{"entity":{"id":"brca","kind":"target","name":"BRCA1 / BRCA2 (HRD)","aka":[],"tldr":"DNA repair genes. Inheriting a broken copy raises breast and ovarian cancer risk, but tumours that lose them become uniquely vulnerable to PARP inhibitors and platinum.","summary":"BRCA1 and BRCA2 are homologous recombination repair genes; a tumour that loses both copies must rely on error-prone repair, which makes it uniquely vulnerable to PARP inhibitors and platinum. Germline BRCA1/2 mutations account for roughly 5 to 10 percent of breast cancers and about 15 percent of ovarian cancers, with 10 to 20 percent of triple-negative breast cancers (mostly BRCA1) and 3 to 5 percent of HR-positive cases (mostly BRCA2); BRCA2 alterations occur in 8 to 12 percent of metastatic prostate cancers and germline BRCA1/2 in 5 to 8 percent of pancreatic cancers. Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) extends the phenotype to BRCA-wild-type tumours and is measured by genomic scars (myChoice CDx). HRD predicts benefit from PARP inhibitors and platinum, though the best assay and cut-off remain debated. The same genes guide both prevention and treatment.","asOf":"2026-09-04","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA_mutation","links":[{"label":"Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA_mutation"}],"tags":["germline","biomarker"],"related":["platinum-plus-hrd","brca-germline","brca-somatic","hrd-positive"],"cancers":["tnbc","ovarian","prostate","pancreatic","breast-hr-positive","gallbladder"],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":["bracanalysis-cdx","mychoice-cdx","olaparib","rucaparib","talazoparib"],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":["ddr","breast-cancer-signalling","pancreatic-cancer-signalling"],"terms":["gbrca-mutation","hrd"],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":["paper-couch-tnbc-germline-17-genes-jco-2015","paper-sharma-tnbc-registry-germline-brca-bcrt-2014","paper-hahnen-geparsixto-germline-brca-jama-oncol-2017","paper-shimelis-tnbc-risk-genes-jnci-2018","paper-staaf-tnbc-whole-genome-scan-b-nat-med-2019","paper-bertucci-metastatic-breast-genomics-nature-2019","paper-hu-germline-mutations-pancreatic-cancer-risk-jama-2018","paper-shindo-germline-sporadic-pancreatic-jco-2017","paper-yurgelun-germline-second-hits-resected-pancreatic-genet-med-2019","paper-golan-brca-pancreatic-platinum-survival-bjc-2014","paper-polo-olaparib-maintenance-gbrca-pancreatic-nejm-2019","paper-lowery-prospective-germline-exocrine-pancreatic-jnci-2018","paper-giraldo-gallbladder-msk-impact-ccr-2022","paper-wardell-biliary-drivers-germline-j-hepatol-2018","paper-weinberg-biliary-profiling-jgo-2019","paper-pritchard-inherited-dna-repair-metastatic-prostate-nejm-2016","paper-abida-triton2-rucaparib-brca-jco-2020","paper-castro-germline-brca-prostate-outcomes-jco-2013"],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Triple-negative breast cancer: germline BRCA1 8.5% and BRCA2 2.7% of 1,824 unselected patients (Couch 2015), 17.2% together in GeparSixto (Hahnen 2017); most homologous recombination deficiency is not germline, since BRCA1 promoter hypermethylation explained 40% of HRDetect-high genomes against 21% for BRCA1/2 mutation (Staaf 2019). Founder alleles dominate in the Bahamas (23% of unselected patients), Mexico (BRCA1 ex9-12del, 41% of mutations in young TNBC) and Ashkenazi Jews (Donenberg 2011, Villarreal-Garza 2015, Struewing 1997).","Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: germline BRCA2 1.4 to 2% and BRCA1 0.4 to 1% (Hu 2018, Shindo 2017), with tumour sequencing adding somatic cases; loss of the second allele is present in about 60% of BRCA1/2 tumours (Lowery 2018) and somatic second hits in 44% of germline carriers (Yurgelun 2019). Carriers with advanced disease lived 22 months on platinum against 9 on non-platinum (Golan 2014), and core-gene or biallelic homologous recombination alterations predicted first-line platinum benefit (hazard ratio 0.44; Park 2020). POLO's olaparib maintenance requires a germline BRCA1/2 variant after 16 weeks of platinum (Golan 2019)."],"symbol":"BRCA1, BRCA2","role":[],"sources":[],"specificity":"germline-variant","distribution":"many-types","specificityNote":"Germline variant: UniProt lists Breast cancer (BC); Breast cancer (BC) under involvement in disease, and the record is a tumour suppressor; the medicines linked to it act through the loss (synthetic lethality) or use the variant to pick patients. HPA BRCA1: RNA low tissue specificity; blood lineage group enriched (dendritic cells 11 nTPM, granulocytes 11 nTPM, monocytes 15 nTPM); high antibody staining in 1 normal tissue; highest cancer staining breast cancer (4 of 12 high). HPA BRCA2: RNA tissue enhanced (bone marrow 5 nTPM, lymphoid tissue 4 nTPM, testis 3 nTPM); no normal tissue stained high; highest cancer staining melanoma (3 of 11 high). Distribution: 5 cancer families in the corpus carry a prevalence row, label threshold or catalogue link for it (Breast cancer (all types), Ovarian cancer, Prostate cancer, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, Biliary tract cancer (all types)); Open Targets associates it with 35 specific cancer types at or above 0.5 (breast cancer, hereditary breast ovarian cancer syndrome, ovarian cancer, breast-ovarian cancer, familial, susceptibility to, 1, breast carcinoma, BRCA1-related cancer predisposition and more). (Rule 2 of scripts/fetch-target-specificity.ts.)","specificitySources":[{"label":"UniProt P38398","url":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P38398/entry","note":"involvement in disease"},{"label":"UniProt P51587","url":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P51587/entry","note":"involvement in disease"},{"label":"Human Protein Atlas BRCA1 tissue","url":"https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000012048-BRCA1/tissue","note":"RNA tissue and blood lineage specificity, normal tissue antibody staining (version 25.1, CC BY-SA 3.0)"},{"label":"Human Protein Atlas BRCA2 tissue","url":"https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000139618-BRCA2/tissue","note":"RNA tissue and blood lineage specificity, normal tissue antibody staining (version 25.1, CC BY-SA 3.0)"},{"label":"Open Targets ENSG00000012048 associations","url":"https://platform.opentargets.org/target/ENSG00000012048/associations","note":"cancer associations at or above 0.5 (CC0)"},{"label":"Open Targets ENSG00000139618 associations","url":"https://platform.opentargets.org/target/ENSG00000139618/associations","note":"cancer associations at or above 0.5 (CC0)"}],"biology":"Homologous recombination repair; loss forces reliance on error-prone pathways.","whereFound":["Breast (esp. TNBC)","Ovarian","Prostate","Pancreatic","Triple-negative breast cancer: germline pathogenic variant 7-11%","Triple-negative breast cancer: germline pathogenic variant 3-4%","Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: germline pathogenic variant 1.4-2%","Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: germline pathogenic variant 0.4-1%","Gallbladder cancer: mutation (somatic or germline) 1-5%","Prostate cancer: inactivating mutation, germline or somatic, plus deep deletion 3-11% depending on disease state","Prostate cancer: inactivating mutation, germline or somatic 0.2-2% depending on disease state"],"targetClass":"tumor-suppressor","prevalence":[{"cancerId":"tnbc","pct":"15-20","measure":"Germline BRCA1/2","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA_mutation","note":"BRCA1 predominant"},{"cancerId":"ovarian","pct":"15-20","measure":"Germline BRCA1/2; ~25% including somatic","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA_mutation"},{"cancerId":"prostate","pct":"8-12","measure":"Germline or somatic BRCA2 (metastatic)","source":"https://www.cbioportal.org/study/summary?id=prad_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018"},{"cancerId":"pancreatic","pct":"5-8","measure":"Germline BRCA1/2","source":"https://www.cbioportal.org/study/summary?id=paad_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018"},{"cancerId":"breast-hr-positive","pct":"3-5","measure":"Germline BRCA1/2","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA_mutation","note":"BRCA2 predominant"},{"cancerId":"tnbc","pct":"7-11","measure":"Germline pathogenic variant","source":"https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.57.1414","note":"8.5% of 1,824 TNBC patients unselected for family history (Couch 2015); 11.1% of 207 registry patients (Sharma 2014); BRCA1 and BRCA2 together 17.2% (50 of 291) in GeparSixto (Hahnen 2017) and 11.2% (Couch 2015); pathogenic variants in the TNBC risk genes BARD1, BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2 and RAD51D in 12.0% of 10,901 patients, 3.7% outside BRCA1/2 (Shimelis 2018). Biallelic loss of BRCA1 or BRCA2 in 29 of 237 whole genomes, 20 germline and 9 somatic (Staaf 2019)."},{"cancerId":"tnbc","pct":"3-4","measure":"Germline pathogenic variant","source":"https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.57.1414","note":"2.7% of 1,824 unselected patients (Couch 2015); 4.3% of 207 (Sharma 2014); somatic calls in 5 of 123, 4.1%, in brca_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018, 7 of 299, 2.3%, in brca_metabric and 8 of 176, 4.5%, in breast_msk_2018 (cBioPortal). Metastatic TNBCs carried somatic biallelic loss-of-function mutations in homologous recombination genes in 7% against 2% of early TNBCs (Bertucci 2019)."},{"cancerId":"pancreatic","pct":"1.4-2","measure":"Germline pathogenic variant","source":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.6228","note":"1.9% of 3,030 patients against 0.3% of controls, odds ratio 6.20 (Hu 2018); 12 of 854 apparently sporadic patients, 1.4% (Shindo 2017); 4 of 289 resected patients (Yurgelun 2019); 49 of 71 BRCA carriers in a three-centre series were BRCA2 (Golan 2014). Tumour sequencing (germline and somatic together): 67 of 2,336, 2.9%, in pdac_msk_2024; 8 of 383, 2.1%, in paad_qcmg_uq_2016; 11 of 395, 2.8%, in pancreas_msk_2024; 2 of 179 in paad_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018 (cBioPortal). POLO screened 3,315 metastatic patients to randomise 154 germline BRCA1/2 carriers (Golan 2019)."},{"cancerId":"pancreatic","pct":"0.4-1","measure":"Germline pathogenic variant","source":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.6228","note":"0.6% of 3,030 against 0.2% of controls, odds ratio 2.58 (Hu 2018); 3 of 854, 0.4% (Shindo 2017); 3 of 289 (Yurgelun 2019); 21 of 71 BRCA carriers (Golan 2014). Tumour sequencing: 16 of 2,336, 0.7%, in pdac_msk_2024; 5 of 383 in paad_qcmg_uq_2016; 2 of 179 in paad_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018 (cBioPortal)."},{"cancerId":"gallbladder","pct":"1-5","measure":"Mutation (somatic or germline)","source":"https://www.cbioportal.org/study/summary?id=gbc_mskcc_2022","note":"BRCA2 mutation in 13 of 244 samples, 5.3%, and BRCA1 in 3 of 244, 1.2%, in cBioPortal gbc_mskcc_2022; oncogenic BRCA1/2 variants among the actionable findings (Giraldo 2022); deleterious germline variants in BRCA1, BRCA2, RAD51D, MLH1 or MSH2 in 11% (16 of 146) of biliary tract cancer patients (Wardell 2018); gallbladder tumours had the highest rate of homologous recombination repair deficiency among biliary sites (Weinberg 2019)."},{"cancerId":"prostate","pct":"3-11","measure":"Inactivating mutation, germline or somatic, plus deep deletion","source":"https://www.cbioportal.org/study/summary?id=prad_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018","note":"cBioPortal mutation: 8 of 494, 1.6%, in prad_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018; 29 of 1,013, 2.9%, in prad_p1000; 19 of 424, 4.5%, in prad_mcspc_mskcc_2020; 91 of 2,260, 4.0%, in prostate_msk_2024; 37 of 444, 8.3%, in prad_su2c_2019; 10 of 150, 6.7%, in prad_su2c_2015. Deep deletion adds 2.2 to 11.5% (17 of 489, 3.5%, in prad_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018; 13 of 444, 2.9%, in prad_su2c_2019; 7 of 61, 11.5%, in prad_mich). Germline: 37 of 692 men with metastatic disease unselected for family history, 5.3% (Pritchard 2016)."},{"cancerId":"prostate","pct":"0.2-2","measure":"Inactivating mutation, germline or somatic","source":"https://www.cbioportal.org/study/summary?id=prad_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018","note":"cBioPortal mutation: 1 of 494, 0.2%, in prad_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018; 6 of 1,013, 0.6%, in prad_p1000; 1 of 424, 0.2%, in prad_mcspc_mskcc_2020; 18 of 2,260, 0.8%, in prostate_msk_2024; 8 of 444, 1.8%, in prad_su2c_2019. Germline: 6 of 692, 0.9% (Pritchard 2016)."}]},"route":"/targets/brca/","neighbours":{"pairing":[{"id":"germline-to-parp","kind":"pairing","name":"Germline BRCA test → adjuvant PARP inhibitor","route":"/pairings/germline-to-parp/"},{"id":"platinum-plus-hrd","kind":"pairing","name":"Platinum chemotherapy in HRD tumours","route":"/pairings/platinum-plus-hrd/"}],"biomarker":[{"id":"ctdna-tumour-fraction","kind":"biomarker","name":"Circulating tumour DNA fraction (and what a negative plasma result means)","route":"/biomarkers/ctdna-tumour-fraction/"},{"id":"brca-germline","kind":"biomarker","name":"Germline BRCA1/2 pathogenic variant (gBRCAm)","route":"/biomarkers/brca-germline/"},{"id":"hrr-gene-mutation","kind":"biomarker","name":"Homologous recombination repair gene mutation in prostate cancer","route":"/biomarkers/hrr-gene-mutation/"},{"id":"hrd-positive","kind":"biomarker","name":"HRD-positive (genomic instability score)","route":"/biomarkers/hrd-positive/"},{"id":"brca-somatic","kind":"biomarker","name":"Tumour (somatic or germline) BRCA1/2 mutation and HRR gene alterations","route":"/biomarkers/brca-somatic/"}],"cancer":[{"id":"tnbc-basal-like-1","kind":"cancer","name":"Basal-like 1 triple-negative breast cancer (BL1)","route":"/cancers/tnbc-basal-like-1/"},{"id":"borderline-resectable-pdac","kind":"cancer","name":"Borderline resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","route":"/cancers/borderline-resectable-pdac/"},{"id":"brca-palb2-pdac","kind":"cancer","name":"BRCA or PALB2-mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","route":"/cancers/brca-palb2-pdac/"},{"id":"brca-associated-tnbc","kind":"cancer","name":"BRCA-associated triple-negative breast cancer","route":"/cancers/brca-associated-tnbc/"},{"id":"medullary-pattern-breast-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Carcinoma with medullary pattern (medullary breast cancer)","route":"/cancers/medullary-pattern-breast-carcinoma/"},{"id":"gallbladder","kind":"cancer","name":"Gallbladder cancer","route":"/cancers/gallbladder/"},{"id":"high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"High-grade serous ovarian cancer","route":"/cancers/high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer/"},{"id":"breast-hr-positive","kind":"cancer","name":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","route":"/cancers/breast-hr-positive/"},{"id":"male-breast-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Male breast cancer","route":"/cancers/male-breast-cancer/"},{"id":"metastatic-pdac","kind":"cancer","name":"Metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","route":"/cancers/metastatic-pdac/"},{"id":"ovarian","kind":"cancer","name":"Ovarian cancer","route":"/cancers/ovarian/"},{"id":"pancreatic-acinar-cell-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma","route":"/cancers/pancreatic-acinar-cell-carcinoma/"},{"id":"pancreatic","kind":"cancer","name":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","route":"/cancers/pancreatic/"},{"id":"platinum-sensitive-ovarian-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer","route":"/cancers/platinum-sensitive-ovarian-cancer/"},{"id":"prostate","kind":"cancer","name":"Prostate cancer","route":"/cancers/prostate/"},{"id":"resectable-pdac","kind":"cancer","name":"Resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","route":"/cancers/resectable-pdac/"},{"id":"tnbc","kind":"cancer","name":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)","route":"/cancers/tnbc/"}],"drug":[{"id":"bracanalysis-cdx","kind":"drug","name":"BRACAnalysis CDx","route":"/drugs/bracanalysis-cdx/"},{"id":"mychoice-cdx","kind":"drug","name":"myChoice CDx","route":"/drugs/mychoice-cdx/"},{"id":"olaparib","kind":"drug","name":"Olaparib","route":"/drugs/olaparib/"},{"id":"rucaparib","kind":"drug","name":"Rucaparib","route":"/drugs/rucaparib/"},{"id":"talazoparib","kind":"drug","name":"Talazoparib","route":"/drugs/talazoparib/"},{"id":"veliparib","kind":"drug","name":"Veliparib","route":"/drugs/veliparib/"}],"pathway":[{"id":"base-excision-repair-parp","kind":"pathway","name":"Base excision repair, PARP & alkylation damage","route":"/pathways/base-excision-repair-parp/"},{"id":"breast-cancer-signalling","kind":"pathway","name":"Breast cancer (KEGG map)","route":"/pathways/breast-cancer-signalling/"},{"id":"ddr","kind":"pathway","name":"DNA damage response & homologous recombination","route":"/pathways/ddr/"},{"id":"homologous-recombination-repair","kind":"pathway","name":"Double-strand break repair: HR versus end joining","route":"/pathways/homologous-recombination-repair/"},{"id":"oncogene-activation-two-hit","kind":"pathway","name":"Drivers, passengers & the two-hit model","route":"/pathways/oncogene-activation-two-hit/"},{"id":"mutagenesis-signatures","kind":"pathway","name":"Mutagenesis & mutational signatures","route":"/pathways/mutagenesis-signatures/"},{"id":"pancreatic-cancer-signalling","kind":"pathway","name":"Pancreatic cancer (KEGG map)","route":"/pathways/pancreatic-cancer-signalling/"},{"id":"synthetic-lethality-map","kind":"pathway","name":"Synthetic lethality: paired dependencies","route":"/pathways/synthetic-lethality-map/"}],"term":[{"id":"basal-like","kind":"term","name":"Basal-like breast cancer","route":"/terms/basal-like/"},{"id":"brca-reversion-mutations","kind":"term","name":"BRCA reversion mutations","route":"/terms/brca-reversion-mutations/"},{"id":"genome-instability-mutation","kind":"term","name":"Enabling characteristic: genome instability and mutation","route":"/terms/genome-instability-mutation/"},{"id":"familial-pancreatic-cancer","kind":"term","name":"Familial pancreatic cancer and inherited risk (who qualifies for surveillance)","route":"/terms/familial-pancreatic-cancer/"},{"id":"founder-mutation","kind":"term","name":"Founder mutation (BRCA1 185delAG and 5382insC, BRCA2 6174delT)","route":"/terms/founder-mutation/"},{"id":"founder-variant","kind":"term","name":"Founder variant","route":"/terms/founder-variant/"},{"id":"genome-wide-loss-of-heterozygosity","kind":"term","name":"Genome-wide loss of heterozygosity (gLOH)","route":"/terms/genome-wide-loss-of-heterozygosity/"},{"id":"gbrca-mutation","kind":"term","name":"Germline BRCA mutation (gBRCA)","route":"/terms/gbrca-mutation/"},{"id":"germline-brca-testing-criteria-tnbc","kind":"term","name":"Germline BRCA testing criteria for triple-negative breast cancer (UK)","route":"/terms/germline-brca-testing-criteria-tnbc/"},{"id":"hereditary-cancer-syndromes","kind":"term","name":"Hereditary cancer syndromes","route":"/terms/hereditary-cancer-syndromes/"},{"id":"hgsoc","kind":"term","name":"High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC)","route":"/terms/hgsoc/"},{"id":"hrd","kind":"term","name":"Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD)","route":"/terms/hrd/"},{"id":"hrd-in-breast-cancer","kind":"term","name":"Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) in breast cancer","route":"/terms/hrd-in-breast-cancer/"},{"id":"mastectomy","kind":"term","name":"Mastectomy","route":"/terms/mastectomy/"},{"id":"salpingo-oophorectomy","kind":"term","name":"Salpingo-oophorectomy","route":"/terms/salpingo-oophorectomy/"},{"id":"tumour-suppressor-gene","kind":"term","name":"Tumour suppressor gene","route":"/terms/tumour-suppressor-gene/"},{"id":"prostate-hrr-eligibility","kind":"term","name":"Who is eligible for a PARP inhibitor in prostate cancer, and why the gene matters","route":"/terms/prostate-hrr-eligibility/"}],"paper":[{"id":"paper-donenberg-bahamas-brca1-founder-bcrt-2011","kind":"paper","name":"A high prevalence of BRCA1 mutations among breast cancer patients from the Bahamas","route":"/key-papers/paper-donenberg-bahamas-brca1-founder-bcrt-2011/"},{"id":"paper-quigley-brca2-reversion-cfdna-parp-resistance-cancer-discov-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Analysis of circulating cell-free DNA identifies multiclonal heterogeneity of BRCA2 reversion mutations associated with resistance to PARP inhibitors","route":"/key-papers/paper-quigley-brca2-reversion-cfdna-parp-resistance-cancer-discov-2017/"},{"id":"paper-hu-germline-mutations-pancreatic-cancer-risk-jama-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Association Between Inherited Germline Mutations in Cancer Predisposition Genes and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-hu-germline-mutations-pancreatic-cancer-risk-jama-2018/"},{"id":"paper-jensen-clonal-haematopoiesis-cfdna-interference-prostate-jama-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Association of clonal haematopoiesis in DNA repair genes with prostate cancer plasma cell-free DNA testing interference","route":"/key-papers/paper-jensen-clonal-haematopoiesis-cfdna-interference-prostate-jama-oncol-2021/"},{"id":"paper-connor-mutational-signatures-immune-pancreatic-jama-oncol-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Association of distinct mutational signatures with correlates of increased immune activity in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","route":"/key-papers/paper-connor-mutational-signatures-immune-pancreatic-jama-oncol-2017/"},{"id":"paper-bardia-ascent-trop2-biomarker-ann-oncol-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Biomarker analyses in the phase III ASCENT study of sacituzumab govitecan versus chemotherapy in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-bardia-ascent-trop2-biomarker-ann-oncol-2021/"},{"id":"paper-asco-biomarkers-metastatic-breast-cancer-guideline-jco-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Biomarkers for Systemic Therapy in Metastatic Breast Cancer: ASCO Guideline Update","route":"/key-papers/paper-asco-biomarkers-metastatic-breast-cancer-guideline-jco-2022/"},{"id":"paper-tutt-nat-med","kind":"paper","name":"Carboplatin in BRCA1/2-mutated and triple-negative breast cancer BRCAness subgroups: the TNT Trial","route":"/key-papers/paper-tutt-nat-med/"},{"id":"paper-annala-ctdna-resistance-abiraterone-enzalutamide-cancer-discov-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Circulating tumour DNA genomics correlate with resistance to abiraterone and enzalutamide in prostate cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-annala-ctdna-resistance-abiraterone-enzalutamide-cancer-discov-2018/"},{"id":"paper-atchley-brca-status-triple-negative-jco-2008","kind":"paper","name":"Clinical and pathologic characteristics of patients with BRCA-positive and BRCA-negative breast cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-atchley-brca-status-triple-negative-jco-2008/"},{"id":"paper-giraldo-gallbladder-msk-impact-ccr-2022","kind":"paper","name":"Comprehensive molecular characterization of gallbladder carcinoma and potential targets for intervention","route":"/key-papers/paper-giraldo-gallbladder-msk-impact-ccr-2022/"},{"id":"paper-wyatt-ctdna-tissue-concordance-mcrpc-jnci-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Concordance of circulating tumour DNA and matched metastatic tissue biopsy in prostate cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-wyatt-ctdna-tissue-concordance-mcrpc-jnci-2017/"},{"id":"paper-shindo-germline-sporadic-pancreatic-jco-2017","kind":"paper","name":"Deleterious germline mutations in patients with apparently sporadic pancreatic adenocarcinoma","route":"/key-papers/paper-shindo-germline-sporadic-pancreatic-jco-2017/"},{"id":"paper-gorski-brca1-founder-mutations-poland-ajhg-2000","kind":"paper","name":"Founder mutations in the BRCA1 gene in Polish families with breast-ovarian cancer","route":"/key-papers/paper-gorski-brca1-founder-mutations-poland-ajhg-2000/"},{"id":"paper-tukachinsky-ctdna-3334-advanced-prostate-ccr-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Genomic analysis of circulating tumour DNA in 3,334 patients with advanced prostate cancer identifies targetable BRCA alterations and AR resistance mechanisms","route":"/key-papers/paper-tukachinsky-ctdna-3334-advanced-prostate-ccr-2021/"},{"id":"paper-wardell-biliary-drivers-germline-j-hepatol-2018","kind":"paper","name":"Genomic characterization of biliary tract cancers identifies driver genes and predisposing mutations","route":"/key-papers/paper-wardell-biliary-drivers-germline-j-hepatol-2018/"},{"id":"paper-bertucci-metastatic-breast-genomics-nature-2019","kind":"paper","name":"Genomic characterization of metastatic breast 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