# Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma

Source: https://onco.cc/cancers/primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma/  
OnCo record `primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma` (Cancer). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma is a fast-growing lymphoma of the thymus behind the breastbone that mostly affects young women. Immunochemotherapy cures about nine in ten, radiotherapy can now be skipped when the end-of-treatment scan is clear, and PD-1 antibodies and CAR-T cells rescue many of those who relapse.

## Summary

Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma is a distinct entity in the WHO classification, arising from thymic medullary B cells and sharing biology with nodular sclerosis classical Hodgkin lymphoma: gains and rearrangements of 9p24.1 (PD-L1, PD-L2, JAK2), CIITA rearrangements with loss of MHC class II, JAK-STAT and NF-kappa-B activation, and weak CD30 expression. It expresses CD20, CD23 and MAL, typically lacks surface immunoglobulin, and presents as a bulky anterior mediastinal mass in patients with a median age around 35, with local spread to lung, pleura and pericardium but rarely to marrow. Mediastinal grey zone lymphoma sits between it and Hodgkin lymphoma.

First-line treatment is rituximab-based immunochemotherapy. The National Cancer Institute series of dose-adjusted EPOCH-R (Dunleavy, NEJM 2013) treated 51 patients without radiotherapy with event-free survival of 93 percent and overall survival of 97 percent, and DA-EPOCH-R became the regimen that lets young patients avoid mediastinal radiotherapy; R-CHOP with consolidation radiotherapy is the alternative. The IELSG37 trial (2024) randomised patients in complete metabolic response on end-of-treatment PET to radiotherapy or observation and showed no loss of disease control without radiotherapy (30-month progression-free survival 96.7 versus 98.5 percent), so PET now decides who is irradiated and most patients are spared the heart and breast cancer risks of chest radiotherapy.

Relapsed or refractory disease, about 10 to 15 percent of patients, is treated with salvage chemotherapy and autologous transplant when chemosensitive, and the 9p24.1 lesion makes it one of the most immunotherapy-sensitive B-cell lymphomas: pembrolizumab produced a 45 percent response rate in KEYNOTE-170 and was approved in June 2018, the first drug licensed specifically for this lymphoma; nivolumab plus brentuximab vedotin gave a 73 percent response rate in CheckMate 436; and the CD19 CAR-T products axicabtagene ciloleucel and lisocabtagene maraleucel are licensed for large B-cell lymphoma including primary mediastinal disease. Open questions are how to identify the few patients who fail first-line therapy early, whether checkpoint blockade belongs in first line, and how to reduce the late effects of anthracycline and radiotherapy in survivors who are mostly in their thirties.

## Fields

- Kind: Cancer
- Last checked: 2026-09-17
- Also known as: PMBCL; PMBL; Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma; Thymic large B-cell lymphoma; Mediastinal grey zone lymphoma (related)
- Tags: subtype-page
- Group: haematologic
- Burden: About 2 to 4 percent of non-Hodgkin lymphomas, arising from thymic B cells in young adults, mostly women in their thirties, who present with a bulky anterior chest mass, cough, superior vena cava obstruction or breathlessness; most are cured with first-line immunochemotherapy.
- Subtypes: Classic primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (young adults, anterior mediastinal mass, 9p24.1 gain); Mediastinal grey zone lymphoma (features between primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma and nodular sclerosis classical Hodgkin lymphoma); Relapsed or refractory primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PD-1 blockade, CAR-T, autologous transplant)
- Biomarkers: CD20, CD23, MAL and weak or partial CD30 expression; 9p24.1 gain or amplification (PD-L1, PD-L2, JAK2); CIITA rearrangement and loss of MHC class II; End-of-treatment FDG PET (Deauville score) to decide on radiotherapy; Circulating tumour DNA for response monitoring (under study)

## Sections of this record

The page is a hub with ten sections in reading order; large sections have their own page. The same plan as JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/cancers/primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma/sections.json

- Overview (on the hub): The TL;DR, the family this cancer belongs to, the organ, who gets it and what the state of the art is. https://onco.cc/cancers/primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma/#overview [7 state-of-the-art points]
- Types and stages (on the hub): Anatomy, the subtypes and how they differ, how it is staged, and where advanced disease spreads. https://onco.cc/cancers/primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma/#what-it-is [3 subtypes]
- Symptoms and diagnosis (on the hub): How this cancer shows itself, how the diagnosis is confirmed, and the biomarkers clinicians test for. https://onco.cc/cancers/primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma/#finding-it [5 biomarkers]
- Treatment (on the hub): The standard of care by setting, the medicines, surgery and radiotherapy named in it, and the regimens behind them. https://onco.cc/cancers/primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma/#treating-it [5 settings, 1 regimen, 5 decisions with options]
- Trials and papers (on the hub): Trials recruiting now, the landmark trials, the trials held by this cancer's subtypes, the key papers and what they mean, the latest literature, and the milestones year by year. https://onco.cc/cancers/primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma/#evidence [7 trials, 6 key papers, 8 milestones]
- Biology and targets (on the hub): The molecular landscape: the targets and how often each appears, the pathways, the mechanics stages and the preclinical models. https://onco.cc/cancers/primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma/#science [12 targets, 4 pathways]
- Countries and centres (own page): Cases by country, the UK and NHS pathway and other country lenses, the expert centres with trials on record, and the centres named on this cancer's subtypes. https://onco.cc/cancers/primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma/where-you-are/ [25 UK centres]
- Decisions and support (on the hub): The decisions you may face, the aids that walk through them, the warnings on record, the first sixty days and the questions to ask. https://onco.cc/cancers/primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma/#living-with-it [21 questions, 6 red cards]
- Pipeline and open problems (own page): Everything in development, the medicines held by this cancer's subtypes, the open problems and what is being done about them, the roadmaps, and what changed on this record. https://onco.cc/cancers/primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma/coming/ [13 medicines, 5 trials, 4 open problems]
- Data (own page): Every connected record, the notes, the JSON, Markdown and RDF twins, and where the record came from and when it was checked. https://onco.cc/cancers/primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma/data/ [111 connected records]

## Standard of care

- First line: Dose-adjusted EPOCH-R for six cycles without radiotherapy, or R-CHOP for six cycles with PET-guided consolidation radiotherapy; end-of-treatment PET decides whether radiotherapy is needed (IELSG37). ([Rituximab](https://onco.cc/drugs/rituximab/), [Doxorubicin](https://onco.cc/drugs/doxorubicin/), [Cyclophosphamide](https://onco.cc/drugs/cyclophosphamide/), [Etoposide](https://onco.cc/drugs/etoposide/), [Vincristine](https://onco.cc/drugs/vincristine/), [Prednisone](https://onco.cc/drugs/prednisone/), [R-CHOP (lymphoma chemoimmunotherapy)](https://onco.cc/terms/r-chop/), [FDG PET](https://onco.cc/technologies/fdg-pet/), [PET-adapted (response-adapted) therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/pet-adapted-therapy/), [IELSG37](https://onco.cc/trials/ielsg37/))
- Residual PET-positive disease after immunochemotherapy: Biopsy where feasible; involved-site radiotherapy to the mediastinum (30 to 36 Gy) for persistent uptake; salvage therapy for proven refractory disease. ([IMRT / IGRT (modern external beam)](https://onco.cc/technologies/imrt-igrt/), [Proton therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/proton-therapy/), [FDG PET](https://onco.cc/technologies/fdg-pet/), [Deauville five-point scale](https://onco.cc/terms/deauville-score/))
- Relapsed or refractory: Salvage chemotherapy then autologous stem cell transplant if chemosensitive; pembrolizumab (KEYNOTE-170) or nivolumab plus brentuximab vedotin; CD19 CAR-T (axicabtagene ciloleucel, lisocabtagene maraleucel) after two lines or as second line for early relapse. ([Autologous stem cell transplant (high-dose therapy)](https://onco.cc/technologies/autologous-stem-cell-transplant/), [Pembrolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/pembrolizumab/), [KEYNOTE-170](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-170/), [Nivolumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/nivolumab/), [Brentuximab vedotin](https://onco.cc/drugs/brentuximab-vedotin/), [Axicabtagene ciloleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/axicabtagene-ciloleucel/), [Lisocabtagene maraleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/lisocabtagene-maraleucel/), [CAR-T cell therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/car-t/))
- Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma: which first-line regimen, and why radiotherapy is now usually avoided: A disease of young adults, more often women, presenting with a bulky mass between the lungs that can compress the superior vena cava. It is biologically closer to Hodgkin lymphoma than to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, which is why PD-1 blockade works in it.

Dose-adjusted EPOCH-R for six cycles is the regimen most used in the United States, on the strength of a National Cancer Institute series in which five-year event-free survival was 93 per cent and overall survival 97 per cent, with radiotherapy avoided in 96 per cent of patients. R-CHOP with consolidation radiotherapy is the alternative used in much of Europe. There has never been a randomised comparison of the two.

What has been settled is the radiotherapy. IELSG37 randomised patients with a negative end-of-treatment PET to mediastinal radiotherapy or observation: 30-month progression-free survival was 96.2 per cent with observation against 98.5 per cent with radiotherapy, non-inferior, and overall survival was 99 per cent in both arms. Since the patients are young and the field sits over the heart and breasts, avoiding it matters for the next forty years. Radiotherapy is still given where the end-of-treatment PET is positive. ([Dose-adjusted EPOCH-rituximab therapy in primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-dunleavy-da-epoch-r-pmbcl-nejm-2013/), [IELSG37: omission of radiotherapy in primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma after a negative PET scan](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ielsg37-pmbcl-martelli-jco-2024/), [R-CHOP (lymphoma chemoimmunotherapy)](https://onco.cc/terms/r-chop/), [Rituximab](https://onco.cc/drugs/rituximab/), [Etoposide](https://onco.cc/drugs/etoposide/), [Doxorubicin](https://onco.cc/drugs/doxorubicin/), [Cyclophosphamide](https://onco.cc/drugs/cyclophosphamide/), [Vincristine](https://onco.cc/drugs/vincristine/), [Prednisone](https://onco.cc/drugs/prednisone/), [FDG PET](https://onco.cc/technologies/fdg-pet/), [Deauville score and PET-adapted therapy](https://onco.cc/terms/deauville/), [Radiotherapy in lymphoma: involved-site fields, 24 Gy, 4 Gy and total skin electron therapy](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-tx-radiotherapy/), [Late effects of Hodgkin lymphoma treatment, and the follow-up that answers them](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-tx-hodgkin-late-effects/), [Fertility before lymphoma treatment: what to ask for, and when](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-tx-fertility-preservation/))
- Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma that relapses or does not respond: Relapse is uncommon and almost always early, within the first year. CD19 CAR-T is the treatment of choice and primary mediastinal disease was included in the pivotal ZUMA-1 and TRANSCEND populations. Where CAR-T is not available or has failed, pembrolizumab has an established role: KEYNOTE-170 treated 53 patients whose disease had relapsed after autologous transplant or who could not have one after two or more lines, and reported an objective response of 45 per cent and complete response of 13 per cent, which led to accelerated approval in the United States on 13 June 2018, converted to traditional approval on 14 October 2020. Nivolumab with brentuximab vedotin is the other checkpoint-based option. Salvage chemotherapy with autologous transplant is used where the disease is still chemosensitive and CAR-T is not accessible. Mediastinal radiotherapy is added to a residual localised site. ([KEYNOTE-170](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-170/), [Pembrolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/pembrolizumab/), [Nivolumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/nivolumab/), [Brentuximab vedotin](https://onco.cc/drugs/brentuximab-vedotin/), [Axicabtagene ciloleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/axicabtagene-ciloleucel/), [Lisocabtagene maraleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/lisocabtagene-maraleucel/), [CAR-T cell therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/car-t/), [Autologous stem cell transplant (high-dose therapy)](https://onco.cc/technologies/autologous-stem-cell-transplant/), [The CAR-T pathway in lymphoma: referral, apheresis, bridging and the waiting](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-tx-car-t-pathway/), [Radiotherapy in lymphoma: involved-site fields, 24 Gy, 4 Gy and total skin electron therapy](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-tx-radiotherapy/))

## State of the art

- DA-EPOCH-R cures about nine in ten patients without radiotherapy.
- IELSG37 showed that radiotherapy can be omitted after a complete metabolic response on PET.
- PD-1 blockade, alone or with brentuximab vedotin, rescues many relapsed patients because of the 9p24.1 lesion.
- CD19 CAR-T labels for large B-cell lymphoma include this entity.
- Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma shares its central lesion with classical Hodgkin lymphoma rather than with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: amplification of 9p24.1, carrying both PD-1 ligand genes and JAK2, which raises the ligands by gene dose and by JAK2-driven transcription.
- CIITA, the master transactivator of MHC class II, is rearranged in 38% of cases, the highest rate of any lymphoma. The fusions lower MHC class II on the tumour cell and in the same rearrangements place the PD-1 ligands under new promoters, so one event both hides the tumour and switches on the brake.
- The practical consequence is that checkpoint blockade has activity here when it has very little in other B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas, and that the grey-zone lymphoma between this disease and Hodgkin lymphoma is a biological category and not only a morphological one.

## Open problems

- No validated way to identify the 10 to 15 percent who will fail first-line therapy before they do.
- Checkpoint blockade in first line is untested in randomised trials.
- Late cardiac and second-cancer effects of anthracyclines and radiotherapy fall on patients in their thirties.
- Grey zone lymphoma has no trial-defined standard.

## Sources

- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_mediastinal_B-cell_lymphoma
- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_mediastinal_B-cell_lymphoma
- NCCN Guidelines: B-Cell Lymphomas: https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/guidelines-detail?category=1&id=1480

## Connected records

- cancers: [Burkitt lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/burkitt-lymphoma/), [Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/dlbcl/), [Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (stage I to II)](https://onco.cc/cancers/early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/), [High-grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 rearrangements (double-hit lymphoma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/high-grade-b-cell-lymphoma-myc-bcl2/), [HIV-associated (AIDS-related) lymphomas](https://onco.cc/cancers/hiv-associated-lymphoma/), [Hodgkin lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/), [Mediastinal grey zone lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/mediastinal-grey-zone-lymphoma/), [Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (all types)](https://onco.cc/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/), [Primary CNS lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/primary-cns-lymphoma/)
- biomarkers: [9p24.1 alteration of the PD-1 ligand loci](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/pd-ligand-9p24-alteration/), [CD30 expression (CD30-positive)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/cd30-expression/)
- technologies: [Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC)](https://onco.cc/technologies/adc/), [Autologous stem cell transplant (high-dose therapy)](https://onco.cc/technologies/autologous-stem-cell-transplant/), [CAR-T cell therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/car-t/), [ctDNA monitoring in lymphoma (PhasED-seq, clonoSEQ)](https://onco.cc/technologies/ctdna-lymphoma-monitoring/), [Cytogenetics and FISH](https://onco.cc/technologies/cytogenetics-fish/), [Early integrated palliative care](https://onco.cc/technologies/palliative-care/), [Exercise during chemotherapy and radiotherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/exercise-during-chemotherapy/), [FDG PET](https://onco.cc/technologies/fdg-pet/), [Histopathology & immunohistochemistry](https://onco.cc/technologies/histopathology-ihc/), [Immune checkpoint inhibitors](https://onco.cc/technologies/checkpoint-inhibitor/), [IMRT / IGRT (modern external beam)](https://onco.cc/technologies/imrt-igrt/), [Multidisciplinary tumour boards](https://onco.cc/technologies/multidisciplinary-tumour-board/), [Oncofertility and fertility preservation](https://onco.cc/technologies/fertility-preservation/), [Peer support and support groups](https://onco.cc/technologies/peer-support-groups/), [PET-adapted (response-adapted) therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/pet-adapted-therapy/), [Prehabilitation before cancer surgery](https://onco.cc/technologies/prehabilitation/), [Proton therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/proton-therapy/), [Psycho-oncology and distress screening](https://onco.cc/technologies/psycho-oncology/), [Survivorship care and late-effects surveillance](https://onco.cc/technologies/survivorship-care-plan/)
- targets: [CD19](https://onco.cc/targets/cd19/), [CD20](https://onco.cc/targets/cd20/), [CD30](https://onco.cc/targets/cd30/), [CD79b](https://onco.cc/targets/cd79b/), [CIITA](https://onco.cc/targets/ciita/), [JAK2](https://onco.cc/targets/jak2/), [PD-1](https://onco.cc/targets/pd1/), [PD-L1](https://onco.cc/targets/pdl1/), [SOCS1](https://onco.cc/targets/socs1/), [STAT6](https://onco.cc/targets/stat6/)
- drugs: [Axicabtagene ciloleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/axicabtagene-ciloleucel/), [Brentuximab vedotin](https://onco.cc/drugs/brentuximab-vedotin/), [Cyclophosphamide](https://onco.cc/drugs/cyclophosphamide/), [Doxorubicin](https://onco.cc/drugs/doxorubicin/), [Epcoritamab](https://onco.cc/drugs/epcoritamab/), [Etoposide](https://onco.cc/drugs/etoposide/), [Glofitamab](https://onco.cc/drugs/glofitamab/), [Lisocabtagene maraleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/lisocabtagene-maraleucel/), [Nivolumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/nivolumab/), [Pembrolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/pembrolizumab/), [Prednisone](https://onco.cc/drugs/prednisone/), [Rituximab](https://onco.cc/drugs/rituximab/), [Vincristine](https://onco.cc/drugs/vincristine/)
- pathways: [Antigen presentation & immune editing](https://onco.cc/pathways/antigen-presentation-immunoediting/), [JAK-STAT signalling](https://onco.cc/pathways/jak-stat/), [PD-1 / PD-L1 immune checkpoint & T-cell activation](https://onco.cc/pathways/pd1-checkpoint/), [The germinal centre reaction](https://onco.cc/pathways/germinal-centre-reaction/)
- terms: [Autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT)](https://onco.cc/terms/autologous-transplant/), [Cancer-related fatigue (tiredness)](https://onco.cc/terms/cancer-related-fatigue/), [Central venous access (port, PICC line)](https://onco.cc/terms/central-venous-access/), [Cytokine release syndrome (CRS)](https://onco.cc/terms/crs/), [Deauville five-point scale](https://onco.cc/terms/deauville-score/), [Deauville score and PET-adapted therapy](https://onco.cc/terms/deauville/), [Febrile neutropenia](https://onco.cc/terms/febrile-neutropenia/), [Fertility before lymphoma treatment: what to ask for, and when](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-tx-fertility-preservation/), [Fertility preservation before lymphoma treatment: a decision with a deadline in days](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-decision-fertility-timing/), [Financial toxicity](https://onco.cc/terms/financial-toxicity/), [Hypogammaglobulinaemia and infection risk after B-cell therapies](https://onco.cc/terms/hypogammaglobulinaemia/), [ICANS (neurotoxicity)](https://onco.cc/terms/icans/), [Late effects and survivorship toxicity](https://onco.cc/terms/late-effects/), [Late effects of Hodgkin lymphoma treatment, and the follow-up that answers them](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-tx-hodgkin-late-effects/), [Low antibodies and infection risk for years after anti-CD20 and bispecific antibodies](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-living-infection-years-after/), [Lugano classification / Ann Arbor staging](https://onco.cc/terms/lugano-classification/), [Neutropenia](https://onco.cc/terms/neutropenia/), [R-CHOP (lymphoma chemoimmunotherapy)](https://onco.cc/terms/r-chop/), [Radiotherapy in lymphoma: involved-site fields, 24 Gy, 4 Gy and total skin electron therapy](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-tx-radiotherapy/), [The CAR-T pathway in lymphoma: referral, apheresis, bridging and the waiting](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-tx-car-t-pathway/), [The Hodgkin microenvironment: when the cancer cell is the minority](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-bio-hodgkin-microenvironment/), [The lymphoma regimen alphabet: R-CHOP, pola-R-CHP, DA-EPOCH-R, ABVD, BEACOPP and the rest](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-tx-regimen-alphabet/), [The surveillance schedule, and the evidence that routine scans do not find relapse first](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-living-scanxiety-and-surveillance/), [Transplant or CAR-T at second line in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-decision-transplant-or-car-t/), [Treatment at the local hospital or at a cell-therapy centre far from home](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-decision-local-or-car-t-centre/), [Tumour lysis syndrome (TLS)](https://onco.cc/terms/tumor-lysis-syndrome/)
- trials: [Emapalumab Prevention of CAR-T Cell Associated Toxicities](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06550141/), [IELSG37](https://onco.cc/trials/ielsg37/), [KEYNOTE-170](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-170/), [TRANSCEND NHL 001](https://onco.cc/trials/transcend-nhl-001/), [TRANSFORM](https://onco.cc/trials/transform/), [ZUMA-1](https://onco.cc/trials/zuma-1/), [ZUMA-7](https://onco.cc/trials/zuma-7/)
- people: [Philippe Armand](https://onco.cc/people/philippe-armand/), [Wyndham H. Wilson](https://onco.cc/people/wyndham-wilson/)
- key papers: [A probabilistic classification tool for genetic subtypes of diffuse large B cell lymphoma with therapeutic implications](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-wright-lymphgen-genetic-subtypes-dlbcl-cancer-cell-2020/), [Dose-adjusted EPOCH-rituximab therapy in primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-dunleavy-da-epoch-r-pmbcl-nejm-2013/), [IELSG37: omission of radiotherapy in primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma after a negative PET scan](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ielsg37-pmbcl-martelli-jco-2024/), [KEYNOTE-170: pembrolizumab in relapsed or refractory primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-170-pembrolizumab-pmbcl-armand-jco-2019/), [Lisocabtagene maraleucel for patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphomas (TRANSCEND NHL 001): a multicentre seamless design study](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-transcend-nhl-001-liso-cel-lancet-2020/), [WHO classification of haematolymphoid tumours, fifth edition: lymphoid neoplasms](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-who-2022-lymphoid-alaggio-leukemia-2022/)
- roadmaps: [Lymphoma roadmap: from a jaw tumour in Uganda and the first human cancer virus to gene-expression subtypes, PET-adapted chemotherapy, CAR-T cells, bispecific antibodies and the genetics-directed trials now recruiting](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/lymphoma-roadmap/)

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JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/entities/primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma.json