# Surgery & Interventional

Source: https://onco.cc/fronts/surgery/  
OnCo record `surgery` (Front). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

Removing or destroying tumours physically, increasingly with robots, image guidance, and heat or cold instead of a knife.

## Summary

Surgery cures more cancers than any other modality. Advances are in precision (robotics, fluorescence guidance, intraoperative margin assessment), de-escalation (less surgery when systemic therapy has done the work), and minimally invasive ablation (radiofrequency, microwave, cryo, HIFU, irreversible electroporation).

## Fields

- Kind: Front
- Last checked: 2026-09-04

## Sources

- NCI: Surgery to treat cancer: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/surgery

## Connected records

- journals: [Annals of surgical oncology](https://onco.cc/journals/annals-of-surgical-oncology/), [European journal of surgical oncology](https://onco.cc/journals/european-journal-of-surgical-oncology/), [Journal of surgical oncology](https://onco.cc/journals/journal-of-surgical-oncology/), [Surgical oncology](https://onco.cc/journals/surgical-oncology/), [Surgical oncology clinics of North America](https://onco.cc/journals/surgical-oncology-clinics-of-north-america/), [World journal of surgical oncology](https://onco.cc/journals/world-journal-of-surgical-oncology/)
- technologies: [Active surveillance](https://onco.cc/technologies/active-surveillance/), [Active surveillance of papillary microcarcinoma](https://onco.cc/technologies/active-surveillance-thyroid/), [Bariatric surgery and cancer incidence](https://onco.cc/technologies/bariatric-surgery-cancer-incidence/), [Biliary stenting and drainage](https://onco.cc/technologies/biliary-stenting-drainage/), [Breast reconstruction: implant and autologous, immediate and delayed, and what women report afterwards](https://onco.cc/technologies/rejuv-recon-breast/), [BREAST-Q and the Q-portfolio: measuring what an operation left behind](https://onco.cc/technologies/rejuv-measure-breast-q/), [Breathing and exercise capacity after lung resection](https://onco.cc/technologies/rejuv-rehab-respiratory/), [Colposcopy and excisional treatment (LEEP/LLETZ, cone)](https://onco.cc/technologies/colposcopy-excision/), [Compression, decongestive therapy and exercise for lymphoedema](https://onco.cc/technologies/lymphoedema-decongestive-therapy/), [Cryoablation systems](https://onco.cc/technologies/cryoablation-systems/), [Cystoscopy, blue-light imaging & TURBT](https://onco.cc/technologies/cystoscopy-turbt/), [Electrochemotherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/electrochemotherapy/), [Endoscopic resection (EMR / ESD)](https://onco.cc/technologies/endoscopic-resection/), [Enhanced recovery (ERAS) and perioperative nutrition](https://onco.cc/technologies/eras-perioperative-nutrition/), [Extended pleurectomy/decortication & radical mesothelioma surgery](https://onco.cc/technologies/pleurectomy-decortication/), [Facial reconstruction and facial prostheses: ears, orbits and noses](https://onco.cc/technologies/rejuv-recon-facial-prosthetics/), [Fertility-sparing hormonal treatment of early endometrial cancer](https://onco.cc/technologies/fertility-sparing-endometrial/), [Fluorescence-guided surgery](https://onco.cc/technologies/fluorescence-guided-surgery/), [Focused ultrasound & histotripsy](https://onco.cc/technologies/hifu-histotripsy/), [Focused-ultrasound blood-brain barrier opening](https://onco.cc/technologies/bbb-focused-ultrasound/), [Gamma probes, handheld gamma cameras and dose calibrators](https://onco.cc/technologies/gamma-probes-dose-calibrators/), [Head and neck reconstruction: the free flap, and what it gives back](https://onco.cc/technologies/rejuv-recon-head-neck/), [HIPEC / PIPAC (intraperitoneal chemotherapy)](https://onco.cc/technologies/hipec/), [HIPEC perfusion pumps and PIPAC nebulisers](https://onco.cc/technologies/hipec-pipac-devices/), [Histotripsy as an immune primer](https://onco.cc/technologies/histotripsy-immune-priming/), [Immunonutrition before cancer surgery](https://onco.cc/technologies/immunonutrition-perioperative/), [Intraoperative fluorescence and Cerenkov imaging systems (SPY, Firefly, LumiSystem, LightPath)](https://onco.cc/technologies/intraoperative-fluorescence-imaging-systems/), [Intraoperative MRI and CT](https://onco.cc/technologies/intraoperative-mri-ct/), [Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT)](https://onco.cc/technologies/intraoperative-radiotherapy/), [Irreversible electroporation (NanoKnife)](https://onco.cc/technologies/irreversible-electroporation/), [Isolated limb perfusion and infusion](https://onco.cc/technologies/isolated-limb-perfusion/), [Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT)](https://onco.cc/technologies/litt/), [Laser interstitial thermal therapy systems (NeuroBlate, Visualase)](https://onco.cc/technologies/litt-systems/), [Limb salvage, amputation, and the rehabilitation that follows either](https://onco.cc/technologies/rejuv-recon-limb/), [Limb-salvage surgery and endoprosthetic reconstruction](https://onco.cc/technologies/limb-salvage-surgery/), [Liver transplantation for cancer (Milan criteria and beyond)](https://onco.cc/technologies/liver-transplant-oncology/), [Lymphoedema: catching it early, and the operations for it](https://onco.cc/technologies/lymphoedema-surgery-and-early-detection/), [Microwave and radiofrequency ablation systems](https://onco.cc/technologies/microwave-rf-ablation/), [Optical & fluorescence imaging](https://onco.cc/technologies/optical-imaging/), [Partial nephrectomy, ablation & active surveillance of small renal masses](https://onco.cc/technologies/partial-nephrectomy-active-surveillance/), [Percutaneous hepatic perfusion (chemosaturation)](https://onco.cc/technologies/percutaneous-hepatic-perfusion/), [Photodynamic therapy lasers and light sources](https://onco.cc/technologies/photodynamic-therapy-lasers/), [Photothermal (plasmonic) nanoparticle ablation](https://onco.cc/technologies/photothermal-nanoparticles/), [Prehabilitation before cancer surgery](https://onco.cc/technologies/prehabilitation/), [Quantum-dot and molecular ultrasound imaging agents](https://onco.cc/technologies/quantum-dot-imaging/), [Recovery after pelvic exenteration](https://onco.cc/technologies/rejuv-recon-pelvic-exenteration/), [Risk-reducing and opportunistic salpingectomy](https://onco.cc/technologies/risk-reducing-salpingectomy/), [Robotic & minimally invasive surgery](https://onco.cc/technologies/robotic-surgery/), [Robotic and navigational bronchoscopy](https://onco.cc/technologies/robotic-bronchoscopy/), [Sentinel lymph node biopsy](https://onco.cc/technologies/sentinel-node/), [Stoma reversal after rectal cancer surgery: who gets the bowel joined up again](https://onco.cc/technologies/rejuv-recon-stoma-reversal/), [Surgery for gallbladder cancer: simple versus radical cholecystectomy, re-resection and lymphadenectomy](https://onco.cc/technologies/gallbladder-cancer-surgery/), [Surgical robots: da Vinci, Hugo, Versius and single-port systems](https://onco.cc/technologies/surgical-robot-platforms/), [Thermal ablation (RFA, microwave, cryo)](https://onco.cc/technologies/thermal-ablation/), [Thermal ablation and cryotherapy for cervical precancer](https://onco.cc/technologies/precancer-ablation/), [Transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE)](https://onco.cc/technologies/tace/), [Transcranial focused ultrasound systems (Exablate Neuro, SonoCloud)](https://onco.cc/technologies/transcranial-focused-ultrasound-systems/), [Transoral robotic surgery (TORS)](https://onco.cc/technologies/tors/), [Voice after the larynx is removed](https://onco.cc/technologies/rejuv-recon-voice-after-laryngectomy/), [What a prehabilitation programme actually contains, and how long it needs](https://onco.cc/technologies/rejuv-rehab-prehabilitation-programme/), [What the randomised trials of prehabilitation found, operation by operation](https://onco.cc/technologies/rejuv-rehab-prehabilitation-evidence/)
- institutions: [A.C. Camargo Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/ac-camargo/), [Aberdeen Royal Infirmary](https://onco.cc/institutions/aberdeen-royal-infirmary/), [Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals](https://onco.cc/institutions/addenbrookes-cambridge/), [Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health](https://onco.cc/institutions/arpa-h/), [Apollo Hospitals (Apollo Cancer Centres)](https://onco.cc/institutions/apollo-hospitals/), [Belfast Health and Social Care Trust HPB service](https://onco.cc/institutions/belfast-trust-hpb/), [Cancer Institute of Iran, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex](https://onco.cc/institutions/tehran-cancer-institute/), [Castle Hill Hospital, Hull (Queen's Centre)](https://onco.cc/institutions/hull-castle-hill/), [Champalimaud Foundation, Champalimaud Clinical Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/champalimaud/), [Chang Gung Memorial Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/chang-gung-memorial-hospital/), [Chinese PLA General Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/pla-general-hospital/), [Chris O'Brien Lifehouse](https://onco.cc/institutions/chris-obrien-lifehouse/), [Derriford Hospital, University Hospitals Plymouth](https://onco.cc/institutions/derriford-plymouth/), [European Society of Gynaecological Oncology](https://onco.cc/institutions/esgo/), [European Society of Surgical Oncology](https://onco.cc/institutions/esso/), [First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University](https://onco.cc/institutions/sysu-first-affiliated-hospital/), [Fundación Arturo López Pérez](https://onco.cc/institutions/falp-chile/), [Glasgow Royal Infirmary](https://onco.cc/institutions/glasgow-royal-infirmary/), [Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital and Mahamana Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Cancer Centre, Varanasi](https://onco.cc/institutions/homi-bhabha-cancer-hospital-varanasi/), [Institut Bergonié](https://onco.cc/institutions/institut-bergonie/), [Institut Paoli-Calmettes](https://onco.cc/institutions/institut-paoli-calmettes/), [Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil](https://onco.cc/institutions/ipo-lisboa/), [IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele](https://onco.cc/institutions/san-raffaele/), [IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/regina-elena-rome/), [Keio University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/keio-university-hospital/), [King's College Hospital, London](https://onco.cc/institutions/kings-college-hospital-london/), [Kyushu University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/kyushu-university-hospital/), [Leeds Cancer Centre, St James's University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/leeds-cancer-centre/), [Leiden University Medical Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/lumc-leiden/), [Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital NHS Foundation Trust](https://onco.cc/institutions/liverpool-heart-and-chest/), [Liverpool University Hospitals HPB centre (Aintree)](https://onco.cc/institutions/liverpool-hpb-centre/), [Manchester Royal Infirmary HPB Unit](https://onco.cc/institutions/manchester-royal-infirmary/), [Max Healthcare (Max Institute of Cancer Care)](https://onco.cc/institutions/max-healthcare/), [Morriston Hospital, Swansea](https://onco.cc/institutions/morriston-swansea/), [Narayana Health (Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre)](https://onco.cc/institutions/narayana-health/), [Ninewells Hospital, Dundee](https://onco.cc/institutions/ninewells-dundee/), [Osaka International Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/osaka-international-cancer-institute/), [Peking Union Medical College Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/pumch/), [Queen Mary Hospital / University of Hong Kong](https://onco.cc/institutions/queen-mary-hospital-hku/), [Raigmore Hospital, Inverness](https://onco.cc/institutions/raigmore-inverness/), [Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/rgci/), [Royal Blackburn Hospital (East Lancashire HPB MDT)](https://onco.cc/institutions/royal-blackburn-elht/), [Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh](https://onco.cc/institutions/royal-infirmary-edinburgh/), [Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust](https://onco.cc/institutions/royal-papworth/), [Royal Stoke University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/royal-stoke-uhnm/), [Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford](https://onco.cc/institutions/royal-surrey-guildford/), [Sahlgrenska University Hospital / Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research](https://onco.cc/institutions/sahlgrenska/), [Shanghai Chest Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/shanghai-chest-hospital/), [Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University](https://onco.cc/institutions/siriraj-hospital/), [Society of Gynecologic Oncology](https://onco.cc/institutions/sgo/), [Society of Surgical Oncology](https://onco.cc/institutions/sso/), [The new AIIMS network (PMSSY)](https://onco.cc/institutions/aiims-network/), [Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/tmucih/), [University Hospital Coventry](https://onco.cc/institutions/uhcw-coventry/), [University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff](https://onco.cc/institutions/university-hospital-wales-cardiff/), [Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University](https://onco.cc/institutions/zhongshan-hospital-fudan/)
- people: [Bernard Fisher](https://onco.cc/people/bernard-fisher/), [Caroline Moore](https://onco.cc/people/caroline-moore/), [Chris Halloran](https://onco.cc/people/chris-halloran/), [Dion Morton](https://onco.cc/people/dion-morton/), [Jenny Donovan](https://onco.cc/people/jenny-donovan/), [Rakesh Heer](https://onco.cc/people/rakesh-heer/)
- companies: [AngioDynamics](https://onco.cc/companies/angiodynamics/), [Boston Scientific](https://onco.cc/companies/boston-scientific/), [Brainlab](https://onco.cc/companies/brainlab/), [Carl Zeiss Meditec](https://onco.cc/companies/carl-zeiss-meditec/), [Clear Gene](https://onco.cc/companies/clear-gene/), [CMR Surgical](https://onco.cc/companies/cmr-surgical/), [Delcath Systems](https://onco.cc/companies/delcath/), [GT Medical Technologies](https://onco.cc/companies/gt-medical-technologies/), [HistoSonics](https://onco.cc/companies/histosonics/), [IceCure Medical](https://onco.cc/companies/icecure-medical/), [Insightec](https://onco.cc/companies/insightec/), [IntraOp Medical](https://onco.cc/companies/intraop-medical/), [Intuitive Surgical](https://onco.cc/companies/intuitive-surgical/), [Lumicell](https://onco.cc/companies/lumicell/), [Medtronic](https://onco.cc/companies/medtronic/), [Monteris Medical](https://onco.cc/companies/monteris-medical/), [Navidea Biopharmaceuticals](https://onco.cc/companies/navidea/), [NSABP Foundation](https://onco.cc/companies/nsabp-foundation/), [On Target Laboratories](https://onco.cc/companies/on-target-laboratories/), [Perimeter Medical Imaging AI](https://onco.cc/companies/perimeter-medical-imaging-ai/), [Photocure](https://onco.cc/companies/photocure/), [Profound Medical](https://onco.cc/companies/profound-medical/), [Quantum Surgical](https://onco.cc/companies/quantum-surgical/), [SonALAsense](https://onco.cc/companies/sonalasense/), [Vergent Bioscience](https://onco.cc/companies/vergent-bioscience/), [XACT Robotics](https://onco.cc/companies/xact-robotics/)
- pairings: [BRAF/MEK inhibition → surgery in anaplastic thyroid cancer](https://onco.cc/pairings/braf-mek-neoadjuvant-atc/)
- terms: [Abdominoperineal resection](https://onco.cc/terms/abdominoperineal-resection/), [Adrenalectomy](https://onco.cc/terms/adrenalectomy/), [Breast conservation or mastectomy](https://onco.cc/terms/breast-conserving-surgery-versus-mastectomy/), [Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/terms/bia-alcl/), [Breast reconstruction](https://onco.cc/terms/breast-reconstruction/), [Centralisation and high-volume centres](https://onco.cc/terms/centralisation/), [Colectomy](https://onco.cc/terms/colectomy/), [Cryoablation](https://onco.cc/terms/cryoablation/), [Curettage and cautery](https://onco.cc/terms/curettage-and-cautery/), [Debulking (cytoreductive surgery)](https://onco.cc/terms/debulking/), [Doing less to the armpit](https://onco.cc/terms/axillary-surgery-de-escalation/), [Downstaging and conversion therapy](https://onco.cc/terms/downstaging/), [Drugs before or after the operation](https://onco.cc/terms/neoadjuvant-versus-adjuvant-breast/), [EMR and ESD (endoscopic mucosal resection, endoscopic submucosal dissection)](https://onco.cc/terms/endoscopic-resection-term/), [Extraprostatic extension and seminal vesicle invasion](https://onco.cc/terms/extraprostatic-extension/), [Gastrectomy](https://onco.cc/terms/gastrectomy/), [Gastro-oesophageal junction (GEJ)](https://onco.cc/terms/gej/), [Head and neck subsites (oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx)](https://onco.cc/terms/head-neck-subsites/), [Hepatectomy (liver resection)](https://onco.cc/terms/hepatectomy/), [HIPEC (hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy)](https://onco.cc/terms/hipec-procedure/), [Hysterectomy](https://onco.cc/terms/hysterectomy/), [Laparoscopy (keyhole surgery)](https://onco.cc/terms/staging-laparoscopy/), [Limb-salvage surgery](https://onco.cc/terms/limb-salvage-term/), [Liver-directed therapy (TACE, TARE, HAI, ablation)](https://onco.cc/terms/liver-directed-therapy/), [Lobectomy](https://onco.cc/terms/lobectomy/), [Locally advanced and locoregional disease](https://onco.cc/terms/locally-advanced/), [Lumpectomy (breast-conserving surgery)](https://onco.cc/terms/lumpectomy/), [Lymph node status (node-positive / node-negative)](https://onco.cc/terms/lymph-node-status/), [Lymphadenectomy (lymph node dissection)](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphadenectomy/), [Lymphoedema after breast cancer treatment](https://onco.cc/terms/breast-cancer-related-lymphoedema/), [Mastectomy](https://onco.cc/terms/mastectomy/), [Mediastinum](https://onco.cc/terms/mediastinum/), [Microwave ablation (MWA)](https://onco.cc/terms/microwave-ablation/), [Minimally invasive surgery (laparoscopic, robotic, VATS)](https://onco.cc/terms/minimally-invasive-surgery/), [Mohs surgery](https://onco.cc/terms/mohs-surgery/), [Nephrectomy](https://onco.cc/terms/nephrectomy/), [Non-muscle-invasive vs muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC / MIBC)](https://onco.cc/terms/nmibc-vs-mibc/), [Oesophagectomy](https://onco.cc/terms/oesophagectomy/), [Oncoplastic breast surgery](https://onco.cc/terms/oncoplastic-breast-surgery/), [Orchiectomy](https://onco.cc/terms/orchiectomy/), [Organ preservation (watch-and-wait, bladder-sparing, larynx preservation)](https://onco.cc/terms/organ-preservation/), [Peritoneum and peritoneal metastases](https://onco.cc/terms/peritoneum/), [Pleura](https://onco.cc/terms/pleura/), [Pneumonectomy](https://onco.cc/terms/pneumonectomy/), [Portal vein tumour thrombus (macrovascular invasion)](https://onco.cc/terms/portal-vein-tumour-thrombus/), [Radical cystectomy](https://onco.cc/terms/cystectomy/), [Radical prostatectomy](https://onco.cc/terms/prostatectomy/), [Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)](https://onco.cc/terms/radiofrequency-ablation/), [Resectable, borderline resectable and unresectable](https://onco.cc/terms/resectability/), [Resection margins (R0 / R1 / R2)](https://onco.cc/terms/resection-margins/), [Retroperitoneum](https://onco.cc/terms/retroperitoneum/), [Salpingo-oophorectomy](https://onco.cc/terms/salpingo-oophorectomy/), [Salvage therapy](https://onco.cc/terms/salvage-therapy/), [Segmentectomy (sublobar resection)](https://onco.cc/terms/segmentectomy/), [Sentinel node biopsy](https://onco.cc/terms/sentinel-lymph-node-biopsy/), [Skin grafts and flaps after skin cancer surgery](https://onco.cc/terms/skin-graft-and-flap-reconstruction/), [Stoma (colostomy, ileostomy, urostomy)](https://onco.cc/terms/stoma/), [Surgical morbidity and postoperative complications](https://onco.cc/terms/surgical-morbidity/), [TACE (transarterial chemoembolisation)](https://onco.cc/terms/tace-term/), [TARE / SIRT (radioembolisation with yttrium-90)](https://onco.cc/terms/tare/), [Targeted axillary dissection](https://onco.cc/terms/targeted-axillary-dissection/), [Template mapping biopsy (transperineal template prostate mapping)](https://onco.cc/terms/template-mapping-biopsy/), [Thyroidectomy](https://onco.cc/terms/thyroidectomy/), [Total mesorectal excision (TME)](https://onco.cc/terms/total-mesorectal-excision/), [Transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT)](https://onco.cc/terms/turbt/), [Watchful waiting, and how it differs from active surveillance](https://onco.cc/terms/watchful-waiting/), [Whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy)](https://onco.cc/terms/whipple/), [Whole-mount pathology](https://onco.cc/terms/whole-mount-pathology/), [Wide local excision](https://onco.cc/terms/wide-local-excision/)
- key papers: [Adjuvant atezolizumab after adjuvant chemotherapy in resected stage IB-IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer (IMpower010)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-felip-impower010-adjuvant-atezolizumab-lancet-2021/), [Alectinib in resected ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-wu-alina-adjuvant-alectinib-nejm-2024/), [Cytoreductive surgery plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy versus cytoreductive surgery alone for colorectal peritoneal metastases (PRODIGE 7)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-quenet-prodige-7-hipec-peritoneal-colorectal-lancet-oncol-2021/), [Detection of individual prostate cancer foci via multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-johnson-mpmri-individual-foci-eur-urol-2019/), [Improved survival with preoperative radiotherapy in resectable rectal cancer (Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-swedish-rectal-cancer-trial-preoperative-radiotherapy-nejm-1997/), [Lung adjuvant cisplatin evaluation: a pooled analysis by the LACE Collaborative Group](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-lace-adjuvant-cisplatin-pooled-analysis-jco-2008/), [Nonoperative management of mismatch repair-deficient tumors](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-cercek-nonoperative-management-mismatch-repair-deficient-tumours-nejm-2025/), [Operative versus nonoperative treatment for stage 0 distal rectal cancer following chemoradiation therapy: long-term results](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-habr-gama-nonoperative-stage-0-rectal-ann-surg-2004/), [Organ preservation in patients with rectal adenocarcinoma treated with total neoadjuvant therapy (OPRA)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-garcia-aguilar-opra-organ-preservation-jco-2022/), [Perioperative durvalumab for resectable non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-heymach-aegean-perioperative-durvalumab-nejm-2023/), [Perioperative nivolumab and chemotherapy in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-provencio-nadim-ii-perioperative-nivolumab-stage-iii-nejm-2023/), [PIVOT: follow-up of prostatectomy versus observation for early prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-wilt-pivot-prostatectomy-observation-nejm-2017/), [Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy Versus Immediate Surgery for Resectable and Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer: Results of the Dutch Randomized Phase III PREOPANC Trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-preopanc-preoperative-chemoradiotherapy-jco-2020/), [Preoperative chemotherapy for operable colon cancer: mature results of an international randomized controlled trial (FOxTROT)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-foxtrot-preoperative-chemotherapy-colon-jco-2023/), [Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer (Dutch TME trial)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-kapiteijn-dutch-tme-preoperative-radiotherapy-nejm-2001/), [Preoperative radiotherapy versus selective postoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer (MRC CR07 and NCIC-CTG C016)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-sebag-montefiore-cr07-preoperative-radiotherapy-lancet-2009/), [Preservation of the pylorus in pancreaticoduodenectomy](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-traverso-longmire-pylorus-preservation-pancreaticoduodenectomy-sgo-1978/), [PROSE consortium: preventive surgery lowers cancer and death in BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-brca-risk-reducing-surgery-jama-2010/), [Randomized trial of cytoreduction and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy versus systemic chemotherapy and palliative surgery in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-verwaal-cytoreduction-hipec-peritoneal-colorectal-jco-2003/), [Short-course radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy before total mesorectal excision versus preoperative chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer (RAPIDO)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-bahadoer-rapido-short-course-radiotherapy-lancet-oncol-2021/), [SPCG-4: radical prostatectomy or watchful waiting in prostate cancer, 29-year follow-up](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-bill-axelson-spcg-4-29-year-nejm-2018/), [The mesorectum in rectal cancer surgery: the clue to pelvic recurrence?](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-heald-mesorectum-rectal-cancer-surgery-br-j-surg-1982/), [Treatment of carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-whipple-carcinoma-ampulla-of-vater-ann-surg-1935/)
- roadmaps: [Colorectal cancer roadmap: from the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and the first screening trials to total mesorectal excision, oxaliplatin, RAS testing, immunotherapy for mismatch repair-deficient disease, ctDNA-guided treatment and organ preservation](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/colorectal-roadmap/), [Gallbladder cancer roadmap: from a chance finding at gallstone surgery to a disease with its own trials](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/gallbladder-cancer-roadmap/), [Lung cancer roadmap: from Doll and Hill and the naming of tobacco, through the cytotoxic plateau, computed tomography screening, EGFR and ALK, immunotherapy by PD-L1, the perioperative trials and PACIFIC, to DLL3 in small-cell disease and a 2032 registry watch](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/lung-cancer-evidence-roadmap/), [Pancreatic cancer roadmap: from Whipple's operation to gemcitabine, FOLFIRINOX, adjuvant chemotherapy, PARP inhibition, KRAS inhibition, vaccines and the surveillance question](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/pancreatic-roadmap/), [Prostate cancer roadmap: from Huggins and the discovery that a cancer can depend on a hormone, through the PSA epidemic and what it cost, the androgen receptor drugs, the DNA repair subset and PSMA, to a 2032 registry watch](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/prostate-roadmap/), [Surgery roadmap: radical operations → less surgery → no surgery when a drug has done the work](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/surgery-roadmap/)
- trials: [FOxTROT](https://onco.cc/trials/foxtrot/), [MERCURY](https://onco.cc/trials/mercury/), [MRC CR07](https://onco.cc/trials/cr07/), [PREHAB: multimodal prehabilitation before colorectal cancer surgery](https://onco.cc/trials/prehab-trial/), [STAR-TREC](https://onco.cc/trials/star-trec/), [VIOLET](https://onco.cc/trials/violet/)
- ideas: [A consented commons of surgical video linked to pathology and outcomes](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-data-surgical-video-commons/), [Find peritoneal spread while it is still small, and run complete cytoreduction through networks rather than adding heated chemotherapy](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-crc-peritoneal-disease-found-early-and-treated-in-networks/), [Geriatrician co-management for older patients having cancer surgery](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-geriatric-co-management-surgery/), [Multimodal prehabilitation for older patients before major cancer surgery](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-prehabilitation-older-surgery/), [Prospective arm-volume surveillance to catch and reverse lymphoedema early](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-lymphoedema-prospective-surveillance/), [Publish a per-lesion miss rate for every prostate MRI service before it is allowed to guide focal treatment](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prostate-per-lesion-mri-audit-before-focal-treatment/), [Randomise organ preservation against surgery in mismatch repair-proficient rectal cancer, with bowel function as a co-primary endpoint](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-crc-organ-preservation-randomised-in-pmmr-rectal/), [Remove the fallopian tubes during any pelvic surgery once childbearing is finished](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-opportunistic-salpingectomy-default/), [Structured mentorship so district general surgeons perform common cancer operations safely](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-district-surgeon-oncology-mentorship/), [Treat the deprivation gradient in lung cancer as a defect in delivery that can be fixed and measured](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-lung-deprivation-gradient-treated-as-a-defect-in-delivery/)
- collections: [UK specialist HPB cancer centres](https://onco.cc/collections/uk-hpb-specialist-centres/)
- drugs: [Melphalan hepatic delivery system](https://onco.cc/drugs/hepzato/)
- bottlenecks: [Funding follows fashion, not burden](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-funding-allocation/), [Most of the world has almost no cancer care](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-global-access/), [Surgery and radiotherapy cure most, get least](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-surgery-radiation-innovation/)

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JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/entities/surgery.json