# Cell therapy roadmap: CD19 CAR-T → solid tumours → in vivo CAR

Source: https://onco.cc/roadmaps/cell-therapy-roadmap/  
OnCo record `cell-therapy-roadmap` (Roadmap). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

From a cure for some leukaemias in 2017 to the first solid-tumour CAR-T and the prospect of making CAR-T inside the body with an injection.

## Summary

This roadmap starts with the foundations of cell therapy, Rosenberg's TIL therapy in melanoma and the first-generation CARs, then the approvals of CD19 and BCMA CAR-T alongside T-cell engagers as off-the-shelf competitors. Blood cancers were the easy case with a clean antigen and accessible cells; the current step brings solid tumours within reach through lifileucel, afamitresgene autoleucel and CLDN18.2, GD2 and GPC3 CAR-T. The emerging manufacturing revolution covers gene-edited allogeneic products and in vivo CAR-T made inside the body by targeted LNPs or lentivirus, ending speculatively with in vivo CAR as an outpatient injection. The route links CAR-T, TIL, TCR-T, in vivo CAR-T, allogeneic cell therapy and CAR-NK, and is pointed to by glioblastoma and the manufacturing bottleneck.

## Fields

- Kind: Roadmap
- Last checked: 2026-09-04

## Sources

- ELIANA: the global trial that made tisagenlecleucel the first approved CAR-T therapy for children and young adults with relapsed ALL (New England Journal of Medicine 2018): https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1709866
- CARTITUDE-4: cilta-cel CAR-T versus standard combinations after one to three prior lines of myeloma therapy (New England Journal of Medicine 2023): https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2303379

## Connected records

- fronts: [Cell Therapy](https://onco.cc/fronts/cell-therapy/)
- technologies: [Allogeneic (off-the-shelf) cell therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/allogeneic-cell-therapy/), [Armoured, logic-gated & next-gen CARs](https://onco.cc/technologies/armored-car/), [CAR-NK & CAR-macrophage](https://onco.cc/technologies/car-nk-macrophage/), [CAR-T cell therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/car-t/), [In vivo CAR-T](https://onco.cc/technologies/in-vivo-car-t/), [TCR-T cell therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/tcr-t/), [TIL therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/til-therapy/)
- drugs: [Afamitresgene autoleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/afamitresgene-autoleucel/), [Axicabtagene ciloleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/axicabtagene-ciloleucel/), [Blinatumomab](https://onco.cc/drugs/blinatumomab/), [Ciltacabtagene autoleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/ciltacabtagene-autoleucel/), [Lifileucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/lifileucel/), [Satricabtagene autoleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/satricabtagene-autoleucel/), [Teclistamab](https://onco.cc/drugs/teclistamab/)
- targets: [Claudin 18.2](https://onco.cc/targets/cldn18-2/), [FAP](https://onco.cc/targets/fap/), [Glypican-3](https://onco.cc/targets/gpc3/), [MAGE-A4](https://onco.cc/targets/mage-a4/)
- companies: [AbbVie (incl. ImmunoGen, Capstan)](https://onco.cc/companies/abbvie/)
- cancers: [Glioma & glioblastoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/glioblastoma/)
- bottlenecks: [Manufacturing cost and time for living and radioactive medicines](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-manufacturing-cell-therapy/)
- roadmaps: [Paediatric oncology roadmap: cooperative-group cures → engineered immunity → drugs developed for children first](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/paediatric-oncology-roadmap/)

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