{"entity":{"id":"io-then-til","kind":"pairing","name":"PD-1 failure → TIL therapy","aka":[],"tldr":"When checkpoint blockade fails in melanoma, harvesting and expanding the patient's own tumour-reactive T cells still works in a third of patients.","summary":"This sequence pairing follows failure of Immune checkpoint inhibitors with TIL therapy in Melanoma: when checkpoint blockade fails, harvesting and expanding the patient's own tumour-reactive T cells can still produce responses. The rationale is that checkpoint failure often reflects too few tumour-reactive T cells rather than none, and TIL therapy multiplies them a thousand-fold, supplying cells that were quantitatively insufficient rather than absent. Lifileucel received accelerated approval for use after anti-PD-1 therapy such as Pembrolizumab, and long-term durability data support the approach. The pairing is reached from the Melanoma entry and illustrates how a cell therapy can rescue a setting where antibodies have stopped working.","asOf":"2026-09-04","links":[{"label":"ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02360579: C-144-01","url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02360579"}],"tags":[],"related":[],"cancers":["melanoma"],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":["lifileucel","pembrolizumab"],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":[],"a":"checkpoint-inhibitor","b":"til-therapy","rationale":"Checkpoint failure often reflects too few tumour-reactive T cells; TIL therapy multiplies them a thousand-fold.","evidence":"Accelerated approval; 5-year durability data.","pairingType":"sequence"},"route":"/pairings/io-then-til/","neighbours":{"cancer":[{"id":"melanoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Melanoma","route":"/cancers/melanoma/"}],"drug":[{"id":"lifileucel","kind":"drug","name":"Lifileucel","route":"/drugs/lifileucel/"},{"id":"pembrolizumab","kind":"drug","name":"Pembrolizumab","route":"/drugs/pembrolizumab/"}],"technology":[{"id":"checkpoint-inhibitor","kind":"technology","name":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors","route":"/technologies/checkpoint-inhibitor/"},{"id":"til-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"TIL therapy","route":"/technologies/til-therapy/"}]}}