{"entity":{"id":"gemcitabine","kind":"drug","name":"Gemcitabine","aka":[],"tldr":"A versatile chemotherapy used in pancreatic, bladder, lung, ovarian, breast and biliary cancers, in nasopharyngeal cancer, and as a bladder instillation.","summary":"Approved 1996 for pancreatic cancer (clinical benefit response versus 5-FU); combinations: gemcitabine-cisplatin (biliary ABC-02, bladder, NPC induction), gemcitabine-nab-paclitaxel (pancreatic), gemcitabine-carboplatin (ovarian, breast), gemcitabine-docetaxel (sarcoma), GemOx (lymphoma). Intravesical gemcitabine for NMIBC. Flu-like symptoms, myelosuppression, rare TMA/pneumonitis.","status":"approved","asOf":"2026-09-08","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemcitabine","links":[{"label":"Label (DailyMed)","url":"https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=gemcitabine"},{"label":"NICE TA25: gemcitabine for pancreatic cancer (2001, replaced by NG85)","url":"https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta25"},{"label":"NICE NG85 recommendations 1.8.7 and 1.9.6","url":"https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng85/chapter/Recommendations"}],"tags":["gap-fill","generic","who-essential"],"related":[],"cancers":["pancreatic","urothelial","nsclc","ovarian","cholangiocarcinoma","nasopharyngeal","sarcoma"],"sections":[],"technologies":["cytotoxic-chemotherapy","bcg-and-intravesical-therapy"],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":["eli-lilly"],"institutions":[],"pathways":["dna-replication-licensing"],"terms":[],"trials":["notable-trial","nct06828354","nct04442022","nct04384484","nct06435429","nct07491445","nct07805954","nct06508658","nct06459180","nct03800134","nct07621718","nct06976190","nct04969731","nct06312137","nct07604766","nct06118333","nct03164616","nct06619236","nct02486718","nct04974398","nct03178552","nct07564141","nct06445062","nct06710288","nct06601504","nct05482893","nct05775159","nct04083599","nct06646055","nct07049055","nct06219941","nct06922591","nct07124936","nct03775486","nct07255404","nct05431270","nct07483554","nct05669482","nct04657068","nct04844866","nct07563738","actuate-1801","nct07020221","nct07259590","nct06843447","nct04198766","nct07223047","nct06081959","nct05229497","nct07701486","nct06623422","nct06361888","nct05302284","nct06908304","nct06465563","nct03257033","nct06953999","nct05814354","nct07229586","nct03816163","nct03579836","nct07710885","nct05771480","nct05999994","nct06343948","nct07129993","nct03682068","nct07280377","nct04589234","nct07575191","nct06319820","nct06211764","nct06467357","nct06449222","nct07566156","nct05827796","nct03036098","nct02516241","nct05934331","nct07259317","nct05548296","nct02453282","nct06960577","nct06545955","nct05653453","nct07173751","nct06821503","nct07007559","nct04241185","nct06592326","nct02542293","nct03478488","nct04999969","nct06957886","nct06806033","nct06752811","nct03003962","nct03967977","nct07111546","nct05911295","nct06854445","nct06225596","nct04274426","nct04390399","nct07393542","nct06632951","nct07398339","nct06788912","nct06522737","nct07238283","nct06591520","nct06241781","nct02340117","nct06493552","nct07106762","nct07444541","nct04639986","nct05859750","nct07286266","nct06841354","nct07296341","nct06663137","nct06460298","nct01954992","nct05355298","prodige-4-accord-11","mpact","jaspac-01","apact","conko-005","conko-007","preopanc-2","scalop","panoptimox-prodige-35"],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":["paper-burris-gemcitabine-pancreatic-jco-1997"],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Pancreatic cancer: gemcitabine was the comparator beaten by FOLFIRINOX (PRODIGE 4), nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine (MPACT), adjuvant modified FOLFIRINOX (PRODIGE 24), gemcitabine plus capecitabine (ESPAC-4) and S-1 (JASPAC 01), and the drug proven against observation after surgery in CONKO-001. It remains the backbone for less fit patients, the radiosensitiser alternative to capecitabine (SCALOP) and part of the PREOPANC chemoradiotherapy regimen."],"brand":"Gemzar / Infugem","modality":"Nucleoside analogue (deoxycytidine)","mechanism":"Difluorodeoxycytidine triphosphate incorporated into DNA causes masked chain termination; also inhibits ribonucleotide reductase (self-potentiation).","approvals":[{"region":"US","year":1996,"indication":"Pancreatic cancer"},{"region":"US","year":1998,"indication":"NSCLC with cisplatin"},{"region":"US","year":2004,"indication":"Metastatic breast cancer with paclitaxel"},{"region":"US","year":2006,"indication":"Ovarian cancer with carboplatin"},{"region":"UK","year":2001,"indication":"Pancreatic cancer: NICE TA25 (8 May 2001), since replaced by the NG85 guideline, which recommends gemcitabine alone for people not well enough for combination chemotherapy (1.9.6) and as adjuvant treatment for those who cannot tolerate gemcitabine plus capecitabine (1.8.7)","note":"https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta25"}],"mechanismSteps":[],"toxicity":[],"access":[],"regulatoryEvents":[]},"route":"/drugs/gemcitabine/","neighbours":{"cancer":[{"id":"advanced-adrenocortical-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Advanced and metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma (ENSAT stage IV or unresectable)","route":"/cancers/advanced-adrenocortical-carcinoma/"},{"id":"ampullary","kind":"cancer","name":"Ampullary cancer (ampulla of Vater)","route":"/cancers/ampullary/"},{"id":"angiosarcoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Angiosarcoma","route":"/cancers/angiosarcoma/"},{"id":"biliary-tract-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Biliary tract cancer (all types)","route":"/cancers/biliary-tract-cancer/"},{"id":"cholangiocarcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Biliary tract cancer (cholangiocarcinoma)","route":"/cancers/cholangiocarcinoma/"},{"id":"urothelial","kind":"cancer","name":"Bladder & urothelial 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