{"entity":{"id":"landmark-survival","kind":"term","name":"Landmark and milestone survival (5-year survival, median follow-up)","aka":["landmark analysis","milestone survival","milestone analysis","5-year survival","five-year survival","5-year OS","5-year PFS","5-year survival rate","10-year survival","2-year survival","3-year survival","1-year survival","survival rate","survival rates","median follow-up","median follow up","long-term survival","long-term survivors","tail of the curve","Kaplan-Meier","Kaplan–Meier","survival curve","survival curves","curves separate","curves cross","restricted mean survival time","RMST","long-term survivor"],"tldr":"The percentage of patients alive (or progression-free) at a fixed time point such as 2, 5 or 10 years, read off a Kaplan-Meier survival curve. With immunotherapy the 'tail of the curve', the fraction still alive years later, often matters more than the median.","summary":"Kaplan-Meier curves show the proportion of patients event-free over time; the median is the point where the curve crosses 50%, and landmark rates are read at fixed times. Medians can mislead when curves plateau (a durable tail after checkpoint inhibitors or CAR-T) or cross (delayed immunotherapy benefit), so milestone rates and restricted mean survival time supplement hazard ratios. Landmark analyses also compare outcomes from a fixed time conditional on status at that time (e.g. survival by MRD status at 12 months), avoiding immortal-time bias. Median follow-up indicates how mature the data are; 5-year rates need at least 5 years of follow-up in a reasonable number of patients to be reliable.","asOf":"2026-09-09","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaplan%E2%80%93Meier_estimator","links":[{"label":"Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaplan%E2%80%93Meier_estimator"}],"tags":[],"related":["os","pfs","hazard-ratio","data-maturity","interim-analysis","kaplan-meier-curve","absolute-benefit"],"cancers":[],"sections":["drug-discovery"],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":["checkmate-067","keynote-024-189"],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":[],"category":"Trials"},"route":"/terms/landmark-survival/","neighbours":{"term":[{"id":"absolute-benefit","kind":"term","name":"Absolute versus relative benefit (number needed to treat)","route":"/terms/absolute-benefit/"},{"id":"data-maturity","kind":"term","name":"Data maturity (immature vs mature survival data)","route":"/terms/data-maturity/"},{"id":"hazard-ratio","kind":"term","name":"Hazard ratio (HR)","route":"/terms/hazard-ratio/"},{"id":"interim-analysis","kind":"term","name":"Interim analysis, readout and data cut-off","route":"/terms/interim-analysis/"},{"id":"kaplan-meier-curve","kind":"term","name":"Kaplan-Meier curve, censoring and proportional hazards","route":"/terms/kaplan-meier-curve/"},{"id":"os","kind":"term","name":"Overall survival (OS)","route":"/terms/os/"},{"id":"pfs","kind":"term","name":"Progression-free survival (PFS)","route":"/terms/pfs/"},{"id":"quality-adjusted-survival","kind":"term","name":"Quality-adjusted survival (QALYs and Q-TWiST)","route":"/terms/quality-adjusted-survival/"}],"section":[{"id":"drug-discovery","kind":"section","name":"Drug Discovery Platforms","route":"/fronts/drug-discovery/"}],"trial":[{"id":"checkmate-067","kind":"trial","name":"CheckMate 067","route":"/trials/checkmate-067/"},{"id":"keynote-024-189","kind":"trial","name":"KEYNOTE-024 & KEYNOTE-189","route":"/trials/keynote-024-189/"}]}}