# EGFR

Source: https://onco.cc/targets/egfr/  
OnCo record `egfr` (Target). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

A growth receptor that is mutated in some lung cancers and overproduced in others; the first great success of targeted pills.

## Summary

EGFR activating mutations (exon 19 del, L858R) drive ~15% of Western and ~40-50% of East Asian NSCLC; osimertinib is standard first-line. EGFR is also an antibody target in colorectal and head-and-neck cancer (cetuximab, panitumumab) and a component of bispecifics (amivantamab, EGFR×MET; EGFR×HER3 ADCs). Resistance via C797S, MET amplification, and histologic transformation is the central problem.

## Fields

- Kind: Target
- Last checked: 2026-09-04
- Tags: driver; kinase
- Symbol: EGFR
- Class: kinase
- Biology: EGFR is a receptor tyrosine kinase activating RAS-MAPK and PI3K-AKT. Exon 20 insertions need dedicated drugs.
- Where found: NSCLC (mutations); Colorectal (wild-type, antibody target); Head and neck squamous; Glioblastoma (amplification, EGFRvIII); Triple-negative breast cancer: amplification 3-6%; Colorectal cancer: high-level amplification (and acquired ectodomain mutation) 1-2%; Gallbladder cancer: amplification or mutation 1-3%; Non-small-cell lung cancer: activating mutation (any class) 12-47%; Non-small-cell lung cancer: in-frame deletion around codons 746 to 750 13-19%; Non-small-cell lung cancer: exon 21 point mutation 9-21%; Non-small-cell lung cancer: in-frame insertion or duplication in the loop after the c-helix 1-3%; Non-small-cell lung cancer: g719x, l861q, s768i and compound alleles 3-5%

## Notes

- Triple-negative breast cancer: EGFR is amplified or gained in 23% of basal-like tumours but rarely mutated (Cancer Genome Atlas 2012), high-level amplification 3 to 6% by cohort (cBioPortal); EGFR-directed antibodies failed unselected, and the receptor now matters as one arm of the EGFR-HER3 bispecific antibody-drug conjugate izalontamab brengitecan.
- Colorectal cancer: a target without an alteration. Cetuximab and panitumumab work in RAS and BRAF wild-type, left-sided disease regardless of EGFR copy number or expression, and no EGFR test selects them; the biomarkers are negative ones (Karapetis 2008, Douillard 2013) plus primary tumour side (Arnold 2017). High-level EGFR amplification is 1 to 2% (cBioPortal) and epiregulin overexpression marks the distal, ligand-dependent tumours (Missiaglia 2014). Acquired resistance is read in plasma as emerging KRAS, NRAS, BRAF and EGFR ectodomain alterations, detectable months before imaging (Misale 2012, Diaz 2012).
- Lung cancer: mutated in 12.4% of resected Western adenocarcinoma and 47.4% of East Asian adenocarcinoma, with 28.4% in never-smoker whole genomes (cBioPortal), the widest ancestry gap of any biomarker in solid-tumour oncology. The class matters more than the gene: exon 19 deletions (about 14% of adenocarcinomas) and L858R (about 11%) respond to every generation of inhibitor, exon 20 insertions (about 2%) respond to none of them and need different medicines, and the uncommon G719X, L861Q and S768I alleles do better on a second-generation irreversible inhibitor than on a first-generation one. Resistance is read in the same gene: T790M in 63% of rebiopsies after a first-generation inhibitor (Yu 2013) and C797S in 22% after osimertinib, where the allelic phase with T790M decides whether a combination can cover it (Thress 2015, Oxnard 2018). Immunohistochemistry is not acceptable for EGFR testing (Lindeman 2018).

## Sources

- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor_receptor
- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor_receptor

## Connected records

- biomarkers: [EGFR C797S (and its phase with T790M)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/egfr-c797s/), [EGFR exon 19 deletion](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/egfr-exon-19-deletion/), [EGFR exon 20 insertion](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/egfr-exon-20-insertion/), [EGFR L858R](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/egfr-l858r/), [EGFR T790M](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/egfr-t790m/)
- cancers: [Adenocarcinoma of the lung](https://onco.cc/cancers/lung-adenocarcinoma/), [Adenosquamous carcinoma of the lung](https://onco.cc/cancers/lung-adenosquamous-carcinoma/), [Advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/advanced-cutaneous-scc/), [Apocrine carcinoma of the breast](https://onco.cc/cancers/apocrine-carcinoma-breast/), [Basal-like 2 triple-negative breast cancer (BL2)](https://onco.cc/cancers/tnbc-basal-like-2/), [BRAF V600E-mutant colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/braf-v600e-colorectal/), [Chordoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/chordoma/), [Colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/colorectal/), [Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/cutaneous-scc/), [EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/egfr-mutant-nsclc/), [Gallbladder cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/gallbladder/), [Glioma & glioblastoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/glioblastoma/), [Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/head-and-neck/), [HER2-amplified colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/her2-amplified-colorectal/), [HER2-positive breast cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/breast-her2-positive/), [KRAS G12C-mutant colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/kras-g12c-colorectal/), [KRAS G12C-mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/kras-g12c-pdac/), [KRAS wild-type pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/kras-wild-type-pdac/), [Lung cancer (all types)](https://onco.cc/cancers/lung-cancer/), [MET exon 14 and MET-amplified non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/met-altered-nsclc/), [Metaplastic breast carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/metaplastic-breast-carcinoma/), [Nasopharyngeal carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/nasopharyngeal/), [Non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/nsclc/), [Oesophageal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/esophageal/), [Penile cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/penile/), [Rectal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/rectal-cancer/), [Recurrent and metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/recurrent-metastatic-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/), [Resectable stage I to III non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/resectable-nsclc/), [Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)](https://onco.cc/cancers/tnbc/), [Unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc/)
- drugs: [Afatinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/afatinib/), [Amivantamab](https://onco.cc/drugs/amivantamab/), [Aumolertinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/aumolertinib/), [Cetuximab](https://onco.cc/drugs/cetuximab/), [Cetuximab sarotalocan](https://onco.cc/drugs/cetuximab-sarotalocan/), [cobas EGFR Mutation Test v2](https://onco.cc/drugs/cobas-egfr-mutation-test/), [Dacomitinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/dacomitinib/), [Depatuxizumab mafodotin](https://onco.cc/drugs/depatuxizumab-mafodotin/), [E-EDV-D682](https://onco.cc/drugs/e-edv-d682/), [Encorafenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/encorafenib/), [Erlotinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/erlotinib/), [Ficerafusp alfa](https://onco.cc/drugs/ficerafusp-alfa/), [Furmonertinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/furmonertinib/), [Gefitinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/gefitinib/), [Guardant360 CDx](https://onco.cc/drugs/guardant360-cdx/), [HLX43](https://onco.cc/drugs/hlx43/), [HMBD-001](https://onco.cc/drugs/hmbd-001/), [HS-20117](https://onco.cc/drugs/hs-20117/), [Icotinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/icotinib/), [Izalontamab brengitecan](https://onco.cc/drugs/izalontamab-brengitecan/), [JMT101](https://onco.cc/drugs/jmt101/), [JS111](https://onco.cc/drugs/js111/), [Lapatinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/lapatinib/), [Lazertinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/lazertinib/), [Limertinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/limertinib/), [MCLA-129](https://onco.cc/drugs/mcla-129/), [Mobocertinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/mobocertinib/), [Necitumumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/necitumumab/), [Neratinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/neratinib/), [Nimotuzumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/nimotuzumab/), [Olmutinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/olmutinib/), [Oncomine Dx Target Test](https://onco.cc/drugs/oncomine-dx-target-test/), [Osimertinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/osimertinib/), [Panitumumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/panitumumab/), [Petosemtamab](https://onco.cc/drugs/petosemtamab/), [Poziotinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/poziotinib/), [Pyrotinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/pyrotinib/), [Rindopepimut](https://onco.cc/drugs/rindopepimut/), [Savolitinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/savolitinib/), [Silevertinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/silevertinib/), [Sunvozertinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/sunvozertinib/), [Tempus xT CDx](https://onco.cc/drugs/tempus-xt-cdx/), [therascreen companion diagnostic kits (KRAS, EGFR, PIK3CA, FGFR, BRAF)](https://onco.cc/drugs/therascreen-cdx/), [Tilatamig samrotecan](https://onco.cc/drugs/tilatamig-samrotecan/), [TQB2922](https://onco.cc/drugs/tqb2922/), [TQB2930](https://onco.cc/drugs/tqb2930/), [TQB6411](https://onco.cc/drugs/tqb6411/), [Vandetanib](https://onco.cc/drugs/vandetanib/), [Varlitinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/varlitinib/), [VRN110755](https://onco.cc/drugs/vrn110755/), [Zipalertinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/zipalertinib/)
- companies: [ArriVent BioPharma](https://onco.cc/companies/arrivent/), [Bicara Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/bicara-therapeutics/), [Black Diamond Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/black-diamond-therapeutics/), [Imagene AI](https://onco.cc/companies/imagene-ai/), [Inivata](https://onco.cc/companies/inivata/), [Lucence](https://onco.cc/companies/lucence/), [ORIC Pharmaceuticals](https://onco.cc/companies/oric-pharmaceuticals/)
- pathways: [Breast cancer (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/breast-cancer-signalling/), [Choline metabolism in cancer](https://onco.cc/pathways/choline-metabolism-in-cancer/), [Chromosomal instability & aneuploidy](https://onco.cc/pathways/chromosomal-instability/), [Colorectal cancer (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/colorectal-cancer-signalling/), [Drivers, passengers & the two-hit model](https://onco.cc/pathways/oncogene-activation-two-hit/), [Drug-tolerant persister cells](https://onco.cc/pathways/drug-tolerant-persisters/), [Glioma (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/glioma-signalling/), [Hippo-YAP/TAZ](https://onco.cc/pathways/hippo-yap/), [Lineage plasticity & neuroendocrine transformation](https://onco.cc/pathways/lineage-plasticity-neuroendocrine/), [NK-cell recognition: missing self & stress ligands](https://onco.cc/pathways/nk-cell-recognition/), [Non-small cell lung cancer (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/nsclc-signalling/), [Pancreatic cancer (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/pancreatic-cancer-signalling/), [PI3K / AKT / mTOR](https://onco.cc/pathways/pi3k-akt-mtor/), [Prostate cancer (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/prostate-cancer-signalling/), [RAS / RAF / MEK / ERK (MAPK)](https://onco.cc/pathways/ras-mapk/), [Receptor tyrosine kinase activation](https://onco.cc/pathways/rtk-activation/), [Resistance routes: how a blocked pathway comes back](https://onco.cc/pathways/resistance-routes-map/), [The blood-brain barrier & brain metastasis](https://onco.cc/pathways/blood-brain-barrier-metastasis/)
- terms: [Anti-EGFR rechallenge](https://onco.cc/terms/anti-egfr-rechallenge/), [Conversion therapy in bowel cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/conversion-therapy-colorectal/), [Deletion](https://onco.cc/terms/deletion/), [Downstream and upstream](https://onco.cc/terms/downstream/), [Driver and passenger mutations: the refined somatic mutation theory](https://onco.cc/terms/driver-passenger-model/), [Driver mutation](https://onco.cc/terms/driver-mutation/), [EGFR C797S](https://onco.cc/terms/c797s/), [EGFR exon 19 deletion & L858R](https://onco.cc/terms/egfr-exon19-l858r/), [EGFR exon 20 insertion](https://onco.cc/terms/egfr-exon20-insertion/), [EGFR mutation subtypes (exon 19 deletion, L858R, exon 20 insertion, T790M)](https://onco.cc/terms/egfr-mutation-subtypes/), [EGFRvIII](https://onco.cc/terms/egfrviii/), [Extended RAS testing](https://onco.cc/terms/extended-ras-testing/), [Growth factor](https://onco.cc/terms/growth-factor/), [Growth signal](https://onco.cc/terms/growth-signal/), [Hallmark: sustaining proliferative signalling](https://onco.cc/terms/sustaining-proliferative-signaling/), [Histologic transformation](https://onco.cc/terms/histologic-transformation/), [Kinase](https://onco.cc/terms/kinase/), [MET amplification (bypass resistance)](https://onco.cc/terms/met-amplification/), [On-target resistance mutations (gatekeeper, solvent-front, compound)](https://onco.cc/terms/gatekeeper-mutation/), [Oncogene](https://onco.cc/terms/oncogene/), [Receptor](https://onco.cc/terms/receptor/), [Sidedness (left vs right colon)](https://onco.cc/terms/sidedness/), [Wild-type (WT)](https://onco.cc/terms/wild-type/)
- trials: [A Phase 1/2 Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability and PK of JIN-A02 in Patients With EGFR Mutant Advanced NSCLC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05394831/), [A Phase 1/2, Open-label, Multicenter, FIH Study to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability, PK and Anti-tumor Activity of YH42946](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06616766/), [A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Sutetinib Maleate Capsule in Locally Advanced or Metastatic NSCLC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06010329/), [ACT IV](https://onco.cc/trials/act-iv/), [ADAURA](https://onco.cc/trials/adaura/), [AENEAS](https://onco.cc/trials/aeneas/), [Alliance N0147](https://onco.cc/trials/n0147/), [ARCHER 1050](https://onco.cc/trials/nct01774721/), [AURA3](https://onco.cc/trials/aura3/), [BEACON CRC](https://onco.cc/trials/beacon-crc/), [BREAKWATER](https://onco.cc/trials/breakwater/), [CAIRO5](https://onco.cc/trials/cairo5/), [CALGB/SWOG 80405](https://onco.cc/trials/calgb-80405/), [CAVE mCRC](https://onco.cc/trials/cave/), [CHRONOS](https://onco.cc/trials/chronos/), [Clinical Trial of YH32364 in Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic EGFR Overexpressing Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06975410/), [CodeBreaK 300](https://onco.cc/trials/codebreak-300/), [CONKO-005](https://onco.cc/trials/conko-005/), [CRYSTAL & FIRE-3](https://onco.cc/trials/crystal-fire3/), [Dual-Target CAR-NK Cells Directed Against MSLN, EGFR, or HER2 in Advanced NSCLC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07467863/), [Dual-Target CAR-NK Cells Targeting MSLN, EGFR, or HER2 in Advanced NSCLC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07641023/), [EXTREME](https://onco.cc/trials/extreme/), [First-in-Human Study of BBT-207 in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Harboring EGFR Mutation After Treatment With EGFR TKI](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05920135/), [First-In-Human Study of STX-721/PFL-721 in Participants With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Harboring EGFR or HER2 Exon 20 Insertion Mutations](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06043817/), [First-in-Human Trial of VBC101 in Participants With Advanced Solid Tumor Malignancies](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07136779/), [FLAURA](https://onco.cc/trials/flaura/), [FORTIFI-HN01](https://onco.cc/trials/fortifi-hn01/), [FURLONG](https://onco.cc/trials/furlong/), [Gefitinib vs gefitinib plus pemetrexed-carboplatin in EGFR-mutant lung cancer (Tata Memorial)](https://onco.cc/trials/gefitinib-chemo-tmh/), [HARMONi-A](https://onco.cc/trials/harmoni-a/), [JS111 in Patients With Advanced NSCLC Harboring EGFR Mutations](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06940401/), [LAURA](https://onco.cc/trials/laura/), [LiGeR-HN1](https://onco.cc/trials/liger-hn1/), [LUX-Lung 3](https://onco.cc/trials/lux-lung-3/), [MARIPOSA](https://onco.cc/trials/mariposa/), [MRC COIN](https://onco.cc/trials/coin/), [NCIC CO.17](https://onco.cc/trials/co-17/), [New EPOC](https://onco.cc/trials/new-epoc/), [NOTABLE (nimotuzumab, KRAS wild-type pancreatic cancer)](https://onco.cc/trials/notable-trial/), [OPUS](https://onco.cc/trials/opus/), [PANKU-Esophagus01 (BL-B01D1-305)](https://onco.cc/trials/panku-esophagus01/), [PARADIGM](https://onco.cc/trials/paradigm/), [PETACC-8](https://onco.cc/trials/petacc-8/), [PRIME](https://onco.cc/trials/prime/), [SH-1028 Tablets Versus Placebo as Adjuvant Therapy in Resected Stage II-IIIB NSCLC With Sensitizing EGFR Mutations](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06080776/), [SQUIRE](https://onco.cc/trials/squire/), [Study of FIH of STX-241 in Locally Advanced or Metastatic NSCLC Resistant to EGFR TKIs](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06567015/), [Study to Evaluate Sutetinib Maleate Capsule in Locally Advanced or Metastatic Non-small Cell Lung Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05168566/), [SWOG S1406](https://onco.cc/trials/swog-s1406/), [TreeTopp](https://onco.cc/trials/treetopp/), [TROPION-Lung05](https://onco.cc/trials/tropion-lung05/)
- key papers: [A molecularly annotated platform of patient-derived xenografts identifies HER2 as an effective therapeutic target in cetuximab-resistant colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-bertotti-xenopatients-her2-cetuximab-resistant-colorectal-cancer-discov-2011/), [Acquired EGFR C797S mutation mediates resistance to AZD9291 in non-small cell lung cancer harboring EGFR T790M](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-thress-nat-med/), [Acquired resistance of lung adenocarcinomas to gefitinib or erlotinib is associated with a second mutation in the EGFR kinase domain](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-pao-egfr-t790m-acquired-resistance-plos-med-2005/), [Activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor underlying responsiveness of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-lynch-egfr-activating-mutations-gefitinib-nejm-2004/), [ADAURA: exploratory eight-year overall survival update for adjuvant osimertinib in resected EGFR-mutated stage IB to IIIA lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-adaura-8-year-os-jto-2026/), [ADAURA: three years of osimertinib after surgery for EGFR-mutated lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-adaura-nejm-2020/), [Analysis of tumor specimens at the time of acquired resistance to EGFR-TKI therapy in 155 patients with EGFR-mutant lung cancers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-yu-acquired-resistance-rebiopsy-egfr-ccr-2013/), [Assessment of resistance mechanisms and clinical implications in patients with EGFR T790M-positive lung cancer and acquired resistance to osimertinib](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-oxnard-osimertinib-resistance-mechanisms-jama-oncol-2018/), [BREAKWATER: encorafenib plus cetuximab with chemotherapy as first treatment for BRAF V600E-mutated colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-breakwater-nejm-2025/), [Cetuximab and chemotherapy as initial treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer (CRYSTAL)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-van-cutsem-crystal-cetuximab-folfiri-nejm-2009/), [Clinical implications of plasma-based genotyping with the delivery of personalized therapy in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-aggarwal-plasma-genotyping-personalised-therapy-jama-oncol-2019/), [Clonal history and genetic predictors of transformation into small-cell carcinomas from lung adenocarcinomas](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-lee-clonal-history-small-cell-transformation-jco-2017/), [CodeBreaK 300: sotorasib plus panitumumab in chemotherapy-refractory KRAS G12C colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-codebreak-300-nejm-2023/), [Comprehensive molecular portraits of human breast tumours](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tcga-breast-molecular-portraits-nature-2012/), [Comprehensive molecular profiling of lung adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tcga-lung-adenocarcinoma-nature-2014/), [Concurrent RB1 and TP53 alterations define a subset of EGFR-mutant lung cancers at risk for histologic transformation and inferior clinical outcomes](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-offin-rb1-tp53-transformation-risk-jto-2019/), [Dacomitinib versus gefitinib as first-line treatment for patients with EGFR-mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (ARCHER 1050): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-archer-1050-lancet-oncol-2017/), [Distal and proximal colon cancers differ in terms of molecular, pathological, and clinical features](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-missiaglia-distal-proximal-colon-cancers-ann-oncol-2014/), [Distinct patterns of somatic genome alterations in lung adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-campbell-pan-lung-somatic-alterations-nat-genet-2016/), [Effect of first-line chemotherapy combined with cetuximab or bevacizumab on overall survival in KRAS wild-type advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer (CALGB/SWOG 80405)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-venook-calgb-80405-cetuximab-vs-bevacizumab-jama-2017/), [EGFR mutation and resistance of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-kobayashi-egfr-t790m-gefitinib-resistance-nejm-2005/), [EGFR mutations in lung cancer: correlation with clinical response to gefitinib therapy](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-paez-egfr-mutations-gefitinib-science-2004/), [EGFR-mutant adenocarcinomas that transform to small-cell lung cancer and other neuroendocrine carcinomas: clinical outcomes](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-marcoux-egfr-small-cell-transformation-outcomes-jco-2019/), [Emergence of KRAS mutations and acquired resistance to anti-EGFR therapy in colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-misale-kras-acquired-resistance-anti-egfr-colorectal-nature-2012/), [Encorafenib, binimetinib, and cetuximab in BRAF V600E-mutated colorectal cancer (BEACON CRC)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-kopetz-beacon-encorafenib-braf-colorectal-nejm-2019/), [FLAURA: osimertinib as first treatment for EGFR-mutated lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-flaura-nejm-2018/), [FLAURA2: long-term safety of first-line osimertinib plus platinum-pemetrexed in EGFR-mutated advanced lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-flaura2-long-term-safety-lung-cancer-2026/), [FOLFIRI plus cetuximab versus FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab as first-line treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (FIRE-3)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-heinemann-fire-3-cetuximab-vs-bevacizumab-lancet-oncol-2014/), [Gefitinib or carboplatin-paclitaxel in pulmonary adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-mok-ipass-gefitinib-pulmonary-adenocarcinoma-nejm-2009/), [Genomic and evolutionary classification of lung cancer in never smokers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-zhang-lung-cancer-never-smokers-nat-genet-2021/), [Genomic landscape of lung adenocarcinoma in East Asians](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-chen-east-asian-lung-adenocarcinoma-nat-genet-2020/), [Genotypic and histological evolution of lung cancers acquiring resistance to EGFR inhibitors](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-sequist-genotypic-histological-evolution-egfr-resistance-sci-transl-med-2011/), [Identification of human triple-negative breast cancer subtypes and preclinical models for selection of targeted therapies](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-lehmann-tnbc-subtypes-jci-2011/), [Identification of the transforming EML4-ALK fusion gene in non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-soda-eml4-alk-fusion-nature-2007/), [Impact of consensus molecular subtype on survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: results from CALGB/SWOG 80405](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-lenz-cms-calgb-swog-80405-jco-2019/), [Improvement in overall survival in a randomized study that compared dacomitinib with gefitinib in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer and EGFR-activating mutations](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-archer-1050-os-jco-2018/), [K-ras mutations and benefit from cetuximab in advanced colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-karapetis-kras-cetuximab-colorectal-nejm-2008/), [KEYNOTE-048: pembrolizumab, alone or with chemotherapy, as first treatment for recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-048-lancet-2019/), [KRYSTAL-1: adagrasib with or without cetuximab in KRAS G12C-mutated colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-krystal-1-crc-yaeger-nejm-2023/), [Lemmon and Schlessinger 2010: cell signalling by receptor tyrosine kinases](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-lemmon-schlessinger-rtk-signalling-cell-2010/), [Lung adenocarcinoma promotion by air pollutants](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-hill-lung-adenocarcinoma-air-pollutants-nature-2023/), [MARIPOSA: amivantamab plus lazertinib versus osimertinib as first treatment for EGFR-mutated lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-mariposa-nejm-2024/), [MET amplification leads to gefitinib resistance in lung cancer by activating ERBB3 signaling](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-engelman-met-amplification-gefitinib-resistance-science-2007/), [MET exon 14 mutations in non-small-cell lung cancer are associated with advanced age and stage-dependent MET genomic amplification and c-Met overexpression](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-awad-met-exon-14-mutations-lung-jco-2016/), [Molecular biomarkers for the evaluation of colorectal cancer: guideline from ASCP, CAP, AMP and ASCO](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-sepulveda-molecular-biomarkers-colorectal-guideline-jco-2017/), [Molecular determinants of response to anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 blockade in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer profiled with targeted next-generation sequencing](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-rizvi-targeted-ngs-immunotherapy-determinants-jco-2018/), [NILE: clinical utility of comprehensive cell-free DNA analysis to identify genomic biomarkers in patients with newly diagnosed metastatic non-small cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-leighl-nile-cfdna-tissue-genotyping-ccr-2019/), [Osimertinib after chemoradiotherapy in stage III EGFR-mutated NSCLC](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-lu-laura-osimertinib-stage-iii-nejm-2024/), [Osimertinib with or without chemotherapy in EGFR-mutated advanced NSCLC](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-planchard-flaura2-osimertinib-chemotherapy-nejm-2023/), [Panitumumab vs Bevacizumab Added to Standard First-line Chemotherapy and Overall Survival Among Patients With RAS Wild-type, Left-Sided Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-paradigm-jama-2023/), [Panitumumab-FOLFOX4 treatment and RAS mutations in colorectal cancer (PRIME)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-douillard-prime-panitumumab-ras-nejm-2013/), [Prognostic and predictive relevance of primary tumor location in patients with RAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer: retrospective analyses of the CRYSTAL and FIRE-3 trials](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tejpar-tumour-location-crystal-fire3-jama-oncol-2017/), [Prognostic and predictive value of primary tumour side in patients with RAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer treated with chemotherapy and EGFR directed antibodies in six randomized trials](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-arnold-primary-tumour-side-ras-wild-type-ann-oncol-2017/), [Prospective comprehensive molecular characterization of lung adenocarcinomas for efficient patient matching to approved and emerging therapies](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-jordan-prospective-lung-adenocarcinoma-msk-cancer-discov-2017/), [The molecular evolution of acquired resistance to targeted EGFR blockade in colorectal cancers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-diaz-molecular-evolution-egfr-resistance-colorectal-nature-2012/), [The mutational landscape and actionable targets of gallbladder cancer: an ancestry-informed and comparative analysis of a Chilean population](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-erices-chilean-gallbladder-landscape-front-oncol-2025/), [TRACERx first 100: tracking how lung cancers evolve, and how chromosomal chaos predicts relapse](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tracerx-100-nejm-2017/), [Updated molecular testing guideline for the selection of lung cancer patients for treatment with targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-lindeman-lung-molecular-testing-guideline-jto-2018/), [Using multiplexed assays of oncogenic drivers in lung cancers to select targeted drugs](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-kris-lung-cancer-mutation-consortium-jama-2014/), [Whole-exome and targeted gene sequencing of gallbladder carcinoma identifies recurrent mutations in the ErbB pathway](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-li-gallbladder-exome-erbb-nat-genet-2014/), [Yarden and Sliwkowski 2001: untangling the ErbB signalling network](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-yarden-sliwkowski-erbb-network-nrmcb-2001/)
- pairings: [Amivantamab + lazertinib (first-line EGFR NSCLC)](https://onco.cc/pairings/amivantamab-plus-lazertinib/), [EGFR-directed bispecific + PD-1 blockade](https://onco.cc/pairings/egfr-bispecific-plus-pd1-hnscc/), [KRAS G12C inhibitor + anti-EGFR antibody (colorectal)](https://onco.cc/pairings/kras-plus-egfr-crc/), [Sequence: targeted therapy before immunotherapy in driver-positive NSCLC](https://onco.cc/pairings/targeted-before-io-nsclc/)
- technologies: [Bispecific ADC](https://onco.cc/technologies/bispecific-adc/), [CAR-T for glioma (IL13Rα2, GD2, EGFRvIII, multi-target)](https://onco.cc/technologies/glioma-car-t/), [KRAS & RAS inhibitors](https://onco.cc/technologies/kras-inhibitors/), [Photoimmunotherapy & photodynamic therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/photoimmunotherapy/), [Small-molecule kinase inhibitors](https://onco.cc/technologies/kinase-inhibitors/)
- ideas: [Add a drug when the blood test turns, without stopping the one that works](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-molecular-progression-add-on/), [Add the second drug on day one when the escape route is predictable](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-upfront-bypass-combination/), [Attack extrachromosomal DNA, the engine of oncogene amplification](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-ecdna-targeting/), [ctDNA-guided dose holidays for lung cancer targeted therapy](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-ctdna-adaptive-tki/), [Evaluate clean-air policies using lung cancer in never-smokers](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-clean-air-never-smoker-endpoints/), [Focused-ultrasound BBB opening to deliver ADCs and radioligands to glioma](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fus-plus-adc-glioma/), [Kill drug-tolerant persisters through ferroptosis](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-ferroptosis-persisters/), [Look for the resistant sub-population before the first dose](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-baseline-ultradeep-resistant-clones/), [Lung screening eligibility by risk score, not pack-years, including high-risk never-smokers](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-lung-screening-risk-model-eligibility/), [Treat lung cancer in never-smokers as its own disease, with its own detection programme](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-lung-never-smoker-disease-its-own-programme/), [Vaccinate against the resistance mutation before it takes over](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-resistance-mutation-vaccine/)
- roadmaps: [Colorectal cancer roadmap: from the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and the first screening trials to total mesorectal excision, oxaliplatin, RAS testing, immunotherapy for mismatch repair-deficient disease, ctDNA-guided treatment and organ preservation](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/colorectal-roadmap/), [Targeted therapy roadmap: imatinib → designed for resistance → the undruggable drivers fall](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/targeted-therapy-roadmap/)
- targets: [PTK6 (BRK)](https://onco.cc/targets/ptk6/)
- people: [Alan P. Venook](https://onco.cc/people/alan-venook/), [Alberto Bardelli](https://onco.cc/people/alberto-bardelli/), [Barbara Burtness](https://onco.cc/people/barbara-burtness/), [Byoung Chul Cho](https://onco.cc/people/cho-byoung-chul/), [Caicun Zhou](https://onco.cc/people/zhou-caicun/), [Dae Ho Lee](https://onco.cc/people/lee-dae-ho/), [Daniel A. Haber](https://onco.cc/people/daniel-haber/), [Enriqueta Felip](https://onco.cc/people/enriqueta-felip/), [Eric Van Cutsem](https://onco.cc/people/eric-van-cutsem/), [Helena A. Yu](https://onco.cc/people/helena-yu/), [Jan B. Vermorken](https://onco.cc/people/jan-vermorken/), [Jean-Charles Soria](https://onco.cc/people/jean-charles-soria/), [John V. Heymach](https://onco.cc/people/john-heymach/), [Josep Tabernero](https://onco.cc/people/josep-tabernero/), [Kumar Prabhash](https://onco.cc/people/prabhash-kumar/), [Lecia V. Sequist](https://onco.cc/people/lecia-sequist/), [Marcela V. Maus](https://onco.cc/people/marcela-maus/), [Matthew Meyerson](https://onco.cc/people/matthew-meyerson/), [Myung-Ju Ahn](https://onco.cc/people/ahn-myung-ju/), [Pasi A. Jänne](https://onco.cc/people/pasi-janne/), [René Bernards](https://onco.cc/people/rene-bernards/), [Roy S. Herbst](https://onco.cc/people/roy-herbst/), [Ryan B. Corcoran](https://onco.cc/people/ryan-corcoran/), [Shun Lu](https://onco.cc/people/lu-shun/), [Thomas J. Lynch Jr.](https://onco.cc/people/thomas-lynch/), [Yi-Long Wu](https://onco.cc/people/wu-yi-long/), [Yosef Yarden](https://onco.cc/people/yosef-yarden/)
- bottlenecks: [The brain: barrier and sanctuary](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-brain-delivery/)
- collections: [LUNGevity Foundation (and GO2 for Lung Cancer)](https://onco.cc/collections/lungevity/)
- institutions: [Aichi Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/aichi-cancer-center/), [Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/guangdong-provincial-peoples-hospital/), [Instituto Nacional de Oncología y Radiobiología (INOR)](https://onco.cc/institutions/inor-cuba/), [Istituto di Candiolo IRCCS (FPO)](https://onco.cc/institutions/candiolo/), [National Cancer Centre Singapore](https://onco.cc/institutions/nccs/), [National Taiwan University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/ntuh/), [nationales Netzwerk Genomische Medizin Lungenkrebs](https://onco.cc/institutions/nngm/), [Shanghai Chest Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/shanghai-chest-hospital/), [Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/shanghai-pulmonary-hospital/), [UZ Leuven / Leuven Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/uz-leuven/), [Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/vanderbilt-ingram/), [Weizmann Institute of Science](https://onco.cc/institutions/weizmann/), [Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University](https://onco.cc/institutions/emory-winship/)

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JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/entities/egfr.json