{"entity":{"id":"braf","kind":"target","name":"BRAF","aka":[],"tldr":"BRAF is a signalling kinase mutated in half of melanomas; blocking it with two drugs at once became a template for targeted therapy.","summary":"BRAF V600E/K mutations occur in ~50% of melanoma, ~10% of colorectal, ~2% of NSCLC, most papillary thyroid cancers, and hairy-cell leukaemia. BRAF+MEK inhibitor doublets (dabrafenib/trametinib, encorafenib/binimetinib) are standard; encorafenib+cetuximab (+chemotherapy, BREAKWATER) is first-line in BRAF V600E colorectal cancer since 2025-2026. Tumour-agnostic approval of dabrafenib/trametinib exists.","asOf":"2026-09-04","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRAF_(gene)","links":[{"label":"Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRAF_(gene)"}],"tags":["driver","kinase"],"related":["braf-v600e","braf-class-ii-iii","braf-fusion"],"cancers":["melanoma","colorectal","thyroid","nsclc","pancreatic","gallbladder"],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":["guardant360-cdx","oncomine-dx-target-test","therascreen-cdx","gc101-til"],"companies":["imagene-ai","nested-therapeutics"],"institutions":[],"pathways":["ras-mapk","colorectal-cancer-signalling","glioma-signalling","melanoma-signalling","pancreatic-cancer-signalling","thyroid-cancer-signalling"],"terms":["sidedness","braf-v600-mutation"],"trials":["nct05503797"],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":["paper-witkiewicz-pancreatic-exomes-utsw-nat-commun-2015","paper-philip-kras-wild-type-pancreatic-ccr-2022","paper-aguirre-real-time-genomic-characterisation-pancreatic-cancer-discov-2018","paper-venderbosch-mmr-braf-metastatic-colorectal-pooled-ccr-2014","paper-loree-tumour-location-continuum-colorectal-ccr-2018","paper-kopetz-beacon-encorafenib-braf-colorectal-nejm-2019","paper-breakwater-nejm-2025","paper-jones-non-v600-braf-colorectal-jco-2017","paper-kris-lung-cancer-mutation-consortium-jama-2014"],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: BRAF mutations or fusions in 1 to 3% overall but 13.0% of KRAS wild-type tumours, with BRAF fusions in a further 6.6% of them (Philip 2022). BRAF mutations are mutually exclusive with KRAS and conferred vemurafenib sensitivity in models (Witkiewicz 2015); the in-frame N486_P490 deletion class, the commonest BRAF event on the MSK panel, responds to MAPK pathway inhibition (Aguirre 2018).","Colorectal cancer: V600E in 6 to 18% by cohort and 8.2% of first-line metastatic patients (Venderbosch 2014), overwhelmingly right-sided (19.2% against 2.9%) and the molecular signature of the serrated, CIMP-high route, where it accompanies sporadic MLH1 methylation with an odds ratio of 203 (Weisenberger 2006). It carries the worst prognosis of any common colorectal genotype (overall survival hazard ratio 1.91) and is the one genotype with its own regimen, encorafenib plus cetuximab (BEACON CRC, BREAKWATER). Non-V600 mutations are a separate disease: 2.2% of patients, 22% of all BRAF mutations, younger, left-sided and with median overall survival of 60.7 months against 11.4 for V600E (Jones 2017); no approval covers them.","Lung cancer: V600E is only 1 to 2% of adenocarcinomas and a minority of all BRAF mutations, 31 of 133 records in the largest panel cohort, with class II and class III alleles (G469A, G466V, K601E, D594G) making up the rest (cBioPortal). That inverts the melanoma ratio and has a practical consequence: most BRAF-mutant lung cancer is not covered by the licensed V600E combination, and a class III allele can be activated rather than inhibited by a V600-directed drug."],"symbol":"BRAF","role":[],"sources":[],"specificity":"tumour-specific","distribution":"many-types","tumourAgnostic":true,"specificityNote":"Tumour-specific alteration: 3 of 3 label readouts filed under it measure a sequence variant (BRAF class II and class III mutations (non-V600), BRAF fusion or rearrangement, BRAF V600E (and V600K)) absent from normal cells. HPA BRAF: RNA low tissue specificity; high antibody staining in 29 normal tissues; highest cancer staining thyroid cancer (4 of 4 high). Distribution: 6 cancer families in the corpus carry a prevalence row, label threshold or catalogue link for it (Skin cancer (all types), Colorectal cancer, Thyroid cancer, Lung cancer (all types), Biliary tract cancer (all types), Brain and spinal cord tumours (all types)); approvals of single-target medicines aimed at it also list Erdheim-Chester disease, Rosai-Dorfman disease and other histiocytic neoplasms, Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), not counted; Open Targets associates it with 21 specific cancer types at or above 0.5 (melanoma, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, non-small cell lung carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and more). Tissue-agnostic: Dabrafenib US 2014: \"With trametinib: BRAF V600E/K metastatic melanoma; later adjuvant melanoma, BRAF V600E NSCLC, anaplastic thyroid cancer,\"; Dabrafenib + trametinib US 2022: \"BRAF V600E solid tumours, tumour-agnostic (age ≥6)\". (Rule 3 of scripts/fetch-target-specificity.ts.)","specificitySources":[{"label":"BRAF class II and class III mutations (non-V600)","url":"https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/in-vitro-diagnostics/list-cleared-or-approved-companion-diagnostic-devices-in-vitro-and-imaging-tools","note":"FDA: List of FDA-Authorized Companion Diagnostic Devices (the Ojemda row names V600 mutations and fusions; no companion claim covers class II or III point mutations)"},{"label":"BRAF fusion or rearrangement label threshold","url":"https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ea3a9631-3a66-6a7c-e053-2995a90ae2ad","note":"BRAF fusion or rearrangement, or BRAF V600 mutation"},{"label":"BRAF V600E (and V600K) label threshold","url":"https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=fee1e6b1-e1a5-4254-9f2e-a70e0f8dbdea","note":"BRAF V600E"},{"label":"Human Protein Atlas BRAF tissue","url":"https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000157764-BRAF/tissue","note":"RNA tissue and blood lineage specificity, normal tissue antibody staining (version 25.1, CC BY-SA 3.0)"},{"label":"Open Targets ENSG00000157764 associations","url":"https://platform.opentargets.org/target/ENSG00000157764/associations","note":"cancer associations at or above 0.5 (CC0)"}],"hgnc":"HGNC:1097","ensembl":"ENSG00000157764","uniprot":"P15056","entrez":"673","firstDescribed":1988,"firstDescribedBasis":"sequence","firstDescribedNote":"Earliest sequence paper UniProt cites for the protein: Ikawa et al, Mol. Cell. Biol, 1988, \"B-raf, a new member of the raf family, is activated by DNA rearrangement\".","firstDescribedSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3043188/","biology":"Serine/threonine kinase in the MAPK cascade; class I (V600) mutants are monomer-active and inhibitor-sensitive, class II/III are not.","whereFound":["Melanoma","Colorectal","Thyroid","NSCLC","Glioma (paediatric)","Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: mutation (v600e, in-frame deletion) or fusion 1-3%","Colorectal cancer: v600e mutation 6-18%","Colorectal cancer: class ii and class iii mutations (d594, g466, g469, k601, n581) and fusions 2-4%","Gallbladder cancer: mutation about 3%","Non-small-cell lung cancer: v600e mutation 1-2%","Non-small-cell lung cancer: class ii and class iii mutations (g469x, g466x, k601e, d594x) 3-4%"],"targetClass":"kinase","prevalence":[{"cancerId":"melanoma","pct":"45-50","measure":"V600 mutation","source":"https://www.cbioportal.org/study/summary?id=skcm_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018"},{"cancerId":"colorectal","pct":"8-12","measure":"V600E mutation","source":"https://www.cbioportal.org/study/summary?id=coadread_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018"},{"cancerId":"thyroid","pct":"40-60","measure":"Papillary V600E","source":"https://www.cbioportal.org/study/summary?id=thca_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018","note":"Near-universal in some PTC variants"},{"cancerId":"nsclc","pct":"2-4","measure":"V600E and non-V600","source":"https://www.cbioportal.org/study/summary?id=luad_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018"},{"cancerId":"pancreatic","pct":"1-3","measure":"Mutation (V600E, in-frame deletion) or fusion","source":"https://www.cbioportal.org/study/summary?id=pdac_msk_2024","note":"cBioPortal: mutation in 22 of 2,336, 0.9% (N486_P490del 6, V600E 3, V600R 2, T599dup 2), plus 7 fusions (SND1-BRAF 3) in pdac_msk_2024; 3 of 109, all V600E, in paad_utsw_2015, where BRAF mutations were mutually exclusive with KRAS and conferred vemurafenib sensitivity in models (Witkiewicz 2015); 2 of 179 in paad_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018 and 4 of 395 (V600E 2) in pancreas_msk_2024. 13.0% of 266 KRAS wild-type tumours carried a BRAF mutation and 6.6% a BRAF fusion (Philip 2022). Two of 71 advanced patients carried oncogenic in-frame BRAF deletions, the first clinical evidence that they respond to MAPK pathway inhibition (Aguirre 2018)."},{"cancerId":"colorectal","pct":"6-18","measure":"V600E mutation","source":"https://www.cbioportal.org/study/summary?id=crc_msk_2026","note":"cBioPortal: 575 of 7,237, 7.9%, in crc_msk_2026 (575 of 859 BRAF mutation records); 85 of 1,134, 7.5%, in crc_msk_2017; 88 of 1,516, 5.8%, in crc_eo_2020; 48 of 534, 9.0%, in coadread_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018; 20 of 224, 8.9%, in coadread_tcga_pub; 111 of 619, 17.9%, in coadread_dfci_2016 (a prospective population cohort, so it captures the older, right-sided, sporadic MSI cases that trial cohorts lose); 23 of 1,015, 2.3%, in crc_sysucc_2022. BRAF mutation was found in 250 of 3,063, 8.2%, of first-line metastatic patients pooled from CAIRO, CAIRO2, COIN and FOCUS (Venderbosch 2014)."},{"cancerId":"colorectal","pct":"2-4","measure":"Class II and class III mutations (D594, G466, G469, K601, N581) and fusions","source":"https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.71.4394","note":"208 of 9,643 sequenced metastatic colorectal cancers, 2.2%, and 22% of all BRAF mutations found (Jones 2017). cBioPortal, mutation records in crc_msk_2026: D594G 46, G469A 9, D594N 9, G466E 6, G469R 6, G469V 5, K601E 4, N581S 4, G466V 3, against 575 V600E; BRAF fusions appear as structural variants in 24 of 7,237 samples (TRIM24-BRAF 9, MKRN1-BRAF 4)."},{"cancerId":"gallbladder","pct":3,"measure":"Mutation","source":"https://www.cbioportal.org/study/summary?id=gbc_mskcc_2022","note":"Mutation in 7 of 244 samples, 2.9%, in cBioPortal gbc_mskcc_2022 and 5 of 103, 4.9%, in gbc_msk_2018; none of 32 exomes in gbc_shanghai_2014."},{"cancerId":"nsclc","pct":"1-2","measure":"V600E mutation","source":"https://www.cbioportal.org/study/summary?id=luad_mskcc_2023_met_organotropism","note":"cBioPortal, V600E records: 31 of 2,653 samples, 1.2%, in luad_mskcc_2023_met_organotropism; 18 of 915, 2.0%, in lung_msk_2017; 19 of 2,621, 0.7%, in nsclc_ctdx_msk_2022; 9 of 566, 1.6%, in luad_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018; 5 of 230, 2.2%, in luad_tcga_pub. Any BRAF mutation is far commoner: 132 of 2,653 (5.0%), 50 of 915 (5.5%) and 41 of 566 (7.2%). BRAF of any kind was the driver in 16 of 733 fully genotyped adenocarcinomas, 2% (Kris 2014)."},{"cancerId":"nsclc","pct":"3-4","measure":"Class II and class III mutations (G469X, G466X, K601E, D594X)","source":"https://www.cbioportal.org/study/summary?id=luad_mskcc_2023_met_organotropism","note":"cBioPortal, mutation records in luad_mskcc_2023_met_organotropism: G469A 15, G466V 8, D594G 5, G469V 4, K601E 4, D594N 3, against 31 V600E, in the 132 of 2,653 samples with any BRAF mutation (5.0%); in nsclc_ctdx_msk_2022, 60 non-V600 records against 19 V600E in the 79 of 2,621 mutated samples (3.0%); in luad_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018, 35 non-V600 records against 9 V600E."}]},"route":"/targets/braf/","neighbours":{"biomarker":[{"id":"braf-class-ii-iii","kind":"biomarker","name":"BRAF class II and class III mutations (non-V600)","route":"/biomarkers/braf-class-ii-iii/"},{"id":"braf-fusion","kind":"biomarker","name":"BRAF fusion or rearrangement","route":"/biomarkers/braf-fusion/"},{"id":"braf-v600e","kind":"biomarker","name":"BRAF V600E (and V600K)","route":"/biomarkers/braf-v600e/"}],"cancer":[{"id":"acral-melanoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Acral melanoma","route":"/cancers/acral-melanoma/"},{"id":"advanced-melanoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Advanced melanoma (unresectable stage III and stage IV)","route":"/cancers/advanced-melanoma/"},{"id":"ampullary","kind":"cancer","name":"Ampullary cancer (ampulla of Vater)","route":"/cancers/ampullary/"},{"id":"anaplastic-thyroid-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Anaplastic thyroid cancer","route":"/cancers/anaplastic-thyroid-cancer/"},{"id":"cholangiocarcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Biliary tract cancer (cholangiocarcinoma)","route":"/cancers/cholangiocarcinoma/"},{"id":"braf-v600-melanoma","kind":"cancer","name":"BRAF V600-mutant melanoma","route":"/cancers/braf-v600-melanoma/"},{"id":"braf-v600e-colorectal","kind":"cancer","name":"BRAF V600E-mutant colorectal cancer","route":"/cancers/braf-v600e-colorectal/"},{"id":"braf-v600e-nsclc","kind":"cancer","name":"BRAF V600E-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","route":"/cancers/braf-v600e-nsclc/"},{"id":"brain-tumours","kind":"cancer","name":"Brain and spinal cord tumours (all types)","route":"/cancers/brain-tumours/"},{"id":"cancer-of-unknown-primary","kind":"cancer","name":"Cancer of unknown primary (CUP)","route":"/cancers/cancer-of-unknown-primary/"},{"id":"cup-unfavourable","kind":"cancer","name":"Cancer of unknown primary, unfavourable (adenocarcinoma and poorly differentiated carcinoma)","route":"/cancers/cup-unfavourable/"},{"id":"colorectal","kind":"cancer","name":"Colorectal cancer","route":"/cancers/colorectal/"},{"id":"conjunctival-melanoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Conjunctival melanoma","route":"/cancers/conjunctival-melanoma/"},{"id":"craniopharyngioma","kind":"cancer","name":"Craniopharyngioma","route":"/cancers/craniopharyngioma/"},{"id":"early-onset-colorectal","kind":"cancer","name":"Early-onset colorectal cancer (under 50)","route":"/cancers/early-onset-colorectal/"},{"id":"erdheim-chester-disease","kind":"cancer","name":"Erdheim-Chester disease","route":"/cancers/erdheim-chester-disease/"},{"id":"histiocytoses","kind":"cancer","name":"Erdheim-Chester disease, Rosai-Dorfman disease and other histiocytic neoplasms","route":"/cancers/histiocytoses/"},{"id":"gallbladder","kind":"cancer","name":"Gallbladder cancer","route":"/cancers/gallbladder/"},{"id":"gist","kind":"cancer","name":"Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST)","route":"/cancers/gist/"},{"id":"glioblastoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Glioma & glioblastoma","route":"/cancers/glioblastoma/"},{"id":"hairy-cell-leukemia","kind":"cancer","name":"Hairy cell leukaemia","route":"/cancers/hairy-cell-leukemia/"},{"id":"kras-wild-type-pdac","kind":"cancer","name":"KRAS wild-type pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","route":"/cancers/kras-wild-type-pdac/"},{"id":"langerhans-cell-histiocytosis","kind":"cancer","name":"Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH)","route":"/cancers/langerhans-cell-histiocytosis/"},{"id":"lung-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Lung cancer (all types)","route":"/cancers/lung-cancer/"},{"id":"melanoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Melanoma","route":"/cancers/melanoma/"},{"id":"msi-high-colorectal","kind":"cancer","name":"Mismatch-repair deficient (MSI-high) colorectal cancer","route":"/cancers/msi-high-colorectal/"},{"id":"lch-multisystem","kind":"cancer","name":"Multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis (with or without risk-organ involvement)","route":"/cancers/lch-multisystem/"},{"id":"nsclc","kind":"cancer","name":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","route":"/cancers/nsclc/"},{"id":"paediatric-high-grade-glioma","kind":"cancer","name":"Paediatric high-grade glioma (excluding diffuse midline glioma)","route":"/cancers/paediatric-high-grade-glioma/"},{"id":"paediatric-low-grade-glioma","kind":"cancer","name":"Paediatric low-grade glioma","route":"/cancers/paediatric-low-grade-glioma/"},{"id":"pancreatic-acinar-cell-carcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma","route":"/cancers/pancreatic-acinar-cell-carcinoma/"},{"id":"pancreatic","kind":"cancer","name":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","route":"/cancers/pancreatic/"},{"id":"papillary-thyroid-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Papillary thyroid cancer","route":"/cancers/papillary-thyroid-cancer/"},{"id":"rosai-dorfman-disease","kind":"cancer","name":"Rosai-Dorfman-Destombes disease","route":"/cancers/rosai-dorfman-disease/"},{"id":"colorectal-serrated-adenocarcinoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Serrated adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum","route":"/cancers/colorectal-serrated-adenocarcinoma/"},{"id":"lch-single-system","kind":"cancer","name":"Single-system Langerhans cell histiocytosis (bone, skin or one other organ)","route":"/cancers/lch-single-system/"},{"id":"skin-cancer","kind":"cancer","name":"Skin cancer (all types)","route":"/cancers/skin-cancer/"},{"id":"stage-iii-melanoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Stage III melanoma (after surgery)","route":"/cancers/stage-iii-melanoma/"},{"id":"thyroid","kind":"cancer","name":"Thyroid cancer","route":"/cancers/thyroid/"},{"id":"vaginal-melanoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Vaginal melanoma","route":"/cancers/vaginal-melanoma/"},{"id":"vulvar-melanoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Vulvar melanoma","route":"/cancers/vulvar-melanoma/"}],"drug":[{"id":"binimetinib","kind":"drug","name":"Binimetinib","route":"/drugs/binimetinib/"},{"id":"cobimetinib","kind":"drug","name":"Cobimetinib","route":"/drugs/cobimetinib/"},{"id":"dabrafenib","kind":"drug","name":"Dabrafenib","route":"/drugs/dabrafenib/"},{"id":"dabrafenib-trametinib","kind":"drug","name":"Dabrafenib + trametinib","route":"/drugs/dabrafenib-trametinib/"},{"id":"donafenib","kind":"drug","name":"Donafenib","route":"/drugs/donafenib/"},{"id":"encorafenib","kind":"drug","name":"Encorafenib","route":"/drugs/encorafenib/"},{"id":"gc101-til","kind":"drug","name":"GC101 TIL","route":"/drugs/gc101-til/"},{"id":"guardant360-cdx","kind":"drug","name":"Guardant360 CDx","route":"/drugs/guardant360-cdx/"},{"id":"oncomine-dx-target-test","kind":"drug","name":"Oncomine Dx Target Test","route":"/drugs/oncomine-dx-target-test/"},{"id":"sorafenib","kind":"drug","name":"Sorafenib","route":"/drugs/sorafenib/"},{"id":"therascreen-cdx","kind":"drug","name":"therascreen companion diagnostic kits (KRAS, EGFR, PIK3CA, FGFR, BRAF)","route":"/drugs/therascreen-cdx/"},{"id":"tovorafenib","kind":"drug","name":"Tovorafenib","route":"/drugs/tovorafenib/"},{"id":"vemurafenib","kind":"drug","name":"Vemurafenib","route":"/drugs/vemurafenib/"}],"company":[{"id":"black-diamond-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Black Diamond Therapeutics","route":"/companies/black-diamond-therapeutics/"},{"id":"imagene-ai","kind":"company","name":"Imagene AI","route":"/companies/imagene-ai/"},{"id":"nested-therapeutics","kind":"company","name":"Nested Therapeutics","route":"/companies/nested-therapeutics/"},{"id":"pierre-fabre","kind":"company","name":"Pierre Fabre","route":"/companies/pierre-fabre/"}],"pathway":[{"id":"colorectal-cancer-signalling","kind":"pathway","name":"Colorectal cancer (KEGG map)","route":"/pathways/colorectal-cancer-signalling/"},{"id":"oncogene-activation-two-hit","kind":"pathway","name":"Drivers, passengers & the two-hit model","route":"/pathways/oncogene-activation-two-hit/"},{"id":"drug-tolerant-persisters","kind":"pathway","name":"Drug-tolerant persister cells","route":"/pathways/drug-tolerant-persisters/"},{"id":"glioma-signalling","kind":"pathway","name":"Glioma (KEGG map)","route":"/pathways/glioma-signalling/"},{"id":"melanoma-signalling","kind":"pathway","name":"Melanoma (KEGG map)","route":"/pathways/melanoma-signalling/"},{"id":"pancreatic-cancer-signalling","kind":"pathway","name":"Pancreatic cancer (KEGG map)","route":"/pathways/pancreatic-cancer-signalling/"},{"id":"ras-mapk","kind":"pathway","name":"RAS / RAF / MEK / ERK (MAPK)","route":"/pathways/ras-mapk/"},{"id":"thyroid-cancer-signalling","kind":"pathway","name":"Thyroid cancer (KEGG map)","route":"/pathways/thyroid-cancer-signalling/"}],"term":[{"id":"anti-egfr-rechallenge","kind":"term","name":"Anti-EGFR rechallenge","route":"/terms/anti-egfr-rechallenge/"},{"id":"braf-v600-mutation","kind":"term","name":"BRAF V600E mutation","route":"/terms/braf-v600-mutation/"},{"id":"conversion-therapy-colorectal","kind":"term","name":"Conversion therapy in bowel cancer","route":"/terms/conversion-therapy-colorectal/"},{"id":"cimp","kind":"term","name":"CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)","route":"/terms/cimp/"},{"id":"downstream","kind":"term","name":"Downstream and upstream","route":"/terms/downstream/"},{"id":"driver-passenger-model","kind":"term","name":"Driver and passenger mutations: the refined somatic mutation theory","route":"/terms/driver-passenger-model/"},{"id":"driver-mutation","kind":"term","name":"Driver mutation","route":"/terms/driver-mutation/"},{"id":"extended-ras-testing","kind":"term","name":"Extended RAS testing","route":"/terms/extended-ras-testing/"},{"id":"growth-signal","kind":"term","name":"Growth signal","route":"/terms/growth-signal/"},{"id":"sustaining-proliferative-signaling","kind":"term","name":"Hallmark: sustaining proliferative signalling","route":"/terms/sustaining-proliferative-signaling/"},{"id":"kinase","kind":"term","name":"Kinase","route":"/terms/kinase/"},{"id":"oncogene","kind":"term","name":"Oncogene","route":"/terms/oncogene/"},{"id":"serrated-pathway","kind":"term","name":"Serrated pathway","route":"/terms/serrated-pathway/"},{"id":"sidedness","kind":"term","name":"Sidedness (left vs right colon)","route":"/terms/sidedness/"},{"id":"tert-promoter","kind":"term","name":"TERT promoter mutation","route":"/terms/tert-promoter/"}],"trial":[{"id":"nct05503797","kind":"trial","name":"A Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of FORE8394 in Participants With Cancer Harboring BRAF Alterations","route":"/trials/nct05503797/"},{"id":"beacon-crc","kind":"trial","name":"BEACON CRC","route":"/trials/beacon-crc/"},{"id":"breakwater","kind":"trial","name":"BREAKWATER","route":"/trials/breakwater/"},{"id":"brf113928","kind":"trial","name":"BRF113928 cohort C (dabrafenib with trametinib, untreated BRAF V600E)","route":"/trials/brf113928/"},{"id":"cairo5","kind":"trial","name":"CAIRO5","route":"/trials/cairo5/"},{"id":"chronos","kind":"trial","name":"CHRONOS","route":"/trials/chronos/"},{"id":"cobrim","kind":"trial","name":"coBRIM","route":"/trials/cobrim/"},{"id":"columbus","kind":"trial","name":"COLUMBUS","route":"/trials/columbus/"},{"id":"combi-ad","kind":"trial","name":"COMBI-AD","route":"/trials/combi-ad/"},{"id":"combi-d","kind":"trial","name":"COMBI-d","route":"/trials/combi-d/"},{"id":"correct","kind":"trial","name":"CORRECT","route":"/trials/correct/"},{"id":"decision-sorafenib","kind":"trial","name":"DECISION","route":"/trials/decision-sorafenib/"},{"id":"dreamseq","kind":"trial","name":"DREAMseq (ECOG-ACRIN 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