{"entity":{"id":"checkpoint-inhibitor","kind":"technology","name":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors","aka":[],"tldr":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors are antibodies against CTLA-4, PD-1 or PD-L1 that release the brakes on T cells so they attack the cancer. They are approved in more than 20 tumour types and produce lasting, sometimes curative responses that chemotherapy rarely does, but most patients do not respond and autoimmune side effects are the cost.","summary":"Anti-CTLA-4 (ipilimumab), anti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab, nivolumab, cemiplimab, dostarlimab, toripalimab, tislelizumab), anti-PD-L1 (atezolizumab, durvalumab, avelumab), anti-LAG-3 (relatlimab). Approved across >20 tumour types and tumour-agnostically for MSI-H/dMMR and TMB-high. Moving earlier: neoadjuvant/perioperative in melanoma, NSCLC, TNBC (KEYNOTE-522), bladder, and MSI-H colorectal (where dostarlimab produced 100% complete responses in rectal cancer without surgery). Immune-related adverse events are the cost.","status":"standard-of-care","asOf":"2026-09-04","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_inhibitor","links":[{"label":"Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_inhibitor"},{"label":"NICE NG122: lung cancer, management","url":"https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng122/chapter/Management"},{"label":"Macmillan: pembrolizumab (Keytruda)","url":"https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/treatments-and-drugs/pembrolizumab"},{"label":"Macmillan: durvalumab (Imfinzi)","url":"https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/treatments-and-drugs/durvalumab"},{"label":"Macmillan: atezolizumab (Tecentriq)","url":"https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/treatments-and-drugs/atezolizumab"},{"label":"Green et al., Blood 2010: selective 9p24.1 amplification and PD-1 ligand induction through JAK2 in Hodgkin lymphoma and mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma","url":"https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-05-282780"},{"label":"Roemer et al., J Clin Oncol 2016: PD-L1 and PD-L2 genetic alterations in 108 classical Hodgkin lymphomas","url":"https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.66.4482"},{"label":"Ansell et al., N Engl J Med 2015: nivolumab in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma (23 patients)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1411087"},{"label":"Roemer et al., J Clin Oncol 2018: MHC class II and PD-L1 expression predict outcome after PD-1 blockade in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CheckMate 205)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2017.77.3994"}],"tags":[],"related":["tigit-blockade","tim3-blockade"],"cancers":["colorectal","lung-cancer","nsclc","sclc","hodgkin-lymphoma","primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma","non-hodgkin-lymphoma"],"sections":["immunotherapy"],"technologies":[],"targets":["pd1","pdl1","ctla4","lag3","tigit"],"drugs":["pembrolizumab","nivolumab","ipilimumab","atezolizumab","durvalumab","relatlimab-nivolumab","dostarlimab","cemiplimab"],"companies":["compass-therapeutics","eris-biotech","onc-ai","ose-immunotherapeutics","persephone-biosciences","xilio-therapeutics"],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":["cps","tmb","msi","irae"],"trials":["rationale-302"],"people":["lieping-chen"],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":["paper-ribas-wolchok-checkpoint-blockade-science-2018","paper-chen-mellman-cancer-immunity-cycle-immunity-2013","paper-le-mmr-deficiency-pd1-nejm-2015","paper-overman-checkmate-142-nivolumab-dmmr-colorectal-lancet-oncol-2017","paper-eng-imblaze370-atezolizumab-cobimetinib-colorectal-lancet-oncol-2019","paper-bullock-botensilimab-balstilimab-mss-colorectal-nat-med-2024","paper-keynote-024-nejm-2016","paper-herbst-impower110-atezolizumab-pd-l1-nejm-2020","paper-checkmate-026-first-line-nivolumab-nejm-2017","paper-ricciuti-stk11-keap1-kras-immunotherapy-jto-2022","paper-gay-sclc-subtypes-inflamed-cancer-cell-2021"],"journals":["cancer-immunology-immunotherapy","journal-of-immunotherapy","oncoimmunology"],"dependsOn":["monoclonal-antibody"],"notes":["Colorectal cancer: the sharpest biomarker split in oncology. In mismatch repair deficient disease, responses run from 31% (single-agent nivolumab, previously treated) to 68% pathological complete response (four weeks of neoadjuvant nivolumab plus ipilimumab); in microsatellite-stable disease, the phase 3 test of atezolizumab with or without a MEK inhibitor was no better than regorafenib (Eng 2019). The only credible microsatellite-stable signal is the Fc-enhanced CTLA-4 antibody botensilimab with balstilimab, 17% response in 101 evaluable patients (Bullock 2024).","Lung cancer: NICE NG122 places checkpoint treatment at four separate points, which is why the same side-effect list keeps reappearing. Before and after surgery: nivolumab with chemotherapy (1.6.8), durvalumab with platinum chemotherapy (1.6.9) and pembrolizumab with platinum chemotherapy (1.6.10) for resectable disease. After chemoradiotherapy: durvalumab for locally advanced unresectable disease with PD-L1 on 1 percent or more of tumour cells (1.6.18), and for limited-stage small-cell disease that has not progressed (1.10.6). For advanced disease: the treatment pathways organised by PD-L1 below or at or above 50 percent. For extensive-stage small-cell disease: durvalumab or atezolizumab added to chemotherapy (1.11.3).","Lung cancer: the biomarker story in one line is that PD-L1 selects and nothing else does reliably. A 50% threshold by 22C3 supported first-line monotherapy where a 5% threshold by 28-8 did not (Reck 2016, Carbone 2017), tumour mutational burden failed once chemotherapy was added (Garassino 2023), and STK11 and KEAP1 predict poor benefit only in KRAS-mutant tumours (Ricciuti 2022). In small-cell disease the inflamed transcriptional subtype gains most from adding immunotherapy to chemotherapy, which is the first credible explanation of why the benefit is confined to a minority (Gay 2021).","Lymphoma: the contrast between Hodgkin lymphoma and everything else is genetic rather than mysterious. The 9p24.1 amplicon carries both PD-1 ligand genes and JAK2, which induces them further, so one copy-number event raises the brake twice over; 97% of 108 classical Hodgkin lymphomas carried concordant alterations of the two loci (Green 2010, Roemer 2016). PD-1 blockade gave an objective response in 20 of 23 heavily pre-treated Hodgkin patients (Ansell 2015). In B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma outside the mediastinal group, single-agent checkpoint blockade does very little. Within the responsive group, what predicts complete remission is expression of MHC class II rather than class I on the Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells, which points to a CD4 T cell as the effector (Roemer 2018)."],"principle":"Blocking inhibitory receptor-ligand interactions restores T-cell priming (CTLA-4) and effector function (PD-1).","strengths":["Durable, sometimes curative responses","Broad applicability"],"limitations":["Most patients do not respond","Autoimmune toxicity","Biomarkers are imperfect"],"since":2011},"route":"/technologies/checkpoint-inhibitor/","neighbours":{"technology":[{"id":"chronotherapy","kind":"technology","name":"Chronotherapy: timing treatment to the body clock","route":"/technologies/chronotherapy/"},{"id":"dietary-fibre-microbiome-io","kind":"technology","name":"Dietary fibre and the gut microbiome for immunotherapy response","route":"/technologies/dietary-fibre-microbiome-io/"},{"id":"fmt-checkpoint-nonresponders","kind":"technology","name":"Faecal microbiota transplantation for PD-1 non-responders","route":"/technologies/fmt-checkpoint-nonresponders/"},{"id":"histotripsy-immune-priming","kind":"technology","name":"Histotripsy as an immune primer","route":"/technologies/histotripsy-immune-priming/"},{"id":"rejuv-recovery-endocrine-permanence","kind":"technology","name":"Immune endocrine damage is usually permanent, and almost nobody is told","route":"/technologies/rejuv-recovery-endocrine-permanence/"},{"id":"il12-electroporation","kind":"technology","name":"Intratumoural gene electrotransfer (IL-12 plasmid)","route":"/technologies/il12-electroporation/"},{"id":"lattice-radiotherapy","kind":"technology","name":"Lattice and GRID radiotherapy","route":"/technologies/lattice-radiotherapy/"},{"id":"microbiome-modulation-io","kind":"technology","name":"Microbiome modulation to unlock immunotherapy","route":"/technologies/microbiome-modulation-io/"},{"id":"monoclonal-antibody","kind":"technology","name":"Monoclonal antibodies","route":"/technologies/monoclonal-antibody/"},{"id":"probiotics-antibiotic-stewardship-io","kind":"technology","name":"Probiotics, antibiotics and stewardship around immunotherapy","route":"/technologies/probiotics-antibiotic-stewardship-io/"},{"id":"tumour-microbiome-targeting","kind":"technology","name":"Targeting the tumour's own microbes","route":"/technologies/tumour-microbiome-targeting/"},{"id":"tigit-blockade","kind":"technology","name":"TIGIT blockade","route":"/technologies/tigit-blockade/"},{"id":"tim3-blockade","kind":"technology","name":"TIM-3 blockade","route":"/technologies/tim3-blockade/"},{"id":"trained-innate-immunity","kind":"technology","name":"Trained innate immunity","route":"/technologies/trained-innate-immunity/"},{"id":"immune-tumour-dynamics-models","kind":"technology","name":"Tumour-immune dynamics models","route":"/technologies/immune-tumour-dynamics-models/"}],"cancer":[{"id":"acral-melanoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Acral melanoma","route":"/cancers/acral-melanoma/"},{"id":"adrenocortical","kind":"cancer","name":"Adrenocortical carcinoma","route":"/cancers/adrenocortical/"},{"id":"advanced-adrenocortical-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Advanced and metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma (ENSAT stage IV or unresectable)","route":"/cancers/advanced-adrenocortical-carcinoma/"},{"id":"advanced-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Advanced and metastatic small bowel adenocarcinoma","route":"/cancers/advanced-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma/"},{"id":"advanced-cutaneous-scc","kind":"cancer","name":"Advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","route":"/cancers/advanced-cutaneous-scc/"},{"id":"advanced-melanoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Advanced melanoma (unresectable stage III and stage IV)","route":"/cancers/advanced-melanoma/"},{"id":"advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer","route":"/cancers/advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer/"},{"id":"advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (stage III to IV)","route":"/cancers/advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/"},{"id":"alveolar-soft-part-sarcoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Alveolar soft part sarcoma","route":"/cancers/alveolar-soft-part-sarcoma/"},{"id":"anal","kind":"cancer","name":"Anal cancer (squamous cell carcinoma)","route":"/cancers/anal/"},{"id":"angiosarcoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Angiosarcoma","route":"/cancers/angiosarcoma/"},{"id":"appendiceal-adenocarcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Appendiceal adenocarcinoma (mucinous and non-mucinous, including signet ring cell)","route":"/cancers/appendiceal-adenocarcinoma/"},{"id":"basal-cell-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Basal cell carcinoma","route":"/cancers/basal-cell-carcinoma/"},{"id":"cholangiocarcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Biliary tract cancer (cholangiocarcinoma)","route":"/cancers/cholangiocarcinoma/"},{"id":"urothelial","kind":"cancer","name":"Bladder & urothelial cancer","route":"/cancers/urothelial/"},{"id":"braf-v600-melanoma","kind":"cancer","name":"BRAF V600-mutant melanoma","route":"/cancers/braf-v600-melanoma/"},{"id":"braf-v600e-colorectal","kind":"cancer","name":"BRAF V600E-mutant colorectal cancer","route":"/cancers/braf-v600e-colorectal/"},{"id":"braf-v600e-nsclc","kind":"cancer","name":"BRAF V600E-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","route":"/cancers/braf-v600e-nsclc/"},{"id":"brca-palb2-pdac","kind":"cancer","name":"BRCA or PALB2-mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","route":"/cancers/brca-palb2-pdac/"},{"id":"cancer-of-unknown-primary","kind":"cancer","name":"Cancer of unknown primary (CUP)","route":"/cancers/cancer-of-unknown-primary/"},{"id":"cup-unfavourable","kind":"cancer","name":"Cancer of unknown primary, unfavourable (adenocarcinoma and poorly differentiated carcinoma)","route":"/cancers/cup-unfavourable/"},{"id":"cervical","kind":"cancer","name":"Cervical cancer","route":"/cancers/cervical/"},{"id":"colorectal","kind":"cancer","name":"Colorectal cancer","route":"/cancers/colorectal/"},{"id":"cutaneous-scc","kind":"cancer","name":"Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","route":"/cancers/cutaneous-scc/"},{"id":"tnbc-early","kind":"cancer","name":"Early triple-negative breast cancer","route":"/cancers/tnbc-early/"},{"id":"endometrial","kind":"cancer","name":"Endometrial cancer","route":"/cancers/endometrial/"},{"id":"extensive-stage-sclc","kind":"cancer","name":"Extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer","route":"/cancers/extensive-stage-sclc/"},{"id":"gallbladder","kind":"cancer","name":"Gallbladder cancer","route":"/cancers/gallbladder/"},{"id":"gastric","kind":"cancer","name":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","route":"/cancers/gastric/"},{"id":"gestational-trophoblastic","kind":"cancer","name":"Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia","route":"/cancers/gestational-trophoblastic/"},{"id":"head-and-neck","kind":"cancer","name":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","route":"/cancers/head-and-neck/"},{"id":"hcc","kind":"cancer","name":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","route":"/cancers/hcc/"},{"id":"high-risk-gtn","kind":"cancer","name":"High-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (FIGO score 7 or more, including ultra-high-risk)","route":"/cancers/high-risk-gtn/"},{"id":"hodgkin-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Hodgkin lymphoma","route":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/"},{"id":"hpv-associated-vulvar-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"HPV-associated vulvar squamous cell carcinoma","route":"/cancers/hpv-associated-vulvar-cancer/"},{"id":"hpv-independent-vulvar-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"HPV-independent vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (p53-mutant)","route":"/cancers/hpv-independent-vulvar-cancer/"},{"id":"kaposi-sarcoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Kaposi sarcoma","route":"/cancers/kaposi-sarcoma/"},{"id":"kras-g12c-nsclc","kind":"cancer","name":"KRAS G12C-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","route":"/cancers/kras-g12c-nsclc/"},{"id":"kras-wild-type-pdac","kind":"cancer","name":"KRAS wild-type pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","route":"/cancers/kras-wild-type-pdac/"},{"id":"limited-stage-sclc","kind":"cancer","name":"Limited-stage small-cell lung cancer","route":"/cancers/limited-stage-sclc/"},{"id":"locally-advanced-bcc","kind":"cancer","name":"Locally advanced and metastatic basal cell carcinoma","route":"/cancers/locally-advanced-bcc/"},{"id":"locoregionally-advanced-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (stage III to IVA)","route":"/cancers/locoregionally-advanced-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/"},{"id":"low-risk-gtn","kind":"cancer","name":"Low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (FIGO score 0 to 6)","route":"/cancers/low-risk-gtn/"},{"id":"lung-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Lung cancer (all types)","route":"/cancers/lung-cancer/"},{"id":"melanoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Melanoma","route":"/cancers/melanoma/"},{"id":"merkel-cell-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Merkel cell carcinoma","route":"/cancers/merkel-cell-carcinoma/"},{"id":"mesothelioma","kind":"cancer","name":"Mesothelioma","route":"/cancers/mesothelioma/"},{"id":"metastatic-anal-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Metastatic and recurrent anal squamous cell carcinoma","route":"/cancers/metastatic-anal-cancer/"},{"id":"metastatic-pdac","kind":"cancer","name":"Metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","route":"/cancers/metastatic-pdac/"},{"id":"msi-high-pdac","kind":"cancer","name":"Mismatch repair deficient (MSI-high) pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","route":"/cancers/msi-high-pdac/"},{"id":"msi-high-colorectal","kind":"cancer","name":"Mismatch-repair deficient (MSI-high) colorectal cancer","route":"/cancers/msi-high-colorectal/"},{"id":"endometrial-mmr-deficient","kind":"cancer","name":"Mismatch-repair-deficient endometrial cancer","route":"/cancers/endometrial-mmr-deficient/"},{"id":"mucosal-melanoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Mucosal melanoma","route":"/cancers/mucosal-melanoma/"},{"id":"sinonasal","kind":"cancer","name":"Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers (including esthesioneuroblastoma)","route":"/cancers/sinonasal/"},{"id":"nasopharyngeal","kind":"cancer","name":"Nasopharyngeal carcinoma","route":"/cancers/nasopharyngeal/"},{"id":"node-positive-penile-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Node-positive and metastatic penile cancer","route":"/cancers/node-positive-penile-cancer/"},{"id":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (all types)","route":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/"},{"id":"nsclc","kind":"cancer","name":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","route":"/cancers/nsclc/"},{"id":"nut-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"NUT carcinoma (midline carcinoma with NUTM1 rearrangement)","route":"/cancers/nut-carcinoma/"},{"id":"esophageal","kind":"cancer","name":"Oesophageal cancer","route":"/cancers/esophageal/"},{"id":"ovarian","kind":"cancer","name":"Ovarian cancer","route":"/cancers/ovarian/"},{"id":"pancreatic-acinar-cell-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma","route":"/cancers/pancreatic-acinar-cell-carcinoma/"},{"id":"pancreatic","kind":"cancer","name":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","route":"/cancers/pancreatic/"},{"id":"parathyroid-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Parathyroid carcinoma","route":"/cancers/parathyroid-carcinoma/"},{"id":"pdl1-high-nsclc","kind":"cancer","name":"PD-L1-high non-small-cell lung cancer without a driver mutation","route":"/cancers/pdl1-high-nsclc/"},{"id":"penile","kind":"cancer","name":"Penile cancer","route":"/cancers/penile/"},{"id":"endometrial-pole-ultramutated","kind":"cancer","name":"POLE-ultramutated endometrial 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cancer","route":"/cancers/resectable-nsclc/"},{"id":"sinonasal-undifferentiated-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC) and SWI/SNF-deficient sinonasal carcinoma","route":"/cancers/sinonasal-undifferentiated-carcinoma/"},{"id":"skin-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Skin cancer (all types)","route":"/cancers/skin-cancer/"},{"id":"small-bowel","kind":"cancer","name":"Small intestine cancer (small bowel adenocarcinoma)","route":"/cancers/small-bowel/"},{"id":"sclc","kind":"cancer","name":"Small-cell lung cancer","route":"/cancers/sclc/"},{"id":"stage-ii-melanoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Stage IIB and IIC melanoma","route":"/cancers/stage-ii-melanoma/"},{"id":"stage-iii-melanoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Stage III melanoma (after surgery)","route":"/cancers/stage-iii-melanoma/"},{"id":"thymic-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Thymic carcinoma","route":"/cancers/thymic-carcinoma/"},{"id":"thymic-epithelial","kind":"cancer","name":"Thymoma and thymic carcinoma","route":"/cancers/thymic-epithelial/"},{"id":"tnbc","kind":"cancer","name":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)","route":"/cancers/tnbc/"},{"id":"undifferentiated-pleomorphic-sarcoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS)","route":"/cancers/undifferentiated-pleomorphic-sarcoma/"},{"id":"stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc","kind":"cancer","name":"Unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer","route":"/cancers/stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc/"},{"id":"urethral","kind":"cancer","name":"Urethral cancer","route":"/cancers/urethral/"},{"id":"vaginal","kind":"cancer","name":"Vaginal cancer","route":"/cancers/vaginal/"},{"id":"vaginal-squamous-cell-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Vaginal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV-associated)","route":"/cancers/vaginal-squamous-cell-carcinoma/"},{"id":"vascular-tumours","kind":"cancer","name":"Vascular tumours (angiosarcoma, epithelioid haemangioendothelioma, kaposiform haemangioendothelioma)","route":"/cancers/vascular-tumours/"},{"id":"vulvar","kind":"cancer","name":"Vulvar cancer","route":"/cancers/vulvar/"}],"section":[{"id":"immunotherapy","kind":"section","name":"Immunotherapy","route":"/fronts/immunotherapy/"}],"target":[{"id":"btla","kind":"target","name":"BTLA","route":"/targets/btla/"},{"id":"cd73-adenosine","kind":"target","name":"CD73 / adenosine axis","route":"/targets/cd73-adenosine/"},{"id":"cd80","kind":"target","name":"CD80 (B7-1)","route":"/targets/cd80/"},{"id":"cd96","kind":"target","name":"CD96","route":"/targets/cd96/"},{"id":"ctla4","kind":"target","name":"CTLA-4","route":"/targets/ctla4/"},{"id":"ido1","kind":"target","name":"IDO1","route":"/targets/ido1/"},{"id":"kir2dl1","kind":"target","name":"KIR2DL1 (inhibitory KIR)","route":"/targets/kir2dl1/"},{"id":"lag3","kind":"target","name":"LAG-3","route":"/targets/lag3/"},{"id":"klrc1","kind":"target","name":"NKG2A (KLRC1)","route":"/targets/klrc1/"},{"id":"pd1","kind":"target","name":"PD-1","route":"/targets/pd1/"},{"id":"pdl1","kind":"target","name":"PD-L1","route":"/targets/pdl1/"},{"id":"pvrig","kind":"target","name":"PVRIG (CD112R)","route":"/targets/pvrig/"},{"id":"tigit","kind":"target","name":"TIGIT","route":"/targets/tigit/"},{"id":"tim3","kind":"target","name":"TIM-3","route":"/targets/tim3/"},{"id":"vista","kind":"target","name":"VISTA","route":"/targets/vista/"}],"drug":[{"id":"adebrelimab","kind":"drug","name":"Adebrelimab","route":"/drugs/adebrelimab/"},{"id":"atezolizumab","kind":"drug","name":"Atezolizumab","route":"/drugs/atezolizumab/"},{"id":"avelumab","kind":"drug","name":"Avelumab","route":"/drugs/avelumab/"},{"id":"benmelstobart","kind":"drug","name":"Benmelstobart","route":"/drugs/benmelstobart/"},{"id":"cadonilimab","kind":"drug","name":"Cadonilimab","route":"/drugs/cadonilimab/"},{"id":"camrelizumab","kind":"drug","name":"Camrelizumab","route":"/drugs/camrelizumab/"},{"id":"camrelizumab-rivoceranib","kind":"drug","name":"Camrelizumab + 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