{"entity":{"id":"pd1","kind":"target","name":"PD-1","aka":[],"tldr":"PD-1 is a brake on T cells. Blocking it releases the immune system against the tumour and has cured some previously incurable cancers.","summary":"PD-1 blockade (pembrolizumab, nivolumab, cemiplimab, dostarlimab and a growing list of biosimilar-adjacent agents) is standard across melanoma, NSCLC, RCC, urothelial, head and neck, MSI-high tumours, TNBC (with chemotherapy), Hodgkin lymphoma, and more. PD-1×VEGF bispecifics (ivonescimab) and PD-1×CTLA-4 combinations are the next wave.","asOf":"2026-09-04","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmed_cell_death_protein_1","links":[{"label":"Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmed_cell_death_protein_1"}],"tags":["checkpoint"],"related":[],"cancers":["melanoma","nsclc","rcc","urothelial","head-and-neck","tnbc","hodgkin-lymphoma","colorectal"],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":["tqb2450","bcd-217","tak-928","sasanlimab","ibi363","t3011","ssgj-705","ssgj-706","rilvegostomig","lorigerlimab","ai-081","gc101-til","azd7789","lb1410"],"companies":["cofactor-genomics","compass-therapeutics","insight-molecular-diagnostics","onc-ai","oncohost","ose-immunotherapeutics","xilio-therapeutics"],"institutions":[],"pathways":["pd1-checkpoint","t-cell-exhaustion"],"terms":[],"trials":["nct06631092","nct07266428","nct06492005","nct06144671","nct06244992","nct06107374","nct06631079","nct05023486","nct05838729","nct07444437","nct07293754"],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":[],"symbol":"PDCD1","role":["immune-checkpoint"],"sources":[],"specificity":"immune-microenvironment","distribution":"many-types","tumourAgnostic":true,"specificityNote":"Immune or microenvironment target: the record's class is immune checkpoint. HPA PDCD1: RNA tissue enhanced (heart muscle 6 nTPM, lymphoid tissue 15 nTPM); blood lineage lineage enriched (T-cells 12 nTPM); high antibody staining in 1 normal tissue. Distribution: 8 cancer families in the corpus carry a prevalence row, label threshold or catalogue link for it (Skin cancer (all types), Lung cancer (all types), Renal cell carcinoma, Bladder & urothelial cancer, Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, Breast cancer (all types), Lymphoma and more); approvals of single-target medicines aimed at it also list Oesophageal cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Cervical cancer and more, not counted; Open Targets associates it with 16 specific cancer types at or above 0.5 (non-small cell lung carcinoma, melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and more). Tissue-agnostic: Dostarlimab US 2021: \"dMMR recurrent/advanced endometrial cancer; dMMR solid tumours\"; Pembrolizumab US 2017: \"MSI-H/dMMR solid tumours (tumour-agnostic)\"; Pucotenlimab CN 2022: \"Previously treated MSI-high or dMMR advanced solid tumours; unresectable or metastatic melanoma after prior therapy\". (Rule 1 of scripts/fetch-target-specificity.ts.)","specificitySources":[{"label":"Human Protein Atlas PDCD1 tissue","url":"https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000188389-PDCD1/tissue","note":"RNA tissue and blood lineage specificity, normal tissue antibody staining (version 25.1, CC BY-SA 3.0)"},{"label":"UniProt Q15116","url":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q15116/entry","note":"involvement in disease"},{"label":"Open Targets ENSG00000188389 associations","url":"https://platform.opentargets.org/target/ENSG00000188389/associations","note":"cancer associations at or above 0.5 (CC0)"}],"hgnc":"HGNC:8760","ensembl":"ENSG00000188389","uniprot":"Q15116","entrez":"5133","firstDescribed":1994,"firstDescribedBasis":"sequence","firstDescribedNote":"Earliest sequence paper UniProt cites for the protein: Shinohara et al, Genomics, 1994, \"Structure and chromosomal localization of the human PD-1 gene (PDCD1)\".","firstDescribedSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7851902/","biology":"Inhibitory receptor on activated T cells; ligands PD-L1/PD-L2. Tumour PD-L1 expression, TMB, and MSI predict response imperfectly.","whereFound":["Exhausted T cells in the tumour microenvironment"],"targetClass":"checkpoint","prevalence":[{"cancerId":"melanoma","pct":"30-40","measure":"Objective response to PD-1 monotherapy (proxy)","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmed_cell_death_protein_1","note":"Not an expression prevalence"},{"cancerId":"nsclc","pct":"20-45","measure":"Response by PD-L1 stratum (proxy)","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmed_cell_death_protein_1"}]},"route":"/targets/pd1/","neighbours":{"cancer":[{"id":"acral-melanoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Acral melanoma","route":"/cancers/acral-melanoma/"},{"id":"adrenocortical","kind":"cancer","name":"Adrenocortical carcinoma","route":"/cancers/adrenocortical/"},{"id":"advanced-adrenocortical-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Advanced and metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma (ENSAT stage IV or unresectable)","route":"/cancers/advanced-adrenocortical-carcinoma/"},{"id":"advanced-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Advanced and metastatic small bowel adenocarcinoma","route":"/cancers/advanced-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma/"},{"id":"advanced-cutaneous-scc","kind":"cancer","name":"Advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","route":"/cancers/advanced-cutaneous-scc/"},{"id":"advanced-melanoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Advanced melanoma (unresectable stage III and stage IV)","route":"/cancers/advanced-melanoma/"},{"id":"advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (stage III to IV)","route":"/cancers/advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/"},{"id":"anal","kind":"cancer","name":"Anal cancer (squamous cell carcinoma)","route":"/cancers/anal/"},{"id":"basal-cell-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Basal cell carcinoma","route":"/cancers/basal-cell-carcinoma/"},{"id":"cholangiocarcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Biliary tract cancer (cholangiocarcinoma)","route":"/cancers/cholangiocarcinoma/"},{"id":"urothelial","kind":"cancer","name":"Bladder & urothelial cancer","route":"/cancers/urothelial/"},{"id":"braf-v600e-colorectal","kind":"cancer","name":"BRAF V600E-mutant colorectal cancer","route":"/cancers/braf-v600e-colorectal/"},{"id":"braf-v600e-nsclc","kind":"cancer","name":"BRAF V600E-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","route":"/cancers/braf-v600e-nsclc/"},{"id":"cancer-of-unknown-primary","kind":"cancer","name":"Cancer of unknown primary (CUP)","route":"/cancers/cancer-of-unknown-primary/"},{"id":"cup-unfavourable","kind":"cancer","name":"Cancer of unknown primary, unfavourable (adenocarcinoma and poorly differentiated carcinoma)","route":"/cancers/cup-unfavourable/"},{"id":"cervical","kind":"cancer","name":"Cervical cancer","route":"/cancers/cervical/"},{"id":"colorectal","kind":"cancer","name":"Colorectal cancer","route":"/cancers/colorectal/"},{"id":"cutaneous-scc","kind":"cancer","name":"Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","route":"/cancers/cutaneous-scc/"},{"id":"early-onset-colorectal","kind":"cancer","name":"Early-onset colorectal cancer (under 50)","route":"/cancers/early-onset-colorectal/"},{"id":"early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (stage I to II)","route":"/cancers/early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/"},{"id":"endometrial","kind":"cancer","name":"Endometrial cancer","route":"/cancers/endometrial/"},{"id":"extensive-stage-sclc","kind":"cancer","name":"Extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer","route":"/cancers/extensive-stage-sclc/"},{"id":"gallbladder","kind":"cancer","name":"Gallbladder cancer","route":"/cancers/gallbladder/"},{"id":"gastric","kind":"cancer","name":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","route":"/cancers/gastric/"},{"id":"gestational-trophoblastic","kind":"cancer","name":"Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia","route":"/cancers/gestational-trophoblastic/"},{"id":"glioblastoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Glioma & glioblastoma","route":"/cancers/glioblastoma/"},{"id":"head-and-neck","kind":"cancer","name":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","route":"/cancers/head-and-neck/"},{"id":"hcc","kind":"cancer","name":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","route":"/cancers/hcc/"},{"id":"her2-mutant-nsclc","kind":"cancer","name":"HER2-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","route":"/cancers/her2-mutant-nsclc/"},{"id":"high-risk-gtn","kind":"cancer","name":"High-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (FIGO score 7 or more, including ultra-high-risk)","route":"/cancers/high-risk-gtn/"},{"id":"hodgkin-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Hodgkin lymphoma","route":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/"},{"id":"hpv-associated-vulvar-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"HPV-associated vulvar squamous cell carcinoma","route":"/cancers/hpv-associated-vulvar-cancer/"},{"id":"hpv-independent-vulvar-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"HPV-independent vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (p53-mutant)","route":"/cancers/hpv-independent-vulvar-cancer/"},{"id":"tnbc-immunomodulatory","kind":"cancer","name":"Immunomodulatory triple-negative breast cancer (IM)","route":"/cancers/tnbc-immunomodulatory/"},{"id":"kaposi-sarcoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Kaposi sarcoma","route":"/cancers/kaposi-sarcoma/"},{"id":"kras-g12c-nsclc","kind":"cancer","name":"KRAS G12C-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","route":"/cancers/kras-g12c-nsclc/"},{"id":"locally-advanced-bcc","kind":"cancer","name":"Locally advanced and metastatic basal cell carcinoma","route":"/cancers/locally-advanced-bcc/"},{"id":"locoregionally-advanced-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (stage III to IVA)","route":"/cancers/locoregionally-advanced-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/"},{"id":"lung-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Lung cancer (all types)","route":"/cancers/lung-cancer/"},{"id":"melanoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Melanoma","route":"/cancers/melanoma/"},{"id":"merkel-cell-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Merkel cell carcinoma","route":"/cancers/merkel-cell-carcinoma/"},{"id":"mesothelioma","kind":"cancer","name":"Mesothelioma","route":"/cancers/mesothelioma/"},{"id":"metastatic-anal-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Metastatic and recurrent anal squamous cell carcinoma","route":"/cancers/metastatic-anal-cancer/"},{"id":"metastatic-pdac","kind":"cancer","name":"Metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","route":"/cancers/metastatic-pdac/"},{"id":"msi-high-pdac","kind":"cancer","name":"Mismatch repair deficient (MSI-high) pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","route":"/cancers/msi-high-pdac/"},{"id":"msi-high-colorectal","kind":"cancer","name":"Mismatch-repair deficient (MSI-high) 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lymphoma","route":"/cancers/relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma/"},{"id":"rcc","kind":"cancer","name":"Renal cell carcinoma","route":"/cancers/rcc/"},{"id":"resectable-nsclc","kind":"cancer","name":"Resectable stage I to III non-small-cell lung cancer","route":"/cancers/resectable-nsclc/"},{"id":"sinonasal-undifferentiated-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC) and SWI/SNF-deficient sinonasal carcinoma","route":"/cancers/sinonasal-undifferentiated-carcinoma/"},{"id":"skin-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Skin cancer (all types)","route":"/cancers/skin-cancer/"},{"id":"small-bowel","kind":"cancer","name":"Small intestine cancer (small bowel adenocarcinoma)","route":"/cancers/small-bowel/"},{"id":"sclc","kind":"cancer","name":"Small-cell lung cancer","route":"/cancers/sclc/"},{"id":"stage-ii-melanoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Stage IIB and IIC melanoma","route":"/cancers/stage-ii-melanoma/"},{"id":"stage-iii-melanoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Stage 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