{"entity":{"id":"vegf","kind":"target","name":"VEGF / VEGFR","aka":[],"tldr":"The signal tumours use to grow their own blood supply. Blocking it starves tumours and, surprisingly, helps immunotherapy work.","summary":"Bevacizumab (2004) was the first anti-angiogenic. VEGFR TKIs (cabozantinib, lenvatinib, axitinib) are standard in RCC, HCC, and thyroid cancer, usually with PD-1 blockade. PD-1×VEGF bispecific ivonescimab beat pembrolizumab on PFS in NSCLC (HARMONi-2) and is the most-watched bispecific in solid tumours.","asOf":"2026-09-04","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_endothelial_growth_factor","links":[{"label":"Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_endothelial_growth_factor"}],"tags":["angiogenesis"],"related":[],"cancers":["rcc","hcc","colorectal","nsclc","ovarian"],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":["ziv-aflibercept","pm8002","zanzalintinib","tovecimig","chiauranib","ai-081"],"companies":["compass-therapeutics"],"institutions":[],"pathways":["vegf-angiogenesis","bladder-cancer-signalling","hepatocellular-carcinoma-signalling","renal-cell-carcinoma-signalling"],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":[],"symbol":"VEGFA, KDR, FLT1, FLT4, PGF","role":[],"sources":[],"specificity":"broadly-expressed","distribution":"many-types","specificityNote":"Broadly expressed or essential: HPA finds the RNA at low tissue specificity; the 29 medicines aimed at it (Ziv-aflibercept, PM8002, Zanzalintinib and more) act on the wild-type protein, so normal tissue is exposed and the therapeutic window comes from the tumour's faster division or its dependence on the protein. HPA VEGFA: RNA low tissue specificity; high antibody staining in 21 normal tissues; highest cancer staining colorectal cancer (11 of 12 high). HPA KDR: RNA low tissue specificity; high antibody staining in 3 normal tissues; highest cancer staining skin cancer (3 of 12 high). HPA FLT1: RNA tissue enriched (placenta 394 nTPM); high antibody staining in 2 normal tissues. HPA FLT4: RNA low tissue specificity; blood lineage lineage enriched (T-cells 4 nTPM); high antibody staining in 10 normal tissues; highest cancer staining pancreatic cancer (3 of 12 high). HPA PGF: RNA tissue enhanced (blood vessel 67 nTPM); no normal tissue stained high. HPA FLT1: RNA tissue enriched (placenta 394 nTPM); high antibody staining in 2 normal tissues. HPA FLT4: RNA low tissue specificity; blood lineage lineage enriched (T-cells 4 nTPM); high antibody staining in 10 normal tissues; highest cancer staining pancreatic cancer (3 of 12 high). Distribution: 5 cancer families in the corpus carry a prevalence row, label threshold or catalogue link for it (Renal cell carcinoma, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Colorectal cancer, Lung cancer (all types), Ovarian cancer); approvals of single-target medicines aimed at it also list Salivary gland cancers, Cervical cancer, Brain and spinal cord tumours (all types), Sarcomas (soft tissue, bone, GIST) and more, not counted; Open Targets associates it with 22 specific cancer types at or above 0.5 (non-small cell lung carcinoma, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, renal cell carcinoma, cervical cancer, glioblastoma and more). (Rule 7 of scripts/fetch-target-specificity.ts.)","specificitySources":[{"label":"Human Protein Atlas VEGFA tissue","url":"https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000112715-VEGFA/tissue","note":"RNA tissue and blood lineage specificity, normal tissue antibody staining (version 25.1, CC BY-SA 3.0)"},{"label":"Human Protein Atlas KDR tissue","url":"https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000128052-KDR/tissue","note":"RNA tissue and blood lineage specificity, normal tissue antibody staining (version 25.1, CC BY-SA 3.0)"},{"label":"Human Protein Atlas FLT1 tissue","url":"https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000102755-FLT1/tissue","note":"RNA tissue and blood lineage specificity, normal tissue antibody staining (version 25.1, CC BY-SA 3.0)"},{"label":"Human Protein Atlas FLT4 tissue","url":"https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000037280-FLT4/tissue","note":"RNA tissue and blood lineage specificity, normal tissue antibody staining (version 25.1, CC BY-SA 3.0)"},{"label":"Human Protein Atlas PGF tissue","url":"https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000119630-PGF/tissue","note":"RNA tissue and blood lineage specificity, normal tissue antibody staining (version 25.1, CC BY-SA 3.0)"},{"label":"Open Targets ENSG00000112715 associations","url":"https://platform.opentargets.org/target/ENSG00000112715/associations","note":"cancer associations at or above 0.5 (CC0)"},{"label":"Open Targets ENSG00000128052 associations","url":"https://platform.opentargets.org/target/ENSG00000128052/associations","note":"cancer associations at or above 0.5 (CC0)"}],"biology":"VEGF is an endothelial growth factor that is also immunosuppressive in the tumour microenvironment.","whereFound":["Tumour vasculature across solid tumours"],"targetClass":"other","prevalence":[{"cancerId":"rcc","pct":">90","measure":"Clear-cell VHL loss drives VEGF (pathway prevalence)","source":"https://www.cbioportal.org/study/summary?id=kirc_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018"},{"cancerId":"hcc","pct":"n/a","measure":"Angiogenic dependency; no selection biomarker","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_endothelial_growth_factor"},{"cancerId":"colorectal","pct":"n/a","measure":"No selection biomarker for bevacizumab","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_endothelial_growth_factor"}]},"route":"/targets/vegf/","neighbours":{"cancer":[{"id":"adrenocortical","kind":"cancer","name":"Adrenocortical carcinoma","route":"/cancers/adrenocortical/"},{"id":"advanced-adrenocortical-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Advanced and metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma (ENSAT stage IV or unresectable)","route":"/cancers/advanced-adrenocortical-carcinoma/"},{"id":"cervical","kind":"cancer","name":"Cervical cancer","route":"/cancers/cervical/"},{"id":"colorectal","kind":"cancer","name":"Colorectal cancer","route":"/cancers/colorectal/"},{"id":"endometrial","kind":"cancer","name":"Endometrial cancer","route":"/cancers/endometrial/"},{"id":"gastric","kind":"cancer","name":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction 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