# Prevention we already have is not deployed

Source: https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-prevention-adoption/  
OnCo record `b-prevention-adoption` (Bottleneck). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

Around four in ten cancers are preventable with tools we already own: vaccines, tobacco control, weight, alcohol, sun and infection control.

## Summary

About 40% of cancer cases and nearly half of cancer deaths in high-income countries are attributable to modifiable risk factors, tobacco above all, followed by excess body weight, alcohol, infections, diet, inactivity and ultraviolet exposure. Proven interventions exist for most of them: HPV vaccination (a single dose is now WHO-endorsed) can eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem; hepatitis B vaccination and hepatitis C treatment prevent liver cancer; Helicobacter pylori eradication reduces gastric cancer; tobacco taxation, plain packaging and smoke-free laws are the most cost-effective measures in all of medicine; aspirin halves colorectal cancer in Lynch syndrome carriers. Yet global HPV coverage remains well below target, tobacco still kills more than eight million people a year, and prevention receives a small share of cancer research and health spending. The bottleneck is political, financial and organisational rather than scientific.

## Fields

- Kind: Bottleneck
- Last checked: 2026-09-08
- Stage: prevention-detection
- Severity: critical
- Metrics: Share of US cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors (2014): 42% of cases, 45% of deaths (Islami et al., CA 2018); Girls worldwide fully vaccinated against HPV by 2019: ~15% (Bruni et al., Lancet Global Health 2021); Deaths caused by tobacco each year worldwide: More than 8 million (WHO fact sheet, Tobacco); Reduction in colorectal cancer with daily aspirin in Lynch syndrome carriers at 10 years (CAPP2, per-protocol): HR 0.56 (Burn et al., Lancet 2020)
- Causes: Prevention benefits accrue decades later and to no identifiable individual, so it attracts less political and commercial investment than treatment.; Tobacco, alcohol and food industries lobby against effective regulation.; Vaccine hesitancy and misinformation depress HPV and hepatitis B coverage.; Health systems and research funders are organised around treatment of disease rather than population health.; Prevention interventions have no patent, so no sponsor pays for their trials or promotion.

## Sources

- Islami et al., Proportion of cancer attributable to modifiable risk factors (CA 2018): https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21440
- WHO Cervical Cancer Elimination Initiative: https://www.who.int/initiatives/cervical-cancer-elimination-initiative
- Bruni et al., HPV vaccination coverage estimates 2010-2019 (Lancet Global Health 2021): https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00347-3
- WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: https://fctc.who.int/

## Connected records

- ideas: [A delivery-science moonshot for prevention we already own](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-prevention-moonshot/), [A dose-finding trial for exercise after cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-nl-exercise-dose-finding/), [A frameshift neoantigen vaccine for Lynch syndrome carriers as the first preventive cancer vaccine approval](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-lynch-vaccine-phase3/), [A pragmatic trial of statins to prevent liver cancer in people with cirrhosis](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-statin-hcc-prevention-trial/), [A randomised trial of a shared-antigen vaccine to prevent Lynch syndrome cancers](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-lynch-frameshift-vaccine-rct/), [A single 'cancer check at 60' appointment bundling all screening tests](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-bundled-cancer-check-at-60/), [A swallowable sponge test for reflux patients, offered in pharmacies](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-capsule-sponge-pharmacy/), [A therapeutic vaccine to clear cervical precancer without surgery](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-therapeutic-hpv-vaccine-cin/), [A trial of GLP-1 weight-loss drugs with cancer as the primary outcome](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-glp1-cancer-prevention-rct/), [A vaccine against H. pylori for children in high-risk regions](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-hpylori-childhood-vaccine/), [A whole-population cancer interception programme: risk-stratify every adult, detect and intercept early](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-population-interception/), [An Epstein-Barr virus vaccine to prevent nasopharyngeal cancer and lymphomas](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-ebv-vaccine/), [Antibiotic-resistance testing from a stool sample before treating H. pylori](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-hpylori-stool-resistance-guided/), [Ban commercial sunbeds](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-commercial-sunbed-ban/), [Ban life and disability insurers from using genetic results](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-genetic-non-discrimination-insurance/), [Cancer warnings on alcohol labels, evaluated as a natural experiment](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-alcohol-cancer-warning-labels/), [Catch-up HPV vaccination for men to prevent throat cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-hpv-male-catchup-oropharynx/), [Cholecystectomy or ultrasound surveillance for chronic typhoid carriers in endemic regions](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-gbc-typhoid-carrier-cholecystectomy-or-surveillance/), [Community pharmacies as one-stop cancer prevention hubs](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-pharmacy-prevention-hub/), [Community-tailored HPV vaccine confidence campaigns with school-based delivery](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-hpv-vaccine-confidence/), [Controlled feeding trials to separate ultra-processing from calories](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-nl-upf-controlled-feeding-trial/), [Cure hepatitis C in prisons and drug services, and enrol the cured in liver cancer surveillance](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-hcv-test-treat-surveillance-linkage/), [Decide who is screened for lung cancer by individual risk, not by pack-years](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-lung-screening-eligibility-by-risk-not-pack-years/), [Eliminate infection-caused cancers: HPV, hepatitis B and C, H. pylori and EBV](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-eliminate-infection-cancers/), [Evaluate alcohol minimum unit pricing against cancer incidence](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-nl-alcohol-minimum-pricing-cancer-endpoints/), [Evaluate clean-air policies using lung cancer in never-smokers](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-clean-air-never-smoker-endpoints/), [Every lung screening visit includes stop-smoking medicine, opt-out](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-opt-out-cessation-in-lung-screening/), [Family-based H. pylori test-and-treat to prevent stomach cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-hpylori-family-test-and-treat/), [Find out what is driving early-onset bowel cancer, starting with colibactin, before extending screening any further](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-crc-early-onset-cause-hunt/), [Fund structured exercise after colon cancer surgery as a treatment, because a randomised trial says it works as well as a drug](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-crc-exercise-as-a-funded-treatment/), [Get every Lynch syndrome carrier onto the right dose of aspirin](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-lynch-aspirin-implementation/), [GLP-1 drugs to reverse endometrial precancer in women with obesity](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-glp1-endometrial-hyperplasia/), [HPV self-testing with same-day treatment as the national cervical programme](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-hpv-self-sample-same-day-ablation/), [Judge a prostate screening programme on metastatic presentation, not on incidence or mortality](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prostate-metastatic-presentation-as-the-screening-endpoint/), [Link bariatric and GLP-1 registries to cancer registries in every country that has both](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-nl-bariatric-cancer-registry-linkage/), [Low-dose tamoxifen for high-risk women, prescribed by pharmacists and nurses](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-low-dose-tamoxifen-uptake/), [Make a two-minute mouth cancer check part of every dental visit](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-dental-oral-exam-standard/), [Make cigarettes non-addictive by capping their nicotine](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-very-low-nicotine-mandate/), [Mandatory radon testing when homes are sold, with subsidised mitigation](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-radon-testing-at-property-sale/), [Minimum alcohol pricing evaluated with cancer endpoints](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-minimum-unit-pricing-cancer-endpoints/), [Offer HPV vaccination to women when they come for cervical screening or treatment](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-hpv-vaccinate-at-screening/), [Offer the blood test for bowel cancer only to people who refuse stool tests or colonoscopy](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-blood-crc-test-for-non-responders/), [One master trial for cancer prevention drugs across many precancers](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-chemoprevention-master-protocol/), [Pay insurers and health systems for cancers prevented and caught early](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-pay-for-prevention-outcomes/), [Population germline screening for hereditary cancer genes with cascade testing](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-population-germline-screening/), [Post every woman an HPV self-test kit instead of asking her to book a smear](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-hpv-self-sampling-mailed-default/), [Put cytisine, a cheap plant-based quit-smoking pill, on every essential medicines list](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-cytisine-essential-medicine/), [Redesign Chile's prophylactic cholecystectomy programme around risk, and evaluate it properly](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-gbc-prophylactic-cholecystectomy-targeted-and-evaluated/), [Regulators accept shrinking of precancer as the endpoint for prevention drug approval](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-precursor-endpoints-for-approval/), [Remove the fallopian tubes during any pelvic surgery once childbearing is finished](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-opportunistic-salpingectomy-default/), [Same-day HPV test and heat treatment of precancer by nurses in low-income settings](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-hpv-same-day-screen-and-treat/), [Send screening invitations with a pre-booked time, not a request to call](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-screening-default-appointments/), [Single-dose HPV vaccination plus HPV self-sampling to reach WHO elimination in low-income countries](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-single-dose-hpv-self-sampling-elimination/), [Smoke-free generation laws with a built-in evaluation across countries](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-smokefree-generation-evaluation/), [Social impact bonds for cancer prevention, repaid from avoided treatment costs](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-social-impact-bonds-prevention/), [Switch every country to single-dose HPV vaccination and add catch-up to age 26](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-hpv-single-dose-switch-catchup/), [Take lung screening scanners to supermarket car parks in the poorest areas](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-mobile-lung-screening-deprived-areas/), [Treat everyone with chronic hepatitis B to prevent liver cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-hbv-treat-all-hcc/), [Treat lung cancer in never-smokers as its own disease, with its own detection programme](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-lung-never-smoker-disease-its-own-programme/), [Treat screening uptake, not test sensitivity, as the thing to optimise, and settle the age extension with a trial rather than a model](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-crc-screening-uptake-and-age-extension/)
- collections: [GLOBOCAN / Global Cancer Observatory](https://onco.cc/collections/globocan/)
- cancers: [Cervical cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/cervical/), [Colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/colorectal/), [Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/gastric/), [Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/head-and-neck/), [Hepatocellular carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/hcc/), [Lung cancer (all types)](https://onco.cc/cancers/lung-cancer/), [Melanoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/melanoma/), [Non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/nsclc/), [Oesophageal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/esophageal/), [Penile cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/penile/), [Vaginal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/vaginal/)
- fronts: [Prevention & Risk](https://onco.cc/fronts/prevention/)
- technologies: [Alcohol reduction, pricing and cancer warning labels](https://onco.cc/technologies/alcohol-reduction-labelling/), [Bariatric surgery and cancer incidence](https://onco.cc/technologies/bariatric-surgery-cancer-incidence/), [Chemoprevention & risk-reducing surgery](https://onco.cc/technologies/chemoprevention/), [GLP-1 receptor agonists and obesity-related cancer risk](https://onco.cc/technologies/glp1-agonists-cancer-risk/), [HPV & HBV vaccination](https://onco.cc/technologies/hpv-vaccine/), [HPV DNA testing and self-sampling](https://onco.cc/technologies/hpv-testing/), [Mediterranean and plant-forward dietary patterns](https://onco.cc/technologies/mediterranean-plant-forward-diet/), [Red and processed meat reduction](https://onco.cc/technologies/red-processed-meat-reduction/), [Smoking cessation in cancer patients](https://onco.cc/technologies/smoking-cessation-after-diagnosis/), [Structured exercise programmes after curative treatment](https://onco.cc/technologies/structured-exercise-survivorship/), [Thermal ablation and cryotherapy for cervical precancer](https://onco.cc/technologies/precancer-ablation/), [Time-restricted eating in cancer prevention and survivorship](https://onco.cc/technologies/time-restricted-eating/), [Ultra-processed food and sugar-sweetened drinks](https://onco.cc/technologies/ultra-processed-food-ssb/)
- drugs: [CERVAVAC (quadrivalent HPV vaccine, India)](https://onco.cc/drugs/cervavac/), [Nonavalent HPV vaccine](https://onco.cc/drugs/gardasil-9/)
- companies: [Merck & Co. (MSD)](https://onco.cc/companies/merck/), [Serum Institute of India](https://onco.cc/companies/serum-institute-of-india/)
- institutions: [Cancer Council Australia](https://onco.cc/institutions/cancer-council-australia/), [Cancer Research UK](https://onco.cc/institutions/cruk/), [Gates Foundation](https://onco.cc/institutions/gates-foundation/), [ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research](https://onco.cc/institutions/icmr-nicpr/), [International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO)](https://onco.cc/institutions/iarc/), [Kaiser Permanente Division of Research](https://onco.cc/institutions/kaiser-permanente-research/), [Ligue nationale contre le cancer](https://onco.cc/institutions/ligue-contre-le-cancer/), [Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky](https://onco.cc/institutions/kentucky-markey/), [MUSC Hollings Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/musc-hollings/), [National Cancer Institute (NIH)](https://onco.cc/institutions/nci/), [University of Arizona Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/arizona-cancer-center/)
- terms: [Age, smoking and inherited predisposition: what the treatment risk is added to](https://onco.cc/terms/rejuv-second-age-smoking-and-inherited-risk/), [Alcohol-attributable cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/alcohol-attributable-cancer/), [Cervical precancer (CIN, HSIL/LSIL)](https://onco.cc/terms/cin-hsil/), [Dietary pattern scores (Mediterranean, HEI, AHEI, DASH, WCRF/AICR)](https://onco.cc/terms/dietary-pattern-scores/), [Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act 2009](https://onco.cc/terms/tobacco-control-act/), [Hepatitis B and C as cancer causes](https://onco.cc/terms/hbv-hcv/), [HPV-positive (p16) head and neck cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/hpv-p16/), [Lung cancer after chest radiotherapy and after alkylating chemotherapy](https://onco.cc/terms/second-primary-lung-after-chest-radiotherapy/), [Lynch syndrome](https://onco.cc/terms/lynch-syndrome/), [Obesity-related cancers (IARC list of 13)](https://onco.cc/terms/obesity-related-cancers/), [Tobacco 21](https://onco.cc/terms/tobacco-21/), [Ultra-processed food (NOVA group 4)](https://onco.cc/terms/ultra-processed-food/)
- trials: [CHALLENGE (CCTG CO.21)](https://onco.cc/trials/challenge/), [IARC India HPV vaccine dose study (one, two or three doses)](https://onco.cc/trials/iarc-india-hpv-dose-study/), [KEN SHE (single-dose HPV vaccine)](https://onco.cc/trials/ken-she/), [Kerala oral cancer visual screening trial (Trivandrum)](https://onco.cc/trials/kerala-oral-screening/), [Osmanabad cervical screening trial (HPV testing vs cytology vs VIA)](https://onco.cc/trials/osmanabad-hpv-screening/)
- key papers: [Adult T-cell leukemia: antigen in an ATL cell line and detection of antibodies to the antigen in human sera](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-hinuma-adult-t-cell-leukaemia-antigen-pnas-1981/), [Alcohol caused an estimated 741,000 cancers worldwide in 2020](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-alcohol-cancer-burden-lancet-oncol-2021/), [CAPP2: two years of aspirin cuts bowel cancer in Lynch syndrome by more than a third over 10 years](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-capp2-aspirin-lynch-lancet-2020/), [CHALLENGE: a structured exercise programme after chemotherapy improves survival in colon cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-challenge-exercise-nejm-2025/), [Changes in gallbladder cancer mortality and hospital discharges due to preventive cholecystectomy in Chile](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-mardones-frenz-chile-ges-mortality-rev-med-chile-2019/), [Colonoscopic polypectomy and long-term prevention of colorectal-cancer deaths (National Polyp Study)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-zauber-national-polyp-study-colonoscopic-polypectomy-nejm-2012/), [Colorectal cancer incidence patterns in the United States, 1974-2013](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-siegel-colorectal-incidence-birth-cohort-jnci-2017/), [Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-poiesz-htlv-retrovirus-cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma-pnas-1980/), [Doll and Hill 1950: the case-control study that tied smoking to lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-doll-hill-smoking-lung-cancer-bmj-1950/), [Effect of screening on oral cancer mortality in Kerala, India](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-sankaranarayanan-oral-screening-lancet-2005/), [Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-caret-beta-carotene-retinol-lung-cancer-nejm-1996/), [England's HPV programme: cervical cancer down 87% in the first cohort vaccinated at 12-13](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-hpv-vaccine-england-lancet-2021/), [ERSPC: screening and prostate cancer mortality in a randomised European study](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-schroder-erspc-screening-mortality-nejm-2009/), [Fifty years of the British Doctors Study: smokers lose ten years of life, quitting gives most of it back](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-doll-peto-50-year-doctors-bmj-2004/), [First trial of a vaccine against the shared neoantigens of mismatch-repair-deficient cancers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-lynch-frameshift-vaccine-ccr-2020/), [Gallbladder Cancer: Is It Time to Modify the Explicit Health Guarantees (GES) Program?](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-samaniego-chile-ges-programme-evaluation-rev-med-chile-2024/), [Genetic alterations during colorectal-tumor development](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-vogelstein-genetic-alterations-colorectal-tumor-development-nejm-1988/), [Geographic and age variations in mutational processes in colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-diaz-gay-colibactin-geographic-age-mutational-processes-nature-2025/), [HPV screening for cervical cancer in rural India (Osmanabad)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-sankaranarayanan-hpv-screening-nejm-2009/), [IARC verdict: excess body fat causes 13 cancers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-body-fatness-iarc-nejm-2016/), [IBIS-I: five years of tamoxifen keeps preventing breast cancer for at least 20 years](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ibis-i-tamoxifen-lancet-oncol-2015/), [Increasing incidence of colorectal cancer in young adults in Europe over the last 25 years](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-vuik-early-onset-colorectal-europe-gut-2019/), [Lung adenocarcinoma promotion by air pollutants](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-hill-lung-adenocarcinoma-air-pollutants-nature-2023/), [Measurement of prostate-specific antigen in serum as a screening test for prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-catalona-psa-screening-test-nejm-1991/), [Minnesota trial: a yearly stool blood test cuts bowel cancer deaths by a third](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-minnesota-fobt-nejm-1993/), [NLST: yearly low-dose CT scans cut lung cancer deaths in heavy smokers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-nlst-nejm-2011/), [NordICC: inviting people to a screening colonoscopy reduced bowel cancer, but less than expected](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-nordicc-nejm-2022/), [Once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy screening in prevention of colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised controlled trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-atkin-once-only-flexible-sigmoidoscopy-lancet-2010/), [PREDIMED: a Mediterranean diet with extra-virgin olive oil and fewer breast cancers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-predimed-breast-jama-im-2015/), [Proportion and number of cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in the United States](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-islami-ca-cancer-j-clin/), [PROSE consortium: preventive surgery lowers cancer and death in BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-brca-risk-reducing-surgery-jama-2010/), [Randomised controlled trial of faecal-occult-blood screening for colorectal cancer (Nottingham)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-hardcastle-nottingham-faecal-occult-blood-lancet-1996/), [Screening for Lung Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-uspstf-lung-cancer-screening-jama-2021/), [Self-collected HPV samples are as accurate as clinician samples and reach women who never attend screening](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-hpv-self-sampling-bmj-2018/), [Smoking, smoking cessation, and lung cancer in the UK since 1950: combination of national statistics with two case-control studies](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-peto-smoking-cessation-lung-cancer-uk-bmj-2000/), [Sugar-sweetened beverage intake in adulthood and adolescence and risk of early-onset colorectal cancer among women](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-hur-sugar-sweetened-beverages-early-onset-colorectal-gut-2021/), [Swedish registry study: HPV vaccination almost eliminates cervical cancer when given before 17](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-hpv-vaccine-sweden-nejm-2020/), [Systematic review with meta-analysis: the relationship between chronic Salmonella typhi carrier status and gall-bladder cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-nagaraja-eslick-typhi-carrier-gallbladder-cancer-meta-analysis-apt-2014/), [The mortality of doctors in relation to their smoking habits; a preliminary report](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-doll-hill-mortality-of-doctors-smoking-bmj-1954/), [Tobacco smoking as a possible etiologic factor in bronchiogenic carcinoma; a study of 684 proved cases](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-wynder-graham-tobacco-bronchiogenic-carcinoma-jama-1950/), [USPSTF 2012: screening for prostate cancer, recommendation statement (grade D)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-moyer-uspstf-prostate-screening-ann-intern-med-2012/), [Vaccine efficacy against persistent HPV 16/18 infection at 10 years after one, two and three doses of quadrivalent HPV vaccine in girls in India](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-basu-single-dose-hpv-lancet-oncol-2021/), [Virus particles in cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt's lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-epstein-virus-particles-burkitt-lymphoblasts-lancet-1964/)
- roadmaps: [Cancer prevention roadmap: tobacco control and vaccines → biomarker-guided chemoprevention → interception in carriers](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/prevention-roadmap/), [Colorectal cancer roadmap: from the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and the first screening trials to total mesorectal excision, oxaliplatin, RAS testing, immunotherapy for mismatch repair-deficient disease, ctDNA-guided treatment and organ preservation](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/colorectal-roadmap/), [Diet, exercise and lifestyle roadmap: causes established → interventions that disappointed → exercise proven as treatment](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/nutrition-lifestyle-roadmap/), [Gallbladder cancer roadmap: from a chance finding at gallstone surgery to a disease with its own trials](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/gallbladder-cancer-roadmap/), [Lung cancer roadmap: from Doll and Hill and the naming of tobacco, through the cytotoxic plateau, computed tomography screening, EGFR and ALK, immunotherapy by PD-L1, the perioperative trials and PACIFIC, to DLL3 in small-cell disease and a 2032 registry watch](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/lung-cancer-evidence-roadmap/)
- people: [Angelina Jolie](https://onco.cc/people/angelina-jolie/), [Bill Gates](https://onco.cc/people/bill-gates/), [Harald zur Hausen](https://onco.cc/people/harald-zur-hausen/), [Ian Frazer](https://onco.cc/people/ian-frazer/), [Jade Goody](https://onco.cc/people/jade-goody/), [Jian Zhou](https://onco.cc/people/jian-zhou/), [Katie Couric](https://onco.cc/people/katie-couric/), [Michael Bloomberg](https://onco.cc/people/michael-bloomberg/)

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