{"entity":{"id":"inflammation","kind":"term","name":"Inflammation","aka":["inflammatory","inflamed","chronic inflammation","anti-inflammatory","pro-inflammatory","inflammatory response"],"tldr":"The body's response to injury or infection: immune cells and fluid rush in, causing redness, heat and swelling. Short bursts heal; long-term smouldering inflammation promotes cancer.","summary":"Chronic inflammation from infection (hepatitis B and C, H. pylori, HPV), irritation (tobacco, asbestos, acid reflux) or disease (ulcerative colitis) supplies growth factors, free radicals that mutate DNA, and blood-vessel growth, and it is estimated to underlie around a fifth of cancers; 'tumour-promoting inflammation' is a recognised enabling characteristic in the hallmarks of cancer. Yet inflammation is also how the immune system attacks tumours, and an 'inflamed' or 'hot' tumour is one full of T cells that responds well to checkpoint inhibitors. Aspirin and other anti-inflammatory drugs reduce colorectal cancer risk, and the inflammatory markers CRP and IL-6 track cachexia and prognosis.","asOf":"2026-09-09","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation","links":[{"label":"Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation"}],"tags":[],"related":["immune-system","cytokine","macrophage","tumor-promoting-inflammation","inflammation-nfkb","cold-vs-hot","risk-factor","aspirin-cancer-prevention","theories-of-cancer","microenvironment-inflammation-theory"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":["paper-balkwill-mantovani-inflammation-virchow-lancet-2001"],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":[],"category":"Biology basics"},"route":"/terms/inflammation/","neighbours":{"term":[{"id":"cytokine","kind":"term","name":"Cytokine","route":"/terms/cytokine/"},{"id":"tumor-promoting-inflammation","kind":"term","name":"Enabling characteristic: tumour-promoting inflammation","route":"/terms/tumor-promoting-inflammation/"},{"id":"cold-vs-hot","kind":"term","name":"Hot vs cold tumours","route":"/terms/cold-vs-hot/"},{"id":"immune-system","kind":"term","name":"Immune system","route":"/terms/immune-system/"},{"id":"macrophage","kind":"term","name":"Macrophage","route":"/terms/macrophage/"},{"id":"microenvironment-inflammation-theory","kind":"term","name":"Microenvironment and inflammation: tumours as wounds that do not heal","route":"/terms/microenvironment-inflammation-theory/"},{"id":"necrosis","kind":"term","name":"Necrosis","route":"/terms/necrosis/"},{"id":"risk-factor","kind":"term","name":"Risk factor","route":"/terms/risk-factor/"}],"pathway":[{"id":"inflammation-nfkb","kind":"pathway","name":"Inflammation & NF-κB","route":"/pathways/inflammation-nfkb/"},{"id":"theories-of-cancer","kind":"pathway","name":"Theories of cancer: how the ideas connect","route":"/pathways/theories-of-cancer/"}],"technology":[{"id":"aspirin-cancer-prevention","kind":"technology","name":"Aspirin for cancer prevention and adjuvant therapy","route":"/technologies/aspirin-cancer-prevention/"}],"paper":[{"id":"paper-balkwill-mantovani-inflammation-virchow-lancet-2001","kind":"paper","name":"Balkwill and Mantovani 2001: inflammation and cancer, back to Virchow?","route":"/key-papers/paper-balkwill-mantovani-inflammation-virchow-lancet-2001/"},{"id":"paper-coussens-werb-inflammation-cancer-nature-2002","kind":"paper","name":"Coussens and Werb 2002: inflammation and cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-coussens-werb-inflammation-cancer-nature-2002/"},{"id":"paper-roa-gallbladder-cancer-primer-nat-rev-dis-primers-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Gallbladder cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-roa-gallbladder-cancer-primer-nat-rev-dis-primers-2022/"},{"id":"paper-grivennikov-immunity-inflammation-cancer-cell-2010","kind":"paper","name":"Grivennikov, Greten and Karin 2010: immunity, inflammation and cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-grivennikov-immunity-inflammation-cancer-cell-2010/"},{"id":"paper-koshiol-salmonella-typhi-gallbladder-cancer-cancer-med-2016","kind":"paper","name":"Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and gallbladder cancer: a case-control study and meta-analysis","route":"/key-papers/paper-koshiol-salmonella-typhi-gallbladder-cancer-cancer-med-2016/"}],"idea":[{"id":"idea-gbc-typhoid-carrier-cholecystectomy-or-surveillance","kind":"idea","name":"Cholecystectomy or ultrasound surveillance for chronic typhoid carriers in endemic regions","route":"/ideas/idea-gbc-typhoid-carrier-cholecystectomy-or-surveillance/"}],"person":[{"id":"karolina-palucka","kind":"person","name":"Karolina Palucka","route":"/people/karolina-palucka/"},{"id":"raymond-dubois","kind":"person","name":"Raymond N. DuBois","route":"/people/raymond-dubois/"}],"journal":[{"id":"carcinogenesis","kind":"journal","name":"Carcinogenesis","route":"/journals/carcinogenesis/"}]}}