# VEGF / VEGFR

Source: https://onco.cc/targets/vegf/  
OnCo record `vegf` (Target). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

The signal tumours use to grow their own blood supply. Blocking it starves tumours and, surprisingly, helps immunotherapy work.

## Summary

Bevacizumab (2004) was the first anti-angiogenic. VEGFR TKIs (cabozantinib, lenvatinib, axitinib) are standard in RCC, HCC, and thyroid cancer, usually with PD-1 blockade. PD-1×VEGF bispecific ivonescimab beat pembrolizumab on PFS in NSCLC (HARMONi-2) and is the most-watched bispecific in solid tumours.

## Fields

- Kind: Target
- Last checked: 2026-09-04
- Tags: angiogenesis
- Symbol: VEGFA, KDR, FLT1, FLT4, PGF
- Class: other
- Biology: VEGF is an endothelial growth factor that is also immunosuppressive in the tumour microenvironment.
- Where found: Tumour vasculature across solid tumours

## Sources

- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_endothelial_growth_factor
- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_endothelial_growth_factor

## Connected records

- cancers: [Adrenocortical carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/adrenocortical/), [Advanced and metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma (ENSAT stage IV or unresectable)](https://onco.cc/cancers/advanced-adrenocortical-carcinoma/), [Cervical cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/cervical/), [Colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/colorectal/), [Endometrial cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/endometrial/), [Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/gastric/), [Glioma & glioblastoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/glioblastoma/), [Hepatocellular carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/hcc/), [HER2-amplified colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/her2-amplified-colorectal/), [Kaposi sarcoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/kaposi-sarcoma/), [KRAS G12C-mutant colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/kras-g12c-colorectal/), [Mesothelioma](https://onco.cc/cancers/mesothelioma/), [Metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma](https://onco.cc/cancers/metastatic-ppgl/), [Nasopharyngeal carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/nasopharyngeal/), [Neuroendocrine tumours](https://onco.cc/cancers/neuroendocrine/), [Non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/nsclc/), [Oesophageal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/esophageal/), [Osteosarcoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/osteosarcoma/), [Ovarian cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/ovarian/), [Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours](https://onco.cc/cancers/pancreatic-net/), [PD-L1-high non-small-cell lung cancer without a driver mutation](https://onco.cc/cancers/pdl1-high-nsclc/), [Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL)](https://onco.cc/cancers/pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma/), [Rectal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/rectal-cancer/), [Renal cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/rcc/), [Salivary gland cancers](https://onco.cc/cancers/salivary-gland/), [Sarcomas (soft tissue, bone, GIST)](https://onco.cc/cancers/sarcoma/), [Thymic carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/thymic-carcinoma/), [Thymoma (WHO types A, AB, B1, B2 and B3)](https://onco.cc/cancers/thymoma/), [Thymoma and thymic carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/thymic-epithelial/), [Thyroid cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/thyroid/), [Vascular tumours (angiosarcoma, epithelioid haemangioendothelioma, kaposiform haemangioendothelioma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/vascular-tumours/)
- drugs: [AI-081](https://onco.cc/drugs/ai-081/), [Anlotinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/anlotinib/), [Axitinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/axitinib/), [Bevacizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/bevacizumab/), [Bevacizumab (glioblastoma use)](https://onco.cc/drugs/bevacizumab-glioma/), [Cabozantinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/cabozantinib/), [Camrelizumab + rivoceranib](https://onco.cc/drugs/camrelizumab-rivoceranib/), [Cediranib](https://onco.cc/drugs/cediranib/), [Chiauranib](https://onco.cc/drugs/chiauranib/), [Donafenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/donafenib/), [Fruquintinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/fruquintinib/), [Ivonescimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/ivonescimab/), [Lenvatinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/lenvatinib/), [Nintedanib](https://onco.cc/drugs/nintedanib/), [Pazopanib](https://onco.cc/drugs/pazopanib/), [PM8002](https://onco.cc/drugs/pm8002/), [Propranolol (Hemangeol)](https://onco.cc/drugs/propranolol-hemangeol/), [Ramucirumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/ramucirumab/), [Regorafenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/regorafenib/), [Rivoceranib (apatinib)](https://onco.cc/drugs/rivoceranib/), [Sorafenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/sorafenib/), [Sunitinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/sunitinib/), [Surufatinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/surufatinib/), [Tivozanib](https://onco.cc/drugs/tivozanib/), [Tovecimig](https://onco.cc/drugs/tovecimig/), [Vandetanib](https://onco.cc/drugs/vandetanib/), [Vorolanib](https://onco.cc/drugs/vorolanib/), [Zanzalintinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/zanzalintinib/), [Ziv-aflibercept](https://onco.cc/drugs/ziv-aflibercept/)
- companies: [Biocon Biologics](https://onco.cc/companies/biocon-biologics/), [Compass Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/compass-therapeutics/), [Hetero Drugs](https://onco.cc/companies/hetero/)
- pathways: [Bladder cancer (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/bladder-cancer-signalling/), [Cold tumours: immune deserts and exclusion](https://onco.cc/pathways/immune-desert-exclusion/), [Colorectal cancer (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/colorectal-cancer-signalling/), [Gastric cancer (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/gastric-cancer-signalling/), [Glioma (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/glioma-signalling/), [Hepatocellular carcinoma (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/hepatocellular-carcinoma-signalling/), [Intravasation & circulating tumour cells](https://onco.cc/pathways/intravasation-ctc-survival/), [Myeloid suppression: TAMs, MDSCs & don't-eat-me signals](https://onco.cc/pathways/myeloid-suppression-axis/), [Nutrient competition & metabolic immunosuppression](https://onco.cc/pathways/nutrient-competition-tme/), [Renal cell carcinoma (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/renal-cell-carcinoma-signalling/), [The angiogenic switch & tumour vessels](https://onco.cc/pathways/angiogenic-switch/), [The cancer-immunity cycle](https://onco.cc/pathways/cancer-immunity-cycle/), [The pre-metastatic niche](https://onco.cc/pathways/pre-metastatic-niche/), [Tumour microenvironment (TME)](https://onco.cc/pathways/tumor-microenvironment/), [VEGF angiogenesis](https://onco.cc/pathways/vegf-angiogenesis/), [VHL / HIF oxygen sensing](https://onco.cc/pathways/hif-vhl/)
- trials: [AVF2107g](https://onco.cc/trials/avf2107g/), [BEATcc / ENGOT-Cx10 / GOG-3030](https://onco.cc/trials/beatcc/), [CAIRO3](https://onco.cc/trials/cairo3/), [CAIRO5](https://onco.cc/trials/cairo5/), [CALGB/SWOG 80405](https://onco.cc/trials/calgb-80405/), [CONCUR](https://onco.cc/trials/concur/), [CORRECT](https://onco.cc/trials/correct/), [DECISION](https://onco.cc/trials/decision-sorafenib/), [EA2197 ivonescimab: ivonescimab with gemcitabine and cisplatin versus standard chemo-immunotherapy in advanced biliary tract cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/ea2197-ivonescimab/), [FRESCO](https://onco.cc/trials/fresco/), [FRESCO-2](https://onco.cc/trials/fresco-2/), [GOG-0218 & ICON7 (bevacizumab)](https://onco.cc/trials/gog-0218-icon7/), [HARMONi-2](https://onco.cc/trials/harmoni-2/), [HARMONi-A](https://onco.cc/trials/harmoni-a/), [IMbrave150](https://onco.cc/trials/imbrave150/), [IMpower150](https://onco.cc/trials/impower150/), [KEYNOTE-775 / Study 309](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-775/), [LUME-Lung 1](https://onco.cc/trials/lume-lung-1/), [MAPS](https://onco.cc/trials/maps/), [PAOLA-1 / ENGOT-ov25](https://onco.cc/trials/paola-1/), [PARADIGM](https://onco.cc/trials/paradigm/), [RAINBOW](https://onco.cc/trials/rainbow/), [RAISE](https://onco.cc/trials/raise/), [REVEL](https://onco.cc/trials/revel/), [SANET-ep and SANET-p](https://onco.cc/trials/sanet/), [SELECT](https://onco.cc/trials/select-lenvatinib/), [SEVILLA](https://onco.cc/trials/sevilla/), [SUNLIGHT](https://onco.cc/trials/sunlight/), [TRIBE](https://onco.cc/trials/tribe/), [TRIBE2](https://onco.cc/trials/tribe2/), [VELOUR](https://onco.cc/trials/velour/)
- pairings: [Lenvatinib + pembrolizumab (pMMR endometrial cancer after platinum)](https://onco.cc/pairings/lenvatinib-plus-pembrolizumab/), [PARP inhibitor + bevacizumab maintenance (HRD-positive)](https://onco.cc/pairings/parp-plus-bevacizumab/)
- key papers: [CLEAR: lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab versus sunitinib as first treatment for advanced kidney cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-clear-nejm-2021/), [Effect of first-line chemotherapy combined with cetuximab or bevacizumab on overall survival in KRAS wild-type advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer (CALGB/SWOG 80405)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-venook-calgb-80405-cetuximab-vs-bevacizumab-jama-2017/), [FOLFIRI plus cetuximab versus FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab as first-line treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (FIRE-3)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-heinemann-fire-3-cetuximab-vs-bevacizumab-lancet-oncol-2014/), [FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab versus FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab as first-line treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: updated overall survival and molecular subgroup analyses of TRIBE](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-cremolini-tribe-folfoxiri-bevacizumab-lancet-oncol-2015/), [Fruquintinib versus placebo in patients with refractory metastatic colorectal cancer (FRESCO-2)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-dasari-fresco-2-fruquintinib-lancet-2023/), [HARMONi-2: ivonescimab, a PD-1 x VEGF bispecific, beats pembrolizumab head-to-head in PD-L1-positive lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-harmoni-2-lancet-2025/), [Hurwitz 2004: bevacizumab with chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer, the first anti-angiogenic drug to extend life](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-hurwitz-bevacizumab-crc-nejm-2004/), [IMbrave150: atezolizumab plus bevacizumab replaces sorafenib as first treatment for advanced liver cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-imbrave150-nejm-2020/), [Impact of consensus molecular subtype on survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: results from CALGB/SWOG 80405](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-lenz-cms-calgb-swog-80405-jco-2019/), [Paclitaxel-carboplatin alone or with bevacizumab for non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-sandler-ecog-4599-bevacizumab-nsclc-nejm-2006/), [Panitumumab vs Bevacizumab Added to Standard First-line Chemotherapy and Overall Survival Among Patients With RAS Wild-type, Left-Sided Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-paradigm-jama-2023/), [PAOLA-1: olaparib added to bevacizumab maintenance in newly diagnosed ovarian cancer, with benefit confined to HRD-positive tumours](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-paola-1-nejm-2019/), [Prognostic and predictive value of primary tumour side in patients with RAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer treated with chemotherapy and EGFR directed antibodies in six randomized trials](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-arnold-primary-tumour-side-ras-wild-type-ann-oncol-2017/), [Regorafenib monotherapy for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (CORRECT)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-grothey-correct-regorafenib-lancet-2013/), [Trifluridine-tipiracil and bevacizumab in refractory metastatic colorectal cancer (SUNLIGHT)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-prager-sunlight-trifluridine-tipiracil-bevacizumab-nejm-2023/)
- technologies: [Anti-angiogenic therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/antiangiogenic/), [Quantum-dot and molecular ultrasound imaging agents](https://onco.cc/technologies/quantum-dot-imaging/)
- targets: [HIF-1α (HIF1A)](https://onco.cc/targets/hif1a/), [PALD1 (paladin)](https://onco.cc/targets/pald1/), [TIE2 receptor (TEK)](https://onco.cc/targets/tie2/)
- people: [Alan P. Venook](https://onco.cc/people/alan-venook/), [Ann-Lii Cheng](https://onco.cc/people/ann-lii-cheng/), [Bradley J. Monk](https://onco.cc/people/bradley-monk/), [Brian I. Rini](https://onco.cc/people/brian-rini/), [Caicun Zhou](https://onco.cc/people/zhou-caicun/), [Emily K. Bergsland](https://onco.cc/people/emily-bergsland/), [Isabelle Ray-Coquard](https://onco.cc/people/isabelle-ray-coquard/), [Judah Folkman](https://onco.cc/people/judah-folkman/), [Nicoletta Colombo](https://onco.cc/people/nicoletta-colombo/), [Qing Zhou](https://onco.cc/people/qing-zhou/), [Robert J. Motzer](https://onco.cc/people/robert-motzer/), [Robert L. Coleman](https://onco.cc/people/robert-coleman/), [Wenfeng Fang](https://onco.cc/people/fang-wenfeng/), [Winette T. A. van der Graaf](https://onco.cc/people/winette-van-der-graaf/)
- terms: [Angiogenesis](https://onco.cc/terms/angiogenesis/), [Growth factor](https://onco.cc/terms/growth-factor/), [Hallmark: inducing or accessing vasculature](https://onco.cc/terms/inducing-angiogenesis/), [Immune exclusion](https://onco.cc/terms/immune-exclusion/), [Ligand](https://onco.cc/terms/ligand/), [Mechanical theory: stiffness, pressure and force as causes](https://onco.cc/terms/mechanical-theory-of-cancer/), [Microenvironment and inflammation: tumours as wounds that do not heal](https://onco.cc/terms/microenvironment-inflammation-theory/), [Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs)](https://onco.cc/terms/myeloid-derived-suppressor-cells/)
- ideas: [What actually holds T cells at the tumour border?](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-immune-exclusion-drivers/)
- institutions: [National Taiwan University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/ntuh/), [UZ Leuven / Leuven Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/uz-leuven/), [Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University](https://onco.cc/institutions/zhongshan-hospital-fudan/)

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