{"entity":{"id":"all-leukemia","kind":"cancer","name":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","aka":[],"tldr":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the childhood cancer success story, and was the first disease treated with CAR-T and with a T-cell engager.","summary":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the commonest childhood cancer and a rarer, harder disease in adults. B-cell precursor ALL (85%) is classified by genetics into favourable (ETV6::RUNX1, high hyperdiploidy), intermediate, and adverse groups (KMT2A rearrangement, hypodiploidy, Ph-like/CRLF2, iAMP21, TCF3::HLF); Ph-positive (BCR::ABL1) disease accounts for a quarter of adult cases. T-ALL (15%) has its own genetics and, since 2023, its own targeted options (nelarabine, BCL-2 inhibition in trials). Measurable residual disease after induction is the strongest predictor of relapse in every subgroup.\n\nChildren are cured in over 90% with risk-adapted multi-agent chemotherapy over two to three years, and since 2024 with blinatumomab woven into consolidation (AALL1731: 3-year DFS 96% vs 88%). Adults do worse with chemotherapy alone, but three immunotherapies changed the picture: blinatumomab (E1910: 3-year OS 85% vs 68% when added frontline; standard in MRD-positive and relapsed disease), the CD22 ADC inotuzumab ozogamicin (INO-VATE: 81% remission in relapse), and CD19 CAR-T (tisagenlecleucel for patients up to 25; obe-cel for adults, 2024). Ph-positive ALL is treated with a BCR::ABL1 inhibitor (ponatinib preferred since PhALLCON, 2024) and increasingly with TKI plus blinatumomab and no chemotherapy at all (D-ALBA), while KMT2A-rearranged disease now has menin inhibitors.\n\nAllogeneic transplant remains standard for high-risk or MRD-persistent disease but is being pushed back by MRD-negative remissions achieved with immunotherapy. The unsolved problems are CD19-negative relapse after CAR-T and blinatumomab, T-ALL relapse, Ph-like ALL, infant KMT2A-rearranged ALL, the late toxicities of paediatric therapy, and the very different outcomes for adolescents and adults treated outside specialised centres.","asOf":"2026-09-04","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_lymphoblastic_leukemia","links":[{"label":"NCCN ALL guidelines","url":"https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/guidelines-detail?category=1&id=1410"}],"tags":["heme"],"related":["paediatric-oncology-roadmap","aml","bpdcn","cll"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":["t-cell-engager","car-t","kinase-inhibitors","adc","allogeneic-hsct","flow-cytometry-mrd","ngs-mrd-clonoseq","cytogenetics-fish"],"targets":["cd19","cd3","menin","cd7","cd22","bcr-abl","kmt2a"],"drugs":["clonoseq","clofarabine","nelarabine","prednisone","dexrazoxane","rasburicase","dorocubicel","aminopterin"],"companies":["amgen","pfizer","novartis","autolus","takeda","bms","adaptive-biotechnologies","ecog-acrin","childrens-oncology-group"],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":["ph-positive-all","mrd-negative-cr","crs","icans","pci-term"],"trials":["ccss","nct07570173","aall0434"],"people":["gertrude-elion"],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":["journal-of-pediatric-hematology-oncology","journal-of-pediatric-hematology-oncology-nursing","pediatric-hematology-and-oncology"],"dependsOn":[],"notes":[],"group":"haematologic","burden":"About 6,500 US cases a year, 60% in children; 5-year survival above 90% in children and about 40-50% in adults, better in those under 40 treated on paediatric-style regimens.","subtypes":["B-cell precursor ALL (85%): ETV6::RUNX1, high hyperdiploidy (favourable); Ph-positive BCR::ABL1 (25% of adults); Ph-like/CRLF2 (adverse, targetable in trials); KMT2A-rearranged (infants); hypodiploid, iAMP21, TCF3::HLF, DUX4/ZNF384 fusions","T-cell ALL (15%): early T-precursor (ETP) subtype adverse; NOTCH1 mutated majority","Mixed-phenotype acute leukaemia","Burkitt-type (mature B) leukaemia, treated as lymphoma"],"biomarkers":["BCR-ABL (Ph+)","KMT2A","Ph-like signature","MRD (flow/NGS)","MRD by flow (10^-4) or clonoSEQ/PCR (10^-5 to 10^-6) at end of induction and consolidation","BCR::ABL1 (Ph+) and transcript type","KMT2A rearrangement (menin inhibitor eligibility; infants)","Ph-like signature (CRLF2, ABL-class fusions, JAK mutations)","IKZF1 deletion / IKZF1-plus (adverse, especially in Ph+)","Hypodiploidy (<44 chromosomes) and TP53 germline testing","CD19 and CD22 expression and density (immunotherapy targets and escape)","CNS involvement at diagnosis","Age and white count (NCI risk in children)"],"standardOfCare":[{"setting":"Frontline","approach":"Risk-adapted chemotherapy + blinatumomab consolidation; TKI if Ph+.","refs":["blinatumomab"],"guideline":{"version":"NCCN Guidelines: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia","url":"https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/guidelines-detail?category=1&id=1410"}},{"setting":"Relapsed","approach":"CAR-T (tisagenlecleucel, obe-cel), inotuzumab, transplant.","refs":["car-t","revumenib"],"guideline":{"version":"NCCN Guidelines: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia","url":"https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/guidelines-detail?category=1&id=1410"}},{"setting":"Children, standard risk B-ALL","approach":"Risk-adapted multi-agent chemotherapy (induction, consolidation, interim maintenance, delayed intensification, 2-3 years maintenance) with two cycles of blinatumomab in consolidation (AALL1731, approved June 2024); intrathecal CNS prophylaxis; cranial radiation abandoned for most.","refs":["blinatumomab","aall1731","flow-cytometry-mrd"],"guideline":{"nccn":"Category 1 (blinatumomab in consolidation)","version":"NCCN Pediatric ALL 2026"}},{"setting":"Children, high risk or MRD-positive","approach":"Intensified chemotherapy; blinatumomab for MRD persistence (AALL1331 in relapse); inotuzumab and CAR-T (tisagenlecleucel) for relapse; allogeneic transplant for very high risk or MRD persistence.","refs":["blinatumomab","inotuzumab-ozogamicin","tisagenlecleucel","allogeneic-hsct","aall1331"],"guideline":{"nccn":"Category 2A","version":"NCCN Pediatric ALL 2026"}},{"setting":"Infants (<1 year), KMT2A-rearranged","approach":"Interfant-21 backbone with blinatumomab; transplant for high-risk; menin inhibitors in trials.","refs":["blinatumomab","interfant-06","idea-menin-infant-all","kmt2a"],"guideline":{"nccn":"Clinical trial preferred","version":"NCCN Pediatric ALL 2026"}},{"setting":"Adolescents and young adults (15-39), Ph-negative","approach":"Paediatric-inspired regimens (CALGB 10403, GRAALL, UKALL) with asparaginase; blinatumomab consolidation (E1910); MRD-guided transplant.","refs":["blinatumomab","e1910","ngs-mrd-clonoseq","graall-2005"],"guideline":{"nccn":"Category 1 (blinatumomab consolidation)","version":"NCCN ALL 2026"}},{"setting":"Adults 40-70, Ph-negative","approach":"Hyper-CVAD or age-adapted multi-agent chemotherapy with blinatumomab interleaved in consolidation (E1910); inotuzumab-containing lower-intensity regimens (Mini-hyper-CVD + InO ± blinatumomab) for older adults; MRD-driven transplant.","refs":["blinatumomab","inotuzumab-ozogamicin","e1910","allogeneic-hsct"],"guideline":{"nccn":"Category 1 (E1910 regimen)","version":"NCCN ALL 2026"}},{"setting":"Ph-positive ALL, newly diagnosed","approach":"Ponatinib (PhALLCON) or dasatinib with reduced-intensity chemotherapy, or chemotherapy-free TKI + blinatumomab (D-ALBA); BCR::ABL1 PCR monitoring; transplant for MRD persistence or IKZF1-plus, increasingly omitted for MRD-negative patients.","refs":["ponatinib","dasatinib","blinatumomab","phallcon","d-alba","tki-plus-blinatumomab-ph-all"],"guideline":{"nccn":"Category 2A (ponatinib preferred TKI)","version":"NCCN ALL 2026"}},{"setting":"MRD-positive after induction or consolidation","approach":"Blinatumomab (BLAST; full approval 2018) to convert to MRD negativity, then transplant or continued blinatumomab-based therapy.","refs":["blinatumomab","mrd-negative-cr","allogeneic-hsct"],"guideline":{"nccn":"Category 1","version":"NCCN ALL 2026"}},{"setting":"Relapsed or refractory B-ALL","approach":"Blinatumomab (TOWER) or inotuzumab (INO-VATE) as salvage and bridge; CD19 CAR-T (tisagenlecleucel ≤25 years; obe-cel or brexucabtagene in adults) for second salvage or as definitive therapy; transplant for those not previously transplanted; CD22 or dual CAR-T for CD19-negative relapse in trials.","refs":["blinatumomab","inotuzumab-ozogamicin","tisagenlecleucel","obecabtagene-autoleucel","tower","ino-vate","felix","eliana"],"guideline":{"nccn":"Category 2A","version":"NCCN ALL 2026"}},{"setting":"T-cell ALL","approach":"Intensive paediatric-type chemotherapy with nelarabine for high-risk (AALL0434); relapse: nelarabine, venetoclax combinations, CD7 CAR-T and daratumumab in trials; transplant in CR2.","refs":["venetoclax","allogeneic-hsct"],"guideline":{"nccn":"Category 2A","version":"NCCN ALL 2026"}}],"stateOfArt":["Immunotherapy in frontline paediatric therapy.","Blinatumomab in frontline consolidation improves survival in adults (E1910) and children (AALL1731) regardless of MRD; approved June 2024.","Ph-positive ALL: ponatinib is the preferred TKI (PhALLCON) and chemotherapy-free TKI + blinatumomab regimens achieve 18-month survival near 95%.","Two CD19 CAR-T products for ALL (tisagenlecleucel, obe-cel) with obe-cel showing markedly lower severe CRS and neurotoxicity; REMS removed for CAR-T in 2025.","Inotuzumab ozogamicin gives ~80% remission in relapse and is moving into frontline lower-intensity regimens for older adults and children.","MRD at 10^-5 to 10^-6 (clonoSEQ, PCR) is the organising principle for transplant, blinatumomab, and de-escalation decisions.","Menin inhibitors reach KMT2A-rearranged ALL, the first targeted therapy for infant leukaemia."],"history":[{"year":1948,"title":"Farber: aminopterin remissions, birth of chemotherapy","refs":[]},{"year":1948,"title":"Farber induces the first leukaemia remissions","note":"Aminopterin in children with ALL; the birth of cancer chemotherapy.","refs":[]},{"year":1962,"title":"Combination chemotherapy and CNS prophylaxis","note":"Pinkel's 'total therapy' at St. Jude: multi-agent induction, cranial irradiation, maintenance; first cures.","refs":[]},{"year":1990,"title":"Risk-adapted therapy standardised","note":"NCI/Rome criteria (age, white count); paediatric cooperative groups reach ~70% cure.","refs":[]},{"year":2000,"title":"Imatinib transforms Ph-positive leukaemia","note":"First BCR::ABL1 inhibitor; Ph+ ALL survival doubles when added to chemotherapy.","refs":["imatinib","bcr-abl"]},{"year":2009,"title":"MRD becomes the key risk factor","note":"AIEOP-BFM 2000 and UKALL 2003 show end-of-induction MRD outperforms every clinical factor; MRD-directed therapy adopted.","refs":["flow-cytometry-mrd","mrd-negative-cr"]},{"year":2012,"title":"First CAR-T cures: Emily Whitehead","note":"CTL019 at CHOP/Penn; durable remission of refractory paediatric ALL.","refs":["tisagenlecleucel"]},{"year":2014,"title":"Blinatumomab: first BiTE","refs":["blinatumomab"]},{"year":2014,"title":"Blinatumomab: first bispecific T-cell engager approved","note":"Accelerated approval in relapsed/refractory Ph-negative B-ALL.","refs":["blinatumomab"]},{"year":2016,"title":"INO-VATE: CD22 ADC beats chemotherapy in relapse","note":"CR/CRi 81% vs 29%; approval 2017.","refs":["inotuzumab-ozogamicin","ino-vate"]},{"year":2017,"title":"Tisagenlecleucel: first CAR-T","refs":[]},{"year":2017,"title":"Kymriah: first CAR-T approved; TOWER confirms blinatumomab OS benefit","note":"ELIANA-based approval for ALL up to age 25; TOWER OS 7.7 vs 4.0 months.","refs":["tisagenlecleucel","eliana","tower"]},{"year":2018,"title":"Blinatumomab approved for MRD-positive ALL","note":"First approval based on an MRD endpoint (BLAST).","refs":["blinatumomab","mrd-negative-cr"]},{"year":2020,"title":"D-ALBA: chemotherapy-free Ph+ ALL","note":"Dasatinib then blinatumomab, 18-month OS 95%.","refs":["d-alba","dasatinib"]},{"year":2024,"title":"Blinatumomab frontline","refs":[]},{"year":2024,"title":"Blinatumomab frontline (E1910, AALL1731), ponatinib frontline (PhALLCON), obe-cel approved","note":"Immunotherapy becomes part of standard first-line therapy for adults and children; second CAR-T for adult ALL; revumenib approved for KMT2Ar leukaemia.","refs":["e1910","aall1731","phallcon","obecabtagene-autoleucel","revumenib"]},{"year":2025,"title":"REMS removed for CAR-T; menin inhibitor combinations enter ALL trials","note":"FDA lifts REMS for approved CAR-T products; ziftomenib and revumenib studied in KMT2Ar ALL.","refs":["tisagenlecleucel","ziftomenib"]},{"year":2026,"title":"Subcutaneous blinatumomab and Interfant-21 progress","note":"Subcutaneous blinatumomab trials (including the first in mixed-phenotype leukaemia) aim to replace continuous infusion; infant trials integrate blinatumomab.","refs":["blinatumomab","interfant-06"]}],"pipeline":["revumenib","mk-1045","ucart22","crc01","tbi-1501","obecabtagene-autoleucel","ponatinib","asciminib","tki-plus-blinatumomab-ph-all","idea-transplant-free-ph-all","idea-menin-infant-all","ziftomenib","inotuzumab-ozogamicin","ngs-mrd-clonoseq","blinatumomab-frontline-consolidation","allogeneic-hsct"],"openProblems":["Adult ALL outcomes.","CD19-negative relapse.","CD19-negative relapse after blinatumomab or CAR-T; CD22 and dual-antigen CARs are early.","T-cell ALL has no approved immunotherapy; CD7 CAR-T (fratricide) and venetoclax combinations are experimental.","Ph-like ALL (CRLF2, JAK) has poor outcomes and only trial access to JAK/ABL-class inhibitors.","Infant KMT2A-rearranged ALL still has EFS under 50% on chemotherapy alone.","Continuous-infusion blinatumomab is burdensome; subcutaneous formulation not yet approved.","Which adults can safely skip transplant after MRD-negative immunotherapy remission is untested in randomised trials.","Late effects of curative paediatric therapy (neurocognitive, cardiac, second cancers) and survivorship care.","Adults treated outside academic centres have markedly worse survival; access to CAR-T and paediatric-inspired protocols is uneven."],"parent":"leukaemia"},"route":"/cancers/all-leukemia/","neighbours":{"roadmap":[{"id":"paediatric-oncology-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Paediatric oncology roadmap: cooperative-group cures → engineered immunity → drugs developed for children first","route":"/roadmaps/paediatric-oncology-roadmap/"}],"cancer":[{"id":"aml","kind":"cancer","name":"Acute myeloid leukaemia","route":"/cancers/aml/"},{"id":"aya-cancers","kind":"cancer","name":"Adolescent and young adult cancers (ages 15 to 39)","route":"/cancers/aya-cancers/"},{"id":"bpdcn","kind":"cancer","name":"Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN)","route":"/cancers/bpdcn/"},{"id":"burkitt-leukaemia","kind":"cancer","name":"Burkitt leukaemia","route":"/cancers/burkitt-leukaemia/"},{"id":"burkitt-lymphoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Burkitt lymphoma","route":"/cancers/burkitt-lymphoma/"},{"id":"childhood-cancers","kind":"cancer","name":"Childhood cancers (all types)","route":"/cancers/childhood-cancers/"},{"id":"cll","kind":"cancer","name":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","route":"/cancers/cll/"},{"id":"all-paediatric-high-risk","kind":"cancer","name":"High-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children (high-risk B-ALL and T-ALL)","route":"/cancers/all-paediatric-high-risk/"},{"id":"all-infant","kind":"cancer","name":"Infant acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (KMT2A-rearranged, under one year)","route":"/cancers/all-infant/"},{"id":"leukaemia","kind":"cancer","name":"Leukaemia (all types)","route":"/cancers/leukaemia/"},{"id":"mixed-phenotype-acute-leukaemia","kind":"cancer","name":"Mixed-phenotype acute leukaemia","route":"/cancers/mixed-phenotype-acute-leukaemia/"},{"id":"all-ph-like","kind":"cancer","name":"Philadelphia chromosome-like acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (Ph-like or BCR::ABL1-like ALL)","route":"/cancers/all-ph-like/"},{"id":"all-paediatric-ph-positive","kind":"cancer","name":"Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children (Ph-positive ALL)","route":"/cancers/all-paediatric-ph-positive/"},{"id":"all-paediatric-relapsed","kind":"cancer","name":"Relapsed and refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children","route":"/cancers/all-paediatric-relapsed/"},{"id":"all-paediatric-standard-risk","kind":"cancer","name":"Standard-risk B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children","route":"/cancers/all-paediatric-standard-risk/"}],"technology":[{"id":"rejuv-ayac-distinct-group","kind":"technology","name":"Adolescents and young adults: a group with its own cancers, its own gap and its own needs","route":"/technologies/rejuv-ayac-distinct-group/"},{"id":"rejuv-access-survivorship-care-lmic","kind":"technology","name":"After treatment in low and middle income countries: mostly nothing","route":"/technologies/rejuv-access-survivorship-care-lmic/"},{"id":"allogeneic-cell-banks","kind":"technology","name":"Allogeneic cell banks: one donor, hundreds of doses","route":"/technologies/allogeneic-cell-banks/"},{"id":"allogeneic-hsct","kind":"technology","name":"Allogeneic stem cell transplantation","route":"/technologies/allogeneic-hsct/"},{"id":"adc","kind":"technology","name":"Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC)","route":"/technologies/adc/"},{"id":"car-t-manufacturing-process","kind":"technology","name":"Autologous CAR-T manufacturing, batch by batch","route":"/technologies/car-t-manufacturing-process/"},{"id":"rejuv-paed-bone","kind":"technology","name":"Bone after childhood cancer: peak bone mass, osteonecrosis and what rebuilds","route":"/technologies/rejuv-paed-bone/"},{"id":"car-t","kind":"technology","name":"CAR-T cell therapy","route":"/technologies/car-t/"},{"id":"cytogenetics-fish","kind":"technology","name":"Cytogenetics and FISH","route":"/technologies/cytogenetics-fish/"},{"id":"rejuv-ayac-education-and-work","kind":"technology","name":"Education, work and the years that were interrupted","route":"/technologies/rejuv-ayac-education-and-work/"},{"id":"functional-precision-medicine-haematology","kind":"technology","name":"Ex vivo drug sensitivity screening in blood cancers (EXALT)","route":"/technologies/functional-precision-medicine-haematology/"},{"id":"rejuv-paed-fertility-male","kind":"technology","name":"Fertility in boys and young men treated for cancer, including testicular tissue banking","route":"/technologies/rejuv-paed-fertility-male/"},{"id":"rejuv-paed-fertility-female","kind":"technology","name":"Fertility in girls and young women treated for cancer, including ovarian tissue freezing","route":"/technologies/rejuv-paed-fertility-female/"},{"id":"flow-cytometers","kind":"technology","name":"Flow cytometers","route":"/technologies/flow-cytometers/"},{"id":"global-oncology-access","kind":"technology","name":"Global oncology and access in low- and middle-income countries","route":"/technologies/global-oncology-access/"},{"id":"rejuv-paed-growth-and-height","kind":"technology","name":"Growth and final height after treatment in childhood, and growth hormone","route":"/technologies/rejuv-paed-growth-and-height/"},{"id":"rejuv-paed-chronic-disease-burden","kind":"technology","name":"How much illness childhood cancer survivors carry, and at what age","route":"/technologies/rejuv-paed-chronic-disease-burden/"},{"id":"rejuv-life-insurance-loans-and-the-right-to-be-forgotten","kind":"technology","name":"Insurance, mortgages and the right to be forgotten","route":"/technologies/rejuv-life-insurance-loans-and-the-right-to-be-forgotten/"},{"id":"rejuv-paed-late-mortality","kind":"technology","name":"Late deaths after childhood cancer, what causes them, and the proof that gentler treatment worked","route":"/technologies/rejuv-paed-late-mortality/"},{"id":"log-kill-hypothesis","kind":"technology","name":"Log-kill hypothesis (Skipper)","route":"/technologies/log-kill-hypothesis/"},{"id":"rejuv-paed-uk-long-term-follow-up","kind":"technology","name":"Long-term follow-up in the United Kingdom: what a survivor is actually offered","route":"/technologies/rejuv-paed-uk-long-term-follow-up/"},{"id":"rejuv-measure-cognitive-function","kind":"technology","name":"Measuring memory and concentration after treatment","route":"/technologies/rejuv-measure-cognitive-function/"},{"id":"rejuv-paed-neurocognitive","kind":"technology","name":"Memory, attention and learning after treatment of a childhood cancer","route":"/technologies/rejuv-paed-neurocognitive/"},{"id":"menin-inhibitors","kind":"technology","name":"Menin inhibitors","route":"/technologies/menin-inhibitors/"},{"id":"metabolic-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Metabolic therapy: starving the tumour of a nutrient","route":"/technologies/metabolic-therapy/"},{"id":"flow-cytometry-mrd","kind":"technology","name":"Multiparameter flow cytometry MRD","route":"/technologies/flow-cytometry-mrd/"},{"id":"ngs-mrd-clonoseq","kind":"technology","name":"NGS-based MRD (clonoSEQ and molecular MRD)","route":"/technologies/ngs-mrd-clonoseq/"},{"id":"fertility-preservation","kind":"technology","name":"Oncofertility and fertility preservation","route":"/technologies/fertility-preservation/"},{"id":"ovarian-function-after-chemotherapy","kind":"technology","name":"Ovarian function after chemotherapy: who recovers, and when","route":"/technologies/ovarian-function-after-chemotherapy/"},{"id":"rejuv-mind-traumatic-stress-after-cancer","kind":"technology","name":"Post-traumatic stress after cancer: what is measured, and how much of it is measurement","route":"/technologies/rejuv-mind-traumatic-stress-after-cancer/"},{"id":"anthracycline-cardioprotection","kind":"technology","name":"Protecting the heart during anthracycline treatment: dexrazoxane, beta blockers and ACE inhibitors","route":"/technologies/anthracycline-cardioprotection/"},{"id":"rejuv-access-rehabilitation-referral","kind":"technology","name":"Referral to rehabilitation: the service most people who need it never see","route":"/technologies/rejuv-access-rehabilitation-referral/"},{"id":"rejuv-paed-second-cancers","kind":"technology","name":"Second cancers after childhood cancer: the risk by treatment, and why it is falling","route":"/technologies/rejuv-paed-second-cancers/"},{"id":"rejuv-ayac-services","kind":"technology","name":"Services built for teenagers and young adults, and what the national evaluation found","route":"/technologies/rejuv-ayac-services/"},{"id":"kinase-inhibitors","kind":"technology","name":"Small-molecule kinase inhibitors","route":"/technologies/kinase-inhibitors/"},{"id":"survivorship-care-plan","kind":"technology","name":"Survivorship care and late-effects surveillance","route":"/technologies/survivorship-care-plan/"},{"id":"t-cell-engager","kind":"technology","name":"T-cell engagers (bispecific)","route":"/technologies/t-cell-engager/"},{"id":"rejuv-paed-teeth-and-face","kind":"technology","name":"Teeth, jaws and facial growth after treatment in 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