{"entity":{"id":"pdl1","kind":"target","name":"PD-L1","aka":[],"tldr":"PD-L1 is the tumour's side of the PD-1 brake, and also the biomarker that decides who gets immunotherapy.","summary":"PD-L1 (CD274) is the tumour-side ligand of the PD-1 brake, expressed on tumour and immune cells and induced by interferon-gamma, so its presence often marks an immune response already under way. Atezolizumab, durvalumab and avelumab block it directly. PD-L1 immunohistochemistry (22C3 CPS, SP142, 28-8) is the companion diagnostic for many indications, including CPS 10 or above for pembrolizumab in triple-negative breast cancer, with prevalence from 25 to 30 percent of NSCLC at TPS 50 percent or more to 80 to 85 percent of head and neck cancers at CPS 1 or more. Differing assays and cut-offs across drugs remain a practical source of confusion. It is now also an ADC and bispecific target (PD-L1×B7-H3 ADC BH4601, PD-L1×VEGF bispecifics). PD-L1 is both the target of immunotherapy and the test that decides who receives it.","asOf":"2026-09-04","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PD-L1","links":[{"label":"Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PD-L1"},{"label":"Kuppers et al., PNAS 1994: micromanipulated Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells carry clonal immunoglobulin rearrangements","url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.23.10962"},{"label":"Kuppers, Nat Rev Cancer 2009: the biology of Hodgkin's lymphoma","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2542"},{"label":"Steidl et al., N Engl J Med 2010: tumour-associated macrophages and survival in classical Hodgkin lymphoma","url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0905680"}],"tags":["checkpoint","biomarker"],"related":["pd-l1-tps","pd-l1-tc-score","pd-l1-ic-score","pd-l1-cps"],"cancers":["tnbc","nsclc","urothelial","sclc","gallbladder","non-hodgkin-lymphoma"],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":["ventana-pd-l1-sp142","pm8002","hlx43","tqb2450","io102-io103","acasunlimab","sasanlimab","pf-08046054","t3011","ssgj-706","hb0036"],"companies":["compass-therapeutics","insight-molecular-diagnostics","io-biotech","onc-ai","oncohost"],"institutions":[],"pathways":["pd1-checkpoint","hepatocellular-carcinoma-signalling","tumor-microenvironment","antigen-presentation-immunoediting","myeloid-suppression-axis"],"terms":["cps"],"trials":["nct06107374","nct07169552","nct06631079","nct07444437","nct07293754"],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":["paper-rugo-pd-l1-assay-comparison-impassion130-jnci-2021","paper-sigurjonsdottir-sp142-22c3-tnbc-bcr-2023","paper-impassion130-n-engl-j-med-2018","paper-keynote-355-nejm-2022","paper-neyaz-pdl1-gallbladder-histopathology-2018","paper-albrecht-pdl1-western-gallbladder-cancers-2021","paper-patil-gallbladder-immune-microenvironment-aimm-2021"],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Triple-negative breast cancer: positivity depends on the assay and score. SP142 IC 1% or more in 46.4% of 614 IMpassion130 samples and 50.9% of 232 early tumours; 22C3 CPS 10 or more in 27.2% of the same early cohort; SP263 and 22C3 read IC 1% in about 74% of IMpassion130 samples and the atezolizumab benefit sat in the SP142-positive cases (Rugo 2021, Sigurjonsdottir 2023). CD274 amplification 6 to 7% (cBioPortal). The IM subtype carries the highest PD-L1 expression and the mesenchymal subtype the lowest (Bareche 2018, Lehmann 2021).","Gallbladder cancer: tumour-cell PD-L1 at a 1% cut-off ranged from 14.7% (131 Western cases, TPS; Albrecht 2021) to 23.0% (174 Indian cases, SP263; Neyaz 2018); no biliary approval uses a PD-L1 threshold.","Lung cancer: the only protein biomarker that changes first-line treatment, and the least standardised measurement in the disease. Four scoring rules (tumour proportion score, tumour-cell score, immune-cell score, combined positive score) sit on five assays, and the thresholds belong to the trials that drew them: 50% or more by 22C3 for first-line pembrolizumab monotherapy (progression-free survival 10.3 against 6.0 months) and 1% or more for pembrolizumab after platinum, against the SP142 tumour-cell and immune-cell read used by atezolizumab (overall survival 20.2 against 13.1 months in the highest expressers). 22C3, 28-8 and SP263 stain tumour cells comparably, SP142 stains less and 73-10 more, so a percentage cannot be moved between assays; and immune-cell scoring is barely reproducible between pathologists (intraclass correlation 0.18 to 0.19 against 0.86 to 0.93 for tumour cells) (Hirsch 2017, Tsao 2018, Rimm 2017).","Lymphoma, The Hodgkin microenvironment, where the cancer cell is a minority: A classical Hodgkin lymph node is mostly not cancer. The Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells are a small minority of the tissue, surrounded by T cells, eosinophils, plasma cells, macrophages and fibrosis that the tumour recruits and then uses. Their identity was only settled by picking single cells off a histological section with a micromanipulator and amplifying the immunoglobulin genes: each case gave a single clonal heavy-chain rearrangement, proving that the scattered giant cells are one clone of B-lineage origin even though they have lost almost every B-cell marker (Kuppers 1994). Because the malignant cells are so rare, bulk genomic assays on a Hodgkin biopsy mostly measure the infiltrate, which is why the 9p24.1 work needed laser capture and fluorescence in situ hybridisation rather than sequencing. Frequency: An increased number of CD68-positive macrophages, measured by immunohistochemistry in an independent cohort of 166 patients, tracked shorter progression-free survival, a higher chance of relapse after autologous transplant and shorter disease-specific survival, and outperformed the International Prognostic Score in multivariable analysis (Steidl 2010). What it changes about treatment: No test on the infiltrate is used to choose treatment. The practical consequences are methodological: a Hodgkin biopsy needs enough tissue for architecture, a core needle sample is often not enough, and interim PET rather than a molecular marker is what the treatment is adapted to."],"symbol":"CD274","role":["immune-checkpoint"],"sources":[],"specificity":"immune-microenvironment","distribution":"many-types","tumourAgnostic":true,"specificityNote":"Immune or microenvironment target: the record's class is immune checkpoint. HPA CD274: RNA tissue enhanced (lung 16 nTPM); blood lineage lineage enriched (granulocytes 7 nTPM); high antibody staining in 2 normal tissues; highest cancer staining cervical cancer (1 of 11 high). Distribution: 9 cancer families in the corpus carry a prevalence row, label threshold or catalogue link for it (Breast cancer (all types), Lung cancer (all types), Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, Bladder & urothelial cancer, Biliary tract cancer (all types), Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, Oesophageal cancer and more); approvals of single-target medicines aimed at it also list Hepatocellular carcinoma, Sarcomas (soft tissue, bone, GIST), Renal cell carcinoma, Skin cancer (all types) and more, not counted; Open Targets associates it with 8 specific cancer types at or above 0.5 (non-small cell lung carcinoma, Merkel cell skin cancer, small cell lung carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and more). Tissue-agnostic: Envafolimab China 2021: \"Previously treated MSI-H or dMMR advanced solid tumours\". (Rule 1 of scripts/fetch-target-specificity.ts.)","specificitySources":[{"label":"Human Protein Atlas CD274 tissue","url":"https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000120217-CD274/tissue","note":"RNA tissue and blood lineage specificity, normal tissue antibody staining (version 25.1, CC BY-SA 3.0)"},{"label":"UniProt Q9NZQ7","url":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q9NZQ7/entry","note":"involvement in disease"},{"label":"Open Targets ENSG00000120217 associations","url":"https://platform.opentargets.org/target/ENSG00000120217/associations","note":"cancer associations at or above 0.5 (CC0)"}],"hgnc":"HGNC:17635","ensembl":"ENSG00000120217","uniprot":"Q9NZQ7","entrez":"29126","firstDescribed":1999,"firstDescribedBasis":"sequence","firstDescribedNote":"Earliest sequence paper UniProt cites for the protein: Dong et al, Nat. Med, 1999, \"B7-H1, a third member of the B7 family, co-stimulates T-cell proliferation and interleukin-10 secretion\".","firstDescribedSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10581077/","biology":"Expressed on tumour and immune cells; induced by interferon-gamma.","whereFound":["Tumour cells and immune cells across most cancers","Triple-negative breast cancer: ic 1% or more (sp142) 41-51%","Triple-negative breast cancer: cps 10 or more (22c3) 27-38%","Gallbladder cancer: protein expression (ihc) 15-23%"],"targetClass":"checkpoint","prevalence":[{"cancerId":"tnbc","pct":"35-40","measure":"CPS >=10 (22C3), metastatic","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PD-L1","note":"KEYNOTE-355 screening"},{"cancerId":"nsclc","pct":"25-30","measure":"TPS >=50%","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PD-L1","note":"~60-65% TPS >=1%"},{"cancerId":"urothelial","pct":"25-30","measure":"CPS >=10","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PD-L1"},{"cancerId":"sclc","pct":"15-20","measure":"Any tumour-cell expression","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PD-L1"},{"cancerId":"head-and-neck","pct":"80-85","measure":"CPS >=1","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PD-L1","note":"KEYNOTE-048"},{"cancerId":"tnbc","pct":"41-51","measure":"IC 1% or more (SP142)","source":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djab108","note":"46.4% of 614 centrally scored IMpassion130 samples (Rugo 2021); 50.9% of 232 population-based early TNBCs (Sigurjonsdottir 2023); the IMpassion130 PD-L1-positive subgroup was defined by this score (Schmid 2018)."},{"cancerId":"tnbc","pct":"27-38","measure":"CPS 10 or more (22C3)","source":"https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2202809","note":"The CPS-10 subgroup of KEYNOTE-355 carried the overall survival benefit, 23.0 versus 16.1 months (Cortes 2022); 27.2% of 232 early TNBCs, with CPS 1 or more in 53.9% (Sigurjonsdottir 2023); harmonised CPS 10 concordance with SP142 IC 1% was about 75% in IMpassion130 (Rugo 2021). cBioPortal: CD274 amplification in 8 of 119, 6.7%, in brca_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018 and 20 of 320, 6.2%, in brca_metabric."},{"cancerId":"gallbladder","pct":"15-23","measure":"Protein expression (IHC)","source":"https://doi.org/10.1111/his.13669","note":"Tumour cells positive at 1% or more in 23.0% of 174 Indian cases (SP263; 14.9% at 10% and 7.5% at 50%), with PD-L1 on immune cells in 24.1% (Neyaz 2018); tumour proportion score 1% or more in 14.7% of 131 Western cases, 4.7% above 10% and 3.1% above 25% (Albrecht 2021); 98% of 47 United States adenocarcinomas stained with a different antibody and scoring (Patil 2021)."}]},"route":"/targets/pdl1/","neighbours":{"biomarker":[{"id":"pd-l1-cps","kind":"biomarker","name":"PD-L1 CPS (combined positive score)","route":"/biomarkers/pd-l1-cps/"},{"id":"pd-l1-ic-score","kind":"biomarker","name":"PD-L1 IC score (immune-cell score, SP142)","route":"/biomarkers/pd-l1-ic-score/"},{"id":"pd-l1-tc-score","kind":"biomarker","name":"PD-L1 TC score (tumour-cell score, SP263 and 28-8)","route":"/biomarkers/pd-l1-tc-score/"},{"id":"pd-l1-tps","kind":"biomarker","name":"PD-L1 TPS (tumour proportion score)","route":"/biomarkers/pd-l1-tps/"}],"cancer":[{"id":"gallbladder-adenosquamous-squamous-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Adenosquamous and squamous carcinoma of the gallbladder","route":"/cancers/gallbladder-adenosquamous-squamous-carcinoma/"},{"id":"advanced-cutaneous-scc","kind":"cancer","name":"Advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","route":"/cancers/advanced-cutaneous-scc/"},{"id":"advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (stage III to IV)","route":"/cancers/advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/"},{"id":"anal","kind":"cancer","name":"Anal cancer (squamous cell carcinoma)","route":"/cancers/anal/"},{"id":"cholangiocarcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Biliary tract cancer (cholangiocarcinoma)","route":"/cancers/cholangiocarcinoma/"},{"id":"urothelial","kind":"cancer","name":"Bladder & urothelial cancer","route":"/cancers/urothelial/"},{"id":"braf-v600e-nsclc","kind":"cancer","name":"BRAF V600E-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","route":"/cancers/braf-v600e-nsclc/"},{"id":"cervical","kind":"cancer","name":"Cervical cancer","route":"/cancers/cervical/"},{"id":"cutaneous-scc","kind":"cancer","name":"Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","route":"/cancers/cutaneous-scc/"},{"id":"endometrial","kind":"cancer","name":"Endometrial cancer","route":"/cancers/endometrial/"},{"id":"extensive-stage-sclc","kind":"cancer","name":"Extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer","route":"/cancers/extensive-stage-sclc/"},{"id":"gallbladder","kind":"cancer","name":"Gallbladder cancer","route":"/cancers/gallbladder/"},{"id":"gastric","kind":"cancer","name":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","route":"/cancers/gastric/"},{"id":"gestational-trophoblastic","kind":"cancer","name":"Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia","route":"/cancers/gestational-trophoblastic/"},{"id":"head-and-neck","kind":"cancer","name":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","route":"/cancers/head-and-neck/"},{"id":"hcc","kind":"cancer","name":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","route":"/cancers/hcc/"},{"id":"high-risk-gtn","kind":"cancer","name":"High-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (FIGO score 7 or more, including ultra-high-risk)","route":"/cancers/high-risk-gtn/"},{"id":"hodgkin-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Hodgkin lymphoma","route":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/"},{"id":"tnbc-immunomodulatory","kind":"cancer","name":"Immunomodulatory triple-negative breast cancer (IM)","route":"/cancers/tnbc-immunomodulatory/"},{"id":"kras-g12c-nsclc","kind":"cancer","name":"KRAS G12C-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","route":"/cancers/kras-g12c-nsclc/"},{"id":"limited-stage-sclc","kind":"cancer","name":"Limited-stage small-cell lung cancer","route":"/cancers/limited-stage-sclc/"},{"id":"low-risk-gtn","kind":"cancer","name":"Low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (FIGO score 0 to 6)","route":"/cancers/low-risk-gtn/"},{"id":"lung-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Lung cancer (all types)","route":"/cancers/lung-cancer/"},{"id":"merkel-cell-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Merkel cell carcinoma","route":"/cancers/merkel-cell-carcinoma/"},{"id":"mesothelioma","kind":"cancer","name":"Mesothelioma","route":"/cancers/mesothelioma/"},{"id":"metastatic-anal-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Metastatic and recurrent anal squamous cell carcinoma","route":"/cancers/metastatic-anal-cancer/"},{"id":"msi-high-pdac","kind":"cancer","name":"Mismatch repair deficient (MSI-high) pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","route":"/cancers/msi-high-pdac/"},{"id":"nasopharyngeal","kind":"cancer","name":"Nasopharyngeal carcinoma","route":"/cancers/nasopharyngeal/"},{"id":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (all types)","route":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/"},{"id":"nsclc","kind":"cancer","name":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","route":"/cancers/nsclc/"},{"id":"oesophageal-adenocarcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Oesophageal and junctional adenocarcinoma","route":"/cancers/oesophageal-adenocarcinoma/"},{"id":"esophageal","kind":"cancer","name":"Oesophageal cancer","route":"/cancers/esophageal/"},{"id":"ovarian","kind":"cancer","name":"Ovarian cancer","route":"/cancers/ovarian/"},{"id":"gastric-pdl1-high","kind":"cancer","name":"PD-L1-high gastric cancer","route":"/cancers/gastric-pdl1-high/"},{"id":"pdl1-high-nsclc","kind":"cancer","name":"PD-L1-high non-small-cell lung cancer without a driver mutation","route":"/cancers/pdl1-high-nsclc/"},{"id":"platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Platinum-resistant ovarian cancer","route":"/cancers/platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer/"},{"id":"primary-cns-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Primary CNS lymphoma","route":"/cancers/primary-cns-lymphoma/"},{"id":"primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma","route":"/cancers/primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma/"},{"id":"recurrent-metastatic-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Recurrent and metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma","route":"/cancers/recurrent-metastatic-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/"},{"id":"recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer","route":"/cancers/recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer/"},{"id":"relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Relapsed and refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma","route":"/cancers/relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma/"},{"id":"resectable-nsclc","kind":"cancer","name":"Resectable stage I to III non-small-cell lung cancer","route":"/cancers/resectable-nsclc/"},{"id":"sclc","kind":"cancer","name":"Small-cell lung cancer","route":"/cancers/sclc/"},{"id":"tnbc","kind":"cancer","name":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)","route":"/cancers/tnbc/"},{"id":"stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc","kind":"cancer","name":"Unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer","route":"/cancers/stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc/"},{"id":"vaginal","kind":"cancer","name":"Vaginal cancer","route":"/cancers/vaginal/"},{"id":"vaginal-squamous-cell-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Vaginal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV-associated)","route":"/cancers/vaginal-squamous-cell-carcinoma/"}],"drug":[{"id":"acasunlimab","kind":"drug","name":"Acasunlimab","route":"/drugs/acasunlimab/"},{"id":"adebrelimab","kind":"drug","name":"Adebrelimab","route":"/drugs/adebrelimab/"},{"id":"atezolizumab","kind":"drug","name":"Atezolizumab","route":"/drugs/atezolizumab/"},{"id":"avelumab","kind":"drug","name":"Avelumab","route":"/drugs/avelumab/"},{"id":"benmelstobart","kind":"drug","name":"Benmelstobart","route":"/drugs/benmelstobart/"},{"id":"cosibelimab","kind":"drug","name":"Cosibelimab","route":"/drugs/cosibelimab/"},{"id":"durvalumab","kind":"drug","name":"Durvalumab","route":"/drugs/durvalumab/"},{"id":"envafolimab","kind":"drug","name":"Envafolimab","route":"/drugs/envafolimab/"},{"id":"hb0036","kind":"drug","name":"HB0036","route":"/drugs/hb0036/"},{"id":"hlx43","kind":"drug","name":"HLX43","route":"/drugs/hlx43/"},{"id":"io102-io103","kind":"drug","name":"IO102-IO103","route":"/drugs/io102-io103/"},{"id":"iparomlimab-tuvonralimab","kind":"drug","name":"Iparomlimab and tuvonralimab","route":"/drugs/iparomlimab-tuvonralimab/"},{"id":"dako-pd-l1-22c3-pharmdx","kind":"drug","name":"PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx","route":"/drugs/dako-pd-l1-22c3-pharmdx/"},{"id":"pf-08046054","kind":"drug","name":"PF-08046054","route":"/drugs/pf-08046054/"},{"id":"pm8002","kind":"drug","name":"PM8002","route":"/drugs/pm8002/"},{"id":"retlirafusp-alfa","kind":"drug","name":"Retlirafusp alfa","route":"/drugs/retlirafusp-alfa/"},{"id":"sasanlimab","kind":"drug","name":"Sasanlimab","route":"/drugs/sasanlimab/"},{"id":"socazolimab","kind":"drug","name":"Socazolimab","route":"/drugs/socazolimab/"},{"id":"ssgj-706","kind":"drug","name":"SSGJ-706","route":"/drugs/ssgj-706/"},{"id":"sugemalimab","kind":"drug","name":"Sugemalimab","route":"/drugs/sugemalimab/"},{"id":"t3011","kind":"drug","name":"T3011","route":"/drugs/t3011/"},{"id":"tiragolumab","kind":"drug","name":"Tiragolumab","route":"/drugs/tiragolumab/"},{"id":"tqb2450","kind":"drug","name":"TQB2450","route":"/drugs/tqb2450/"},{"id":"ventana-pd-l1-sp142","kind":"drug","name":"VENTANA PD-L1 (SP142) Assay","route":"/drugs/ventana-pd-l1-sp142/"},{"id":"ventana-pd-l1-sp263","kind":"drug","name":"VENTANA PD-L1 (SP263) Assay","route":"/drugs/ventana-pd-l1-sp263/"}],"company":[{"id":"3d-medicines","kind":"company","name":"3D Medicines","route":"/companies/3d-medicines/"},{"id":"alphamab","kind":"company","name":"Alphamab Oncology","route":"/companies/alphamab/"},{"id":"compass-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Compass Therapeutics","route":"/companies/compass-therapeutics/"},{"id":"insight-molecular-diagnostics","kind":"company","name":"Insight Molecular Diagnostics (formerly Oncocyte)","route":"/companies/insight-molecular-diagnostics/"},{"id":"io-biotech","kind":"company","name":"IO Biotech","route":"/companies/io-biotech/"},{"id":"onc-ai","kind":"company","name":"Onc.AI","route":"/companies/onc-ai/"},{"id":"oncohost","kind":"company","name":"OncoHost","route":"/companies/oncohost/"},{"id":"sun-pharma","kind":"company","name":"Sun Pharmaceutical Industries","route":"/companies/sun-pharma/"}],"pathway":[{"id":"antigen-presentation-immunoediting","kind":"pathway","name":"Antigen presentation & immune editing","route":"/pathways/antigen-presentation-immunoediting/"},{"id":"immune-desert-exclusion","kind":"pathway","name":"Cold tumours: immune deserts and exclusion","route":"/pathways/immune-desert-exclusion/"},{"id":"hepatocellular-carcinoma-signalling","kind":"pathway","name":"Hepatocellular carcinoma (KEGG map)","route":"/pathways/hepatocellular-carcinoma-signalling/"},{"id":"jak-stat","kind":"pathway","name":"JAK-STAT signalling","route":"/pathways/jak-stat/"},{"id":"mismatch-repair-msi","kind":"pathway","name":"Mismatch repair & microsatellite instability","route":"/pathways/mismatch-repair-msi/"},{"id":"myeloid-suppression-axis","kind":"pathway","name":"Myeloid suppression: TAMs, MDSCs & don't-eat-me signals","route":"/pathways/myeloid-suppression-axis/"},{"id":"oncogenic-viruses","kind":"pathway","name":"Oncogenic viruses","route":"/pathways/oncogenic-viruses/"},{"id":"pd1-checkpoint","kind":"pathway","name":"PD-1 / PD-L1 immune checkpoint & T-cell activation","route":"/pathways/pd1-checkpoint/"},{"id":"t-cell-exhaustion","kind":"pathway","name":"T-cell exhaustion","route":"/pathways/t-cell-exhaustion/"},{"id":"cancer-immunity-cycle","kind":"pathway","name":"The cancer-immunity cycle","route":"/pathways/cancer-immunity-cycle/"},{"id":"tumor-microenvironment","kind":"pathway","name":"Tumour microenvironment (TME)","route":"/pathways/tumor-microenvironment/"}],"term":[{"id":"checkpoint","kind":"term","name":"Checkpoint (two meanings)","route":"/terms/checkpoint/"},{"id":"cps","kind":"term","name":"Combined positive score (CPS)","route":"/terms/cps/"},{"id":"avoiding-immune-destruction","kind":"term","name":"Hallmark: avoiding immune destruction","route":"/terms/avoiding-immune-destruction/"},{"id":"immune-checkpoint","kind":"term","name":"Immune checkpoint","route":"/terms/immune-checkpoint/"},{"id":"immunotherapy-response","kind":"term","name":"Immunotherapy response and its prediction","route":"/terms/immunotherapy-response/"},{"id":"myeloid-derived-suppressor-cells","kind":"term","name":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs)","route":"/terms/myeloid-derived-suppressor-cells/"},{"id":"pd-l1-assay-discordance","kind":"term","name":"PD-L1 assay discordance (SP142, SP263 and 22C3 in breast cancer)","route":"/terms/pd-l1-assay-discordance/"},{"id":"pd-l1-cps-10-tnbc","kind":"term","name":"PD-L1 combined positive score 10 in triple-negative breast cancer","route":"/terms/pd-l1-cps-10-tnbc/"},{"id":"pd-l1-testing","kind":"term","name":"PD-L1 expression testing (22C3, SP142, SP263)","route":"/terms/pd-l1-testing/"},{"id":"reed-sternberg-cell","kind":"term","name":"Reed-Sternberg cell","route":"/terms/reed-sternberg-cell/"},{"id":"t-cell","kind":"term","name":"T cell","route":"/terms/t-cell/"},{"id":"lymphoma-bio-hodgkin-microenvironment","kind":"term","name":"The Hodgkin microenvironment: when the cancer cell is the minority","route":"/terms/lymphoma-bio-hodgkin-microenvironment/"},{"id":"tps","kind":"term","name":"Tumour proportion score 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