# Skin cancer (all types)

Source: https://onco.cc/cancers/skin-cancer/  
OnCo record `skin-cancer` (Cancer). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

Skin cancer covers the very common and rarely dangerous basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas, the less common but more serious melanoma, and rarer tumours such as Merkel cell carcinoma and Kaposi sarcoma. Almost all of it is caused by ultraviolet light and most of it is found and cured by simple surgery.

## Summary

Skin cancers share a cause, ultraviolet light, and a first line of defence, sun protection and early recognition of a changing spot, but they differ sharply in behaviour. Basal cell carcinoma almost never spreads and is cured by excision, Mohs surgery, topical treatment or radiotherapy. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma usually behaves the same way but can spread in immunosuppressed people or when neglected, where PD-1 blockade now works well. Melanoma accounts for most skin cancer deaths; caught early it is cured by excision, and at advanced stages checkpoint immunotherapy and BRAF and MEK inhibitors have transformed survival. Merkel cell carcinoma, Kaposi sarcoma and cutaneous lymphomas are rarer and have their own pages. This page is the entry point for readers who have been told only 'skin cancer'.

## Fields

- Kind: Cancer
- Last checked: 2026-09-25
- Also known as: Skin Cancer; Skin cancers; Cutaneous malignancies; Keratinocyte cancer; Non-melanoma skin cancer; NMSC; Skin carcinoma; Cancer of the skin; C44; C43
- Tags: umbrella
- Group: skin
- Burden: The commonest cancer worldwide: about 1.2 million non-melanoma skin cancers and 325,000 melanomas recorded in 2020 (GLOBOCAN), with non-melanoma cases badly under-counted because many registries do not record them.
- Subtypes: Keratinocyte cancers, from the cells that make up most of the epidermis: basal cell carcinoma (about 75 out of every 100 non-melanoma skin cancers) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (about 25 out of every 100, which Cancer Research UK writes against skin cancers rather than non-melanoma skin cancers); Bowen's disease, squamous cell carcinoma in situ, which is a carcinoma confined to the epidermis and has its own page; Melanoma, from melanocytes, which is a different disease with its own pages and its own subtypes; Rare skin cancers: Merkel cell carcinoma, the adnexal carcinomas, extramammary Paget disease, and the skin cancers that are not epithelial at all, Kaposi sarcoma, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and the cutaneous lymphomas; Actinic keratosis, which is sun damage rather than cancer and is a glossary term here, not a page
- Biomarkers: Dermoscopy and biopsy for diagnosis; PD-L1 and tumour mutational burden as imperfect immunotherapy markers; Merkel cell polyomavirus status; The histological type on the biopsy report, which is what chooses a page: basal cell, squamous cell, in situ, melanoma or something rarer; For basal cell carcinoma, the growth pattern: nodular, superficial and fibroepithelial are low risk, infiltrating, sclerosing or morphoeic and micronodular are high risk, and basosquamous differentiation is high risk (RCPath G123); For squamous cell carcinoma, the grade (well, moderately or poorly differentiated) and the subtype (acantholytic, desmoplastic, spindle cell and adenosquamous are high risk) (RCPath G124); Margins: involved at 0 mm, or clear but under 1 mm, are both defined high-risk features in the UK datasets; Perineural and lymphovascular invasion, depth, and level of invasion relative to the subcutaneous fat; For melanoma, Breslow thickness, ulceration, sentinel node status and BRAF V600 status, which are on the melanoma pages

## Sections of this record

The page is a hub with ten sections in reading order; large sections have their own page. The same plan as JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/cancers/skin-cancer/sections.json

- Overview (on the hub): The TL;DR, the family this cancer belongs to, the organ, who gets it and what the state of the art is. https://onco.cc/cancers/skin-cancer/#overview [4 subtypes, 3 state-of-the-art points]
- Types and stages (on the hub): Anatomy, the subtypes and how they differ, how it is staged, and where advanced disease spreads. https://onco.cc/cancers/skin-cancer/#what-it-is [9 subtypes, 8 staging notes]
- Symptoms and diagnosis (on the hub): How this cancer shows itself, how the diagnosis is confirmed, and the biomarkers clinicians test for. https://onco.cc/cancers/skin-cancer/#finding-it [7 symptoms, 9 biomarkers]
- Treatment (on the hub): The standard of care by setting, the medicines, surgery and radiotherapy named in it, and the regimens behind them. https://onco.cc/cancers/skin-cancer/#treating-it [11 settings, 3 decisions with options]
- Trials and papers (own page): Trials recruiting now, the landmark trials, the trials held by this cancer's subtypes, the key papers and what they mean, the latest literature, and the milestones year by year. https://onco.cc/cancers/skin-cancer/evidence/ [37 trials, 172 trials in the subtypes, 9 milestones]
- Biology and targets (own page): The molecular landscape: the targets and how often each appears, the pathways, the mechanics stages and the preclinical models. https://onco.cc/cancers/skin-cancer/science/ [258 targets, 1 pathway]
- Countries and centres (own page): Cases by country, the UK and NHS pathway and other country lenses, the expert centres with trials on record, and the centres named on this cancer's subtypes. https://onco.cc/cancers/skin-cancer/where-you-are/ [9 centres, 115 centres in the subtypes, 10 UK centres]
- Decisions and support (on the hub): The decisions you may face, the aids that walk through them, the warnings on record, the first sixty days and the questions to ask. https://onco.cc/cancers/skin-cancer/#living-with-it [23 questions, 4 red cards, 1 decision aid]
- Pipeline and open problems (own page): Everything in development, the medicines held by this cancer's subtypes, the open problems and what is being done about them, the roadmaps, and what changed on this record. https://onco.cc/cancers/skin-cancer/coming/ [18 medicines, 69 medicines in the subtypes, 35 trials, 10 open problems]
- Data (own page): Every connected record, the notes, the JSON, Markdown and RDF twins, and where the record came from and when it was checked. https://onco.cc/cancers/skin-cancer/data/ [405 connected records, 10 notes]

## Standard of care

- Surgery on the face: grafts, flaps, and what the scar does in the first year: Start with the reassurance, because it is true: the British Association of Dermatologists says basal cell carcinomas can almost always be cured and very rarely spread, and that most squamous cell carcinomas are low-risk skin cancers and can be cured. What frightens people is not the cancer, it is the operation, and almost nothing is written about it. There are four ways a wound on the face is closed and it is worth knowing which is yours before the day. Stitches, if the edges will meet. A skin graft, a thin sheet taken from a donor site (Cancer Research UK says usually somewhere not too obvious such as the inner thigh) and laid over the defect, which means a second wound where it came from; a shaved donor site heals by itself, a cut one is stitched. A skin flap, skin from immediately beside the wound moved across while still attached to its own blood supply, which is why the colour and texture usually match better; only specially trained dermatologists or plastic surgeons do them and more than one operation is sometimes needed. And fourth, the one people are least often warned about, leaving the wound open under a dressing to heal on its own over several weeks and up to two months, which is a recognised choice and not a failure. Near the eyelid, the nose, the ear and the lip the reconstruction is often handed to a different team, and the BAD names maxillofacial, oculoplastic and plastic surgeons as the ones who may repair a Mohs wound, so who removes the cancer and who closes the wound are two separate questions. Afterwards: Cancer Research UK says the scar is quite noticeable and red to start with and gets paler over time, that some are thick and raised, and that numbness, tingling and pain in the area are nerve injury and may improve with time. The NHS says most scars fade but that this can take up to two years or more, and that massage with a water-based cream, keeping the scar covered in the sun for at least a year and SPF 30 or more all help. One small thing nobody mentions: after a local anaesthetic to the middle or lower face you cannot feel anything until it wears off, so avoid hot food and drink because of the risk of burns. ([Skin grafts and flaps after skin cancer surgery](https://onco.cc/terms/skin-graft-and-flap-reconstruction/), [The scar on the face after skin cancer surgery](https://onco.cc/terms/facial-scar-after-skin-cancer/), [Mohs surgery](https://onco.cc/terms/mohs-surgery/), [Wide local excision](https://onco.cc/terms/wide-local-excision/), [Curettage and cautery](https://onco.cc/terms/curettage-and-cautery/), [Late effects and survivorship toxicity](https://onco.cc/terms/late-effects/))
- Mohs surgery as a day, not as a technique: Mohs is described everywhere as a technique and almost nowhere as a day, which is the thing you have to get through. The British Association of Dermatologists leaflet describes it honestly. You arrive as for any appointment and are taken to a surgical suite. The surgeon marks and photographs the lesion, injects local anaesthetic (it stings for less than 30 seconds), removes the tumour with a rim of normal-looking skin, dresses the wound and sends you to a recovery bay. Your sample goes to the laboratory and is read under a microscope while you wait; the leaflet says it can take up to three hours to get the result. If any cancer remains, more anaesthetic is injected and another layer is taken, and the clock restarts. In 90 percent of cases the cancer has gone after one or two stages, but you could be in hospital for up to a day, and the leaflet says in its own words that more than one set of injections is often needed and that it can be a long and tiring day. You do not know at the start how much will come out or how big the wound will be, which is the part people find hardest, and the wound is only closed once the surgeon is satisfied. The drawbacks the BAD names itself are worth hearing: waiting lists are usually longer than for standard excision because fewer cases fit in a day, so the cancer could grow while you wait; it takes half a day on average against minutes for a standard excision; and not all skin cancers should be removed this way. What it buys: in the Dutch randomised trial of high-risk facial basal cell carcinoma, ten-year recurrence was 4.4 percent after Mohs against 12.2 percent after excision for primary tumours (not statistically significant) and 3.9 percent against 13.5 percent for recurrent ones (significant). Practical matters the leaflet is specific about: someone must drive you there and back, public transport is not advised afterwards, you can eat and drink, and bring something to do. ([Mohs surgery](https://onco.cc/terms/mohs-surgery/), [Skin grafts and flaps after skin cancer surgery](https://onco.cc/terms/skin-graft-and-flap-reconstruction/), [Wide local excision](https://onco.cc/terms/wide-local-excision/), [Curative intent vs palliative intent](https://onco.cc/terms/curative-intent/), [Multidisciplinary tumour boards](https://onco.cc/technologies/multidisciplinary-tumour-board/))
- Sun protection after a diagnosis, for someone who still goes outside: Written as a list a real person can follow rather than as a warning. Cancer Research UK's version for someone who has had one of these cancers is: close-weave cotton clothing, long sleeves and trousers; a wide-brimmed hat that shades the face and neck; sunglasses with 100 percent UV protection; shade between 11am and 3pm in the UK; never a sunbed; and sunscreen of at least SPF 30 with four or five UVA stars, used generously, reapplied regularly, alongside the shade and the clothing rather than instead of them, even on a cloudy day. A specialist may suggest SPF 50 on exposed skin. The BAD adds the timing that makes the difference: apply plenty 15 to 30 minutes before going out and reapply every two hours and straight after swimming and towel-drying. NICE NG34 (1.1.1) names the groups public health activity should focus on and a reader of this page is in at least one of them: a personal or family history of skin cancer, immunosuppression, a tendency to burn rather than tan, outdoor work or outdoor hobbies. Two things are usually left out. The first is vitamin D: Cancer Research UK says covering up reduces it, and that the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition recommends a 10 microgram daily supplement between October and March, and all year for people who are mostly indoors or who cover up outdoors, so ask rather than guess. The second is that none of this is retrospective. The damage that caused this cancer was done years ago and cannot be undone by anything you do now; what sun protection changes is the chance of the next one, which in a meta-analysis of 17 studies ran at 44 percent within three years of a first basal cell carcinoma. That is a figure for a group of people, not a prediction for you. ([Sun protection after a skin cancer diagnosis](https://onco.cc/terms/sun-protection-after-skin-cancer/), [The next skin cancer: second primaries after a keratinocyte cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/second-primary-skin-cancer/), [Skin cancer after an organ transplant](https://onco.cc/terms/skin-cancer-after-organ-transplant/), [Chemoprevention & risk-reducing surgery](https://onco.cc/technologies/chemoprevention/), [Field cancerisation](https://onco.cc/pathways/field-cancerisation/))
- The part nobody counts: a face you did not choose, and the fear of the next mark: Three things happen at once and only one of them is ever discussed. The first is the face. The BAD says larger basal cell carcinomas may leave larger scars after surgery which may cause concern, especially on prominent areas such as the face, and that is as close as most patient material comes to naming it. The practical answers exist and are underused: the NHS says a GP can refer you for skin camouflage or you can refer yourself online, that a trained professional colour-matches creams and powders to your skin, that they can be prescribed, and that a GP can refer you for talking therapy if a scar is affecting your mental health. Changing Faces is the UK charity for visible difference. The second is watchfulness. Once you have had one of these cancers, you are being asked to examine your own skin monthly, which means every new mark is now a question rather than a mark; in a study of 160 people after surgery for facial non-melanoma skin cancer, those with recurrent disease had a higher adjusted symptom severity score and poorer psychological quality of life than those treated once. The third is the one people find hardest to say out loud, that everyone around them has decided this does not count. It is not baseless: Cancer Research UK's own coping page says nearly everyone diagnosed with skin cancer can have a simple treatment that will cure the cancer, and that is true and is also the sentence people hear instead of sympathy. In the study of 400 patients scored on the disease-specific BaSQoL questionnaire, the mean subscores were 1.20 for the 'other people' domain, 1.01 for diagnosis and treatment, 0.90 for worries, 0.78 for behaviour and 0.40 for appearance; the overall impact was low to moderate and the highest-scoring domain was not the one about how you look. Both things can be true. It is the cancer most likely to be cured, and it is still a cancer, and being told how lucky you are is not the same as being listened to. ([The scar on the face after skin cancer surgery](https://onco.cc/terms/facial-scar-after-skin-cancer/), [The next skin cancer: second primaries after a keratinocyte cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/second-primary-skin-cancer/), [Psycho-oncology and distress screening](https://onco.cc/technologies/psycho-oncology/), [Peer support and support groups](https://onco.cc/technologies/peer-support-groups/), [Quality of life](https://onco.cc/terms/quality-of-life/), [Cognitive behavioural therapy for fatigue and distress](https://onco.cc/technologies/cbt-fatigue-distress/), [Survivorship care and late-effects surveillance](https://onco.cc/technologies/survivorship-care-plan/))
- If your immune system is suppressed, this is a different disease: If you take drugs that suppress your immune system, and above all if you have had an organ transplant, almost every sentence on this page is more serious for you and the leaflets addressed to you are rarely the ones you are handed. The scale, from the joint leaflet of the British Association of Dermatologists and the British Society for Skin Care in Immunosuppressed Individuals: squamous cell carcinoma is 150 times more common in transplant recipients than in the general population and is the commonest skin cancer in this group, basal cell carcinoma is up to 10 times more common, a UK study found one in three people transplanted for more than 10 years had developed a skin cancer, by about 20 years roughly half will have had one, and two in three of those who have had one go on to have several. The population studies agree: in 10,476 Swedish recipients the standardised incidence ratio for squamous cell carcinoma was 121 and 198 for heart and lung recipients, and in a prospective study of 615 squamous cell carcinomas immunosuppression was an independent predictor of metastasis with a hazard ratio of 4.32. Four things follow. What counts as suspicious is different: pain in a growing skin lump is specifically flagged, and any new, painful, bleeding or non-healing mark goes to a doctor rather than to a wait-and-see. Sun protection is stricter: SPF 50 with five UVA stars, daily, all year, to all exposed skin including a balding scalp and the ears, and it applies to people with brown and black skin on immunosuppressants where routine sun protection would otherwise rarely be needed in the UK. Surveillance is individual: ask your team for the frequency and setting of your in-clinic skin checks rather than assuming there is a standard. And the immunosuppression itself is on the table: where someone has multiple or more serious skin cancers, the dermatologist may discuss with the transplant physicians whether reducing or switching it would reduce future cancers, and preventive acitretin or nicotinamide may be added. None of that is a decision to make on your own, and none of it should be a surprise. ([Skin cancer after an organ transplant](https://onco.cc/terms/skin-cancer-after-organ-transplant/), [The next skin cancer: second primaries after a keratinocyte cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/second-primary-skin-cancer/), [Sun protection after a skin cancer diagnosis](https://onco.cc/terms/sun-protection-after-skin-cancer/), [Chemoprevention & risk-reducing surgery](https://onco.cc/technologies/chemoprevention/), [Field cancerisation](https://onco.cc/pathways/field-cancerisation/), [Multidisciplinary tumour boards](https://onco.cc/technologies/multidisciplinary-tumour-board/))
- The operation, and the rim of skin around it: Excision with a measured margin of normal-looking skin, under local anaesthetic, in a few minutes. The standard margin is 4 mm, and it is not a convention: for basal cell carcinomas under 2 cm, marking the skin in 2 mm increments before Mohs surgery showed that 4 mm cleared more than 95 per cent of tumours, and the same method in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma gave 4 mm for ordinary tumours and at least 6 mm for high-risk ones, meaning 2 cm or larger, grade 2 or higher, invading the fat, or in a high-risk site. Two practical corrections matter: a specimen shrinks between the skin and the pathologist's ruler, by 70 to 80 per cent of the measured width in one series, and dermoscopy moves the visible edge outwards in about one tumour in six. Cure is high and the cancer is almost always gone for good. ([The margin in skin cancer surgery](https://onco.cc/terms/surgical-margins-keratinocyte-cancer/), [Resection margins (R0 / R1 / R2)](https://onco.cc/terms/resection-margins/), [Mohs surgery](https://onco.cc/terms/mohs-surgery/), [Dermoscopy, total-body photography & AI skin analysis](https://onco.cc/technologies/dermoscopy-ai/))
- When the excision is incomplete: Tumour at the inked edge means the operation did not clear it. It happens in roughly 3 to 15 per cent of excisions depending on the site and the series, most often on the nose, in infiltrative, morphoeic, micronodular and superficial multifocal subtypes, and where invasion goes below the dermis. What follows is a judgement: re-excision or Mohs surgery for aggressive subtypes, central facial sites and any squamous cell carcinoma, radiotherapy where further surgery is not possible, and observation where a frail person has a low-risk basal cell carcinoma at a low-risk site. In one series of 23 incompletely excised facial basal cell carcinomas, six recurred and all six were superficial multifocal, infiltrative or micronodular. ([The margin in skin cancer surgery](https://onco.cc/terms/surgical-margins-keratinocyte-cancer/), [Mohs surgery](https://onco.cc/terms/mohs-surgery/), [Radiotherapy for skin cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/radiotherapy-for-skin-cancer/))
- Mohs micrographic surgery, and when it is worth it: The tumour is removed in thin layers, each mapped and checked under the microscope while the patient waits, until every edge is clear. Because the whole margin is examined rather than a few slices of it, it clears more tumour with less normal skin, which is why it is used on the face and on aggressive subtypes. The evidence is one randomised trial, in 612 high-risk facial basal cell carcinomas in the Netherlands. For tumours that had already recurred it is clearly better: ten-year recurrence 3.9 against 13.5 per cent (p=0.023). For tumours being treated for the first time the difference never reached significance, 4.4 against 12.2 per cent at ten years (p=0.100), and at five years it was 2.5 against 4.1 per cent. The finding that should change practice is that 56 per cent of the primary-tumour recurrences happened after year five, which is why the five-year papers in this disease understate the problem. Mohs surgery cost 1,248 euros against 990 for ordinary excision. ([Mohs surgery against ordinary excision for facial basal cell carcinoma (Maastricht trial)](https://onco.cc/trials/mohs-versus-excision-facial-bcc/), [Mohs surgery](https://onco.cc/terms/mohs-surgery/), [The margin in skin cancer surgery](https://onco.cc/terms/surgical-margins-keratinocyte-cancer/))
- Curettage and cautery: Scraping the tumour out with a curette and burning the base, in minutes, with no specimen to check. For the right tumour it is reasonable and it is how a large share of low-risk basal cell carcinomas are treated worldwide. The Danish Skin Cancer Registry followed 47,358 tumours treated this way in office dermatology and found five-year recurrence of 9.9 per cent and eight-year recurrence of 13.3 per cent, dominated by selection: 25.1 per cent at eight years for head and neck tumours, 16.7 per cent for tumours over 10 mm and 8.4 per cent for superficial ones. Used on aggressive histological subtypes it fails, with 27 per cent recurrence at a median 6.5 years in one series of 37 tumours, which is an argument for a biopsy first in anything not obviously superficial. ([Curettage and cautery](https://onco.cc/terms/curettage-and-cautery/), [The margin in skin cancer surgery](https://onco.cc/terms/surgical-margins-keratinocyte-cancer/))
- Radiotherapy, and who it suits: Radiotherapy cures most skin cancers without an operation and is chosen for the person rather than the tumour: someone in whom surgery would cost an eyelid, a nostril or a lip, someone too frail or unwell for an operation, someone who refuses one, and after an incomplete excision that cannot be re-operated. It is second and not first because of the only randomised comparison ever run, in 347 patients with facial basal cell carcinoma, where the four-year failure rate was 0.7 per cent after surgery against 7.5 per cent after radiotherapy (p=0.003) and the cosmetic result was better after surgery on four of five independent judgements. Irradiated skin does not improve with time as a scar does. The techniques in that trial are not today's, so the gap is probably narrower now, but no one has repeated it. ([Radiotherapy for skin cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/radiotherapy-for-skin-cancer/), [Surgery against radiotherapy for basal cell carcinoma of the face](https://onco.cc/trials/avril-surgery-versus-radiotherapy-bcc/), [Brachytherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/brachytherapy/), [Electron beam therapy systems (linac electrons, total skin electron units, mobile electron IORT)](https://onco.cc/technologies/electron-beam-therapy-systems/))
- What is different about melanoma: Everything above is the treatment of the keratinocyte cancers, basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma, which is what most people who are told they have skin cancer have. Melanoma is treated by a different logic: the margin is set by the thickness of the tumour rather than by a fixed 4 mm, the lymph nodes are staged with a sentinel node biopsy, and advanced disease is treated with checkpoint immunotherapy or with BRAF and MEK inhibitors. Creams, curettage and photodynamic therapy have no role in invasive melanoma. The melanoma page carries all of it and this page does not repeat it. ([Melanoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/melanoma/), [Sentinel node biopsy](https://onco.cc/terms/sentinel-lymph-node-biopsy/), [Immune checkpoint inhibitors](https://onco.cc/technologies/checkpoint-inhibitor/))

## State of the art

- The operation has barely changed and is still overwhelmingly the right answer. A 4 mm margin, chosen in 1987 and 1992 by measuring how far tumours actually reach beyond their visible edge, clears more than 95 per cent of basal cell carcinomas under 2 cm and most squamous cell carcinomas, and every alternative that has been randomised against it has lost on cure rate and won on appearance.
- Mohs micrographic surgery has exactly one randomised trial behind it, in 612 high-risk facial basal cell carcinomas. It is clearly better for tumours that have already recurred and not significantly better for primary ones, and the ten-year report showed that 56 per cent of the primary-tumour recurrences had not yet happened at five years, which is a warning about every five-year paper in this disease.
- The non-surgical options are now ranked rather than assumed. Photodynamic therapy was the treatment of choice for superficial basal cell carcinoma until a 601-patient trial put it last of three, behind imiquimod and fluorouracil, at both one and five years, and found it the most expensive of the three as well.

## Open problems

- Melanoma incidence continues to rise in fair-skinned populations.
- The commonest cancer in the world is the one nobody can count. UK registries long recorded only the first basal cell carcinoma and the first squamous cell carcinoma in a person's lifetime; counting one of each per person per year instead finds 67 percent more basal cell carcinomas and 42 percent more squamous cell carcinomas, and still misses about 14 basal cell carcinomas per 100 patients. The Office for National Statistics leaves the whole group out of the national cancer total on the stated ground that it is greatly under-registered. Services are planned on the number that is published.
- Incidence and mortality are moving in opposite directions to the reassurance. Basal cell carcinoma rates in England stabilised after 2015, but squamous cell carcinoma rates went on rising, and non-melanoma skin cancer mortality rose about 4 percent a year from 2013, twice as fast in men. A group of cancers officially too trivial for the national total is killing more people each year.
- The pathology report cannot see half of what decides the risk. The UK datasets list the pathological high-risk features and then say in terms that a low-risk tumour on histology may be upgraded once the clinician adds site, recurrence, immunosuppression and growth rate, and that risk stratification is better done by a clinician or a multidisciplinary team than recorded in the report. The joint audit found risk status was one of the most frequently omitted items in skin cancer reports.
- Squamous cell carcinoma has two staging systems that disagree about who is high risk, and the disagreement is unresolved in guidelines. The anatomical systems put almost everyone in one or two categories; the alternative built to fix that has been validated only in single-centre cohorts, and the Royal College of Pathologists has published its objection to the risk bands derived from it. Meanwhile the decision those systems exist to inform, who needs nodal staging or adjuvant treatment, is being made anyway.
- Skin cancer statistics are almost entirely about white skin, and the gap is visible in the data. Incidence rates in England are 26 to 27 times higher for basal cell carcinoma and 13 to 14 times higher for squamous cell carcinoma in the White ethnic group than in the Asian or Black groups, ethnicity is unknown for 19.2 percent of registered basal cell carcinomas, and acral melanoma, which is commonest in the Black ethnic group, is less likely to be referred on the urgent suspected cancer pathway and more likely to present late (Ahmed 2026).
- The commonest cancer operation on earth rests on two observational margin studies from 1987 and 1992 and one randomised trial of Mohs surgery from the Netherlands. Nothing of that size has been attempted since, and the reason is that a cancer nobody dies of attracts no trial funding.
- Five years is the wrong follow-up for basal cell carcinoma and the whole literature uses it. In the only long trial, 56 per cent of the recurrences after primary tumour treatment happened after year five, which means every five-year cure rate quoted for a cream, for light or for curettage is an overestimate of unknown size.
- Curettage and cautery treats a large share of the world's basal cell carcinomas and has never been randomised against anything. Its evidence is a Danish registry of 47,358 tumours, which cannot separate the treatment from the choice of tumour.
- Appearance is the outcome patients choose on and it is measured worse than recurrence is. Photographic and observer scales differ between trials, patient and doctor ratings disagree by 20 to 40 percentage points in the same cohort, and no trial has asked what trade in cure rate a person would actually accept.

## Notes

- Living with a keratinocyte skin cancer: This is orientation from public patient pages, guidelines and the trials themselves, not advice for your case: your own team's instructions and the number they gave you come first, and no figure on this page is a prediction about you. The five rows above, the question sets for diagnosis, the operation, Mohs, sun protection and immunosuppression, the first 60 days checklist and the red cards were written together on 25 September 2026 for the person who has just been told they have a basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma, which on the numbers is more people than any other cancer diagnosis.
- On what is here and what is not. The decision about how a low-risk basal cell carcinoma is treated, with the comparative figures, is on the basal cell carcinoma page; which squamous cell carcinomas are dangerous, and the lymph nodes and perineural spread, are on the cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma page. This page carries only what is true of both and of the person rather than the tumour: the operation on the face, the Mohs day, the sun, the mind, and immunosuppression. Melanoma is a different disease with a different page and nothing here restates it; if the thing you are worried about is a changing mole, go there.
- On the survival and recurrence figures used on the subtype pages. They come from the Cochrane review of 52 randomised trials in basal cell carcinoma, the UK SINS trial of 501 participants, a Dutch three-arm trial of 601 patients, a Dutch Mohs trial of 612 facial tumours followed for ten years, a prospective German cohort of 615 squamous cell carcinomas and a Boston cohort of 985 patients with 1,832 tumours. Each describes the people in it. None of them is a prediction about a particular reader, and the pages say so where the numbers appear.
- On the word cured. The British Association of Dermatologists says basal cell carcinomas can almost always be cured and are almost never a danger to life, and that most squamous cell carcinomas are low-risk and can be cured. That is the honest headline and it is given first. The exactness comes after it: the thickness above which a squamous cell carcinoma starts to metastasise, the 2.1 percent of one cohort who died of it, the transplant recipient for whom this is a different disease, and the 44 percent chance of a second basal cell carcinoma within three years. A page that only reassured would be useless to the reader who needs it most.
- On scars, which is the reason this layer exists in the form it does. A scar on a face is neither trivial nor a tragedy, almost no patient material says anything about it at all, and the concrete help that does exist (skin camouflage on prescription with self-referral, silicone gels from a pharmacist, and a GP referral for talking therapy if the scar is affecting your mental health) is buried in the NHS scars page rather than in anything a skin cancer patient is given.
- Which page is mine? Start with three things you already know: where the lesion is, what it looks like, and what the biopsy said. The biopsy wins if you have it. If the report says basal cell carcinoma, or BCC, your page is basal cell carcinoma, and that covers about 75 in every 100 non-melanoma skin cancers. If it says squamous cell carcinoma, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, cSCC or keratinocyte carcinoma of squamous type, your page is cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, about 25 in every 100 (Cancer Research UK's own sentence says 25 out of every 100 skin cancers, where its basal cell figure is 75 out of every 100 non-melanoma skin cancers). If it says in situ, intraepidermal, or Bowen's disease, your page is Bowen's disease, which is squamous cell carcinoma that has not broken out of the outer layer of skin. If it says melanoma, your page is melanoma, which is a different disease from a different cell and is not what the rest of this page is about. If it says Merkel cell carcinoma, that has its own page and is rare and serious. If it says actinic or solar keratosis, that is sun damage rather than cancer, and the glossary entry explains it.
- Which page is mine, continued: if you have not had a biopsy yet. Where the mark is narrows it. Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma both occur mostly on skin that has had the most sun, the head, face, ears, neck, shoulders, back, hands and lower legs, and a squamous cell carcinoma can also arise in an old scar or burn. What it looks like narrows it further, with the strong caution that nobody, including a dermatologist, diagnoses skin cancer reliably by eye. A slow-growing smooth firm lump, a patch of scaly skin, or an area of shiny skin that looks like a scar suggests basal cell carcinoma. A pink or red scaly bump or patch that may be sore and may ulcerate, and that has grown over weeks rather than years, suggests squamous cell carcinoma. A red scaly patch on a lower leg that has been there for months or years and is slowly enlarging suggests Bowen's disease. A mole that has changed shape, colour or size, or a new dark mark, suggests melanoma. The NHS rule for going to a GP does not require you to decide which: a growth that is getting bigger or changing, or any area that hurts, itches, bleeds, crusts or scabs for more than 4 weeks, is the trigger.
- Which page is mine, continued: the words that are not pages. A growth pattern is not a page. Nodular, superficial, morphoeic, sclerosing, micronodular, infiltrative and basosquamous are all descriptions of one disease, basal cell carcinoma, and they change the operation rather than the page; the glossary entry explains each. A grade is not a page: well, moderately and poorly differentiated describe a squamous cell carcinoma, not a different cancer. A stage is not a page either, and most people here are never given one. Low risk and high risk are not pages but they are the words that decide the most in Britain, and they have their own entry. Keratoacanthoma is a word for a way a squamous cell carcinoma can look. Non-melanoma skin cancer is a name for a group and is being replaced by keratinocyte cancer. And if you were told you have several lesions rather than one, that is usual in this family and does not mean the cancer has spread: it means the skin around them has been damaged too.
- What skin cancer is. The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is built almost entirely of keratinocytes, which are made at its base and push upwards as they mature into the flat dead cells that form the surface. Scattered among them at the base are melanocytes, which make the pigment that colours skin and protects it from ultraviolet light, and Merkel cells, which are involved in touch. Each of those cells can become cancerous and each gives a different disease: basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma from keratinocytes, melanoma from melanocytes, Merkel cell carcinoma from Merkel cells. Ultraviolet light from the sun and from sunbeds is the cause of almost all of it, which is why these cancers appear on the parts of the body that have had the most sun and why they become commoner with age. Because the epidermis has no blood or lymphatic vessels of its own, a cancer confined to it cannot spread anywhere, which is what the phrase in situ means and why it matters so much.
- Why this family is counted worse than any other, and what to do about it when you read a number. Registries were designed for cancers a person gets once. These are cancers a person gets repeatedly, and in 1999 the UK and Ireland Association of Cancer Registries ruled that only the first basal cell carcinoma and the first squamous cell carcinoma in a lifetime would be registered. England now publishes on a first-per-person-per-year basis instead, which found 67 percent more basal cell carcinomas and 42 percent more squamous cell carcinomas over 2013 to 2022 and still undercounts. Scotland collects only the first basal cell carcinoma per person but registers every squamous cell carcinoma. Wales counts annually and on that basis non-melanoma skin cancer was 40 percent of all its cancer cases in 2020. And the headline total leaves the group out: the Office for National Statistics defines all cancers as ICD-10 C00 to C97 excluding C44, because non-melanoma skin cancer is, in its words, greatly under-registered. So the figure of just over 400,000 new cancers a year in the UK does not include roughly 156,000 counted non-melanoma skin cancers, which are themselves a floor. Every incidence figure on these pages links to the term that says this.
- Which cancers of the skin are not in this family, and why. Kaposi sarcoma and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans arise in the dermis from vessels and fibroblasts rather than from the epidermis, and they sit under sarcoma here; the cutaneous lymphomas are lymphomas that happen to live in the skin and sit under lymphoma. They are reached from this page through its links. The reason for keeping them where they are is the same reason mesothelioma is not a lung cancer: the classification, the treatment and the specialists all follow the cell of origin, not the address. The one place this family does follow the address is the organ drawing, which shows every cancer of the skin together because a drawing is anatomy, not taxonomy.
- Is it cancer if it cannot spread? This question comes up three times in this family and gets three different answers, which is why the boundary is drawn explicitly here. An actinic keratosis is sun-damaged skin: not a neoplasm in ICD-10, not registered as cancer anywhere in the UK, and a glossary term here. Bowen's disease is squamous cell carcinoma in situ: a carcinoma, coded in the neoplasm chapter as D04, staged pTis, with a national guideline of its own, and a page here. A basal cell carcinoma is an invasive cancer that virtually never metastasises, and the UK reporting dataset notes that there is not even consensus on whether the superficial pattern is in situ or invasive, which is why that dataset avoids the phrase invasive basal cell carcinoma in its own title. Biology does not supply a clean line and neither does the word cancer; what supplies a usable line is the coding boundary, and that is what the corpus uses.
- How common it is, with its caveat attached. Around 156,000 new non-melanoma skin cancers are recorded a year in the UK, against 403,601 of all other cancers combined and around 19,400 melanomas, and 48 percent of the non-melanoma cases are in people aged 75 and over (Cancer Research UK). On the annual counting method, the research estimate is 234,861 a year across the UK for 2016 to 2018, 184,280 basal cell and 50,582 squamous cell carcinomas, and about one person in five in England will develop at least one of these cancers at some point, roughly one in four men and one in six women (Kwiatkowska 2021). Rates have risen by 169 percent in the UK since the early 1990s, partly disease and partly counting. In England 1,445,377 skin cancers were registered across 2013 to 2019 (van Bodegraven 2023).

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- Van Coile et al., the impact of basal cell carcinoma on the quality of life in older patients, 400 patients scored on the BaSQoL questionnaire (Scientific Reports 2024): https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67740-0
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- NICE NG34: sunlight exposure, risks and benefits: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng34/chapter/Recommendations

## Connected records

- cancers: [Basal cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/basal-cell-carcinoma/), [Bowen's disease (squamous cell carcinoma in situ)](https://onco.cc/cancers/bowens-disease/), [Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/cutaneous-scc/), [Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome)](https://onco.cc/cancers/cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma/), [Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans](https://onco.cc/cancers/dermatofibrosarcoma-protuberans/), [Kaposi sarcoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/kaposi-sarcoma/), [Melanoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/melanoma/), [Merkel cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/merkel-cell-carcinoma/), [Uveal melanoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/uveal-melanoma/)
- technologies: [Black salve and other escharotic pastes](https://onco.cc/technologies/black-salve-escharotics/), [Brachytherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/brachytherapy/), [Chemoprevention & risk-reducing surgery](https://onco.cc/technologies/chemoprevention/), [Cognitive behavioural therapy for fatigue and distress](https://onco.cc/technologies/cbt-fatigue-distress/), [Confocal microscopy and optical coherence tomography for skin (VivaScope, VivoSight, deepLive)](https://onco.cc/technologies/confocal-oct-skin-imaging/), [Dermoscopy, total-body photography & AI skin analysis](https://onco.cc/technologies/dermoscopy-ai/), [Early integrated palliative care](https://onco.cc/technologies/palliative-care/), [Electrochemotherapy devices (Cliniporator)](https://onco.cc/technologies/electrochemotherapy-devices/), [Electron beam therapy systems (linac electrons, total skin electron units, mobile electron IORT)](https://onco.cc/technologies/electron-beam-therapy-systems/), [Financial toxicity and financial navigation](https://onco.cc/technologies/financial-navigation/), [FLASH research accelerators (Oriatron, Mobetron FLASH, ProBeam FLASH)](https://onco.cc/technologies/flash-research-accelerators/), [Hedgehog pathway inhibitors](https://onco.cc/technologies/hedgehog-inhibitors/), [Immune checkpoint inhibitors](https://onco.cc/technologies/checkpoint-inhibitor/), [Multidisciplinary tumour boards](https://onco.cc/technologies/multidisciplinary-tumour-board/), [Peer support and support groups](https://onco.cc/technologies/peer-support-groups/), [Photodynamic therapy lasers and light sources](https://onco.cc/technologies/photodynamic-therapy-lasers/), [Psycho-oncology and distress screening](https://onco.cc/technologies/psycho-oncology/), [Remote afterloaders for HDR brachytherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/brachytherapy-afterloaders/), [Skin during and after radiotherapy: dressings, steroids and what lasts](https://onco.cc/technologies/radiation-skin-recovery/), [Superficial and orthovoltage radiotherapy for skin cancer](https://onco.cc/technologies/superficial-radiotherapy/), [Survivorship care and late-effects surveillance](https://onco.cc/technologies/survivorship-care-plan/)
- targets: [ABL2](https://onco.cc/targets/abl2/), [ACKR3](https://onco.cc/targets/ackr3/), [ACVR1B](https://onco.cc/targets/acvr1b/), [AFDN](https://onco.cc/targets/afdn/), [AFF3](https://onco.cc/targets/aff3/), [AFF4](https://onco.cc/targets/aff4/), [AMER1](https://onco.cc/targets/amer1/), [APOBEC3B](https://onco.cc/targets/apobec3b/), [ARHGAP26](https://onco.cc/targets/arhgap26/), [ARHGAP35](https://onco.cc/targets/arhgap35/), [ARHGEF12](https://onco.cc/targets/arhgef12/), [ARID2](https://onco.cc/targets/arid2/), [ARNT](https://onco.cc/targets/arnt/), [ATP2B3](https://onco.cc/targets/atp2b3/), [ATRX](https://onco.cc/targets/atrx/), [AXIN1](https://onco.cc/targets/axin1/), [AXIN2](https://onco.cc/targets/axin2/), [BACH2](https://onco.cc/targets/bach2/), [BARD1](https://onco.cc/targets/bard1/), [BCL11A](https://onco.cc/targets/bcl11a/), [BCL11B](https://onco.cc/targets/bcl11b/), [BCL6](https://onco.cc/targets/bcl6/), [BCL9](https://onco.cc/targets/bcl9/), [BCL9L](https://onco.cc/targets/bcl9l/), [BCORL1](https://onco.cc/targets/bcorl1/), [BIRC3](https://onco.cc/targets/birc3/), [BLM](https://onco.cc/targets/blm/), [BNC2](https://onco.cc/targets/bnc2/), [BRAF](https://onco.cc/targets/braf/), [BRIP1](https://onco.cc/targets/brip1/), [BUB1B](https://onco.cc/targets/bub1b/), [CACNA1D](https://onco.cc/targets/cacna1d/), [CAMTA1](https://onco.cc/targets/camta1/), [CARD11](https://onco.cc/targets/card11/), [CARS1](https://onco.cc/targets/cars1/), [CASP8](https://onco.cc/targets/casp8/), [CBFA2T3](https://onco.cc/targets/cbfa2t3/), [CBL](https://onco.cc/targets/cbl/), [CBLB](https://onco.cc/targets/cblb/), [CCNB1IP1](https://onco.cc/targets/ccnb1ip1/), [CCND1](https://onco.cc/targets/ccnd1/), [CCND2](https://onco.cc/targets/ccnd2/), [CCNE1](https://onco.cc/targets/ccne1/), [CD79A](https://onco.cc/targets/cd79a/), [CDH1](https://onco.cc/targets/cdh1/), [CDH11](https://onco.cc/targets/cdh11/), [CDK12](https://onco.cc/targets/cdk12/), [CDKN2A](https://onco.cc/targets/cdkn2a/), [CDKN2B](https://onco.cc/targets/cdkn2b/), [CDX2](https://onco.cc/targets/cdx2/), [CHD4](https://onco.cc/targets/chd4/), [CIC](https://onco.cc/targets/cic/), [CIITA](https://onco.cc/targets/ciita/), [CLTCL1](https://onco.cc/targets/cltcl1/), [CNOT3](https://onco.cc/targets/cnot3/), [CPVL](https://onco.cc/targets/cpvl/), [CREB1](https://onco.cc/targets/creb1/), [CRLF2](https://onco.cc/targets/crlf2/), [CRTC1](https://onco.cc/targets/crtc1/), [CTSS](https://onco.cc/targets/ctss/), [CUX1](https://onco.cc/targets/cux1/), [CYP1B1](https://onco.cc/targets/cyp1b1/), [DAXX](https://onco.cc/targets/daxx/), [DDB2](https://onco.cc/targets/ddb2/), [DDX10](https://onco.cc/targets/ddx10/), [DDX3X](https://onco.cc/targets/ddx3x/), [DDX5](https://onco.cc/targets/ddx5/), [DICER1](https://onco.cc/targets/dicer1/), [DNM2](https://onco.cc/targets/dnm2/), [DROSHA](https://onco.cc/targets/drosha/), [EBF1](https://onco.cc/targets/ebf1/), [ELF4](https://onco.cc/targets/elf4/), [ELK4](https://onco.cc/targets/elk4/), [ELL](https://onco.cc/targets/ell/), [EPS15](https://onco.cc/targets/eps15/), [ERCC2](https://onco.cc/targets/ercc2/), [ERCC3](https://onco.cc/targets/ercc3/), [ERCC4](https://onco.cc/targets/ercc4/), [ERCC5](https://onco.cc/targets/ercc5/), [ETV5](https://onco.cc/targets/etv5/), [EXT1](https://onco.cc/targets/ext1/), [EXT2](https://onco.cc/targets/ext2/), [FANCA](https://onco.cc/targets/fanca/), [FANCD2](https://onco.cc/targets/fancd2/), [FANCE](https://onco.cc/targets/fance/), [FANCF](https://onco.cc/targets/fancf/), [FAS](https://onco.cc/targets/fas/), [FAT4](https://onco.cc/targets/fat4/), [FBXO11](https://onco.cc/targets/fbxo11/), [FCRL4](https://onco.cc/targets/fcrl4/), [FES](https://onco.cc/targets/fes/), [FH](https://onco.cc/targets/fh/), [FHIT](https://onco.cc/targets/fhit/), [FLCN](https://onco.cc/targets/flcn/), [FLG](https://onco.cc/targets/flg/), [FOXO3](https://onco.cc/targets/foxo3/), [FOXP1](https://onco.cc/targets/foxp1/), [FUBP1](https://onco.cc/targets/fubp1/), [GATA1](https://onco.cc/targets/gata1/), [GATA2](https://onco.cc/targets/gata2/), [GNA11](https://onco.cc/targets/gna11/), [GNAQ](https://onco.cc/targets/gnaq/), [GNAS](https://onco.cc/targets/gnas/), [GRIN2A](https://onco.cc/targets/grin2a/), [H3-3B](https://onco.cc/targets/h3-3b/), [HDAC11](https://onco.cc/targets/hdac11/), [HDAC4](https://onco.cc/targets/hdac4/), [HDAC9](https://onco.cc/targets/hdac9/), [HGF](https://onco.cc/targets/hgf/), [HIP1](https://onco.cc/targets/hip1/), [HNF1A](https://onco.cc/targets/hnf1a/), [IKBKB](https://onco.cc/targets/ikbkb/), [IL2RB](https://onco.cc/targets/il2rb/), [IL2RG](https://onco.cc/targets/il2rg/), [IL6ST](https://onco.cc/targets/il6st/), [IL7R](https://onco.cc/targets/il7r/), [IRS4](https://onco.cc/targets/irs4/), [JAK3](https://onco.cc/targets/jak3/), [JAZF1](https://onco.cc/targets/jazf1/), [JUN](https://onco.cc/targets/jun/), [KAT6A](https://onco.cc/targets/kat6a/), [KAT6B](https://onco.cc/targets/kat6b/), [KDM5A](https://onco.cc/targets/kdm5a/), [KDM5C](https://onco.cc/targets/kdm5c/), [KLF4](https://onco.cc/targets/klf4/), [KLF6](https://onco.cc/targets/klf6/), [KNL1](https://onco.cc/targets/knl1/), [KRT5](https://onco.cc/targets/krt5/), [LATS1](https://onco.cc/targets/lats1/), [LATS2](https://onco.cc/targets/lats2/), [LCK](https://onco.cc/targets/lck/), [LEF1](https://onco.cc/targets/lef1/), [LPP](https://onco.cc/targets/lpp/), [LRP1B](https://onco.cc/targets/lrp1b/), [LZTR1](https://onco.cc/targets/lztr1/), [MALT1](https://onco.cc/targets/malt1/), [MAML2](https://onco.cc/targets/maml2/), [MAP2K4](https://onco.cc/targets/map2k4/), [MAP3K1](https://onco.cc/targets/map3k1/), [MAP3K13](https://onco.cc/targets/map3k13/), [MAPK1](https://onco.cc/targets/mapk1/), [MAX](https://onco.cc/targets/max/), [MC1R](https://onco.cc/targets/mc1r/), [MDM4](https://onco.cc/targets/mdm4/), [MECOM](https://onco.cc/targets/mecom/), [MED12](https://onco.cc/targets/med12/), [MEK1/2](https://onco.cc/targets/mek/), [MITF](https://onco.cc/targets/mitf/), [MLH1](https://onco.cc/targets/mlh1/), [MN1](https://onco.cc/targets/mn1/), [MRTFA](https://onco.cc/targets/mrtfa/), [MSH2](https://onco.cc/targets/msh2/), [MSH6](https://onco.cc/targets/msh6/), [MSI2](https://onco.cc/targets/msi2/), [MUTYH](https://onco.cc/targets/mutyh/), [MX2](https://onco.cc/targets/mx2/), [MYB](https://onco.cc/targets/myb/), [MYC](https://onco.cc/targets/myc-gene/), [MYCL](https://onco.cc/targets/mycl/), [NCOR1](https://onco.cc/targets/ncor1/), [NCOR2](https://onco.cc/targets/ncor2/), [NFATC2](https://onco.cc/targets/nfatc2/), [NFKB2](https://onco.cc/targets/nfkb2/), [NFKBIE](https://onco.cc/targets/nfkbie/), [NKX2-1](https://onco.cc/targets/nkx2-1/), [NOTCH2](https://onco.cc/targets/notch2/), [NSD3](https://onco.cc/targets/nsd3/), [NUP98](https://onco.cc/targets/nup98/), [NUTM1](https://onco.cc/targets/nutm1/), [OCA2](https://onco.cc/targets/oca2/), [PATZ1](https://onco.cc/targets/patz1/), [PAX5](https://onco.cc/targets/pax5/), [PBRM1](https://onco.cc/targets/pbrm1/), [PD-1](https://onco.cc/targets/pd1/), [PER1](https://onco.cc/targets/per1/), [PHOX2B](https://onco.cc/targets/phox2b/), [PIK3CB](https://onco.cc/targets/pik3cb/), [PIK3R1](https://onco.cc/targets/pik3r1/), [PLCG1](https://onco.cc/targets/plcg1/), [PML](https://onco.cc/targets/pml/), [PMS2](https://onco.cc/targets/pms2/), [POLQ](https://onco.cc/targets/polq/), [POT1](https://onco.cc/targets/pot1/), [POU2AF1](https://onco.cc/targets/pou2af1/), [PPM1D](https://onco.cc/targets/ppm1d/), [PPP2R1A](https://onco.cc/targets/ppp2r1a/), [PPP6C](https://onco.cc/targets/ppp6c/), [PRDM1](https://onco.cc/targets/prdm1/), [PRDM16](https://onco.cc/targets/prdm16/), [PRF1](https://onco.cc/targets/prf1/), [PTPN13](https://onco.cc/targets/ptpn13/), [PTPRB](https://onco.cc/targets/ptprb/), [PTPRC](https://onco.cc/targets/ptprc/), [PTPRK](https://onco.cc/targets/ptprk/), [PTPRT](https://onco.cc/targets/ptprt/), [QKI](https://onco.cc/targets/qki/), [RAC1](https://onco.cc/targets/rac1/), [RAD51B](https://onco.cc/targets/rad51b/), [RANBP2](https://onco.cc/targets/ranbp2/), [RASA1](https://onco.cc/targets/rasa1/), [RB1](https://onco.cc/targets/rb1/), [RECQL4](https://onco.cc/targets/recql4/), [RICTOR](https://onco.cc/targets/rictor/), [RPL5](https://onco.cc/targets/rpl5/), [RUNX1T1](https://onco.cc/targets/runx1t1/), [SALL4](https://onco.cc/targets/sall4/), [SETBP1](https://onco.cc/targets/setbp1/), [SETD2](https://onco.cc/targets/setd2/), [SFRP4](https://onco.cc/targets/sfrp4/), [SLC24A5](https://onco.cc/targets/slc24a5/), [SLC45A2](https://onco.cc/targets/slc45a2/), [SMAD2](https://onco.cc/targets/smad2/), [SMAD3](https://onco.cc/targets/smad3/), [SOS1](https://onco.cc/targets/sos1/), [SOX2](https://onco.cc/targets/sox2/), [SPEN](https://onco.cc/targets/spen/), [SPOP](https://onco.cc/targets/spop/), [SRSF2](https://onco.cc/targets/srsf2/), [STAT3](https://onco.cc/targets/stat3/), [STIL](https://onco.cc/targets/stil/), [SUFU](https://onco.cc/targets/sufu/), [SUZ12](https://onco.cc/targets/suz12/), [SYK](https://onco.cc/targets/syk/), [TAL1](https://onco.cc/targets/tal1/), [TBL1XR1](https://onco.cc/targets/tbl1xr1/), [TBX3](https://onco.cc/targets/tbx3/), [TCF7L2](https://onco.cc/targets/tcf7l2/), [TCL1A](https://onco.cc/targets/tcl1a/), [TENT5C](https://onco.cc/targets/tent5c/), [TERT](https://onco.cc/targets/tert/), [TET1](https://onco.cc/targets/tet1/), [TFEB](https://onco.cc/targets/tfeb/), [TGM3](https://onco.cc/targets/tgm3/), [TNFAIP3](https://onco.cc/targets/tnfaip3/), [TNFRSF14](https://onco.cc/targets/tnfrsf14/), [TP63](https://onco.cc/targets/tp63/), [TPCN2](https://onco.cc/targets/tpcn2/), [TRAF7](https://onco.cc/targets/traf7/), [TRRAP](https://onco.cc/targets/trrap/), [TSC1](https://onco.cc/targets/tsc1/), [TYR](https://onco.cc/targets/tyr/), [TYRP1](https://onco.cc/targets/tyrp1/), [UBR5](https://onco.cc/targets/ubr5/), [USP6](https://onco.cc/targets/usp6/), [WAS](https://onco.cc/targets/was/), [WWTR1](https://onco.cc/targets/wwtr1/), [XPA](https://onco.cc/targets/xpa/), [ZBTB16](https://onco.cc/targets/zbtb16/), [ZNF331](https://onco.cc/targets/znf331/), [ZNF521](https://onco.cc/targets/znf521/), [ZRSR2](https://onco.cc/targets/zrsr2/)
- drugs: [Acitretin](https://onco.cc/drugs/acitretin/), [Aminolevulinic acid (topical, for photodynamic therapy)](https://onco.cc/drugs/aminolevulinic-acid/), [Cemiplimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/cemiplimab/), [Dabrafenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/dabrafenib/), [Fianlimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/fianlimab/), [Fluorouracil (5-FU)](https://onco.cc/drugs/fluorouracil/), [Imiquimod](https://onco.cc/drugs/imiquimod/), [Ipilimumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/ipilimumab/), [Lifileucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/lifileucel/), [Methyl aminolevulinate](https://onco.cc/drugs/methyl-aminolevulinate/), [Nivolumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/nivolumab/), [Patidegib](https://onco.cc/drugs/patidegib/), [Pembrolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/pembrolizumab/), [Retifanlimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/retifanlimab/), [Sirolimus](https://onco.cc/drugs/sirolimus/), [Sonidegib](https://onco.cc/drugs/sonidegib/), [Vemurafenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/vemurafenib/), [Vismodegib](https://onco.cc/drugs/vismodegib/)
- institutions: [Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals](https://onco.cc/institutions/addenbrookes-cambridge/), [British Association of Dermatologists](https://onco.cc/institutions/british-association-of-dermatologists/), [Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust / King's Health Partners Cancer Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/guys-st-thomas/), [Leeds Cancer Centre, St James's University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/leeds-cancer-centre/), [Melanoma Focus](https://onco.cc/institutions/melanoma-focus/), [Newcastle Cancer Centre / Northern Centre for Cancer Care](https://onco.cc/institutions/newcastle-cancer-centre/), [Skcin (the Karen Clifford Skin Cancer Charity)](https://onco.cc/institutions/skcin/), [University Hospitals Birmingham / University of Birmingham Cancer Research Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/birmingham-cancer-centre/), [Velindre Cancer Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/velindre-cardiff/)
- terms: [Actinic keratosis (solar keratosis): sun damage, not cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/actinic-keratosis/), [Carcinoma in situ (CIS)](https://onco.cc/terms/carcinoma-in-situ/), [Creams, light and cold for basal cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/terms/topical-and-destructive-treatment-bcc/), [Cryoablation](https://onco.cc/terms/cryoablation/), [Curative intent vs palliative intent](https://onco.cc/terms/curative-intent/), [Curettage and cautery](https://onco.cc/terms/curettage-and-cautery/), [How skin carcinoma is staged in Britain: UICC TNM, and why it is not the American system](https://onco.cc/terms/tnm-skin-carcinoma/), [Inherited syndromes that cause skin cancer: Gorlin syndrome and xeroderma pigmentosum](https://onco.cc/terms/inherited-skin-cancer-syndromes/), [Keratinocyte cancer (and why 'non-melanoma skin cancer' is being retired)](https://onco.cc/terms/keratinocyte-cancer/), [Keratoacanthoma: the tumour that may be a squamous cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/terms/keratoacanthoma/), [Late effects and survivorship toxicity](https://onco.cc/terms/late-effects/), [Mohs surgery](https://onco.cc/terms/mohs-surgery/), [Perineural invasion (PNI)](https://onco.cc/terms/perineural-invasion/), [Quality of life](https://onco.cc/terms/quality-of-life/), [Radiotherapy for skin cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/radiotherapy-for-skin-cancer/), [Resection margins (R0 / R1 / R2)](https://onco.cc/terms/resection-margins/), [Sentinel node biopsy](https://onco.cc/terms/sentinel-lymph-node-biopsy/), [Skin cancer after an organ transplant](https://onco.cc/terms/skin-cancer-after-organ-transplant/), [Skin grafts and flaps after skin cancer surgery](https://onco.cc/terms/skin-graft-and-flap-reconstruction/), [Sun protection after a skin cancer diagnosis](https://onco.cc/terms/sun-protection-after-skin-cancer/), [The Brigham and Women's Hospital staging system, and why squamous cell carcinoma has two](https://onco.cc/terms/bwh-staging-cscc/), [The growth pattern on a basal cell carcinoma report: nodular, superficial, infiltrative, basosquamous](https://onco.cc/terms/bcc-growth-pattern/), [The margin in skin cancer surgery](https://onco.cc/terms/surgical-margins-keratinocyte-cancer/), [The next skin cancer: second primaries after a keratinocyte cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/second-primary-skin-cancer/), [The scar on the face after skin cancer surgery](https://onco.cc/terms/facial-scar-after-skin-cancer/), [The subtype and grade on a cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma report](https://onco.cc/terms/cscc-subtype-and-grade/), [What makes a skin cancer high risk: the UK feature lists](https://onco.cc/terms/skin-cancer-high-risk-features/), [Why nobody knows how many skin cancers there are: the counting rule behind every figure](https://onco.cc/terms/keratinocyte-cancer-counting/), [Why people stop taking hedgehog inhibitors](https://onco.cc/terms/hedgehog-inhibitor-tolerability/), [Wide local excision](https://onco.cc/terms/wide-local-excision/)
- pathways: [Field cancerisation](https://onco.cc/pathways/field-cancerisation/)
- trials: [A Study of Lifileucel (Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes) in Adults With Advanced Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07288203/), [ADMEC-O (adjuvant nivolumab in completely resected Merkel cell carcinoma)](https://onco.cc/trials/admec-o/), [BOLT](https://onco.cc/trials/bolt/), [C-POST (cemiplimab after surgery and radiotherapy for high-risk skin squamous cell carcinoma)](https://onco.cc/trials/c-post/), [Cemiplimab for kidney transplant recipients with advanced skin squamous cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/cemiplimab-kidney-transplant-cscc/), [Cemiplimab in basal cell carcinoma after a hedgehog inhibitor](https://onco.cc/trials/cemiplimab-advanced-bcc/), [CheckMate 358](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-358/), [CK-301-101](https://onco.cc/trials/ck-301-101/), [Early Phase Study of KESONOTIDE™in Participants With Solid Tumours](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06926075/), [EMPOWER-CSCC-1](https://onco.cc/trials/empower-cscc-1/), [ERIVANCE BCC](https://onco.cc/trials/erivance/), [IMPACT (cemiplimab in advanced basal cell carcinoma)](https://onco.cc/trials/impact-bcc/), [JAVELIN Merkel 200](https://onco.cc/trials/javelin-merkel-200/), [KEYNOTE-017 (Cancer Immunotherapy Trials Network 09)](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-017/), [KEYNOTE-629](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-629/), [Mohs surgery against ordinary excision for facial basal cell carcinoma (Maastricht trial)](https://onco.cc/trials/mohs-versus-excision-facial-bcc/), [MoleMate UK Trial](https://onco.cc/trials/molemate/), [Neoadjuvant cemiplimab for resectable stage II to IV skin squamous cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/neoadjuvant-cemiplimab-cscc/), [Patidegib gel in Gorlin syndrome (phase 2A)](https://onco.cc/trials/patidegib-gel-gorlin-phase-2/), [PHOENIX-ECP- Extracorporeal Photopheresis for Immune-related Colitis and/or Hepatitis in Advanced Melanoma With Inadequate Response to Steroid Exposure](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07619898/), [Photodynamic therapy against cryotherapy for superficial basal cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/mal-pdt-versus-cryotherapy-superficial-bcc/), [Photodynamic therapy against imiquimod against fluorouracil for superficial basal cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/mal-pdt-imiquimod-fluorouracil-superficial-bcc/), [Photodynamic therapy against surgery for nodular basal cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/mal-pdt-versus-surgery-nodular-bcc/), [POD1UM-201 (retifanlimab in advanced Merkel cell carcinoma)](https://onco.cc/trials/pod1um-201/), [Rational treatment selection for Merkel cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/mcc-rational-treatment/), [SCC-AFTER](https://onco.cc/trials/scc-after/), [SCIN (curettage then imiquimod against excision for nodular basal cell carcinoma)](https://onco.cc/trials/scin-trial/), [SINS (surgical excision against imiquimod cream for basal cell carcinoma)](https://onco.cc/trials/sins-trial/), [SPOT-IT](https://onco.cc/trials/spot-it/), [STAMP (EA6174)](https://onco.cc/trials/stamp-merkel/), [STEVIE (vismodegib in ordinary practice)](https://onco.cc/trials/stevie/), [Study of AMXT 1501 and DFMO in Combination With Standard Therapies in Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07287917/), [Study of RP1 Monotherapy and RP1 in Combination With Nivolumab (IGNYTE)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03767348/), [Surgery against radiotherapy for basal cell carcinoma of the face](https://onco.cc/trials/avril-surgery-versus-radiotherapy-bcc/), [TROG 05.01 (chemotherapy added to radiotherapy after surgery for high-risk skin squamous cell carcinoma)](https://onco.cc/trials/trog-05-01/), [TUMORAPA (switching from a calcineurin inhibitor to sirolimus after a transplant skin cancer)](https://onco.cc/trials/tumorapa/), [VISMONEO (vismodegib before surgery for locally advanced basal cell carcinoma)](https://onco.cc/trials/vismoneo/)
- people: [Aleksandar Sekulic](https://onco.cc/people/aleksandar-sekulic/), [Alexander J. Stratigos](https://onco.cc/people/alexander-stratigos/), [Danny Rischin](https://onco.cc/people/danny-rischin/), [Hywel Williams](https://onco.cc/people/hywel-williams/), [Jean-Jacques Grob](https://onco.cc/people/jean-jacques-grob/), [Michael R. Migden](https://onco.cc/people/michael-migden/), [Neil D. Gross](https://onco.cc/people/neil-gross/), [Nick Levell](https://onco.cc/people/nick-levell/), [Shailender Bhatia](https://onco.cc/people/shailender-bhatia/)
- companies: [Canfield Scientific](https://onco.cc/companies/canfield-scientific/), [DAMAE Medical](https://onco.cc/companies/damae-medical/), [FotoFinder Systems](https://onco.cc/companies/fotofinder/), [Michelson Diagnostics](https://onco.cc/companies/michelson-diagnostics/)

---
JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/entities/skin-cancer.json