# BRCA1 / BRCA2 (HRD)

Source: https://onco.cc/targets/brca/  
OnCo record `brca` (Target). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

DNA repair genes. Inheriting a broken copy raises breast and ovarian cancer risk, but tumours that lose them become uniquely vulnerable to PARP inhibitors and platinum.

## Summary

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are homologous recombination repair genes; a tumour that loses both copies must rely on error-prone repair, which makes it uniquely vulnerable to PARP inhibitors and platinum. Germline BRCA1/2 mutations account for roughly 5 to 10 percent of breast cancers and about 15 percent of ovarian cancers, with 10 to 20 percent of triple-negative breast cancers (mostly BRCA1) and 3 to 5 percent of HR-positive cases (mostly BRCA2); BRCA2 alterations occur in 8 to 12 percent of metastatic prostate cancers and germline BRCA1/2 in 5 to 8 percent of pancreatic cancers. Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) extends the phenotype to BRCA-wild-type tumours and is measured by genomic scars (myChoice CDx). HRD predicts benefit from PARP inhibitors and platinum, though the best assay and cut-off remain debated. The same genes guide both prevention and treatment.

## Fields

- Kind: Target
- Last checked: 2026-09-04
- Tags: germline; biomarker
- Symbol: BRCA1, BRCA2
- Class: tumor-suppressor
- Biology: Homologous recombination repair; loss forces reliance on error-prone pathways.
- Where found: Breast (esp. TNBC); Ovarian; Prostate; Pancreatic; Triple-negative breast cancer: germline pathogenic variant 7-11%; Triple-negative breast cancer: germline pathogenic variant 3-4%; Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: germline pathogenic variant 1.4-2%; Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: germline pathogenic variant 0.4-1%; Gallbladder cancer: mutation (somatic or germline) 1-5%; Prostate cancer: inactivating mutation, germline or somatic, plus deep deletion 3-11% depending on disease state; Prostate cancer: inactivating mutation, germline or somatic 0.2-2% depending on disease state

## Notes

- Triple-negative breast cancer: germline BRCA1 8.5% and BRCA2 2.7% of 1,824 unselected patients (Couch 2015), 17.2% together in GeparSixto (Hahnen 2017); most homologous recombination deficiency is not germline, since BRCA1 promoter hypermethylation explained 40% of HRDetect-high genomes against 21% for BRCA1/2 mutation (Staaf 2019). Founder alleles dominate in the Bahamas (23% of unselected patients), Mexico (BRCA1 ex9-12del, 41% of mutations in young TNBC) and Ashkenazi Jews (Donenberg 2011, Villarreal-Garza 2015, Struewing 1997).
- Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: germline BRCA2 1.4 to 2% and BRCA1 0.4 to 1% (Hu 2018, Shindo 2017), with tumour sequencing adding somatic cases; loss of the second allele is present in about 60% of BRCA1/2 tumours (Lowery 2018) and somatic second hits in 44% of germline carriers (Yurgelun 2019). Carriers with advanced disease lived 22 months on platinum against 9 on non-platinum (Golan 2014), and core-gene or biallelic homologous recombination alterations predicted first-line platinum benefit (hazard ratio 0.44; Park 2020). POLO's olaparib maintenance requires a germline BRCA1/2 variant after 16 weeks of platinum (Golan 2019).

## Sources

- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA_mutation
- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA_mutation

## Connected records

- pairings: [Germline BRCA test → adjuvant PARP inhibitor](https://onco.cc/pairings/germline-to-parp/), [Platinum chemotherapy in HRD tumours](https://onco.cc/pairings/platinum-plus-hrd/)
- biomarkers: [Circulating tumour DNA fraction (and what a negative plasma result means)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/ctdna-tumour-fraction/), [Germline BRCA1/2 pathogenic variant (gBRCAm)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/brca-germline/), [Homologous recombination repair gene mutation in prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/hrr-gene-mutation/), [HRD-positive (genomic instability score)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/hrd-positive/), [Tumour (somatic or germline) BRCA1/2 mutation and HRR gene alterations](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/brca-somatic/)
- cancers: [Basal-like 1 triple-negative breast cancer (BL1)](https://onco.cc/cancers/tnbc-basal-like-1/), [Borderline resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/borderline-resectable-pdac/), [BRCA or PALB2-mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/brca-palb2-pdac/), [BRCA-associated triple-negative breast cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/brca-associated-tnbc/), [Carcinoma with medullary pattern (medullary breast cancer)](https://onco.cc/cancers/medullary-pattern-breast-carcinoma/), [Gallbladder cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/gallbladder/), [High-grade serous ovarian cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer/), [HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/breast-hr-positive/), [Male breast cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/male-breast-cancer/), [Metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/metastatic-pdac/), [Ovarian cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/ovarian/), [Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/pancreatic-acinar-cell-carcinoma/), [Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/pancreatic/), [Platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/platinum-sensitive-ovarian-cancer/), [Prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/prostate/), [Resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/resectable-pdac/), [Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)](https://onco.cc/cancers/tnbc/)
- drugs: [BRACAnalysis CDx](https://onco.cc/drugs/bracanalysis-cdx/), [myChoice CDx](https://onco.cc/drugs/mychoice-cdx/), [Olaparib](https://onco.cc/drugs/olaparib/), [Rucaparib](https://onco.cc/drugs/rucaparib/), [Talazoparib](https://onco.cc/drugs/talazoparib/), [Veliparib](https://onco.cc/drugs/veliparib/)
- pathways: [Base excision repair, PARP & alkylation damage](https://onco.cc/pathways/base-excision-repair-parp/), [Breast cancer (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/breast-cancer-signalling/), [DNA damage response & homologous recombination](https://onco.cc/pathways/ddr/), [Double-strand break repair: HR versus end joining](https://onco.cc/pathways/homologous-recombination-repair/), [Drivers, passengers & the two-hit model](https://onco.cc/pathways/oncogene-activation-two-hit/), [Mutagenesis & mutational signatures](https://onco.cc/pathways/mutagenesis-signatures/), [Pancreatic cancer (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/pancreatic-cancer-signalling/), [Synthetic lethality: paired dependencies](https://onco.cc/pathways/synthetic-lethality-map/)
- terms: [Basal-like breast cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/basal-like/), [BRCA reversion mutations](https://onco.cc/terms/brca-reversion-mutations/), [Enabling characteristic: genome instability and mutation](https://onco.cc/terms/genome-instability-mutation/), [Familial pancreatic cancer and inherited risk (who qualifies for surveillance)](https://onco.cc/terms/familial-pancreatic-cancer/), [Founder mutation (BRCA1 185delAG and 5382insC, BRCA2 6174delT)](https://onco.cc/terms/founder-mutation/), [Founder variant](https://onco.cc/terms/founder-variant/), [Genome-wide loss of heterozygosity (gLOH)](https://onco.cc/terms/genome-wide-loss-of-heterozygosity/), [Germline BRCA mutation (gBRCA)](https://onco.cc/terms/gbrca-mutation/), [Germline BRCA testing criteria for triple-negative breast cancer (UK)](https://onco.cc/terms/germline-brca-testing-criteria-tnbc/), [Hereditary cancer syndromes](https://onco.cc/terms/hereditary-cancer-syndromes/), [High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC)](https://onco.cc/terms/hgsoc/), [Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD)](https://onco.cc/terms/hrd/), [Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) in breast cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/hrd-in-breast-cancer/), [Mastectomy](https://onco.cc/terms/mastectomy/), [Salpingo-oophorectomy](https://onco.cc/terms/salpingo-oophorectomy/), [Tumour suppressor gene](https://onco.cc/terms/tumour-suppressor-gene/), [Who is eligible for a PARP inhibitor in prostate cancer, and why the gene matters](https://onco.cc/terms/prostate-hrr-eligibility/)
- key papers: [A high prevalence of BRCA1 mutations among breast cancer patients from the Bahamas](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-donenberg-bahamas-brca1-founder-bcrt-2011/), [Analysis of circulating cell-free DNA identifies multiclonal heterogeneity of BRCA2 reversion mutations associated with resistance to PARP inhibitors](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-quigley-brca2-reversion-cfdna-parp-resistance-cancer-discov-2017/), [Association Between Inherited Germline Mutations in Cancer Predisposition Genes and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-hu-germline-mutations-pancreatic-cancer-risk-jama-2018/), [Association of clonal haematopoiesis in DNA repair genes with prostate cancer plasma cell-free DNA testing interference](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-jensen-clonal-haematopoiesis-cfdna-interference-prostate-jama-oncol-2021/), [Association of distinct mutational signatures with correlates of increased immune activity in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-connor-mutational-signatures-immune-pancreatic-jama-oncol-2017/), [Biomarker analyses in the phase III ASCENT study of sacituzumab govitecan versus chemotherapy in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-bardia-ascent-trop2-biomarker-ann-oncol-2021/), [Biomarkers for Systemic Therapy in Metastatic Breast Cancer: ASCO Guideline Update](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-asco-biomarkers-metastatic-breast-cancer-guideline-jco-2022/), [Carboplatin in BRCA1/2-mutated and triple-negative breast cancer BRCAness subgroups: the TNT Trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tutt-nat-med/), [Circulating tumour DNA genomics correlate with resistance to abiraterone and enzalutamide in prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-annala-ctdna-resistance-abiraterone-enzalutamide-cancer-discov-2018/), [Clinical and pathologic characteristics of patients with BRCA-positive and BRCA-negative breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-atchley-brca-status-triple-negative-jco-2008/), [Comprehensive molecular characterization of gallbladder carcinoma and potential targets for intervention](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-giraldo-gallbladder-msk-impact-ccr-2022/), [Concordance of circulating tumour DNA and matched metastatic tissue biopsy in prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-wyatt-ctdna-tissue-concordance-mcrpc-jnci-2017/), [Deleterious germline mutations in patients with apparently sporadic pancreatic adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-shindo-germline-sporadic-pancreatic-jco-2017/), [Founder mutations in the BRCA1 gene in Polish families with breast-ovarian cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-gorski-brca1-founder-mutations-poland-ajhg-2000/), [Genomic analysis of circulating tumour DNA in 3,334 patients with advanced prostate cancer identifies targetable BRCA alterations and AR resistance mechanisms](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tukachinsky-ctdna-3334-advanced-prostate-ccr-2021/), [Genomic characterization of biliary tract cancers identifies driver genes and predisposing mutations](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-wardell-biliary-drivers-germline-j-hepatol-2018/), [Genomic characterization of metastatic breast cancers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-bertucci-metastatic-breast-genomics-nature-2019/), [Genomic hallmarks and structural variation in metastatic prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-quigley-structural-variation-mcrpc-cell-2018/), [Genomic methods identify homologous recombination deficiency in pancreas adenocarcinoma and optimize treatment selection](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-park-hrd-pancreatic-platinum-ccr-2020/), [Genomics of lethal prostate cancer at diagnosis and castration resistance](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-mateo-genomics-lethal-prostate-diagnosis-castration-resistance-jci-2020/), [Germline BRCA mutation evaluation in a prospective triple-negative breast cancer registry: implications for hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer syndrome testing](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-sharma-tnbc-registry-germline-brca-bcrt-2014/), [Germline BRCA mutations are associated with higher risk of nodal involvement, distant metastasis and poor survival outcomes in prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-castro-germline-brca-prostate-outcomes-jco-2013/), [Germline BRCA1 mutations and a basal epithelial phenotype in breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-foulkes-brca1-basal-phenotype-jnci-2003/), [Germline BRCA2 mutations drive prostate cancers with distinct evolutionary trajectories](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-taylor-germline-brca2-evolutionary-trajectories-nat-commun-2017/), [Germline cancer susceptibility gene variants, somatic second hits, and survival outcomes in patients with resected pancreatic cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-yurgelun-germline-second-hits-resected-pancreatic-genet-med-2019/), [Germline mutation status, pathological complete response, and disease-free survival in triple-negative breast cancer: secondary analysis of the GeparSixto randomized clinical trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-hahnen-geparsixto-germline-brca-jama-oncol-2017/), [Germline testing in patients with breast cancer: ASCO-Society of Surgical Oncology guideline](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-bedrosian-asco-sso-germline-testing-breast-jco-2024/), [Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) score predicts response to platinum-containing neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with triple-negative breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-telli-hrd-score-platinum-tnbc-ccr-2016/), [HRDetect is a predictor of BRCA1 and BRCA2 deficiency based on mutational signatures](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-davies-nat-med/), [Implementation and audit of mainstream genetic testing within a high-volume UK breast unit for pathogenic variations associated with breast cancer using the R208 and R444.1 National Test Directory criterion](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-conroy-nhs-r208-mainstream-testing-audit-breast-j-2026/), [Inherited breast cancer in Nigerian women](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-zheng-nigerian-inherited-breast-cancer-jco-2018/), [Inherited DNA-repair gene mutations in men with metastatic prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-pritchard-inherited-dna-repair-metastatic-prostate-nejm-2016/), [Inherited mutations in 17 breast cancer susceptibility genes among a large triple-negative breast cancer cohort unselected for family history of breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-couch-tnbc-germline-17-genes-jco-2015/), [Intraductal and ductal histology and lymphovascular invasion are associated with germline DNA-repair gene mutations in prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-isaacsson-velho-intraductal-germline-dna-repair-prostate-2018/), [Management of Hereditary Breast Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Society for Radiation Oncology, and Society of Surgical Oncology Guideline](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-asco-hereditary-breast-cancer-guideline-jco-2020/), [Management of patients with increased risk for familial pancreatic cancer: updated recommendations from the International Cancer of the Pancreas Screening (CAPS) Consortium](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-caps-consortium-surveillance-recommendations-gut-2020/), [Molecular profiling of biliary cancers reveals distinct molecular alterations and potential therapeutic targets](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-weinberg-biliary-profiling-jgo-2019/), [OlympiA: a year of olaparib after surgery for BRCA-mutated, high-risk early breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-olympia-nejm-2021/), [Overall survival and clinical characteristics of pancreatic cancer in BRCA mutation carriers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-golan-brca-pancreatic-platinum-survival-bjc-2014/), [Overall survival in patients with pancreatic cancer receiving matched therapies following molecular profiling: a retrospective analysis of the Know Your Tumor registry trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-pishvaian-lancet-oncol/), [Overall survival in the OlympiA phase III trial of adjuvant olaparib in patients with germline pathogenic variants in BRCA1/2 and high-risk, early breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-olympia-overall-survival-ann-oncol-2022/), [PAOLA-1: olaparib added to bevacizumab maintenance in newly diagnosed ovarian cancer, with benefit confined to HRD-positive tumours](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-paola-1-nejm-2019/), [Phase II study of maintenance rucaparib in patients with platinum-sensitive advanced pancreatic cancer and a pathogenic germline or somatic variant in BRCA1, BRCA2, or PALB2](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-reiss-rucaparib-maintenance-brca-palb2-pancreatic-jco-2021/), [POLO final overall survival: maintenance olaparib versus placebo in germline BRCA-mutated metastatic pancreatic cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-polo-overall-survival-olaparib-gbrca-pancreatic-jco-2022/), [POLO: maintenance olaparib for germline BRCA-mutated metastatic pancreatic cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-polo-olaparib-maintenance-gbrca-pancreatic-nejm-2019/), [Population-based screening for breast and ovarian cancer risk due to BRCA1 and BRCA2](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-gabai-kapara-population-brca-screening-pnas-2014/), [Prevalence of germline variants in prostate cancer and implications for current genetic testing guidelines](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-nicolosi-germline-variants-prostate-testing-guidelines-jama-oncol-2019/), [PROfound: olaparib for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with homologous recombination repair gene alterations](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-profound-nejm-2020/), [PROSE consortium: preventive surgery lowers cancer and death in BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-brca-risk-reducing-surgery-jama-2010/), [Prospective comprehensive genomic profiling of 3,476 primary and metastatic prostate tumours](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-chung-comprehensive-genomic-profiling-prostate-jco-po-2019/), [Prospective evaluation of germline alterations in patients with exocrine pancreatic neoplasms](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-lowery-prospective-germline-exocrine-pancreatic-jnci-2018/), [Real-time genomic characterization of advanced pancreatic cancer to enable precision medicine](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-aguirre-real-time-genomic-characterisation-pancreatic-cancer-discov-2018/), [Real-time targeted genome profile analysis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas identifies genetic alterations that might be targeted with existing drugs or used as biomarkers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-singhi-targeted-genome-profiling-3594-pdac-gastroenterology-2019/), [Repeated observation of breast tumor subtypes in independent gene expression data sets](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-sorlie-repeated-observation-subtypes-brca1-basal-pnas-2003/), [SOLO-1: two years of olaparib maintenance after first-line chemotherapy for BRCA-mutated ovarian cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-solo-1-nejm-2018/), [SU2C-PCF: integrative clinical genomics of advanced prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-robinson-integrative-clinical-genomics-advanced-prostate-cell-2015/), [Sustained benefit of adjuvant olaparib in women with germline BRCA1- and BRCA2-associated high-risk HER2-negative early breast cancer: updated results from the OlympiA phase III trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-olympia-6-year-update-ann-oncol-2026/), [TCGA: the molecular taxonomy of primary prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tcga-molecular-taxonomy-primary-prostate-cell-2015/), [The impact of expanded access to germline high penetrance genetic testing for women with a new diagnosis of invasive breast cancer or high-grade DCIS](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-hudson-phillips-expanded-germline-testing-clin-breast-cancer-2026/), [The mutational landscape and actionable targets of gallbladder cancer: an ancestry-informed and comparative analysis of a Chilean population](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-erices-chilean-gallbladder-landscape-front-oncol-2025/), [The prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations among young Mexican women with triple-negative breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-villarreal-garza-mexican-tnbc-brca-bcrt-2015/), [The risk of cancer associated with specific mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 among Ashkenazi Jews](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-struewing-brca-founder-mutations-ashkenazi-nejm-1997/), [TOPARP-A: DNA-repair defects and olaparib in metastatic prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-mateo-toparp-a-olaparib-dna-repair-nejm-2015/), [Triple-negative breast cancer risk genes identified by multigene hereditary cancer panel testing](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-shimelis-tnbc-risk-genes-jnci-2018/), [TRITON2: rucaparib in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer harbouring a BRCA1 or BRCA2 alteration](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-abida-triton2-rucaparib-brca-jco-2020/), [TRITON3: rucaparib or physician's choice in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-fizazi-triton3-rucaparib-nejm-2023/), [Whole genome sequencing defines the genetic heterogeneity of familial pancreatic cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-roberts-familial-pancreatic-whole-genome-cancer-discov-2016/), [Whole genomes redefine the mutational landscape of pancreatic cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-waddell-whole-genomes-pancreatic-nature-2015/), [Whole-genome sequencing of triple-negative breast cancers in a population-based clinical study](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-staaf-tnbc-whole-genome-scan-b-nat-med-2019/)
- trials: [BROCADE3](https://onco.cc/trials/brocade3/), [EMBRACA](https://onco.cc/trials/embraca/), [EUROPAC](https://onco.cc/trials/europac/), [MAGNITUDE](https://onco.cc/trials/magnitude/), [OlympiA](https://onco.cc/trials/olympia/), [OlympiAD](https://onco.cc/trials/olympiad/), [PAOLA-1 / ENGOT-ov25](https://onco.cc/trials/paola-1/), [PARTNER](https://onco.cc/trials/partner/), [POLO](https://onco.cc/trials/polo/), [Precision-Panc](https://onco.cc/trials/precision-panc/), [PROfound](https://onco.cc/trials/profound/), [PROpel](https://onco.cc/trials/propel/), [SOLO-1](https://onco.cc/trials/solo-1/), [TALAPRO-2](https://onco.cc/trials/talapro-2/), [TNT (Triple Negative Trial)](https://onco.cc/trials/tnt/), [TRITON3](https://onco.cc/trials/triton3/)
- technologies: [Cancer interception vaccines](https://onco.cc/technologies/interception-vaccination/), [Chemoprevention & risk-reducing surgery](https://onco.cc/technologies/chemoprevention/), [Evo 2 (Arc Institute, NVIDIA)](https://onco.cc/technologies/evo2/), [Germline (hereditary) testing](https://onco.cc/technologies/germline-testing/), [High-risk pancreatic surveillance (CAPS / PRECEDE)](https://onco.cc/technologies/pancreatic-surveillance/), [HRD & BRCA testing](https://onco.cc/technologies/hrd-testing/), [HRD genomic scar scores (GIS, LOH, HRDetect)](https://onco.cc/technologies/hrd-genomic-scar-scores/), [PARP inhibitors](https://onco.cc/technologies/parp-inhibitor/), [Platinum agents](https://onco.cc/technologies/platinum/), [RAD51 foci assay (functional HRD test)](https://onco.cc/technologies/rad51-foci-assay/), [Risk-reducing and opportunistic salpingectomy](https://onco.cc/technologies/risk-reducing-salpingectomy/), [Synthetic lethality approaches](https://onco.cc/technologies/synthetic-lethality-approaches/)
- roadmaps: [Pancreatic cancer roadmap: from Whipple's operation to gemcitabine, FOLFIRINOX, adjuvant chemotherapy, PARP inhibition, KRAS inhibition, vaccines and the surveillance question](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/pancreatic-roadmap/), [Targeted therapy roadmap: imatinib → designed for resistance → the undruggable drivers fall](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/targeted-therapy-roadmap/), [Triple-negative breast cancer roadmap: from a remainder defined by three negative tests to immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates and the residual disease problem](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/tnbc-roadmap/)
- ideas: [A bone drug to prevent breast cancer in BRCA1 carriers](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-brca1-denosumab-prevention/), [A functional test for homologous recombination deficiency validated across laboratories](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr2-hrd-functional-standard/), [A UK audit of trial access and germline testing uptake in triple-negative breast cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tnbc-uk-trial-access-and-germline-testing-audit/), [Cancer interception vaccines for high-risk carriers](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-interception-vaccines/), [Engineered immune surveillance: long-lived programmed immune cells that patrol for early cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-engineered-immune-surveillance/), [Go back to families of women who died of ovarian cancer and offer BRCA testing](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-traceback-deceased-probands/), [Let clinics contact relatives directly when a cancer gene is found](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-cascade-direct-contact-relatives/), [Offer everyone at 30 a test for the cancer genes that matter](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-population-germline-screening-at-30/), [Population germline screening for hereditary cancer genes with cascade testing](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-population-germline-screening/), [Surveillance for every germline carrier found by universal testing, inside a registry rather than a research exception](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-pdac-surveillance-for-every-germline-carrier/), [Test every man for DNA repair faults on the day his prostate cancer is found to have spread, not three treatments later](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prostate-hrr-testing-at-metastatic-diagnosis/), [Test every possible mutation in every cancer gene so no result is 'uncertain'](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-vus-saturation-editing-consortium/)
- people: [Alan Ashworth](https://onco.cc/people/alan-ashworth/), [Alan D. D'Andrea](https://onco.cc/people/alan-dandrea/), [Andrew Tutt](https://onco.cc/people/andrew-tutt/), [Angelina Jolie](https://onco.cc/people/angelina-jolie/), [Charles E. Geyer Jr.](https://onco.cc/people/charles-geyer/), [Christopher Lord](https://onco.cc/people/chris-lord/), [Eileen M. O'Reilly](https://onco.cc/people/eileen-oreilly/), [Eitan Friedman](https://onco.cc/people/eitan-friedman/), [Ellen Copson](https://onco.cc/people/ellen-copson/), [Ephrat Levy-Lahad](https://onco.cc/people/ephrat-levy-lahad/), [Isabelle Ray-Coquard](https://onco.cc/people/isabelle-ray-coquard/), [Jean Abraham](https://onco.cc/people/jean-abraham/), [Jennifer K. Litton](https://onco.cc/people/jennifer-litton/), [Johann de Bono](https://onco.cc/people/johann-de-bono/), [Jonathan A. Ledermann](https://onco.cc/people/jonathan-ledermann/), [Judy E. Garber](https://onco.cc/people/judy-garber/), [Kathleen N. Moore](https://onco.cc/people/kathleen-moore/), [Kim N. Chi](https://onco.cc/people/kim-chi/), [Leif W. Ellisen](https://onco.cc/people/leif-ellisen/), [Lori J. Pierce](https://onco.cc/people/lori-pierce/), [Maha Hussain](https://onco.cc/people/maha-hussain/), [Mary-Claire King](https://onco.cc/people/mary-claire-king/), [Rachel Michaelson-Cohen](https://onco.cc/people/rachel-michaelson-cohen/), [Sabine Linn](https://onco.cc/people/sabine-linn/), [Serena Nik-Zainal](https://onco.cc/people/serena-nik-zainal/), [Susan M. Domchek](https://onco.cc/people/susan-domchek/), [Talia Golan](https://onco.cc/people/talia-golan/), [Thomas Helleday](https://onco.cc/people/thomas-helleday/)
- institutions: [Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania](https://onco.cc/institutions/penn-abramson/), [Hadassah Medical Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/hadassah/), [Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre](https://onco.cc/institutions/hcpa-porto-alegre/), [Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah](https://onco.cc/institutions/huntsman/), [Instituto Português de Oncologia do Porto Francisco Gentil](https://onco.cc/institutions/ipo-porto/), [Lagos University Teaching Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/luth-lagos/), [Newcastle Cancer Centre / Northern Centre for Cancer Care](https://onco.cc/institutions/newcastle-cancer-centre/), [QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/qimr-berghofer/), [Shaare Zedek Medical Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/shaare-zedek/), [Sheba Medical Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/sheba/), [University of Malaya Medical Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/ummc-kuala-lumpur/)
- bottlenecks: [Inherited risk is mostly unidentified](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-hereditary-risk/)
- collections: [FORCE: Facing Our Risk of Cancer Empowered](https://onco.cc/collections/force-facing-our-risk/), [NHS Jewish BRCA Testing Programme](https://onco.cc/collections/nhs-jewish-brca-testing/), [Ovarian Cancer Research Alliance (OCRA)](https://onco.cc/collections/ovarian-cancer-research-alliance/), [Sharsheret](https://onco.cc/collections/sharsheret/), [Susan G. Komen](https://onco.cc/collections/susan-g-komen/)

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JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/entities/brca.json