# PD-L1

Source: https://onco.cc/targets/pdl1/  
OnCo record `pdl1` (Target). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

PD-L1 is the tumour's side of the PD-1 brake, and also the biomarker that decides who gets immunotherapy.

## Summary

PD-L1 (CD274) is the tumour-side ligand of the PD-1 brake, expressed on tumour and immune cells and induced by interferon-gamma, so its presence often marks an immune response already under way. Atezolizumab, durvalumab and avelumab block it directly. PD-L1 immunohistochemistry (22C3 CPS, SP142, 28-8) is the companion diagnostic for many indications, including CPS 10 or above for pembrolizumab in triple-negative breast cancer, with prevalence from 25 to 30 percent of NSCLC at TPS 50 percent or more to 80 to 85 percent of head and neck cancers at CPS 1 or more. Differing assays and cut-offs across drugs remain a practical source of confusion. It is now also an ADC and bispecific target (PD-L1×B7-H3 ADC BH4601, PD-L1×VEGF bispecifics). PD-L1 is both the target of immunotherapy and the test that decides who receives it.

## Fields

- Kind: Target
- Last checked: 2026-09-04
- Tags: checkpoint; biomarker
- Symbol: CD274
- Class: checkpoint
- Biology: Expressed on tumour and immune cells; induced by interferon-gamma.
- Where found: Tumour cells and immune cells across most cancers; Triple-negative breast cancer: ic 1% or more (sp142) 41-51%; Triple-negative breast cancer: cps 10 or more (22c3) 27-38%; Gallbladder cancer: protein expression (ihc) 15-23%

## Notes

- Triple-negative breast cancer: positivity depends on the assay and score. SP142 IC 1% or more in 46.4% of 614 IMpassion130 samples and 50.9% of 232 early tumours; 22C3 CPS 10 or more in 27.2% of the same early cohort; SP263 and 22C3 read IC 1% in about 74% of IMpassion130 samples and the atezolizumab benefit sat in the SP142-positive cases (Rugo 2021, Sigurjonsdottir 2023). CD274 amplification 6 to 7% (cBioPortal). The IM subtype carries the highest PD-L1 expression and the mesenchymal subtype the lowest (Bareche 2018, Lehmann 2021).
- Gallbladder cancer: tumour-cell PD-L1 at a 1% cut-off ranged from 14.7% (131 Western cases, TPS; Albrecht 2021) to 23.0% (174 Indian cases, SP263; Neyaz 2018); no biliary approval uses a PD-L1 threshold.
- Lung cancer: the only protein biomarker that changes first-line treatment, and the least standardised measurement in the disease. Four scoring rules (tumour proportion score, tumour-cell score, immune-cell score, combined positive score) sit on five assays, and the thresholds belong to the trials that drew them: 50% or more by 22C3 for first-line pembrolizumab monotherapy (progression-free survival 10.3 against 6.0 months) and 1% or more for pembrolizumab after platinum, against the SP142 tumour-cell and immune-cell read used by atezolizumab (overall survival 20.2 against 13.1 months in the highest expressers). 22C3, 28-8 and SP263 stain tumour cells comparably, SP142 stains less and 73-10 more, so a percentage cannot be moved between assays; and immune-cell scoring is barely reproducible between pathologists (intraclass correlation 0.18 to 0.19 against 0.86 to 0.93 for tumour cells) (Hirsch 2017, Tsao 2018, Rimm 2017).
- Lymphoma, The Hodgkin microenvironment, where the cancer cell is a minority: A classical Hodgkin lymph node is mostly not cancer. The Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells are a small minority of the tissue, surrounded by T cells, eosinophils, plasma cells, macrophages and fibrosis that the tumour recruits and then uses. Their identity was only settled by picking single cells off a histological section with a micromanipulator and amplifying the immunoglobulin genes: each case gave a single clonal heavy-chain rearrangement, proving that the scattered giant cells are one clone of B-lineage origin even though they have lost almost every B-cell marker (Kuppers 1994). Because the malignant cells are so rare, bulk genomic assays on a Hodgkin biopsy mostly measure the infiltrate, which is why the 9p24.1 work needed laser capture and fluorescence in situ hybridisation rather than sequencing. Frequency: An increased number of CD68-positive macrophages, measured by immunohistochemistry in an independent cohort of 166 patients, tracked shorter progression-free survival, a higher chance of relapse after autologous transplant and shorter disease-specific survival, and outperformed the International Prognostic Score in multivariable analysis (Steidl 2010). What it changes about treatment: No test on the infiltrate is used to choose treatment. The practical consequences are methodological: a Hodgkin biopsy needs enough tissue for architecture, a core needle sample is often not enough, and interim PET rather than a molecular marker is what the treatment is adapted to.

## Sources

- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PD-L1
- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PD-L1
- Kuppers et al., PNAS 1994: micromanipulated Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells carry clonal immunoglobulin rearrangements: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.23.10962
- Kuppers, Nat Rev Cancer 2009: the biology of Hodgkin's lymphoma: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2542
- Steidl et al., N Engl J Med 2010: tumour-associated macrophages and survival in classical Hodgkin lymphoma: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0905680

## Connected records

- biomarkers: [PD-L1 CPS (combined positive score)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/pd-l1-cps/), [PD-L1 IC score (immune-cell score, SP142)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/pd-l1-ic-score/), [PD-L1 TC score (tumour-cell score, SP263 and 28-8)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/pd-l1-tc-score/), [PD-L1 TPS (tumour proportion score)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/pd-l1-tps/)
- cancers: [Adenosquamous and squamous carcinoma of the gallbladder](https://onco.cc/cancers/gallbladder-adenosquamous-squamous-carcinoma/), [Advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/advanced-cutaneous-scc/), [Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (stage III to IV)](https://onco.cc/cancers/advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/), [Anal cancer (squamous cell carcinoma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/anal/), [Biliary tract cancer (cholangiocarcinoma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/cholangiocarcinoma/), [Bladder & urothelial cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/urothelial/), [BRAF V600E-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/braf-v600e-nsclc/), [Cervical cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/cervical/), [Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/cutaneous-scc/), [Endometrial cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/endometrial/), [Extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/extensive-stage-sclc/), [Gallbladder cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/gallbladder/), [Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/gastric/), [Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia](https://onco.cc/cancers/gestational-trophoblastic/), [Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/head-and-neck/), [Hepatocellular carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/hcc/), [High-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (FIGO score 7 or more, including ultra-high-risk)](https://onco.cc/cancers/high-risk-gtn/), [Hodgkin lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/), [Immunomodulatory triple-negative breast cancer (IM)](https://onco.cc/cancers/tnbc-immunomodulatory/), [KRAS G12C-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/kras-g12c-nsclc/), [Limited-stage small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/limited-stage-sclc/), [Low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (FIGO score 0 to 6)](https://onco.cc/cancers/low-risk-gtn/), [Lung cancer (all types)](https://onco.cc/cancers/lung-cancer/), [Merkel cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/merkel-cell-carcinoma/), [Mesothelioma](https://onco.cc/cancers/mesothelioma/), [Metastatic and recurrent anal squamous cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/metastatic-anal-cancer/), [Mismatch repair deficient (MSI-high) pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/msi-high-pdac/), [Nasopharyngeal carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/nasopharyngeal/), [Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (all types)](https://onco.cc/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/), [Non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/nsclc/), [Oesophageal and junctional adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/oesophageal-adenocarcinoma/), [Oesophageal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/esophageal/), [Ovarian cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/ovarian/), [PD-L1-high gastric cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/gastric-pdl1-high/), [PD-L1-high non-small-cell lung cancer without a driver mutation](https://onco.cc/cancers/pdl1-high-nsclc/), [Platinum-resistant ovarian cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer/), [Primary CNS lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/primary-cns-lymphoma/), [Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma/), [Recurrent and metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/recurrent-metastatic-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/), [Recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer/), [Relapsed and refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma/), [Resectable stage I to III non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/resectable-nsclc/), [Small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/sclc/), [Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)](https://onco.cc/cancers/tnbc/), [Unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc/), [Vaginal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/vaginal/), [Vaginal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV-associated)](https://onco.cc/cancers/vaginal-squamous-cell-carcinoma/)
- drugs: [Acasunlimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/acasunlimab/), [Adebrelimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/adebrelimab/), [Atezolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/atezolizumab/), [Avelumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/avelumab/), [Benmelstobart](https://onco.cc/drugs/benmelstobart/), [Cosibelimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/cosibelimab/), [Durvalumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/durvalumab/), [Envafolimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/envafolimab/), [HB0036](https://onco.cc/drugs/hb0036/), [HLX43](https://onco.cc/drugs/hlx43/), [IO102-IO103](https://onco.cc/drugs/io102-io103/), [Iparomlimab and tuvonralimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/iparomlimab-tuvonralimab/), [PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx](https://onco.cc/drugs/dako-pd-l1-22c3-pharmdx/), [PF-08046054](https://onco.cc/drugs/pf-08046054/), [PM8002](https://onco.cc/drugs/pm8002/), [Retlirafusp alfa](https://onco.cc/drugs/retlirafusp-alfa/), [Sasanlimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/sasanlimab/), [Socazolimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/socazolimab/), [SSGJ-706](https://onco.cc/drugs/ssgj-706/), [Sugemalimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/sugemalimab/), [T3011](https://onco.cc/drugs/t3011/), [Tiragolumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/tiragolumab/), [TQB2450](https://onco.cc/drugs/tqb2450/), [VENTANA PD-L1 (SP142) Assay](https://onco.cc/drugs/ventana-pd-l1-sp142/), [VENTANA PD-L1 (SP263) Assay](https://onco.cc/drugs/ventana-pd-l1-sp263/)
- companies: [3D Medicines](https://onco.cc/companies/3d-medicines/), [Alphamab Oncology](https://onco.cc/companies/alphamab/), [Compass Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/compass-therapeutics/), [Insight Molecular Diagnostics (formerly Oncocyte)](https://onco.cc/companies/insight-molecular-diagnostics/), [IO Biotech](https://onco.cc/companies/io-biotech/), [Onc.AI](https://onco.cc/companies/onc-ai/), [OncoHost](https://onco.cc/companies/oncohost/), [Sun Pharmaceutical Industries](https://onco.cc/companies/sun-pharma/)
- pathways: [Antigen presentation & immune editing](https://onco.cc/pathways/antigen-presentation-immunoediting/), [Cold tumours: immune deserts and exclusion](https://onco.cc/pathways/immune-desert-exclusion/), [Hepatocellular carcinoma (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/hepatocellular-carcinoma-signalling/), [JAK-STAT signalling](https://onco.cc/pathways/jak-stat/), [Mismatch repair & microsatellite instability](https://onco.cc/pathways/mismatch-repair-msi/), [Myeloid suppression: TAMs, MDSCs & don't-eat-me signals](https://onco.cc/pathways/myeloid-suppression-axis/), [Oncogenic viruses](https://onco.cc/pathways/oncogenic-viruses/), [PD-1 / PD-L1 immune checkpoint & T-cell activation](https://onco.cc/pathways/pd1-checkpoint/), [T-cell exhaustion](https://onco.cc/pathways/t-cell-exhaustion/), [The cancer-immunity cycle](https://onco.cc/pathways/cancer-immunity-cycle/), [Tumour microenvironment (TME)](https://onco.cc/pathways/tumor-microenvironment/)
- terms: [Checkpoint (two meanings)](https://onco.cc/terms/checkpoint/), [Combined positive score (CPS)](https://onco.cc/terms/cps/), [Hallmark: avoiding immune destruction](https://onco.cc/terms/avoiding-immune-destruction/), [Immune checkpoint](https://onco.cc/terms/immune-checkpoint/), [Immunotherapy response and its prediction](https://onco.cc/terms/immunotherapy-response/), [Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs)](https://onco.cc/terms/myeloid-derived-suppressor-cells/), [PD-L1 assay discordance (SP142, SP263 and 22C3 in breast cancer)](https://onco.cc/terms/pd-l1-assay-discordance/), [PD-L1 combined positive score 10 in triple-negative breast cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/pd-l1-cps-10-tnbc/), [PD-L1 expression testing (22C3, SP142, SP263)](https://onco.cc/terms/pd-l1-testing/), [Reed-Sternberg cell](https://onco.cc/terms/reed-sternberg-cell/), [T cell](https://onco.cc/terms/t-cell/), [The Hodgkin microenvironment: when the cancer cell is the minority](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-bio-hodgkin-microenvironment/), [Tumour proportion score (TPS)](https://onco.cc/terms/tps/), [Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs)](https://onco.cc/terms/tumor-associated-macrophages/)
- trials: [A Phase II Trial of LM103 for Adjuvant Treatment in Patients With Non-small Cell Lung Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07444437/), [An Early Phase Trial of RPTR-1-201 in Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07293754/), [BEATcc / ENGOT-Cx10 / GOG-3030](https://onco.cc/trials/beatcc/), [CheckMate 017](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-017/), [CheckMate 026](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-026/), [CheckMate 057](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-057/), [CheckMate 649](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-649/), [CK-301-101](https://onco.cc/trials/ck-301-101/), [DIAMOND](https://onco.cc/trials/diamond/), [DUO-E / GOG-3041 / ENGOT-EN10](https://onco.cc/trials/duo-e/), [DUO-O / ENGOT-ov46](https://onco.cc/trials/duo-o/), [EMPOWER-Lung 1](https://onco.cc/trials/empower-lung-1/), [GEMSTONE-301](https://onco.cc/trials/gemstone-301/), [HC010 in First-line PD-L1 Positive Advanced NSCLC Patients](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07169552/), [HIMALAYA](https://onco.cc/trials/himalaya/), [Imaging Advanced NSCLC Patients Undergoing PD-1/PD-L1 Directed Therapy Using [18F]-FARAG](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06107374/), [IMbassador250](https://onco.cc/trials/imbassador250/), [IMbrave150](https://onco.cc/trials/imbrave150/), [IMpassion031](https://onco.cc/trials/impassion031/), [IMpower110](https://onco.cc/trials/impower110/), [IMpower150](https://onco.cc/trials/impower150/), [JAVELIN Head and Neck 100](https://onco.cc/trials/javelin-hn-100/), [JAVELIN Merkel 200](https://onco.cc/trials/javelin-merkel-200/), [KEYNOTE-010](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-010/), [KEYNOTE-024 & KEYNOTE-189](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-024-189/), [KEYNOTE-042](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-042/), [KEYNOTE-048](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-048/), [KEYNOTE-170](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-170/), [KEYNOTE-B96 / ENGOT-ov65](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-b96/), [MATTERHORN](https://onco.cc/trials/matterhorn/), [OAK](https://onco.cc/trials/oak/), [Personalised Neoantigen-targeting Cancer Vaccine NECVAX-NEO1 in Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 Therapy in Patients With Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06631079/), [PHOENIX DDR/Anti-PD-L1](https://onco.cc/trials/phoenix/)
- key papers: [A prospective, multi-institutional, pathologist-based assessment of 4 immunohistochemistry assays for PD-L1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-rimm-pd-l1-assay-comparison-jama-oncol-2017/), [Adjuvant atezolizumab after adjuvant chemotherapy in resected stage IB-IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer (IMpower010)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-felip-impower010-adjuvant-atezolizumab-lancet-2021/), [ADRIATIC: durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-adriatic-nejm-2024/), [Association of high tumor mutation burden in non-small cell lung cancers with increased immune infiltration and improved clinical outcomes of PD-L1 blockade across PD-L1 expression levels](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ricciuti-tmb-pd-l1-levels-jama-oncol-2022/), [Associations of tissue tumour mutational burden and mutational status with clinical outcomes in KEYNOTE-042](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-042-tmb-mutations-ann-oncol-2023/), [Associations of tissue tumour mutational burden and mutational status with clinical outcomes with pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy for metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-189-407-tmb-jtocrr-2023/), [Atezolizumab and Nab-Paclitaxel in Advanced Triple-Negative Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-impassion130-n-engl-j-med-2018/), [Atezolizumab for first-line treatment of PD-L1-selected patients with NSCLC](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-herbst-impower110-atezolizumab-pd-l1-nejm-2020/), [Binnewies 2018: understanding the tumour immune microenvironment for effective therapy](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-binnewies-tumor-immune-microenvironment-natmed-2018/), [Biomarkers for Systemic Therapy in Metastatic Breast Cancer: ASCO Guideline Update](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-asco-biomarkers-metastatic-breast-cancer-guideline-jco-2022/), [Blood-based tumor mutational burden as a predictor of clinical benefit in non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with atezolizumab](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-gandara-blood-tmb-atezolizumab-nat-med-2018/), [CheckMate 017: nivolumab beats docetaxel in squamous lung cancer after chemotherapy](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-checkmate-017-nejm-2015/), [CheckMate 026: first-line nivolumab in stage IV or recurrent non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-checkmate-026-first-line-nivolumab-nejm-2017/), [CheckMate 057: nivolumab beats docetaxel after chemotherapy in non-squamous lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-checkmate-057-nejm-2015/), [CheckMate 649: nivolumab plus chemotherapy as first treatment for advanced gastric, gastro-oesophageal junction and oesophageal adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-checkmate-649-lancet-2021/), [Chen and Mellman 2013: the cancer-immunity cycle](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-chen-mellman-cancer-immunity-cycle-immunity-2013/), [Clinical relevance of PD-L1 expression in gallbladder cancer: a potential target for therapy](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-neyaz-pdl1-gallbladder-histopathology-2018/), [Co-occurring genomic alterations define major subsets of KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma with distinct biology, immune profiles, and therapeutic vulnerabilities](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-skoulidis-kras-co-mutation-subsets-cancer-discov-2015/), [Comparison of SP142 and 22C3 PD-L1 assays in a population-based cohort of triple-negative breast cancer patients in the context of their clinically established scoring algorithms](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-sigurjonsdottir-sp142-22c3-tnbc-bcr-2023/), [Diminished efficacy of programmed death-(ligand)1 inhibition in STK11- and KEAP1-mutant lung adenocarcinoma is affected by KRAS mutation status](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ricciuti-stk11-keap1-kras-immunotherapy-jto-2022/), [Durvalumab plus platinum-etoposide versus platinum-etoposide in first-line treatment of extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (CASPIAN)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-paz-ares-caspian-durvalumab-es-sclc-lancet-2019/), [Durvalumab with or without tremelimumab for patients with metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a phase 2 randomized clinical trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-oreilly-durvalumab-tremelimumab-pancreatic-jama-oncol-2019/), [Efficacy and safety of cosibelimab, an anti-PD-L1 antibody, in metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ck-301-101-jitc-2023/), [Five-year survival outcomes from the PACIFIC trial: durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-spigel-pacific-five-year-survival-jco-2022/), [IMbrave150: atezolizumab plus bevacizumab replaces sorafenib as first treatment for advanced liver cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-imbrave150-nejm-2020/), [Immune microenvironment in gallbladder adenocarcinomas](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-patil-gallbladder-immune-microenvironment-aimm-2021/), [IMvigor011: using a blood test for leftover cancer to decide who gets immunotherapy after bladder surgery](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-imvigor011-nejm-2025/), [Iwai and Honjo: tumours use PD-L1 to escape T cells, and blocking it restores attack](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-iwai-pdl1-tumour-escape-pnas-2002/), [KEYNOTE-001 (Garon 2015): pembrolizumab in non-small-cell lung cancer and the 50% PD-L1 cut-off](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-001-pembrolizumab-nsclc-nejm-2015/), [KEYNOTE-010 (Herbst 2016): pembrolizumab versus docetaxel in previously treated PD-L1-positive lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-010-lancet-2016/), [KEYNOTE-024: pembrolizumab alone beats chemotherapy in PD-L1-high lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-024-nejm-2016/), [KEYNOTE-189: pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy as first treatment for non-squamous lung cancer without a driver mutation](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-189-nejm-2018/), [KEYNOTE-355: pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy for PD-L1-positive advanced triple-negative breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-355-nejm-2022/), [Molecular determinants of response to anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 blockade in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer profiled with targeted next-generation sequencing](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-rizvi-targeted-ngs-immunotherapy-determinants-jco-2018/), [Molecular profiling of biliary cancers reveals distinct molecular alterations and potential therapeutic targets](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-weinberg-biliary-profiling-jgo-2019/), [Multi-omics analysis identifies therapeutic vulnerabilities in triple-negative breast cancer subtypes](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-lehmann-tnbc-subtype-multiomics-nat-commun-2021/), [NIAGARA: durvalumab before and after cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-niagara-nejm-2024/), [Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab in Lung Cancer with a High Tumor Mutational Burden](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-checkmate-227-n-engl-j-med-2018/), [PACIFIC: a year of durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy for stage III lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-pacific-nejm-2017/), [Pardoll 2012: the blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-pardoll-immune-checkpoint-blockade-nrc-2012/), [PD-L1 Immunohistochemistry Assay Comparison in Atezolizumab Plus nab-Paclitaxel-Treated Advanced Triple-Negative Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-rugo-pd-l1-assay-comparison-impassion130-jnci-2021/), [PD-L1 Immunohistochemistry Assays for Lung Cancer: Results from Phase 1 of the Blueprint PD-L1 IHC Assay Comparison Project](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-hirsch-j-thorac-oncol/), [PD-L1 immunohistochemistry comparability study in real-life clinical samples: results of Blueprint phase 2 project](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-blueprint-phase-2-pd-l1-assays-jto-2018/), [Perioperative durvalumab for resectable non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-heymach-aegean-perioperative-durvalumab-nejm-2023/), [Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) is an independent negative prognosticator in Western-world gallbladder cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-albrecht-pdl1-western-gallbladder-cancers-2021/), [Ribas and Wolchok 2018: cancer immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ribas-wolchok-checkpoint-blockade-science-2018/), [Rizvi 2015: the mutational landscape determines who responds to PD-1 blockade in lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-rizvi-mutational-landscape-pd1-science-2015/), [Safety and activity of anti-PD-L1 antibody in patients with advanced cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-brahmer-anti-pd-l1-phase-1-nejm-2012/), [Schreiber, Old and Smyth 2011: cancer immunoediting](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-schreiber-cancer-immunoediting-science-2011/), [Spatially distinct tumor immune microenvironments stratify triple-negative breast cancers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-gruosso-tnbc-spatial-immune-microenvironments-jci-2019/), [STK11/LKB1 Mutations and PD-1 Inhibitor Resistance in KRAS -Mutant Lung Adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-kras-nsclc-cancer-discov-2018/), [Targeting CXCL12 from FAP-expressing carcinoma-associated fibroblasts synergizes with anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-feig-cxcl12-fap-cafs-t-cell-exclusion-pnas-2013/), [Tumeh 2014: PD-1 blockade works by releasing T cells already present at the tumour edge](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tumeh-pd1-adaptive-immune-resistance-nature-2014/), [Tumor mutational burden and PTEN alterations as molecular correlates of response to PD-1/L1 blockade in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-barroso-sousa-tmb-pten-ici-mtnbc-ccr-2020/), [Unraveling triple-negative breast cancer tumor microenvironment heterogeneity: towards an optimized treatment approach](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-bareche-tnbc-microenvironment-jnci-2020/)
- pairings: [Caution: checkpoint inhibitors in first-line ovarian cancer](https://onco.cc/pairings/caution-pd1-first-line-ovarian/), [Caution: TIGIT + PD-(L)1 blockade](https://onco.cc/pairings/tigit-plus-pd1-caution/)
- roadmaps: [Triple-negative breast cancer roadmap: from a remainder defined by three negative tests to immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates and the residual disease problem](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/tnbc-roadmap/)
- ideas: [Anchor a TGF-beta trap in the tumour stroma so it cannot act everywhere](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-tumour-anchored-tgfbeta-trap/), [Extended-interval immunotherapy: give checkpoint inhibitors every 8-12 weeks once stable](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-extended-interval-checkpoint-dosing/), [Harmonise PD-L1 testing for triple-negative breast cancer around one scored assay, with external quality assurance](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tnbc-pd-l1-assay-harmonisation/), [Lock the biomarker cut-off before phase 3, and publish it](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr2-cutpoint-lock/), [One digital PD-L1 scale that maps across all the competing assays](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr2-pdl1-digital-calibration/), [Randomised trials of stopping immunotherapy after one year versus continuing](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-immunotherapy-stop-trials/), [Randomised trials to test whether biomarker-negative patients really do not benefit](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr2-biomarker-negative-arms/)
- technologies: [Bispecific ADC](https://onco.cc/technologies/bispecific-adc/), [Immune checkpoint inhibitors](https://onco.cc/technologies/checkpoint-inhibitor/), [Immuno-PET](https://onco.cc/technologies/immuno-pet/)
- people: [Ann-Lii Cheng](https://onco.cc/people/ann-lii-cheng/), [Anna K. Nowak](https://onco.cc/people/anna-nowak/), [Arjun V. Balar](https://onco.cc/people/arjun-balar/), [Drew M. Pardoll](https://onco.cc/people/drew-pardoll/), [Ghassan K. Abou-Alfa](https://onco.cc/people/ghassan-abou-alfa/), [Gordon J. Freeman](https://onco.cc/people/gordon-freeman/), [Jonathan E. Rosenberg](https://onco.cc/people/jonathan-rosenberg/), [Lieping Chen](https://onco.cc/people/lieping-chen/), [Matthew D. Galsky](https://onco.cc/people/matthew-galsky/), [Peter Schmid](https://onco.cc/people/peter-schmid/), [Richard S. Finn](https://onco.cc/people/richard-finn/), [Scott J. Antonia](https://onco.cc/people/scott-antonia/), [Tasuku Honjo](https://onco.cc/people/tasuku-honjo/), [Thomas Powles](https://onco.cc/people/thomas-powles/), [Weiping Zou](https://onco.cc/people/weiping-zou/)
- bottlenecks: [Biomarkers are not validated or standardised](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-biomarker-validation/), [Cold tumours and the immunosuppressive microenvironment](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-tme-immunosuppression/), [Incentives reward me-too drugs and marginal gains](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-incentive-misalignment/), [No one can predict who responds to immunotherapy](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-immunotherapy-response/)
- institutions: [Kyoto University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/kyoto-university-hospital/), [National Taiwan University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/ntuh/), [Yale Cancer Center / Smilow Cancer Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/yale-cancer-center/)
- targets: [CD137 (4-1BB, TNFRSF9)](https://onco.cc/targets/cd137/), [CD80 (B7-1)](https://onco.cc/targets/cd80/), [IDO1](https://onco.cc/targets/ido1/)

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JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/entities/pdl1.json