# TP53

Source: https://onco.cc/targets/tp53/  
OnCo record `tp53` (Target). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

TP53 is the 'guardian of the genome', broken in half of all cancers. Fixing it directly has so far defeated every attempt, so drugs exploit what its loss makes cancers depend on.

## Summary

TP53 is the most commonly mutated gene in cancer (~50% overall, ~80% in TNBC and ovarian). Direct reactivators (eprenetapopt/APR-246) failed in phase 3; Y220C-specific correctors (rezatapopt) are in registrational trials. Indirect strategies exploit G2/M checkpoint dependence (WEE1, ATR, PLK1) and MDM2 inhibition in TP53-wild-type tumours.

## Fields

- Kind: Target
- Last checked: 2026-09-04
- Tags: tumour-suppressor; undrugged
- Symbol: TP53
- Class: tumor-suppressor
- Biology: Transcription factor coordinating cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, and senescence after DNA damage.
- Where found: Nearly every cancer type; near-universal in TNBC, high-grade serous ovarian, SCLC; Triple-negative breast cancer: mutation about 80%; Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: mutation 66-76%; Colorectal cancer: mutation (with 17p loss) 52-73%; Gallbladder cancer: mutation about 63%; Non-small-cell lung cancer: mutation 46-54%; Non-small-cell lung cancer: mutation 83-94%; Small-cell lung cancer: biallelic inactivation 86-100%; Prostate cancer: inactivating mutation, with deep deletion on top 3-41% depending on disease state

## Notes

- Triple-negative breast cancer: TP53 is mutated in about 80% of basal-like tumours (Cancer Genome Atlas 2012) and 79 to 90% of triple-negative samples across TCGA, METABRIC and MSK (cBioPortal), reaching 92% in the BL1 subtype (Bareche 2018); with RB1 loss it removes the G1 checkpoint that CDK4/6 inhibitors need.
- Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: mutated in 66 to 76% by cohort (cBioPortal), the second driver after KRAS; hotspots R175H, R248Q, R248W and R273H recur. It marks shorter disease-free but not overall survival after resection (hazard ratio 1.33; Qian 2018), and mismatch repair deficient tumours are typically KRAS and TP53 wild-type (Luchini 2021).
- Colorectal cancer: mutated in 52 to 73%, the late step of the classical sequence, with 17p loss in 75% of carcinomas but almost no early adenomas (Vogelstein 1988). It is strongly left-sided (79.2% against 56.7%) and strongly microsatellite-stable (78.3% against 30.5%), so it tracks the chromosomally unstable class rather than the disease as a whole (cBioPortal).
- Lung cancer: the clearest molecular reading of smoking history. Mutated in 46 to 54% of Western adenocarcinoma, 36.1% in East Asian adenocarcinoma, 15.5% in never-smoker whole genomes, 83 to 94% of squamous tumours and nearly all small-cell tumours (cBioPortal; George 2015). With RB1 loss in an EGFR-mutant adenocarcinoma it defines the group at risk of transforming into small-cell carcinoma (Lee 2017, Offin 2019).
- Lymphoma, TP53 loss, in mantle cell lymphoma and in Richter transformation: TP53 is the commonest route by which a lymphoma stops responding to chemotherapy, because chemotherapy kills largely by provoking a p53-dependent death. In mantle cell lymphoma it travels with blastoid morphology, a high Ki-67 and CDKN2A deletion. In Richter transformation it is one of two lesions that dominate the genetics, and the transformed clone is usually the same clone as the leukaemia rather than a second cancer. Frequency: In 183 younger mantle cell lymphoma patients from the Nordic MCL2 and MCL3 trials, TP53 mutation in 11% and TP53 deletion in 16%, with CDKN2A deletion in 20% and NOTCH1 mutation in 4%; only TP53 mutation kept its prognostic weight in multivariable analysis, with a hazard ratio of 6.2 for overall survival, a median overall survival of 1.8 years against 12.7 years for unmutated cases, and half the mutated group relapsing within a year (Eskelund 2017). In 86 cases of Richter syndrome, TP53 disruption in 47.1% and MYC abnormality in 26.2%; clonally unrelated transformations had both a longer median survival, 62.5 against 14.2 months, and less TP53 disruption, 23.1% against 60.0% (Rossi 2011). What it changes about treatment: In mantle cell lymphoma, yes in practice if not yet on any label: a TP53 mutation is the usual reason to abandon intensive cytarabine-based induction and autologous transplant and to go to a BTK inhibitor, a BCL-2 inhibitor or CAR-T instead. In Richter transformation it is the main prognostic variable, and establishing whether the large-cell clone is related to the leukaemic one changes the expected outcome more than any drug does.

## Sources

- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P53
- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P53
- Eskelund et al., Blood 2017: TP53 mutations in 183 younger mantle cell lymphoma patients from Nordic MCL2 and MCL3: https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2017-04-779736
- Rossi et al., Blood 2011: the genetics of Richter syndrome in 86 pathologically proven cases: https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-09-302174

## Connected records

- biomarkers: [TP53 mutation and del(17p)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/tp53-del17p/), [Treatment-emergent neuroendocrine transformation (recognising it)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/nepc-transformation/)
- cancers: [Acute myeloid leukaemia](https://onco.cc/cancers/aml/), [Adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas](https://onco.cc/cancers/pancreatic-adenosquamous-carcinoma/), [Adrenocortical carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/adrenocortical/), [Advanced and metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma (ENSAT stage IV or unresectable)](https://onco.cc/cancers/advanced-adrenocortical-carcinoma/), [ALK-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/alk-negative-anaplastic-large-cell-lymphoma/), [Appendiceal adenocarcinoma (mucinous and non-mucinous, including signet ring cell)](https://onco.cc/cancers/appendiceal-adenocarcinoma/), [Appendiceal cancer and pseudomyxoma peritonei](https://onco.cc/cancers/appendiceal/), [Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant (grades 2 to 4)](https://onco.cc/cancers/idh-mutant-astrocytoma/), [Basal-like 1 triple-negative breast cancer (BL1)](https://onco.cc/cancers/tnbc-basal-like-1/), [Burkitt lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/burkitt-lymphoma/), [Choroid plexus carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/choroid-plexus-carcinoma/), [Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia](https://onco.cc/cancers/cll/), [Colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/colorectal/), [Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/cutaneous-scc/), [Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/dlbcl/), [Endometrial cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/endometrial/), [Ewing sarcoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/ewing-sarcoma/), [Extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/extensive-stage-sclc/), [Extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/extrapulmonary-nec/), [Follicular lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/), [Gallbladder cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/gallbladder/), [Glioma & glioblastoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/glioblastoma/), [Grade 3 well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumour](https://onco.cc/cancers/grade-3-net/), [Higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes](https://onco.cc/cancers/mds-higher-risk/), [HPV-independent vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (p53-mutant)](https://onco.cc/cancers/hpv-independent-vulvar-cancer/), [Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm and other pancreatic cystic precursors](https://onco.cc/cancers/ipmn-cystic-precursors/), [Invasive carcinoma arising in an intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN-associated carcinoma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/ipmn-associated-carcinoma/), [Limited-stage small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/limited-stage-sclc/), [Localised adrenocortical carcinoma (ENSAT stage I to III, resectable)](https://onco.cc/cancers/localised-adrenocortical-carcinoma/), [Lung cancer (all types)](https://onco.cc/cancers/lung-cancer/), [Mantle cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/mantle-cell-lymphoma/), [Medulloblastoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/medulloblastoma/), [Multiple myeloma](https://onco.cc/cancers/multiple-myeloma/), [Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms (MDS)](https://onco.cc/cancers/mds/), [Neuroendocrine and small-cell prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/prostate-nepc/), [Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (all types)](https://onco.cc/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/), [Non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/nsclc/), [Osteosarcoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/osteosarcoma/), [Ovarian cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/ovarian/), [p53-abnormal endometrial cancer, including uterine serous carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/endometrial-p53-abnormal/), [Paediatric high-grade glioma (excluding diffuse midline glioma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/paediatric-high-grade-glioma/), [Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/pancreatic/), [Penile cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/penile/), [Plasma cell leukaemia](https://onco.cc/cancers/plasma-cell-leukaemia/), [Prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/prostate/), [Retinoblastoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/retinoblastoma/), [Rhabdomyosarcoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/rhabdomyosarcoma/), [Richter transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia](https://onco.cc/cancers/richter-transformation-cll/), [Secondary and therapy-related acute myeloid leukaemia](https://onco.cc/cancers/aml-secondary/), [SHH-activated medulloblastoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/medulloblastoma-shh/), [Small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/sclc/), [Testicular germ cell tumours](https://onco.cc/cancers/testicular/), [Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)](https://onco.cc/cancers/tnbc/), [Undifferentiated carcinoma of the pancreas with osteoclast-like giant cells](https://onco.cc/cancers/pancreatic-undifferentiated-carcinoma-ogc/), [Uterine carcinosarcoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/uterine-carcinosarcoma/), [Vulvar cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/vulvar/), [Wilms tumour (nephroblastoma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/wilms-tumor/)
- drugs: [Eprenetapopt](https://onco.cc/drugs/eprenetapopt/), [KRT-232](https://onco.cc/drugs/krt-232/), [OSE2101](https://onco.cc/drugs/ose2101/), [Selinexor](https://onco.cc/drugs/selinexor/)
- companies: [Aprea Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/aprea-therapeutics/), [Bulsara Bioworks](https://onco.cc/companies/bulsara-bioworks/), [Debiopharm](https://onco.cc/companies/debiopharm/), [FinalDose](https://onco.cc/companies/finaldose/), [Nested Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/nested-therapeutics/), [Photys Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/photys-therapeutics/)
- pathways: [Basal cell carcinoma (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/basal-cell-carcinoma-signalling/), [Breast cancer (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/breast-cancer-signalling/), [Cancer stem cells & phenotypic plasticity](https://onco.cc/pathways/cancer-stem-cells-plasticity/), [Cellular senescence](https://onco.cc/pathways/senescence/), [Chromosomal instability & aneuploidy](https://onco.cc/pathways/chromosomal-instability/), [Chronic myeloid leukaemia (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/cml-signalling/), [Clonal evolution & minimal residual disease](https://onco.cc/pathways/clonal-evolution/), [Clonal haematopoiesis (CHIP)](https://onco.cc/pathways/clonal-haematopoiesis/), [Colorectal cancer (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/colorectal-cancer-signalling/), [DNA damage response & homologous recombination](https://onco.cc/pathways/ddr/), [DNA replication stress](https://onco.cc/pathways/replication-stress/), [Drivers, passengers & the two-hit model](https://onco.cc/pathways/oncogene-activation-two-hit/), [Endometrial cancer (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/endometrial-cancer-signalling/), [Field cancerisation](https://onco.cc/pathways/field-cancerisation/), [Gastric cancer (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/gastric-cancer-signalling/), [Hepatocellular carcinoma (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/hepatocellular-carcinoma-signalling/), [Intrinsic apoptosis (BCL-2 family)](https://onco.cc/pathways/apoptosis-bcl2/), [Lineage plasticity & neuroendocrine transformation](https://onco.cc/pathways/lineage-plasticity-neuroendocrine/), [MicroRNAs in cancer](https://onco.cc/pathways/micrornas-in-cancer/), [Mitosis & the spindle assembly checkpoint](https://onco.cc/pathways/mitotic-spindle-checkpoint/), [Non-small cell lung cancer (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/nsclc-signalling/), [Oncogenic viruses](https://onco.cc/pathways/oncogenic-viruses/), [p53 / RB / cell-cycle checkpoint](https://onco.cc/pathways/p53-cell-cycle/), [Pancreatic cancer (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/pancreatic-cancer-signalling/), [Small cell lung cancer (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/sclc-signalling/), [Synthetic lethality: paired dependencies](https://onco.cc/pathways/synthetic-lethality-map/), [The cell-cycle engine (cyclins & CDKs)](https://onco.cc/pathways/cell-cycle-engine-cdks/), [The p53 network (guardian of the genome)](https://onco.cc/pathways/p53-mdm2-axis/), [Thyroid cancer (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/thyroid-cancer-signalling/)
- trials: [A Study of Safety, Tolerability and Preliminary Efficacy of NTS071 in Subjects With Advanced Solid Tumors Harboring a TP53 Y220C Mutation](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07060989/), [PORTEC-3](https://onco.cc/trials/portec-3/), [XPORT-EC-042 / ENGOT-EN20 / GOG-3083](https://onco.cc/trials/xport-ec-042/)
- key papers: [A combination of molecular markers and clinical features improve the classification of pancreatic cysts](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-springer-pancreatic-cyst-molecular-classification-gastroenterology-2015/), [A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-fearon-cell/), [A probabilistic classification tool for genetic subtypes of diffuse large B cell lymphoma with therapeutic implications](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-wright-lymphgen-genetic-subtypes-dlbcl-cancer-cell-2020/), [A renewed model of pancreatic cancer evolution based on genomic rearrangement patterns](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-notta-punctuated-evolution-pancreatic-nature-2016/), [Association Between Inherited Germline Mutations in Cancer Predisposition Genes and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-hu-germline-mutations-pancreatic-cancer-risk-jama-2018/), [Association of alterations in main driver genes with outcomes of patients with resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-qian-driver-genes-outcomes-resected-pancreatic-jama-oncol-2018/), [Biliary cancer: utility of next-generation sequencing for clinical management](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-javle-biliary-ngs-cancer-2016/), [Bischoff 1996: the adenovirus that was said to replicate only where p53 was lost](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-bischoff-onyx-015-science-1996/), [Cancer genome landscapes: about 140 driver genes, and each tumour needs only a handful](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-vogelstein-cancer-genome-landscapes-science-2013/), [Circulating tumour DNA genomics correlate with resistance to abiraterone and enzalutamide in prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-annala-ctdna-resistance-abiraterone-enzalutamide-cancer-discov-2018/), [Classifying colorectal cancer by tumor location rather than sidedness highlights a continuum in mutation profiles and consensus molecular subtypes](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-loree-tumour-location-continuum-colorectal-ccr-2018/), [Clonal history and genetic predictors of transformation into small-cell carcinomas from lung adenocarcinomas](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-lee-clonal-history-small-cell-transformation-jco-2017/), [Co-occurring genomic alterations define major subsets of KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma with distinct biology, immune profiles, and therapeutic vulnerabilities](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-skoulidis-kras-co-mutation-subsets-cancer-discov-2015/), [Combined tumour suppressor defects characterise clinically defined aggressive variant prostate cancers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-aparicio-aggressive-variant-prostate-tumour-suppressors-ccr-2016/), [Comparison of breast cancer molecular features and survival by African and European ancestry in The Cancer Genome Atlas](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-huo-tcga-ancestry-breast-jama-oncol-2017/), [Comprehensive characterisation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with microsatellite instability: histology, molecular pathology and clinical implications](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-luchini-msi-dmmr-pancreatic-systematic-review-gut-2021/), [Comprehensive genomic characterization of squamous cell lung cancers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tcga-lung-squamous-nature-2012/), [Comprehensive genomic profiles of small cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-george-sclc-genomic-profiles-nature-2015/), [Comprehensive molecular characterization of gallbladder carcinoma and potential targets for intervention](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-giraldo-gallbladder-msk-impact-ccr-2022/), [Comprehensive molecular characterization of human colon and rectal cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tcga-colorectal-comprehensive-characterization-nature-2012/), [Comprehensive molecular portraits of human breast tumours](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tcga-breast-molecular-portraits-nature-2012/), [Comprehensive molecular profiling of lung adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tcga-lung-adenocarcinoma-nature-2014/), [Concordance of circulating tumour DNA and matched metastatic tissue biopsy in prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-wyatt-ctdna-tissue-concordance-mcrpc-jnci-2017/), [Concurrent RB1 and TP53 alterations define a subset of EGFR-mutant lung cancers at risk for histologic transformation and inferior clinical outcomes](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-offin-rb1-tp53-transformation-risk-jto-2019/), [Core signaling pathways in human pancreatic cancers revealed by global genomic analyses](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-jones-pancreatic-core-pathways-science-2008/), [Differences in prostate cancer genomes by self-reported race](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-stopsack-prostate-genomes-by-race-ccr-2022/), [Distinct patterns of somatic genome alterations in lung adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-campbell-pan-lung-somatic-alterations-nat-genet-2016/), [Divergent clonal evolution of castration-resistant neuroendocrine prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-beltran-nepc-divergent-evolution-nat-med-2016/), [DPC4 gene status of the primary carcinoma correlates with patterns of failure in patients with pancreatic cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-iacobuzio-donahue-dpc4-failure-pattern-autopsy-jco-2009/), [Effects of co-occurring genomic alterations on outcomes in patients with KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-arbour-kras-co-mutation-outcomes-ccr-2018/), [EGFR-mutant adenocarcinomas that transform to small-cell lung cancer and other neuroendocrine carcinomas: clinical outcomes](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-marcoux-egfr-small-cell-transformation-outcomes-jco-2019/), [El-Deiry 1993: WAF1, the gene through which p53 stops cell division](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-el-deiry-waf1-p21-cell-1993/), [Genetic alterations during colorectal-tumor development](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-vogelstein-genetic-alterations-colorectal-tumor-development-nejm-1988/), [Genomic analyses identify molecular subtypes of pancreatic cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-bailey-molecular-subtypes-pancreatic-nature-2016/), [Genomic and evolutionary classification of lung cancer in never smokers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-zhang-lung-cancer-never-smokers-nat-genet-2021/), [Genomic characterization of metastatic breast cancers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-bertucci-metastatic-breast-genomics-nature-2019/), [Genomic correlates of clinical outcome in advanced prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-abida-genomic-correlates-outcome-mcrpc-pnas-2019/), [Genomic hallmarks and structural variation in metastatic prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-quigley-structural-variation-mcrpc-cell-2018/), [Genomic landscape of lung adenocarcinoma in East Asians](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-chen-east-asian-lung-adenocarcinoma-nat-genet-2020/), [Genomic profiling of Indian gallbladder carcinoma: mutational insights in a high-incidence population](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-suryavanshi-indian-gallbladder-genomics-jco-go-2025/), [Genomics of lethal prostate cancer at diagnosis and castration resistance](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-mateo-genomics-lethal-prostate-diagnosis-castration-resistance-jci-2020/), [Genotypic and histological evolution of lung cancers acquiring resistance to EGFR inhibitors](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-sequist-genotypic-histological-evolution-egfr-resistance-sci-transl-med-2011/), [Geographic and genetic diversity in gallbladder cancer mutation profiles: insights from a worldwide exome analysis](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-garate-calderon-gallbladder-cancer-worldwide-exome-ebiomedicine-2026/), [Hollstein 1991: p53 mutations in human cancers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-hollstein-p53-mutations-science-1991/), [Inherited breast cancer in Nigerian women](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-zheng-nigerian-inherited-breast-cancer-jco-2018/), [Integrated genomic characterization of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tcga-pancreatic-integrated-characterisation-cancer-cell-2017/), [Integrative molecular characterisation of gallbladder cancer reveals micro-environment-associated subtypes](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-nepal-gallbladder-microenvironment-subtypes-j-hepatol-2021/), [IPMNs with co-occurring invasive cancers: neighbours but not always relatives](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-felsenstein-ipmn-cooccurring-cancer-relatedness-gut-2018/), [Levine 1997: p53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-levine-p53-gatekeeper-cell-1997/), [Martincorena: normal sun-exposed skin is a patchwork of cancer-mutation clones](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-martincorena-somatic-mutations-normal-skin-science-2015/), [Molecular characterization of KRAS wild-type tumors in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-philip-kras-wild-type-pancreatic-ccr-2022/), [Molecular subtypes of diffuse large B cell lymphoma are associated with distinct pathogenic mechanisms and outcomes](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-chapuy-molecular-subtypes-dlbcl-nat-med-2018/), [Mutational signatures associated with tobacco smoking in human cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-alexandrov-tobacco-smoking-mutational-signatures-science-2016/), [Oncogenic genomic alterations, clinical phenotypes and outcomes in metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-stopsack-mcspc-genomic-alterations-outcomes-ccr-2020/), [Pancreatic cancer genomes reveal aberrations in axon guidance pathway genes](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-biankin-pancreatic-exomes-axon-guidance-nature-2012/), [Pathways of progression from intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma based on molecular features](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-omori-ipmn-progression-pathways-gastroenterology-2019/), [Population-Specific Immunogenomic Alterations in Gallbladder Cancer and Prognostic Significance](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-zhu-population-specific-immunogenomics-gallbladder-cancer-mod-pathol-2025/), [Prognostic and predictive value of circulating tumor DNA during neoadjuvant chemotherapy for triple negative breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-cavallone-tnbc-ctdna-neoadjuvant-sci-rep-2020/), [Prospective comprehensive genomic profiling of 3,476 primary and metastatic prostate tumours](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-chung-comprehensive-genomic-profiling-prostate-jco-po-2019/), [Rb1 and Trp53 cooperate to suppress prostate cancer lineage plasticity, metastasis and antiandrogen resistance](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ku-rb1-trp53-lineage-plasticity-science-2017/), [Real-time targeted genome profile analysis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas identifies genetic alterations that might be targeted with existing drugs or used as biomarkers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-singhi-targeted-genome-profiling-3594-pdac-gastroenterology-2019/), [Salmonella manipulation of host signaling pathways provokes cellular transformation associated with gallbladder carcinoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-scanu-salmonella-gallbladder-transformation-cell-host-microbe-2015/), [SOX2 promotes lineage plasticity and antiandrogen resistance in TP53- and RB1-deficient prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-mu-sox2-lineage-plasticity-science-2017/), [SU2C-PCF: integrative clinical genomics of advanced prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-robinson-integrative-clinical-genomics-advanced-prostate-cell-2015/), [TCGA: the molecular taxonomy of primary prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tcga-molecular-taxonomy-primary-prostate-cell-2015/), [TGF-beta drives immune evasion in genetically reconstituted colon cancer metastasis](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tauriello-tgfbeta-immune-evasion-colorectal-nature-2018/), [The clonal and mutational evolution spectrum of primary triple-negative breast cancers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-shah-tnbc-clonal-evolution-nature-2012/), [The evolutionary history of lethal metastatic prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-gundem-evolutionary-history-lethal-metastatic-prostate-nature-2015/), [The mutational landscape and actionable targets of gallbladder cancer: an ancestry-informed and comparative analysis of a Chilean population](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-erices-chilean-gallbladder-landscape-front-oncol-2025/), [TRACERx first 100: tracking how lung cancers evolve, and how chromosomal chaos predicts relapse](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tracerx-100-nejm-2017/), [Triple-negative breast cancer risk genes identified by multigene hereditary cancer panel testing](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-shimelis-tnbc-risk-genes-jnci-2018/), [Unravelling triple-negative breast cancer molecular heterogeneity using an integrative multiomic analysis](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-bareche-tnbc-multiomic-heterogeneity-ann-oncol-2018/), [Vogelstein, Lane and Levine 2000: surfing the p53 network](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-vogelstein-surfing-p53-network-nature-2000/), [Whole genomes redefine the mutational landscape of pancreatic cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-waddell-whole-genomes-pancreatic-nature-2015/), [Whole-exome and targeted gene sequencing of gallbladder carcinoma identifies recurrent mutations in the ErbB pathway](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-li-gallbladder-exome-erbb-nat-genet-2014/)
- terms: [Adenoma-carcinoma sequence](https://onco.cc/terms/adenoma-carcinoma-sequence/), [Ageing tissue and clonal fields: cancer as a disease of old tissue](https://onco.cc/terms/ageing-tissue-field-theory/), [Apoptosis](https://onco.cc/terms/apoptosis/), [Basal-like breast cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/basal-like/), [Cell cycle](https://onco.cc/terms/cell-cycle/), [Checkpoint (two meanings)](https://onco.cc/terms/checkpoint/), [Classical versus basal-like (squamous) subtypes of pancreatic cancer, and GATA6](https://onco.cc/terms/classical-vs-basal-like/), [del(17p) / TP53 aberration in CLL](https://onco.cc/terms/del17p-tp53/), [Driver and passenger mutations: the refined somatic mutation theory](https://onco.cc/terms/driver-passenger-model/), [Driver mutation](https://onco.cc/terms/driver-mutation/), [ELN 2022 risk classification](https://onco.cc/terms/eln-risk/), [Enabling characteristic: genome instability and mutation](https://onco.cc/terms/genome-instability-mutation/), [Endometrial cancer molecular classes (POLEmut, MMRd, p53abn, NSMP)](https://onco.cc/terms/endometrial-molecular-classes/), [Genome-wide loss of heterozygosity (gLOH)](https://onco.cc/terms/genome-wide-loss-of-heterozygosity/), [Hallmark: evading growth suppressors](https://onco.cc/terms/evading-growth-suppressors/), [Hallmark: resisting cell death](https://onco.cc/terms/resisting-cell-death/), [High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC)](https://onco.cc/terms/hgsoc/), [High-risk cytogenetics (myeloma)](https://onco.cc/terms/high-risk-myeloma/), [Histologic transformation](https://onco.cc/terms/histologic-transformation/), [Li-Fraumeni syndrome (germline TP53)](https://onco.cc/terms/li-fraumeni/), [LymphGen and the genetic clusters of large B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-bio-lymphgen/), [Metaplasia, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ: the flat route to gallbladder cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma-sequence/), [Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/neuroendocrine-differentiation/), [Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), the microscopic precursor of pancreatic cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/panin/), [Salmonella Typhi carriage and gallbladder cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/salmonella-typhi-gallbladder-cancer/), [Somatic mutation theory of cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/somatic-mutation-theory/), [t(11;14), cyclin D1 and SOX11](https://onco.cc/terms/cyclin-d1-t11-14/), [TP53-mutated (p53-abnormal)](https://onco.cc/terms/tp53-mutated/), [Transformation: when a slow lymphoma turns into a fast one](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-bio-transformation/), [Tumour suppressor gene](https://onco.cc/terms/tumour-suppressor-gene/), [Whole-genome doubling (WGD)](https://onco.cc/terms/whole-genome-doubling/)
- ideas: [A biomarker-directed trial of vitamin D after surgery for digestive tract cancers](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-vitamin-d-digestive-cancer-biomarker-trial/), [A guaranteed purchase prize for the first drug against a named hard target](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-undruggable-market-commitment/), [A synthetic lethality map for every cancer driver in every tissue context](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-synthetic-lethality-map-every-driver/), [An open degrader consortium against every undruggable driver transcription factor](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-open-degrader-consortium/), [An open-science consortium on the undruggable drivers, open until a candidate](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-precompetitive-undruggable-consortium/), [Antibodies that see mutant KRAS and p53 fragments displayed on the cell surface](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-pmhc-bispecifics-public-drivers/), [Degrade the damaged p53 protein rather than trying to repair it](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-mutant-p53-degrader/), [Detect tumours changing cell type from RNA in the blood](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-cfrna-plasticity-tracking/), [Engineered immune surveillance: long-lived programmed immune cells that patrol for early cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-engineered-immune-surveillance/), [Extend p53 reactivation beyond the Y220C mutation](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-p53-mutant-reactivator-expansion/), [HER2 ADCs as standard for HER2-positive serous endometrial cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-her2-adc-serous-endometrial/), [Intercept cancer at the field stage](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-field-interception/), [Is aneuploidy itself a druggable vulnerability?](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-targeting-aneuploidy/), [Milestone prizes for first-in-class mechanisms reaching human proof of concept](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-first-in-class-prize/), [Molecular-class-directed adjuvant therapy in endometrial cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-molecular-class-adjuvant-endometrial/), [Run small-cell lung cancer as one platform with shared controls and subtype stratification](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-lung-small-cell-platform-with-shared-controls-and-subtypes/), [Stop routine endoscopies for non-dysplastic Barrett's oesophagus](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-barrett-surveillance-deescalation/), [Test every possible mutation in every cancer gene so no result is 'uncertain'](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-vus-saturation-editing-consortium/), [Watch for the cancer changing cell type before the biopsy says neuroendocrine, and act on it](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prostate-plasticity-surveillance-before-it-is-neuroendocrine/), [Which patients' blood clones will become leukaemia after treatment?](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-chip-risk-modifiers/), [Whole-body MRI plus blood DNA surveillance for people with Li-Fraumeni syndrome](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-li-fraumeni-mri-plus-cfdna/)
- roadmaps: [Colorectal cancer roadmap: from the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and the first screening trials to total mesorectal excision, oxaliplatin, RAS testing, immunotherapy for mismatch repair-deficient disease, ctDNA-guided treatment and organ preservation](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/colorectal-roadmap/), [Lymphoma roadmap: from a jaw tumour in Uganda and the first human cancer virus to gene-expression subtypes, PET-adapted chemotherapy, CAR-T cells, bispecific antibodies and the genetics-directed trials now recruiting](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/lymphoma-roadmap/)
- technologies: [Germline (hereditary) testing](https://onco.cc/technologies/germline-testing/), [In vivo base and prime editing for cancer](https://onco.cc/technologies/in-vivo-gene-editing-cancer/), [Programmable DNA-targeting therapeutics](https://onco.cc/technologies/programmable-dna-targeting-therapeutics/), [Synthetic lethality approaches](https://onco.cc/technologies/synthetic-lethality-approaches/), [TCR-T cell therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/tcr-t/)
- people: [Bert Vogelstein](https://onco.cc/people/bert-vogelstein/), [Leif W. Ellisen](https://onco.cc/people/leif-ellisen/), [Moshe Oren](https://onco.cc/people/moshe-oren/), [Roman Thomas](https://onco.cc/people/roman-thomas/), [Shaomeng Wang](https://onco.cc/people/shaomeng-wang/), [Steven A. Rosenberg](https://onco.cc/people/steven-rosenberg/)
- bottlenecks: [Inherited risk is mostly unidentified](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-hereditary-risk/), [The undruggable drivers](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-undruggable-targets/)
- targets: [MDM2](https://onco.cc/targets/mdm2/)
- institutions: [A.C. Camargo Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/ac-camargo/), [Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO)](https://onco.cc/institutions/cnio/), [David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT](https://onco.cc/institutions/mit-koch/), [Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre](https://onco.cc/institutions/hcpa-porto-alegre/), [IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/regina-elena-rome/), [Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/mou-brno/), [Weizmann Institute of Science](https://onco.cc/institutions/weizmann/)

---
JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/entities/tp53.json