{"entity":{"id":"paper-galaxy-signatera-nat-med-2023","kind":"paper","name":"GALAXY: tumour DNA in blood four weeks after bowel cancer surgery predicts relapse tenfold","aka":[],"tldr":"In 1,039 Japanese patients with resected colorectal cancer, a positive Signatera test at week 4 carried a tenfold higher recurrence risk, and only ctDNA-positive patients appeared to benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy.","summary":"GALAXY is the prospective observational arm of the Japanese CIRCULATE platform. Patients with stage II-IV resectable colorectal cancer had serial tumour-informed ctDNA testing (Signatera) after surgery, with treatment at physician discretion.\n\nctDNA positivity at 4 weeks post-surgery was the strongest predictor of recurrence (HR about 10). Among ctDNA-positive patients, adjuvant chemotherapy was associated with markedly better disease-free survival (HR about 6.6 in favour of treatment), whereas ctDNA-negative patients showed no apparent benefit. Clearance of ctDNA during adjuvant therapy predicted good outcomes.\n\nThe study is the largest prospective MRD dataset in colorectal cancer and the basis for the randomised VEGA and ALTAIR trials.","asOf":"2026-09-08","links":[{"label":"DOI","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-02115-4"},{"label":"PubMed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36646802/"},{"label":"Europe PMC full text (PMC9873552)","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/36646802"}],"tags":[],"related":["paper-dynamic-nejm-2022","idea-ctdna-guided-adjuvant-crc","idea-tr2-ctdna-mrd-qualification","ctdna-mrd-positive"],"cancers":["colorectal","colon-cancer"],"sections":["diagnostics"],"technologies":["mrd-testing","liquid-biopsy","continuous-ctdna-monitoring","signatera"],"targets":[],"drugs":["signatera"],"companies":["natera"],"institutions":["ncc-japan"],"pathways":[],"terms":["mrd","ctdna","vaf","tumour-informed-assay"],"trials":["circulate-japan"],"people":["yoshino-takayuki"],"bottlenecks":["b-dormancy-mrd","b-biomarker-validation","b-real-world-evidence"],"keyPapers":[],"journals":["nature-medicine"],"dependsOn":[],"notes":[],"journal":"Nature Medicine","year":2023,"doi":"10.1038/s41591-022-02115-4","pmid":"36646802","authors":"Kotani D, Oki E, Nakamura Y, et al.","paperType":"observational","findings":["ctDNA positivity at week 4 associated with recurrence: HR 10.0 (95% CI 7.7-14.0)","18-month DFS 38.4% for ctDNA-positive vs 90.5% for ctDNA-negative patients","Adjuvant chemotherapy associated with improved DFS in ctDNA-positive patients (HR 6.59, 95% CI 3.53-12.3) but not in ctDNA-negative patients","ctDNA clearance by week 24 predicted substantially better DFS than persistent positivity"],"whatItMeans":"The blood test stratifies risk far better than stage or pathology. It supports treating ctDNA-positive patients and suggests ctDNA-negative patients gain little from chemotherapy, but because treatment was not randomised the de-escalation claim needs the randomised trials that are now under way.","caveats":["Observational; treatment decisions were not randomised, so the chemotherapy benefit estimate is confounded","Short follow-up at initial publication (median about 17 months)","Japanese population and Japanese adjuvant practice; generalisability to other health systems is untested","Commercial sponsor (Natera) involvement in assay and analysis"],"changedPractice":false,"participants":1039},"route":"/key-papers/paper-galaxy-signatera-nat-med-2023/","neighbours":{"paper":[{"id":"paper-dynamic-nejm-2022","kind":"paper","name":"DYNAMIC: a blood test safely halved chemotherapy use after surgery for stage II colon cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-dynamic-nejm-2022/"}],"idea":[{"id":"idea-ctdna-guided-adjuvant-crc","kind":"idea","name":"ctDNA-guided adjuvant therapy as the default in stage II-III colon cancer","route":"/ideas/idea-ctdna-guided-adjuvant-crc/"},{"id":"idea-tr2-ctdna-mrd-qualification","kind":"idea","name":"Formally qualify tumour-DNA blood tests as a surrogate endpoint for adjuvant trials","route":"/ideas/idea-tr2-ctdna-mrd-qualification/"},{"id":"idea-crc-ctdna-de-escalation-beyond-stage-ii","kind":"idea","name":"Take ctDNA-guided de-escalation beyond stage II, and stop escalating on a positive result until a trial says it helps","route":"/ideas/idea-crc-ctdna-de-escalation-beyond-stage-ii/"}],"biomarker":[{"id":"ctdna-mrd-positive","kind":"biomarker","name":"ctDNA MRD positivity (molecular residual disease after curative treatment)","route":"/biomarkers/ctdna-mrd-positive/"}],"cancer":[{"id":"colon-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Colon cancer (adenocarcinoma of the colon)","route":"/cancers/colon-cancer/"},{"id":"colorectal","kind":"cancer","name":"Colorectal cancer","route":"/cancers/colorectal/"}],"section":[{"id":"diagnostics","kind":"section","name":"Diagnostics & Biomarkers","route":"/fronts/diagnostics/"}],"technology":[{"id":"continuous-ctdna-monitoring","kind":"technology","name":"Continuous and near-continuous ctDNA monitoring","route":"/technologies/continuous-ctdna-monitoring/"},{"id":"liquid-biopsy","kind":"technology","name":"Liquid biopsy (ctDNA)","route":"/technologies/liquid-biopsy/"},{"id":"mrd-testing","kind":"technology","name":"MRD / molecular residual disease testing","route":"/technologies/mrd-testing/"}],"drug":[{"id":"signatera","kind":"drug","name":"Signatera","route":"/drugs/signatera/"}],"company":[{"id":"natera","kind":"company","name":"Natera","route":"/companies/natera/"}],"institution":[{"id":"ncc-japan","kind":"institution","name":"National Cancer Center Hospital","route":"/institutions/ncc-japan/"}],"term":[{"id":"ctdna","kind":"term","name":"Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA)","route":"/terms/ctdna/"},{"id":"mrd","kind":"term","name":"Minimal / molecular residual disease (MRD)","route":"/terms/mrd/"},{"id":"tumour-informed-assay","kind":"term","name":"Tumour-informed versus tumour-naive ctDNA assays","route":"/terms/tumour-informed-assay/"},{"id":"vaf","kind":"term","name":"Variant allele frequency (VAF)","route":"/terms/vaf/"}],"trial":[{"id":"circulate-japan","kind":"trial","name":"CIRCULATE-Japan (GALAXY / VEGA / ALTAIR)","route":"/trials/circulate-japan/"}],"person":[{"id":"jeanne-tie","kind":"person","name":"Jeanne Tie","route":"/people/jeanne-tie/"},{"id":"yoshino-takayuki","kind":"person","name":"Takayuki Yoshino","route":"/people/yoshino-takayuki/"}],"bottleneck":[{"id":"b-biomarker-validation","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Biomarkers are not validated or standardised","route":"/bottlenecks/b-biomarker-validation/"},{"id":"b-dormancy-mrd","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Dormant cells and minimal residual disease","route":"/bottlenecks/b-dormancy-mrd/"},{"id":"b-real-world-evidence","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Weak real-world evidence and registries","route":"/bottlenecks/b-real-world-evidence/"}],"journal":[{"id":"nature-medicine","kind":"journal","name":"Nature Medicine","route":"/journals/nature-medicine/"}],"roadmap":[{"id":"colorectal-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Colorectal cancer roadmap: from the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and the first screening trials to total mesorectal excision, oxaliplatin, RAS testing, immunotherapy for mismatch repair-deficient disease, ctDNA-guided treatment and organ preservation","route":"/roadmaps/colorectal-roadmap/"},{"id":"ctdna-tests","kind":"roadmap","name":"ctDNA tests roadmap: from a curiosity in plasma to blood tests that decide treatment","route":"/roadmaps/ctdna-tests/"}]}}