Loading
9 slides generated from the cancer page, with a quiz from the open benchmark and speaker notes that cite the sources. Arrow keys move between slides; Print gives one slide per page.
Granulosa cell tumours, a rare form of ovarian cancer, make oestrogen, so they often announce themselves with abnormal bleeding, and almost all carry the same single FOXL2 mutation. Surgery cures most; relapses come late and are treated with further surgery, hormone-blocking drugs, bevacizumab or chemotherapy.
Adult granulosa cell tumours arise from the hormone-producing cells of the ovarian follicle and carry a FOXL2 C134W mutation in about 97 percent of cases, one of the most specific mutations in oncology. Oestrogen production causes irregular bleeding, endometrial hyperplasia and occasionally endometrial cancer, and inhibin B and anti-Mullerian hormone serve as tumour markers. Surgery, fertility-sparing where appropriate, cures most stage I disease; adjuvant chemotherapy for higher stages is debated. Relapse, typically in the pelvis and abdomen years or decades later, is managed with repeat surgery, aromatase inhibitors or other hormonal therapy, bevacizumab, or platinum-based chemotherapy such as carboplatin-paclitaxel or BEP.
| Setting | Approach | Guideline |
|---|---|---|
| Stage I | Surgical staging with hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, or unilateral oophorectomy to preserve fertility; endometrial sampling because of oestrogen exposure; no adjuvant therapy. | not mapped |
| Advanced or relapsed | Repeat cytoreduction; aromatase inhibitors such as letrozole; bevacizumab; carboplatin-paclitaxel or BEP chemotherapy. | not mapped |
| Follow-up | Lifelong monitoring with inhibin B and imaging because relapses occur decades later. | not mapped |