# Capecitabine

Source: https://onco.cc/drugs/capecitabine/  
OnCo record `capecitabine` (Treatment). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

Capecitabine (Xeloda) is a tablet form of the chemotherapy fluorouracil. It is a backbone of treatment for bowel cancer and a standard option in advanced breast cancer.

## Summary

Capecitabine was approved by the FDA in 1998 for anthracycline- and taxane-resistant metastatic breast cancer and later for adjuvant stage III colon cancer (X-ACT: disease-free survival at least equivalent to bolus fluorouracil and leucovorin), metastatic colorectal cancer, perioperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer and, with docetaxel, for anthracycline-pretreated breast cancer. The EU authorised Xeloda in 2001; it is also approved there for gastric cancer. It is the oral partner in CAPOX and CAPTEM and in the CREATE-X post-neoadjuvant breast regimen. Hand-foot syndrome, diarrhoea and cardiotoxicity are the key toxicities, and DPD deficiency (DPYD variants) causes severe or fatal toxicity, so genotype-guided dosing is increasingly used. Warfarin interaction carries a boxed warning.

## Fields

- Kind: Treatment
- Status: approved
- Last checked: 2026-09-10
- Tags: nci-list; generic
- Brand: Xeloda
- Modality: Oral fluoropyrimidine prodrug (antimetabolite)
- Mechanism: Converted in three steps, the last by thymidine phosphorylase enriched in tumours, to fluorouracil; FdUMP blocks thymidylate synthase and FUTP is incorporated into RNA.
- Approvals: US 1998: Metastatic breast cancer after anthracycline and taxane; later adjuvant and metastatic colorectal cancer, rectal chemoradiotherapy; EU 2001: Colorectal, gastric and breast cancer

## Notes

- Triple-negative breast cancer: capecitabine is the post-neoadjuvant drug for residual disease without a germline BRCA mutation on CREATE-X (triple-negative subgroup: five-year disease-free survival 69.8 versus 56.1 percent, hazard ratio 0.58; overall survival 78.8 versus 70.3 percent, hazard ratio 0.52), and one year of low-dose metronomic capecitabine after standard adjuvant chemotherapy improved disease-free survival in SYSUCC-001 (five-year 82.8 versus 73.0 percent; ten-year 78.1 versus 66.6 percent) without a significant overall survival gain, while eight cycles of extended adjuvant capecitabine did not reach significance in the Spanish GEICAM/CIBOMA trial (hazard ratio 0.82). In EA1131 platinum was not better than capecitabine for residual basal-like disease. It is the physician's-choice comparator or control in ASCENT, ASCENT-05, TROPION-Breast03, KEYNOTE-119 and OlympiAD. NICE has never appraised it for this use; it is a generic prescribed on the CREATE-X evidence.
- Pancreatic cancer: with gemcitabine, capecitabine is the adjuvant regimen NICE NG85 recommends in England (1.8.6, an off-label use) on ESPAC-4 (median overall survival 28.0 against 25.5 months, hazard ratio 0.82; long-term 31.6 against 28.4 months and 49.9 against 32.2 months after R0 resection, JCO 2025), the standard for people not eligible for modified FOLFIRINOX. It is the preferred radiosensitiser for chemoradiotherapy (SCALOP: median survival 15.2 against 13.4 months with gemcitabine-based chemoradiotherapy; NG85 1.9.3) and the chemoradiotherapy partner in LAP07 and ESPAC-5.

## Sources

- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capecitabine
- US label (DailyMed): https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=capecitabine
- NCI drug page: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/capecitabine
- EPAR: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/xeloda
- Palmer et al., ESPAC4 long-term outcomes (JCO 2025): https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.24.01118
- NICE NG85 recommendations 1.8.6 and 1.9.3: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng85/chapter/Recommendations

## Connected records

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Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06217042/), [Hypofractionated Radiotherapy Plus Immunotherapy Versus Conventional Radiotherapy in Locally Recurrent Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06928584/), [IBI343 Combined With Chemotherapy in Advanced Pancreatic Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07692750/), [IDEA collaboration](https://onco.cc/trials/idea-collaboration/), [Induction Chemotherapy Combined With Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy for MSS Colon Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05914389/), [Investigating Precision Medicine in the Adjuvant Setting in Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07745296/), [JS212 Combination Therapies in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07503756/), [KEYNOTE-062](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-062/), [KEYNOTE-119](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-119/), [KEYNOTE-811](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-811/), [KORTUC (KRC-01) Plus Radiotherapy for Organ Preservation in Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07622017/), [LAP07](https://onco.cc/trials/lap07/), [Liposomal Irinotecan and Capecitabine Plus Bevacizumab as Second-line Therapy in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06192680/), [Liposomal Irinotecan in Combination With Oxaliplatin and S-1 Versus Gemcitabine Combined With Capecitabine as Postoperative Adjuvant Therapy for Pancreatic Canc](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06571461/), [Long-course Chemoradiotherapy or Short-course Radiotherapy Combined With CAPOX, PD-1antibody, and COX-2 Inhibitor for MSS Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer (SERRAC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07150949/), [Low Rectal Cancer Treated With Total Neoadjuvant Therapy Plus Concurrent Tislelizumab Immunotherapy](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07561060/), [Lutetium 177Lu-Edotreotide Versus Best Standard of Care in Well-differentiated Aggressive Grade-2 and Grade-3 GastroEnteroPancreatic NeuroEndocrine Tumors (GEP-NETs) - COMPOSE](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04919226/), [Maintenance Tislelizumab + Capecitabine to Treat Metastatic Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05360277/), [MR-guided Adaptive Radiotherapy Combined With PD-1 Antibody and CAPOX for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06840665/), [Nab-paclitaxel Plus Carboplatin Versus Nab-paclitaxel Plus Capecitabine in the Treatment of Advanced Triple-negative Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04159142/), [NALA](https://onco.cc/trials/nala/), [NALIRI-XELOX+AK104 for First-line Treatment of Advanced PDAC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06405490/), [Nanoliposomal Irinotecan, Oxaliplatin Plus Capecitabine As Conversion Therapy of Locally Advanced Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06405139/), [Neoadjuvant CAPOX Plus Ivonescimab Versus CAPOX for Locally Advanced Colon Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06790212/), [Neoadjuvant CAPOX Plus Tislelizumab vs CAPOX in MSS High-Risk Locally Advanced Colon Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07132008/), [Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy Combined With Tislelizumab in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05479240/), [Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and PD-1 Inhibitor for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer（CONTROL-01）](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06647680/), [Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Plus Sequential Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor (ICI) Therapy in Locally Advanced Colon Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06368141/), [Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy, Anti-PD-1 Antibody and Sitagliptin for Locally Advanced pMMR CRC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07365592/), [Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy, Excision And Observation vs Chemoradiotherapy For Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06205485/), [Neoadjuvant Iparomlimab/Tuvonralimab Plus CAPEOX Versus Iparomlimab/Tuvonralimab Plus CAPEOX and Propranolol for Locally Advanced pMMR Colon Cancer: A Prospecti](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07549906/), [Neoadjuvant Radiotherapy for Rectal Adenocarcinoma With Capecitabine Versus TAS-102 (Neo-REACT): A Multi-center, Randomized, Phase III Trial](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06850090/), [Neoadjuvant/Adjuvant AK104 in Microsatellite Instability-high or Mismatch Repair-deficient, Resectable Colon Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07412613/), [Node-sparing Radiotherapy Combined With Total Neoadjuvant CAPOX and Sintilimab for MSS Middle and Low Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06204094/), [Node-Sparing Short-Course Radiation Combined With Capecitabine and PD-1/CTLA-4 for MSS Early Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07068763/), [Node-sparing Short-Course Radiation Combined With CAPOX and Tislelizumab for MSS Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06507371/), [Nodes-sparing Short-course Radiation Combined With CAPOX and Tislelizumab for MSS Middle and Low Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05972655/), [NordicTrip, a Translational Study of Preoperative Chemotherapy in TNBC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04335669/), [Novel Combinations in Participants With Locally Advanced Unresectable or Metastatic Gastric or Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05702229/), [OlympiAD](https://onco.cc/trials/olympiad/), [Organ Preservation in Rectal AdenoCa Using Hypofractionated Pelvic RT(Hypo-OPRA)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06991465/), [Organ Preservation With Tislelizumab and Total Neoadjuvant Therapy in Patients With Low Rectal Cancer: RELIEVE -01 Study](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06390982/), [Oxaliplatin and Capecitabine With or Without an Hepatic Arterial Infusion With Floxuridine in Treating Patients Who Are Undergoing Surgery and/or Ablation for Liver Metastases Due to Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct00268463/), [PACE: PD-1 Antibody For dMMR/MSI-H Stage III Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05236972/), [Pan Tumor Rollover Study](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03899155/), [PARPi or Capecitabine Combined With PD-1 Inhibitors as Adjuvant Therapy in High-risk TNBC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06533384/), [Perioperative Disitamab Vedotin Plus Toripalimab and XELOX in Gastric or Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06155383/), [Perioperative Versus Postoperative CapOX Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced Colon Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03125980/), [Personalized Tumor Neoantigen MRNA Therapy Adjuvant Treatment for Postoperative Pancreatic Cancer.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06888674/), [Personalizing Chemotherapy Selection After Surgery for Patients With Stage III Colorectal Cancer Using a Blood Test](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07340567/), [PET Dynamics to Response-Adapted Neoadjuvant Therapy in TNBC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06245889/), [Ph1b/2 Study of the Safety and Efficacy of SHR-A1811 Combinations in Advanced HER2 Expression Gastric Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05671822/), [Ph1b/2 Study of the Safety and Efficacy of T-DXd Combinations in Advanced HER2-expressing Gastric Cancer (DESTINY-Gastric03)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04379596/), [Phase I-II Clinical Trial of Utidelone Capsule in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05700084/), [Phase II Basket Trial: Zanidatamab Plus Tislelizumab in HER2-Positive GI Tumors (UNION-HER2-BASKET)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07243938/), [Phase III Study in First-line Treatment of Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Who Are Not Candidate for Intensive Therapy.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03869892/), [Postoperation Maintenance Therapy for Resectable Liver Metastases of Colorectal Cancer Guided by ctDNA](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05797077/), [Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy and Toripalimab in Locally Recurrent Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06751394/), [Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy and Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery Versus Ttransanal Endoscopic Microsurgery in T1 N0, M0 Rectal Cancer (TAUTEM-T1 Study)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06450574/), [Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy With CApecitabine and Temozolomide in MGMT Silenced, MSS, Locally Advanced RecTal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05136326/), [Preoperative FOLFOX Versus Postoperative Risk-adapted Chemotherapy in Patients With Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04495088/), [PRODIGE 23](https://onco.cc/trials/prodige-23/), [PROSPECT (Alliance N1048)](https://onco.cc/trials/prospect/), [Proton Radiation for Unresectable, Borderline Resectable, or Medically Inoperable Carcinoma of the Pancreas](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02598349/), [PULSAR Combined With PD-1 Ab and Chemotherapy Plus Bev. for CRLM](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06788171/), [QL1706 Injection Plus Bevacizumab and XELOX vs Placebo Plus Bevacizumab and XELOX as First-Line Treatment of Unresectable Metastatic Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07025239/), [QoL in mCRC Elderly Patients Receiving First-line Therapy Based on Simplified Geriatric Parameters.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03828227/), [Radiotherapy + Systemic Therapy as Conversion Therapy for pMMR/MSS T4M0 Colon Cancer（Neo-Color）](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06949111/), [Radiotherapy Combined With Capeox Chemotherapy, Sintilimab and Suvemcitug in Locally Advanced pMMR Rectal Cancer:a Prospective Clinical Trial](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07774754/), [Randomized Controlled Study of Plasma ctDNA Methylation-Guided Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Stage I/Low-Risk Stage II Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07562659/), [Randomized Study of Plasma ctDNA Methylation to Guide Adjuvant Chemotherapy Decisions in High-Risk T3N0 Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07562711/), [RAPIDO](https://onco.cc/trials/rapido/), [RC48 Combined With Chemotherapy in HER2-Positive Advanced Breast Cancer Patients With Prior TOP1i-ADC Failure](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07366840/), [Rilvegostomig + Chemotherapy as Adjuvant Therapy for Biliary Tract Cancer After Resection (ARTEMIDE-Biliary01)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06109779/), [Sac-TMT Sequential Capecitabine Versus Capecitabine in Early-Stage High-Risk Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Without BRCA Mutations](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07628504/), [Sacituzumab Govitecan in Primary HER2-negative Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04595565/), [Sacituzumab Tirumotecan (MK-2870) Plus Pembrolizumab Versus TPC in TNBC Who Did Not Achieve pCR (MK-2870-012)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06393374/), [Safety and Efficacy of HCB101 in Combination With Multiple Agents in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06771622/), [Safety of a Boost (CXB or EBRT) in Combination With Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for Early Rectal Adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02505750/), [SCALOP](https://onco.cc/trials/scalop/), [SCALOP-2](https://onco.cc/trials/scalop-2/), [SCOT](https://onco.cc/trials/scot/), [SCRT Based iTNT vs. LCRT Based TNT for MSS Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07551479/), [SCRT Combined With CAPOX and PD-1/CTLA4 Antibody for Early-stage Low Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07837362/), [SCRT(Short Course Radiotherapy) Combined With CAPOX Plus QL1706 for Rectal Cancer Liver Metastases](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06787183/), [Serial Circulating Tumor DNA (ctDNA) Monitoring During Adjuvant Capecitabine in Early Triple-negative Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04768426/), [Serplulimab Combined With CAPEOX + Celecoxib as Neoadjuvant Treatment for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05731726/), [Short-course Radiotherapy Combined With CapeOx and PD-1 Inhibitor After Local Excision for High-risk Early Rectal Cancer (TORCH-LE)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06455124/), [Short-course Radiotherapy Combined With CAPOX and PD-1 Antibody Versus Long-course Chemoradiotherapy Combined With CAPOX for Early Low-lying Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06462053/), [Short-course Radiotherapy Followed by AK112 and CAPOX as Neoadjuvant Therapy for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06802666/), [Short-Course Radiotherapy, Nal-IRI, Capecitabine, and Camrelizumab for Locally Advanced MSS Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07521605/), [Short-Course RT Plus CAPOX and Tislelizumab vs Long-Course CRT Plus Tislelizumab for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07469306/), [SHR-1701 in Combination With Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05300269/), [SHR-A1811 Versus Investigator's Chemotherapy in Recurrent/Metastatic Breast Cancer Clinical Trial](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05814354/), [Sonesitatug Vedotin in Combination With Capecitabine With or Without Rilvegostomig in Participants With Advanced or Metastatic Gastric, Gastroesophageal Junction, or Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Expressing Claudin18.2](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07431281/), [SOX Versus XELOX as Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Stage III Colorectal Cancer Patients](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03448549/), [SPOTLIGHT & GLOW](https://onco.cc/trials/spotlight-glow/), [STELLAR (rectal cancer)](https://onco.cc/trials/stellar-rectal/), [Study Of Capecitabine Combined With Camrelizumab For Non-pCR TNBC With TLS After Neoadjuvant Chemoterapy](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06313463/), [Study of Dato-DXd as Monotherapy and in Combination With Anti-cancer Agents in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumours (TROPION-PanTumor03)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05489211/), [Study of Durvalumab Versus Placebo in Combination With Definitive Chemoradiation Therapy in Patient With ESCC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04550260/), [Study of JSKN016 Combination Therapy in Inoperable Locally Advanced or Metastatic HER2-Negative Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06942234/), [Study of Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) Plus Chemotherapy Versus Placebo Plus Chemotherapy for HR+/HER2- Locally Recurrent Inoperable or Metastatic Breast Cancer (MK-3475-B49/KEYNOTE-B49)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04895358/), [Study of Sacituzumab Govitecan Versus Treatment of Physician's Choice in Patients With Hormone Receptor-positive/Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 Negative (HR+/HER2-) Metastatic Breast Cancer Who Have Received Endocrine Therapy](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05840211/), [Study of SHR-8068 Combined With Adebrelimab and Platinum-containing Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Advanced Gastric and Esophageal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06247956/), [Study of SKB264 for Locally Advanced, Recurrent or Metastatic HR+/HER2- Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06081959/), [Study on the Efficacy and Safety of Neoadjuvant Radiotherapy Combined With Tislelizumab, Liposomal Irinotecan, and Capecitabine in the Treatment of pMMR Locally](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07104604/), [Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of IDX-1197 in Combination With XELOX or Irinotecan in Patients With Advanced Gastric Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04725994/), [Study to Evaluate the Use of Capecitabine in Monotherapy and in Combination With Oxaliplatin in Elderly Patients as Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced C](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06888843/), [Substudy 06C: A Study of Investigational Agents With Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) and Chemotherapy in Participants With First-Line Locally Advanced Unresectable/Metastatic Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma (MK-3475-06C/KEYMAKER-U06)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06469944/), [Surufatinib in Combination With Iparomlimab and Tuvonralimab Injection and AG Chemotherapy for Neoadjuvant Therapy of HRPC or BRPC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07833241/), [SWOG S0809](https://onco.cc/trials/swog-s0809/), [SYD985 vs. Physician's Choice in Participants With HER2-positive Locally Advanced or Metastatic Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03262935/), [SYSUCC-001](https://onco.cc/trials/sysucc-001/), [Testing Higher Dose Radiation Therapy for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06958328/), [Testing the Addition of an Anti-Cancer Drug, Irinotecan, to the Standard Chemotherapy Treatment (FOLFOX) After Long-Course Radiation Therapy for Advanced-Stage](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05610163/), [The Combination of Hypofractionated Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy in Locally Recurrent Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05628038/), [The Combination of Immunotherapy and Neoadjuvant Short-course Radiotherapy in Early Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05555888/), [The Efficacy and Safety of Short-course Radiation Combined With Adebrelimab and CAPEOX Neo-adjuvant Therapy for Organ-retention in Patients With MSS/pMMR Ultra](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06266832/), [The Sagittarius Trial](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06490536/), [Tislelizumab in Combination With Bevacizumab and Capecitabine in Advanced Solid Tumors With Evaluation in Immunotherapy-Resistant and Central Nervous System Dis](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07681297/), [Toripalimab Combined With Capecitabine as Postoperative Adjuvant Therapy for Patients With Resectable Advanced Extrahepatic Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06717464/), [TOSCA](https://onco.cc/trials/tosca/), [TreeTopp](https://onco.cc/trials/treetopp/), [Trial Studying Chemotherapy in Nigerian Women With Triple Negative Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06291064/), [TROPION-Breast03](https://onco.cc/trials/tropion-breast03/), [Tucatinib Plus Trastuzumab and Oxaliplatin-based Chemotherapy or Pembrolizumab-containing Combinations for HER2+ Gastrointestinal Cancers](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04430738/), [Upfront Trastuzumab-Deruxtecan Plus Capecitabine and Bevacizumab for Patients With HER-2 Positive Metastatic Colorectal Cancer.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07407465/), [Valproic Acid/Simvastatin Plus Gemcitabine/Nab-paclitaxel Based Regimens in Untreated Metastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Patients](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05821556/), [Vistogard Studies 1 and 2](https://onco.cc/trials/vistogard-studies-1-2/), [Yttrium Y 90 Glass Microspheres and Capecitabine in Treating Patients With Liver Cholangiocarcinoma or Liver Metastases](https://onco.cc/trials/nct00858429/)
- terms: [Living with FOLFOX, CAPOX, FOLFIRI and the EGFR antibodies](https://onco.cc/terms/chemotherapy-side-effects-colorectal/), [Neoadjuvant therapy versus surgery first for resectable and borderline resectable pancreatic cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/neoadjuvant-versus-upfront-surgery-pancreatic/), [Pancreatic cancer drugs in England: NICE appraisals and the Cancer Drugs Fund (September 2026)](https://onco.cc/terms/pancreatic-cancer-uk-drug-access/), [Residual disease after neoadjuvant therapy in triple-negative breast cancer: the decision point](https://onco.cc/terms/tnbc-residual-disease-decision/)
- people: [Daniel Palmer](https://onco.cc/people/daniel-palmer/), [John Bridgewater](https://onco.cc/people/john-bridgewater/), [Paula Ghaneh](https://onco.cc/people/paula-ghaneh/), [Rachel Kerr](https://onco.cc/people/rachel-kerr/), [Tim Maughan](https://onco.cc/people/tim-maughan/)
- key papers: [Adjuvant Capecitabine for Breast Cancer after Preoperative Chemotherapy](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-create-x-adjuvant-capecitabine-nejm-2017/), [BILCAP: capecitabine compared with observation in resected biliary tract cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-bilcap-lancet-oncol-2019/), [CA 19-9 tumour-marker response to chemotherapy in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer enrolled in a randomised controlled trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-hess-ca19-9-response-chemotherapy-lancet-oncol-2008/), [CLASSIC 5-year follow-up: adjuvant capecitabine plus oxaliplatin for gastric cancer after D2 gastrectomy](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-classic-5-year-follow-up-noh-lancet-oncol-2014/), [CLASSIC: adjuvant capecitabine and oxaliplatin for gastric cancer after D2 gastrectomy](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-classic-adjuvant-capox-gastric-bang-lancet-2012/), [Duration of adjuvant chemotherapy for stage III colon cancer (the IDEA collaboration)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-idea-duration-adjuvant-stage-iii-colon-nejm-2018/), [Emergency use of uridine triacetate for the prevention and treatment of life-threatening 5-fluorouracil and capecitabine toxicity](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-vistogard-cancer-2017/), [ESPAC-4: adjuvant gemcitabine plus capecitabine versus gemcitabine alone after resection of pancreatic cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-espac-4-gemcitabine-capecitabine-adjuvant-pancreatic-lancet-2017/), [ESPAC5: immediate surgery versus short-course neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for borderline resectable pancreatic cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-espac-5-neoadjuvant-borderline-resectable-pancreatic-lancet-gastro-hep-2023/), [FLOT4-AIO: perioperative FLOT versus ECF/ECX for resectable gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-flot4-lancet-2019/), [HER2CLIMB brain metastases analysis: intracranial efficacy and survival with tucatinib](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-her2climb-brain-lin-jco-2020/), [HER2CLIMB: tucatinib with trastuzumab and capecitabine for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer, including brain metastases](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-her2climb-nejm-2020/), [LAP07: chemoradiotherapy versus continued chemotherapy for locally advanced pancreatic cancer controlled after four months of gemcitabine](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-lap07-chemoradiotherapy-locally-advanced-pancreatic-jama-2016/), [Localised colon cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-esmo-localised-colon-cancer-guideline-ann-oncol-2020/), [Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with FOLFIRINOX and preoperative chemoradiotherapy for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (UNICANCER-PRODIGE 23)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-conroy-prodige-23-neoadjuvant-folfirinox-rectal-lancet-oncol-2021/), [Organ preservation in patients with rectal adenocarcinoma treated with total neoadjuvant therapy (OPRA)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-garcia-aguilar-opra-organ-preservation-jco-2022/), [Phase II trial of cetuximab, gemcitabine, and oxaliplatin followed by chemoradiation with cetuximab for locally advanced (T4) pancreatic adenocarcinoma: correlation of Smad4(Dpc4) immunostaining with pattern of disease progression](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-crane-smad4-progression-pattern-locally-advanced-jco-2011/), [Potentially Curable Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline Update](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-asco-potentially-curable-pancreatic-guideline-update-jco-2019/), [Short-course radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy before total mesorectal excision versus preoperative chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer (RAPIDO)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-bahadoer-rapido-short-course-radiotherapy-lancet-oncol-2021/), [Surgical outcomes in gallbladder cancer: evidence from the UK nationwide CAPBIL study](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-mcclements-capbil-surgical-outcomes-gallbladder-cancer-hpb-2026/), [SWOG S0809: A Phase II Intergroup Trial of Adjuvant Capecitabine and Gemcitabine Followed by Radiotherapy and Concurrent Capecitabine in Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-swog-s0809-adjuvant-chemoradiation-jco-2015/), [ToGA (Bang 2010): trastuzumab with chemotherapy for HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-toga-trastuzumab-gastric-lancet-2010/)
- roadmaps: [Chemotherapy roadmap: mustard gas → curative combinations → the warhead inside smarter drugs](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/chemotherapy-roadmap/), [Gallbladder cancer roadmap: from a chance finding at gallstone surgery to a disease with its own trials](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/gallbladder-cancer-roadmap/), [Pancreatic cancer roadmap: from Whipple's operation to gemcitabine, FOLFIRINOX, adjuvant chemotherapy, PARP inhibition, KRAS inhibition, vaccines and the surveillance question](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/pancreatic-roadmap/), [Triple-negative breast cancer roadmap: from a remainder defined by three negative tests to immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates and the residual disease problem](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/tnbc-roadmap/)
- ideas: [A ctDNA residual disease-guided adjuvant trial after gallbladder cancer resection](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-gbc-ctdna-residual-disease-guided-adjuvant-trial/), [A randomised trial of adjuvant chemoradiation after margin-positive or node-positive gallbladder cancer resection](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-gbc-randomised-adjuvant-chemoradiation-r1-node-positive/), [ctDNA-guided adjuvant decisions after residual disease: escalate the positive, spare the negative](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tnbc-ctdna-guided-adjuvant-decisions/), [Randomise organ preservation against surgery in mismatch repair-proficient rectal cancer, with bowel function as a co-primary endpoint](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-crc-organ-preservation-randomised-in-pmmr-rectal/), [Take ctDNA-guided de-escalation beyond stage II, and stop escalating on a positive result until a trial says it helps](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-crc-ctdna-de-escalation-beyond-stage-ii/)
- targets: [Thymidylate synthase (TYMS)](https://onco.cc/targets/tyms/)

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