{"entity":{"id":"casr","kind":"target","name":"CASR","aka":["calcium sensing receptor","Extracellular calcium-sensing receptor","NSHPT","GPRC2A","HHC1"],"tldr":"CASR (Extracellular calcium-sensing receptor) is a gene. The public catalogues list it as a drug target, and an approved or late-stage drug is recorded against it.","summary":"G protein-coupled receptor that senses changes in the extracellular concentration of calcium ions and plays a key role in maintaining calcium homeostasis. Senses fluctuations in the circulating calcium concentration: activated by elevated circulating calcium, leading to decreased parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion in parathyroid glands. In kidneys, acts as a key regulator of renal tubular calcium resorption.\n\nOpen Targets scores its association with cancer at 0.61 (direct and indirect evidence; datatypes clinical 0.91, literature 0.98, genetic association 0.00, somatic mutation 0.23, animal model 0.59).","asOf":"2026-09-23","links":[{"label":"HGNC HGNC:1514","url":"https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:1514"},{"label":"UniProt P41180","url":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P41180/entry"},{"label":"NCBI Gene 846","url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/846"},{"label":"Ensembl ENSG00000036828","url":"https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?g=ENSG00000036828"}],"tags":["cancer-genes-wave"],"related":["open-targets"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Written by scripts/fetch-cancer-genes.ts from CIViC, Open Targets, IntOGen, HGNC and UniProt; the function text is UniProt's, condensed and in UK spelling. Roles: Open Targets known-drug datatype score 0.91. Evidence tier \"approved-drug\" is the strongest of those signals.","Prevalence not recorded: none of the sources gives a positivity rate."],"provenance":{"editedBy":"scripts/fetch-cancer-genes.ts (CIViC, Open Targets, IntOGen, HGNC, UniProt)","editedOn":"2026-09-23"},"symbol":"CASR","role":["drug-target"],"evidenceTier":"approved-drug","sources":[{"label":"HGNC HGNC:1514","url":"https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:1514","note":"approved symbol, name, aliases, locus and cross-references (hgnc_complete_set.txt)"},{"label":"UniProt P41180","url":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P41180/entry","note":"protein name, function text, keywords and locations (REST API)"},{"label":"Open Targets ENSG00000036828","url":"https://platform.opentargets.org/target/ENSG00000036828/associations","note":"association with cancer (MONDO_0004992) 0.61;  (GraphQL API, CC0)"}],"distribution":"few-types","specificityNote":"Specificity not established: no corpus medicine is aimed at it and the catalogues give it only the role drug-target; HPA finds the RNA tissue enriched, which says where the protein sits but not whether the tumour differs from normal tissue. HPA CASR: RNA tissue enriched (parathyroid gland 616 nTPM); high antibody staining in 3 normal tissues. Distribution: no corpus cancer carries a prevalence row, threshold or catalogue link for it; Open Targets associates it with 2 specific cancer types at or above 0.5 (neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism, parathyroid gland carcinoma). (No rule of scripts/fetch-target-specificity.ts fired.)","specificitySources":[{"label":"Human Protein Atlas CASR tissue","url":"https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000036828-CASR/tissue","note":"RNA tissue and blood lineage specificity, normal tissue antibody staining (version 25.1, CC BY-SA 3.0)"},{"label":"Open Targets ENSG00000036828 associations","url":"https://platform.opentargets.org/target/ENSG00000036828/associations","note":"cancer associations at or above 0.5 (CC0)"}],"hgnc":"HGNC:1514","ensembl":"ENSG00000036828","uniprot":"P41180","entrez":"846","firstDescribed":1995,"firstDescribedBasis":"sequence","firstDescribedNote":"Earliest sequence paper UniProt cites for the protein: Garrett J.E. et al, J. Biol. Chem, 1995, \"Molecular cloning and functional expression of human parathyroid calcium receptor cDNAs\".","firstDescribedSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7759551/","biology":"G protein-coupled receptor that senses changes in the extracellular concentration of calcium ions and plays a key role in maintaining calcium homeostasis. Senses fluctuations in the circulating calcium concentration: activated by elevated circulating calcium, leading to decreased parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion in parathyroid glands. In kidneys, acts as a key regulator of renal tubular calcium resorption. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signalling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of downstream effectors. CASR is coupled with different G(q)/G(11), G(i)/G(o)- or G(s)-classes of G proteins depending on the context. In the parathyroid and kidney, CASR signals through G(q)/G(11) and G(i)/G(o) G proteins: G(q)/G(11) coupling activates phospholipase C-beta, releasing diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) second messengers, while G(i)/G(o) coupling mediates inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity. Location: Cell membrane (UniProt). Locus 3q13.33-q21.1 (HGNC).","whereFound":[],"targetClass":"other","prevalence":[]},"route":"/targets/casr/","neighbours":{"collection":[{"id":"open-targets","kind":"collection","name":"Open Targets Platform","route":"/collections/open-targets/"}]}}