{"entity":{"id":"wes-wgs","kind":"technology","name":"Whole-exome & whole-genome sequencing","aka":[],"tldr":"Reading all the genes (exome) or the entire DNA (genome) of a tumour, rather than a chosen panel.","summary":"WGS reveals structural variants, mutational signatures (HRD, APOBEC, tobacco), whole-genome doubling, and non-coding drivers. Used by national programmes (Genomics England, Hartwig) and for neoantigen prediction in personalised vaccines. Long-read sequencing (PacBio, Oxford Nanopore) resolves complex rearrangements and methylation in one run.","status":"established","asOf":"2026-09-04","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing","links":[{"label":"Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing"}],"tags":[],"related":["idea-ecdna-targeting","clonal-evolution-models","evolutionary-game-theory-cancer","goldie-coldman-model","metastasis-seeding-models"],"cancers":["nsclc","sclc"],"sections":["diagnostics","drug-discovery"],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":["valius","c2i-genomics","haystack-oncology","isabl"],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":["mutational-signature","hrd"],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":["paper-george-sclc-genomic-profiles-nature-2015","paper-zhang-lung-cancer-never-smokers-nat-genet-2021","paper-lee-clonal-history-small-cell-transformation-jco-2017"],"journals":[],"dependsOn":["ngs-bioinformatics-software"],"notes":["Lung cancer: whole-genome sequencing found what panels cannot. Biallelic TP53 and RB1 inactivation by complex rearrangement and the oncogenic TP73 isoform in small-cell disease (George 2015), three copy-number subtypes and the decades-long lead time of the slow subtype in never smokers (Zhang 2021), and the branched clonal history that shows small-cell transformation is set up before treatment begins (Lee 2017)."],"principle":"Shotgun sequencing of the whole genome (or exon-captured fraction) at 30-100x depth, tumour-normal paired.","strengths":["Unbiased","Signatures and structural variants"],"limitations":["Cost, data volume, interpretation","Lower depth than panels for subclonal variants"]},"route":"/technologies/wes-wgs/","neighbours":{"idea":[{"id":"idea-bio2-rapid-autopsy-commons","kind":"idea","name":"A global rapid tissue donation network for metastatic disease","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-rapid-autopsy-commons/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-rapid-autopsy-network","kind":"idea","name":"A national rapid research autopsy network for end-stage cancer","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-rapid-autopsy-network/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-organoid-matrix-atlas","kind":"idea","name":"A public atlas of drug-pair responses across a thousand patient-derived organoids","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-organoid-matrix-atlas/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-tmb-calibration-standard","kind":"idea","name":"A single calibrated tumour mutational burden across all sequencing panels","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-tmb-calibration-standard/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-evolvability-index","kind":"idea","name":"A standard evolvability score for every tumour","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-evolvability-index/"},{"id":"lymphoma-ev-genetic-subtype-directed-first-line","kind":"idea","name":"Assign first-line treatment in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by genetic subtype, not by a three-antibody stain","route":"/ideas/lymphoma-ev-genetic-subtype-directed-first-line/"},{"id":"idea-ecdna-targeting","kind":"idea","name":"Attack extrachromosomal DNA, the engine of oncogene amplification","route":"/ideas/idea-ecdna-targeting/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-multiregion-blocks-default","kind":"idea","name":"Bank three spatially separate tumour blocks from every resection","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-multiregion-blocks-default/"},{"id":"idea-bio2-antigen-presentation-triage","kind":"idea","name":"Check whether a tumour can still show itself to the immune system","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-antigen-presentation-triage/"},{"id":"idea-crc-early-onset-cause-hunt","kind":"idea","name":"Find out what is driving early-onset bowel cancer, starting with colibactin, before extending screening any further","route":"/ideas/idea-crc-early-onset-cause-hunt/"},{"id":"idea-bio2-patient-partnered-rare-commons","kind":"idea","name":"Let patients themselves donate their records and samples for ultra-rare cancers","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-patient-partnered-rare-commons/"},{"id":"idea-data-registry-genomics-linkage-programme","kind":"idea","name":"Link every national cancer registry to tumour genomics","route":"/ideas/idea-data-registry-genomics-linkage-programme/"},{"id":"idea-bio1-federated-evolution-atlas","kind":"idea","name":"Pool every multi-sample tumour genome into one open evolution atlas","route":"/ideas/idea-bio1-federated-evolution-atlas/"},{"id":"idea-bio2-whole-genome-mrd-depth","kind":"idea","name":"Push residual disease detection a hundredfold deeper with whole-genome methods","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-whole-genome-mrd-depth/"},{"id":"idea-prev-deferred-disclosure-newborn-genomes","kind":"idea","name":"Store adult-onset cancer gene results from newborn genomes and disclose at 18","route":"/ideas/idea-prev-deferred-disclosure-newborn-genomes/"},{"id":"idea-lung-never-smoker-disease-its-own-programme","kind":"idea","name":"Treat lung cancer in never-smokers as its own disease, with its own detection programme","route":"/ideas/idea-lung-never-smoker-disease-its-own-programme/"},{"id":"idea-moon-universal-sequencing-learning-system","kind":"idea","name":"Universal tumour and germline sequencing at diagnosis feeding a shared learning system","route":"/ideas/idea-moon-universal-sequencing-learning-system/"}],"technology":[{"id":"ngs-bioinformatics-software","kind":"technology","name":"Clinical NGS bioinformatics and variant interpretation","route":"/technologies/ngs-bioinformatics-software/"},{"id":"clonal-evolution-models","kind":"technology","name":"Clonal evolution and branching models","route":"/technologies/clonal-evolution-models/"},{"id":"evolutionary-game-theory-cancer","kind":"technology","name":"Evolutionary game theory in cancer","route":"/technologies/evolutionary-game-theory-cancer/"},{"id":"genomics-cloud-platforms","kind":"technology","name":"Genomics cloud and secure research environments","route":"/technologies/genomics-cloud-platforms/"},{"id":"goldie-coldman-model","kind":"technology","name":"Goldie-Coldman model of resistance","route":"/technologies/goldie-coldman-model/"},{"id":"hrd-genomic-scar-scores","kind":"technology","name":"HRD genomic scar scores (GIS, LOH, HRDetect)","route":"/technologies/hrd-genomic-scar-scores/"},{"id":"long-read-sequencing","kind":"technology","name":"Long-read sequencing (PacBio, Oxford Nanopore)","route":"/technologies/long-read-sequencing/"},{"id":"metastasis-seeding-models","kind":"technology","name":"Metastatic seeding and dormancy models","route":"/technologies/metastasis-seeding-models/"},{"id":"next-gen-short-read-platforms","kind":"technology","name":"New short-read sequencing platforms","route":"/technologies/next-gen-short-read-platforms/"},{"id":"neoantigen-mrna-vaccine","kind":"technology","name":"Personalised neoantigen (mRNA) vaccines","route":"/technologies/neoantigen-mrna-vaccine/"}],"cancer":[{"id":"colorectal","kind":"cancer","name":"Colorectal cancer","route":"/cancers/colorectal/"},{"id":"lung-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Lung cancer (all types)","route":"/cancers/lung-cancer/"},{"id":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (all types)","route":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/"},{"id":"nsclc","kind":"cancer","name":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","route":"/cancers/nsclc/"},{"id":"pancreatic","kind":"cancer","name":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","route":"/cancers/pancreatic/"},{"id":"prostate","kind":"cancer","name":"Prostate cancer","route":"/cancers/prostate/"},{"id":"sclc","kind":"cancer","name":"Small-cell lung cancer","route":"/cancers/sclc/"},{"id":"tnbc","kind":"cancer","name":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)","route":"/cancers/tnbc/"}],"section":[{"id":"diagnostics","kind":"section","name":"Diagnostics & Biomarkers","route":"/fronts/diagnostics/"},{"id":"drug-discovery","kind":"section","name":"Drug Discovery Platforms","route":"/fronts/drug-discovery/"}],"company":[{"id":"bostongene","kind":"company","name":"BostonGene","route":"/companies/bostongene/"},{"id":"c2i-genomics","kind":"company","name":"C2i Genomics","route":"/companies/c2i-genomics/"},{"id":"caris","kind":"company","name":"Caris Life Sciences","route":"/companies/caris/"},{"id":"haystack-oncology","kind":"company","name":"Haystack Oncology","route":"/companies/haystack-oncology/"},{"id":"illumina","kind":"company","name":"Illumina","route":"/companies/illumina/"},{"id":"isabl","kind":"company","name":"Isabl","route":"/companies/isabl/"},{"id":"personalis","kind":"company","name":"Personalis (Tempus)","route":"/companies/personalis/"},{"id":"valius","kind":"company","name":"Valius Sciences","route":"/companies/valius/"}],"term":[{"id":"aneuploidy-theory-of-cancer","kind":"term","name":"Aneuploidy and chromosomal instability as the cause of cancer","route":"/terms/aneuploidy-theory-of-cancer/"},{"id":"chromoplexy","kind":"term","name":"Chromoplexy","route":"/terms/chromoplexy/"},{"id":"clonal-evolution-theory","kind":"term","name":"Clonal evolution and the ecological view of cancer","route":"/terms/clonal-evolution-theory/"},{"id":"compass-study-pancreatic","kind":"term","name":"COMPASS: real-time sequencing of advanced pancreatic cancer for treatment selection","route":"/terms/compass-study-pancreatic/"},{"id":"copy-number-variation-term","kind":"term","name":"Copy number alteration (CNA)","route":"/terms/copy-number-variation-term/"},{"id":"driver-passenger-model","kind":"term","name":"Driver and passenger mutations: the refined somatic mutation theory","route":"/terms/driver-passenger-model/"},{"id":"rejuv-second-from-clone-to-disease","kind":"term","name":"From a clone in the blood to a leukaemia: what is known, and what is done","route":"/terms/rejuv-second-from-clone-to-disease/"},{"id":"genomic-profiling","kind":"term","name":"Genomic profiling","route":"/terms/genomic-profiling/"},{"id":"hrd","kind":"term","name":"Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD)","route":"/terms/hrd/"},{"id":"kras-allelic-imbalance","kind":"term","name":"KRAS allelic imbalance and mutant KRAS dosage in pancreatic cancer","route":"/terms/kras-allelic-imbalance/"},{"id":"lymphoma-bio-lymphgen","kind":"term","name":"LymphGen and the genetic clusters of large B-cell lymphoma","route":"/terms/lymphoma-bio-lymphgen/"},{"id":"mutational-signature","kind":"term","name":"Mutational signature","route":"/terms/mutational-signature/"},{"id":"ngs","kind":"term","name":"Next-generation sequencing (NGS)","route":"/terms/ngs/"},{"id":"somatic-mutations-wxs-wgs","kind":"term","name":"Somatic mutations from exome and genome sequencing (WXS, WGS)","route":"/terms/somatic-mutations-wxs-wgs/"},{"id":"variant-calling","kind":"term","name":"Variant calling","route":"/terms/variant-calling/"}],"paper":[{"id":"paper-wright-lymphgen-genetic-subtypes-dlbcl-cancer-cell-2020","kind":"paper","name":"A probabilistic classification tool for genetic subtypes of diffuse large B cell lymphoma with therapeutic implications","route":"/key-papers/paper-wright-lymphgen-genetic-subtypes-dlbcl-cancer-cell-2020/"},{"id":"paper-notta-punctuated-evolution-pancreatic-nature-2016","kind":"paper","name":"A renewed model of pancreatic cancer evolution based on genomic rearrangement patterns","route":"/key-papers/paper-notta-punctuated-evolution-pancreatic-nature-2016/"},{"id":"paper-connor-mutational-signatures-immune-pancreatic-jama-oncol-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Association of distinct mutational signatures with correlates of increased immune activity in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","route":"/key-papers/paper-connor-mutational-signatures-immune-pancreatic-jama-oncol-2017/"},{"id":"paper-keynote-042-tmb-mutations-ann-oncol-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Associations of tissue tumour mutational burden and mutational status with clinical outcomes in KEYNOTE-042","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-042-tmb-mutations-ann-oncol-2023/"},{"id":"paper-keynote-189-407-tmb-jtocrr-2023","kind":"paper","name":"Associations of tissue tumour mutational burden and mutational status with clinical outcomes with pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy for metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-189-407-tmb-jtocrr-2023/"},{"id":"paper-vogelstein-cancer-genome-landscapes-science-2013","kind":"paper","name":"Cancer genome landscapes: about 140 driver genes, and each tumour needs only a handful","route":"/key-papers/paper-vogelstein-cancer-genome-landscapes-science-2013/"},{"id":"paper-annala-ctdna-resistance-abiraterone-enzalutamide-cancer-discov-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Circulating tumour DNA genomics correlate with resistance to abiraterone and enzalutamide in prostate cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-annala-ctdna-resistance-abiraterone-enzalutamide-cancer-discov-2018/"},{"id":"paper-lee-clonal-history-small-cell-transformation-jco-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Clonal history and genetic predictors of transformation into small-cell carcinomas from lung adenocarcinomas","route":"/key-papers/paper-lee-clonal-history-small-cell-transformation-jco-2017/"},{"id":"paper-pritchard-complex-msh2-msh6-hypermutated-prostate-nat-commun-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Complex MSH2 and MSH6 mutations in hypermutated microsatellite unstable advanced prostate cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-pritchard-complex-msh2-msh6-hypermutated-prostate-nat-commun-2014/"},{"id":"paper-tcga-lung-squamous-nature-2012","kind":"paper","name":"Comprehensive genomic characterization of squamous cell lung cancers","route":"/key-papers/paper-tcga-lung-squamous-nature-2012/"},{"id":"paper-george-sclc-genomic-profiles-nature-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Comprehensive genomic profiles of small cell lung cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-george-sclc-genomic-profiles-nature-2015/"},{"id":"paper-tcga-colorectal-comprehensive-characterization-nature-2012","kind":"paper","name":"Comprehensive molecular characterization of human colon and rectal cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-tcga-colorectal-comprehensive-characterization-nature-2012/"},{"id":"paper-tcga-lung-adenocarcinoma-nature-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Comprehensive molecular profiling of lung adenocarcinoma","route":"/key-papers/paper-tcga-lung-adenocarcinoma-nature-2014/"},{"id":"paper-yachida-metastasis-late-genetic-evolution-pancreatic-nature-2010","kind":"paper","name":"Distant metastasis occurs late during the genetic evolution of pancreatic cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-yachida-metastasis-late-genetic-evolution-pancreatic-nature-2010/"},{"id":"paper-scherer-ctdna-lymphoma-subtypes-genome-evolution-sci-transl-med-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Distinct biological subtypes and patterns of genome evolution in lymphoma revealed by circulating tumour DNA","route":"/key-papers/paper-scherer-ctdna-lymphoma-subtypes-genome-evolution-sci-transl-med-2016/"},{"id":"paper-campbell-pan-lung-somatic-alterations-nat-genet-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Distinct patterns of somatic genome alterations in lung adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas","route":"/key-papers/paper-campbell-pan-lung-somatic-alterations-nat-genet-2016/"},{"id":"paper-beltran-nepc-divergent-evolution-nat-med-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Divergent clonal evolution of castration-resistant neuroendocrine prostate cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-beltran-nepc-divergent-evolution-nat-med-2016/"},{"id":"paper-barbieri-spop-foxa1-med12-prostate-nat-genet-2012","kind":"paper","name":"Exome sequencing identifies recurrent SPOP, FOXA1 and MED12 mutations in prostate cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-barbieri-spop-foxa1-med12-prostate-nat-genet-2012/"},{"id":"paper-schmitz-genetics-pathogenesis-dlbcl-nejm-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Genetics and pathogenesis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","route":"/key-papers/paper-schmitz-genetics-pathogenesis-dlbcl-nejm-2018/"},{"id":"paper-bailey-molecular-subtypes-pancreatic-nature-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Genomic analyses identify molecular subtypes of pancreatic cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-bailey-molecular-subtypes-pancreatic-nature-2016/"},{"id":"paper-zhang-lung-cancer-never-smokers-nat-genet-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Genomic and evolutionary classification of lung cancer in never smokers","route":"/key-papers/paper-zhang-lung-cancer-never-smokers-nat-genet-2021/"},{"id":"paper-noe-cyst-malignant-progression-genomics-nat-commun-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Genomic characterization of malignant progression in neoplastic pancreatic cysts","route":"/key-papers/paper-noe-cyst-malignant-progression-genomics-nat-commun-2020/"},{"id":"paper-abida-genomic-correlates-outcome-mcrpc-pnas-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Genomic correlates of clinical outcome in advanced prostate cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-abida-genomic-correlates-outcome-mcrpc-pnas-2019/"},{"id":"paper-giannakis-genomic-correlates-immune-colorectal-cell-rep-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Genomic correlates of immune-cell infiltrates in colorectal carcinoma","route":"/key-papers/paper-giannakis-genomic-correlates-immune-colorectal-cell-rep-2016/"},{"id":"paper-quigley-structural-variation-mcrpc-cell-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Genomic hallmarks and structural variation in metastatic prostate cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-quigley-structural-variation-mcrpc-cell-2018/"},{"id":"paper-chen-east-asian-lung-adenocarcinoma-nat-genet-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Genomic landscape of lung adenocarcinoma in East Asians","route":"/key-papers/paper-chen-east-asian-lung-adenocarcinoma-nat-genet-2020/"},{"id":"paper-mateo-genomics-lethal-prostate-diagnosis-castration-resistance-jci-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Genomics of lethal prostate cancer at diagnosis and castration resistance","route":"/key-papers/paper-mateo-genomics-lethal-prostate-diagnosis-castration-resistance-jci-2020/"},{"id":"paper-aung-compass-early-results-ccr-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Genomics-driven precision medicine for advanced pancreatic cancer: early results from the COMPASS trial","route":"/key-papers/paper-aung-compass-early-results-ccr-2018/"},{"id":"paper-diaz-gay-colibactin-geographic-age-mutational-processes-nature-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Geographic and age variations in mutational processes in colorectal cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-diaz-gay-colibactin-geographic-age-mutational-processes-nature-2025/"},{"id":"paper-gerlinger-intratumour-heterogeneity-nejm-2012","kind":"paper","name":"Gerlinger: a single biopsy misses most of the mutations in a kidney tumour","route":"/key-papers/paper-gerlinger-intratumour-heterogeneity-nejm-2012/"},{"id":"paper-taylor-germline-brca2-evolutionary-trajectories-nat-commun-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Germline BRCA2 mutations drive prostate cancers with distinct evolutionary trajectories","route":"/key-papers/paper-taylor-germline-brca2-evolutionary-trajectories-nat-commun-2017/"},{"id":"paper-palles-germline-pole-pold1-proofreading-nat-genet-2013","kind":"paper","name":"Germline mutations affecting the proofreading domains of POLE and POLD1 predispose to colorectal adenomas and carcinomas","route":"/key-papers/paper-palles-germline-pole-pold1-proofreading-nat-genet-2013/"},{"id":"paper-heining-nrg1-fusions-kras-wild-type-pancreatic-cancer-discov-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Heining 2018: NRG1 fusions in KRAS wild-type pancreatic cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-heining-nrg1-fusions-kras-wild-type-pancreatic-cancer-discov-2018/"},{"id":"paper-davies-nat-med","kind":"paper","name":"HRDetect is a predictor of BRCA1 and BRCA2 deficiency based on mutational signatures","route":"/key-papers/paper-davies-nat-med/"},{"id":"paper-balachandran-neoantigen-quality-long-term-survivors-nature-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Identification of unique neoantigen qualities in long-term survivors of pancreatic cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-balachandran-neoantigen-quality-long-term-survivors-nature-2017/"},{"id":"paper-tcga-pancreatic-integrated-characterisation-cancer-cell-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Integrated genomic characterization of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","route":"/key-papers/paper-tcga-pancreatic-integrated-characterisation-cancer-cell-2017/"},{"id":"paper-jaiswal-chip-nejm-2014","kind":"paper","name":"Jaiswal: clonal haematopoiesis, the pre-leukaemic clones in most people over 70","route":"/key-papers/paper-jaiswal-chip-nejm-2014/"},{"id":"paper-jones-nrg1-fusions-recurrent-actionable-kras-wild-type-pdac-ccr-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Jones 2019: NRG1 gene fusions are recurrent, clinically actionable rearrangements in KRAS wild-type pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","route":"/key-papers/paper-jones-nrg1-fusions-recurrent-actionable-kras-wild-type-pdac-ccr-2019/"},{"id":"paper-keynote-942-lancet-2024","kind":"paper","name":"KEYNOTE-942: a personalised mRNA cancer vaccine plus pembrolizumab after melanoma surgery","route":"/key-papers/paper-keynote-942-lancet-2024/"},{"id":"paper-le-mmr-deficiency-pd1-nejm-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Le 2015: PD-1 blockade works in tumours with mismatch-repair deficiency, whatever the organ","route":"/key-papers/paper-le-mmr-deficiency-pd1-nejm-2015/"},{"id":"paper-makohon-moore-metastases-driver-homogeneity-nat-genet-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Limited heterogeneity of known driver gene mutations among the metastases of individual patients with pancreatic cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-makohon-moore-metastases-driver-homogeneity-nat-genet-2017/"},{"id":"paper-martincorena-somatic-mutations-normal-skin-science-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Martincorena: normal sun-exposed skin is a patchwork of cancer-mutation clones","route":"/key-papers/paper-martincorena-somatic-mutations-normal-skin-science-2015/"},{"id":"paper-rizvi-targeted-ngs-immunotherapy-determinants-jco-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Molecular determinants of response to anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 blockade in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer profiled with targeted next-generation sequencing","route":"/key-papers/paper-rizvi-targeted-ngs-immunotherapy-determinants-jco-2018/"},{"id":"paper-chapuy-molecular-subtypes-dlbcl-nat-med-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Molecular subtypes of diffuse large B cell lymphoma are associated with distinct pathogenic mechanisms and outcomes","route":"/key-papers/paper-chapuy-molecular-subtypes-dlbcl-nat-med-2018/"},{"id":"paper-alexandrov-tobacco-smoking-mutational-signatures-science-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Mutational signatures associated with tobacco smoking in human cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-alexandrov-tobacco-smoking-mutational-signatures-science-2016/"},{"id":"paper-pishvaian-lancet-oncol","kind":"paper","name":"Overall survival in patients with pancreatic cancer receiving matched therapies following molecular profiling: a retrospective analysis of the Know Your Tumor registry trial","route":"/key-papers/paper-pishvaian-lancet-oncol/"},{"id":"paper-biankin-pancreatic-exomes-axon-guidance-nature-2012","kind":"paper","name":"Pancreatic cancer genomes reveal aberrations in axon guidance pathway genes","route":"/key-papers/paper-biankin-pancreatic-exomes-axon-guidance-nature-2012/"},{"id":"paper-abbosh-phylogenetic-ctdna-lung-cancer-nature-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Phylogenetic ctDNA analysis depicts early-stage lung cancer evolution","route":"/key-papers/paper-abbosh-phylogenetic-ctdna-lung-cancer-nature-2017/"},{"id":"paper-makohon-moore-precursor-cells-ductal-system-nature-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Precancerous neoplastic cells can move through the pancreatic ductal system","route":"/key-papers/paper-makohon-moore-precursor-cells-ductal-system-nature-2018/"},{"id":"paper-aguirre-real-time-genomic-characterisation-pancreatic-cancer-discov-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Real-time genomic characterization of advanced pancreatic cancer to enable precision medicine","route":"/key-papers/paper-aguirre-real-time-genomic-characterisation-pancreatic-cancer-discov-2018/"},{"id":"paper-seshagiri-rspo-fusions-colon-nature-2012","kind":"paper","name":"Recurrent R-spondin fusions in colon cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-seshagiri-rspo-fusions-colon-nature-2012/"},{"id":"paper-rizvi-mutational-landscape-pd1-science-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Rizvi 2015: the mutational landscape determines who responds to PD-1 blockade in lung cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-rizvi-mutational-landscape-pd1-science-2015/"},{"id":"paper-domingo-somatic-pole-proofreading-colorectal-lancet-gastro-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Somatic POLE proofreading domain mutation, immune response, and prognosis in colorectal cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-domingo-somatic-pole-proofreading-colorectal-lancet-gastro-2016/"},{"id":"paper-robinson-integrative-clinical-genomics-advanced-prostate-cell-2015","kind":"paper","name":"SU2C-PCF: integrative clinical genomics of advanced prostate cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-robinson-integrative-clinical-genomics-advanced-prostate-cell-2015/"},{"id":"paper-kumar-interindividual-genomic-diversity-metastatic-prostate-nat-med-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Substantial interindividual and limited intraindividual genomic diversity among tumours from men with metastatic prostate cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-kumar-interindividual-genomic-diversity-metastatic-prostate-nat-med-2016/"},{"id":"paper-tcga-pancancer-atlas-cell-2018","kind":"paper","name":"TCGA Pan-Cancer Atlas: 10,000 tumours across 33 cancer types, classified by molecular features","route":"/key-papers/paper-tcga-pancancer-atlas-cell-2018/"},{"id":"paper-tcga-molecular-taxonomy-primary-prostate-cell-2015","kind":"paper","name":"TCGA: the molecular taxonomy of primary prostate cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-tcga-molecular-taxonomy-primary-prostate-cell-2015/"},{"id":"paper-lee-six-somatic-mutation-normal-colorectal-crypts-nature-2019","kind":"paper","name":"The landscape of somatic mutation in normal colorectal epithelial cells","route":"/key-papers/paper-lee-six-somatic-mutation-normal-colorectal-crypts-nature-2019/"},{"id":"paper-armenia-long-tail-oncogenic-drivers-prostate-nat-genet-2018","kind":"paper","name":"The long tail of oncogenic drivers in prostate cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-armenia-long-tail-oncogenic-drivers-prostate-nat-genet-2018/"},{"id":"paper-grasso-mutational-landscape-lethal-crpc-nature-2012","kind":"paper","name":"The mutational landscape of lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-grasso-mutational-landscape-lethal-crpc-nature-2012/"},{"id":"paper-tracerx-evolution-nature-2023","kind":"paper","name":"TRACERx 421: the full-cohort picture of how lung cancer evolves and which subclones drive relapse","route":"/key-papers/paper-tracerx-evolution-nature-2023/"},{"id":"paper-tracerx-100-nejm-2017","kind":"paper","name":"TRACERx first 100: tracking how lung cancers evolve, and how chromosomal chaos predicts relapse","route":"/key-papers/paper-tracerx-100-nejm-2017/"},{"id":"paper-chan-seng-yue-pancreatic-transcription-phenotypes-nat-genet-2020","kind":"paper","name":"Transcription phenotypes of pancreatic cancer are driven by genomic events during tumor evolution","route":"/key-papers/paper-chan-seng-yue-pancreatic-transcription-phenotypes-nat-genet-2020/"},{"id":"paper-roberts-familial-pancreatic-whole-genome-cancer-discov-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Whole genome sequencing defines the genetic heterogeneity of familial pancreatic cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-roberts-familial-pancreatic-whole-genome-cancer-discov-2016/"},{"id":"paper-waddell-whole-genomes-pancreatic-nature-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Whole genomes redefine the mutational landscape of pancreatic cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-waddell-whole-genomes-pancreatic-nature-2015/"},{"id":"paper-witkiewicz-pancreatic-exomes-utsw-nat-commun-2015","kind":"paper","name":"Whole-exome sequencing of pancreatic cancer defines genetic diversity and therapeutic targets","route":"/key-papers/paper-witkiewicz-pancreatic-exomes-utsw-nat-commun-2015/"},{"id":"paper-ren-chinese-prostate-whole-genome-eur-urol-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing of prostate cancer identifies new genetic alterations driving disease progression","route":"/key-papers/paper-ren-chinese-prostate-whole-genome-eur-urol-2018/"},{"id":"paper-staaf-tnbc-whole-genome-scan-b-nat-med-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Whole-genome sequencing of triple-negative breast cancers in a population-based clinical study","route":"/key-papers/paper-staaf-tnbc-whole-genome-scan-b-nat-med-2019/"}],"roadmap":[{"id":"colorectal-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Colorectal cancer roadmap: from the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and the first screening trials to total mesorectal excision, oxaliplatin, RAS testing, immunotherapy for mismatch repair-deficient disease, ctDNA-guided treatment and organ preservation","route":"/roadmaps/colorectal-roadmap/"},{"id":"diagnostics-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Diagnostics roadmap: stains → gene panels → blood tests that decide treatment","route":"/roadmaps/diagnostics-roadmap/"},{"id":"lymphoma-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Lymphoma roadmap: from a jaw tumour in Uganda and the first human cancer virus to gene-expression subtypes, PET-adapted chemotherapy, CAR-T cells, bispecific antibodies and the genetics-directed trials now recruiting","route":"/roadmaps/lymphoma-roadmap/"},{"id":"pancreatic-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Pancreatic cancer roadmap: from Whipple's operation to gemcitabine, FOLFIRINOX, adjuvant chemotherapy, PARP inhibition, KRAS inhibition, vaccines and the surveillance question","route":"/roadmaps/pancreatic-roadmap/"}],"institution":[{"id":"bc-cancer","kind":"institution","name":"BC Cancer","route":"/institutions/bc-cancer/"},{"id":"cruk-cambridge-centre","kind":"institution","name":"Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre / CRUK Cambridge Institute","route":"/institutions/cruk-cambridge-centre/"},{"id":"baylor-duncan","kind":"institution","name":"Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine","route":"/institutions/baylor-duncan/"},{"id":"embl-ebi","kind":"institution","name":"EMBL's European Bioinformatics Institute","route":"/institutions/embl-ebi/"},{"id":"garvan-institute","kind":"institution","name":"Garvan Institute of Medical Research / Kinghorn Cancer Centre","route":"/institutions/garvan-institute/"},{"id":"dktk","kind":"institution","name":"German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)","route":"/institutions/dktk/"},{"id":"hospital-clinic-barcelona","kind":"institution","name":"Hospital Clínic de Barcelona / IDIBAPS","route":"/institutions/hospital-clinic-barcelona/"},{"id":"helsinki-hus","kind":"institution","name":"HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital","route":"/institutions/helsinki-hus/"},{"id":"nccs","kind":"institution","name":"National Cancer Centre Singapore","route":"/institutions/nccs/"},{"id":"nuh-ncis","kind":"institution","name":"National University Hospital / National University Cancer Institute, Singapore","route":"/institutions/nuh-ncis/"},{"id":"nationwide-childrens","kind":"institution","name":"Nationwide Children's Hospital","route":"/institutions/nationwide-childrens/"},{"id":"oicr","kind":"institution","name":"Ontario Institute for Cancer Research","route":"/institutions/oicr/"},{"id":"oxford-cancer","kind":"institution","name":"Oxford Cancer (Oxford University Hospitals and University of Oxford)","route":"/institutions/oxford-cancer/"},{"id":"princess-maxima","kind":"institution","name":"Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology","route":"/institutions/princess-maxima/"},{"id":"shizuoka-cancer-center","kind":"institution","name":"Shizuoka Cancer Center","route":"/institutions/shizuoka-cancer-center/"},{"id":"wustl-siteman","kind":"institution","name":"Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University","route":"/institutions/wustl-siteman/"},{"id":"lund-skane","kind":"institution","name":"Skåne University Hospital / Lund University Cancer Centre","route":"/institutions/lund-skane/"},{"id":"st-jude","kind":"institution","name":"St. Jude Children's Research Hospital","route":"/institutions/st-jude/"},{"id":"sydney-childrens-hospitals-network","kind":"institution","name":"Sydney Children's Hospitals Network / Children's Cancer Institute","route":"/institutions/sydney-childrens-hospitals-network/"},{"id":"francis-crick","kind":"institution","name":"The Francis Crick Institute","route":"/institutions/francis-crick/"},{"id":"jackson-laboratory","kind":"institution","name":"The Jackson Laboratory Cancer Center","route":"/institutions/jackson-laboratory/"},{"id":"tohoku-university-hospital","kind":"institution","name":"Tohoku University Hospital","route":"/institutions/tohoku-university-hospital/"},{"id":"uclh","kind":"institution","name":"University College London Hospitals / UCL Cancer Institute","route":"/institutions/uclh/"},{"id":"uppsala-akademiska","kind":"institution","name":"Uppsala University Hospital / Uppsala University","route":"/institutions/uppsala-akademiska/"},{"id":"wellcome","kind":"institution","name":"Wellcome","route":"/institutions/wellcome/"},{"id":"wellcome-sanger","kind":"institution","name":"Wellcome Sanger Institute","route":"/institutions/wellcome-sanger/"}],"collection":[{"id":"cbioportal","kind":"collection","name":"cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics","route":"/collections/cbioportal/"},{"id":"mmrf","kind":"collection","name":"Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation (MMRF)","route":"/collections/mmrf/"},{"id":"nhs-genomic-medicine-service","kind":"collection","name":"NHS Genomic Medicine Service","route":"/collections/nhs-genomic-medicine-service/"},{"id":"tcga-gdc","kind":"collection","name":"TCGA / NCI Genomic Data Commons","route":"/collections/tcga-gdc/"}],"person":[{"id":"bert-vogelstein","kind":"person","name":"Bert Vogelstein","route":"/people/bert-vogelstein/"},{"id":"carlos-caldas","kind":"person","name":"Carlos Caldas","route":"/people/carlos-caldas/"},{"id":"catherine-wu","kind":"person","name":"Catherine J. Wu","route":"/people/catherine-wu/"},{"id":"charles-swanton","kind":"person","name":"Charles Swanton","route":"/people/charles-swanton/"},{"id":"christina-curtis","kind":"person","name":"Christina Curtis","route":"/people/christina-curtis/"},{"id":"douglas-levine","kind":"person","name":"Douglas A. Levine","route":"/people/douglas-levine/"},{"id":"emile-voest","kind":"person","name":"Emile Voest","route":"/people/emile-voest/"},{"id":"gad-getz","kind":"person","name":"Gad Getz","route":"/people/gad-getz/"},{"id":"john-maris","kind":"person","name":"John M. Maris","route":"/people/john-maris/"},{"id":"li-ding","kind":"person","name":"Li Ding","route":"/people/li-ding/"},{"id":"ludmil-alexandrov","kind":"person","name":"Ludmil B. Alexandrov","route":"/people/ludmil-alexandrov/"},{"id":"michael-taylor","kind":"person","name":"Michael D. Taylor","route":"/people/michael-taylor/"},{"id":"nitzan-rosenfeld","kind":"person","name":"Nitzan Rosenfeld","route":"/people/nitzan-rosenfeld/"},{"id":"serena-nik-zainal","kind":"person","name":"Serena Nik-Zainal","route":"/people/serena-nik-zainal/"},{"id":"stefan-froehling","kind":"person","name":"Stefan Fröhling","route":"/people/stefan-froehling/"},{"id":"steve-jobs","kind":"person","name":"Steve Jobs","route":"/people/steve-jobs/"},{"id":"steven-treon","kind":"person","name":"Steven P. Treon","route":"/people/steven-treon/"},{"id":"timothy-ley","kind":"person","name":"Timothy J. Ley","route":"/people/timothy-ley/"}],"bottleneck":[{"id":"b-tumor-heterogeneity","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Tumour heterogeneity and clonal evolution","route":"/bottlenecks/b-tumor-heterogeneity/"}],"pathway":[{"id":"chromosomal-instability","kind":"pathway","name":"Chromosomal instability & aneuploidy","route":"/pathways/chromosomal-instability/"},{"id":"clonal-evolution","kind":"pathway","name":"Clonal evolution & minimal residual disease","route":"/pathways/clonal-evolution/"},{"id":"mutagenesis-signatures","kind":"pathway","name":"Mutagenesis & mutational signatures","route":"/pathways/mutagenesis-signatures/"}],"drug":[{"id":"caris-mi-cancer-seek","kind":"drug","name":"MI Cancer Seek","route":"/drugs/caris-mi-cancer-seek/"}]}}