[{"id":"lung-adenocarcinoma-in-situ-and-minimally-invasive","name":"Adenocarcinoma in situ and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma of the lung","tldr":"Adenocarcinoma in situ and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma are the earliest forms of lung cancer of the adenocarcinoma type: small tumours, usually seen as ground-glass spots on a CT scan, that have not yet invaded, or have invaded less than five millimetres. When removed they are effectively cured, with no recurrences in the large series, so the question is how little surgery is enough.","route":"/cancers/lung-adenocarcinoma-in-situ-and-minimally-invasive/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"lung-adenocarcinoma-in-situ-and-minimally-invasive","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"wave4","href":"/tagged/wave4/","tip":"Every record tagged wave4."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"lung-adenocarcinoma","name":"Adenocarcinoma of the lung","tldr":"Lung adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer and the form that non-smokers usually get; it starts in the mucus-making gland cells of the small airways, most often at the edge of the lung. It is the type in which testing for a driver mutation matters most, because half of cases have one that a tablet can target.","route":"/cancers/lung-adenocarcinoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"lung-adenocarcinoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"wave4","href":"/tagged/wave4/","tip":"Every record tagged wave4."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"lung-adenosquamous-carcinoma","name":"Adenosquamous carcinoma of the lung","tldr":"Adenosquamous carcinoma is an uncommon lung cancer that contains both gland-forming and squamous cancer cells, each making up at least a tenth of the tumour. It behaves worse than either pure type, but its gland-forming part often carries an EGFR mutation, so it is tested and treated like adenocarcinoma.","route":"/cancers/lung-adenosquamous-carcinoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"lung-adenosquamous-carcinoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"wave4","href":"/tagged/wave4/","tip":"Every record tagged wave4."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"alastair-greystoke","name":"Alastair Greystoke","tldr":"The Newcastle oncologist who led the NHS England pilot that put a blood test for lung cancer mutations into the diagnostic pathway, and who co-leads the CONCORDE radiotherapy platform.","route":"/people/alastair-greystoke/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor of Precision Oncology, Newcastle University; Consultant Medical Oncologist, Northern Centre for Cancer Care; Clinical Director for Cancer, North East and Yorkshire Genomic Medicine Service · Newcastle Cancer Centre / Northern Centre for Cancer Care","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."}],"tags":[{"label":"trialist","href":"/tagged/trialist/","tip":"Every record tagged trialist."},{"label":"uk","href":"/tagged/uk/","tip":"Every record tagged uk."},{"label":"genomics","href":"/tagged/genomics/","tip":"Every record tagged genomics."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"alice-shaw","name":"Alice T. Shaw","tldr":"Lung cancer doctor whose trials at Massachusetts General Hospital showed that crizotinib works in ROS1-rearranged lung cancer and defined how ALK-positive tumours become resistant to targeted drugs.","route":"/people/alice-shaw/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Thoracic oncologist and drug developer","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["ROS1-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","Non-small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"ROS1-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/ros1-positive-nsclc/","tip":"ROS1-positive lung cancer is a rare fusion-driven adenocarcinoma treated with a pill. Crizotinib was the first, and the newer drugs repotrectinib and taletrectinib control the disease for about three years, reach the brain and work against the resistance mutation that defeated the older drugs."},{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."}],"tags":[{"label":"targeted-therapy","href":"/tagged/targeted-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged targeted-therapy."},{"label":"trialist","href":"/tagged/trialist/","tip":"Every record tagged trialist."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"alk-positive-nsclc","name":"ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","tldr":"ALK-positive lung cancer is driven by a fused ALK gene and is treated with a pill from the start. The newest inhibitors keep the disease under control for years, with lorlatinib holding six in ten patients progression-free at five years, and two years of alectinib after surgery cuts recurrence by three quarters.","route":"/cancers/alk-positive-nsclc/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"alk-positive-nsclc","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"asbestos","name":"Asbestos","tldr":"A mineral once used everywhere in building, whose fibres lodge in the lung when they are breathed in and cause cancer decades later. It causes both mesothelioma, the cancer of the lining around the lung, and lung cancer itself, and the two are different diseases with different pathways.","route":"/terms/asbestos/","kind":"term","term":{"category":"Epidemiology & prevention"},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":["Lung cancer","Non-small-cell lung cancer","Mesothelioma","Pleural mesothelioma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."},{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Mesothelioma","href":"/cancers/mesothelioma/","tip":"An asbestos-caused cancer of the lung lining. Immunotherapy doublets replaced chemotherapy in 2020, and mesothelin CAR-T is under study."},{"label":"Pleural mesothelioma","href":"/cancers/pleural-mesothelioma/","tip":"Pleural mesothelioma grows in the lining of the lung after asbestos exposure and causes breathlessness and chest pain from fluid and thickening. It is rarely curable; the first-line choice is nivolumab with ipilimumab or pembrolizumab with chemotherapy, and surgery to remove the lining is no longer recommended outside trials."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"basaloid-squamous-cell-carcinoma-lung","name":"Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the lung","tldr":"Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma is a variant of squamous lung cancer made of small, dark, tightly packed cells that grow in nests; survival in the source series was lower than in other squamous cell carcinoma. No trial exists in the variant alone, so the parent's evidence applies: it is treated as squamous lung cancer by stage, and its high PD-L1 is why checkpoint inhibitors are used.","route":"/cancers/basaloid-squamous-cell-carcinoma-lung/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"basaloid-squamous-cell-carcinoma-lung","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"wave4","href":"/tagged/wave4/","tip":"Every record tagged wave4."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"big-lung-trial","name":"Big Lung Trial","tldr":"The British trial that asked, without enthusiasm or spin, what chemotherapy is actually worth in lung cancer, and found it worth nine weeks in advanced disease and nothing at all after surgery or radiotherapy.","route":"/trials/big-lung-trial/","status":"mixed","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"nsclc","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer"],"year":["2004"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2004"},"tags":[{"label":"uk","href":"/tagged/uk/","tip":"Every record tagged uk."},{"label":"pragmatic-trial","href":"/tagged/pragmatic-trial/","tip":"Every record tagged pragmatic-trial."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":2004}},{"id":"braf-v600e-nsclc","name":"BRAF V600E-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","tldr":"BRAF V600E lung cancer carries the same mutation as many melanomas and is treated with the same pairs of pills that block BRAF and MEK together. Dabrafenib with trametinib and encorafenib with binimetinib each shrink about two thirds to three quarters of untreated tumours.","route":"/cancers/braf-v600e-nsclc/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"braf-v600e-nsclc","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"chart-lung","name":"CHART","tldr":"A British radiotherapy schedule, invented at Mount Vernon, that squeezed a six-week course into twelve days and cut the risk of death by about a quarter.","route":"/trials/chart-lung/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"nsclc","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer","Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung"],"year":["1997"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."},{"label":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung","href":"/cancers/lung-squamous-cell-carcinoma/","tip":"Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common type of lung cancer and the one most tightly linked to smoking; it starts in the flat cells lining the large central airways. Unlike adenocarcinoma it rarely carries a mutation a tablet can target, so treatment rests on chemotherapy with immunotherapy, and pemetrexed and bevacizumab are not used."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"1997"},"tags":[{"label":"uk","href":"/tagged/uk/","tip":"Every record tagged uk."},{"label":"radiotherapy","href":"/tagged/radiotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged radiotherapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":1997}},{"id":"ross-camidge","name":"D. Ross Camidge","tldr":"Led the crizotinib and brigatinib trials that defined ALK-targeted lung cancer therapy.","route":"/people/ross-camidge/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Joyce Zeff Chair in Lung Cancer Research, University of Colorado Cancer Center · University of Colorado Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."}],"tags":[{"label":"alk","href":"/tagged/alk/","tip":"Every record tagged alk."},{"label":"targeted-therapy","href":"/tagged/targeted-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged targeted-therapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"david-baldwin","name":"David Baldwin","tldr":"The Nottingham chest physician who chairs the UK clinical expert group for lung cancer and advises the National Screening Committee: the person whose job it is to turn the screening evidence into an NHS service.","route":"/people/david-baldwin/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Consultant Respiratory Physician, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Honorary Professor of Medicine, University of Nottingham; Lead Clinician for Lung Cancer, NHS England · Nottingham University Hospitals Cancer Centre (City Hospital)","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."}],"tags":[{"label":"screening","href":"/tagged/screening/","tip":"Every record tagged screening."},{"label":"uk","href":"/tagged/uk/","tip":"Every record tagged uk."},{"label":"policy","href":"/tagged/policy/","tip":"Every record tagged policy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"denise-aberle","name":"Denise R. Aberle","tldr":"Principal investigator of the National Lung Screening Trial, which first proved CT screening saves lives.","route":"/people/denise-aberle/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor of Radiology and Bioengineering, UCLA · UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."}],"tags":[{"label":"screening","href":"/tagged/screening/","tip":"Every record tagged screening."},{"label":"radiology","href":"/tagged/radiology/","tip":"Every record tagged radiology."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"egfr-mutant-nsclc","name":"EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer","tldr":"EGFR-mutated lung cancer is driven by a single faulty growth receptor and is treated first with a pill rather than chemotherapy. Osimertinib keeps the disease under control for about a year and a half on average, adding chemotherapy or the antibody amivantamab extends that further, and three years of osimertinib after surgery roughly halves the risk of death in early-stage disease.","route":"/cancers/egfr-mutant-nsclc/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"egfr-mutant-nsclc","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"ebus-tbna","name":"Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS-TBNA)","tldr":"A camera with an ultrasound probe on its tip is passed down the windpipe; the ultrasound finds the lymph nodes sitting just outside the airway wall and a needle is passed through the wall to sample them. It is how lung cancer is staged without an operation.","route":"/terms/ebus-tbna/","kind":"term","schematic":{"id":"ct","sections":["imaging"]},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer","Small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer","Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/sclc/","tip":"A fast-growing lung cancer. About a third of cases are confined to one side of the chest and are treated to cure with chemotherapy and radiotherapy together; the rest respond to chemotherapy and relapse quickly. After 30 years without progress, durvalumab consolidation, the T-cell engager tarlatamab and antibody-drug conjugates have each lengthened survival since 2024."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."},{"label":"Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung","href":"/cancers/lung-lcnec/","tip":"Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma is a lung cancer that looks like a large-cell tumour under the microscope but has the neuroendocrine markers and the fast, aggressive behaviour of small-cell lung cancer. It sits between the two halves of the usual split, which is why teams disagree about whether to treat it as one or the other."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"extensive-stage-sclc","name":"Extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer","tldr":"Small-cell lung cancer that has spread responds fast to chemotherapy but almost always returns within a year. Adding an immunotherapy antibody to first-line chemotherapy helps a minority live for years, and the T-cell engager tarlatamab, which points immune cells at the DLL3 protein on the cancer, has for the first time lengthened life after relapse.","route":"/cancers/extensive-stage-sclc/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"extensive-stage-sclc","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"ferdinandos-skoulidis","name":"Ferdinandos Skoulidis","tldr":"Led CodeBreaK 100, the trial that made sotorasib the first approved KRAS inhibitor, and showed STK11/KEAP1 co-mutations blunt immunotherapy.","route":"/people/ferdinandos-skoulidis/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Associate Professor of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center · MD Anderson Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."}],"tags":[{"label":"kras","href":"/tagged/kras/","tip":"Every record tagged kras."},{"label":"targeted-therapy","href":"/tagged/targeted-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged targeted-therapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"gary-middleton","name":"Gary Middleton","tldr":"The Birmingham oncologist who ran the National Lung Matrix Trial, the largest umbrella trial in lung cancer, and published the honest answer: most drug-biomarker pairs did not work.","route":"/people/gary-middleton/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor of Medical Oncology, University of Birmingham; Honorary Consultant Oncologist, University Hospitals Birmingham; Director of the Birmingham Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre · University Hospitals Birmingham / University of Birmingham Cancer Research Centre","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer","KRAS G12C-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."},{"label":"KRAS G12C-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/kras-g12c-nsclc/","tip":"KRAS G12C lung cancer carries a mutation that was thought impossible to drug for forty years. Sotorasib and adagrasib now shrink about four in ten tumours after chemotherapy and immunotherapy, though the benefit is measured in months, and newer inhibitors and first-line combinations with immunotherapy are in trials."}],"tags":[{"label":"trialist","href":"/tagged/trialist/","tip":"Every record tagged trialist."},{"label":"uk","href":"/tagged/uk/","tip":"Every record tagged uk."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"gregory-riely","name":"Gregory J. Riely","tldr":"Lung cancer doctor who led PHAROS, the trial that brought the encorafenib and binimetinib pair to BRAF V600E-mutant lung cancer.","route":"/people/gregory-riely/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Thoracic medical oncologist, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center · Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["BRAF V600E-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","Non-small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"BRAF V600E-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/braf-v600e-nsclc/","tip":"BRAF V600E lung cancer carries the same mutation as many melanomas and is treated with the same pairs of pills that block BRAF and MEK together. Dabrafenib with trametinib and encorafenib with binimetinib each shrink about two thirds to three quarters of untreated tumours."},{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."}],"tags":[{"label":"targeted-therapy","href":"/tagged/targeted-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged targeted-therapy."},{"label":"trialist","href":"/tagged/trialist/","tip":"Every record tagged trialist."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"haemoptysis","name":"Haemoptysis (coughing up blood)","tldr":"Coughing up blood, or blood-streaked phlegm. It has many causes other than cancer, including chest infection, but it is the one lung symptom that sends a person aged 40 or over straight onto the suspected cancer pathway rather than to an X-ray first.","route":"/terms/haemoptysis/","kind":"term","term":{"category":"Clinic basics"},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":["Lung cancer","Non-small-cell lung cancer","Small-cell lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."},{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/sclc/","tip":"A fast-growing lung cancer. About a third of cases are confined to one side of the chest and are treated to cure with chemotherapy and radiotherapy together; the rest respond to chemotherapy and relapse quickly. After 30 years without progress, durvalumab consolidation, the T-cell engager tarlatamab and antibody-drug conjugates have each lengthened survival since 2024."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"harry-de-koning","name":"Harry J. de Koning","tldr":"Led the NELSON trial, which confirmed CT screening cuts lung cancer deaths in Europe and shaped screening policy.","route":"/people/harry-de-koning/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor of Public Health and Screening Evaluation, Erasmus MC · Erasmus MC Cancer Institute","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer","Prostate cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Prostate cancer","href":"/cancers/prostate/","tip":"Prostate cancer is the home of theranostics: PSMA PET finds it, PSMA radioligands treat it. Hormonal therapy remains the foundation, with PARP and AKT inhibitors added by genotype."}],"tags":[{"label":"screening","href":"/tagged/screening/","tip":"Every record tagged screening."},{"label":"epidemiology","href":"/tagged/epidemiology/","tip":"Every record tagged epidemiology."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"her2-mutant-nsclc","name":"HER2-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","tldr":"HER2-mutant lung cancer carries a mutation in the same receptor that drives HER2-positive breast cancer, but the breast cancer antibodies alone did little here. The antibody-drug conjugate trastuzumab deruxtecan shrinks about half of tumours after chemotherapy, and the pill zongertinib about seven in ten, and both are approved.","route":"/cancers/her2-mutant-nsclc/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"her2-mutant-nsclc","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"invasive-mucinous-adenocarcinoma-lung","name":"Invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung","tldr":"Invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma is a type of lung cancer whose cells look like stomach or bowel lining and fill the air spaces with mucus, often appearing as pneumonia-like shadows on a scan. Most cases carry a KRAS mutation, and many of the rest carry a gene fusion, including NRG1, that new drugs can target.","route":"/cancers/invasive-mucinous-adenocarcinoma-lung/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"invasive-mucinous-adenocarcinoma-lung","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"wave4","href":"/tagged/wave4/","tip":"Every record tagged wave4."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"jeffrey-bradley","name":"Jeffrey D. Bradley","tldr":"Led RTOG 0617, the trial that showed higher radiation doses do not help in stage III lung cancer and set today's 60 Gy standard.","route":"/people/jeffrey-bradley/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor and Vice Chair of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine · Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."}],"tags":[{"label":"radiotherapy","href":"/tagged/radiotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged radiotherapy."},{"label":"nrg-oncology","href":"/tagged/nrg-oncology/","tip":"Every record tagged nrg-oncology."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"joe-chang","name":"Joe Y. Chang","tldr":"Led the trials comparing stereotactic radiotherapy with surgery for operable early lung cancer.","route":"/people/joe-chang/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center · MD Anderson Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."}],"tags":[{"label":"radiotherapy","href":"/tagged/radiotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged radiotherapy."},{"label":"sbrt","href":"/tagged/sbrt/","tip":"Every record tagged sbrt."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"john-field","name":"John Field","tldr":"The Liverpool scientist behind the UK Lung Cancer Screening trial and the Liverpool Lung Project risk model, which is one of the two rules the NHS uses to decide who is invited for a scan.","route":"/people/john-field/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool · Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital NHS Foundation Trust","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."}],"tags":[{"label":"screening","href":"/tagged/screening/","tip":"Every record tagged screening."},{"label":"uk","href":"/tagged/uk/","tip":"Every record tagged uk."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"jonathan-spicer","name":"Jonathan Spicer","tldr":"The surgeon on CheckMate 816 who showed neoadjuvant immunotherapy does not make lung cancer operations harder.","route":"/people/jonathan-spicer/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Thoracic Surgeon and Associate Professor of Surgery, McGill University Health Centre · Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."}],"tags":[{"label":"surgery","href":"/tagged/surgery/","tip":"Every record tagged surgery."},{"label":"neoadjuvant","href":"/tagged/neoadjuvant/","tip":"Every record tagged neoadjuvant."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"keunchil-park","name":"Keunchil Park","tldr":"Korean lung cancer specialist who led CHRYSALIS, the first human study of amivantamab, whose exon 20 insertion cohort earned the drug its first approval.","route":"/people/keunchil-park/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Medical oncologist and trial lead, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul · Samsung Medical Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer","Non-small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/egfr-mutant-nsclc/","tip":"EGFR-mutated lung cancer is driven by a single faulty growth receptor and is treated first with a pill rather than chemotherapy. Osimertinib keeps the disease under control for about a year and a half on average, adding chemotherapy or the antibody amivantamab extends that further, and three years of osimertinib after surgery roughly halves the risk of death in early-stage disease."},{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."}],"tags":[{"label":"targeted-therapy","href":"/tagged/targeted-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged targeted-therapy."},{"label":"trialist","href":"/tagged/trialist/","tip":"Every record tagged trialist."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"kras-g12c-nsclc","name":"KRAS G12C-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","tldr":"KRAS G12C lung cancer carries a mutation that was thought impossible to drug for forty years. Sotorasib and adagrasib now shrink about four in ten tumours after chemotherapy and immunotherapy, though the benefit is measured in months, and newer inhibitors and first-line combinations with immunotherapy are in trials.","route":"/cancers/kras-g12c-nsclc/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"kras-g12c-nsclc","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"large-cell-lung-carcinoma","name":"Large cell carcinoma of the lung","tldr":"Large cell carcinoma is the name for a non-small-cell lung cancer whose cells look neither glandular nor squamous under the microscope. Since 2015 pathologists use protein stains to sort most of these tumours into adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma, so a true large cell diagnosis is now rare and is treated like adenocarcinoma.","route":"/cancers/large-cell-lung-carcinoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"large-cell-lung-carcinoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"wave4","href":"/tagged/wave4/","tip":"Every record tagged wave4."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"lung-lcnec","name":"Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung","tldr":"Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma is a lung cancer that looks like a large-cell tumour under the microscope but has the neuroendocrine markers and the fast, aggressive behaviour of small-cell lung cancer. It sits between the two halves of the usual split, which is why teams disagree about whether to treat it as one or the other.","route":"/cancers/lung-lcnec/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"lung-lcnec","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"limited-stage-sclc","name":"Limited-stage small-cell lung cancer","tldr":"Small-cell lung cancer that is still confined to one side of the chest is treated to cure with chemotherapy and radiotherapy given together. Adding two years of the immunotherapy antibody durvalumab afterwards lengthened median survival from under three years to over four and a half, the first improvement in this disease in decades.","route":"/cancers/limited-stage-sclc/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"limited-stage-sclc","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"second-primary-lung-after-chest-radiotherapy","name":"Lung cancer after chest radiotherapy and after alkylating chemotherapy","tldr":"Lung cancer is the commonest cause of death among people who develop a second cancer, and chest radiotherapy raises the risk of it for more than twenty years. There is no screening programme aimed at survivors anywhere, although some survivor groups have a measured rate above the threshold at which lung screening was shown to save lives, so this is a gap rather than a settled answer.","route":"/terms/second-primary-lung-after-chest-radiotherapy/","kind":"term","schematic":{"id":"low-dose-ct-screening","sections":["early-detection","imaging"]},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":["Lung cancer","Non-small-cell lung cancer","Hodgkin lymphoma","Breast cancer","Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","Oropharyngeal cancer","Bladder & urothelial cancer","Oesophageal cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."},{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab."},{"label":"Breast cancer","href":"/cancers/breast-cancer/","tip":"Breast cancer is not one disease, and the result that decides which page you need is the receptor result: whether the cancer carries oestrogen and progesterone receptors, and whether it carries too much HER2. Those two answers give four boxes, not three, with a page for each. Grade and stage do not change which page you read; they change what happens on it."}],"tags":[{"label":"rejuvenation","href":"/tagged/rejuvenation/","tip":"Every record tagged rejuvenation."},{"label":"survivorship","href":"/tagged/survivorship/","tip":"Every record tagged survivorship."},{"label":"second-cancers","href":"/tagged/second-cancers/","tip":"Every record tagged second-cancers."},{"label":"radiotherapy","href":"/tagged/radiotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged radiotherapy."},{"label":"smoking","href":"/tagged/smoking/","tip":"Every record tagged smoking."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"never-smoker-lung-cancer","name":"Lung cancer in never-smokers","tldr":"Lung cancer in someone who has never smoked. About 15 percent of UK lung cancers and 15 to 25 percent worldwide. It is usually adenocarcinoma, commoner in women, more likely to carry a mutation a drug can target, and invisible to every screening rule, because they all start from smoking history.","route":"/terms/never-smoker-lung-cancer/","kind":"term","schematic":{"id":"low-dose-ct-screening","sections":["early-detection","imaging"]},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":["Lung cancer","Non-small-cell lung cancer","Adenocarcinoma of the lung","EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer","ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."},{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Adenocarcinoma of the lung","href":"/cancers/lung-adenocarcinoma/","tip":"Lung adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer and the form that non-smokers usually get; it starts in the mucus-making gland cells of the small airways, most often at the edge of the lung. It is the type in which testing for a driver mutation matters most, because half of cases have one that a tablet can target."},{"label":"EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/egfr-mutant-nsclc/","tip":"EGFR-mutated lung cancer is driven by a single faulty growth receptor and is treated first with a pill rather than chemotherapy. Osimertinib keeps the disease under control for about a year and a half on average, adding chemotherapy or the antibody amivantamab extends that further, and three years of osimertinib after surgery roughly halves the risk of death in early-stage disease."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"lung-net","name":"Lung neuroendocrine tumours (typical and atypical carcinoid)","tldr":"Lung neuroendocrine tumours, called typical and atypical carcinoids, are slow-growing tumours of the airways that are usually cured by surgery. When they spread, everolimus is the one drug tested in a randomised trial for this site, cabozantinib was approved in 2025, and somatostatin analogues and lutetium radioligand therapy are borrowed from gut tumours.","route":"/cancers/lung-net/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"lung-net","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":["Lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."}],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"endocrine","href":"/tagged/endocrine/","tip":"Every record tagged endocrine."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"lung-rads","name":"Lung-RADS and nodule reporting","tldr":"The scoring systems that turn a screening CT into an action. Each nodule gets a category from the scan, and the category dictates the next step: rescan in a year, rescan in three months, or go to a lung cancer clinic. They exist so that the same scan gets the same answer in every centre.","route":"/terms/lung-rads/","kind":"term","schematic":{"id":"low-dose-ct-screening","sections":["early-detection","imaging"]},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":["Lung cancer","Non-small-cell lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."},{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"lungsearch","name":"Lung-SEARCH","tldr":"The British trial that tested a cheap, staged alternative to scanning everyone, and found it did not work: more than half the cancers never showed up in the sputum at all.","route":"/trials/lungsearch/","status":"negative","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"nsclc","sub":"ISRCTN80745975","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer"],"year":["2019"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2019"},"tags":[{"label":"uk","href":"/tagged/uk/","tip":"Every record tagged uk."},{"label":"screening","href":"/tagged/screening/","tip":"Every record tagged screening."},{"label":"negative-trial","href":"/tagged/negative-trial/","tip":"Every record tagged negative-trial."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":2019}},{"id":"lymphoepithelial-carcinoma-lung","name":"Lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the lung","tldr":"Lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the lung is a rare lung cancer, seen mostly in East Asian non-smokers, in which cancer cells sit in a dense crowd of immune cells and usually carry the Epstein-Barr virus, like nasopharyngeal cancer. It is treated as a squamous lung cancer, and its high PD-L1 levels have made immunotherapy a natural choice.","route":"/cancers/lymphoepithelial-carcinoma-lung/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"lymphoepithelial-carcinoma-lung","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"wave4","href":"/tagged/wave4/","tip":"Every record tagged wave4."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"malignant-pleural-effusion","name":"Malignant pleural effusion","tldr":"Fluid collecting in the space between the lung and the chest wall because cancer has reached the lining. It makes people breathless, it comes back after it is drained, and the decision is not whether to drain it but how to stop it returning.","route":"/terms/malignant-pleural-effusion/","kind":"term","cancerIcon":"lung-cancer","facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":["Lung cancer","Non-small-cell lung cancer","Small-cell lung cancer","Mesothelioma","Pleural mesothelioma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."},{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/sclc/","tip":"A fast-growing lung cancer. About a third of cases are confined to one side of the chest and are treated to cure with chemotherapy and radiotherapy together; the rest respond to chemotherapy and relapse quickly. After 30 years without progress, durvalumab consolidation, the T-cell engager tarlatamab and antibody-drug conjugates have each lengthened survival since 2024."},{"label":"Mesothelioma","href":"/cancers/mesothelioma/","tip":"An asbestos-caused cancer of the lung lining. Immunotherapy doublets replaced chemotherapy in 2020, and mesothelin CAR-T is under study."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"martin-reck","name":"Martin Reck","tldr":"Led KEYNOTE-024, the trial that made pembrolizumab alone first-line therapy for PD-L1-high lung cancer.","route":"/people/martin-reck/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Head of Thoracic Oncology, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf · LungenClinic Grosshansdorf","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer","Small-cell lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/sclc/","tip":"A fast-growing lung cancer. About a third of cases are confined to one side of the chest and are treated to cure with chemotherapy and radiotherapy together; the rest respond to chemotherapy and relapse quickly. After 30 years without progress, durvalumab consolidation, the T-cell engager tarlatamab and antibody-drug conjugates have each lengthened survival since 2024."}],"tags":[{"label":"immunotherapy","href":"/tagged/immunotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged immunotherapy."},{"label":"trialist","href":"/tagged/trialist/","tip":"Every record tagged trialist."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"matthew-callister","name":"Matthew Callister","tldr":"The Leeds respiratory physician who ran the Yorkshire Lung Screening Trial, the trial that worked out which risk rule the NHS should use to decide who gets a screening scan.","route":"/people/matthew-callister/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Consultant in Respiratory Medicine, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust; Honorary Professor, University of Leeds · Leeds Cancer Centre, St James's University Hospital","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."}],"tags":[{"label":"screening","href":"/tagged/screening/","tip":"Every record tagged screening."},{"label":"uk","href":"/tagged/uk/","tip":"Every record tagged uk."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"matthew-hellmann","name":"Matthew D. Hellmann","tldr":"Lung cancer doctor who was the lead author of CheckMate 227, the trial that showed the immunotherapy pair nivolumab and ipilimumab helps people with advanced lung cancer live longer than chemotherapy alone.","route":"/people/matthew-hellmann/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Medical oncologist and trial lead, thoracic immunotherapy","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["PD-L1-high non-small-cell lung cancer without a driver mutation","Non-small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"PD-L1-high non-small-cell lung cancer without a driver mutation","href":"/cancers/pdl1-high-nsclc/","tip":"Lung cancers that carry a lot of PD-L1 and no targetable mutation can be treated with an immunotherapy antibody alone instead of chemotherapy. Pembrolizumab keeps about a third of patients alive at five years, roughly double what chemotherapy achieved, and adding chemotherapy is reserved for those who need a fast response."},{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."}],"tags":[{"label":"immunotherapy","href":"/tagged/immunotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged immunotherapy."},{"label":"trialist","href":"/tagged/trialist/","tip":"Every record tagged trialist."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"mediastinal-lymph-node-stations","name":"Mediastinal lymph node stations","tldr":"The lymph nodes in the chest are numbered by position on an agreed map, so that a scan, a needle biopsy and an operation in different hospitals all mean the same thing. Which numbered stations contain cancer decides the N category and therefore whether surgery is on the table.","route":"/terms/mediastinal-lymph-node-stations/","kind":"term","schematic":{"id":"pet","sections":["imaging"]},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer","Small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer","Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/sclc/","tip":"A fast-growing lung cancer. About a third of cases are confined to one side of the chest and are treated to cure with chemotherapy and radiotherapy together; the rest respond to chemotherapy and relapse quickly. After 30 years without progress, durvalumab consolidation, the T-cell engager tarlatamab and antibody-drug conjugates have each lengthened survival since 2024."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."},{"label":"Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung","href":"/cancers/lung-lcnec/","tip":"Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma is a lung cancer that looks like a large-cell tumour under the microscope but has the neuroendocrine markers and the fast, aggressive behaviour of small-cell lung cancer. It sits between the two halves of the usual split, which is why teams disagree about whether to treat it as one or the other."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"met-altered-nsclc","name":"MET exon 14 and MET-amplified non-small-cell lung cancer","tldr":"MET-driven lung cancer comes in three forms: an exon 14 skipping mutation treated with the pills capmatinib or tepotinib, MET amplification that often arises as an escape route from EGFR drugs, and high c-Met protein levels that the antibody-drug conjugate telisotuzumab vedotin targets.","route":"/cancers/met-altered-nsclc/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"met-altered-nsclc","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"ahn-myung-ju","name":"Myung-Ju Ahn","tldr":"Myung-Ju Ahn is one of Asia's most prolific lung cancer trialists, a steady presence on the steering committees of the EGFR, ALK, and immunotherapy trials that set today's standards.","route":"/people/ahn-myung-ju/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor, Division of Hematology-Oncology; thoracic and head-and-neck medical oncology · Samsung Medical Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer","Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","href":"/cancers/head-and-neck/","tip":"Cancers of the mouth and throat, increasingly caused by HPV. Immunotherapy is first line for advanced disease and now used before surgery."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"nsclc","name":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","tldr":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story.","route":"/cancers/nsclc/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"nsclc","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"ntrk-fusion-nsclc","name":"NTRK fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","tldr":"NTRK fusion lung cancer is very rare and is treated with the same TRK-blocking pills approved for any cancer with the fusion: larotrectinib, entrectinib or repotrectinib shrink most tumours, including in the brain, so the point is to test broadly enough to find it.","route":"/cancers/ntrk-fusion-nsclc/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"ntrk-fusion-nsclc","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"pack-year","name":"Pack-year","tldr":"The unit used to measure how much someone has smoked over a lifetime: one pack-year is twenty cigarettes a day for one year. Twenty a day for thirty years, or forty a day for fifteen, are both thirty pack-years.","route":"/terms/pack-year/","kind":"term","schematic":{"id":"low-dose-ct-screening","sections":["early-detection","imaging"]},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":["Lung cancer","Non-small-cell lung cancer","Small-cell lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."},{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/sclc/","tip":"A fast-growing lung cancer. About a third of cases are confined to one side of the chest and are treated to cure with chemotherapy and radiotherapy together; the rest respond to chemotherapy and relapse quickly. After 30 years without progress, durvalumab consolidation, the T-cell engager tarlatamab and antibody-drug conjugates have each lengthened survival since 2024."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"pancoast-tumour","name":"Pancoast (superior sulcus) tumour","tldr":"A lung cancer growing at the very top of the lung, where it presses on the nerves going to the arm and the nerves that control the eyelid and pupil. It usually announces itself as shoulder and arm pain rather than as a chest problem, so it is often treated as a shoulder injury first.","route":"/terms/pancoast-tumour/","kind":"term","schematic":{"id":"mri","sections":["imaging"]},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer","Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung","Adenocarcinoma of the lung"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."},{"label":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung","href":"/cancers/lung-squamous-cell-carcinoma/","tip":"Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common type of lung cancer and the one most tightly linked to smoking; it starts in the flat cells lining the large central airways. Unlike adenocarcinoma it rarely carries a mutation a tablet can target, so treatment rests on chemotherapy with immunotherapy, and pemetrexed and bevacizumab are not used."},{"label":"Adenocarcinoma of the lung","href":"/cancers/lung-adenocarcinoma/","tip":"Lung adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer and the form that non-smokers usually get; it starts in the mucus-making gland cells of the small airways, most often at the edge of the lung. It is the type in which testing for a driver mutation matters most, because half of cases have one that a tablet can target."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"paul-paik","name":"Paul K. Paik","tldr":"Lung cancer doctor who was lead author of VISION, the trial that established tepotinib for lung cancers with MET exon 14 skipping mutations.","route":"/people/paul-paik/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Thoracic medical oncologist, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center · Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["MET exon 14 and MET-amplified non-small-cell lung cancer","Non-small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"MET exon 14 and MET-amplified non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/met-altered-nsclc/","tip":"MET-driven lung cancer comes in three forms: an exon 14 skipping mutation treated with the pills capmatinib or tepotinib, MET amplification that often arises as an escape route from EGFR drugs, and high c-Met protein levels that the antibody-drug conjugate telisotuzumab vedotin targets."},{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."}],"tags":[{"label":"targeted-therapy","href":"/tagged/targeted-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged targeted-therapy."},{"label":"trialist","href":"/tagged/trialist/","tip":"Every record tagged trialist."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"pdl1-high-nsclc","name":"PD-L1-high non-small-cell lung cancer without a driver mutation","tldr":"Lung cancers that carry a lot of PD-L1 and no targetable mutation can be treated with an immunotherapy antibody alone instead of chemotherapy. Pembrolizumab keeps about a third of patients alive at five years, roughly double what chemotherapy achieved, and adding chemotherapy is reserved for those who need a fast response.","route":"/cancers/pdl1-high-nsclc/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"pdl1-high-nsclc","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"philip-crosbie","name":"Philip Crosbie","tldr":"The Manchester respiratory physician who showed that if you park a CT scanner in a supermarket car park in a poor part of the city, people come, and the cancers you find are early ones.","route":"/people/philip-crosbie/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor of Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester; Honorary Consultant, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust · The Christie NHS Foundation Trust","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."}],"tags":[{"label":"screening","href":"/tagged/screening/","tip":"Every record tagged screening."},{"label":"uk","href":"/tagged/uk/","tip":"Every record tagged uk."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"pneumonitis","name":"Pneumonitis","tldr":"Inflammation of the lung tissue itself, caused by a treatment rather than an infection. It shows up as a new cough, breathlessness on exertion or a fall in oxygen levels, and it is the reason a new breathlessness on immunotherapy, an antibody-drug conjugate or chest radiotherapy is treated as an emergency until proved otherwise.","route":"/terms/pneumonitis/","kind":"term","schematic":{"id":"checkpoint-inhibitor","sections":["immunotherapy"]},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer","Small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer","Mesothelioma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/sclc/","tip":"A fast-growing lung cancer. About a third of cases are confined to one side of the chest and are treated to cure with chemotherapy and radiotherapy together; the rest respond to chemotherapy and relapse quickly. After 30 years without progress, durvalumab consolidation, the T-cell engager tarlatamab and antibody-drug conjugates have each lengthened survival since 2024."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."},{"label":"Mesothelioma","href":"/cancers/mesothelioma/","tip":"An asbestos-caused cancer of the lung lining. Immunotherapy doublets replaced chemotherapy in 2020, and mesothelin CAR-T is under study."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"pulmonary-blastoma","name":"Pulmonary blastoma (adult)","tldr":"Pulmonary blastoma is a very rare lung cancer of adults that mixes a fetal-looking gland component with a primitive sarcoma-like component, and so belongs with the sarcomatoid lung cancers. It is different from the pleuropulmonary blastoma of young children. Surgery is the treatment; chemotherapy has no proven benefit and the outlook is poor.","route":"/cancers/pulmonary-blastoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"pulmonary-blastoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"wave4","href":"/tagged/wave4/","tip":"Every record tagged wave4."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"pulmonary-nodule","name":"Pulmonary nodule","tldr":"A small round shadow in the lung on a CT scan, usually under 3 cm. Most are scars or old infections, not cancer. What decides the next step is size, density and whether it grows between scans, which is why so many are simply rescanned rather than biopsied.","route":"/terms/pulmonary-nodule/","kind":"term","schematic":{"id":"ct","sections":["imaging"]},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":["Lung cancer","Non-small-cell lung cancer","Adenocarcinoma in situ and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma of the lung"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."},{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Adenocarcinoma in situ and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma of the lung","href":"/cancers/lung-adenocarcinoma-in-situ-and-minimally-invasive/","tip":"Adenocarcinoma in situ and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma are the earliest forms of lung cancer of the adenocarcinoma type: small tumours, usually seen as ground-glass spots on a CT scan, that have not yet invaded, or have invaded less than five millimetres. When removed they are effectively cured, with no recurrences in the large series, so the question is how little surgery is enough."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"qing-zhou","name":"Qing Zhou","tldr":"Chinese thoracic oncologist behind HARMONi-2, where the PD-1/VEGF bispecific ivonescimab beat pembrolizumab head to head.","route":"/people/qing-zhou/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Chief of Pulmonary Oncology, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital · Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."}],"tags":[{"label":"bispecific","href":"/tagged/bispecific/","tip":"Every record tagged bispecific."},{"label":"china","href":"/tagged/china/","tip":"Every record tagged china."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"radon","name":"Radon","tldr":"A radioactive gas that seeps out of the ground into buildings, with no smell and no taste. It is the largest natural source of radiation most people meet and the second commonest cause of lung cancer after smoking. A home can be tested with a posted detector and, if the level is high, fixed.","route":"/terms/radon/","kind":"term","term":{"category":"Epidemiology & prevention"},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":["Lung cancer","Non-small-cell lung cancer","Small-cell lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."},{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/sclc/","tip":"A fast-growing lung cancer. About a third of cases are confined to one side of the chest and are treated to cure with chemotherapy and radiotherapy together; the rest respond to chemotherapy and relapse quickly. After 30 years without progress, durvalumab consolidation, the T-cell engager tarlatamab and antibody-drug conjugates have each lengthened survival since 2024."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"resectability-lung-cancer","name":"Resectability in lung cancer","tldr":"Two separate questions are hidden in the word operable. Can the tumour be removed completely with a margin, which is anatomy? And can this person survive the operation and live without the lung tissue it takes, which is physiology? A no to either makes the cancer unresectable, for different reasons and with different alternatives.","route":"/terms/resectability-lung-cancer/","kind":"term","schematic":{"id":"sbrt","sections":["radiation"]},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer","Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung","Small-cell lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."},{"label":"Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung","href":"/cancers/lung-lcnec/","tip":"Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma is a lung cancer that looks like a large-cell tumour under the microscope but has the neuroendocrine markers and the fast, aggressive behaviour of small-cell lung cancer. It sits between the two halves of the usual split, which is why teams disagree about whether to treat it as one or the other."},{"label":"Small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/sclc/","tip":"A fast-growing lung cancer. About a third of cases are confined to one side of the chest and are treated to cure with chemotherapy and radiotherapy together; the rest respond to chemotherapy and relapse quickly. After 30 years without progress, durvalumab consolidation, the T-cell engager tarlatamab and antibody-drug conjugates have each lengthened survival since 2024."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"resectable-nsclc","name":"Resectable stage I to III non-small-cell lung cancer","tldr":"Lung cancer caught before it has spread is treated with surgery, now often keyhole or robotic and sometimes removing only part of a lobe. Immunotherapy given before and after the operation, or a targeted pill afterwards for EGFR or ALK tumours, cuts the chance of the cancer coming back by between a third and four fifths.","route":"/cancers/resectable-nsclc/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"resectable-nsclc","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"ret-fusion-nsclc","name":"RET fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","tldr":"RET fusion lung cancer is a rare adenocarcinoma driven by a fused RET gene. The selective pill selpercatinib shrinks most tumours and more than doubles the time to progression compared with chemotherapy and immunotherapy, and pralsetinib is a second option.","route":"/cancers/ret-fusion-nsclc/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"ret-fusion-nsclc","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"robert-doebele","name":"Robert C. Doebele","tldr":"Lung cancer researcher who led the pooled analysis showing that entrectinib shrinks NTRK fusion-positive tumours of many kinds, and who studied how ROS1 and NTRK cancers escape targeted drugs.","route":"/people/robert-doebele/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Thoracic oncologist and drug developer","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["NTRK fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","ROS1-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","Non-small-cell lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"NTRK fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/ntrk-fusion-nsclc/","tip":"NTRK fusion lung cancer is very rare and is treated with the same TRK-blocking pills approved for any cancer with the fusion: larotrectinib, entrectinib or repotrectinib shrink most tumours, including in the brain, so the point is to test broadly enough to find it."},{"label":"ROS1-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/ros1-positive-nsclc/","tip":"ROS1-positive lung cancer is a rare fusion-driven adenocarcinoma treated with a pill. Crizotinib was the first, and the newer drugs repotrectinib and taletrectinib control the disease for about three years, reach the brain and work against the resistance mutation that defeated the older drugs."},{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."}],"tags":[{"label":"targeted-therapy","href":"/tagged/targeted-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged targeted-therapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"robert-timmerman","name":"Robert D. Timmerman","tldr":"Pioneer of stereotactic body radiotherapy, whose RTOG 0236 trial made SBRT the standard for inoperable early lung cancer.","route":"/people/robert-timmerman/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor of Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center · Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."}],"tags":[{"label":"radiotherapy","href":"/tagged/radiotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged radiotherapy."},{"label":"sbrt","href":"/tagged/sbrt/","tip":"Every record tagged sbrt."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"ros1-positive-nsclc","name":"ROS1-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","tldr":"ROS1-positive lung cancer is a rare fusion-driven adenocarcinoma treated with a pill. Crizotinib was the first, and the newer drugs repotrectinib and taletrectinib control the disease for about three years, reach the brain and work against the resistance mutation that defeated the older drugs.","route":"/cancers/ros1-positive-nsclc/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"ros1-positive-nsclc","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"roy-castle-lung-cancer-foundation","name":"Roy Castle Lung Cancer Foundation","tldr":"The only UK charity that works on lung cancer alone: a nurse-answered helpline, information days and support groups around the country, research fellowships, and the campaigning that pushed the NHS towards a national screening programme.","route":"/institutions/roy-castle-lung-cancer-foundation/","kind":"institution","logo":"/logos/roy-castle-lung-cancer-foundation.png","avatar":"org","sub":"Liverpool, GB","facets":{"kind":["Institution"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer","Small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Institution","tip":"The centres and universities that matter, mapped and ranked."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/sclc/","tip":"A fast-growing lung cancer. About a third of cases are confined to one side of the chest and are treated to cure with chemotherapy and radiotherapy together; the rest respond to chemotherapy and relapse quickly. After 30 years without progress, durvalumab consolidation, the T-cell engager tarlatamab and antibody-drug conjugates have each lengthened survival since 2024."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."}],"tags":[{"label":"charity","href":"/tagged/charity/","tip":"Every record tagged charity."},{"label":"uk","href":"/tagged/uk/","tip":"Every record tagged uk."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"roy-herbst","name":"Roy S. Herbst","tldr":"Lung cancer trialist behind KEYNOTE-010 and the ADAURA adjuvant osimertinib trial.","route":"/people/roy-herbst/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Deputy Director and Chief of Medical Oncology, Yale Cancer Center · Yale Cancer Center / Smilow Cancer Hospital","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."}],"tags":[{"label":"immunotherapy","href":"/tagged/immunotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged immunotherapy."},{"label":"adjuvant","href":"/tagged/adjuvant/","tip":"Every record tagged adjuvant."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"sanjay-popat","name":"Sanjay Popat","tldr":"The Royal Marsden thoracic oncologist, now its chief medical officer, who has been an investigator on most of the UK trials that put targeted drugs into lung cancer practice.","route":"/people/sanjay-popat/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Chief Medical Officer and Consultant Medical Oncologist, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust; Professor of Thoracic Oncology, The Institute of Cancer Research · The Royal Marsden","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer","EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer","ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."},{"label":"EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/egfr-mutant-nsclc/","tip":"EGFR-mutated lung cancer is driven by a single faulty growth receptor and is treated first with a pill rather than chemotherapy. Osimertinib keeps the disease under control for about a year and a half on average, adding chemotherapy or the antibody amivantamab extends that further, and three years of osimertinib after surgery roughly halves the risk of death in early-stage disease."},{"label":"ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/alk-positive-nsclc/","tip":"ALK-positive lung cancer is driven by a fused ALK gene and is treated with a pill from the start. The newest inhibitors keep the disease under control for years, with lorlatinib holding six in ten patients progression-free at five years, and two years of alectinib after surgery cuts recurrence by three quarters."}],"tags":[{"label":"trialist","href":"/tagged/trialist/","tip":"Every record tagged trialist."},{"label":"uk","href":"/tagged/uk/","tip":"Every record tagged uk."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"pulmonary-sarcomatoid-carcinoma","name":"Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung","tldr":"Sarcomatoid carcinoma is a rare, aggressive form of lung cancer in which part or all of the tumour looks like a sarcoma, with spindle-shaped or giant cells. It is treated like other non-small-cell lung cancers, but is worth testing for a MET gene fault, which is found in a sizeable minority and can be treated with a tablet.","route":"/cancers/pulmonary-sarcomatoid-carcinoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"pulmonary-sarcomatoid-carcinoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"wave4","href":"/tagged/wave4/","tip":"Every record tagged wave4."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"scott-antonia","name":"Scott J. Antonia","tldr":"Led PACIFIC, which made a year of durvalumab after chemoradiation the standard for stage III lung cancer.","route":"/people/scott-antonia/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Director, Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Duke Cancer Institute · Duke Cancer Institute","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer","Small-cell lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/sclc/","tip":"A fast-growing lung cancer. About a third of cases are confined to one side of the chest and are treated to cure with chemotherapy and radiotherapy together; the rest respond to chemotherapy and relapse quickly. After 30 years without progress, durvalumab consolidation, the T-cell engager tarlatamab and antibody-drug conjugates have each lengthened survival since 2024."}],"tags":[{"label":"immunotherapy","href":"/tagged/immunotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged immunotherapy."},{"label":"stage-iii","href":"/tagged/stage-iii/","tip":"Every record tagged stage-iii."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"sclc","name":"Small-cell lung cancer","tldr":"A fast-growing lung cancer. About a third of cases are confined to one side of the chest and are treated to cure with chemotherapy and radiotherapy together; the rest respond to chemotherapy and relapse quickly. After 30 years without progress, durvalumab consolidation, the T-cell engager tarlatamab and antibody-drug conjugates have each lengthened survival since 2024.","route":"/cancers/sclc/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"sclc","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"spread-through-air-spaces","name":"Spread through air spaces (STAS)","tldr":"Clusters of tumour cells found floating in the air sacs beyond the edge of the main tumour. The 2021 WHO classification recognised it as a real prognostic feature rather than an artefact of cutting the specimen, and it argues against taking out only part of a lobe.","route":"/terms/spread-through-air-spaces/","kind":"term","schematic":{"id":"histopathology-ihc","sections":["diagnostics"]},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":["Adenocarcinoma of the lung","Non-small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer","Adenocarcinoma in situ and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma of the lung"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[{"label":"Adenocarcinoma of the lung","href":"/cancers/lung-adenocarcinoma/","tip":"Lung adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer and the form that non-smokers usually get; it starts in the mucus-making gland cells of the small airways, most often at the edge of the lung. It is the type in which testing for a driver mutation matters most, because half of cases have one that a tablet can target."},{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."},{"label":"Adenocarcinoma in situ and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma of the lung","href":"/cancers/lung-adenocarcinoma-in-situ-and-minimally-invasive/","tip":"Adenocarcinoma in situ and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma are the earliest forms of lung cancer of the adenocarcinoma type: small tumours, usually seen as ground-glass spots on a CT scan, that have not yet invaded, or have invaded less than five millimetres. When removed they are effectively cured, with no recurrences in the large series, so the question is how little surgery is enough."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"lung-squamous-cell-carcinoma","name":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung","tldr":"Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common type of lung cancer and the one most tightly linked to smoking; it starts in the flat cells lining the large central airways. Unlike adenocarcinoma it rarely carries a mutation a tablet can target, so treatment rests on chemotherapy with immunotherapy, and pemetrexed and bevacizumab are not used.","route":"/cancers/lung-squamous-cell-carcinoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"lung-squamous-cell-carcinoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"wave4","href":"/tagged/wave4/","tip":"Every record tagged wave4."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"smoking-cessation","name":"Stopping smoking","tldr":"The single largest thing anyone can do about lung cancer, before or after a diagnosis. Risk falls the longer it is since the last cigarette and falls further the younger someone stops, and the benefit is large even for people who have smoked for decades.","route":"/terms/smoking-cessation/","kind":"term","schematic":{"id":"smoking-cessation-after-diagnosis","sections":["nutrition-lifestyle","supportive-care","prevention"]},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":["Lung cancer","Non-small-cell lung cancer","Small-cell lung cancer","Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","Bladder & urothelial cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."},{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/sclc/","tip":"A fast-growing lung cancer. About a third of cases are confined to one side of the chest and are treated to cure with chemotherapy and radiotherapy together; the rest respond to chemotherapy and relapse quickly. After 30 years without progress, durvalumab consolidation, the T-cell engager tarlatamab and antibody-drug conjugates have each lengthened survival since 2024."},{"label":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","href":"/cancers/head-and-neck/","tip":"Cancers of the mouth and throat, increasingly caused by HPV. Immunotherapy is first line for advanced disease and now used before surgery."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"sublobar-resection","name":"Sublobar resection (segmentectomy and wedge)","tldr":"Removing part of a lobe of the lung rather than the whole lobe. For small peripheral tumours with lymph nodes shown to be clear, two randomised trials found it as good as taking the whole lobe, and it leaves more lung behind.","route":"/terms/sublobar-resection/","kind":"term","schematic":{"id":"sbrt","sections":["radiation"]},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer","Adenocarcinoma of the lung","Adenocarcinoma in situ and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma of the lung"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."},{"label":"Adenocarcinoma of the lung","href":"/cancers/lung-adenocarcinoma/","tip":"Lung adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer and the form that non-smokers usually get; it starts in the mucus-making gland cells of the small airways, most often at the edge of the lung. It is the type in which testing for a driver mutation matters most, because half of cases have one that a tablet can target."},{"label":"Adenocarcinoma in situ and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma of the lung","href":"/cancers/lung-adenocarcinoma-in-situ-and-minimally-invasive/","tip":"Adenocarcinoma in situ and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma are the earliest forms of lung cancer of the adenocarcinoma type: small tumours, usually seen as ground-glass spots on a CT scan, that have not yet invaded, or have invaded less than five millimetres. When removed they are effectively cured, with no recurrences in the large series, so the question is how little surgery is enough."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"summit-lung","name":"SUMMIT (lung health check study)","tldr":"The biggest single UK lung screening cohort, run across diverse and deprived London boroughs, which showed the same early-stage shift and also showed that the poorest were the least likely to come.","route":"/trials/summit-lung/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"nsclc","sub":"NCT03934866","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer"],"year":["2025"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2025"},"tags":[{"label":"uk","href":"/tagged/uk/","tip":"Every record tagged uk."},{"label":"screening","href":"/tagged/screening/","tip":"Every record tagged screening."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":2025}},{"id":"superior-vena-cava-obstruction","name":"Superior vena cava obstruction","tldr":"A tumour or clot blocks the large vein that returns blood from the head and arms to the heart, so the face, neck and arms swell and the veins on the chest stand out. It is frightening and looks urgent, but it is usually treatable and rarely an immediate emergency.","route":"/terms/superior-vena-cava-obstruction/","kind":"term","cancerIcon":"lung-cancer","facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":["Lung cancer","Small-cell lung cancer","Non-small-cell lung cancer","Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Thymoma and thymic carcinoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."},{"label":"Small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/sclc/","tip":"A fast-growing lung cancer. About a third of cases are confined to one side of the chest and are treated to cure with chemotherapy and radiotherapy together; the rest respond to chemotherapy and relapse quickly. After 30 years without progress, durvalumab consolidation, the T-cell engager tarlatamab and antibody-drug conjugates have each lengthened survival since 2024."},{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"targeted-lung-health-check","name":"Targeted lung health check","tldr":"The NHS appointment that decides whether you are offered a lung scan. People aged 55 to 74 whose GP record shows they smoke or used to are asked about their breathing, health and smoking; a risk score then decides who gets a low-dose CT scan, often in a mobile unit in a car park, every two years.","route":"/terms/targeted-lung-health-check/","kind":"term","schematic":{"id":"nhs-targeted-lung-health-check","sections":["early-detection","imaging"]},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":["Lung cancer","Non-small-cell lung cancer","Small-cell lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."},{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/sclc/","tip":"A fast-growing lung cancer. About a third of cases are confined to one side of the chest and are treated to cure with chemotherapy and radiotherapy together; the rest respond to chemotherapy and relapse quickly. After 30 years without progress, durvalumab consolidation, the T-cell engager tarlatamab and antibody-drug conjugates have each lengthened survival since 2024."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"gvhd-lung-bronchiolitis-obliterans","name":"The lungs after transplant: bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome","tldr":"The smallest airways in the lung can scar shut after a donor transplant. It is the form of chronic GvHD that changes the outlook most, and it is usually silent until a lot of lung function has gone. It is found by breathing tests on a schedule rather than by waiting for breathlessness, so asking for spirometry is worth doing.","route":"/technologies/gvhd-lung-bronchiolitis-obliterans/","status":"established","kind":"technology","schematic":{"id":"gvhd-lung-bronchiolitis-obliterans","sections":["rejuvenation","supportive-care"]},"facets":{"kind":["Technology"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Technology","tip":"Every way we see, measure, or attack a tumour, explained."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"rejuvenation","href":"/tagged/rejuvenation/","tip":"Every record tagged rejuvenation."},{"label":"survivorship","href":"/tagged/survivorship/","tip":"Every record tagged survivorship."},{"label":"transplant","href":"/tagged/transplant/","tip":"Every record tagged transplant."},{"label":"gvhd","href":"/tagged/gvhd/","tip":"Every record tagged gvhd."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"tina-cascone","name":"Tina Cascone","tldr":"Led CheckMate 77T, one of the perioperative immunotherapy trials that changed how operable lung cancer is treated.","route":"/people/tina-cascone/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Associate Professor of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center · MD Anderson Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."}],"tags":[{"label":"neoadjuvant","href":"/tagged/neoadjuvant/","tip":"Every record tagged neoadjuvant."},{"label":"immunotherapy","href":"/tagged/immunotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged immunotherapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"tnm-9-lung-cancer","name":"TNM 9: what changed in lung cancer staging","tldr":"Lung cancer has been staged by the ninth edition of TNM since 1 January 2025. The T categories are unchanged; N2 was split into N2a and N2b by how many mediastinal node stations are involved, M1c was split by how many organ systems carry metastases, and several stage groups moved as a result.","route":"/terms/tnm-9-lung-cancer/","kind":"term","schematic":{"id":"ct","sections":["imaging"]},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer","Small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer","Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung","Mesothelioma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/sclc/","tip":"A fast-growing lung cancer. About a third of cases are confined to one side of the chest and are treated to cure with chemotherapy and radiotherapy together; the rest respond to chemotherapy and relapse quickly. After 30 years without progress, durvalumab consolidation, the T-cell engager tarlatamab and antibody-drug conjugates have each lengthened survival since 2024."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."},{"label":"Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung","href":"/cancers/lung-lcnec/","tip":"Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma is a lung cancer that looks like a large-cell tumour under the microscope but has the neuroendocrine markers and the fast, aggressive behaviour of small-cell lung cancer. It sits between the two halves of the usual split, which is why teams disagree about whether to treat it as one or the other."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"tracerx","name":"TRACERx","tldr":"The British study that followed lung cancers through time and space, region by region, and showed that a tumour is not one thing: the late-arriving, scattered changes are the ones that predict relapse.","route":"/trials/tracerx/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"nsclc","sub":"NCT01888601","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer","Adenocarcinoma of the lung"],"year":["2023"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."},{"label":"Adenocarcinoma of the lung","href":"/cancers/lung-adenocarcinoma/","tip":"Lung adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer and the form that non-smokers usually get; it starts in the mucus-making gland cells of the small airways, most often at the edge of the lung. It is the type in which testing for a driver mutation matters most, because half of cases have one that a tablet can target."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2023"},"tags":[{"label":"uk","href":"/tagged/uk/","tip":"Every record tagged uk."},{"label":"tumour-evolution","href":"/tagged/tumour-evolution/","tip":"Every record tagged tumour-evolution."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":2023}},{"id":"ttf1-p40","name":"TTF-1 and p40 (how lung histology is decided)","tldr":"The two stains that decide whether a poorly differentiated lung cancer is called adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma. TTF-1 positive with p40 negative means adenocarcinoma; p40 positive with TTF-1 negative means squamous. The answer decides whether the tumour is sequenced and which drugs are safe.","route":"/terms/ttf1-p40/","kind":"term","schematic":{"id":"histopathology-ihc","sections":["diagnostics"]},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer","Adenocarcinoma of the lung","Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung","Large cell carcinoma of the lung","Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung","Lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Adenocarcinoma of the lung","href":"/cancers/lung-adenocarcinoma/","tip":"Lung adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer and the form that non-smokers usually get; it starts in the mucus-making gland cells of the small airways, most often at the edge of the lung. It is the type in which testing for a driver mutation matters most, because half of cases have one that a tablet can target."},{"label":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung","href":"/cancers/lung-squamous-cell-carcinoma/","tip":"Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common type of lung cancer and the one most tightly linked to smoking; it starts in the flat cells lining the large central airways. Unlike adenocarcinoma it rarely carries a mutation a tablet can target, so treatment rests on chemotherapy with immunotherapy, and pemetrexed and bevacizumab are not used."},{"label":"Large cell carcinoma of the lung","href":"/cancers/large-cell-lung-carcinoma/","tip":"Large cell carcinoma is the name for a non-small-cell lung cancer whose cells look neither glandular nor squamous under the microscope. Since 2015 pathologists use protein stains to sort most of these tumours into adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma, so a true large cell diagnosis is now rare and is treated like adenocarcinoma."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"ukls","name":"UKLS","tldr":"The British pilot that showed a risk-model-selected CT scan finds lung cancer early, and whose long follow-up gave the mortality signal that helped justify a national programme.","route":"/trials/ukls/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"nsclc","sub":"ISRCTN78513845","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer"],"year":["2021"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2021"},"tags":[{"label":"uk","href":"/tagged/uk/","tip":"Every record tagged uk."},{"label":"screening","href":"/tagged/screening/","tip":"Every record tagged screening."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":2021}},{"id":"stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc","name":"Unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer","tldr":"Stage III lung cancer that cannot be removed is treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy together, aiming at cure. A year of the immunotherapy antibody durvalumab afterwards raised five-year survival from a third to over 40 percent, and for EGFR-mutated tumours osimertinib after chemoradiation holds the disease for years.","route":"/cancers/stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"violet","name":"VIOLET","tldr":"The UK trial that settled how a lung should be removed: keyhole surgery leaves people functioning better at five weeks and causes fewer serious problems after discharge, with the same survival.","route":"/trials/violet/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"nsclc","sub":"ISRCTN13472721","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer","Resectable stage I to III non-small-cell lung cancer"],"year":["2022"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."},{"label":"Resectable stage I to III non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/resectable-nsclc/","tip":"Lung cancer caught before it has spread is treated with surgery, now often keyhole or robotic and sometimes removing only part of a lobe. Immunotherapy given before and after the operation, or a targeted pill afterwards for EGFR or ALK tumours, cuts the chance of the cancer coming back by between a third and four fifths."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2022"},"tags":[{"label":"uk","href":"/tagged/uk/","tip":"Every record tagged uk."},{"label":"surgery","href":"/tagged/surgery/","tip":"Every record tagged surgery."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":2022}},{"id":"ylst","name":"YLST","tldr":"The Leeds trial that answered the operational questions a national screening programme actually has to answer: who responds, which risk rule to use, what it costs, and whether stopping smoking can be built into the same appointment.","route":"/trials/ylst/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"nsclc","sub":"ISRCTN42704678","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer"],"year":["2025"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2025"},"tags":[{"label":"uk","href":"/tagged/uk/","tip":"Every record tagged uk."},{"label":"screening","href":"/tagged/screening/","tip":"Every record tagged screening."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":2025}}]