# Comprehensive genomic profiling

Source: https://onco.cc/technologies/cgp/  
OnCo record `cgp` (Technology). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

Sequencing hundreds of cancer genes at once from a biopsy to find the mutations a drug can target.

## Summary

Targeted NGS panels of 300-600 genes (FoundationOne CDx, MSK-IMPACT, Tempus xT, Caris MI Profile, Guardant360 from blood) report mutations, copy number, fusions, TMB, and MSI. Guideline-recommended in advanced NSCLC, colorectal, breast, prostate, and most metastatic cancers. Adding RNA sequencing catches fusions DNA misses.

## Fields

- Kind: Technology
- Status: standard-of-care
- Last checked: 2026-09-04
- Principle: Hybrid-capture or amplicon enrichment of target genes followed by short-read sequencing; bioinformatic variant calling and annotation against knowledge bases like OncoKB.
- Strengths: One test, all actionable alterations; Trial matching
- Limitations: Tissue quantity; VUS interpretation; 2-3 week turnaround

## Notes

- Colorectal cancer: a comprehensive panel covers extended RAS, BRAF, MSI, tumour mutational burden, HER2 amplification and POLE in one test. What it covers decides what is found: intronic APC splice alterations and large in-frame CTNNB1 deletions had to be looked for specifically to take WNT alteration to 96% (Yaeger 2018), and genes off the panel, such as ACVR2A, BCL9L and RSPO2, read zero rather than absent.
- Lung cancer: panel content decides the answer more here than in any other disease. Fusions in ALK, ROS1, RET, NTRK and NRG1 need intron baiting or RNA, and MET exon 14 skipping needs the introns flanking exon 14; a coding-exon panel returns wild-type for all of them. Prospective sequencing of 860 metastatic adenocarcinomas changed treatment for 37.1% of patients, and the limiting factor was the level of published evidence behind each alteration rather than detection (Jordan 2017). The guideline requires ROS1 for every adenocarcinoma and adds ERBB2, MET, BRAF, KRAS and RET for laboratories running panels (Lindeman 2018).
- Lymphoma: a panel answers questions that change management in a minority of patients and names the disease in many more: TP53 in mantle cell lymphoma, MYD88 and CXCR4 in Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia, EZH2 in relapsed follicular lymphoma, BTK and PLCG2 at progression on a BTK inhibitor, BCL2 at progression on venetoclax, and RHOA, TET2, DNMT3A and IDH2 in T-follicular-helper lymphoma. It is also what a LymphGen call needs, since the classifier requires mutations, copy number and fusions rather than a stain (Wright 2020).

## Sources

- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_genome_sequencing
- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_genome_sequencing
- Wright et al., Cancer Cell 2020: LymphGen, a probabilistic classifier for seven genetic subtypes: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2020.03.015

## Connected records

- cancers: [Acute myeloid leukaemia](https://onco.cc/cancers/aml/), [Advanced and metastatic small bowel adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/advanced-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma/), [Advanced systemic mastocytosis (aggressive SM, SM with an associated haematological neoplasm, mast cell leukaemia)](https://onco.cc/cancers/advanced-systemic-mastocytosis/), [ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/alk-positive-nsclc/), [Ampullary cancer (ampulla of Vater)](https://onco.cc/cancers/ampullary/), [Biliary tract cancer (cholangiocarcinoma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/cholangiocarcinoma/), [BRAF V600E-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/braf-v600e-nsclc/), [Burkitt lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/burkitt-lymphoma/), [Cancer of unknown primary (CUP)](https://onco.cc/cancers/cancer-of-unknown-primary/), [Cancer of unknown primary, favourable subsets](https://onco.cc/cancers/cup-favourable-subsets/), [Cancer of unknown primary, unfavourable (adenocarcinoma and poorly differentiated carcinoma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/cup-unfavourable/), [Colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/colorectal/), [Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/dlbcl/), [EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/egfr-mutant-nsclc/), [Erdheim-Chester disease](https://onco.cc/cancers/erdheim-chester-disease/), [Erdheim-Chester disease, Rosai-Dorfman disease and other histiocytic neoplasms](https://onco.cc/cancers/histiocytoses/), [Follicular lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/), [Gallbladder cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/gallbladder/), [HER2-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/her2-mutant-nsclc/), [Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm and other pancreatic cystic precursors](https://onco.cc/cancers/ipmn-cystic-precursors/), [Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma/), [KRAS G12C-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/kras-g12c-nsclc/), [KRAS G12C-mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/kras-g12c-pdac/), [KRAS wild-type pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/kras-wild-type-pdac/), [Lung cancer (all types)](https://onco.cc/cancers/lung-cancer/), [Mantle cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/mantle-cell-lymphoma/), [MET exon 14 and MET-amplified non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/met-altered-nsclc/), [Metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/metastatic-pdac/), [Mismatch repair deficient (MSI-high) pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/msi-high-pdac/), [Nodal T-follicular helper cell lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic type (angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/angioimmunoblastic-t-cell-lymphoma/), [Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (all types)](https://onco.cc/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/), [Non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/nsclc/), [NTRK fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/ntrk-fusion-nsclc/), [Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/pancreatic-acinar-cell-carcinoma/), [Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (including cutaneous T-cell lymphoma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma/), [Philadelphia chromosome-like acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (Ph-like or BCR::ABL1-like ALL)](https://onco.cc/cancers/all-ph-like/), [Primary CNS lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/primary-cns-lymphoma/), [Prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/prostate/), [RET fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/ret-fusion-nsclc/), [Richter transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia](https://onco.cc/cancers/richter-transformation-cll/), [ROS1-positive non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/ros1-positive-nsclc/), [Rosai-Dorfman-Destombes disease](https://onco.cc/cancers/rosai-dorfman-disease/), [Salivary gland cancers](https://onco.cc/cancers/salivary-gland/), [Small intestine cancer (small bowel adenocarcinoma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/small-bowel/), [Small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/sclc/), [Waldenström macroglobulinaemia](https://onco.cc/cancers/waldenstrom/)
- fronts: [Diagnostics & Biomarkers](https://onco.cc/fronts/diagnostics/)
- companies: [Belay Diagnostics](https://onco.cc/companies/belay-diagnostics/), [BillionToOne](https://onco.cc/companies/billiontoone/), [BostonGene](https://onco.cc/companies/bostongene/), [Cambridge Cancer Genomics (CCG.ai)](https://onco.cc/companies/cambridge-cancer-genomics/), [Caris Life Sciences](https://onco.cc/companies/caris/), [CeGaT](https://onco.cc/companies/cegat/), [Data Driven Bioscience (Duoseq)](https://onco.cc/companies/data-driven-bioscience/), [Epistamai Biotech](https://onco.cc/companies/epistamai-biotech/), [FidoCure](https://onco.cc/companies/fidocure/), [Foundation Medicine (Roche)](https://onco.cc/companies/foundation-medicine/), [Guardant Health](https://onco.cc/companies/guardant-health/), [Hartwig Medical Foundation](https://onco.cc/companies/hartwig-medical-foundation/), [Illumina](https://onco.cc/companies/illumina/), [Inivata](https://onco.cc/companies/inivata/), [Innovative Therapies for Children with Cancer (ITCC)](https://onco.cc/companies/itcc/), [Intergroupe Francophone de Cancérologie Thoracique](https://onco.cc/companies/ifct/), [Korean Cancer Study Group](https://onco.cc/companies/kcsg/), [Labcorp](https://onco.cc/companies/labcorp/), [Lucence](https://onco.cc/companies/lucence/), [NeoGenomics](https://onco.cc/companies/neogenomics/), [Omanta](https://onco.cc/companies/omanta/), [Oncobox](https://onco.cc/companies/oncobox/), [OncoDNA](https://onco.cc/companies/oncodna/), [Personalis (Tempus)](https://onco.cc/companies/personalis/), [Protean BioDiagnostics](https://onco.cc/companies/protean-biodiagnostics/), [SOPHiA GENETICS](https://onco.cc/companies/sophia-genetics/), [Strata Oncology](https://onco.cc/companies/strata-oncology/), [Tempus AI](https://onco.cc/companies/tempus/), [Valius Sciences](https://onco.cc/companies/valius/), [Yemaachi Biotech](https://onco.cc/companies/yemaachi-biotech/)
- terms: [Actionable genomic biomarkers](https://onco.cc/terms/cancer-drivers-vs-actionable/), [Biomarker](https://onco.cc/terms/biomarker/), [Biopsy](https://onco.cc/terms/biopsy/), [Classical versus basal-like (squamous) subtypes of pancreatic cancer, and GATA6](https://onco.cc/terms/classical-vs-basal-like/), [Driver and passenger mutations: the refined somatic mutation theory](https://onco.cc/terms/driver-passenger-model/), [Driver mutation](https://onco.cc/terms/driver-mutation/), [ELN 2022 risk classification](https://onco.cc/terms/eln-risk/), [Extended RAS testing](https://onco.cc/terms/extended-ras-testing/), [FISH / ISH (in situ hybridisation)](https://onco.cc/terms/fish/), [Founder variant](https://onco.cc/terms/founder-variant/), [Gene amplification and copy-number change](https://onco.cc/terms/gene-amplification/), [Genomic profiling](https://onco.cc/terms/genomic-profiling/), [HER2 and genomic testing for biliary cancer on the NHS](https://onco.cc/terms/genomic-testing-biliary-uk/), [HER2 testing in biliary tract cancer (IHC, ISH and NGS)](https://onco.cc/terms/her2-testing-in-biliary-cancer/), [HERACLES criteria (HER2 in bowel cancer)](https://onco.cc/terms/heracles-criteria/), [IGHV mutational status](https://onco.cc/terms/ighv-status/), [LymphGen and the genetic clusters of large B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-bio-lymphgen/), [Master protocol (platform, basket and umbrella trials)](https://onco.cc/terms/master-protocol/), [Microsatellite instability (MSI-H) / mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR)](https://onco.cc/terms/msi/), [Next-generation sequencing (NGS)](https://onco.cc/terms/ngs/), [R-spondin fusion](https://onco.cc/terms/rspo-fusion/), [Somatic mutation theory of cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/somatic-mutation-theory/), [Targeted panel sequencing](https://onco.cc/terms/targeted-panel-sequencing/), [Targeted therapy](https://onco.cc/terms/targeted-therapy-term/), [TTF-1 and p40 (how lung histology is decided)](https://onco.cc/terms/ttf1-p40/), [Tumour mutational burden (TMB)](https://onco.cc/terms/tmb/), [Variant allele frequency (VAF)](https://onco.cc/terms/vaf/), [Variant of uncertain significance (VUS)](https://onco.cc/terms/vus/), [Wild-type (WT)](https://onco.cc/terms/wild-type/)
- people: [Arul M. Chinnaiyan](https://onco.cc/people/arul-chinnaiyan/), [B. S. Ajaikumar](https://onco.cc/people/ajaikumar-b-s/), [Charu Aggarwal](https://onco.cc/people/charu-aggarwal/), [Cheryl L. Willman](https://onco.cc/people/cheryl-willman/), [Christophe Le Tourneau](https://onco.cc/people/christophe-le-tourneau/), [Daniel K. Ludwig](https://onco.cc/people/daniel-ludwig/), [David B. Solit](https://onco.cc/people/david-solit/), [Eli Broad](https://onco.cc/people/eli-broad/), [Eliezer M. Van Allen](https://onco.cc/people/eliezer-van-allen/), [Fabrice André](https://onco.cc/people/fabrice-andre/), [Funda Meric-Bernstam](https://onco.cc/people/funda-meric-bernstam/), [Hanno Glimm](https://onco.cc/people/hanno-glimm/), [Herbert Irving](https://onco.cc/people/herbert-irving/), [Hitoshi Nakagama](https://onco.cc/people/nakagama-hitoshi/), [Janet Dancey](https://onco.cc/people/dancey-janet/), [Jeeyun Lee](https://onco.cc/people/lee-jeeyun/), [Jürgen Wolf](https://onco.cc/people/juergen-wolf/), [Malachi Griffith](https://onco.cc/people/malachi-griffith/), [Michael F. Berger](https://onco.cc/people/michael-berger/), [Nathan A. Pennell](https://onco.cc/people/nathan-pennell/), [Obi L. Griffith](https://onco.cc/people/obi-griffith/), [Rafael Kaliks](https://onco.cc/people/kaliks-rafael/), [Razelle Kurzrock](https://onco.cc/people/razelle-kurzrock/), [Reinhard Büttner](https://onco.cc/people/reinhard-buettner/), [Shunji Takahashi](https://onco.cc/people/takahashi-shunji/), [Stefan Fröhling](https://onco.cc/people/stefan-froehling/), [Tae-You Kim](https://onco.cc/people/kim-tae-you/), [Takashi Kohno](https://onco.cc/people/kohno-takashi/), [Woong-Yang Park](https://onco.cc/people/park-woong-yang/), [Zhi-Ming Shao](https://onco.cc/people/shao-zhi-ming/)
- key papers: [Acquired EGFR C797S mutation mediates resistance to AZD9291 in non-small cell lung cancer harboring EGFR T790M](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-thress-nat-med/), [ALK resistance mutations and efficacy of lorlatinib in advanced anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-shaw-alk-resistance-mutations-lorlatinib-jco-2019/), [Analysis of tumor specimens at the time of acquired resistance to EGFR-TKI therapy in 155 patients with EGFR-mutant lung cancers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-yu-acquired-resistance-rebiopsy-egfr-ccr-2013/), [Assessment of resistance mechanisms and clinical implications in patients with EGFR T790M-positive lung cancer and acquired resistance to osimertinib](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-oxnard-osimertinib-resistance-mechanisms-jama-oncol-2018/), [Association of clonal haematopoiesis in DNA repair genes with prostate cancer plasma cell-free DNA testing interference](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-jensen-clonal-haematopoiesis-cfdna-interference-prostate-jama-oncol-2021/), [Association of high tumor mutation burden in non-small cell lung cancers with increased immune infiltration and improved clinical outcomes of PD-L1 blockade across PD-L1 expression levels](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ricciuti-tmb-pd-l1-levels-jama-oncol-2022/), [BREAKWATER: encorafenib plus cetuximab with chemotherapy as first treatment for BRAF V600E-mutated colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-breakwater-nejm-2025/), [Cancer genome landscapes: about 140 driver genes, and each tumour needs only a handful](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-vogelstein-cancer-genome-landscapes-science-2013/), [Circulating tumor DNA-guided treatment with pertuzumab plus trastuzumab for HER2-amplified metastatic colorectal cancer: a phase 2 trial (TRIUMPH)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-nakamura-triumph-ctdna-pertuzumab-trastuzumab-her2-colorectal-nat-med-2021/), [Clinical implications of plasma-based genotyping with the delivery of personalized therapy in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-aggarwal-plasma-genotyping-personalised-therapy-jama-oncol-2019/), [Clinical sequencing defines the genomic landscape of metastatic colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-yaeger-metastatic-colorectal-genomic-landscape-cancer-cell-2018/), [Co-occurring genomic alterations define major subsets of KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma with distinct biology, immune profiles, and therapeutic vulnerabilities](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-skoulidis-kras-co-mutation-subsets-cancer-discov-2015/), [Complex MSH2 and MSH6 mutations in hypermutated microsatellite unstable advanced prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-pritchard-complex-msh2-msh6-hypermutated-prostate-nat-commun-2014/), [Concordance of circulating tumour DNA and matched metastatic tissue biopsy in prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-wyatt-ctdna-tissue-concordance-mcrpc-jnci-2017/), [Concurrent RB1 and TP53 alterations define a subset of EGFR-mutant lung cancers at risk for histologic transformation and inferior clinical outcomes](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-offin-rb1-tp53-transformation-risk-jto-2019/), [Detection of NRG1 gene fusions in solid tumors](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-jonna-nrg1-fusions-solid-tumours-ccr-2019/), [Differences in prostate cancer genomes by self-reported race](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-stopsack-prostate-genomes-by-race-ccr-2022/), [Diminished efficacy of programmed death-(ligand)1 inhibition in STK11- and KEAP1-mutant lung adenocarcinoma is affected by KRAS mutation status](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ricciuti-stk11-keap1-kras-immunotherapy-jto-2022/), [Effects of co-occurring genomic alterations on outcomes in patients with KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-arbour-kras-co-mutation-outcomes-ccr-2018/), [EGFR-mutant adenocarcinomas that transform to small-cell lung cancer and other neuroendocrine carcinomas: clinical outcomes](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-marcoux-egfr-small-cell-transformation-outcomes-jco-2019/), [FLAURA: osimertinib as first treatment for EGFR-mutated lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-flaura-nejm-2018/), [Genomic analysis of circulating tumour DNA in 3,334 patients with advanced prostate cancer identifies targetable BRCA alterations and AR resistance mechanisms](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tukachinsky-ctdna-3334-advanced-prostate-ccr-2021/), [Genomics of lethal prostate cancer at diagnosis and castration resistance](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-mateo-genomics-lethal-prostate-diagnosis-castration-resistance-jci-2020/), [Geographic and genetic diversity in gallbladder cancer mutation profiles: insights from a worldwide exome analysis](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-garate-calderon-gallbladder-cancer-worldwide-exome-ebiomedicine-2026/), [Inherited DNA-repair gene mutations in men with metastatic prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-pritchard-inherited-dna-repair-metastatic-prostate-nejm-2016/), [Integrative genomic profiling of human prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-taylor-integrative-genomic-profiling-cancer-cell-2010/), [MET exon 14 mutations in non-small-cell lung cancer are associated with advanced age and stage-dependent MET genomic amplification and c-Met overexpression](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-awad-met-exon-14-mutations-lung-jco-2016/), [MET exon 14 splicing alterations across tumour types and their sensitivity to MET inhibitors](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-frampton-met-exon-14-cancer-discov-2015/), [Molecular biomarkers for the evaluation of colorectal cancer: guideline from ASCP, CAP, AMP and ASCO](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-sepulveda-molecular-biomarkers-colorectal-guideline-jco-2017/), [Molecular determinants of response to anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 blockade in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer profiled with targeted next-generation sequencing](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-rizvi-targeted-ngs-immunotherapy-determinants-jco-2018/), [Molecular mechanisms of resistance to first- and second-generation ALK inhibitors in ALK-rearranged lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-gainor-alk-resistance-mutations-cancer-discov-2016/), [MSH2 loss in primary prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-guedes-msh2-loss-primary-prostate-ccr-2017/), [Mutation of the androgen-receptor gene in metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-taplin-ar-mutation-androgen-independent-prostate-nejm-1995/), [NILE: clinical utility of comprehensive cell-free DNA analysis to identify genomic biomarkers in patients with newly diagnosed metastatic non-small cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-leighl-nile-cfdna-tissue-genotyping-ccr-2019/), [Oncogenic genomic alterations, clinical phenotypes and outcomes in metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-stopsack-mcspc-genomic-alterations-outcomes-ccr-2020/), [Population-Specific Immunogenomic Alterations in Gallbladder Cancer and Prognostic Significance](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-zhu-population-specific-immunogenomics-gallbladder-cancer-mod-pathol-2025/), [Prevalence of microsatellite instability in prostate cancer and response to immune checkpoint blockade](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-abida-msi-prostate-checkpoint-blockade-jama-oncol-2019/), [Prospective comprehensive molecular characterization of lung adenocarcinomas for efficient patient matching to approved and emerging therapies](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-jordan-prospective-lung-adenocarcinoma-msk-cancer-discov-2017/), [Recurrent IDH2 R172X mutations in sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-jo-idh2-r172-mutations-snuc-mod-pathol-2017/), [Resensitization to crizotinib by the lorlatinib ALK resistance mutation L1198F](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-shaw-alk-l1198f-resensitisation-nejm-2016/), [STK11/LKB1 Mutations and PD-1 Inhibitor Resistance in KRAS -Mutant Lung Adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-kras-nsclc-cancer-discov-2018/), [SU2C-PCF: integrative clinical genomics of advanced prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-robinson-integrative-clinical-genomics-advanced-prostate-cell-2015/), [TCGA Pan-Cancer Atlas: 10,000 tumours across 33 cancer types, classified by molecular features](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tcga-pancancer-atlas-cell-2018/), [The genomic landscape of SMARCA4 alterations and associations with outcomes in patients with lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-schoenfeld-smarca4-alterations-lung-ccr-2020/), [TRITON2: rucaparib in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer harbouring a BRCA1 or BRCA2 alteration](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-abida-triton2-rucaparib-brca-jco-2020/), [Updated molecular testing guideline for the selection of lung cancer patients for treatment with targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-lindeman-lung-molecular-testing-guideline-jto-2018/), [Using multiplexed assays of oncogenic drivers in lung cancers to select targeted drugs](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-kris-lung-cancer-mutation-consortium-jama-2014/)
- journals: [Cancer genetics](https://onco.cc/journals/cancer-genetics/), [Cancer genomics & proteomics](https://onco.cc/journals/cancer-genomics-and-proteomics/), [Genes, chromosomes & cancer](https://onco.cc/journals/genes-chromosomes-and-cancer/), [NAR cancer](https://onco.cc/journals/nar-cancer/)
- technologies: [Cancer variant knowledgebases and molecular tumour boards](https://onco.cc/technologies/variant-knowledgebases/), [Clinical NGS bioinformatics and variant interpretation](https://onco.cc/technologies/ngs-bioinformatics-software/), [HRD genomic scar scores (GIS, LOH, HRDetect)](https://onco.cc/technologies/hrd-genomic-scar-scores/), [Liquid biopsy (ctDNA)](https://onco.cc/technologies/liquid-biopsy/), [Multidisciplinary tumour boards](https://onco.cc/technologies/multidisciplinary-tumour-board/), [New short-read sequencing platforms](https://onco.cc/technologies/next-gen-short-read-platforms/), [Oncology EHR and real-world data platforms](https://onco.cc/technologies/oncology-real-world-data/), [Reference laboratories and companion-diagnostic testing](https://onco.cc/technologies/reference-laboratories/), [Thyroid nodule FNA, Bethesda cytology & molecular classifiers](https://onco.cc/technologies/thyroid-fna-molecular/), [Tumour mutational burden testing](https://onco.cc/technologies/tmb-testing/)
- trials: [A Study to Test the Safety and Efficacy of the Drug Larotrectinib for the Treatment of Tumors With NTRK-fusion in Children](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02637687/), [ALCHEMIST (Adjuvant Lung Cancer Enrichment Marker Identification and Sequencing Trials)](https://onco.cc/trials/alchemist/), [Beat AML Master Trial](https://onco.cc/trials/beat-aml-master-trial/), [ComboMATCH (EAY191)](https://onco.cc/trials/combomatch/), [CUPISCO](https://onco.cc/trials/cupisco/), [DETERMINE](https://onco.cc/trials/determine-trial/), [DETERMINE arm 04: trastuzumab with pertuzumab in HER2-amplified or mutated rare cancers](https://onco.cc/trials/determine-arm04/), [FOCUS4](https://onco.cc/trials/focus4/), [I-PREDICT](https://onco.cc/trials/i-predict/), [Lung-MAP (SWOG S1400 and S1900)](https://onco.cc/trials/lung-map/), [myeloMATCH](https://onco.cc/trials/myelomatch/), [MyPathway](https://onco.cc/trials/mypathway/), [National Lung Matrix Trial](https://onco.cc/trials/national-lung-matrix-trial/), [NAVIGATE](https://onco.cc/trials/navigate/), [NCI-COG Pediatric MATCH (APEC1621)](https://onco.cc/trials/pediatric-match/), [NCI-MATCH (EAY131)](https://onco.cc/trials/nci-match/), [PRIMUS 001](https://onco.cc/trials/primus-001/), [SAFIR-ABC10](https://onco.cc/trials/safir-abc10/), [TAPUR (Targeted Agent and Profiling Utilization Registry)](https://onco.cc/trials/tapur/), [TARGET National](https://onco.cc/trials/target-national/), [WINTHER](https://onco.cc/trials/winther/)
- biomarkers: [ALK kinase-domain resistance mutation (G1202R and the rest)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/alk-resistance-mutation/), [AR amplification (gene and upstream enhancer)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/ar-amplification/), [AR ligand-binding-domain mutation (L702H, W742C, H875Y, T878A, F877L)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/ar-ligand-binding-domain-mutation/), [BCL2 G101V and the other venetoclax binding-site mutations](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/bcl2-g101v/), [BTK resistance mutations: C481S, and L528W and T474I after the non-covalent inhibitors](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/btk-c481s/), [CD79B ITAM mutation](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/cd79b-itam-mutation/), [Circulating tumour DNA fraction (and what a negative plasma result means)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/ctdna-tumour-fraction/), [EGFR C797S (and its phase with T790M)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/egfr-c797s/), [EZH2 gain-of-function mutation (Tyr646, originally Tyr641)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/ezh2-y646-mutation/), [Homologous recombination repair gene mutation in prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/hrr-gene-mutation/), [NRG1 gene fusion](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/nrg1-fusion/), [RHOA G17V](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/rhoa-g17v/), [SPOP mutation](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/spop-mutation/), [STK11 or KEAP1 loss in KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/stk11-keap1-loss/), [TMPRSS2-ERG fusion (and the other ETS rearrangements)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/tmprss2-erg-fusion/), [Treatment-emergent neuroendocrine transformation (recognising it)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/nepc-transformation/)
- drugs: [FoundationOne CDx / Liquid CDx](https://onco.cc/drugs/foundationone-cdx/), [Guardant360 CDx](https://onco.cc/drugs/guardant360-cdx/), [Larotrectinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/larotrectinib/), [MI Cancer Seek](https://onco.cc/drugs/caris-mi-cancer-seek/), [Oncomine Dx Target Test](https://onco.cc/drugs/oncomine-dx-target-test/), [Tempus xT CDx](https://onco.cc/drugs/tempus-xt-cdx/), [TruSight Oncology Comprehensive](https://onco.cc/drugs/trusight-oncology-comprehensive/)
- institutions: [A.C. Camargo Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/ac-camargo/), [Aichi Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/aichi-cancer-center/), [Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre / CRUK Scotland Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/beatson-glasgow/), [Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/cruk-manchester-institute/), [Centre Léon Bérard](https://onco.cc/institutions/centre-leon-berard/), [City of Hope Orange County](https://onco.cc/institutions/city-of-hope-orange-county/), [Garvan Institute of Medical Research / Kinghorn Cancer Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/garvan-institute/), [German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)](https://onco.cc/institutions/dktk/), [Ghent University Hospital / Cancer Research Institute Ghent](https://onco.cc/institutions/uz-gent/), [Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/guangdong-provincial-peoples-hospital/), [HealthCare Global Enterprises](https://onco.cc/institutions/hcg/), [INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute / Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia](https://onco.cc/institutions/incliva-valencia/), [Indian Institute of Science](https://onco.cc/institutions/iisc/), [Inselspital, Bern University Hospital / University Cancer Center Inselspital](https://onco.cc/institutions/inselspital-bern/), [Institut Bergonié](https://onco.cc/institutions/institut-bergonie/), [Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, AP-HP Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/carpem-aphp-centre/), [Institut Paoli-Calmettes](https://onco.cc/institutions/institut-paoli-calmettes/), [Instituto Alexander Fleming](https://onco.cc/institutions/instituto-alexander-fleming/), [Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (Mexico)](https://onco.cc/institutions/incan-mexico/), [Intermountain Health Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/intermountain-cancer/), [International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer](https://onco.cc/institutions/iaslc/), [Istanbul University Institute of Oncology](https://onco.cc/institutions/istanbul-oncology-institute/), [Japanese Society of Medical Oncology](https://onco.cc/institutions/jsmo/), [Keio University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/keio-university-hospital/), [Kyushu University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/kyushu-university-hospital/), [Ludwig Cancer Research](https://onco.cc/institutions/ludwig-cancer-research/), [Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/mou-brno/), [Max Healthcare (Max Institute of Cancer Care)](https://onco.cc/institutions/max-healthcare/), [Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/mskcc/), [National Cancer Center Hospital East](https://onco.cc/institutions/ncc-hospital-east/), [National Institute of Oncology, Hungary](https://onco.cc/institutions/noi-budapest/), [Ontario Institute for Cancer Research](https://onco.cc/institutions/oicr/), [Osaka International Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/osaka-international-cancer-institute/), [Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/oslo-radium-hospital/), [Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/rgci/), [Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/rigshospitalet/), [Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey](https://onco.cc/institutions/rutgers-cinj/), [Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/tel-aviv-sourasky/), [Terry Fox Research Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/terry-fox-research-institute/), [Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/vanderbilt-ingram/)
- collections: [cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics](https://onco.cc/collections/cbioportal/), [Japanese oncology guidelines (JSMO, JSCO and organ societies)](https://onco.cc/collections/jsmo-jsco-guidelines/), [LUNGevity Foundation (and GO2 for Lung Cancer)](https://onco.cc/collections/lungevity/), [NHS Genomic Medicine Service](https://onco.cc/collections/nhs-genomic-medicine-service/), [OncoKB](https://onco.cc/collections/oncokb/), [PanCAN Know Your Tumor](https://onco.cc/collections/pancan-know-your-tumor/), [Pancreatic Cancer Action Network (PanCAN)](https://onco.cc/collections/pancan/)
- bottlenecks: [Biomarkers are not validated or standardised](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-biomarker-validation/), [Data silos](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-data-silos/), [Fragmented care and guideline gaps](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-care-fragmentation/), [Knowledge reaches practice too slowly](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-knowledge-diffusion/), [No one can predict who responds to immunotherapy](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-immunotherapy-response/), [Tumour heterogeneity and clonal evolution](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-tumor-heterogeneity/)
- ideas: [A DRUP-style protocol for off-label generic targeted drugs in rare tumours](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-generic-targeted-therapy-drup/), [A fixed share of trial-group funding for getting proven care to patients](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-implementation-quota/), [A standard evolvability score for every tumour](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-evolvability-index/), [A standing platform trial that assigns treatment by how the tumour escaped](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-resistance-platform-trial/), [Bank three spatially separate tumour blocks from every resection](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-multiregion-blocks-default/), [Biopsy the one lesion that is growing while the others shrink](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-outlier-lesion-biopsy/), [Check whether a tumour can still show itself to the immune system](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-antigen-presentation-triage/), [Drop mandatory fresh biopsies where blood or archival tissue would do](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-drop-non-essential-biopsies/), [Every pathology and genomic report ships with a signed plain-language version](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-results-in-plain-words/), [Every tumour genomic report machine-readable and deposited nationally](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-data-structured-genomic-reports/), [Every tumour sequencing report lists open, nearby, matched trials pulled live](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-ngs-report-live-trial-match/), [Fund a biopsy at progression, every time, as standard care](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-mandatory-progression-biopsy/), [Label every targetable mutation as truncal or branch on the report](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-truncal-branch-labelling/), [Look for the resistant sub-population before the first dose](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-baseline-ultradeep-resistant-clones/), [One standing umbrella trial for all rare cancers in a country](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-rare-cancer-umbrella-platform/), [Pathologists order genomic profiling automatically at diagnosis of advanced cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-reflex-genomic-profiling-at-diagnosis/), [Pick the laboratory model that matches the patient, not the one to hand](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-model-patient-matching/), [Re-test the metastasis, not the old primary, before every change of treatment](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-rebiopsy-before-switch/), [Treat resistance like an infectious disease and run national surveillance](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-real-world-resistance-surveillance/), [Universal tumour and germline sequencing at diagnosis feeding a shared learning system](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-universal-sequencing-learning-system/)
- targets: [PRMT5 (MTAP-deleted cancers)](https://onco.cc/targets/prmt5-mtap/)
- pathways: [Drivers, passengers & the two-hit model](https://onco.cc/pathways/oncogene-activation-two-hit/), [Mismatch repair & microsatellite instability](https://onco.cc/pathways/mismatch-repair-msi/), [Mutagenesis & mutational signatures](https://onco.cc/pathways/mutagenesis-signatures/), [Resistance routes: how a blocked pathway comes back](https://onco.cc/pathways/resistance-routes-map/), [Synthetic lethality: paired dependencies](https://onco.cc/pathways/synthetic-lethality-map/), [The p53 network (guardian of the genome)](https://onco.cc/pathways/p53-mdm2-axis/)
- roadmaps: [Diagnostics roadmap: stains → gene panels → blood tests that decide treatment](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/diagnostics-roadmap/), [Paediatric oncology roadmap: cooperative-group cures → engineered immunity → drugs developed for children first](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/paediatric-oncology-roadmap/), [Targeted therapy roadmap: imatinib → designed for resistance → the undruggable drivers fall](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/targeted-therapy-roadmap/)

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JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/entities/cgp.json