[{"id":"pd-ligand-9p24-alteration","name":"9p24.1 alteration of the PD-1 ligand loci","tldr":"An extra stretch of chromosome 9 that carries both of the molecules a tumour uses to switch off T cells, plus the enzyme that turns them up further. Nearly every classical Hodgkin lymphoma has it, which is why checkpoint drugs work so well there and so poorly in most other lymphomas.","route":"/biomarkers/pd-ligand-9p24-alteration/","kind":"biomarker","sub":"Genome-wide readout","facets":{"kind":["Biomarker"],"cancers":["Hodgkin lymphoma","Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Biomarker","tip":"The readouts a pathology report gives (PD-L1 CPS, HER2 IHC 3+, MSI-high), each under its gene or protein, with the thresholds approvals use and the tests that measure them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab."},{"label":"Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma is a fast-growing lymphoma of the thymus behind the breastbone that mostly affects young women. Immunochemotherapy cures about nine in ten, radiotherapy can now be skipped when the end-of-treatment scan is clear, and PD-1 antibodies and CAR-T cells rescue many of those who relapse."}],"tags":[{"label":"biomarker","href":"/tagged/biomarker/","tip":"Every record tagged biomarker."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"adult-t-cell-leukaemia-lymphoma","name":"Adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma","tldr":"A T-cell lymphoma caused by a virus, HTLV-1, which is usually caught in infancy through breast milk and causes the lymphoma decades later in a small minority of the people it infects. It occurs in people from south-western Japan, the Caribbean, west and central Africa, parts of South America, Iran and Romania, and it comes in four forms that are treated very differently.","route":"/cancers/adult-t-cell-leukaemia-lymphoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"adult-t-cell-leukaemia-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"heme","href":"/tagged/heme/","tip":"Every record tagged heme."},{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"alk-negative-anaplastic-large-cell-lymphoma","name":"ALK-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma","tldr":"An aggressive T-cell lymphoma that looks like its ALK-positive sibling under the microscope and carries the same CD30 marker, but lacks the broken ALK gene. It affects older people and is cured less often, and several genetic changes inside it predict very different outcomes.","route":"/cancers/alk-negative-anaplastic-large-cell-lymphoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"alk-negative-anaplastic-large-cell-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"heme","href":"/tagged/heme/","tip":"Every record tagged heme."},{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"alk-positive-anaplastic-large-cell-lymphoma","name":"ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma","tldr":"An aggressive T-cell lymphoma, mostly of children and young adults, whose cells carry a broken ALK gene and a protein called CD30 on the surface. Despite looking alarming down the microscope it is the T-cell lymphoma most often cured, and both of its markers are things that drugs can aim at.","route":"/cancers/alk-positive-anaplastic-large-cell-lymphoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"alk-positive-anaplastic-large-cell-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"heme","href":"/tagged/heme/","tip":"Every record tagged heme."},{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"andres-ferreri","name":"Andrés J. M. Ferreri","tldr":"Led the IELSG trials that made MATRix induction and consolidation the standard for primary CNS lymphoma.","route":"/people/andres-ferreri/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Head of the Lymphoma Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan · IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Primary CNS lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Primary CNS lymphoma","href":"/cancers/primary-cns-lymphoma/","tip":"Primary CNS lymphoma is a lymphoma confined to the brain, eyes and spinal fluid. Unlike most brain tumours it is chemo-sensitive: high-dose methotrexate-based treatment cures a substantial minority, and consolidation with a stem-cell transplant has replaced whole-brain radiation for the fit."}],"tags":[{"label":"cns-lymphoma","href":"/tagged/cns-lymphoma/","tip":"Every record tagged cns-lymphoma."},{"label":"ielsg","href":"/tagged/ielsg/","tip":"Every record tagged ielsg."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"armando-santoro","name":"Armando Santoro","tldr":"Veteran Italian medical oncologist who leads oncology and haematology at Humanitas and has co-authored major trials in lymphoma, liver cancer and novel targeted drugs.","route":"/people/armando-santoro/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Head of the Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit; Full Professor of Medical Oncology, Humanitas University · IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Hodgkin lymphoma","Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Hepatocellular carcinoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab."},{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","href":"/cancers/hcc/","tip":"Liver cancer almost always grows in a liver already damaged by hepatitis, alcohol or fatty liver disease. It is one of the most preventable cancers, and since 2020 immunotherapy combinations have roughly doubled how long people with advanced disease live."}],"tags":[{"label":"clinician-scientist","href":"/tagged/clinician-scientist/","tip":"Every record tagged clinician-scientist."},{"label":"leadership","href":"/tagged/leadership/","tip":"Every record tagged leadership."},{"label":"drug development","href":"/tagged/drug-development/","tip":"Every record tagged drug development."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"lymphoma-b-versus-t-cell","name":"B-cell, T-cell and NK-cell lymphoma","tldr":"The first thing a lymphoma report says is which kind of lymphocyte the cancer came from. B cells make antibodies and carry a surface protein called CD20; T and NK cells kill infected cells directly and carry no CD20. That single difference is why B-cell lymphomas have had thirty years of new antibody treatments and T-cell lymphomas have not.","route":"/terms/lymphoma-b-versus-t-cell/","kind":"term","molecule":"rituximab","modality":"Monoclonal antibody (anti-CD20, chimeric)","facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":["Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Peripheral T-cell lymphomas"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. The family is the map; the subtype is the disease, and the subtype is what decides the treatment."},{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","href":"/cancers/peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas are lymphomas of T cells rather than B cells. They are rarer, more varied and, apart from a few subtypes, harder to treat than B-cell lymphomas; several new drugs help only defined subtypes."}],"tags":[{"label":"heme","href":"/tagged/heme/","tip":"Every record tagged heme."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"bcl2-g101v","name":"BCL2 G101V and the other venetoclax binding-site mutations","tldr":"A change in the pocket of the survival protein BCL-2 where venetoclax has to fit. The protein still works and the drug no longer binds it. It can be detected in blood months before the disease starts growing again.","route":"/biomarkers/bcl2-g101v/","kind":"biomarker","target":{"id":"bcl2","name":"BCL-2","targetClass":"other","tldr":"A protein that stops cells from self-destructing. Venetoclax removes that protection and has transformed leukaemia treatment."},"sub":"BCL2","facets":{"kind":["Biomarker"],"cancers":["Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","Mantle cell lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Biomarker","tip":"The readouts a pathology report gives (PD-L1 CPS, HER2 IHC 3+, MSI-high), each under its gene or protein, with the thresholds approvals use and the tests that measure them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. The family is the map; the subtype is the disease, and the subtype is what decides the treatment."},{"label":"Mantle cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/mantle-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"An uncommon B-cell lymphoma driven by cyclin D1 that used to behave badly in almost everyone. BTK inhibitors, CAR-T and now BCL2 drugs have changed it from chemotherapy-plus-transplant to targeted combinations."}],"tags":[{"label":"biomarker","href":"/tagged/biomarker/","tip":"Every record tagged biomarker."},{"label":"resistance","href":"/tagged/resistance/","tip":"Every record tagged resistance."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"bcl2-rearrangement","name":"BCL2 rearrangement, t(14;18)","tldr":"A swap of DNA that puts the survival gene BCL2 next to an antibody gene, so the cell makes far too much of a protein that stops it dying. It is the founding event of most follicular lymphomas and it happens in the bone marrow, often years before anything is wrong.","route":"/biomarkers/bcl2-rearrangement/","kind":"biomarker","target":{"id":"bcl2","name":"BCL-2","targetClass":"other","tldr":"A protein that stops cells from self-destructing. Venetoclax removes that protection and has transformed leukaemia treatment."},"sub":"BCL2","facets":{"kind":["Biomarker"],"cancers":["Follicular lymphoma","Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Biomarker","tip":"The readouts a pathology report gives (PD-L1 CPS, HER2 IHC 3+, MSI-high), each under its gene or protein, with the thresholds approvals use and the tests that measure them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. The family is the map; the subtype is the disease, and the subtype is what decides the treatment."}],"tags":[{"label":"biomarker","href":"/tagged/biomarker/","tip":"Every record tagged biomarker."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"benjamin-kasenda","name":"Benjamin Kasenda","tldr":"Basel haematologist-oncologist who co-led phase 2 trials of high-dose chemotherapy and autologous transplant in primary CNS lymphoma.","route":"/people/benjamin-kasenda/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Senior Physician, Medical Oncology and Haematology (Tumour Centre) · University Hospital Basel / Tumour Centre","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Primary CNS lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Primary CNS lymphoma","href":"/cancers/primary-cns-lymphoma/","tip":"Primary CNS lymphoma is a lymphoma confined to the brain, eyes and spinal fluid. Unlike most brain tumours it is chemo-sensitive: high-dose methotrexate-based treatment cures a substantial minority, and consolidation with a stem-cell transplant has replaced whole-brain radiation for the fit."}],"tags":[{"label":"clinician-scientist","href":"/tagged/clinician-scientist/","tip":"Every record tagged clinician-scientist."},{"label":"haematology","href":"/tagged/haematology/","tip":"Every record tagged haematology."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"breast-implant-associated-alcl","name":"Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma","tldr":"A rare lymphoma that grows in the scar capsule the body forms around a breast implant, usually many years after the operation, and usually shows itself as sudden swelling of the breast from fluid around the implant. It is linked to textured implants, and when it is confined to the capsule it is usually cured by removing the implant and the capsule whole.","route":"/cancers/breast-implant-associated-alcl/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"breast-implant-associated-alcl","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"heme","href":"/tagged/heme/","tip":"Every record tagged heme."},{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"btk-c481s","name":"BTK resistance mutations: C481S, and L528W and T474I after the non-covalent inhibitors","tldr":"A change in the enzyme BTK at the exact point where the drug grips it. The enzyme keeps working and the drug no longer holds, which is the usual reason a BTK inhibitor stops working after it has been working well.","route":"/biomarkers/btk-c481s/","kind":"biomarker","target":{"id":"btk","name":"BTK (Bruton tyrosine kinase)","targetClass":"kinase","tldr":"The signalling enzyme that B-cell cancers use to survive. Blocking it turned chronic lymphocytic leukaemia into a disease controlled by a daily pill."},"sub":"BTK","facets":{"kind":["Biomarker"],"cancers":["Mantle cell lymphoma","Waldenström macroglobulinaemia","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","Marginal zone lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Biomarker","tip":"The readouts a pathology report gives (PD-L1 CPS, HER2 IHC 3+, MSI-high), each under its gene or protein, with the thresholds approvals use and the tests that measure them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Mantle cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/mantle-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"An uncommon B-cell lymphoma driven by cyclin D1 that used to behave badly in almost everyone. BTK inhibitors, CAR-T and now BCL2 drugs have changed it from chemotherapy-plus-transplant to targeted combinations."},{"label":"Waldenström macroglobulinaemia","href":"/cancers/waldenstrom/","tip":"A slow lymphoma that makes an abnormal IgM antibody, causing thick blood, anaemia and nerve damage. Nearly all cases share one mutation (MYD88 L265P), and BTK inhibitors control it for years."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. The family is the map; the subtype is the disease, and the subtype is what decides the treatment."},{"label":"Marginal zone lymphoma","href":"/cancers/marginal-zone-lymphoma/","tip":"Marginal zone lymphoma is a slow B-cell lymphoma that often grows where the body has been fighting a chronic infection: the stomach with Helicobacter pylori, the eye, the skin or the spleen. Curing the infection cures many early cases; the rest are treated with rituximab, chemotherapy or BTK inhibitors."}],"tags":[{"label":"biomarker","href":"/tagged/biomarker/","tip":"Every record tagged biomarker."},{"label":"resistance","href":"/tagged/resistance/","tip":"Every record tagged resistance."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"caron-jacobson","name":"Caron A. Jacobson","tldr":"Boston lymphoma doctor who led ZUMA-5, the trial that brought the CAR-T therapy axicabtagene ciloleucel to relapsed follicular lymphoma.","route":"/people/caron-jacobson/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Lymphoma specialist and medical director of immune effector cell therapy, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute · Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Follicular lymphoma","Marginal zone lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Marginal zone lymphoma","href":"/cancers/marginal-zone-lymphoma/","tip":"Marginal zone lymphoma is a slow B-cell lymphoma that often grows where the body has been fighting a chronic infection: the stomach with Helicobacter pylori, the eye, the skin or the spleen. Curing the infection cures many early cases; the rest are treated with rituximab, chemotherapy or BTK inhibitors."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. The family is the map; the subtype is the disease, and the subtype is what decides the treatment."}],"tags":[{"label":"car-t","href":"/tagged/car-t/","tip":"Every record tagged car-t."},{"label":"cell-therapy","href":"/tagged/cell-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged cell-therapy."},{"label":"trialist","href":"/tagged/trialist/","tip":"Every record tagged trialist."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"catherine-thieblemont","name":"Catherine Thieblemont","tldr":"Led EPCORE NHL-1, the trial that established the subcutaneous bispecific epcoritamab for relapsed large B-cell lymphoma.","route":"/people/catherine-thieblemont/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Head of Hemato-Oncology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris; Professor, Université Paris Cité · Cancer Institute AP-HP Nord, Université Paris Cité","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."}],"tags":[{"label":"bispecific","href":"/tagged/bispecific/","tip":"Every record tagged bispecific."},{"label":"lysa","href":"/tagged/lysa/","tip":"Every record tagged lysa."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"cd79b-itam-mutation","name":"CD79B ITAM mutation","tldr":"A change in the signalling tail of part of the B-cell receptor that leaves the receptor switched on without needing anything to bind it. It marks a group of large B-cell lymphomas that depend on that signal, and therefore on the enzyme BTK.","route":"/biomarkers/cd79b-itam-mutation/","kind":"biomarker","target":{"id":"cd79b","name":"CD79b","targetClass":"surface-antigen","tldr":"Part of the B-cell receptor found on nearly all B-cell lymphomas; the target of the ADC polatuzumab vedotin and a frequently mutated gene in brain and testicular lymphoma."},"sub":"CD79B","facets":{"kind":["Biomarker"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Primary CNS lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Biomarker","tip":"The readouts a pathology report gives (PD-L1 CPS, HER2 IHC 3+, MSI-high), each under its gene or protein, with the thresholds approvals use and the tests that measure them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Primary CNS lymphoma","href":"/cancers/primary-cns-lymphoma/","tip":"Primary CNS lymphoma is a lymphoma confined to the brain, eyes and spinal fluid. Unlike most brain tumours it is chemo-sensitive: high-dose methotrexate-based treatment cures a substantial minority, and consolidation with a stem-cell transplant has replaced whole-brain radiation for the fit."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. 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Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Skin cancer, Multiple myeloma and 5 more."},"sub":"MYC","facets":{"kind":["Biomarker"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Biomarker","tip":"The readouts a pathology report gives (PD-L1 CPS, HER2 IHC 3+, MSI-high), each under its gene or protein, with the thresholds approvals use and the tests that measure them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. The family is the map; the subtype is the disease, and the subtype is what decides the treatment."}],"tags":[{"label":"biomarker","href":"/tagged/biomarker/","tip":"Every record tagged biomarker."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"double-hit-rearrangement","name":"Double-hit and triple-hit: MYC with BCL2 and BCL6 rearrangement","tldr":"A lymphoma that carries a rearrangement of MYC, the gene that drives growth, together with one of BCL2 or BCL6, the genes that stop a cell dying. Having both is far worse than having either, and it usually means a stronger treatment than standard R-CHOP.","route":"/biomarkers/double-hit-rearrangement/","kind":"biomarker","target":{"id":"myc-gene","name":"MYC","targetClass":"transcription","tldr":"MYC (Myc proto-oncogene protein) is a protein that switches other genes on and off. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor, a biomarker and a fusion partner, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Skin cancer, Multiple myeloma and 5 more."},"sub":"MYC","facets":{"kind":["Biomarker"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Burkitt lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Biomarker","tip":"The readouts a pathology report gives (PD-L1 CPS, HER2 IHC 3+, MSI-high), each under its gene or protein, with the thresholds approvals use and the tests that measure them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Burkitt lymphoma","href":"/cancers/burkitt-lymphoma/","tip":"Burkitt lymphoma is the fastest-growing human tumour, driven by a single rearrangement that switches on the MYC gene. That speed makes it exquisitely sensitive to chemotherapy: short, intense courses, now with the antibody rituximab, cure the great majority of children in well-resourced settings. The remaining task is to bring the same cure to the African children who make up most cases."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. The family is the map; the subtype is the disease, and the subtype is what decides the treatment."}],"tags":[{"label":"biomarker","href":"/tagged/biomarker/","tip":"Every record tagged biomarker."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"ebv-positive-dlbcl","name":"EBV-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","tldr":"A diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in which Epstein-Barr virus, the virus of glandular fever, is present in the tumour cells. It is diagnosed by a stain on the biopsy, it is commoner in east Asia and Latin America than in Europe, and it is treated in the same way as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma without the virus.","route":"/cancers/ebv-positive-dlbcl/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"ebv-positive-dlbcl","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"heme","href":"/tagged/heme/","tip":"Every record tagged heme."},{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"enteropathy-associated-t-cell-lymphoma","name":"Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma","tldr":"An aggressive T-cell lymphoma of the small bowel that arises out of coeliac disease, usually in somebody whose coeliac disease was diagnosed late or has not responded to a gluten-free diet. It often announces itself as a perforation or obstruction of the bowel in a person who is already underweight, which is why treatment has to deal with nutrition at the same time as the lymphoma.","route":"/cancers/enteropathy-associated-t-cell-lymphoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"enteropathy-associated-t-cell-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"heme","href":"/tagged/heme/","tip":"Every record tagged heme."},{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"extranodal-nk-t-cell-lymphoma","name":"Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma","tldr":"An aggressive lymphoma of natural killer cells, always driven by Epstein-Barr virus, that destroys the tissues in the middle of the face: the nose, the palate and the sinuses. It is common in east Asia and Latin America and uncommon in Europe, and it is the one lymphoma in which ordinary anthracycline chemotherapy does not work at all.","route":"/cancers/extranodal-nk-t-cell-lymphoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"extranodal-nk-t-cell-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"heme","href":"/tagged/heme/","tip":"Every record tagged heme."},{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"ezh2-y646-mutation","name":"EZH2 gain-of-function mutation (Tyr646, originally Tyr641)","tldr":"A change in an enzyme that puts a chemical silencing mark on DNA. The altered enzyme adds too much of the mark, which keeps a lymphoma cell locked in the state it should have grown out of. It is the one lymphoma mutation that currently selects a tablet.","route":"/biomarkers/ezh2-y646-mutation/","kind":"biomarker","target":{"id":"ezh2","name":"EZH2","targetClass":"enzyme","tldr":"EZH2 is an enzyme that silences genes. The first drug against it treated a rare sarcoma and some lymphomas until it was withdrawn in 2026 for causing second blood cancers."},"sub":"EZH2","facets":{"kind":["Biomarker"],"cancers":["Follicular lymphoma","Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Biomarker","tip":"The readouts a pathology report gives (PD-L1 CPS, HER2 IHC 3+, MSI-high), each under its gene or protein, with the thresholds approvals use and the tests that measure them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. The family is the map; the subtype is the disease, and the subtype is what decides the treatment."}],"tags":[{"label":"biomarker","href":"/tagged/biomarker/","tip":"Every record tagged biomarker."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"franck-morschhauser","name":"Franck Morschhauser","tldr":"Lille haematologist and President of LYSA, the French-Belgian lymphoma cooperative group, who led the RELEVANCE trial of chemotherapy-free therapy in follicular lymphoma.","route":"/people/franck-morschhauser/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"President · LYSA (The Lymphoma Study Association)","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Follicular lymphoma","Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."}],"tags":[{"label":"leadership","href":"/tagged/leadership/","tip":"Every record tagged leadership."},{"label":"clinician-scientist","href":"/tagged/clinician-scientist/","tip":"Every record tagged clinician-scientist."},{"label":"haematology","href":"/tagged/haematology/","tip":"Every record tagged haematology."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"franco-cavalli","name":"Franco Cavalli","tldr":"Swiss oncologist who presides over the board of the international study group that runs clinical trials in lymphomas arising outside the lymph nodes.","route":"/people/franco-cavalli/","kind":"person","logo":"/portraits/franco-cavalli.jpg","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"President of the Board, International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group · International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."}],"tags":[{"label":"leadership","href":"/tagged/leadership/","tip":"Every record tagged leadership."},{"label":"clinician-scientist","href":"/tagged/clinician-scientist/","tip":"Every record tagged clinician-scientist."},{"label":"clinical-trials","href":"/tagged/clinical-trials/","tip":"Every record tagged clinical-trials."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"gastric-malt-lymphoma","name":"Gastric MALT lymphoma","tldr":"A slow-growing MALT lymphoma that grows in the lining of the stomach, usually caused by a long-standing infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. It is the one lymphoma that is often cured by a fortnight of antibiotics, and a single chromosome change predicts the minority in whom antibiotics will not work.","route":"/cancers/gastric-malt-lymphoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"gastric-malt-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"heme","href":"/tagged/heme/","tip":"Every record tagged heme."},{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"gilles-salles","name":"Gilles Salles","tldr":"Led PRIMA, which established rituximab maintenance in follicular lymphoma, and co-chaired POLARIX in DLBCL.","route":"/people/gilles-salles/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Chief, Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center · Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Follicular lymphoma","Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."}],"tags":[{"label":"trialist","href":"/tagged/trialist/","tip":"Every record tagged trialist."},{"label":"lysa","href":"/tagged/lysa/","tip":"Every record tagged lysa."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"miles-prince","name":"H. Miles Prince","tldr":"Melbourne haematologist who led ALCANZA, the trial that showed brentuximab vedotin beats standard treatment for CD30-expressing cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.","route":"/people/miles-prince/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Haematologist, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne · Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","Peripheral T-cell lymphomas"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is a family of nine lymphomas that start in the skin and mostly stay there, of which mycosis fungoides is by far the commonest. Most of them are long-term skin conditions managed over decades rather than cancers that are cured or not cured, and two of the nine are genuinely aggressive."},{"label":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","href":"/cancers/peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas are lymphomas of T cells rather than B cells. They are rarer, more varied and, apart from a few subtypes, harder to treat than B-cell lymphomas; several new drugs help only defined subtypes."}],"tags":[{"label":"trialist","href":"/tagged/trialist/","tip":"Every record tagged trialist."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"herve-tilly","name":"Hervé Tilly","tldr":"Principal investigator of POLARIX, the trial that gave DLBCL its first improvement on R-CHOP in twenty years.","route":"/people/herve-tilly/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor of Hematology, Centre Henri Becquerel and University of Rouen; LYSA · LYSA (The Lymphoma Study Association)","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."}],"tags":[{"label":"adc","href":"/tagged/adc/","tip":"Every record tagged adc."},{"label":"lysa","href":"/tagged/lysa/","tip":"Every record tagged lysa."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"high-grade-b-cell-lymphoma-myc-bcl2","name":"High-grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 rearrangements (double-hit lymphoma)","tldr":"An aggressive B-cell lymphoma defined not by how it looks but by two genetic faults in the same cell: a rearrangement of MYC, which drives growth, and one of BCL2, which blocks the cell from dying. It behaves worse than ordinary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, so finding the rearrangements changes the treatment.","route":"/cancers/high-grade-b-cell-lymphoma-myc-bcl2/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"high-grade-b-cell-lymphoma-myc-bcl2","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"heme","href":"/tagged/heme/","tip":"Every record tagged heme."},{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"lymphoma-htlv-1","name":"HTLV-1 (human T-lymphotropic virus type 1)","tldr":"A virus that infects T cells, is passed mainly through breastfeeding and sexual contact, and causes a lymphoma decades later in a small minority of the people it infects. It is common in south-western Japan, the Caribbean, west and central Africa, parts of South America, Romania and Iran, and uncommon elsewhere.","route":"/terms/lymphoma-htlv-1/","kind":"term","term":{"category":"Biomarkers"},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":["Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[{"label":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","href":"/cancers/peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas are lymphomas of T cells rather than B cells. They are rarer, more varied and, apart from a few subtypes, harder to treat than B-cell lymphomas; several new drugs help only defined subtypes."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. The family is the map; the subtype is the disease, and the subtype is what decides the treatment."}],"tags":[{"label":"heme","href":"/tagged/heme/","tip":"Every record tagged heme."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"ig-tcr-clonality","name":"Immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor clonality","tldr":"A test that asks whether a group of lymphocytes all descend from one cell. Cancer is one family; a normal immune response is a crowd. It is used when the appearance under the microscope does not settle the question.","route":"/biomarkers/ig-tcr-clonality/","kind":"biomarker","sub":"Genome-wide readout","facets":{"kind":["Biomarker"],"cancers":["Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","Sezary syndrome","Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue","Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","Follicular lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Biomarker","tip":"The readouts a pathology report gives (PD-L1 CPS, HER2 IHC 3+, MSI-high), each under its gene or protein, with the thresholds approvals use and the tests that measure them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. The family is the map; the subtype is the disease, and the subtype is what decides the treatment."},{"label":"Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is a family of nine lymphomas that start in the skin and mostly stay there, of which mycosis fungoides is by far the commonest. Most of them are long-term skin conditions managed over decades rather than cancers that are cured or not cured, and two of the nine are genuinely aggressive."},{"label":"Sezary syndrome","href":"/cancers/sezary-syndrome/","tip":"Sezary syndrome is the leukaemic form of skin lymphoma: the whole skin turns red and scaly, the lymph nodes swell, and malignant T cells circulate in the blood. It is treated to control rather than cure, with photopheresis, the antibody mogamulizumab, and drugs such as bexarotene and interferon, and a stem cell transplant is the only treatment that can cure it in fit patients."},{"label":"Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue","href":"/cancers/malt-lymphoma/","tip":"MALT lymphoma is a slow-growing lymphoma that starts in lymphoid tissue lining an organ, most often the stomach, where it is usually caused by long-standing Helicobacter pylori infection and can be cured with antibiotics alone. Other sites include the eye socket, salivary glands, thyroid, lung and skin; localised disease is treated with low-dose radiotherapy and widespread disease with rituximab."}],"tags":[{"label":"biomarker","href":"/tagged/biomarker/","tip":"Every record tagged biomarker."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"clonality-testing","name":"Immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor clonality testing","tldr":"A test that asks whether a group of lymphocytes is one family descended from a single cell, or a crowd of unrelated ones. Cancer is one family. It is used when the appearance under the microscope is not enough to decide.","route":"/technologies/clonality-testing/","kind":"technology","schematic":{"id":"clonality-testing","sections":[]},"facets":{"kind":["Technology"],"cancers":["Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","Sezary syndrome","Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue","Marginal zone lymphoma","Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","Follicular lymphoma","Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma"],"year":["2003"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Technology","tip":"Every way we see, measure, or attack a tumour, explained."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. The family is the map; the subtype is the disease, and the subtype is what decides the treatment."},{"label":"Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is a family of nine lymphomas that start in the skin and mostly stay there, of which mycosis fungoides is by far the commonest. Most of them are long-term skin conditions managed over decades rather than cancers that are cured or not cured, and two of the nine are genuinely aggressive."},{"label":"Sezary syndrome","href":"/cancers/sezary-syndrome/","tip":"Sezary syndrome is the leukaemic form of skin lymphoma: the whole skin turns red and scaly, the lymph nodes swell, and malignant T cells circulate in the blood. It is treated to control rather than cure, with photopheresis, the antibody mogamulizumab, and drugs such as bexarotene and interferon, and a stem cell transplant is the only treatment that can cure it in fit patients."},{"label":"Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue","href":"/cancers/malt-lymphoma/","tip":"MALT lymphoma is a slow-growing lymphoma that starts in lymphoid tissue lining an organ, most often the stomach, where it is usually caused by long-standing Helicobacter pylori infection and can be cured with antibiotics alone. Other sites include the eye socket, salivary glands, thyroid, lung and skin; localised disease is treated with low-dose radiotherapy and widespread disease with rituximab."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2003"},"tags":[{"label":"diagnostics","href":"/tagged/diagnostics/","tip":"Every record tagged diagnostics."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":2003}},{"id":"lymphoma-indolent-versus-aggressive","name":"Indolent and aggressive lymphoma","tldr":"Lymphomas are split by how fast they grow, and the split decides what happens next. Aggressive lymphomas grow over weeks, are treated at once and are often cured. Indolent lymphomas grow over years, are often watched rather than treated, and are usually controlled for a long time rather than cured. The fast ones are the curable ones, which is the opposite of what most people expect.","route":"/terms/lymphoma-indolent-versus-aggressive/","kind":"term","cancerIcon":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":["Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","Follicular lymphoma","Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Marginal zone lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. The family is the map; the subtype is the disease, and the subtype is what decides the treatment."},{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Marginal zone lymphoma","href":"/cancers/marginal-zone-lymphoma/","tip":"Marginal zone lymphoma is a slow B-cell lymphoma that often grows where the body has been fighting a chronic infection: the stomach with Helicobacter pylori, the eye, the skin or the spleen. Curing the infection cures many early cases; the rest are treated with rituximab, chemotherapy or BTK inhibitors."}],"tags":[{"label":"heme","href":"/tagged/heme/","tip":"Every record tagged heme."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"jackson-orem","name":"Jackson Orem","tldr":"Medical oncologist who has led the Uganda Cancer Institute in Kampala, East Africa's principal cancer research and treatment centre.","route":"/people/jackson-orem/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Director · Uganda Cancer Institute","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Kaposi sarcoma","Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Kaposi sarcoma","href":"/cancers/kaposi-sarcoma/","tip":"Kaposi sarcoma is a blood-vessel cancer caused by the herpesvirus HHV-8, made famous by the AIDS epidemic. In people with HIV, antiretroviral therapy alone often shrinks it; liposomal doxorubicin or paclitaxel treat advanced disease, and it remains among the commonest cancers in sub-Saharan Africa, where paclitaxel is often unaffordable."},{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."}],"tags":[{"label":"leadership","href":"/tagged/leadership/","tip":"Every record tagged leadership."},{"label":"clinician-scientist","href":"/tagged/clinician-scientist/","tip":"Every record tagged clinician-scientist."},{"label":"global oncology","href":"/tagged/global-oncology/","tip":"Every record tagged global oncology."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"jason-westin","name":"Jason R. Westin","tldr":"Led the ZUMA-7 overall survival analysis that made CAR-T the standard second-line therapy for early-relapsing lymphoma.","route":"/people/jason-westin/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Director of Lymphoma Clinical Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center · MD Anderson Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."}],"tags":[{"label":"car-t","href":"/tagged/car-t/","tip":"Every record tagged car-t."},{"label":"second-line","href":"/tagged/second-line/","tip":"Every record tagged second-line."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"john-leonard","name":"John P. Leonard","tldr":"New York lymphoma specialist who led AUGMENT, the trial that established lenalidomide plus rituximab as a chemotherapy-free option for relapsed follicular and marginal zone lymphoma.","route":"/people/john-leonard/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Haematologist-oncologist, Weill Cornell Medicine · Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Follicular lymphoma","Marginal zone lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Marginal zone lymphoma","href":"/cancers/marginal-zone-lymphoma/","tip":"Marginal zone lymphoma is a slow B-cell lymphoma that often grows where the body has been fighting a chronic infection: the stomach with Helicobacter pylori, the eye, the skin or the spleen. Curing the infection cures many early cases; the rest are treated with rituximab, chemotherapy or BTK inhibitors."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. The family is the map; the subtype is the disease, and the subtype is what decides the treatment."}],"tags":[{"label":"trialist","href":"/tagged/trialist/","tip":"Every record tagged trialist."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"laurie-sehn","name":"Laurie H. Sehn","tldr":"Lymphoma specialist who wrote the definitive DLBCL review and helped establish polatuzumab and other new agents.","route":"/people/laurie-sehn/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Chair, Lymphoma Tumour Group, BC Cancer; Clinical Professor, University of British Columbia · BC Cancer","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."}],"tags":[{"label":"canada","href":"/tagged/canada/","tip":"Every record tagged canada."},{"label":"outcomes","href":"/tagged/outcomes/","tip":"Every record tagged outcomes."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"lim-soon-thye","name":"Lim Soon Thye","tldr":"Lymphoma specialist and Chief Executive Officer of the National Cancer Centre Singapore, the country's largest public cancer centre.","route":"/people/lim-soon-thye/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Chief Executive Officer · National Cancer Centre Singapore","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","href":"/cancers/peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas are lymphomas of T cells rather than B cells. They are rarer, more varied and, apart from a few subtypes, harder to treat than B-cell lymphomas; several new drugs help only defined subtypes."},{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."}],"tags":[{"label":"leadership","href":"/tagged/leadership/","tip":"Every record tagged leadership."},{"label":"clinician-scientist","href":"/tagged/clinician-scientist/","tip":"Every record tagged clinician-scientist."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"lymphoma-action","name":"Lymphoma Action","tldr":"The United Kingdom's only charity dedicated to lymphoma: a freephone helpline, support groups, a buddy scheme, a lymphoma trials database and a seat at the table when NICE and the Scottish Medicines Consortium appraise a lymphoma medicine.","route":"/institutions/lymphoma-action/","kind":"institution","logo":"https://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=lymphoma-action.org.uk&sz=128","avatar":"org","sub":"Aylesbury, GB","facets":{"kind":["Institution"],"cancers":["Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","Hodgkin lymphoma","Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Follicular lymphoma","Mantle cell lymphoma","Marginal zone lymphoma","Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","Burkitt lymphoma","Primary CNS lymphoma","Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","Waldenström macroglobulinaemia"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Institution","tip":"The centres and universities that matter, mapped and ranked."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. The family is the map; the subtype is the disease, and the subtype is what decides the treatment."},{"label":"Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab."},{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."}],"tags":[{"label":"charity","href":"/tagged/charity/","tip":"Every record tagged charity."},{"label":"uk","href":"/tagged/uk/","tip":"Every record tagged uk."},{"label":"patient-support","href":"/tagged/patient-support/","tip":"Every record tagged patient-support."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"lymphomatoid-papulosis","name":"Lymphomatoid papulosis","tldr":"A skin condition that keeps producing crops of small red bumps which ulcerate, crust and heal on their own over a few weeks, leaving small scars, and then come back. The biopsy looks like an aggressive lymphoma and the disease behaves nothing like one: nobody in the published series has died of it, but it carries a raised risk of a second lymphoma.","route":"/cancers/lymphomatoid-papulosis/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"lymphomatoid-papulosis","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"heme","href":"/tagged/heme/","tip":"Every record tagged heme."},{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"martin-dreyling","name":"Martin Dreyling","tldr":"Chairs the European MCL Network and led TRIANGLE, which showed ibrutinib can replace transplant in younger mantle cell lymphoma patients.","route":"/people/martin-dreyling/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor of Medicine and Head of the Lymphoma Program, LMU University Hospital Munich; Chair, European MCL Network · LMU Klinikum München","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Mantle cell lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Mantle cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/mantle-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"An uncommon B-cell lymphoma driven by cyclin D1 that used to behave badly in almost everyone. BTK inhibitors, CAR-T and now BCL2 drugs have changed it from chemotherapy-plus-transplant to targeted combinations."}],"tags":[{"label":"mantle-cell","href":"/tagged/mantle-cell/","tip":"Every record tagged mantle-cell."},{"label":"cooperative-group","href":"/tagged/cooperative-group/","tip":"Every record tagged cooperative-group."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"mediastinal-grey-zone-lymphoma","name":"Mediastinal grey zone lymphoma","tldr":"A lymphoma of the chest that sits between two diseases: it has some of the features of primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma and some of classic Hodgkin lymphoma, and a pathologist cannot put it cleanly in either. It is recognised as an entity of its own, and the 2022 classifications restricted the name to lymphomas that involve the mediastinum.","route":"/cancers/mediastinal-grey-zone-lymphoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"mediastinal-grey-zone-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"heme","href":"/tagged/heme/","tip":"Every record tagged heme."},{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"michael-dickinson","name":"Michael Dickinson","tldr":"Led the pivotal glofitamab trial, establishing off-the-shelf bispecific antibodies for relapsed large B-cell lymphoma.","route":"/people/michael-dickinson/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Lead, Aggressive Lymphoma Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital · Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."}],"tags":[{"label":"bispecific","href":"/tagged/bispecific/","tip":"Every record tagged bispecific."},{"label":"australia","href":"/tagged/australia/","tip":"Every record tagged australia."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"michael-wang","name":"Michael L. Wang","tldr":"Led the ibrutinib and brexucabtagene autoleucel trials that transformed mantle cell lymphoma treatment.","route":"/people/michael-wang/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Puddin Clarke Endowed Professor, Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, MD Anderson Cancer Center · MD Anderson Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Mantle cell lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Mantle cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/mantle-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"An uncommon B-cell lymphoma driven by cyclin D1 that used to behave badly in almost everyone. BTK inhibitors, CAR-T and now BCL2 drugs have changed it from chemotherapy-plus-transplant to targeted combinations."}],"tags":[{"label":"mantle-cell","href":"/tagged/mantle-cell/","tip":"Every record tagged mantle-cell."},{"label":"car-t","href":"/tagged/car-t/","tip":"Every record tagged car-t."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"monomorphic-epitheliotropic-intestinal-t-cell-lymphoma","name":"Monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma","tldr":"An aggressive T-cell lymphoma of the small bowel that looks and presents much like the lymphoma that complicates coeliac disease but has no connection with coeliac disease at all. It was separated out of that diagnosis in 2016, it is made of monotonous small to medium cells, and it often presents with perforation or obstruction of the bowel.","route":"/cancers/monomorphic-epitheliotropic-intestinal-t-cell-lymphoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"monomorphic-epitheliotropic-intestinal-t-cell-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"heme","href":"/tagged/heme/","tip":"Every record tagged heme."},{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"mycosis-fungoides","name":"Mycosis fungoides","tldr":"The commonest cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and a disease that behaves like a long-term skin condition for most of the people who have it: flat scaly patches that have often been treated as eczema or psoriasis for years before anyone takes a biopsy. In its early stages life expectancy is close to normal, and the treatment is creams and light rather than chemotherapy.","route":"/cancers/mycosis-fungoides/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"mycosis-fungoides","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"heme","href":"/tagged/heme/","tip":"Every record tagged heme."},{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"lymphoma-nodal-versus-extranodal","name":"Nodal and extranodal lymphoma","tldr":"A lymphoma that starts in a lymph node is called nodal; one that starts in an organ is called extranodal. A substantial minority of non-Hodgkin lymphomas start outside the lymph nodes, and where it started often changes the cause, the treatment and the outlook more than the cell type does.","route":"/terms/lymphoma-nodal-versus-extranodal/","kind":"term","cancerIcon":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":["Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue","Primary CNS lymphoma","Marginal zone lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. The family is the map; the subtype is the disease, and the subtype is what decides the treatment."},{"label":"Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue","href":"/cancers/malt-lymphoma/","tip":"MALT lymphoma is a slow-growing lymphoma that starts in lymphoid tissue lining an organ, most often the stomach, where it is usually caused by long-standing Helicobacter pylori infection and can be cured with antibiotics alone. Other sites include the eye socket, salivary glands, thyroid, lung and skin; localised disease is treated with low-dose radiotherapy and widespread disease with rituximab."},{"label":"Primary CNS lymphoma","href":"/cancers/primary-cns-lymphoma/","tip":"Primary CNS lymphoma is a lymphoma confined to the brain, eyes and spinal fluid. Unlike most brain tumours it is chemo-sensitive: high-dose methotrexate-based treatment cures a substantial minority, and consolidation with a stem-cell transplant has replaced whole-brain radiation for the fit."},{"label":"Marginal zone lymphoma","href":"/cancers/marginal-zone-lymphoma/","tip":"Marginal zone lymphoma is a slow B-cell lymphoma that often grows where the body has been fighting a chronic infection: the stomach with Helicobacter pylori, the eye, the skin or the spleen. Curing the infection cures many early cases; the rest are treated with rituximab, chemotherapy or BTK inhibitors."}],"tags":[{"label":"heme","href":"/tagged/heme/","tip":"Every record tagged heme."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"ocular-adnexal-malt-lymphoma","name":"Ocular adnexal MALT lymphoma","tldr":"A slow-growing MALT lymphoma of the tissues around the eye: the conjunctiva, the eye socket, the tear gland or the eyelid. It usually shows itself as a painless salmon-pink patch on the white of the eye or as an eye that has begun to bulge, and it is controlled in almost everybody, often by a short course of radiotherapy.","route":"/cancers/ocular-adnexal-malt-lymphoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"ocular-adnexal-malt-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"heme","href":"/tagged/heme/","tip":"Every record tagged heme."},{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"peter-johnson","name":"Peter Johnson","tldr":"Southampton lymphoma specialist who led the RATHL trial of PET-guided therapy in Hodgkin lymphoma and serves as NHS England's National Clinical Director for Cancer.","route":"/people/peter-johnson/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor of Medical Oncology · University Hospital Southampton / Centre for Cancer Immunology","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Hodgkin lymphoma","Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab."},{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."}],"tags":[{"label":"clinician-scientist","href":"/tagged/clinician-scientist/","tip":"Every record tagged clinician-scientist."},{"label":"immunotherapy","href":"/tagged/immunotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged immunotherapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"philippe-armand","name":"Philippe Armand","tldr":"Boston lymphoma doctor who led KEYNOTE-170, the trial that showed pembrolizumab can control relapsed primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma, and who helped bring PD-1 blockade to Hodgkin lymphoma.","route":"/people/philippe-armand/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Lymphoma specialist, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute · Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma is a fast-growing lymphoma of the thymus behind the breastbone that mostly affects young women. Immunochemotherapy cures about nine in ten, radiotherapy can now be skipped when the end-of-treatment scan is clear, and PD-1 antibodies and CAR-T cells rescue many of those who relapse."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. The family is the map; the subtype is the disease, and the subtype is what decides the treatment."}],"tags":[{"label":"immunotherapy","href":"/tagged/immunotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged immunotherapy."},{"label":"trialist","href":"/tagged/trialist/","tip":"Every record tagged trialist."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"plasmablastic-lymphoma","name":"Plasmablastic lymphoma","tldr":"An aggressive lymphoma whose cells have taken on the appearance of plasma cells, so they no longer carry the CD20 marker that most B-cell lymphoma treatments aim at. It most often starts in the mouth or jaw, and about half of people diagnosed with it have HIV.","route":"/cancers/plasmablastic-lymphoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"plasmablastic-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"heme","href":"/tagged/heme/","tip":"Every record tagged heme."},{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"primary-cutaneous-anaplastic-large-cell-lymphoma","name":"Primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma","tldr":"A cutaneous T-cell lymphoma that appears as one or a few red-purple nodules on the skin, often ulcerated, which may shrink on their own. Despite cells that look alarming under the microscope it stays in the skin in almost everybody and is treated with surgery or local radiotherapy rather than chemotherapy.","route":"/cancers/primary-cutaneous-anaplastic-large-cell-lymphoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"primary-cutaneous-anaplastic-large-cell-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"heme","href":"/tagged/heme/","tip":"Every record tagged heme."},{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"primary-effusion-lymphoma","name":"Primary effusion lymphoma","tldr":"A rare lymphoma that grows as fluid rather than as a lump: it fills the space around the lungs, the heart or the bowel without forming a mass. It is caused by Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus and arises mostly in people with advanced HIV infection, and it is diagnosed by sending the fluid itself for testing.","route":"/cancers/primary-effusion-lymphoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"primary-effusion-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"heme","href":"/tagged/heme/","tip":"Every record tagged heme."},{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"primary-testicular-lymphoma","name":"Primary large B-cell lymphoma of the testis","tldr":"A large B-cell lymphoma that starts in a testicle rather than in a lymph node, usually in a man over 60, and shows itself as a painless swelling. It is the commonest cancer of the testicle in older men, and it behaves as one disease with lymphoma of the brain and of the eye, which is why treatment deliberately protects both.","route":"/cancers/primary-testicular-lymphoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"primary-testicular-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"heme","href":"/tagged/heme/","tip":"Every record tagged heme."},{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"lymphoma-pit-score","name":"Prognostic Index for T-cell lymphoma (PIT)","tldr":"A four-item score that estimates the outlook in nodal T-cell lymphoma, built because the index used for B-cell lymphoma separated these patients poorly. It counts age over 60, a performance status of 2 or worse, a raised lactate dehydrogenase, and lymphoma in the bone marrow.","route":"/terms/lymphoma-pit-score/","kind":"term","cancerIcon":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":["Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","Nodal T-follicular helper cell lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic type","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[{"label":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","href":"/cancers/peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas are lymphomas of T cells rather than B cells. They are rarer, more varied and, apart from a few subtypes, harder to treat than B-cell lymphomas; several new drugs help only defined subtypes."},{"label":"Nodal T-follicular helper cell lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic type","href":"/cancers/angioimmunoblastic-t-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, now called nodal T-follicular helper cell lymphoma of angioimmunoblastic type, is one of the commonest T-cell lymphomas and mostly affects people over 60. It presents with widespread swollen nodes, fever, rash and immune upsets such as anaemia; about four in ten people are alive five years after chemotherapy, more after a transplant in first remission."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. The family is the map; the subtype is the disease, and the subtype is what decides the treatment."}],"tags":[{"label":"heme","href":"/tagged/heme/","tip":"Every record tagged heme."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"rhoa-g17v","name":"RHOA G17V","tldr":"A single change in a small signalling protein, found in about two thirds of one kind of T-cell lymphoma. It is useful because it is specific to the tumour cells, while the other mutations in the same disease are also present in normal blood cells.","route":"/biomarkers/rhoa-g17v/","kind":"biomarker","target":{"id":"rhoa","name":"RHOA","targetClass":"enzyme","tldr":"RHOA (Transforming protein RhoA) is an enzyme. The public catalogues list it as an oncogene driver, a tumour suppressor and a biomarker, and clinical evidence ties its variants to diagnosis, prognosis or drug response. Tied to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, Bladder & urothelial cancer and 5 more."},"sub":"RHOA","facets":{"kind":["Biomarker"],"cancers":["Nodal T-follicular helper cell lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic type","Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Biomarker","tip":"The readouts a pathology report gives (PD-L1 CPS, HER2 IHC 3+, MSI-high), each under its gene or protein, with the thresholds approvals use and the tests that measure them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Nodal T-follicular helper cell lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic type","href":"/cancers/angioimmunoblastic-t-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, now called nodal T-follicular helper cell lymphoma of angioimmunoblastic type, is one of the commonest T-cell lymphomas and mostly affects people over 60. It presents with widespread swollen nodes, fever, rash and immune upsets such as anaemia; about four in ten people are alive five years after chemotherapy, more after a transplant in first remission."},{"label":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","href":"/cancers/peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas are lymphomas of T cells rather than B cells. They are rarer, more varied and, apart from a few subtypes, harder to treat than B-cell lymphomas; several new drugs help only defined subtypes."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. The family is the map; the subtype is the disease, and the subtype is what decides the treatment."}],"tags":[{"label":"biomarker","href":"/tagged/biomarker/","tip":"Every record tagged biomarker."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"sascha-dietrich","name":"Sascha Dietrich","tldr":"Haematologist-oncologist and Deputy Medical Director at University Hospital Düsseldorf, known for drug-response profiling in lymphoma and leukaemia.","route":"/people/sascha-dietrich/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Deputy Medical Director · University Hospital Düsseldorf / CIO Düsseldorf","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","Hairy cell leukaemia","Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","href":"/cancers/cll/","tip":"A slow leukaemia that no longer needs chemotherapy: BTK inhibitors and venetoclax control it for years, often in fixed-duration courses."},{"label":"Hairy cell leukaemia","href":"/cancers/hairy-cell-leukemia/","tip":"Hairy cell leukaemia is a rare, slow B-cell leukaemia with a single defining mutation (BRAF V600E) that is unusually curable: one week of a purine analogue puts most people into remission for years, and BRAF drugs rescue those who relapse."},{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."}],"tags":[{"label":"leadership","href":"/tagged/leadership/","tip":"Every record tagged leadership."},{"label":"clinician-scientist","href":"/tagged/clinician-scientist/","tip":"Every record tagged clinician-scientist."},{"label":"haematology","href":"/tagged/haematology/","tip":"Every record tagged haematology."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"sattva-neelapu","name":"Sattva S. Neelapu","tldr":"Led ZUMA-1, the trial that made axicabtagene ciloleucel the first CAR-T therapy approved for lymphoma.","route":"/people/sattva-neelapu/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor and Deputy Chair, Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, MD Anderson Cancer Center · MD Anderson Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Follicular lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."}],"tags":[{"label":"car-t","href":"/tagged/car-t/","tip":"Every record tagged car-t."},{"label":"cell-therapy","href":"/tagged/cell-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged cell-therapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"sirpa-leppa","name":"Sirpa Leppä","tldr":"Helsinki oncologist who chairs the Nordic Lymphoma Group, the cooperative network that runs lymphoma trials and guidelines across the Nordic countries.","route":"/people/sirpa-leppa/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Chairperson, Nordic Lymphoma Group · Nordic Lymphoma Group","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab."}],"tags":[{"label":"leadership","href":"/tagged/leadership/","tip":"Every record tagged leadership."},{"label":"clinician-scientist","href":"/tagged/clinician-scientist/","tip":"Every record tagged clinician-scientist."},{"label":"cooperative-group","href":"/tagged/cooperative-group/","tip":"Every record tagged cooperative-group."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"lymphoma-lugano-gastrointestinal","name":"Staging a lymphoma of the stomach or bowel","tldr":"A lymphoma that starts in the stomach or bowel is staged by how deep it goes into the wall and how far along the lymph node chain it has travelled, not only by how many node regions are involved. The depth is measured by endoscopic ultrasound, and it decides whether antibiotics alone are worth trying.","route":"/terms/lymphoma-lugano-gastrointestinal/","kind":"term","cancerIcon":"malt-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":["Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue","Marginal zone lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[{"label":"Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue","href":"/cancers/malt-lymphoma/","tip":"MALT lymphoma is a slow-growing lymphoma that starts in lymphoid tissue lining an organ, most often the stomach, where it is usually caused by long-standing Helicobacter pylori infection and can be cured with antibiotics alone. Other sites include the eye socket, salivary glands, thyroid, lung and skin; localised disease is treated with low-dose radiotherapy and widespread disease with rituximab."},{"label":"Marginal zone lymphoma","href":"/cancers/marginal-zone-lymphoma/","tip":"Marginal zone lymphoma is a slow B-cell lymphoma that often grows where the body has been fighting a chronic infection: the stomach with Helicobacter pylori, the eye, the skin or the spleen. Curing the infection cures many early cases; the rest are treated with rituximab, chemotherapy or BTK inhibitors."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. The family is the map; the subtype is the disease, and the subtype is what decides the treatment."}],"tags":[{"label":"heme","href":"/tagged/heme/","tip":"Every record tagged heme."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"stephen-schuster","name":"Stephen J. Schuster","tldr":"Led JULIET, which brought tisagenlecleucel, the first CAR-T, to adults with relapsed large B-cell lymphoma.","route":"/people/stephen-schuster/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Robert and Margarita Louis-Dreyfus Professor in CLL and Lymphoma, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania · Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Follicular lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."}],"tags":[{"label":"car-t","href":"/tagged/car-t/","tip":"Every record tagged car-t."},{"label":"cell-therapy","href":"/tagged/cell-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged cell-therapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"steven-horwitz","name":"Steven M. Horwitz","tldr":"Led ECHELON-2, the first trial to improve survival in peripheral T-cell lymphoma, using brentuximab vedotin.","route":"/people/steven-horwitz/","kind":"person","logo":"/portraits/steven-horwitz.jpg","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Attending Physician, Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center · Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Peripheral T-cell lymphomas"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","href":"/cancers/peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas are lymphomas of T cells rather than B cells. They are rarer, more varied and, apart from a few subtypes, harder to treat than B-cell lymphomas; several new drugs help only defined subtypes."}],"tags":[{"label":"t-cell","href":"/tagged/t-cell/","tip":"Every record tagged t-cell."},{"label":"adc","href":"/tagged/adc/","tip":"Every record tagged adc."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"steven-treon","name":"Steven P. Treon","tldr":"Discovered the MYD88 mutation that defines Waldenström macroglobulinaemia and led the trial that made ibrutinib its first approved drug.","route":"/people/steven-treon/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Director, Bing Center for Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute · Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Waldenström macroglobulinaemia"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Waldenström macroglobulinaemia","href":"/cancers/waldenstrom/","tip":"A slow lymphoma that makes an abnormal IgM antibody, causing thick blood, anaemia and nerve damage. Nearly all cases share one mutation (MYD88 L265P), and BTK inhibitors control it for years."}],"tags":[{"label":"waldenstrom","href":"/tagged/waldenstrom/","tip":"Every record tagged waldenstrom."},{"label":"genomics","href":"/tagged/genomics/","tip":"Every record tagged genomics."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"t-cell-histiocyte-rich-large-b-cell-lymphoma","name":"T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma","tldr":"A lymphoma in which the cancer cells are a tiny minority of what the pathologist sees: scattered large B cells in a dense crowd of normal T cells and macrophages. It is a form of large B-cell lymphoma, it usually presents with disease in the liver, spleen or bone marrow, and it is easy to mistake for a different disease in both directions.","route":"/cancers/t-cell-histiocyte-rich-large-b-cell-lymphoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"t-cell-histiocyte-rich-large-b-cell-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"heme","href":"/tagged/heme/","tip":"Every record tagged heme."},{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"germinal-centre-reaction","name":"The germinal centre reaction","tldr":"To make a good antibody, a B cell has to deliberately damage its own DNA and keep dividing while it does. The germinal centre is where that happens, under strict time limits. Most B-cell lymphomas are cells that went through it and did not come out.","route":"/pathways/germinal-centre-reaction/","kind":"pathway","cancerIcon":"dlbcl","facets":{"kind":["Pathway"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Follicular lymphoma","Burkitt lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Pathway","tip":"The classic signalling circuits, drawn and explained."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Burkitt lymphoma","href":"/cancers/burkitt-lymphoma/","tip":"Burkitt lymphoma is the fastest-growing human tumour, driven by a single rearrangement that switches on the MYC gene. That speed makes it exquisitely sensitive to chemotherapy: short, intense courses, now with the antibody rituximab, cure the great majority of children in well-resourced settings. The remaining task is to bring the same cure to the African children who make up most cases."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. The family is the map; the subtype is the disease, and the subtype is what decides the treatment."}],"tags":[{"label":"pathway","href":"/tagged/pathway/","tip":"Every record tagged pathway."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"lymphoma-classification-2022","name":"The two lymphoma classifications of 2022 (WHO-HAEM5 and ICC)","tldr":"Since 2022 there have been two reference classifications of lymphoma rather than one, published within months of each other by overlapping groups of experts. They agree about most diseases and disagree about a handful of names and boundaries, so the same biopsy can carry two different diagnoses depending on which book the pathologist used.","route":"/terms/lymphoma-classification-2022/","kind":"term","cancerIcon":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":["Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","Hodgkin lymphoma","Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Peripheral T-cell lymphomas"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. The family is the map; the subtype is the disease, and the subtype is what decides the treatment."},{"label":"Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab."},{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","href":"/cancers/peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas are lymphomas of T cells rather than B cells. They are rarer, more varied and, apart from a few subtypes, harder to treat than B-cell lymphomas; several new drugs help only defined subtypes."}],"tags":[{"label":"heme","href":"/tagged/heme/","tip":"Every record tagged heme."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"lymphoma-transformation","name":"Transformation of an indolent lymphoma","tldr":"A slow-growing lymphoma can change into a fast-growing one. It usually announces itself as one node growing much faster than the others, a sudden rise in lactate dehydrogenase, or new fevers and weight loss in somebody who has been stable for years. It is treated as the aggressive lymphoma it has become, not as the one it came from.","route":"/terms/lymphoma-transformation/","kind":"term","cancerIcon":"follicular-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":["Follicular lymphoma","Marginal zone lymphoma","Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Marginal zone lymphoma","href":"/cancers/marginal-zone-lymphoma/","tip":"Marginal zone lymphoma is a slow B-cell lymphoma that often grows where the body has been fighting a chronic infection: the stomach with Helicobacter pylori, the eye, the skin or the spleen. Curing the infection cures many early cases; the rest are treated with rituximab, chemotherapy or BTK inhibitors."},{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. The family is the map; the subtype is the disease, and the subtype is what decides the treatment."}],"tags":[{"label":"heme","href":"/tagged/heme/","tip":"Every record tagged heme."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"wyndham-wilson","name":"Wyndham H. Wilson","tldr":"Developed dose-adjusted EPOCH-R, the regimen that cures primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma without radiotherapy.","route":"/people/wyndham-wilson/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Senior Investigator and Head, Lymphoma Therapeutics Section, National Cancer Institute Center for Cancer Research · NCI Center for Cancer Research (intramural programme)","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."}],"tags":[{"label":"nci","href":"/tagged/nci/","tip":"Every record tagged nci."},{"label":"chemotherapy","href":"/tagged/chemotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged chemotherapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"youn-kim","name":"Youn H. Kim","tldr":"Stanford dermatologist who led MAVORIC, the trial that established mogamulizumab for mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome after earlier treatment.","route":"/people/youn-kim/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Dermatologist and Director of the Multidisciplinary Cutaneous Lymphoma Program, Stanford · Stanford Health Care / Stanford Cancer Institute","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","Peripheral T-cell lymphomas"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is a family of nine lymphomas that start in the skin and mostly stay there, of which mycosis fungoides is by far the commonest. Most of them are long-term skin conditions managed over decades rather than cancers that are cured or not cured, and two of the nine are genuinely aggressive."},{"label":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","href":"/cancers/peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas are lymphomas of T cells rather than B cells. They are rarer, more varied and, apart from a few subtypes, harder to treat than B-cell lymphomas; several new drugs help only defined subtypes."}],"tags":[{"label":"dermatology","href":"/tagged/dermatology/","tip":"Every record tagged dermatology."},{"label":"trialist","href":"/tagged/trialist/","tip":"Every record tagged trialist."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"yuqin-song","name":"Yuqin Song","tldr":"Lymphoma specialist and Vice President of Peking University Cancer Hospital.","route":"/people/yuqin-song/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Vice President · Peking University Cancer Hospital","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Follicular lymphoma","Mantle cell lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Mantle cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/mantle-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"An uncommon B-cell lymphoma driven by cyclin D1 that used to behave badly in almost everyone. BTK inhibitors, CAR-T and now BCL2 drugs have changed it from chemotherapy-plus-transplant to targeted combinations."}],"tags":[{"label":"leadership","href":"/tagged/leadership/","tip":"Every record tagged leadership."},{"label":"clinician-scientist","href":"/tagged/clinician-scientist/","tip":"Every record tagged clinician-scientist."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}}]