{"entity":{"id":"cd19","kind":"target","name":"CD19","aka":[],"tldr":"CD19 is a marker on B cells and B-cell cancers, and was the target of the first CAR-T therapies ever approved.","summary":"CD19 is expressed throughout B-cell development and on nearly all B-cell malignancies. Target of tisagenlecleucel, axicabtagene, lisocabtagene, brexucabtagene, obecabtagene (CAR-T), blinatumomab (BiTE), tafasitamab, and loncastuximab tesirine (ADC). CD19 CAR-T is now also used in autoimmune disease.","asOf":"2026-09-04","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD19","links":[{"label":"Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD19"},{"label":"Sotillo et al., Cancer Discov 2015: acquired mutations and alternative splicing of CD19 enable resistance to CART-19","url":"https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-15-1020"},{"label":"Plaks et al., Blood 2021: CD19 target evasion as a mechanism of relapse after axicabtagene ciloleucel in large B-cell lymphoma","url":"https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2021010930"}],"tags":["car-t-target"],"related":["cd19-expression"],"cancers":["all-leukemia","dlbcl","cll","non-hodgkin-lymphoma"],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":["mk-1045","rondecabtagene-autoleucel","azd0486","zamtocabtagene-autoleucel","tc011","englumafusp-alfa","crc01","gc012f","jnj-90014496","ctx112","at101","cd19-t-hank","tbi-1501"],"companies":["capstan-therapeutics","century-therapeutics","cullinan-therapeutics","iksuda-therapeutics","imugene","janux-therapeutics","kelonia-therapeutics","kernal-biologics","lyell-immunopharma","poseida-therapeutics"],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":["nct06948981","nct06179524","nct05326243","nct04684147","nct07284433"],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Lymphoma: The same B-cell lymphomas as CD20, and it appears earlier in B-cell development and stays on after CD20 is lost, which is why it is the second address rather than a duplicate of the first. Also on healthy cells: Normal B cells from the pro-B stage onwards; the Human Protein Atlas reads CD19 as lineage enriched in B cells (173 nTPM). A subset of normal plasma cells keeps it. What the medicine does: CD19 internalises, so it carries all three formats: a naked Fc-engineered antibody (tafasitamab), an antibody-drug conjugate, and the four approved CAR-T products in lymphoma (axicabtagene ciloleucel, tisagenlecleucel, lisocabtagene maraleucel and, in mantle cell lymphoma, brexucabtagene autoleucel). How tumours lose it: Antigen escape after CAR-T is the best-characterised escape route of any lymphoma surface target. Relapse with loss of the epitope follows 10 to 20% of paediatric responses in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, and the mechanism is a combination: hemizygous deletions across the CD19 locus, de novo frameshift and missense mutations in exon 2, and selection for an alternatively spliced messenger RNA lacking exon 2 whose truncated protein no longer presents the CAR epitope but still partly rescues the cell (Sotillo 2015). CD19 target evasion also occurs in large B-cell lymphoma after axicabtagene ciloleucel (Plaks 2021); OnCo does not hold a share it can stand behind for lymphoma, because the published series are small and the reported figures do not agree. What that costs the patient: The same B-cell aplasia and hypogammaglobulinaemia as anti-CD20, but deeper and longer after CAR-T, where it can last years and is managed with immunoglobulin replacement. Because CD19 appears earlier in B-cell development than CD20, recovery is slower."],"symbol":"CD19","role":[],"sources":[],"specificity":"lineage-antigen","distribution":"few-types","specificityNote":"Lineage antigen shared with normal B-cells: the label readouts filed under it score its expression (CD19 expression (CD19-positive)), and HPA finds the gene lineage enriched in that blood lineage at or above 25 nTPM, so medicines aimed at it clear the normal lineage too. HPA CD19: RNA group enriched (intestine 31 nTPM, lymphoid tissue 71 nTPM); blood lineage lineage enriched (B-cells 173 nTPM); high antibody staining in 4 normal tissues; highest cancer staining lymphoma (5 of 11 high). Distribution: 2 cancer families in the corpus carry a prevalence row, label threshold or catalogue link for it (Leukaemia, Lymphoma); Open Targets associates it with 6 specific cancer types at or above 0.5 (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, mantle cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma). (Rule 3 of scripts/fetch-target-specificity.ts.)","specificitySources":[{"label":"CD19 expression (CD19-positive) label threshold","url":"https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=38b482a8-960b-4591-9857-5031ecb830aa","note":"CD19-positive (flow cytometry, no percentage stated)"},{"label":"Human Protein Atlas CD19 tissue","url":"https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000177455-CD19/tissue","note":"RNA tissue and blood lineage specificity, normal tissue antibody staining (version 25.1, CC BY-SA 3.0)"},{"label":"Human Protein Atlas CD19 pathology","url":"https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000177455-CD19/pathology","note":"patients per staining level per cancer type (version 25.1, CC BY-SA 3.0)"},{"label":"Open Targets ENSG00000177455 associations","url":"https://platform.opentargets.org/target/ENSG00000177455/associations","note":"cancer associations at or above 0.5 (CC0)"}],"hgnc":"HGNC:1633","ensembl":"ENSG00000177455","uniprot":"P15391","entrez":"930","firstDescribed":1988,"firstDescribedBasis":"sequence","firstDescribedNote":"Earliest sequence paper UniProt cites for the protein: Stamenkovic et al, J. Exp. Med, 1988, \"CD19, the earliest differentiation antigen of the B cell lineage, bears three extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and an Epstein-Barr virus-related cytoplasmic tail\".","firstDescribedSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2459292/","biology":"B-cell co-receptor; loss of CD19 is a common escape mechanism after CAR-T.","whereFound":["ALL","DLBCL","Follicular lymphoma","Mantle cell lymphoma","CLL"],"targetClass":"surface-antigen","prevalence":[{"cancerId":"all-leukemia","pct":">95","measure":"B-ALL surface expression","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD19"},{"cancerId":"dlbcl","pct":">95","measure":"Surface expression","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD19","note":"Loss in ~30% of CAR-T relapses"},{"cancerId":"cll","pct":">95","measure":"Surface expression","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD19"}]},"route":"/targets/cd19/","neighbours":{"biomarker":[{"id":"cd19-expression","kind":"biomarker","name":"CD19 expression (CD19-positive)","route":"/biomarkers/cd19-expression/"}],"cancer":[{"id":"all-leukemia","kind":"cancer","name":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","route":"/cancers/all-leukemia/"},{"id":"burkitt-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Burkitt lymphoma","route":"/cancers/burkitt-lymphoma/"},{"id":"childhood-cancers","kind":"cancer","name":"Childhood cancers (all types)","route":"/cancers/childhood-cancers/"},{"id":"cll","kind":"cancer","name":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","route":"/cancers/cll/"},{"id":"dlbcl","kind":"cancer","name":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","route":"/cancers/dlbcl/"},{"id":"follicular-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Follicular lymphoma","route":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/"},{"id":"all-paediatric-high-risk","kind":"cancer","name":"High-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children (high-risk B-ALL and T-ALL)","route":"/cancers/all-paediatric-high-risk/"},{"id":"hiv-associated-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"HIV-associated (AIDS-related) lymphomas","route":"/cancers/hiv-associated-lymphoma/"},{"id":"all-infant","kind":"cancer","name":"Infant acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (KMT2A-rearranged, under one year)","route":"/cancers/all-infant/"},{"id":"mantle-cell-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Mantle cell lymphoma","route":"/cancers/mantle-cell-lymphoma/"},{"id":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (all types)","route":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/"},{"id":"all-ph-like","kind":"cancer","name":"Philadelphia chromosome-like acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (Ph-like or BCR::ABL1-like ALL)","route":"/cancers/all-ph-like/"},{"id":"all-paediatric-ph-positive","kind":"cancer","name":"Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children (Ph-positive ALL)","route":"/cancers/all-paediatric-ph-positive/"},{"id":"post-transplant-lymphoproliferative-disorder","kind":"cancer","name":"Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD)","route":"/cancers/post-transplant-lymphoproliferative-disorder/"},{"id":"primary-cns-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Primary CNS lymphoma","route":"/cancers/primary-cns-lymphoma/"},{"id":"primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma","route":"/cancers/primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma/"},{"id":"all-paediatric-relapsed","kind":"cancer","name":"Relapsed and refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children","route":"/cancers/all-paediatric-relapsed/"},{"id":"cll-relapsed","kind":"cancer","name":"Relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","route":"/cancers/cll-relapsed/"},{"id":"richter-transformation-cll","kind":"cancer","name":"Richter transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","route":"/cancers/richter-transformation-cll/"},{"id":"all-paediatric-standard-risk","kind":"cancer","name":"Standard-risk B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children","route":"/cancers/all-paediatric-standard-risk/"},{"id":"waldenstrom","kind":"cancer","name":"Waldenström macroglobulinaemia","route":"/cancers/waldenstrom/"}],"drug":[{"id":"at101","kind":"drug","name":"AT101","route":"/drugs/at101/"},{"id":"axicabtagene-ciloleucel","kind":"drug","name":"Axicabtagene ciloleucel","route":"/drugs/axicabtagene-ciloleucel/"},{"id":"azd0120","kind":"drug","name":"AZD0120","route":"/drugs/azd0120/"},{"id":"azd0486","kind":"drug","name":"AZD0486","route":"/drugs/azd0486/"},{"id":"blinatumomab","kind":"drug","name":"Blinatumomab","route":"/drugs/blinatumomab/"},{"id":"brexucabtagene-autoleucel","kind":"drug","name":"Brexucabtagene autoleucel","route":"/drugs/brexucabtagene-autoleucel/"},{"id":"cd19-t-hank","kind":"drug","name":"CD19 t-haNK","route":"/drugs/cd19-t-hank/"},{"id":"crc01","kind":"drug","name":"CRC01","route":"/drugs/crc01/"},{"id":"ctx112","kind":"drug","name":"CTX112","route":"/drugs/ctx112/"},{"id":"englumafusp-alfa","kind":"drug","name":"Englumafusp alfa","route":"/drugs/englumafusp-alfa/"},{"id":"gc012f","kind":"drug","name":"GC012F","route":"/drugs/gc012f/"},{"id":"inaticabtagene-autoleucel","kind":"drug","name":"Inaticabtagene autoleucel","route":"/drugs/inaticabtagene-autoleucel/"},{"id":"jnj-90014496","kind":"drug","name":"JNJ-90014496","route":"/drugs/jnj-90014496/"},{"id":"lisocabtagene-maraleucel","kind":"drug","name":"Lisocabtagene maraleucel","route":"/drugs/lisocabtagene-maraleucel/"},{"id":"zynlonta","kind":"drug","name":"Loncastuximab tesirine","route":"/drugs/zynlonta/"},{"id":"mk-1045","kind":"drug","name":"MK-1045","route":"/drugs/mk-1045/"},{"id":"obecabtagene-autoleucel","kind":"drug","name":"Obecabtagene 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