-normal life expectancy.
Afatinib (Gilotrif) is a second-generation pill that binds EGFR, HER2 and HER4 irreversibly, approved in 2013 for EGFR-mutant lung cancer. Its lasting value is activity against the uncommon EGFR mutations G719X, L861Q and S768I, approved in 2018, because osimertinib has displaced it for common mutations and its wild-type EGFR binding causes more rash and diarrhoea.
The first drug ever to extend life in advanced liver cancer (2007), now mostly a comparator arm that newer combinations are measured against.
Tazemetostat was the first EZH2 inhibitor, approved for epithelioid sarcoma and follicular lymphoma in 2020 and withdrawn worldwide in 2026 after secondary blood cancers.
Pills that block the specific enzyme a cancer relies on. Imatinib in 2001 proved a cancer could be switched off by design.
No trial record is attached to this row yet. The trials tab lists what is recruiting and the landmark trials for this cancer.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.